FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Nichols, JW Jensen, KM Tietge, JE Johnson, RD AF Nichols, JW Jensen, KM Tietge, JE Johnson, RD TI Physiologically based toxicokinetic model for maternal transfer of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicokinetic model; maternal transfer; brook trout ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; MALE-RATS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; ANDROGENIC STATUS; FISH; ELIMINATION; GILLS AB A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model was developed to describe the uptake, distribution, and elimination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female brook trout during a B-month feeding and depuration study. Dietary uptake was modeled under two assumptions, uptake proceeds to equilibrium between blood exiting the intestinal tract and the contents of the intestinal tract, and uptake is limited by desorption of TCDD from gut contents and/or diffusion from the lumen into tissues. Model outputs were evaluated by comparison with measured TCDD residues. The best model fit to the data was obtained by imposing a moderate diffusion limitation on gut uptake. Of the parameters that comprise the gut submodel, whole body residue predictions were most sensitive to changes in the diffusion rate constant and fecal egestion rate. Chemical residues in fat were indicative of an internal disequilibrium with other tissues during the loading phase of the study. Accurate simulations of this behavior were obtained using a diffusion-limited tissue description. Chemical residues in liver, muscle, and ovaries were adequately described by assuming that uptake and elimination were blood flow limited. Spawning probably resulted in a small increase in whole body TCDD concentration and did not appear to represent an important route of chemical elimination. These results suggest that field-derived whole body TCDD residues could be used to estimate residues in developing ovaries of brook trout to within a factor of two, provided that whole body and ovary lipid content were known. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM nichols.john@epamail.epa.gov NR 57 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 12 BP 2422 EP 2434 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2422:PBTMFM>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 139XV UT WOS:000077057300008 ER PT J AU Nacci, D Coiro, L Kuhn, A Champlin, D Munns, W Specker, J Cooper, K AF Nacci, D Coiro, L Kuhn, A Champlin, D Munns, W Specker, J Cooper, K TI Nondestructive indicator of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in embryonic fish SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fundulus heteroclitus; fish bioassay; ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; embryonic development; aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; NONIMPACTED SUBPOPULATIONS; CYTOCHROME P4501A; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; TOXICITY; INDUCTION; CONGENERS; TCDD AB Many environmental contaminants of concern produce aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-mediated effects often assessed as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. We modified a standardized embryonic and larval fish bioassay using an estuarine fish species (Fundulus heteroclitus) to include measurement of fluorescence in the urinary bladders of living embryos as a nondestructive indicator of EROD activity. This fluorescence was observed only in embryos exposed to the EROD substrate and Ah receptor agonists and was consistent in fluorescence characteristics with the EROD product, resorufin. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-agonist exposures at sublethal concentrations in the parts per billion range, produced significant increases in EROD fluorescence in embryos as young as 3 d postfertilization. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that this fluorescence method is a specific and sensitive nondestructive indicator of Ah receptor-mediated effects in an embryonic fish. As such, this simple method may be useful for assessing effects of environmental contaminants on the early development of fishes and to Link molecular indicators with organism-level responses. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div 1921, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Nacci, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div 1921, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 21 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 12 BP 2481 EP 2486 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2481:NIOEOD>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 139XV UT WOS:000077057300014 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Tietge, JE DeFoe, DL Jensen, KM Holcombe, GW Durhan, EJ Diamond, SA AF Ankley, GT Tietge, JE DeFoe, DL Jensen, KM Holcombe, GW Durhan, EJ Diamond, SA TI Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphibian; limb; malformations; methoprene; ultraviolet light ID GROWTH-REGULATOR METHOPRENE; RETINOIC ACID; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; UV-B; ISOPROPYL (2E,4E)-11-METHOXY-3,7,11-TRIMETHYL-2,4-DODECADIENOATE; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; RADIATION; MALFORMATIONS; AMPHIBIANS; DEFORMITIES AB Recently a suite of relatively specific hindlimb deformities have been observed in several anuran species in North America. These deformities include ectopic and supernumerary limbs and missing limbs, limb segments, or digits. The objective of this study was to assess two stressors hypothesized as responsible for limb malformations in amphibians: methoprene, an insect growth regulator that, through interaction with the retinoic acid signaling system, could possibly cause limb deformities, and ultraviolet (UV) light. Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were exposed to several different concentrations of methoprene both in the absence and presence of UV light designed to mimic the UV wavelength spectrum present in sunlight. Exposures were initiated at early embryonic stages (newly fertilized eggs) and continued through emergence of the forelimbs of the frogs. At the highest methoprene concentration tested, both in the absence and presence of UV light, severe developmental effects were observed, with all organisms dying within 12 to 16 d of test initiation. However, exposure to the pesticide did not cause limb malformations. Irrespective of methoprene treatment, a very high percentage (similar to 50%) of animals held under the UV light for 24 d developed hindlimb malformations. These malformations usually were bilateral and sometimes completely symmetrical, and consisted of missing limb segments and missing or reduced digits. A complete proximal to distal representation of the deficiencies occurred, ranging from missing or malformed femurs to the absence of single digits or digit segments. The developmental period of greatest sensitivity to UV light occurred during very early limb bud development, corresponding with formation of the apical ectodermal ridge. The significance of these findings in terms of deformed frogs in the held is uncertain. Although the deformity types observed (i.e., missing limb segments and digits) were similar to those seen in some field specimens, the UV light treatment did not cause the full range of malformations observed in animals from the field (e.g., supernumerary limbs, nonbilateral deformities). Furthermore, although the artificial light spectrum utilized mimicked the relative UV spectrum present in sunlight, it did not match full sunlight intensity, and did not accurately mimic visible wavelengths. Finally, the relationship of the UV light dose used in the laboratory to that actually experienced by amphibians in the field is uncertain. Despite these questions, our findings suggest that UV light should be further considered as a plausible factor contributing to amphibian malformations in field settings. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM ankley.gerald@epamail.epa.gov NR 60 TC 105 Z9 113 U1 6 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 12 BP 2530 EP 2542 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2530:EOULAM>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 139XV UT WOS:000077057300022 ER PT J AU Becker, S Soukup, JM Reed, W Carson, J Devlin, RB Noah, TL AF Becker, S Soukup, JM Reed, W Carson, J Devlin, RB Noah, TL TI Effect of ozone on susceptibility to respiratory viral infection and virus-induced cytokine secretion SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ozone; airway epithelial cells; RSV infection; cytokine production; IL-6; IL-8 ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; INTERLEUKIN-8; EXPOSURE; NASAL; ACTIVATION; PRODUCTS; BLOOD AB Airway epithelium is the primary target tissue for respiratory viruses as well as an important target of ozone (O-3) toxicity. A change in the severity of viral airway infection may result from changes in epithelial cell susceptibility to infection, metabolic interference with viral replication, or altered production of immune regulatory molecules by the infected cells as a result of exposure to O-3. In this study we have investigated whether O-3 exposure alters the susceptibility of human airway epithelial cells to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the production of infectious virus, and/or release of virus-induced cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. The epithelial cell line BEAS-2B grown on collagen-impregnated fillers was exposed to O-3 (0.5 ppm for 60 min) or filtered air immediately before or 24 h after infection with RSV. Cells exposed to O-3 before RSV infection released 44% less virus over 4 days of infection while O-3 exposure post RSV infection had no effect on virus production. O-3 exposure preceding RSV infection showed short term additive effects of these treatments on epithelial cell IL-6 and IL-8 production, a decrease in cytokines at 48 h, but did not affect long term cytokine production by RSV-infected cells. Furthermore, O-3 exposure did not affect long term cytokine production by cells with an established RSV infection at the time of exposure. These data suggest that O-3 does not adversely affect viral airway infection, at least not on the level of the host cell for viral replication. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Cell Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd,CB 7315, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 6 IS 4 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(98)00043-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 164UR UT WOS:000078482400007 PM 21781902 ER PT J AU Stern, EA Donato, K Jones, KW Clesceri, NL AF Stern, EA Donato, K Jones, KW Clesceri, NL TI Processing contaminated dredged material from the Port of New York New Jersey SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article AB Shipping activities in the Port of New York-New Jersey are currently threatened by restrictions on dredging of navigational channels and private berthing areas because of concerns about the environmental effects caused by ocean disposal of the dredged material. Current proposals for solutions to the problem include ocean disposal of uncontaminated material, use of confined disposal facilities (both upland facilities and containment islands), subaqueous borrow pits, and processing and treatment for contaminated materials. A project to produce a complete "treatment train" for processing and decontaminating dredged material is described. The work is divided into several phases: treatability studies of commercial and nonproprietary technologies at volumes of 19 liters (bench scale) and up to 19 m(3) (pilot scale); specification of a treatment train; and implementation of a large-scale facility that can process 76,000-382,000 m(3) of dredged material per year. The goal is to achieve operational status for the facility by the end of 1999. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Planning & Protect, Placed Based Protect Branch, New York, NY 10007 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, NY Dist Corps Engineers, N Atlantic Div,Planning Div,Environm Sect, New York, NY 10278 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Environm & Energy Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Jones, KW (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Bldg 901A, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM kwj@bnl.gov NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4A BP 646 EP 651 DI 10.2307/1353302 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 169KD UT WOS:000078746200014 ER PT J AU Lin, ZX AF Lin, ZX TI Contaminant source and mobilization in industrial wastes in Dalalven river drainage area, Sweden SO GFF LA English DT Article DE metal movement; sulfuric acid; industry wastes; mine wastes; neutralisation; hydrated sulfates; Cu; Fe; Zn; remedial options ID MINE DRAINAGE; MILL-TAILINGS; ROCK DUMP; OXIDATION; CHLORITE; VERMICULITE; MINERALOGY; PYRRHOTITE; RETENTION; SOILS AB From a summary of mineralogical and geochemical studies, this paper presents patterns of contaminant source, mobilization, and retention in three types of industrial wastes deposited in the Dalalven river drainage area in central Sweden. These industrial wastes contain significant amounts of sulfides and have been subjected to atmospheric oxidation for several tens to hundreds of years. They are the major sources of metals and non-metal contaminants discharged into the Dalalven river. The collected data are of considerable value toward the remedial management of this kind of industrial wastes. The mill-tailings initially contain carbonate minerals which neutralize the acidity and maintain the leachate pH at near neutral values at the bottom of the oxidation zone (about 40 cm deep beneath the surface). The acid neutralization results in a great deal of precipitation of ferric iron hydroxides, leading to the formation of Fe-precipitated layers - a potential barrier to metal movement and O-2 diffusion downward through the tailings. The mine waste dump is composed of coarse-grained rock fragments and has been covered by crushed limestone since 1985 in an attempt to neutralize the acid leachate. However, limestone cover has much less buffering effect than expected. As a result, the underlying soil and ground water contains high levels of SO4, Fe, and other metals, and have low pH values. The sulfuric acid industry wastes consist of 70-80% iron oxides which are porous in texture. The porous texture provides a large surface area for the adsorption of SO4. During roasting, sphalerite acquired alteration rim which is composed of Zn-oxides. The mineralogical properties of the SAI wastes play an important role in the formation of hydrated sulfates of Fe and Zn. Due to the occurrence of these highly soluble sulfates, in situ flushing is a practical remedial approach for the SAI wastes, and a cleansing project is carrying out in Falun. C1 Univ Uppsala, Inst Earth Sci, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Lin, ZX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Devis, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SWEDISH SCIENCE PRESS PI UPPSALA PA BOX 118, S751 04 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1103-5897 J9 GFF JI GFF PD DEC PY 1998 VL 120 BP 341 EP 348 PN 4 PG 8 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 211RK UT WOS:000081174900004 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI Source Water Protection '98 Conference SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 63 EP 64 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA YZ586 UT WOS:000072268900002 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Guo, ZS Sparks, LE AF Chang, JCS Guo, ZS Sparks, LE TI Exposure and emission evaluations of methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO) in alkyd paints SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE methyl ethyl ketoxime; alkyd; emission; chamber; model ID INDOOR AB Small environmental chamber tests were conducted to characterize the emissions of a toxic chemical compound methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO) - from three different alkyd paints. It was found that MEKO emissions occurred almost immediately after each alkyd paint was applied to a pine board. Due to the fast emission pattern, more than 90% of the MEKO emitted was released within 10 hours after painting. The peak concentrations of MEKO in chamber air correlated well with the MEKO content in the paint. Material balance showed that good recovery (more than 68%) was achieved between the MEKO applied with the paint and the MEKO emitted. The chamber data were simulated by a first order decay emission model assuming the MEKO emissions were mostly gas-phase mass transfer controlled. The model was used to predict indoor MEKO concentrations during and after painting in a test house. It was found that the predicted lest house MEKO concentrations during and after the Fainting exceeded a suggested indoor exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m(3) for all three paints. The predicted MEKO concentrations exceeded even the lower limit of a suggested sensory irritation range of 4 to 18 mg/m(3) with two of the three paints tested. The model was also used to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness of risk reduction options including selection of lower MEKO paints and higher ventilation during painting. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 295 EP 300 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1998.00010.x PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 156XN UT WOS:000078027900010 ER PT J AU White, D Kimerling, AJ Sahr, K Song, L AF White, D Kimerling, AJ Sahr, K Song, L TI Comparing area and shape distortion on polyhedral-based recursive partitions of the sphere SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Regular grid sampling structures in the plane are a common spatial framework for many studies. Constructing grids with desirable properties such as equality of area and shape is more difficult on a sphere. We studied the distortion characteristics of recursive partitions of the surface of the globe starting with the octahedron and icosahedron polyhedral models. We used five different methods for mapping from the polyhedral model to the surface of the sphere: the Gnomonic projection, Fuller's Dymaxion projection, Snyder's equal area polyhedral projection, direct spherical subdivision, and a recursive polyhedral projection. We increased partition density using both a cl-fold and a 9-fold ratio at each level of recursive subdivision by subdividing to the 8th level with the 4-fold density ratio (65 536 cells per polyhedral face) and to the fifth level with the 9-fold density ratio (59 049 cells per polyhedral face). We measured the area and perimeter of each cell at each level of recursion for each method on each model using each density ratio. From these basic measurements we calculated the range and standard deviation of the area measurement, and the mean, range, and standard deviation of a compactness measurement defined as the ratio of(the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the cell) to (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of a spherical circle with the same area). We looked at these basic measurements and their statistics using graphs of variation with recursion level, sums of squares analyses of variation, histograms of the distributions, maps of the spatial variation, and correlograms. The Snyder projection performed best in area distortion and the Gnomonic projection performed best in compactness distortion. The Fuller projection and the Sphere method had moderate distortion in both area and compactness relative to the worst methods. There was little difference in distortion performance between partitions using the 4-fold density ratio and those using the 9-fold density ratio. Partitions based on the icosahedron performed better for all statistics than those based on the octahedron. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP White, D (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 20 TC 21 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 12 IS 8 BP 805 EP 827 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 140JX UT WOS:000077085100003 ER PT J AU Katul, GG Geron, CD Hsieh, CI Vidakovic, B Guenther, AB AF Katul, GG Geron, CD Hsieh, CI Vidakovic, B Guenther, AB TI Active turbulence and scalar transport near the forest-atmosphere interface SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL MIXING LAYER; DECIDUOUS FOREST; COHERENT STRUCTURES; SURFACE-LAYER; WAVELET TRANSFORM; PINE FOREST; EDDY MOTION; REYNOLDS STRESS; PLANT CANOPIES; STATISTICS AB Turbulent velocity, temperature, water vapor concentration, and other scalars were measured at the canopy-atmosphere interface of a 13-14-m-tall uniform pine forest and a 33-m-tall nonuniform hardwood forest. These measurements were used to investigate whether the mixing layer (ML) analogy of Raupach et al. predicts eddy sizes and flow characteristics responsible for much of the turbulent stresses and vertical scalar fluxes. For this purpose, wavelet spectra and cospectra were derived and analyzed. It was found that the ML analogy predicts well vertical velocity variances and integral timescales. However, at low wavenumbers, inactive eddy motion signatures were present in horizontal velocity wavelet spectra, suggesting that ML may not be suitable for scaling horizontal velocity perturbations. Momentum and scalar wavelet cospectra of turbulent stresses and scalar fluxes demonstrated that active eddy motion, which was shown by Raupach et ai. to be the main energy contributor to vertical velocity (w) spectral energy (E(w)), is also the main scalar flux-transporting eddy motion. Predictions using ML of the peak E(w) frequency are in excellent agreement with measured wavelet cospectral peaks of vertical fluxes (Kh = 1.5, where K is wavenumber and h is canopy height). Using Lorentz wavelet thresholding of vertical velocity time series, wavelet coefficients associated with active turbulence were identified. It was demonstrated that detection frequency of organized structures, as predicted from Lorentz wavelet filtering, relate to the arrival frequency [U]/h and integral timescale,where [U] is the mean horizontal velocity at height z = h. The newly proposed wavelet thresholding approach, which relies on a "global" wavelet threshold formulation for the energy in w, provides simultaneous energy-covariance;preserving characterization of "active" turbulence at the canopy-atmosphere interface. C1 Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Hydrol Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Inst Stat & Decis Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Katul, GG (reprint author), Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Box 902328, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM gaby@duke.edu RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 69 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1533 EP 1546 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1533:ATASTN>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 148HM UT WOS:000077499300001 ER PT J AU Brown, JS Gerrity, TR Bennett, WD AF Brown, JS Gerrity, TR Bennett, WD TI Effect of ventilation distribution on aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerosol deposition; lung mechanics; obstructive lung disease ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; LUNG; TRANSPORT; VOLUME AB It has been speculated that convective ventilatory inhomogeneities are an important factor influencing aerosol bolus behavior in the compromised lung. Multiple-breath Xe-133 washout (MBWXe) is a commonly accepted test of ventilation distribution. By comparing aerosol bolus parameters to MBWXe in 9 healthy subjects and 14 cystic fibrosis patients with mild-to-moderate airway obstruction, we have attempted to discern the effect of altered ventilation distribution on aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery. Aerosol boluses (150-ml width) were delivered to the volumetric penetrations of 250 and 500 mi. Similar tidal volumes (similar to 1.25 liters) and flow rates (0.4 l/s) were used for aerosol bolus and MBWXe maneuvers. Associations between bolus parameters and ventilation distribution were only observed in the cystic fibrosis patients. We conclude that aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery are both influenced by convective ventilatory inhomogeneities induced by airway obstruction in these patients. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Brown, JS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 85 IS 6 BP 2112 EP 2117 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 145WZ UT WOS:000077396500016 PM 9843533 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG AF Whitford, WG TI Contribution of pits dug by goannas (Varanus gouldii) to the dynamics of banded mulga landscapes in eastern Australia SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Australia; banded vegetation; goannas; grazing; landscapes; lizard; pits; seeds ID TERMITES AB The densities of pits made by goannas Varanus gouldii were estimated in the three distinct zones of banded mulga landscapes (erosion slope, interception zone, and mulga grove) in paddocks of a grazing study in north-western New South Wales, Australia. In light and moderately grazed paddocks, soil pits were significantly more abundant in the interception zones (M - 1119.7 m(-2)) than in the groves and erosion slopes (M = 16.7 m(-2)). In the overgrazed paddock there were no differences in densities of pits in any of the zones. In the groves and erosion slopes approximately 70-80% of the pits contained litter, seeds, and fruits. However, on the erosion slopes less than 20% of the pits contained litter and seeds. The data support the hypothesis that soil disturbance by Varanus lizards produces a positive feedback mechanism for the viability of the interception zone and the functioning of banded vegetation landscapes. (C) 1998 U.S. Government. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89195 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 40 IS 4 BP 453 EP 457 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0464 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169PE UT WOS:000078757100009 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Sivaganesan, M AF Clark, RM Sivaganesan, M TI Predicting chlorine residuals and formation of TTHMs in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID BROMIDE AB Chlorination is the most widely practiced form of disinfection in the United States. It is highly effective against most microbiological contaminants. However, there is concern that the disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed by the use of chlorine might be carcinogenic. One class of DBPs that are formed and the only class of DBPs that currently are regulated are total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). Therefore, much effort is being expended in developing models that can be used to predict both TTHMs and chlorine residual levels in treated drinking water. This paper presents a model that predicts both TTHMs and chlorine residuals based on the consumption of chlorine and can be used to assist in evaluating the complex balance between microbial and DBP risks associated with disinfecting drinking water with chlorine. The parameters of the model have been found to be functions of total organic carbon, pH, temperature, and initial chlorine residual level. Bromide and the subsequent formation of brominated by-products were not considered in this paper. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resour Div, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. ALM Joint Venture, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resour Div, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 20 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 1998 VL 124 IS 12 BP 1203 EP 1210 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:12(1203) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139AX UT WOS:000077006200010 ER PT J AU Roy, TS Andrews, JE Seidler, FJ Slotkin, TA AF Roy, TS Andrews, JE Seidler, FJ Slotkin, TA TI Nicotine evokes cell death in embryonic rat brain during neurulation SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID ADRENERGIC CONTROL; MATERNAL SMOKING; MESSENGER-RNA; BINDING-SITES; DNA-SYNTHESIS; EXPOSURE; REGIONS; RECEPTOR; EXPRESSION; PREGNANCY AB Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy represents the most prevalent exposure to a suspected neuroteratogen, nicotine. Although animal models have demonstrated brain cell loss and synaptic abnormalities after prenatal nicotine exposure, the multiple effects of nicotine on the maternal-fetal unit make it difficult to prove that nicotine itself is a neuroteratogen. In the current study, whole rat embryo culture was used to study the effects of nicotine at the neural tube stage of development. Beginning on embryonic day 9.5, embryos were exposed to 1, 10 or 100 mu M nicotine. After 48 hr, embryos were examined for dysmorphogenesis and were then processed for light microscopic examination of the neuroepithelium. Examination of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain regions revealed extensive cytotoxicity, evidenced by cytoplasmic vacuolation, enlargement of intercellular spaces and a sharply increased incidence of pyknotic/apoptotic cells. These alterations were evident in the absence of generalized dysmorphogenesis and were detectable even at the lowest concentration of nicotine. At the highest concentration, abnormalities were present in the majority of cells. Superimposed on cell damage, we found an increase in mitotic figures. Although enhanced mitosis could represent partial compensation for cell loss, the regional selectivity and concentration dependence of the mitogenic effect differed significantly from that of cell death, suggesting separable mechanisms. The present results support the view that nicotine is a neuroteratogen, specifically targeting brain development at concentrations below the threshold for dysmorphogenesis. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Anat, New Delhi 110029, India. US EPA, Div Dev Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Slotkin, TA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Box 3813 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 40 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 287 IS 3 BP 1136 EP 1144 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 151DW UT WOS:000077706300046 PM 9864303 ER PT J AU Ghorishi, SB AF Ghorishi, SB TI Low concentration mercury sorption mechanisms and control by calcium-based sorbents: Application in coal-fired processes SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The capture of elemental mercury (Hg-0) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) by three types of calcium (Ca)-based sorbents was examined in this bench-scale study under conditions prevalent in coal-fired utilities. Ca-based sorbent performances were compared with that of an activated carbon. Hg-0 capture of about 40%(nearly half that of the activated carbon) was achieved by two of the Ca-based sorbents. The presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the simulated coal combustion flue gas enhanced the Hg-0 capture from about 10 to 40%. Increasing the temperature in the range of 65-100 degrees C also caused an increase in the Hg-0 capture by the two Ca-based sorbents. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) capture exhibited a totally different pattern. The presence of SO2 inhibited the HgCl2 capture by Ca-based sorbents from about 25 to less than 10%. Increasing the temperature in the studied range also caused a decrease in HgCl2 capture. Upon further pilot-scale confirmations, the results obtained in this bench-scale study can be used to design and manufacture more cost-effective mercury sorbents to replace conventional sorbents already in use in mercury control. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Ghorishi, SB (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 16 TC 51 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 8 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 12 BP 1191 EP 1198 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 148GW UT WOS:000077497700008 PM 28060620 ER PT J AU Quinn, NWT Karkoski, J AF Quinn, NWT Karkoski, J TI Real-time management of water quality in the San Joaquin River Basin, California SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; real-time management; salts; drainage AB In the San Joaquin River Basin, California, a realtime water quality forecasting model was developed to help improve the management of saline agricultural and wetland drainage to meet water quality objectives. Predicted salt loads from the water quality forecasting model, SJRIODAY, were consistently within +/- 11 percent of actual, within +/- 14 percent for seven-day forecasts, and within +/- 26 percent for 14-day forecasts for the 16-month trial period. When the 48 days dominated by rainfall/runoff events were eliminated from the data set, the error bar decreased to +/- 9 percent for the model and +/- II percent and +/- 17 percent for the seven-day and 14-day forecasts, respectively. Constraints on the use of the model for salinity management on the San Joaquin River include the number of entities that control or influence water quality and the lack of a centralized authority to direct their activities. The lack of real-time monitoring sensors for other primary constituents of concern, such as selenium and boron, limits the application of the model to salinity at the present time. A case study describes wetland drainage releases scheduled to coincide with high river flows and significant river assimilative capacity for salt loads. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Quinn, NWT (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 70A-3317K, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nquinn@mp405a.mp.usbr.gov OI Quinn, Nigel/0000-0003-3333-4763 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1473 EP 1486 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05446.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 158UE UT WOS:000078134800019 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Adams, JQ Sethi, V Sivaganesan, M AF Clark, RM Adams, JQ Sethi, V Sivaganesan, M TI Control of microbial contaminants and disinfection by-products for drinking water in the US: cost and performance SO JOURNAL OF WATER SERVICES RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article AB The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is in the process of developing a sophisticated regulatory strategy in an attempt to balance the risks associated with disinfectants and disinfection by-products (D/DBP) in drinking water. A major aspect of this strategy is the appropriate application of disinfectants and other treatment technologies to minimise the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This paper explores the cost and performance associated with these technological choices. It is clear that-the least expensive choice for controlling chlorinated by-products would be to utilise an alternative disinfectant. However, precursor removal by enhanced coagulation and/or the application of granular activated carbon and membrane technology are very effective in controlling DBPs. The removal of precursors can have the effect of simultaneously controlling both chemical and microbiological risks. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Water Qual Management Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, WSWRD, Oak Ridge Post Doctoral Appointment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. ALM Joint Venture, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SERV RES TEC JI J. Water Serv. Res. Technol.-Aqua PD DEC PY 1998 VL 47 IS 6 BP 255 EP 265 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 153NJ UT WOS:000077838900001 ER PT J AU Branch, S Hall, L Blackshear, P Chernoff, N AF Branch, S Hall, L Blackshear, P Chernoff, N TI Infectious dermatitis in a ball python (Python regius) colony SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Python regius; ball python; blister disease; physiologic stress; dermatitis ID REPTILIAN SURGERY AB Seven wild-caught ball pythons (Python regius), including six gravid females and one male, were obtained from Africa and were housed in a government animal facility in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Upon arrival, the snakes were found to be infested with ticks (Aponomma latus), which were manually removed. Four weeks following arrival, vesicular skin lesions began to appear on the snakes. Despite treatment of all affected female snakes with amikacin (5 mg/kg i.m., every 3 days) and cefotaxime (25 mg/kg i.m., every 3 days), the condition progressed and five of the female snakes died 7 wk after arrival. The remaining male and one female improved after an increase in environmental temperature, with ecdysis followed by healing. Physiologic stress, ectoparasites, and shipping may have predisposed the snakes to sepsis. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Branch, S (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Matthews Branch, Stacy/E-6200-2017 OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 4 BP 461 EP 464 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 169PN UT WOS:000078757900015 PM 10065857 ER PT J AU Darling, D Rakshpal, R AF Darling, D Rakshpal, R TI Green chemistry applied to corrosion and scale inhibitors SO MATERIALS PERFORMANCE LA English DT Article AB Numerous breakthroughs in environmental protection and pollution prevention have been realized in recent years by both industry and academia through the application of green chemistry principles. Green chemistry, or pollution prevention at the molecular level, is chemistry designed to reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous materials associated with the manufacture and application of chemicals. The application of green chemistry principles to the areas of corrosion and scale inhibitors has resulted in the reduction/elimination of many of the more toxic inhibitors and the development of newer, more environmentally friendly ones. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Darling, D (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL ASSN CORROSION ENG PI HOUSTON PA 1440 SOUTH CREEK DRIVE, HOUSTON, TX 77084-4906 USA SN 0094-1492 J9 MATER PERFORMANCE JI Mater. Perform. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 37 IS 12 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 145MP UT WOS:000077375600015 ER PT J AU Tan, WY Chen, CW AF Tan, WY Chen, CW TI Stochastic modeling of carcinogenesis: Some new insights SO MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING LA English DT Article DE detectable cancer tumor; Kalman filter model (state space model); observation model; mixed model of carcinogenesis; multievent model of carcinogenesis; multiple pathway model of carcinogenesis; multivariate model of carcinogenesis; stochastic differential equations; stochastic system model; two-stage model of carcinogenesis (MVK two-stage model) ID 2-MUTATION MODEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; CANCER; TUMOR; MOOLGAVKAR; ONCOGENE; KNUDSON; VENZON AB By surveying recent studies by molecular biologists and cancer geneticists, in this paper we have proposed some stochastic models of carcinogenesis and provided some biological evidences for these models. Because most of these models are quite complicated far beyond the scope of the MVK two-stage model, the traditional Markov theory approach becomes too complicated to be of much use. In this paper, we thus propose an alternative approach through stochastic differential equations. For validating the model and for estimating unknown parameters, we further use these stochastic differential equations to develop state space models (Kalman filter models) for carcinogenesis. In this paper, we have used the multievent model as an example to illustrate our modeling approach and some basic theories. These theories will be used by these authors to analyze data from experiments by scientists at BPNNL (Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) in Richland, WA. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Memphis State Univ, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tan, WY (reprint author), Memphis State Univ, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 51 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-7177 J9 MATH COMPUT MODEL JI Math. Comput. Model. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 11 BP 49 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0895-7177(98)00164-2 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 148VX UT WOS:000077555200005 ER PT J AU Haugland, RA Heckman, JL AF Haugland, RA Heckman, JL TI Identification of putative sequence specific PCR primers for detection of the toxigenic fungal species Stachybotrys chartarum SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE Stachybotrys; internal transcribed spacer; ribosomal RNA; PCR; phylogenetic analysis; primer analysis ID TRICHOTHECENE AB The nucleotide sequence of a c936 bp segment of the nuclear rRNA gene operon was determined for the toxigenic fungal species Stachybotrys chartarum and for other species of Stachybotrys and the related genus Memnoniella. This information was used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of these organisms and to search for sequence specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for S. chartarum in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Searches for candidate primers were performed both by computer using the commercially available Oligo(R) v5.0 primer analysis software package and by manual inspection of the aligned sequences. Primers identified in both types of searches were evaluated for their specificities using a priming efficiency analysis algorithm available in the Oligo(R) 5.0 software. The automated computer searches were unsuccessful in finding S. chartarum-specific primers but did identify a group-specific reverse primer (designated as StacR4) for a phylogenetically related cluster of species that included S. chartarum. Manual searches led to the identification of a reverse primer (designated as StacR3) that was predicted to be specific for only S. chartarum and one other species of Stachybotrys. Experimental PCR analyses using these primers in conjunction with a universal forward primer indicated that the computer-generated amplification efficiency predictions were correct in most instances. A notable exception was the finding that StacR3 was specific only for S. chartarum. The relative merits of different PCR strategies for the detection of S. chartarum employing either one or both of the primers identified in this study are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD DEC PY 1998 VL 12 IS 6 BP 387 EP 396 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1998.0197 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 148WN UT WOS:000077557000006 PM 9843656 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ Garges, JB Hong, RL AF Dix, DJ Garges, JB Hong, RL TI Inhibition of hsp70-1 and hsp70-3 expression disrupts preimplantation embryogenesis and heightens embryo sensitivity to arsenic SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE antisense oligonucleotide; blastocyst; chaperone; heat shock protein ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MOUSE EMBRYO; GENE; APOPTOSIS; STRESS; FIBROBLASTS; BLASTOCYST; MEIOSIS; FAMILY; CELLS AB Mouse 70-kDa heat shock proteins Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-3 (Hsp70-1/3) are stress-inducible protein chaperones thought to protect embryonic cells and tissues from the effects of a wide range of environmental exposures. Hsp70-1/3 are expressed constitutively, and at times are stress-inducible during various stages of preimplantation embryogenesis. In order to elucidate the functions of constitutive and stress-inducible Hsp70 expression in mouse preimplantation embryos, the consequences of inhibiting expression with antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the mRNAs of hsp70-1 and hsp70-3 (A070-1/3) were evaluated. Transfection of preimplantation embryos (four-cell stage) with 2.5 mu M A070-1/3 had no effect on in vitro blastocoel formation. However, transfection with 5 or 10 mu M A070-1/3 reduced in vitro blastocyst development to 30% and 0%, respectively (approximately 90% control embryos developed to blastocyst). Thus constitutive expression of Hsp70-1/3 appears significant to preimplantation embryogenesis. Limiting expression of Hsp70-1/3 with 5 mu M A070-1/3 also heightened embryo sensitivity to arsenic, resulting in less than 5% in vitro development to blastocyst in the presence of the subtoxic dose of 0.4 mu M sodium arsenite. Whether the combined effect of A070-1/3 and arsenic is due to blocking inducible expression of the Hsp70s, or due to further reducing the amount of constitutively expressed Hsp70s available to the embryo is not known at this time. However, these results clearly indicate that some minimal amount of Hsp70-1 and/or Hsp70-3 is required for preimplantation embryogenesis, and that increasing the demand for Hsp70s by arsenic exposure heightens this requirement. Mel. Reprod. Dev. 51:373-380, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199812)51:4<373::AID-MRD3>3.0.CO;2-E PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 135JU UT WOS:000076799200003 PM 9820195 ER PT J AU Pinkowski, BJ AF Pinkowski, BJ TI Facilitative government: An experiment in federal restraint SO NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pinkowski, BJ (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV NEW MEXICO PI ALBUQUERQUE PA SCHOOL OF LAW 1117 STANFORD N E, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA SN 0028-0739 J9 NAT RESOUR J JI Nat. Resour. J. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 1 EP 28 PG 28 WC Environmental Studies; Law SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law GA 279LB UT WOS:000085044300001 ER PT J AU Gunning, P Bergin, J AF Gunning, P Bergin, J TI Industry-government partnership - Companies capture revenues by reducing methane emissions SO PIPELINE & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Nat Gas STAR Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Eastern Res Grp Inc, Lexington, MA USA. RP Gunning, P (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Gas STAR Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OILDOM PUBLISHING CO TEXAS INC PI HOUSTON PA 14515 BRIARHILLS PARKWAY SUITE 208, HOUSTON, TX 77077 USA SN 0032-0188 J9 PIPELINE GAS J JI Pipeline Gas J. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 225 IS 12 BP 14 EP 16 PG 3 WC Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA V2593 UT WOS:000165531700029 ER PT J AU Smith, R Silver, D AF Smith, R Silver, D TI Getting the job done: Resolving state federal conflicts in superfund SO POLICY STUDIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The American system of federalism creates frequent opportunities for clashes between state and federal environmental regulators. State and federal environmental laws overlap but are not easily reconciled. Most federal environmental law provider no clear answer as to how to reconcile differing mandates of state and federal environmental regulators. In this article, we will examine these state-federal conflicts as they played out in 1994 in the cleanup of contaminated sites in the state of Washington. This article describes the way a regional office of the Environmental Protection Agency and the state's Department of Ecology developed a novel approach to managing the essential tension between overlapping state and federal cleanup laws. C1 US EPA, Environm Cleanup Off, Reg Off 10, Seattle, WA USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. RP Smith, R (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Cleanup Off, Reg Off 10, Seattle, WA USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU POLICY STUDIES ORGANIZATION PI URBANA PA UNIV ILLINOIS 361 LINCOLN HALL, URBANA, IL 61801 USA SN 0190-292X J9 POLICY STUD J JI Policy Stud. J. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 735 EP 747 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1998.tb01943.x PG 13 WC Political Science; Public Administration SC Government & Law; Public Administration GA 174GK UT WOS:000079026000009 ER PT J AU Coleman, F AF Coleman, F TI Hobbes's iconoclasm SO POLITICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY LA English DT Article AB This essay shows that Hobbes's thought rests on biblical foundations, casting him in an unfamiliar role - that of an iconoclastic prophet, a Jeremiah. He resembles the later prophets, particularly Jeremiah, in three ways: first by warring against idolatry, reconceived as the attribution of sanctity to mental images, "Phantasmes of the Brain," as Hobbes calls them (Leviathan ch. 45, 449, E.W. 3: 651)-as distinguished from limiting such attribution to "graven images" (Deuteronomy 4: Z8,Jeremiah 1. 16); second, hy viewing iconoclasm, followed by catastrophic intervention, as the path to political regeneration; and third, by being centrally preoccupied with the implications of the biblical idea of a created nature for material, cultural, and political artifice. The essay further shows that the biblical cosmology underlying Hobbes natural and civil philosophy is not, as might be supposed, in conflict with the premisses of his scientific writings, but is harmonious and coincident with it. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Coleman, F (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 54 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV UTAH PI SALT LAKE CITY PA WESTERN POLITICAL QUARTERLY, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA SN 1065-9129 J9 POLIT RES QUART JI Polit. Res. Q. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 987 EP 1010 PG 24 WC Political Science SC Government & Law GA V2689 UT WOS:000165541000007 ER PT J AU Suzuki, H Dong, JT Gao, AC Barrett, JC Isaacs, JT AF Suzuki, H Dong, JT Gao, AC Barrett, JC Isaacs, JT TI Identification of the rat homologue of KAI1 and its expression in Dunning rat prostate cancers SO PROSTATE LA English DT Article DE KAI1; metastasis suppressor gene; prostate cancer; Dunning tumors ID METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR GENE; TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS; SYNCYTIUM FORMATION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ALLELIC LOSS; SHORT ARM; ANTIGEN; PROGRESSION; FAMILY; CHROMOSOME-11 AB BACKGROUND. We previously isolated the human KAI1 gene encoding a transmembrane protein which suppresses metastatic ability in Dunning R3327 AT6.1 rat prostate cancer cells when transfected into these cells. The AT6.1 subline is one of the more aggressive sublines among the Dunning R-3327 system of rat prostate cancers. This raises the issue of whether downregulation of KAI1 expression consistently occurs during the acquisition of high metastatic ability by members of the Dunning system of rat prostate cancers. METHODS. To investigate this possibility, the rat homologue of the KAI1 gene was identified, using a combination of cDNA library screening and 5'-RACE and DNA sequencing. Based on this information, a rat-specific cDNA probe was developed and used for Northern blot analysis of KAI1 expression in normal rat tissues and a series of sublines of Dunning R3327 cells that vary widely in their metastatic abilities. RESULTS. The rat KAI1 gene encoded a protein of 266 amino acids which has 77% identity to the human KAI1 protein. In normal tissues, KAI1 is expressed predominantly as a 2.0-kb-sized transcript. Several tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle and prostate) also express a minor 1.8-kb-sized RNA. Northern blot analysis of a series of Dunning sublines demonstrated that all sublines expressed both the 2.0- and 1.8-kb KAI1 RNA transcripts. However, quantitative levels of the 2.0- vs. 1.8-kb KAI1 RNA were variable among sublines. Downregulation of expression of the 2.0-kb KAI1 transcript was statistically correlated with the acquisition of high metastatic ability within this system of prostate cancer sublines. In contrast, the 1.8-kb transcript was upregulated in all of the more aggressive sublines, but this enhanced expression was not specifically correlated with metastatic ability. CONCLUSIONS. These studies demonstrated that downregulation of the 2.0-kb KAI1 mRNA is associated with the acquisition of high metastatic ability by prostate cancer cells. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, James Buchanan Brady Urol Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, Charlottesville, VA USA. Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Isaacs, JT (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, 422 N Bond St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA58236] NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0270-4137 J9 PROSTATE JI Prostate PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 37 IS 4 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19981201)37:4<253::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Urology & Nephrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Urology & Nephrology GA 139KN UT WOS:000077028000007 PM 9831222 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S AF Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S TI Herpetofauna associated with arroyos and uplands in foothills of the chihuahuan desert SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Arroyos form distinctive habitats in desert foothhills. To document herpetofaunal habitat associations with arroyos we operated 16 drift fences (eight in arroyos, eight on uplands) for 4,152 drift fence nights during spring and fall, 1993-1994. Only Scaphiopus couchii demonstrated an association for arroyo habitat, and only during fall 1993. Cnemidophorzus mannoratus and C. exsanquis demonstrated possible seasonal associations with uplands. Statistical tests are characterized by low power, apparently resulting from small observed differences in relative abundance between habitats. Small observed differences suggest that, with some exceptions, arroyos versus uplands is not a habitat contrast of relevance to herpetofauna. A posteriori canonical correspondence analysis was applied to produce an ordination of species with six structural habitat variables (shrub cover, grass and forb cover at two heights, amount of detritus, stones and rocks, and sand on the substrate). This comparison, although suggesting a tendency for herpetofauna to favor arroyos, failed to show a significant relationship between herpetofauna and environmental variables. This study suggests that environmental variables other than those directly related to vegetation will be important determinants of herpetofaunal habitat suitability. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 441 EP 448 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 162RL UT WOS:000078360500004 ER PT J AU Rooney-Varga, JN Genthner, BRS Devereux, R Willis, SG Friedman, SD Hines, ME AF Rooney-Varga, JN Genthner, BRS Devereux, R Willis, SG Friedman, SD Hines, ME TI Phylogenetic and physiological diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria isolated from a salt marsh sediment SO SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sulphate-reducing bacteria; SRB; 16S rRNA phylogeny; salt-marsh; rhizosphere; Desulfobacteriaceae; Desulfovibrionaceae ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; DECOMPOSE FATTY-ACIDS; SP-NOV; GEN-NOV; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; SULFATE REDUCTION; AMPLIFICATION; OXIDATION AB The phylogenetic and physiological diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria inhabiting a salt marsh rhizosphere were investigated. Sulphate-reducing bacteria were isolated from a salt marsh rhizosphere using enrichment cultures with electron donors thought to be prevalent in the rhizosphere of Spartina alterniflora. The relationship between phylogeny and nutritional characteristics of 10 strains was investigated. None of the isolates had 16S rRNA sequences identical to other delta subclass sulphate-reducers, sharing 85.3 to 98.1% sequence similarity with 16S rRNA sequences of their respective closest relatives. Phylogenetic analysis placed two isolates, obtained with ethanol as an electron donor, within the Desulfovibrionaceae. Seven isolates, obtained with acetate, butyrate, propionate, or benzoate, were placed within the Desulfobacteriaceae. One isolate, obtained with butyrate, fell within the Desulfobulbus assemblage, which is currently considered part of the Desulfobacteriaceae family. However, due to the phylogenetic breadth and physiological traits of this group, we propose that it be considered a new family, the "Desulfobulbusaceae." The isolates utilised an array of electron donors similar to their closest relatives with a few exceptions. As a whole, the phylogenetic and physiological data indicate isolation of several sulphate-reducing bacteria which might be considered as new species and representative of new genera. Comparison of the Desulfobacteriaceae isolates' 16S rRNA sequences to environmental clones originating from the same study site revealed that none shared more than 86% sequence similarity. The results provide further insight into the diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria inhabiting the salt marsh ecosystem, as well as supporting general trends in the phylogenetic coherence of physiological traits of delta Proteobacteria sulphate reducers. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rooney-Varga, JN (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Sci Biol, 1 Univ Ave, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. EM Juliette_RooneyVarga@uml.edu RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 55 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0723-2020 J9 SYST APPL MICROBIOL JI Syst. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 557 EP 568 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 156PT UT WOS:000078011000011 PM 9924824 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Chanda, SM Mortensen, SR Padilla, S AF Moser, VC Chanda, SM Mortensen, SR Padilla, S TI Age- and gender-related differences in sensitivity to chlorpyrifos in the rat reflect developmental profiles of esterase activities SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY; FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; PLASMA PARAOXONASE ARYLESTERASE; ADULT-RATS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; ACUTE TOXICITY; PHOSPHOROTHIONATE INSECTICIDES; INTERSPECIES DIFFERENCES; MUSCARINIC AGONISTS AB Young rats are more sensitive than adults to a single oral dose of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus pesticide. A direct comparison of chlorpyrifos effects in young (postnatal day 17; PND17), adolescent (PND27), and adult (70 days) Long-Evans rats was conducted to determine quantitative and possibly qualitative differences in sensitivity in terms of behavioral changes and cholinesterase (ChE; total cholinesterase activity) inhibition at these three ages. Male and female rats were administered chlorpyrifos orally at one of two doses (PND17, 5 or 20 mg/kg; PND27, 20 or 50 mg/kg; adult, 20 or 80 mg/kg) and tested at either 3.5 or 6.5 h after dosing. Behavioral testing included observational evaluations and measurements of motor activity and was followed immediately by tissue collection for ChE determination in brain and blood. For both behavioral changes and ChE inhibition, peak effects occurred at 3.5 h in adult male and PND27 rats (both sexes) and at 6.5 h in adult female and PND17 rats (both sexes). Comparisons of the 20 mg/kg dose across ages showed generally less ChE inhibition and fewer behavioral effects with increasing age, except that the adult females were similar to the PND27 rats. The high dose used for each age group produced similar brain ChE inhibition (80-90%) and generally similar behavioral effects. Interestingly, a few endpoints in the young rats were less affected than in adults at this level of ChE inhibition. The degree of ChE inhibition in the brain more closely paralleled the blood inhibition in the younger rats, compared to the adults. Carboxylesterase (CaE) and A-esterase are known to play an important role in the detoxification of organophosphates and may be partially responsible for these sensitivity differences. Liver and plasma CaE and A-esterase activities were measured in untreated male rats on PND1, 4, 7, 12, 17, and 21 and in adults of both sexes (82-92 days old). Preweanling rats had considerably less activity of both enzymes, and adult females had less liver CaE activity than males. These differences in detoxifying enzymes correlate with the age-related differences in behavioral and biochemical effects, as well as the gender differences seen in adult rats, and thus may be a major influence on the differential sensitivity to chlorpyrifos. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 71 TC 110 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 211 EP 222 DI 10.1093/toxsci/46.2.211 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 167FX UT WOS:000078622800001 PM 10048124 ER PT J AU DeVito, MJ Ross, DG Dupuy, AE Ferrario, J McDaniel, D Birnbaum, LS AF DeVito, MJ Ross, DG Dupuy, AE Ferrario, J McDaniel, D Birnbaum, LS TI Dose-response relationships for disposition and hepatic sequestration of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls following subchronic treatment in mice SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds CY AUG, 1995 CL EDMONTON, CANADA DE disposition; dioxins; dibenzofurans; PCBs; TEFs ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; AH RECEPTOR; BILIARY-EXCRETION; CYTOCHROME P-450D; RISK ASSESSMENT; RAT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AB Humans are exposed to mixtures of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls mainly through the diet. Many of these chemicals are dioxin-like and their relative toxicity is related to their ability to bind and activate the Ah receptor. The present study examines the structure-activity relationship for disposition of these chemicals in female B6C3F1 mice following subchronic exposures. Mice were treated 5 days/week for 13 weeks by oral gavage with different doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD),2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (TBDD), 2,3;7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3;1,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (126), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (169), 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl (105), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (118), and 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (156). Ah of the chemicals examined exhibited dose-dependent increases in the liver/fat concentrations except PCBs 105, 118, and 156. While TCDD is the most potent toxicant in this class of chemicals, 4-PeCDF, PeCDD, OCDF, TCDF, and PCB126 were sequestered in hepatic tissue to a greater extent than was TCDD. The high affinity for hepatic tissue supports the presence of an inducible hepatic binding protein for some dioxin-like chemicals. The differences in disposition between these chemicals suggests that pharmacokinetic differences between congeners is important in the relative potency of these chemicals. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Environm Chem Sect, Off Prevent Pesticide & Tox Subst, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 223 EP 234 DI 10.1093/toxsci/46.2.223 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 167FX UT WOS:000078622800002 PM 10048125 ER PT J AU McKenna, IM Gordon, T Chen, LC Anver, MR Waalkes, MP AF McKenna, IM Gordon, T Chen, LC Anver, MR Waalkes, MP TI Expression of metallothionein protein in the lungs of Wistar rats and C57 and DBA mice exposed to cadmium oxide fumes SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine CY MAY 19-22, 1996 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Food & Drug Adm, NCI, Assoc Reg Enseignement & Rech Sci Champagne Ardenne, Int Res Inst Metal Ions, Univ Rovira Virgili, Univ Barcelona, Escola Profess Med Treball, Direcc Gen Investigac Cient & Tecn, Commiss Univ Rec CIRIT Generalitat Catalunya ID PULMONARY CARCINOGENICITY; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; INHALED CADMIUM; DOWN-REGULATION; RNA SEQUENCE; CELLS; AEROSOLS; CHLORIDE; SENSITIVITY AB Chronic exposure to inhaled cadmium (Cd) has been shown to induce lung tumors in rats (Wistar strain) but not in mice (NMRI strain). The protein metallothionein (MT) plays an important role in Cd detoxification, and it has been suggested that differential inducibility of pulmonary MT may lead to interspecies susceptibility differences to inhaled Cd. Interstrain differences in the pulmonary response of the MT gene to Cd stimuli have not been examined in rats or mice. We compared pulmonary MT expression in Wistar Furth (WF) rats with that in DBA and C57 mice, following a single 3-h exposure to CdO fumes containing 1 mg Cd/m(3). Induction of the MT gene was assessed by the levels of MT-I and MT-II transcripts, MT-protein content, and number of MT-labeled alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells immediately after Cd exposure and 1, 3, and 5 days later. Control animals were exposed to air/argon furnace gases. We observed differential intra- and interspecies inducibility of the MT gene in the lung following Cd inhalation. DBA mice exhibited greater levels of MT-mRNA, mainly for the MT-I isoform, MT-protein content, and number of MT positive cells relative to C57 mice. WF rats showed lower transcription and translation responses of the MT gene upon Cd stimuli than C57 mice. The present results, in concert with our previous findings of higher lung cell proliferation in Cd-exposed C57 relative to DBA mice, predict greater susceptibility of C57 to the carcinogenic effects of inhaled Cd. Furthermore, the low transcriptional and translation responses of the MT gene to Cd stimuli in WF rats might explain the higher susceptibility of this rat strain to develop malignant lung tumors after chronic exposure to Cd via inhalation. Parallel to our findings in mice, differences in the responsiveness of lung MT gene may exist across rat strains. Thus intraspecies genetic variability in pulmonary MT may influence the susceptibility of rats or mice to lung carcinogenesis induced by inhalation of Cd compounds, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 NCI, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, SAIC, Pathol Histotechnol Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NYU, Med Ctr, Inst Environm Med, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987 USA. RP McKenna, IM (reprint author), US EPA, OPPT, RAD 7403, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Cjem, Lung-Chi/H-5030-2012 NR 44 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 153 IS 2 BP 169 EP 178 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8399 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 156WG UT WOS:000078024700004 PM 9878588 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Derr-Yellin, EC Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ Herr, DW Barone, S Choksi, NY MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Derr-Yellin, EC Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ Herr, DW Barone, S Choksi, NY MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA TI Repeated exposure of adult rats to Aroclor 1254 causes brain region-specific changes in intracellular Ca2+ buffering and protein kinase C activity in the absence of changes in tyrosine hydroxylase SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Neuroscience CY NOV 16-21, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Soc Neurosci ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; NEONATAL NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; PHORBOL ESTER BINDING; PCB EXPOSURE; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, some of which may be neurotoxic. In vitro studies from this laboratory indicated that noncoplanar PCBs perturbed intracellular signal transduction mechanisms including Ca2+ homeostasis, receptor-mediated inositol phosphate production, and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC). In the present study, we examined the effects of PCBs in vivo by dosing adult male Long-Evans rats orally with Aroclor 1254 (0, 10, or 30 mg/kg/day; 5 days/week for 4 weeks) in corn oil. At 24 h after the last dose, rats were tested for motor activity in a photocell device for 30 min. Immediately, the rats were euthanized, blood was collected for thyroid hormone analysis, and brains were removed, dissected into regions (cerebellum, frontal cortex, and striatum), and subcellular fractions were obtained for neurochemical analysis. Following Aroclor 1254 treatment, body weight gain in the high-dose group was significantly lower than the control and low-dose groups. Horizontal motor activity was significantly lower in rats dosed with 30 mg/kg Aroclor 1254. Ca2+ buffering by microsomes was significantly lower in all three brain regions from the 30 mg/kg group. In the same dose group, mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering was affected in cerebellum but not in cortex or striatum. Similarly, total cerebellar PKC activity was decreased significantly while membrane-bound PKC activity was significantly elevated at 10 and 30 mg/kg. PKC activity was not altered either in cortex or the striatum. Neurotransmitter levels in striatum or cortex were slightly altered in PCB-exposed rats compared to controls. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of Aroclor 1254 to rats did not significantly alter forebrain tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity or enzymatic activity. Circulating T-4 (total and free) concentrations were severely depressed at both doses in Aroclor 1254-exposed rats compared to control rats, suggesting a severe hypothyroid state. These results indicate that (1) in vivo exposure to a PCB mixture can produce changes in second messenger systems that are similar to those observed after in vitro exposure of neuronal cell cultures; (2) second messenger systems seem to be more sensitive than alterations in neurotransmitter levels or tyrosine hydroxylase involved in dopamine synthesis during repeated exposure to PCBs; and (3) the observed motor activity changes were independent of changes in striatal dopamine levels. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013 NR 95 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 153 IS 2 BP 186 EP 198 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8533 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 156WG UT WOS:000078024700006 PM 9878590 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR Derr-Yellin, EC Mundy, WR Casey, AC Bush, B Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR Derr-Yellin, EC Mundy, WR Casey, AC Bush, B Tilson, HA TI Congener-specific distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in brain regions, blood, liver, and fat of adult rats following repeated exposure to Aroclor 1254 SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Neuroscience CY NOV 16-21, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Soc Neurosci ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PCB CONGENERS; MIXTURES; ACCUMULATION; HOMEOSTASIS; CALCIUM; BINDING AB Our previous in vitro studies with both isolated organelles and primary neuronal cell cultures found that intracellular signal transduction can be perturbed by some noncoplanar PCBs at exposure levels of less than or equal to 10 mu M. However, it is not clear whether such concentrations are achievable in brain in vivo. Also, the pattern of congener disposition and quantities of the PCB accumulation in tissues of animals exposed to commercial PCB mixtures is not well studied. In the present study, we have conducted PCB congener-specific analysis in different brain regions, liver, blood, and fat of adult male Long-Evans rats dosed orally with Aroclor 1254 (0 or 30 mg/kg/day; once per day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) in corn on. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, rats were euthanized, and the brains were removed and dissected to obtain cerebellum, frontal cortex, and striatum. Liver, blood, and fat samples were also collected at the same time. Congener-specific analysis of PCBs was performed by high-resolution gas chromatography with electron capture detection. While PCB concentrations in control rat brain regions were less than 0.02 ppm, total PCB congeners in treated animals accumulated to much higher levels. Total levels in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, and striatum were 15.1 +/- 0.3, 13.1 +/- 1.7, and 8.2 +/- 2.6 ppm, respectively. The levels of PCBs in the fat, liver, and blood were 0.041, 0.002, and 0.001 ppm in control rats and 552, 38.3, and 1.6 ppm in treated rats, respectively. In addition to the differential total uptake between tissues, there was differential accumulation of PCBs with respect to the number of chlorines. In all the tissues, the more lightly chlorinated (tetra- and penta-) congeners accumulated less than their respective proportions in the parent Aroclor 1254 mixture. On the other hand, heavily chlorinated (hexa- to nona-) congeners accumulated more than the proportion of these congeners found in Aroclor 1254 mixture. This shift toward accumulation of heavily chlorinated congeners seems to be more pronounced in the brain than liver and fat. Predominant congeners (5-32% of total PCBs) detected in different brain regions, blood, liver, and fat are: 2,3,3',4',5,6- (no. 163)+ 2,2',3,4,4',5- (no. 138)(coeluted); 2,2',4,4',5,5'- (no. 153)+ 2,2',3,3',4,6'- (no. 132) (coeluted); 2,3,3',4,4',5- (no. 156) + 2,2',3,3',4,4',6- (no. 171) (coeluted); 2,3',4,4',5- (no. 118); 2,2',4,4',5-(no. 99); and 2,3,3',4,4'- (no. 105). These congeners together accounted for about two thirds of the total PCB load in brain. All these predominant congeners are ortho-substituted and therefore are noncoplanar in nature. The total PCB concentrations accumulated in brain were as high as 50 mu M (based on average molecular weight of 326.4 for Aroclor 1254) and, at these concentrations, intracellular second messengers were significantly affected in neuronal cultures and brain homogenate preparations in vitro. These results indicate that concentrations that altered Ca2+ disposition and second messenger systems in vitro are achievable in brain in vivo following repeated exposure, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 153 IS 2 BP 199 EP 210 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8534 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 156WG UT WOS:000078024700007 PM 9878591 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ Sailstad, DM Doerfler, D Selgrade, MJK AF Veronesi, B Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ Sailstad, DM Doerfler, D Selgrade, MJK TI Neuropeptide denervation alters both the elicitation and induction phases of contact hypersensitivity in mice SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE susceptible populations; sensitive subpopulations; neuropeptides; tachykinins substance P; contact hypersensitivity; neurocutaneous axis ID GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; LYMPH-NODE CELLS; DELAYED-TYPE; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; CAPSAICIN; SENSITIZATION; CYTOKINES; NERVES; MOUSE; INTERLEUKIN-1 AB The effects of permanent disruption of neuropeptide transmission on the induction (i.e., sensitization) and elicitation (i.e., challenge) phases of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) are described. BALB/c mice were chemically denervated of neuropeptide (i.e., tachykinin) containing sensory C fibers by an acute injection of capsaicin (50 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 2 to 3. As young adults (PND 45-60), these mice and their control littermates were sensitized by topical application of 0.1% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or vehicle. Treatment groups generated from this exposure regimen consisted of untreated, controls (O/O), denervated, controls (CAP/O), untreated, sensitized (O/DNFB), and denervated, sensitized (CAP/DNFB). The elicitation phase of CHS was evaluated in these animals by measuring ear thickness in response to a DNFB challenge. In DNFB-sensitized groups, ear thickness was significantly increased over controls but was additionally increased 2.4-fold in CAP/DNFB compared to O/DNFB mice. The induction phase of CHS was next assessed in young adult mice by measuring lymph node cell (LNC) proliferation. For this, mice were sensitized for 3 consecutive days before their draining, auricular nodes were removed. The LNC were dissociated and cultured for 24 h with tritiated thymidine to assess LNC proliferation. As expected, significantly higher numbers of LNC occurred in both DNFB-sensitized groups (CAP/DNFB, O/DNFB) compared to the unsensitized, controls (CAP/O, O/O). However, LNC proliferation in CAP/DNFB was significantly higher than O/DNFB animals. Flow cytometry on similarly exposed mice failed to demonstrate any significant difference in the population of CD4CD8 or CD3CD45R LNC cells from neuropeptide-denervated (CAP/O, CAP/DNFB) mice or their respective treatment mates (O/O, O/DNFB), suggesting that alterations in T or B cell populations did not underlie these changes. Finally, cytokine release from the LNC from these treatment groups was examined. For this, the auricular lymph nodes were removed from animals, 2 to 4 h after the animals were administered a single application of a sensitizing concentration (0.1%) of DNFB or acetone vehicle. LNC, dissociated from these nodes, were cultured for 24 h. The nutrient media was removed from these cultured cells and examined for the release of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, by ELISA. There were no significant increases in IL-2. However, IL-1 beta release was significantly increased in CAP/DNFB mice over O/DNFB by 18-fold and by over 30-fold compare to O/O controls. Levels of TNF alpha were significantly increased in both O/DNFB and CAP/DNFB mice over the nonsensitized controls (O/O, CAP/O). CAP/DNFB values were approximately double that of O/DNFB. There was no significant difference in IL-1 beta or TNF alpha release between the nonsensitized controls (O/O, CAP/O). Collectively, these data indicate that neuropeptide denervation by neonatal administration of capsaicin alters both the induction and elicitation phases CHS and may modify sensitivity to chemically induced CHS. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 153 IS 2 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8539 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 156WG UT WOS:000078024700010 PM 9878594 ER PT J AU Ghorishi, B Gullett, BK AF Ghorishi, B Gullett, BK TI Sorption of mercury species by activated carbons and calcium-based sorbents: effect of temperature, mercury concentration and acid gases SO WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE elemental mercury; mercuric chloride; calcium-based sorbent; activated carbon; air pollution; emissions ID FLUE-GASES; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; CHLORIDE; ADSORPTION; PARTICLES; VAPORS AB Bench-scale studies of mercury/sorbent reactions were conducted to understand mechanistic limitations of field-scale attempts to reduce emissions of mercury from combustion processes. The effects of temperature (60 to 140 degrees C), sulfur dioxide (SO2, 1000 ppm), hydrogen chloride (HCl, 50 ppm), and water vapor (5% molar) on the capture of elemental mercury (Hg-0, 8 to 40 ppb) by two thermally activated carbons, and on the capture of mercuric chloride (HgCl2, 11 to 73 ppb) by two calcium (Ca)-based sorbents were examined in a fixed-bed, bench-scale system. Capture of mercury species is affected by sorbent site activity. HgCl2 is quickly adsorbed by the alkaline sites of Ca-based sorbents; sorption in combustors will likely be kinetically limited. Hg-0, however, is more effectively removed by activated carbons; here the number of active sites appears to limit removal from flue gas, SO2 and HCl were found to either enhance or reduce sorption depending on the species of mercury Enhancement or Hg-0 capture by activated carbon is associated with formation of active carbon-chlorine or carbon-sulfur sites while reduced capture of HgCl2 is due to loss of alkaline sites through Ca-SO2 and Ca-HCl reactions. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, APPCD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Durham, NC USA. RP Ghorishi, B (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, APPCD, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0734-242X J9 WASTE MANAGE RES JI Waste Manage. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 16 IS 6 BP 582 EP 593 DI 10.1177/0734242X9801600609 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 144FB UT WOS:000077302400009 ER PT J AU Lendvay, JM Sauck, WA McCormick, ML Barcelona, MJ Kampbell, DH Wilson, JT Adriaens, P AF Lendvay, JM Sauck, WA McCormick, ML Barcelona, MJ Kampbell, DH Wilson, JT Adriaens, P TI Geophysical characterization, redox zonation, and contaminant distribution at a groundwater surface water interface SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; AQUIFER SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-ACIDS; IRON; TRANSFORMATION; SEEPAGE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DEHALOGENATION AB Three transects along a groundwater/surface water interface were characterized for spatial distributions of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and geochemical conditions to evaluate the natural bioremediation potential of this environmental system. Partly on the basis of ground penetrating radar measurements, a conductive sediment layer was detected from the shore out to at least 300 m offshore which exhibited gradients in redox pairs and contaminant profiles. The cis-Dichloroethene and 1-chloroethene were predominant in the presence of elevated methane and ferrous iron concentrations and depressed sulfate and aquifer solids-bound iron concentrations. The shallow monitoring points were generally hypoxic to aerobic and exhibited values of specific conductance reflective of near-shore lake water, indicating reoxygenation of the contaminant plume due to wave infiltration. The barge transect yielded trace contaminant concentrations and showed evidence of sulfate reduction, These analyses contributed to the understanding of processes affecting contaminant fate and transport at near-shore mixing zones. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Inst Water Sci, Dept Geol, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Lendvay, JM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM adriaens@engin.umich.edu RI McCormick, Michael/A-2308-2008; OI Sauck, William/0000-0003-2911-3044 NR 74 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 12 BP 3545 EP 3559 DI 10.1029/98WR01736 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 145VV UT WOS:000077393000028 ER PT J AU Hobbie, JE Kwiatkowski, BL Rastetter, EB Walker, DA McKane, RB AF Hobbie, JE Kwiatkowski, BL Rastetter, EB Walker, DA McKane, RB TI Carbon cycling in the Kuparuk basin: Plant production, carbon storage, and sensitivity to future changes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC TUNDRA; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GLOBAL CHANGE; RESPONSES; CO2; DIOXIDE; BALANCE; MODEL AB The Marine Biological Laboratory General Ecosystem Model was calibrated for an arctic tussock tundra system using data from long-term observations and experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska. These experiments include the effects of changes in temperature, light, CO2, and nutrients, so the model could be applied to five regions comprising the entire Kuparuk River basin. Met primary production, averaged for the entire basin, was 92 g C m(-2) yr(-1). A 150 year simulation of carbon storage under a doubling of CO2 (slow ramp-up) and a temperature increase of 3.5 degrees C gave an estimate of +400 g C m(-2) when soil moisture increased and +500 g C m(-2) when soil moisture decreased. Drier soils stimulated decomposition producing an increase in nitrogen availability; the increased N led to increased net primary production. If this result is applicable to other arctic ecosystems, then it is unlikely that warming will enhance carbon loss to the atmosphere to further enhance warming. C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hobbie, JE (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jhobbie@lupine.mbl.edu; bonniek@lupine.mbl.edu; erastett@lupine.mbl.edu; bmckane@mail.cor.epa.gov NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D22 BP 29065 EP 29073 DI 10.1029/98JD00804 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 142JB UT WOS:000077196200039 ER PT J AU Kenyon, EM Seaton, MJ Himmelstein, MW Asgharian, B Medinsky, MA AF Kenyon, EM Seaton, MJ Himmelstein, MW Asgharian, B Medinsky, MA TI Influence of gender and acetone pretreatment on benzene metabolism in mice exposed by nose-only inhalation SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID B6C3F1 MICE; PHENOLIC METABOLITES; LIVER-MICROSOMES; C-14 BENZENE; TOXICITY; HYDROQUINONE; RATS; GENOTOXICITY; DISPOSITION; PEROXIDASE AB Benzene (BZ) requires oxidative metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) to exert its hematotoxic and genotoxic effects. We previously reported that male mice have a two-fold higher maximum rate of BZ oxidation compared with female mice; this correlates with the greater sensitivity of males to the genotoxic effects of BZ as measured by micronuclei induction and sister chromatid exchanges. The aim of this study was to quantitate levels of BZ metabolites in urine and tissues, and to determine whether the higher maximum rate of BZ oxidation in male mice would be reflected in higher levels of hydroxylated BZ metabolites in tissues and water-soluble metabolites in urine. Male and female B6C3F, mice were exposed to 100 or 600 ppm C-14-BZ by nose-only inhalation for 6 h. An additional group of male mice was pretreated with 1% acetone in drinking water for 8 d prior to exposure to 600 ppm BZ; this group was used to evaluate the effect of induction of CYP 2E1 on urine and tissue levels of BZ and its hydroxylated metabolites. BZ, phenol (PHE), and hydroquinone (HQ) were quantified in blood, liver, and bone marrow during exposure and postexposure, and water-soluble metabolites were analyzed in urine in the 48 h after exposure. Male mice exhibited a higher flux of BZ metabolism through the HQ pathway compared with females after exposure to either 100 ppm BZ (32.0 +/- 2.03 vs. 19.8 +/- 2.7%) or 600 ppm BZ (14.7 +/- 1.42 vs. 7.94 +/- 0.76%). Acetone pretreatment to induce CYP 2E1 resulted in a significant increase in both the percent and mass of urinary HQ glucuronide and muconic acid in male mice exposed to 600 ppm BZ. This increase was paralleled by three- to fourfold higher steady-state concentrations of PHE and HQ in blood and bone marrow of acetone-pretreated mice compared with untreated mice. These results indicate that the higher maximum rate of BZ metabolism in male mice is paralleled by a greater proportion of the total flux of BZ through the pathway for HQ formation, suggesting that the metabolites formed along this pathway may be responsible for the genotoxicity observed following BZ exposure. C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PKB, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kenyon.elaina@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05630-01] NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV 27 PY 1998 VL 55 IS 6 BP 421 EP 443 DI 10.1080/009841098158340 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 141BF UT WOS:000077122200003 PM 9833972 ER PT J AU Tian, D Feng, ZM Hanley, NM Setzer, RW Mumford, JL DeMarini, DM AF Tian, D Feng, ZM Hanley, NM Setzer, RW Mumford, JL DeMarini, DM TI Multifocal accumulation of p53 protein in esophageal carcinoma: Evidence for field cancerization SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article ID UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT; SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE GENOTYPES; GENE-MUTATIONS; PRECANCEROUS LESIONS; SUPPRESSOR GENE; CANCER; CHINA; DIFFERENTIATION; EXPRESSION AB A systematic characterization of the cancerization field of esophageal carcinoma based on p53 protein accumulation has not been reported previously. The present report presents such a study based on 50 specimens of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma from northern China. To gain insight into the etiology of this disease among the 50 subjects, DNA was analyzed for a polymorphism of the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) gene, which has been associated with increased risk for esophageal cancer among alcohol-consuming patients in Japan, However, the frequency of this polymorphism among our subjects, 30% (15/50), was within published control frequencies for this allele, suggesting that this allele may not play a role in the etiology of esophageal cancer in this northern Chinese population. Immuno-histochemical staining showed that 66% of the tumors were p53(+). Of 420 pieces near or adjacent to p53(+) tumors, p53+ cells were present among 64% of basal-cell hyperplasia (BCH), 70% of dysplasia (DYS) and 88% of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Of 216 pieces near or adjacent to p53(-) tumors, p53(+) frequencies were 25% of BCH, 25% of DYS and 0% of CIS. The proportion of BCH cells that were p53+ decreased at increasing distance from the tumor (p = 0.006). The sporadic distribution of p53(+) cells and the distribution and frequency of p53(+) precursor lesions support the view that accumulation of p53 protein is multifocal and occurs in precursor lesions in early stages of esophageal carcinogenesis. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Human Studies, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Res & Adm Support Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM demarini.david@epa.gov NR 37 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PD NOV 23 PY 1998 VL 78 IS 5 BP 568 EP 575 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19981123)78:5<568::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 134YV UT WOS:000076772100007 PM 9808524 ER PT J AU Riemer, D Pos, W Milne, P Farmer, C Zika, R Apel, E Olszyna, K Kliendienst, T Lonneman, W Bertman, S Shepson, P Starn, T AF Riemer, D Pos, W Milne, P Farmer, C Zika, R Apel, E Olszyna, K Kliendienst, T Lonneman, W Bertman, S Shepson, P Starn, T TI Observations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site in the southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID METHYL VINYL KETONE; GAS-PHASE REACTION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; RESPONSE FACTORS; AIR MASSES; ISOPRENE; TROPOSPHERE; METHACROLEIN AB Measurements of an extensive range of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) including alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes were conducted for several weeks during the summer of 1995 as part of the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) at a rural experimental site (Youth, Inc.) 32 km southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. These measurements were conducted to (1) determine the absolute magnitude and variability of oxygenated compounds found in a contemporary rural region; (2) assess the importance of the measured ambient levels of OVOCs on a photochemical reactivity basis relative to the more commonly determined NMHCs; and (3) to evaluate our ability to accurately measure oxygenates by the current techniques employed under a field study scenario. Several other physical (temperature, insolation, etc.), meteorological (wind velocity, wind direction, atmospheric structure, and boundary layer height), and chemical (criterion pollutants, NOx, SO2, CO, O-3, etc.) parameters were measured concurrently with the NMHC and OVOC measurements. During the study period, OVOCs were consistently the dominant compounds present, and methanol and acetone had the highest mixing ratios. Although OVOCs made up the majority of the volatile organic compound component on a mass basis, a substantial sink for OH was isoprene and its immediate oxidation products, methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone. In combination with CO and formaldehyde, these compounds comprised about 85% of the observed OH reactivity at the site. Acetaldehyde and methanol were responsible for an additional 10%, with the NMHCs and remaining OVOCs making up the final 5% of the measured OH reactivity at the site. These observed patterns reinforce recent studies which find OVOCs to be an important component of the rural troposphere. C1 NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Chem, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Atmospher Chem Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. Univ Fed Minas Gerois, Escola Engn Desa, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. W Chester Univ, Dept Chem, W Chester, PA 19382 USA. RP Riemer, D (reprint author), NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM riemer@acd.ucar.edu RI Shepson, Paul/E-9955-2012 NR 71 TC 71 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D21 BP 28111 EP 28128 DI 10.1029/98JD02677 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 140GF UT WOS:000077078700010 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Schnatter, R Gibb, H AF Samet, JM Schnatter, R Gibb, H TI Epidemiology and risk assessment - Invited commentary SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARCINOGENS; CHEMICALS C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Exxon Biomed Sci Inc, E Millstone, NJ USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Risk Sci & Publ Policy Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 615 N Wolfe St,Suite W6041, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 10 BP 929 EP 936 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 140DD UT WOS:000077070700001 PM 9829864 ER PT J AU Bergen, BJ Rahn, KA Nelson, WG AF Bergen, BJ Rahn, KA Nelson, WG TI Remediation at a marine superfund site: Surficial sediment PCB congener concentration, composition, and redistribution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEDFORD AB New Bedford Harbor (NBH) is an estuary severely contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is undergoing a multistage Superfund remediation. A longterm monitoring program was developed to assess the effectiveness of this remediation. Seventy-two stations were monitored in the harbor and in adjacent Buzzards Bay. Sediments were collected at each station before and after the initial remedial phase (the "hot spot" removal), and the concentrations of 18 PCB congeners were quantified. A qualitative graphical technique was combined with exploratory statistical techniques to examine the spatial and temporal variability in concentrations of PCBs and proportions of the congeners. The combination of the two techniques with PCB congener ratios revealed subtle changes after remediation that were not evident by a more traditional statistical analysis of total PCB concentrations. Although major redistributions of contaminated sediments were confined to the immediate vicinity of remedial activities, there is evidence that low molecular weight PCBs were transported farther. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Bergen, BJ (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM bergen.barbara@epamail.epa.gov NR 8 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 22 BP 3496 EP 3501 DI 10.1021/es980413o PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 138RQ UT WOS:000076986800008 ER PT J AU Speth, TF Summers, RS Gusses, AM AF Speth, TF Summers, RS Gusses, AM TI Nanofiltration foulants from a treated surface water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEMBRANES; SEDIMENTS AB The loss of membrane flux due to fouling is one of the main impediments in the development of membrane processes for use in drinking water treatment. The objective of this work was to determine the nature of nanofiltration membrane foulants for a pilot system fed conventionally treated Ohio River water for 15 months. The foulant responsible for flux loss was shown to be a film layer 20-80 mu m thick with the greatest depth in the first of three elements in series. Heterotrophic plate count, phospholipid, and pyrolysis-GC/MS analyses showed the film layer had a strong biological signature. The inorganic contribution to the dried film layer was low (less than 15%). Both acid and alkaline/detergent cleaning yielded only short-term flux recovery, although they were independent of each other. Neither acid cleaning, alkaline/detergent cleaning, nor hydraulic flushing removed the thickness of the film layer, nor changed its organic characteristics. Only alkaline/detergent cleaning inactivated a large percentage of the film-layer microbes. The short-term flux recovery without loss of biofilm thickness suggests a morphological change upon chemical cleaning. The results suggest that feedwater pretreatment to prevent cell deposition and subsequent biogrowth would he more successful than chemical cleaning the membrane after biofouling. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Speth, TF (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM speth.Thomas@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV NR 19 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 22 BP 3612 EP 3617 DI 10.1021/es9800434 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 138RQ UT WOS:000076986800024 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Becker, P Ali, JS AF Gordon, CJ Becker, P Ali, JS TI Behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed mice SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE behavioral thermoregulation; motor activity; animal housing ID AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE; BODY-TEMPERATURE; RAT AB The ambient temperature (T-a) to house and study laboratory rodents is critical for nearly all biomedical studies. The ideal T-a for housing rodents and other animals should be based on their thermoregulatory requirements. However, fundamental information on the behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed rodents is meager. To address this issue, thermoregulatory behavior was assessed in individual and groups of CD-1 mice housed in a temperature gradient. Mice were housed in groups of five or individually while selected T-a and motor activity were monitored. Single- and group-housed mice displayed a circadian oscillation of selected T-a and motor activity with relatively warm T(a)s Of similar to 29 degrees C selected during the light phase; during the dark phase selected T-a was reduced by 4 degrees C, whereas motor activity increased. Selected T, of aged (11 months old) mice housed individually was similar to 1.0 degrees C warmer than the group-housed mice. Thermal preference of younger mice (2 months old) was similar for single- and group-housed animals. The operative T-a of mice housed in standard facilities was estimated by measuring the cooling rate of "phantom" mice modeled from aluminum cylinders. The results show that the typical housing conditions for single- and group-housed mice are cooler than their T-a for ideal thermal comfort. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 65 IS 2 BP 255 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00148-6 PG 8 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 143MQ UT WOS:000077259800009 PM 9855474 ER PT J AU Shafer, TJ AF Shafer, TJ TI Effects of Cd2+, Pb2+ and CH3Hg+ on high voltage-activated calcium currents in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells: potency, reversibility, interactions with extracellular Ca2+ and mechanisms of block SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Toxicol DE neurotoxic; metals; calcium channels ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS; ROOT GANGLION NEURONS; CHANNEL CURRENTS; INORGANIC LEAD; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; DIVALENT-CATIONS; SENSORY NEURONS; CA++ CHANNELS AB Effects of the neurotoxic heavy metals Cd2+, Pb2+ and CH3Hg+ on current carried by Ca2+ ions (I-Ca) through high-voltage activated Ca2+ channels in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were examined to characterize possible differences in the mechanism of action of these metals on Ca2+ channel function. Specifically, the potency and reversibility of effect on I,, by each metal was examined, as well as the relationship between extracellular [Ca2+] and potency of block of I-Ca by Cd2+ and Pb2+. In addition, the effect of each of these metals on Ca2+ channels when applied to the intracellular side of the membrane was also examined. When extracellular solution contained 20, 10 or 5 mM Ca2+, the estimated IC,, values (total metal concentration) for block of I-Ca were 15, 10, and 6.5 mu M for Cd2+ and 7.5, 2.0 and 1.1 mu M for Pb2+, respectively. CH3Hg+ (1-10 mu M) blocked I-Ca (20 mM Ca2+) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. When cells were washed with metal-free solutions, block of I-Ca by Cd2+ was reversed rapidly, whereas block by Pb2+ was reversed only partially, and block of I-Ca by CH3Hg+ was not reversed. When Pb2+ and CH3Hg+ treated cells were washed in metal-free solutions containing 50 mu M D-penicillamine (DPEN), block of I-Ca by 10 mu M Pb2+ was rapidly and completely reversed, whereas, block of I-Ca by 5 mu M CH3Hg+ was not reversed. Higher concentrations (500 mu M) of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (DMPS) did reverse partially the block of I-Ca by 5 and 10 mu M CH3Hg+. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Shafer, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Shafer.tim@epamail.epa.gov RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 64 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 1998 VL 99 IS 3 BP 207 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00225-2 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 147BF UT WOS:000077467500007 PM 9862287 ER PT J AU Richardson, VM Santostefano, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF Richardson, VM Santostefano, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI Daily cycle of bHLH-PAS proteins, Ah receptor and Arnt, in multiple tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; DROSOPHILA PERIOD GENE; C57BL/6N MOUSE EMBRYO; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE SIMILARITY; MICE LACKING; 2 MEMBERS; CLOCK; PRODUCT AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) shares a common PAS domain with a number of genes that exhibit a pronounced circadian rhythm, Therefore, this study examined the daily cycle of AhR and AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt) protein expression in multiple tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were euthanized at 4, 7, and 11 AM and 4, 7, and 11 PM after which whole tissue homogenates were made from multiple tissues. Western blot analysis showed that the daily cycle of relative AhR protein expression exhibits a similar oscillation pattern in the liver, lungs, and thymus. The daily cycle of relative Arnt protein expression exhibits a similar oscillation pattern in the liver and lungs. The apparent daily cycle of AhR and Amt protein expression in multiple tissues was not observed within the spleen. This preliminary report is the first study to suggest that the PAS proteins, AhR and Amt, exhibit a daily oscillation pattern within multiple target tissues which may give insight into the tissue-specific toxic and biochemical responses mediated through this dimerization pair, as well as the physiological function of these proteins. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Santostefano, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM santostefano.michael@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F32 ES05701-01A1] NR 44 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD NOV 9 PY 1998 VL 252 IS 1 BP 225 EP 231 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9634 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 139FC UT WOS:000077016400040 PM 9813174 ER PT J AU Fuscoe, JC Knapp, GW Hanley, NM Setzer, RW Sandlund, JT Pui, CH Relling, MV AF Fuscoe, JC Knapp, GW Hanley, NM Setzer, RW Sandlund, JT Pui, CH Relling, MV TI The frequency of illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated mutations in children treated with etoposide-containing antileukemic therapy SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE V(D)J recombination; etoposide; ALL; chemotherapy; hprt; bcl-2; IgH; mutagenesis; deletion; translocation ID ACUTE MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; HPRT GENE; CANCER-PATIENTS; BINDING-SITES; T-LYMPHOCYTES; ADULT HUMANS; CHEMOTHERAPY; BREAKPOINTS; TRANSLOCATION AB Etoposide is among the most widely used anti-cancer drugs. Its use, however, has been associated with increased risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which is characterized by chromosomal translocations suggesting involvement of recombination-associated motifs at the breakpoints. A PCR-based assay was developed to quantitate the frequency of two illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated genomic rearrangements-a 20-kb deletion in the hprt gene and the bcl2/IgH translocation (t(14;18)) found in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We examined both lymphocyte and non-lymphocyte blood cell DNA of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for changes in the frequencies of these biomarkers during etoposide therapy to determine the level of illegitimate V(D)J recombination changes during therapy. A low level of t(14;18) was found in the lymphocytes before etoposide treatment, which was significantly reduced during etoposide therapy. In before-etoposide samples, no t(14;18) were found among 7.72 x 10(7) non-lymphocytes; during treatment none were found among 1.87 x 10(9) non-lymphocytes. Deletions were not found before etoposide treatment in either the lymphocytes (6.67 x 10(7)) or non-lymphocytes (5.43 x 10(7)) and were non-significantly elevated during etoposide therapy (1 in 1.4 x 10(8) lymphocytes and 1 in 1.39 x 10(8) non-lymphocytes). It is interesting to note the one patient with an hprt deletion mutation in non-lymphocytes; V(D)J recombination is not normally found in this cell type, but is the cell type from which AML derives. Several patients had clones of t(14;18)-bearing cells as determined by DNA sequence analysis. These results suggest that this etoposide-based chemotherapy was ineffective in producing genomic rearrangements mediated by illegitimate V(D)J recombination in these patients. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res & Adm Support Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM fuscoe.jim@epamail.epa.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CA51001, CA21765, CA78224] NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD NOV 9 PY 1998 VL 419 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00129-6 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 139MM UT WOS:000077032900011 PM 9804912 ER PT J AU Dekant, W Birner, G Werner, M Parker, J AF Dekant, W Birner, G Werner, M Parker, J TI Glutathione conjugation of perchloroethene in subcellular fractions from rodent and human liver and kidney SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE perchloroethene; renal tumors; glutathione conjugation; beta-lyase ID S-TRANSFERASE; LYASE ACTIVITY; RAT-KIDNEY; HEXACHLORO-1,3-BUTADIENE; HEXACHLORO-1-3-BUTADIENE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; NEPHROTOXICITY; METABOLISM; RELEVANCE; EXPOSURE AB Perchloroethene (Per) is a widely used industrial solvent and common environmental contaminant. In rats, long-term inhalation of Per is known to cause a small increase in the incidence of renal tubule cell tumors in males only; renal toxicity is seen in female rats and in both sexes of mice after prolonged Per exposure. The renal toxicity of Per is likely mediated by a glutathione-dependent bioactivation reaction. Glutathione S-transferase mediated formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione is the first step in a sequence of reactions finally resulting in the formation of reactive intermediates in the kidney. In this study, we compared the enzymatic rates of formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione in liver and kidney subcellular fractions from rats, mice, and from both sexes of humans (n = 11). In microsomal fractions from the liver and kidney of all three species, enzymatic formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione from Per could not be observed. S-(1,2,2-Trichlorovinyl)glutathione formation (the structure was confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry) was observed in liver cytosol from both male and female rats and mice. However, the rates of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione formation in liver cytosol from male rats (84.5 +/- 12 pmol/mg per min) were approximately four times higher than from female rats (19.5 +/- 8 pmol/mg per min) and from both sexes of mice (27.9 +/- 6 and 26.0 +/- 4 pmol/mg per min). Low rates of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione formation were also seen in kidney cytosol from mice (12 +/- 6 pmol/mg per min), but not from rats. In human liver subcellular fractions, enzymatic formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione could not be detected. The human liver cytosolic fractions, however, exhibited glutathione S-transferase activity (as determined using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene as marker substrates) in the same order of magnitude as rat and mouse liver cytosol. In contrast to other marker activities for glutathione S-transferases, the ability of all human liver cytosol samples to catalyze the glutathione conjugation of 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene was three orders of magnitude lower compared to rat and mouse liver cytosol. 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene conjugation was also four times higher in liver cytosol from male rats compared to female rats. The results suggest that the ability of the human liver to catalyze the formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione from Per is at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of rat liver, and that sex-specific differences in the extent of hepatic conjugation of Per with glutathione, which may be relevant for nephrotoxicity, occur in rats. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Toxikol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dekant, W (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Toxikol, Versbacher Str 9, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0009-2797(98)00077-5 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 174RH UT WOS:000079048300003 PM 9877199 ER PT J AU Chen, WN London, R Murphy, E Steenbergen, C AF Chen, WN London, R Murphy, E Steenbergen, C TI Regulation of the Ca2+ gradient across the sarcoplasmic reticulum in perfused rabbit heart - A F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance study SO CIRCULATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sarcoplasmic reticulum; F-19 NMR spectroscopy; Ca2+ transport ID RAT-HEART; CARDIAC MYOCYTES; ENERGY-METABOLISM; CALCIUM-RELEASE; PROTEIN-KINASE; MOUSE HEARTS; PHOSPHOLAMBAN; TRANSPORT; MECHANISMS; MUSCLE AB Myocardial contractility depends on Ca2+ release from and uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The Ca2+ gradient between the SR matrix and the cytosol (SR Ca2+ gradient) is maintained by the SR Ca2+-ATPase using the free energy available from hydrolysis of ATP. The activity of the SR Ca2+-ATPase is not only dependent on the energy state of the cell but is also kinetically regulated by SR proteins such as phospholamban. To evaluate the importance of thermodynamic and kinetic regulation of the SR Ca2+ gradient, we examined the relationship between the energy available from ATP hydrolysis (Delta G(ATP)) and the energy required for maintenance of the SR Ca2+ gradient (Delta G(Ca2+SR)) during physiological and pathological manipulations that alter Delta G(ATP) and the phosphorylation state of phospholamban. We used our previously developed F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance method to measure the ionized [Ca2+] in the SR of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. We found that addition of either pyruvate or isoproterenol resulted in an increase in left ventricular developed pressure and an increase in [Ca2+](SR). Pyruvate increased he,, and the increase in the SR Ca2+ gradient was matched to the increase in Delta G(ATP); Delta G(ATP) increased from 58.3+/-0.5 to 60.4+/-1.0 kJ/mol (P<0.05), and Delta G(Ca2-SR) increased from 47.1+/-0.3 to 48.5+/-0.1 kJ/mol (P<0.05). In contrast, the increase in the SR Ca2+ gradient in the presence of isoproterenol occurred despite a decline in Delta G(ATP) from 58.3+/-0.5 to 55.8+/-0.6 kJ/mol. Thus, the data indicate that the SR Ca2+ gradient can be increased by an increase in Delta G(ATP), and that the positive inotropic effect of pyruvate can be explained by improved energy-linked SR Ca2+ handling, whereas the results with isoproterenol are consistent with removal of the kinetic limitation of phospholamban on the activity of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, which allows the SR Ca2+ gradient to move closer to its thermodynamic limit. Ischemia decreases Delta G(ATP), and this should also have an effect on SR Ca2+ handling, During 30 minutes of ischemia, Delta G(ATP) decreased by 12 kJ/mol, but the decrease in Delta G(Ca2+SR) was 16 kJ/mol, greater than would be predicted by the fall in Delta G(ATP) and consistent with increased SR Ca2+ release and increased SR Ca2+ cycling. Because ischemic preconditioning is reported to decrease SR Ca2+ cycling during a subsequent sustained period of ischemia, we examined whether ischemic preconditioning affects the relationship between the fall in Delta G(ATP) and the fall in Delta G(Ca2+SR) during ischemia. We found that preconditioning attenuated the fall in Delta G(Ca2+SR) during ischemia; the fall in Delta G(Ca2+SR) was of comparable magnitude to the fall in Delta G(ATP) and this was associated with a significant improvement in functional recovery during reperfusion. The data suggest that there is both thermodynamic regulation of the SR Ca2+ gradient by Delta G(ATP) and kinetic regulation, which can alter the relationship between Delta G(ATP) and Delta G(Ca2+SR). C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, LSB, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, LMC, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Steenbergen, C (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Box 3712, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL039752, R01-HL39752] NR 44 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7330 J9 CIRC RES JI Circ.Res. PD NOV 2 PY 1998 VL 83 IS 9 BP 898 EP 907 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Hematology GA 138PH UT WOS:000076981100003 PM 9797338 ER PT J AU Gage, C Troy, G AF Gage, C Troy, G TI Reducing refrigerant emissions from supermarket systems SO ASHRAE JOURNAL-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gage, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J.-Am. Soc. Heat Refrig. Air-Cond. Eng. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 40 IS 11 BP 32 EP + PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 136HL UT WOS:000076853300010 ER PT J AU Ligon, PJ Garland, G AF Ligon, PJ Garland, G TI Analyzing the costs of composting strategies SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 Tellus Inst, Boston, MA 02116 USA. US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ligon, PJ (reprint author), Tellus Inst, Boston, MA 02116 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD NOV PY 1998 VL 39 IS 11 BP 30 EP + PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 140TX UT WOS:000077105400039 ER PT J AU Costa, DJ Slott, V Binkova, B Myers, SR Lewtas, J AF Costa, DJ Slott, V Binkova, B Myers, SR Lewtas, J TI Influence of GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes on the relationship between personal exposure to PAH and biomarkers of internal dose SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Article DE glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1); N-acetyltransferase (NAT2); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); DNA adducts; urinary PAH-metabolites ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; S-TRANSFERASE M1; CARCINOGEN-DNA ADDUCTS; AIR-POLLUTION; URBAN AIR; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; NORTHERN BOHEMIA; FOUNDRY WORKERS AB This study examined the interaction of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) genotypes and personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with biomarkers of exposure in a cohort of 51 non smoking women from Bohemia, CZ. The biomarkers included urinary PAH metabolities and white blood cell DNA adducts. Personal PAH exposure was significantly correlated with urinary PAH metabolites for all individuals (r=0.36, p=0.01, n=46). After stratifying by genetic polymorphism the correlation between personal PAH exposure and urinary PAH metabolites increased for individuals with NAT2 slow acetylators (r=0.58, p=0.001, n=29) and the combination of GSTM1 null and NAT2 slow acetylators (r=0.60, p=0.01, n=16). DNA adduct levels were not significantly correlated with personal PAH exposure (r=0.16, p=0.32, n=51), unless restricted to individuals with the GSTM1 gene (r=0.59, p=0.005, n=21). Personal exposure data were essential for elucidating the possible effect of genotypes on the relationship between PAH exposure and these two classes of internal biomarkers. [This abstract does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.] C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Expt Med, CR-14220 Prague, Czech Republic. Reg Inst Hyg Cent Bohemia, CR-14220 Prague, Czech Republic. Univ Louisville, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Costa, DJ (reprint author), 27 Vinal St, Dracut, MA 01826 USA. EM COSTANINO@MINDSPRING.COM; Lewtas.Joellen@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV NR 62 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 3 IS 6 BP 411 EP 424 DI 10.1080/135475098231057 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 145YD UT WOS:000077399100003 PM 23899393 ER PT J AU Kameda, H Mimori, T Kaburaki, J Fujii, T Takahashi, T Akaishi, M Ikeda, Y AF Kameda, H Mimori, T Kaburaki, J Fujii, T Takahashi, T Akaishi, M Ikeda, Y TI Systemic sclerosis complicated by procainamide-induced lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRUG-INDUCED LUPUS; ANTICARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODIES; ERYTHEMATOSUS; ANTICOAGULANT; SCLERODERMA; AMPUTATION; PREVALENCE; SERUM C1 Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 160, Japan. RP Kameda, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Eicosanoid Biochem Grp, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0263-7103 J9 BRIT J RHEUMATOL JI Br. J. Rheumatol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1236 EP 1239 PG 4 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 143PC UT WOS:000077263700020 PM 9851277 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Hartson, DJ Fanslow, DL Lang, GA Lozano, SJ AF Nalepa, TF Hartson, DJ Fanslow, DL Lang, GA Lozano, SJ TI Declines in benthic macroinvertebrate populations in southern Lake Michigan, 1980-1993 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA COLONIZATION; GREAT-LAKES; SAGINAW BAY; COMMUNITIES; EUTROPHICATION; ABUNDANCE; INVASION; BIVALVIA; BIOMASS; ONTARIO AB Densities of the major benthic macroinvertebrate groups declined dramatically at sites shallower than 50 m in southern Lake Michigan between 1980 and 1993. Declines in Diporeia, Oligochaeta, and Sphaeriidae ranged from 40 to 75% at these depths. Total densities declined from 16 800.m(-2) in 1980-1981 to 4800.m(-2) in 1992-1993 at sites in the 16-30 m depth interval and from 21 300 to 11 300.m(-2) at sites in the 31-50 m depth interval. Changes at sites deeper than 50 m were minimal; only sphaeriids declined to any extent. Declines in oligochaetes and sphaeriids occurred uniformly throughout the nearshore region and over the entire sampling period. Declines in these two groups were most Likely related to reductions in phosphorus loads and a general decrease in productivity in the nearshore area over the sampling period. On the other hand, declines in Diporeia occurred mainly in the later portion of the sampling period and were greatest in the southeastern region of the lake. Densities at many sites in the southeastern region were <100.m(-2) in 1993, down from 3000-8000.m(-2) in 1980-1987. We hypothesize that the filtering activities of large populations of Dreissena polymorpha in nearshore waters may be having a negative impact on Diporeia in deeper waters by decreasing the amount of food available to this surface-feeding detritivore. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 45 TC 144 Z9 146 U1 2 U2 16 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 55 IS 11 BP 2402 EP 2413 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-11-2402 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 149LB UT WOS:000077605800005 ER PT J AU Bradford, DF Cooper, SD Jenkins, TM Kratz, K Sarnelle, O Brown, AD AF Bradford, DF Cooper, SD Jenkins, TM Kratz, K Sarnelle, O Brown, AD TI Influences of natural acidity and introduced fish on faunal assemblages in California alpine lakes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ELEVATION LAKES; SIERRA-NEVADA LAKES; EXPERIMENTAL ACIDIFICATION; UNITED-STATES; ZOOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; POPULATIONS; RESPONSES; ALUMINUM; USA AB In an alpine area of the Sierra Nevada of California, naturally acidic waters and introduced fishes both strongly affect the distributions of native amphibians, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates. The study area in Kings Canyon National Park contains 104 lakes with pH values between 5.0 and 9.3, including 10 lakes with pH < 6.0 (defined here as acidic lakes) and 18 lakes with introduced trout. We surveyed 33 of these lakes (8 acidic, 7 non-acidic with trout, 18 non-acidic without trout) for water chemistry and faunal assemblages. Yellow-legged frog tadpoles (Rana muscosa), common microcrustaceans (Daphnia, Hesperodiaptomus, Diaptomus), and larvae of a caddisfly (Hesperophylax) were rare or absent in acidic lakes but common in non-acidic lakes, and microcrustacean and macroinvertebrate species richness decreased with decreasing pH. Large and (or) mobile, conspicuous taxa, including tadpoles, large-bodied microcrustaceans (Hesperodiaptomus, Daphnia middendorffiana), and many epibenthic or limnetic macroinvertebrates (baetid and siphlonurid mayfly nymphs, notonectids, corixids, limnephilid caddis larvae, and dytiscid beetles), were rare or absent in trout lakes but were relatively common in lakes lacking trout, and the taxon richness of macroinvertebrates was reduced by trout. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Bradford, DF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 46 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 24 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 55 IS 11 BP 2478 EP 2491 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-11-2478 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 149LB UT WOS:000077605800012 ER PT J AU Wolf, DC Goldsworthy, TL Donner, EM Harden, R Fitzpatrick, B Everitt, JI AF Wolf, DC Goldsworthy, TL Donner, EM Harden, R Fitzpatrick, B Everitt, JI TI Estrogen treatment enhances hereditary renal tumor development in Eker rats SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID SCLEROSIS TSC2 GENE; GROWTH-FACTOR-ALPHA; CELL CARCINOMA; HAMSTER-KIDNEY; ETHINYL ESTRADIOL; INHERITED CANCER; SYRIAN-HAMSTERS; TARGET ORGAN; CROSS-TALK; CARCINOGENESIS AB Hormonal influences are known to affect the development of renal cell carcinoma in man and laboratory animal models. We tested the hypothesis that estrogen treatment or ovariectomy of rats modulates renal tumor development using tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) heterozygous mutant (Eker) rats in which a germline mutation predisposes the animals to renal cell tumor development. Two-month-old female wild-type and Eker rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated and treated with placebo or 5 mg 17 beta-estradiol in s.c. pellets for 6 or 10 months. Rats were examined at 8 or 12 months of age, at which time the numbers of renal tumors and preneoplastic foci were quantitated and the severity of nephropathy was assessed. In contrast to what may have been expected, prolonged estrogen treatment enhanced the development of hereditary renal cell tumors, with a 2-fold greater number of preneoplastic and neoplastic renal lesions compared with untreated Eker rats. Ovariectomized Eker rats had 33% fewer renal lesions than the unmanipulated control group. No tumors or preneoplastic lesions were present in wildtype rats at either time point, Estrogen treatment increased the severity of nephropathy in both wild-type and Eker rats, whereas ovariectomy was protective against nephropathic changes. Although estrogen is not a rat renal carcinogen, it enhanced the development of hereditary renal cell tumors when administered to Eker rats. Eker rats heterozygous for a mutation in the Tsc2 locus provide a good model in which to study how genetic and hormonal factors contribute to the development of renal cell tumors and to understand the influence genetic susceptibility has on the development of renal cell carcinoma. C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 52 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD NOV PY 1998 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2043 EP 2047 DI 10.1093/carcin/19.11.2043 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 140JR UT WOS:000077084600026 PM 9855022 ER PT J AU Zucker, RM Hunter, S Rogers, JM AF Zucker, RM Hunter, S Rogers, JM TI Confocal laser scanning microscopy of apoptosis in organogenesis-stage mouse embryos SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE confocal laser scanning microscopy; apoptosis; LysoTracker Red; hydroxyurea; embryos; clearing; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; phagocytosis ID CELL-CYCLE ALTERATIONS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE TERATOGENESIS; HYDROXYUREA TERATOGENESIS; WHOLE-MOUNT; RAT EMBRYOS; DEATH; LIMB; EMBRYOGENESIS; TOXICITY AB Confocal Laser scanning microscopy combined with a vital stain has been used to study apoptosis in organogenesis-stage mouse embryos. In order to achieve optical sectioning through embryos, it was necessary to use low power objectives and to prepare the sample appropriately. Mouse embryos were harvested on gestation day 8 or 9 and stained with the vital lysosomal dye, LysoTracker Red. Following incubation in the stain, embryos were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde overnight, dehydrated hi a graded methanol series, and cleared in benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate, The resulting embryo is almost transparent and retains specific LysoTracker Red staining. The entire embryo can be optically sectioned and reconstructed in three dimensions to reveal areas of dye staining. To test this approach, the chemotherapeutic drug hydroxyurea was added to day 8 embryos in vitro to induce apoptosis. Our results demonstrated specific regions undergoing programmed cell death in normal development and increased apoptosis in embryos exposed to hydroxyurea. The observed patterns of LysoTracker Red staining correlate well with previous studies of cell death using other lysosomotropic dyes such as Nile blue sulfate, acridine orange, or neutral red. LysoTracker Red has the advantages of being aldehyde-fixable and highly fluorescent (bleaching was not observed even after multiple scans). This procedure allows for the optical imaging of whole day 9 (similar to 22 somites) embryos that were greater than 500 microns thick in the Z-axis. Cytometry 33:348-354, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zucker, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM zucker.robert@epamail.epa.gov NR 32 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 348 EP 354 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19981101)33:3<348::AID-CYTO9>3.0.CO;2-C PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 135HC UT WOS:000076794900008 PM 9822346 ER PT J AU Prah, JD Case, MW Goldstein, GM AF Prah, JD Case, MW Goldstein, GM TI 1998 equivalence of sensory responses to single and mixed volatile organic compounds at equimolar concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE health symptoms; indoor air; irritation; odor; sick building syndrome; volatile organic compounds ID INDOOR AIR-QUALITY; SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; EXPOSURE; VENTILATION; MIXTURE; HEALTH; HUMANS; HOMES; ODOR AB Exposure to low levels of chemicals indoors is often to a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It is of interest to determine if the symptomatic and sensory responses can be attributed to a single chemical or to a mixture of chemicals. To determine if sensory or symptomatic responses differ with exposure to single or mixed VOCs, 100 female subjects participated in a 6-hr exposure study. Subjects were exposed to one of six equimolar concentrations equivalent to 24 mg/m(3) toluene, control, m-xylene, m-butyl acetate, m-xylene plus n-butyl acetate, a mixture of 21 chemicals including n-butyl acetate and m-xylene, and to the same mixture of chemicals without n-butyl acetate and m-xylene (19 chemicals). The results indicated that there was no difference in reporting of symptoms or sensory responses between the exposures. When the control group was added, some variables, primarily odor intensity and nasal irritation, attained significance. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Prah, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, MD 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 106 IS 11 BP 739 EP 744 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106739 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 144TM UT WOS:000077331200024 PM 9799190 ER PT J AU Nimmo, DR Willox, MJ Lafrancois, TD Chapman, PL Brinkman, SF Greene, JC AF Nimmo, DR Willox, MJ Lafrancois, TD Chapman, PL Brinkman, SF Greene, JC TI Effects of metal mining and milling on boundary waters of Yellowstone National Park, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE mining; metals; toxicity; biomonitoring; copper; Yellowstone National Park ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; RAINBOW-TROUT; BROWN TROUT; MONTANA AB Aquatic resources in Soda Butte Creek within Yellowstone National Park, USA. continue tb be threatened by heavy metals from historical mining and milling activities that occurred upstream of the park's boundary. This includes the residue of gold, silver, and copper ore mining and processing in the early 1900s near Cooke City, Montana, just downstream of the creek's headwaters. Toxicity tests, using surrogate test species, and analyses of metals in water, sediments. and macroinvertebrate tissue were conducted from 1993 to 1995. Chronic toxicity to test species was greater in the spring than the fall and metal concentrations were elevated in the spring with copper exceeding water quality criteria in 1995. Tests with amphipods using pore water and whole sediment from the creek and copper concentrations in the tissue of macroinvertebrates and fish also suggest that copper is the metal of concern in the watershed. In order to understand current conditions in Soda Butte Creek, heavy metals, especially copper, must be considered important factors in the aquatic and riparian ecosystems within and along the creek extending into Yellowstone National Park. C1 Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nimmo, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 22 IS 6 BP 913 EP 926 DI 10.1007/s002679900158 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 118ZN UT WOS:000075871000010 ER PT J AU Heatherington, AC Fisher, HL Sumler, MR Waller, CL Shah, PV Hall, LL AF Heatherington, AC Fisher, HL Sumler, MR Waller, CL Shah, PV Hall, LL TI Percutaneous absorption and disposition of [C-14]Chlordecone in young and adult female rats SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences CY SEP 15-17, 1996 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND ID CHLORDECONE KEPONE; DERMAL PENETRATION; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; BEAGLE DOGS; INVITRO; SKIN; AGE; METABOLISM; TRANSPORT; PLASMA AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of age and dosage on percutaneous absorption and disposition of [C-14]chlordecone (Kepone) and to describe results using a physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Female Fischer 344 rats 33 and 82 days old were used as the young and adult animal models, respectively, and were studied over a 10-fold dose range. [C-14]Chlordecone (0.286 mu mol/cm(2)) was applied to dorsal skin (2.3% BSA) and radioactivity was quantified in selected tissues and excreta up to 120 h. Absorption and disposition were also determined at three dose levels up to 2.68 mu mol/cm(2); fraction absorbed decreased as dose increased. In vitro percutaneous absorption was measured by static and flow-through methods; these yielded similar penetration rates, which were lower than those obtainedobtaiend in vivo. In vivo percutaneous absorption over 120 h was 14.4 +/- 0.99 and 14.2 +/-1.5% dose in young and adults, respectively. Organ and tissue content increased over time (carcass > liver > kidney), indicating prolonged absorption. Statistical differences between young and old were found for liver, skin, and urine, but not for absorption. Excretion occurred primarily in feces, but also in urine. A biophysically based percutaneous model was fitted to both young and adult in vivo absorption data. This was embedded in a whole body PBPK model which, upon optimization with SAAM II, estimated apparent tissue partition coefficients, urinary and fecal excretion rates, and parameters characterizing hepatic nonlinear uptake of bound chlordecone. The model reasonably predicted tissue chlordecone content at higher doses, when decreased absorption was accounted for. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Hall, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR02176] NR 68 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 79 IS 2 BP 138 EP 155 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3862 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 138TH UT WOS:000076988600009 PM 9841813 ER PT J AU Zhang, PC Ryan, JA AF Zhang, PC Ryan, JA TI Formation of pyromorphite in anglesite hydroxyapatite suspensions under varying pH conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAD IMMOBILIZATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; CONTAMINATED SOILS; APATITE; PB; ORTHOPHOSPHATES; BIOAVAILABILITY; DISSOLUTION; STABILITY AB Addition of phosphate to lead [Pb(II)]-contaminated soil to immobilize soil Pb by formation of pyromorphite has been proposed as an alternative remediation technique. Lead sulfate (PbSO4, anglesite), a Pb-hearing form found in contaminated soils and wastes, was reacted with a synthetic phosphate mineral, hydroxyapatite [Ca-5(PO4)(3)-OH], under constant pH (pH 2-7) and simulated gastric pH conditions (pH varied from 2 to 7 within 30 min) to assess the effects of reaction kinetics on the formation rate of chloropyromorphite and the solubility of Pb. Under constant pH condition, complete transformation of anglesite to chloropyromorphite, [Pb-5(PO4)(3)Cl], was obtained at pH 4 and pH 5. At pH 6 and pH 7, the newly formed chloropyromorphite precipitated on the surface of undissolved apatite. The coverage of the apatite surface may reduce apatite dissolution rate and the transformation rate of Pb from anglesite to chloropyromorphite. Increasing the P/Pb ratio increased the transformation rate, but anglesite was still present after a 120-min reaction time. In the dynamic pH system, the added apatite was rapidly dissolved at the initial low pH, and complete transformation of anglesite to chloropyromorphite was obtained within 25 min. The soluble Pb level was controlled by the solubility of chloropyromorphite during the entire reaction process. These results demonstrate the effect of reaction kinetics on the formation rate of chloropyromorphite and the mechanisms controlling the solubilization of Pb in the anglesite-apatite system. Furthermore, they illustrate that a complete transformation of ingested anglesite to chloropyromorphite can be achieved under gastrointestinal tract pH conditions if sufficient phosphate is provided. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Zhang, PC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, MS 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 24 TC 78 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 21 BP 3318 EP 3324 DI 10.1021/es980232m PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 136GJ UT WOS:000076850200030 ER PT J AU Huling, SG Arnold, RG Sierka, RA Miller, MR AF Huling, SG Arnold, RG Sierka, RA Miller, MR TI Measurement of hydroxyl radical activity in a soil slurry using the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CONTAMINATED SOILS; FENTONS REAGENT; RATE CONSTANTS; DEGRADATION; RESONANCE; OXIDATION; ADDUCT AB The spin frap compound alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide) N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) served as a probe to estimate the activity of Fenton-derived hydroxyl radicals ((.)OH) in a batch suspension comprised of silica sand and crushed goethite ore. The rate of probe disappearance was used to analyze system kinetics and oxidation efficiency under heterogeneous, Fenton-driven conditions. The (.)OH-(4-POBN) adduct produced by the reaction of 4-POBN with (.)OH was observed via electron paramagnetic resonance to confirm the mechanism of 4-POBN transformation. The disappearance of 4-POBN with (.)OH in the sand/goethite slurry amended with H(2)O(2)(150 mM) was first-order in 4-POBN. Under the conditions of this experiments, the effective steady-state (.)OH concentration ([(.)OH](ss)) was estimated at 1.2 x 10(-15) and 6.5 x 10(-16) M, when 4-POBN was initially present at 700 and 1440 mu M, respectively. Observed kinetics were in qualitative agreement with a conceptual model in which H(2)O(2) is consumed in both Fenton and non-fenton reactions and 4-POBN competes with other slurry constituents for (.)OH. Reaction of H(2)O(2) with (.)OH was an appreciable sink for (.)OH, but the reaction did not: contribute significantly to H(2)O(2) depletion. Nonproductive reactions involving H(2)O(2) (those that did not contribute to (.)OH production) represented a significant source of overall reaction inefficiency, as defined. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. E Cent Univ, Environm Res Apprenticeship Program, Ada, OH USA. RP Huling, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM Huling.Scott@EPA.GOV NR 35 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 21 BP 3436 EP 3441 DI 10.1021/es970876e PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 136GJ UT WOS:000076850200047 ER PT J AU Besser, JM Ingersoll, CG Leonard, EN Mount, DR AF Besser, JM Ingersoll, CG Leonard, EN Mount, DR TI Effect of zeolite on toxicity of ammonia in freshwater sediments: Implications for toxicity identification evaluation procedures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicity identification; ammonia; sediment toxicity; zeolite; metals ID AMPHIPOD HYALELLA-AZTECA; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; QUALITY CRITERIA; TECHNICAL BASIS; WATER; PH; MACROINVERTEBRATES; BIOASSAYS; HARDNESS; METALS AB Techniques for reducing ammonia toxicity in freshwater sediments were investigated as part of a project to develop toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) procedures for whole sediments. Although ammonia is a natural constituent of freshwater sediments, pollution can lead to ammonia concentrations that are toxic to benthic invertebrates, and ammonia can also contribute to the toxicity of sediments that contain more persistent contaminants. We investigated the use of amendments of a natural zeolite mineral, clinoptilolite, to reduce concentrations of ammonia in sediment pore water. Zeolites have been widely used for removal of ammonia in water treatment and in aqueous TIE procedures. The addition of granulated zeolite to ammonia-spiked sediments reduced pore-water ammonia concentrations and reduced ammonia toxicity to invertebrates. Amendments of 20% zeolite (v/v) reduced ammonia concentrations in pore water by greater than or equal to 70% in spiked sediments with ammonia concentrations typical of contaminated freshwater sediments. Zeolite amendments reduced toxicity of ammonia-spiked sediments to three taxa of benthic invertebrates (Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Chironomus tentans), despite their widely differing sensitivity to ammonia toxicity. In contrast, zeolite amendments did not reduce acute toxicity of sediments containing high concentrations of cadmium or copper or reduce concentrations of these metals in pore waters. These studies suggest that zeolite amendments, used in conjunction with toxicity tests with sensitive taxa such as H. azteca, may be an effective technique for selective reduction of ammonia toxicity in freshwater sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Besser, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM john_besser@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 16 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2310 EP 2317 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 130TV UT WOS:000076537200023 ER PT J AU Budd, G Hopper, R Braganza, E Ronca-Battista, M Steinhausler, F Stegner, P AF Budd, G Hopper, R Braganza, E Ronca-Battista, M Steinhausler, F Stegner, P TI Intercomparison of radon and decay product measurements in an underground mine and EPA Radon Laboratory: A study organized by the IAEA international radon metrology programme SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE calibration; decay products; radon; instrumentation ID PROGENY; AIR AB The IRMP is designed to assess and foster the improvement of radon and decay product measurements that are made around the world. Within the framework of the IRMP, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Radiation and Indoor Environments National Laboratory (EPA) in Las Vegas, Nevada, organized jointly with the U.S. Bureau of Mines an international intercomparison exercise at a former uranium mine (Twilight Mine, Colorado) and the EPA Radon Laboratory. The main objective of this exercise was to compare radon and radon decay product instruments under both well-controlled as well as widely fluctuating exposure conditions. The laboratory exposures occurred under relatively steady radon and decay product conditions, with a moderate equilibrium ratio, while the conditions in the mine fluctuated greatly and the equilibrium ratio was low. An additional purpose of the exercise was to provide a forum for manufacturers and measurement organizations worldwide to exchange information and plan improvements in their operations and calibration programs. Altogether 19 organizations from seven countries intercomparing 32 different radon and radon decay product instruments participated in this exercise. This paper summarizes the results from the analysis of the experimental data obtained in the Bureau of Mines Twilight Mine in July of 1994, as well as the results from the EPA Radon laboratory in August of 1994. C1 US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, Ctr Indoor Environm, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Salzburg Univ, Inst Phys & Biophys, Int Radon Metrol Programme, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. Int Atom Energy Agcy, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 465 EP 474 DI 10.1097/00004032-199811000-00001 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 130NE UT WOS:000076525500002 PM 9790554 ER PT J AU Cologne, JB Pawel, DJ Preston, DL AF Cologne, JB Pawel, DJ Preston, DL TI Statistical issues in biological radiation dosimetry for risk assessment using stable chromosome aberrations SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE statistics; risk analysis; chromosome aberration; calibration ID ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; QUANTIFY PREVIOUS EXPOSURES; SOMATIC-CELL MUTATIONS; RANDOM ERRORS; LYMPHOCYTES; FREQUENCY; GLYCOPHORIN; DETECT; LOCUS AB Biological dosimeters are useful for epidemiologic risk assessment in populations exposed to catastrophic nuclear events and as a means of validating physical dosimetry in radiation workers. Application requires knowledge of the magnitude of uncertainty in the biological dose estimates and an understanding of potential statistical pitfalls arising from their use. This paper describes the statistical aspects of biological dosimetry in general and presents a detailed analysis in the specific case of dosimetry for risk assessment using stable chromosome aberration frequency. Biological dose estimates may be obtained from a dose-response curve, but negative estimates can result and adjustment must be made for regression bias due to imprecise estimation when the estimates are used in regression analyses. Posterior-mean estimates, derived as the mean of the distribution of true doses compatible with a given value of the biological endpoint, have several desirable properties: they are nonnegative, less sensitive to extreme skewness in the true dose distribution, and implicitly adjusted to avoid regression bias, The methods necessitate approximating the true-dose distribution in the population in which biological dosimetry is being applied, which calls for careful consideration of this distribution through other information. An important question addressed here is to what extent the methods are robust to misspecification of this distribution, because in many applications of biological dosimetry it cannot be characterized well, The findings suggest that dosimetry based solely on stable chromosome aberration frequency may be useful for population-based risk assessment. C1 Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Stat, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 732, Japan. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Cologne, John/0000-0003-1540-6639 NR 42 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 518 EP 529 DI 10.1097/00004032-199811000-00009 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 130NE UT WOS:000076525500010 PM 9790562 ER PT J AU Li, QG Brewer, TG Peggins, JO AF Li, QG Brewer, TG Peggins, JO TI Anorectic toxicity of dihydroartemisinin, artemether, and arteether in rats following multiple intramuscular doses SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anorectic toxicity; arteether; artemether; dihydroartemisinin; food consummatory; gastric retention; gastric transit; rat ID IN-VITRO; NEUROTOXICITY; ARTEMISININ AB During studies of arteether (AE), artemether (AM), and dihydroartemisinin (DQHS) neurotoxicity, the effect of 7 daily intramuscular doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/d) of those antimalarial drugs on gastrointestinal function was investigated in rats. A modified Nichols' method was used to measure daily food and water consumption To estimate gastric transit, the total length amaranth (administered 40 minutes prior to sacrifice) dye traveled through small intestine were measured, and to determine gastric retention, the tied-off stomach pouch was removed and the contents weighed 24 hours after the last dose or when a rat became moribund or died. AM and AE dose solutions were prepared using sesame oil, whereas 50% dimethylacetamide (DMAC)/sesame oil was used for DQHS. The results showed that after dosing with 50 mg/kg for 7 days, 50% inhibition of food consumption (ID50) occurred at 1.9 days for DQHS, 3.9 days for AM, and 4.1 days for AE. Similar data were observed for water intake. After 100 mg/kg dosing, the ID(50)s for food and water consumption decreased to 2.8-2.9 days for AM and 3.1-3.7 days for AE. Food consumption and body weights were decreased following all three treatments, and rats exhibited neurologic symptoms at 25-100 mg/kg dose of DQHS and 50-100 mg/kg dose of AM and AE. In addition, the results constituted a 53% and 82% inhibition of gastric transit for AM and AE, respectively, at 25 mg/kg animals compared to control, and 100% inhibition was found in high doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) for all the three drugs. The gastric retention ratio (controls equal 1.0) was 26.0 for DQHS, 5.8 with AE, and 2.3 for AM rats following 50 mg/kg dosing. When the 100 mg/kg dose was administered, the gastric retention ratio doubled for AE (11.6) and AM (4.3). The consumption data indicated that DQHS was about 2-3 times more toxic to the anorexia than AM and AE at 25 and 50 mg/kg/day dose levels. Significant differences in gastric emptying and gastric transit activities between AE and AM were observed. Data demonstrated that after multiple intramuscular doses of DQHS, AM, or AE in rats food consumption and gastric emptying were decreased, gastric transit was inhibited, as reflected in a significant body weight reduction and death. Since an exhibition of the anorectic symptoms of AM and AE was at a lower dose than the neurologic signs in rats, the anorexia could be an early portent or prediction of the neurotoxicity in animals or humans. C1 Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Pharmacol, Div Expt Therapeut, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. US EPA, Toxicol Branch, Div Hlth Effects, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Li, QG (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Pharmacol, Div Expt Therapeut, Washington, DC 20307 USA. EM Dr._Qigui_Li@wrsmtp-ccmail.army.mil NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 663 EP 676 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 130ZY UT WOS:000076552000004 ER PT J AU Allgeier, SC Shukairy, HM Westrick, JJ AF Allgeier, SC Shukairy, HM Westrick, JJ TI ICR treatment studies SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Under the treatment study requirement of the Information Collection Rule, 493 treatment plants were required to monitor total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in their influent or finished water to determine whether studies evaluating granular activated carbon or membranes would be required. These TOC results were aggregated and analyzed by source water type, treatment type, disinfection practices, and geographic location. Seventy-eight percent of these plants met the criteria to avoid the treatment study requirement. The remaining plants will be required to conduct new treatment studies, submit data from previous studies, or contribute funds to a cooperative research effort. Under the treatment study requirement, 62 granular activated carbon studies and 37 membranes studies will be conducted. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Allgeier, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 90 IS 11 BP 70 EP 82 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 139RW UT WOS:000077044200012 ER PT J AU Horwitz, W Britton, P Chirtel, SJ AF Horwitz, W Britton, P Chirtel, SJ TI A simple method for evaluating data from an interlaboratory study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID PROTOCOL; LABORATORIES; CONDUCT; DESIGN AB Large-scale laboratory- and method-performance studies involving more than about 30 laboratories may be evaluated by calculating the HORRAT ratio for each test sample (HORRAT = [experimentally found among-laboratories relative standard deviation] divided by [relative standard deviation calculated from the Horwitz formula]). The chemical analytical method is deemed acceptable per se if HORRAT approximate to 1.0 (+/- 0.5). If HORRAT is greater than or similar to 2.0, the most extreme values are removed successively until an "acceptable" ratio is obtained. The laboratories responsible for the extreme values that are removed should examine their technique and procedures. If greater than or similar to 15% of the values have to be removed, the instructions and the methods should be examined. This suggested computation procedure is simple and does not require statistical outlier tables. Proposed action limits may be adjusted according to experience. Data supporting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 245.1 for mercury in waters (manual cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry), supplemented by subsequent laboratory-performance data, were reexamined in this manner. Method-performance parameters (means and among-laboratories relative standard deviations) were comparable with results from the original statistical analysis that used a robust biweight procedure for outlier removal. The precision of the current controlled performance is better by a factor of 4 than that of estimates resulting from the original method-performance study, at the expense of rejecting more experimental values as outliers. C1 US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Horwitz, W (reprint author), US FDA, HFS-500, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 14 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1257 EP 1265 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 145JX UT WOS:000077368700023 PM 9850588 ER PT J AU Delp, MD Evans, MV Duan, CP AF Delp, MD Evans, MV Duan, CP TI Effects of aging on cardiac output, regional blood flow, and body composition in Fischer-344 rats SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE maturation; strain differences ID AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT VASODILATION; CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; CEREBRAL ARTERIOLES; FAT DISTRIBUTION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; EXERCISE; ARTERY; MICROVASCULATURE; MICROSPHERES AB The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of maturation and aging on cardiac output, the distribution of cardiac output, tissue blood flow (determined by using the radioactive-microsphere technique), and body composition in conscious juvenile (2-mo-old), adult (6-mo-old), and aged (24-mo-old) male Fischer-344 rats. Cardiac output was lower in juvenile rats (51 +/- 4 ml/min) than in adult (106 +/- 5 ml/min) or aged (119 +/- 10 ml/min) rats, but cardiac index was not different among groups. The proportion of cardiac output going to most tissues did not change with increasing age. However, the fraction of cardiac output to brain and spinal cord tissue and to skeletal muscle was greater in juvenile rats than that in the two adult groups. In addition, aged rats had a greater percent cardiac output to adipose tissue and a lower percent cardiac output to cutaneous and reproductive tissues than that in juvenile and adult rats. Differences in age also had little effect on mass-specific perfusion rates in most tissues. However, juvenile rats had lower flows to the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and kidneys than did adult rats, and aged rats had lower flows to the white portion of rectus femoris muscle, spleen, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and prostate gland than did adult rats. Body mass of juvenile rats was composed of a lower percent adipose mass and a greater fraction of brain and spinal cord, heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle than that of the adult and aged animals. Relative to the young adult rats, the body mass of aged animals had a greater percent adipose tissue mass and a lower percent skeletal muscle and skin mass. These data demonstrate that maturation and aging have a significant effect on the distribution of cardiac output but relatively little influence on mass-specific tissue perfusion rates in conscious rats. The old-age-related alterations in cardiac output distribution to adipose and cutaneous tissues appear to be associated with the increases in percent body fat and the decreases in the fraction of skin mass, respectively, whereas the decrease in the portion of cardiac output directed to reproductive tissue of aged rats appears to be related to a decrease in mass-specific blood flow to the prostate gland. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hlth & Kinesiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Med Physiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA. RP Delp, MD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hlth & Kinesiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 41 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1813 EP 1822 PG 10 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 136TU UT WOS:000076875900030 PM 9804586 ER PT J AU Passannante, AN Hazucha, MJ Bromberg, PA Seal, E Folinsbee, L Koch, G AF Passannante, AN Hazucha, MJ Bromberg, PA Seal, E Folinsbee, L Koch, G TI Nociceptive mechanisms modulate ozone-induced human lung function decrements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE spirometry; opioids; pain; endorphins; naloxone; sufentanil ID ADAPTING RECEPTORS; ACUTE INHALATION; COUGH REFLEX; EXPOSURE; INFLAMMATION; SUFENTANIL; MORPHINE; EXERCISE; AIRWAYS; DOGS AB We have previously suggested that ozone (O-3)-induced pain-related symptoms and inhibition of maximal inspiration are due to stimulation of airway C fibers (M. J. Hazucha, D. V. Bates, and P.A. Bromberg. J. Appl. Physiol. 67: 1535-1541, 1989). If this were so, pain suppression or inhibition by opioid-receptor agonists should partially or fully reverse O-3-induced symptomatic and lung functional responses. The objectives of this study were to determine whether O-3-induced pain limits maximal inspiration and whether endogenous opioids contribute to modulation of the effects of inhaled O-3 On lung function. The participants in this double-blind crossover study were healthy volunteers (18-59 yr) known to be "weak" (WR; n = 20) and "strong" O-3 responders (SR; n = 42). They underwent either two 2-h exposures to air or two 2-h exposures to 0.42 parts/million O-3 with moderate intermittent exercise. Immediately after post-O-3 spirometry, the WR were randomly given either naloxone (0.15 mg/kg iv) or saline, whereas SR randomly received either sufentanil (0.2 mu g/kg iv) or saline. O-3 exposure significantly (P < 0.001) impaired lung function. In SR, sufentanil rapidly, although not completely, reversed both the chest pain and spirometric effects (forced expiratory volume in 1 s; P ( 0.0001) compared with saline. Immediate postexposure administration of saline or naloxone had no significant effect on WR. Plasma beta-endorphin levels were not related to an individual's O-3 responsiveness. Cutaneous pain variables showed a nonsignificant weak association with O-3 responsiveness. These observations demonstrate that nociceptive mechanisms play a key role in modulating O-3-induced inhibition of inspiration but not in causing lack of spirometric response to O-3 exposure in WR. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Hlth & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Hazucha, MJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Hlth & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM mhazucha@med.unc.edu NR 26 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1863 EP 1870 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 136TU UT WOS:000076875900036 PM 9804592 ER PT J AU Flora, JRV Vidic, RD Liu, W Thurnau, RC AF Flora, JRV Vidic, RD Liu, W Thurnau, RC TI Modeling powdered activated carbon injection for the uptake of elemental mercury vapors SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID OPTIMIZATION; ADSORPTION; SURFACE AB Batch kinetic experiments were performed to assess the rate of elemental mercury uptake by virgin activated carbon at 25 and 140 degrees C, and the homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) was used to obtain Langmuir isotherm constants, the film mass transfer coefficient, and the surface diffusion coefficient for this adsorbent-adsorbate pair. The adsorptive capacity of the carbon decreased, while the adsorption kinetics improved, with an increase in temperature. Simulations showed that the adsorptive capacity, particle size, and activated carbon dose, as well as the contact time influenced the removal of elemental mercury under conditions that may be encountered in the flue gases of coal-fired power plants. When adsorption equilibrium was achieved, the adsorptive capacity determined the carbon dose required to attain a certain percentage of mercury removal. When the system was mass-transfer limited, smaller particle size resulted in beter mercury removal. Although increasing the adsorptive capacity also led to better mercury removal for mass-transfer-limited systems, the magnitude of the improvement depended on the carbon particle size. Longer contact times resulted in the system approaching equilibrium and a more efficient use of the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon. Design nomograms were developed to estimate the carbon dose required to attain 80 and 90% removals of elemental mercury from nitrogen atmosphere for various process conditions and carbon properties. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Flora, JRV (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. OI Vidic, Radisav/0000-0001-7969-6845 NR 17 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1051 EP 1059 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138TV UT WOS:000076989900005 PM 28076222 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, D AF Mukerjee, D TI Evaluation of the uses of effects screening levels to ensure public health: A case study in Texas SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mukerjee, D (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1121 EP 1123 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 138TV UT WOS:000076989900020 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE TI Magnetic Fields as an agent in biological studies: complications and complexities. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Bechtel Corp, San Francisco, CA 94119 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 SU S MA 724 BP 125A EP 125A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 137GQ UT WOS:000076906700726 ER PT J AU Tsutsui, T Tamura, Y Kumakura, S Sekiguchi, M Barrett, JC AF Tsutsui, T Tamura, Y Kumakura, S Sekiguchi, M Barrett, JC TI A possible involvement of genetic instability in telomere maintenance in immortal human fibroblasts. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Nippon Dent Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Tokyo 102, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 SU S MA 2235 BP 385A EP 385A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 137GQ UT WOS:000076906702237 ER PT J AU Sawin, S Brodish, P Carter, CS Stanton, ME Lau, C AF Sawin, S Brodish, P Carter, CS Stanton, ME Lau, C TI Development of cholinergic neurons in rat brain regions: Dose-dependent effects of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hypothyroidism; cholinergic system; propylthiouracil; brain neurons ID SPATIAL DELAYED ALTERNATION; CHROMAFFIN CELL-DEVELOPMENT; NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; BASAL FOREBRAIN; THYROID-HORMONE; CATECHOLAMINERGIC NEURONS; LESIONS; SYSTEM; ACETYLTRANSFERASE; INNERVATION AB The effects of hypothyroidism on development of cholinergic system in brain regions (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) were evaluated by measuring choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and hemicholinium-3 binding to the high-affinity choline transporter. Various degrees of thyroid deficiency were produced by perinatal exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water ranging from 5 ppm (mg/l) to 25 ppm beginning at gestational day 18 until postnatal day 21. ChAT. a marker for cholinergic nerve terminals, was reduced by PTU in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant with the enzyme deficits, hemicholinium-3 binding was elevated, suggesting an increase in neuronal impulse activity. Although similar changes were seen in both brain regions examined, the magnitude and duration of these changes were more definitive in the prefrontal cortex. Nonetheless, these neurochemical alterations appeared to be recoverable when the rats returned to a euthyroid state, and no further changes were observed as the animals reached adulthood. In comparison, data reported in a succeeding article indicate that deficits in cognitive function were first seen in weanling hypothyroid rats, but that the behavioral impairments lasted well into adulthood when thyroid status and cholinergic parameters in the brain appeared to have recovered to normal. These results suggest that alterations of cholinergic system caused by perinatal hypothyroidism are associated with neurobehavioral deficits at weaning, and these developmental deviations may cause permanent impairment of cognitive function despite recovery from the hormonal imbalance at adult ages. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Div Reprod Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Mantech Environm Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. RP Lau, C (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Mail Drop 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lau.christopher@epamail.epa.gov RI Carter, Christy/E-6630-2011 NR 47 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 20 IS 6 BP 627 EP 635 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(98)00020-8 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 137HF UT WOS:000076908100007 PM 9831124 ER PT J AU Stapanian, MA Sundberg, SD Baumgardner, GA Liston, A AF Stapanian, MA Sundberg, SD Baumgardner, GA Liston, A TI Alien plant species composition and associations with anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alien species; anthropogenic disturbance; biological invasions; forests; ground vegetation; United States ID ALNUS BETULACEAE; SYSTEMATICS; DIVERSITY; DESIGN; FIRE AB A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0-0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher (p = 0.053) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, USDI, Bur Land Management, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. PRO W, Seattle, WA 98133 USA. RP Sundberg, SD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 88 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 139 IS 1 BP 49 EP 62 DI 10.1023/A:1009730702302 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 138DC UT WOS:000076955300005 ER PT J AU Sykes, K AF Sykes, K TI Sweden: Preventing health workers back injuries SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Congress & Intergovernmental Relat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Sykes, K (reprint author), US EPA, Off Congress & Intergovernmental Relat, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 113 IS 6 BP 559 EP 559 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 161RW UT WOS:000078303700029 PM 9847929 ER PT J AU Degitz, SJ Morris, D Foley, GL Francis, BM AF Degitz, SJ Morris, D Foley, GL Francis, BM TI Role of TGF-beta in RA-induced cleft palate in CD-1 mice SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; MOUSE SECONDARY PALATE; RETINOIC ACID; MESENCHYMAL CELLS; HISTOCHEMICAL-LOCALIZATION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; MESSENGER-RNA; MORPHOGENESIS; COLLAGEN AB Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in embryogenesis, by regulating morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. RA exposure on gestational day (GD) 12 in CD-1 mice results in delayed palatal shelf elevation and subsequent clefts in the secondary palate. Given the dynamic and complex nature of palate development, it is not surprising that this system is susceptible to changes in retinoid levels. There is evidence that experimental manipulation of retinoid status during development alters normal transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) status. To study the role of perturbation in TGF-beta levels in RA-induced cleft palate, gravid CD-1 mice were treated with 70 mg/kg RA on GD 12. We examined changes in TGF-beta proteins and the steady-state level of TGF-beta mRNA within the first 24 hr after exposure. The interactions between RA and TGF-ps were very complex. RA differentially regulated the mRNA and protein levels of TGF-beta 1. Changes in mRNA steady-state levels were rapid and transient in nature, indicating a direct mediation by RA. Differential regulation was evident, because RA treatment resulted in an increase in TGF-beta 1 mRNA steady levels followed by a decrease in the intracellular and extracellular forms of TGF-beta 1 protein. Moreover, the patterns of localization and levels of TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 proteins were not dramatically affected, although there was an increase in TGF-beta 3 mRNA steady-state levels. The increases in mRNA steady-state levels for TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3, as for TGF-beta 1, were rapid and transient in nature, again arguing for direct mediation by RA. These data provide evidence for interactions between RA and TGF-beta s, and indicate that RA is capable of differentially regulating TGF-beta isoforms through processes involving different stages of TGF-beta synthesis and secretion. Further, changes in TGF-beta isoforms were observed prior to changes in mesenchyme morphology and must be considered as mediators of RA's effects on mesenchyme development, Teratology 58:197-204, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. GD Searle Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63141 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Degitz, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mic Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 49 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 58 IS 5 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199811)58:5<197::AID-TERA6>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 141DZ UT WOS:000077128500006 PM 9839358 ER PT J AU Wolf, DC Crosby, LM George, MH Kilburn, SR Moore, TM Miller, RT DeAngelo, AB AF Wolf, DC Crosby, LM George, MH Kilburn, SR Moore, TM Miller, RT DeAngelo, AB TI Time- and dose-dependent development of potassium bromate-induced tumors in male Fischer 344 rats SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; kidney; mesothelioma; mesothelium; renal cell tumor; thyroid; urothelium; water ID F344 RATS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; RENAL CARCINOGEN; KIDNEY; CELL; GLUTATHIONE; GENE; MUTATION; CYSTEINE; JAPAN AB Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a rodent carcinogen and a nephro- and neurotoxicant in humans. KBrO3 is used in cosmetics and food products and is a by-product of water disinfection by ozonization. KBrO3 is carcinogenic in the rat kidney, thyroid, and mesothelium and is a renal carcinogen in the male mouse. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship of time and dose to bromate-induced tumors in male Fischer 344 (F344) rats and to provide some insight into the development of these tumors. KBrO3 was dissolved in drinking water at nominal concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 gn and administered to male F344 rats as the sole water source for 12, 26, 52, 78, or 100 wk. Renal cell tumors were present after 52 wk of treatment only in the high-dose group. Mesotheliomas developed after 52 wk of treatment on the tunica vaginalis. Mesotheliomas were present at sites other than the testicle after 78 wk of treatment, indicating that their origin was the testicular tunic. Thyroid follicular tumors were present as early as 26 wk in 1 rat each from the 0.1- and 0.2-g/L groups. The present study can be used as a basis for the determination of dose-time relationships of tumor development for a better understanding of KBrO3-induced cancer. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 724 EP 729 PG 6 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 146FR UT WOS:000077419100002 PM 9864088 ER PT J AU Volkel, W Friedewald, M Lederer, E Pahler, A Parker, J Dekant, W AF Volkel, W Friedewald, M Lederer, E Pahler, A Parker, J Dekant, W TI Biotransformation of perchloroethene: Dose-dependent excretion of trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and N-acetyl-S-(trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in rats and humans after inhalation SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION; MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; PROTEIN ADDUCTS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLISM; BIOACTIVATION; PHARMACOKINETICS; MUTAGENICITY AB Chronic exposure of rodents to perchloroethene (PER) increased the incidence of liver tumors in male mice and resulted in a small but significant increase in the incidence of renal tumors in male rats. The tumorigenicity of PER is mediated by metabolic activation reactions. PER is metabolized by cytochrome P450 and by conjugation viith glutathione. Cytochrome P450 oxidation of PER results in trichloroacetyl chloride which reacts with water to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) which is excreted. The formation of S-(trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG) from PER results in nephrotoxic metabolites. TCVG is cleaved to S-(trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC) and acetylated to N-acetyl-S-(trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (N-ac-TCVC), which is excreted with urine. TCVC is also cleaved in the kidney by cysteine conjugate beta-lyase to dichlorothioketene which may react with water to dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or with cellular macromolecules. The object of this study was to comparatively quantify the dose-dependent excretion of PER metabolites in urine of humans and rats after inhalation exposure. Three female and three male human volunteers and three female and three male rats were exposed to 10, 20, and 40 ppm PER for 6 h, and three female and three male rats to 400 ppm. A dose-dependent increase in the excretion of TCA and N-ac-TCVC after exposure to PER was found both in humans and in rats. A total of 20.4 +/- 7.77 mu mol of TCA and 0.21 +/- 0.05 mu mol of N-ac-TCVC were excreted in urine of humans over 78 h after the start of exposure to 40 ppm PER; only traces of DCA were present. After identical exposure conditions, rats excreted 1.64 +/- 0.42 mu mol of TCA, 0.006 +/- 0.002 mu mol of N-ac-TCVC and 0.18 +/- 0.04 mu mol of DCA. Excretion of N-ac-TCVC in male rats exposed to 400 ppm PER (103.7 nmol) was significantly higher, compared to female rats (31.5 nmol) exposed under identical conditions. N-ac-TCVC was rapidly eliminated with urine both in humans (t(1/2) = 14.1 h) and in rats (t(1/2) = 7.5 h), When comparing the urinary excretion of N-ac-TCVC, a potential marker for the formation of reactive intermediates in the kidney, humans received a significantly lower dose (3 nmol/kg at 40 ppm) compared to rats (23.0 nmol/kg) after identical exposure conditions. In addition, rats excreted large amounts of DCA which likely is a product of the beta-lyase-dependent metabolism of TCVC in the kidney, The obtained data suggest that glutathione conjugate formation and beta-lyase-dependent bioactivation of TCVC in PER metabolism is significantly higher in rats than in humans. Thus, using rat tumorigenicity data for human risk assessment of PER exposure may overestimate human tumor risks. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Toxicol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Volkel, W (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Toxicol, Versbacher Str 9, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. OI Volkel, Wolfgang/0000-0002-2292-6168 NR 31 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 153 IS 1 BP 20 EP 27 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8548 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 148ZU UT WOS:000077581900003 PM 9875296 ER PT J AU Hammer, BT Kelley, CA Coffin, RB Cifuentes, LA Mueller, JG AF Hammer, BT Kelley, CA Coffin, RB Cifuentes, LA Mueller, JG TI delta(13)C values of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from two creosote-contaminated sites SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Variability of Isotope Compositions in Modern and Fossil Organic Matter at the Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY NOV 05, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Geochem Soc, Organ Geochem Div DE delta(13)C; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; creosote-contaminated site ID RATIO MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; ESTUARINE BACTERIA; LIPIDS; ACIDS AB Groundwaters were sampled on two dates from several wells at each of two creasote-contaminated waste sites in Florida. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted from the groundwaters, and their individual concentrations were measured by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The delta(13)C values of the PAHs were then determined by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCFMS/IRMS). At the American Creosote Works (ACW) in Pensacola, concentrations of PAHs were found to decrease by over four orders-of-magnitude, both with increasing depth and with increasing distance from the most contaminated area. At a wood-preserving facility in Gainesville, concentrations were also found to decrease with increasing distance from the most contaminated area. At the ACW site, delta(13)C values of individual PAHs ranged from - 20.09 parts per thousand to -32.94 parts per thousand, although the majority of compounds fell in a tighter range between -22.66 parts per thousand and -25.31 parts per thousand. The delta(13)C values of over 75% of the PAHs remained constant across all wells, both with migration of the contaminant plume and over a 3-month time period. The compounds that showed the highest variability among the wells were anthracene; the heterocyclic compounds thianaphthene, dibenzothiophene, and carbazole; and the lighter PAHs naphthalene, biphenyl, and 2-methylnaphthalene. Variability of these compounds is likely the result of variations in delta(13)C values among different creosotes added to the sites over many years. The other compounds measured were conserved across the wells and would serve as good tracers of a contaminant plume in bioremediation settings. At the Gainesville site, delta(13)C values of individual PAHs ranged from - 18.87 parts per thousand to -27.05 parts per thousand, with 70% of the values falling between - 22.06 parts per thousand and - 24.53 parts per thousand. This range is very similar to the values for PAHs at the ACW site. Comparing delta(13)C values of specific PAHs between the two creosote-contaminated sites, 12 of 16 compounds agreed within 1.0 parts per thousand. This indicates that, although there are a few compounds that may be variable across different creosotes, there may be a suite of delta(13)C values that is conserved across PAHs of creosote origin. These characteristic PAHs could be used to determine whether or not creosote is contributing to the PAH contamination at a site. In addition, the compounds that are variable between different creosotes could be used as tracers of individual creosotes at polluted sites and to differentiate between possible creosote sources. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. SBP Technol, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Hammer, BT (reprint author), 10444 Pk Tree Pl, Glen Allen, VA 23060 USA. EM geolck@showme.missouri.edu; cifuentes@astra.tamu.edu; chijgm@dames.com RI Kelley, Cheryl/K-9392-2015 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 26 PY 1998 VL 152 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 58 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 136GA UT WOS:000076849100006 ER PT J AU Pierce, T Geron, C Bender, L Dennis, R Tonnesen, G Guenther, A AF Pierce, T Geron, C Bender, L Dennis, R Tonnesen, G Guenther, A TI Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer CY AUG, 1997 CL UNIV VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA HO UNIV VIRGINIA ID ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; BOUNDARY-LAYER; INVENTORY; ATLANTA; UNCERTAINTIES; HYDROCARBONS AB The role of biogenic hydrocarbons on ozone modeling has been a controversial issue since the 1970s. In recent years, changes in biogenic emission algorithms have resulted in large increases in estimated isoprene emissions. This paper describes a recent algorithm, the second generation of the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS2). A sensitivity analysis is performed with the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) to examine how increased isoprene emissions generated with BEIS2 can influence the modeling of elevated ozone concentrations and the response of ozone to changes to volatile organic compound (VOC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions across much of eastern North America. Increased isoprene emissions are found to produce a predicted shift in elevated ozone concentrations from VOC sensitivity to NOx sensitivity over many areas of eastern North America. Isoprene concentrations measured near Scotia, Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1988 are compared with RADM estimates of isoprene and provide support for the veracity of the higher isoprene emissions in BEIS2, which are about a factor of 5 higher than BEIS1 during warm, sunny conditions. C1 US EPA, Air Resources Lab, NOAA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. DynTel Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP US EPA, Air Resources Lab, NOAA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pierce.tom@epa.gov RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 43 TC 159 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D19 BP 25611 EP 25629 DI 10.1029/98JD01804 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 129XW UT WOS:000076490200039 ER PT J AU Tyson, FL Cook, K Gavin, J Gaylord, CE Lee, C Setlow, VP Wilson, S AF Tyson, FL Cook, K Gavin, J Gaylord, CE Lee, C Setlow, VP Wilson, S TI Cancer, the environment, and environmental justice SO CANCER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Biennial Symposium on Minorities, the Medically Underserved and Cancer CY APR 23-27, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Intercultural Canc Council C1 NIEHS, Div Intramural Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Howard Hughes Med Inst, Coconut Grove, FL 33133 USA. US EPA, Environm Justice Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Inst Med, Dept Hlth Sci Policy, Washington, DC 20418 USA. NIEHS, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Tyson, FL (reprint author), NIEHS, Div Intramural Res, 104 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD OCT 15 PY 1998 VL 83 IS 8 SU S BP 1784 EP 1792 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981015)83:8+<1784::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-P PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 128VG UT WOS:000076428600022 ER PT J AU Pyle, SM Marcus, AB Robertson, GL AF Pyle, SM Marcus, AB Robertson, GL TI ECD-dual-column pesticide method verification by ion trap GC/MS and GC/MS/MS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; EXTRACTION AB Soil extracts from five Superfund Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) laboratories were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatographic separation with ion trap mass spectrometric detection in both electron impact (GC/EIMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) modes. These results were compared with those from the standard CLP dual-column gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC/ECD) pesticide method. This was accomplished to (a) determine the number of false positives and false negatives in the CLP data, (b) evaluate ion trap GC/MS/MS as a potential technique to replace! augment conventional ECD-dual-column methodology, and (c) to compare conventional ion trap GC/EIMS with the relatively new ion trap GC/MS/MS. In all, 16 pesticide extracts from five CLP laboratories were analyzed for 20 pesticides by GC/EIMS and GC/MS/MS, and the data were compared with the results from the CIP method (ECD-dual-column pesticide method). Of a possible 960 parameters (20 analytes x 16 samples x 3 data sets), there were 253 detections with concentrations ranging from 1 pg/mu L to 77 ng mu L. The respective number of false positives and false negatives were 27 and 1 for GC/MS/MS, 6 and 10 for GC/EIMS, and 25 and 9 for the CLP data. Causes of erroneous results are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Pyle, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 20 BP 3213 EP 3217 DI 10.1021/es9802192 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 130NC UT WOS:000076525300027 ER PT J AU Bouchard, DC AF Bouchard, DC TI Sorption kinetics of PAHs in methanol-water systems SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE nonequilibrium; desorption kinetics; mixed solvents; solute transport; contamination ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; COSOLVENT; TRANSPORT; CONTAMINANTS; NAPHTHALENE; SEDIMENTS; MIXTURES; COLUMNS; SOILS AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between the equilibrium sorption constant (K-p), the first-order desorption rate coefficient (k(2)), and the volumetric fraction of water miscible solvent (f(c)); and to utilize SPARC-calculated (SPARC Performs Automatic Reasoning in Chemistry) solubility and partitioning parameters with empirical measurements for a priori prediction of solute sorption kinetics in aqueous and mixed solvent systems. Soil column miscible displacement experiments were performed using naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene over an f(c) range from 0.0 to 0.8. Data from the miscible displacement studies were analyzed using a two-domain first-order mass transfer model to obtain K-p and k(2). Results corroborated and extended the range of the validity of the log-log linear relationship between k(2) and K-p and log-linear relationship between k(2) and f(c) for mixed solvent systems. In addition, the slope of the log k(2)-log K-p relationship was found to be relatively solute independent. Predicted values of k(2) in aqueous systems agreed well with experimentally measured values, thus, indicating the general applicability of the predictive approaches for predicting the sorption kinetics of hydrophobic organic compounds. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Bouchard, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD OCT 15 PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 120 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00094-1 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 129EB UT WOS:000076449400006 ER PT J AU Bonner, JC Rice, AB Lindroos, PM O'Brien, PO Dreher, KL Rosas, I Alfaro-Moreno, E Osornio-Vargas, AR AF Bonner, JC Rice, AB Lindroos, PM O'Brien, PO Dreher, KL Rosas, I Alfaro-Moreno, E Osornio-Vargas, AR TI Induction of the lung myofibroblast PDGF receptor system by urban ambient particles from Mexico City SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; OIL FLY-ASH; GROWTH-FACTOR; AIR-POLLUTION; ASTHMA; CHILDREN; STIMULATION; FIBROBLASTS; ADMISSIONS; EXPRESSION AB Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor system regulate mesenchymal cell proliferation. We recently reported that emission-source fly-ash particles and asbestos fibers induce the PDGF alpha-receptor through a macrophage-dependent pathway, and upregulation of this receptor greatly enhances the mitogenic response of lung myofibroblasts to PDGF (Lindroos and colleagues, Plm. J. Respir. Cell Mel. Biol. 1997;16:283-292). In the present study we investigated the effect of particulate matter less than or equal to 10 mu m in size (PM(10)) from the southern, central, and northern regions of Mexico City on PDGF receptor induction and compared these urban, ambient particles with Mt. St. Helen's volcanic ash particles as a negative control. All Mexico City PM(10) samples, but not volcanic ash, stimulated rat alveolar macrophages to secrete a soluble, upregulatory factor(s) for the PDGF alpha-receptor on early passage rat lung myofibroblasts. The macrophage-derived upregulatory activity was blocked by the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist. The ability of PM(10) to stimulate IL-1 beta release was blocked in part by a recombinant endotoxin neutralizing protein (rENP). Lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin (LPS) and vanadium, both constituents that were present within these PM(10) samples, also stimulated macrophages to secrete factor(s) that upregulated PDGF-R alpha on lung myofibroblasts. Direct exposure of myofibroblasts to PM(10) also elicited upregulation of the PDGF alpha-receptor, and this effect was blocked by rENP and mimicked by LPS, but not vanadium. These findings suggest that PM(10) particles induce expression of the PDGF receptor system through macrophage-dependent and -independent mechanisms involving endotoxin and metals. C1 NIEHS, Airway Inflammat Sect, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Canc Inst, Div Basic Invest, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Study Atmosphere, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Bonner, JC (reprint author), NIEHS, Airway Inflammat Sect, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM bonnerj@niehs.nih.gov RI Osornio Vargas, Alvaro/D-4012-2009; Osornio Vargas, Alvaro/B-4645-2010 OI Osornio Vargas, Alvaro/0000-0001-8287-7102 NR 36 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 61 BROADWAY, FL 4, NEW YORK, NY 10006 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4 BP 672 EP 680 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 130RY UT WOS:000076535200018 PM 9761765 ER PT J AU Kreader, CA AF Kreader, CA TI Persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis from human feces in river water SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LAKE WATER; SURVIVAL; BACTERIA; BACTERIOPLANKTON; SALMONELLA; INHIBITORS AB To evaluate the persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis in surface water, whole human feces were dispersed into water from the Ohio River and incubated in flasks in the laboratory or in diffusion chambers in situ. Duplicate samples were taken daily, and material that pelleted at 16,000 x g was assayed by PCR. Persistence of PCR-detectable DNA from this anaerobe depended upon temperature and predation, two of the factors shown by others to influence the survival of aerobic bacteria detected by culture. B. disfasonis was detected by PCR for at least 2 weeks at 4 degrees C hut for only 4 to 5 days at 14 degrees C, 1 to 2 days at 24 degrees C, and 1 day at 30 degrees C. In filtered water or in the presence of cycloheximide, a eukaryotic inhibitor, persistence at 24 degrees C was extended by at least a week. C1 US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Kreader, CA (reprint author), Sigma Chem Co, Mol R&D, N Bldg,3300 S 2nd St, St Louis, MO 63118 USA. NR 17 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 64 IS 10 BP 4103 EP 4105 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 126LP UT WOS:000076295100089 PM 9758854 ER PT J AU McDaniels, AE Rice, EW Reyes, AL Johnson, CH Haugland, RA Stelma, GN AF McDaniels, AE Rice, EW Reyes, AL Johnson, CH Haugland, RA Stelma, GN TI Confirmational identification of Escherichia coli, a comparison of genotypic and phenotypic assays for glutamate decarboxylase and beta-D-glucuronidase (vol 62, pg 3350, 1996) SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Senior Environm Program, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP McDaniels, AE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 64 IS 10 BP 4113 EP 4113 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 126LP UT WOS:000076295100092 PM 16349569 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Weis, JS AF Zhou, T Weis, JS TI Swimming behavior and predator avoidance in three populations of Fundulus heteroclitus larvae after embryonic and/or larval exposure to methylmercury SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE swimming behavior; predator avoidance; larvae; methylmercury ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; PREY CAPTURE ABILITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT; SUBLETHAL TOXICITY; MUMMICHOGS; KILLIFISH; BENZOPYRENE; PERFORMANCE; FISH AB We determined effects of embryonic and/or larval exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) on swimming behavior and predator avoidance ability in larval mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from a site polluted with heavy metals and organic materials (Piles Creek (PC), NJ) and two reference sites (Tuckerton (TK), NJ and East Hampton (EH), NY). Mummichog eggs and sperm were stripped from ripe females and males captured from the field, and their embryos and larvae were raised in clean sea water or MeHg solution. After hatching, larval spontaneous activity, swimming performance and predator avoidance were tested periodically. Embryonic and/or larval exposure sometimes caused hyperactivity in PC or EH larvae, hypoactivity in TK larvae, and depression of swimming performance in all the three populations. Embryonic and/or larval exposure also increased vulnerability to predation by yearling mummichogs, but the effects of embryonic exposure were transitory. Among the three populations, TK was the least vulnerable to predation by blue crabs (i.e. most resistant to MeHg), which may have been associated with their lower swimming activity induced by MeHg, making them less conspicuous to the predator. The higher prey susceptibility in PC or EH larvae was correlated with their MeHg-induced hyperactivity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RP Zhou, T (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM tzhou@andromeda.rutgers.edu RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 35 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2-3 BP 131 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00052-6 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 153LE UT WOS:000077833900005 ER PT J AU Nebeker, AV Schuytema, GS AF Nebeker, AV Schuytema, GS TI Chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on freshwater cladocerans, amphipods, midges, minnows, worms, and snails SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL AB The chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex, and survival and growth of the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midge Chironomus tentans, juvenile and embryo/larval fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, annelid worms, Lumbriculus variegatus, and snails, Physa gyrina, were determined in laboratory static and static-renewal tests. D. pulex 96-h and 7-day LC50 values were 17.9 and 7.1 mg/L; 7-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on mortality and reproduction were 7.7 and 4.0 mg/L. H. azteca 96-h and 10-day LC50 values were 19.4 and 18.4 mg/L; 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on survival and reduced weight were 15.7 and 7.9 mg/L. C. tentans 10-day LC50 value was 3.3 mg/L; 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on growth were 7.1 and 3.4 mg/L, and 3.4 and 1.9 mg/L based on mortality. Juvenile fathead minnows had a 10-day LC50 of 27.1 mg/L and 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on growth of 3.4 and <3.4 mg/L. The fathead minnow embryo-larval test had a 7-day LC50 value of 11.7 mg/L and 7-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on reduced growth of 8.3 and 4.2 mg/L. L. variegatus had 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on reduced weight of 3.5 and 1.8 mg/L. P. gyrina had 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on reduced weight of 22.8 and 13.4 mg/L. Laboratory effects concentrations were higher that those found in normal field application situations, except in areas of localized pooling after recent herbicide applications, indicating that there would probably be little harm to these fish and invertebrates from diuron exposure in the field. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Nebeker, AV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 32 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 35 IS 3 BP 441 EP 446 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 116KA UT WOS:000075722400012 PM 9732475 ER PT J AU McKenney, CL Weber, DE Celestial, DM MacGregor, MA AF McKenney, CL Weber, DE Celestial, DM MacGregor, MA TI Altered growth and metabolism of an estuarine shrimp (Palaemoaetes pugio) during and after metamorphosis onto fenvalerate-laden sediment SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOBSTER HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; MYSID MYSIDOPSIS-BAHIA; PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; GRASS SHRIMP; BIOCHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; TRIACYLGLYCEROL CONTENT; CRUSTACEAN LARVAE; ENERGY-METABOLISM; METHYL PARATHION AB Dry weight (W), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and energy (E) (calculated) accumulation were measured in the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, throughout larval development and during the first 2 weeks as postlarvae in seawater over sediment containing the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate (SCF; nominal concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 mu g fenvalerate kg(-1) sediment). The influence of fenvalerate-laden sediment on shrimp growth and utilization patterns of C, N, and E was dependent on fenvalerate concentration, age of shrimp, and whether shrimp were premetamorphic or postmetamorphic in development. The fenvalerate concentration in the sediment, which ultimately inhibited larval metamorphosis (100 mu g fenvalerate kg(-1) sediment), significantly reduced W accumulation in developing larvae and in postlarvae growing on the sediment for an equivalent time. Accumulation of C, N, and E varied not only with concentration of SCF, but differed between pelagic larvae developing in water above SCF and newly settled postlarvae growing in direct contact with SCE Larvae developing above greater than or equal to 10 mu g kg(-1) SCF contained significantly less N, while postlarval shrimp settling onto greater than or equal to 10 mu g kg(-1) SCF accumulated significantly less C and E. Measurable variations in growth and energy reserves of toxicant-sensitive life stages in response to environmentally realistic insecticide exposures have a direct link to ecological consequences of toxic stress and may be useful as biomarkers to diagnose early damage in estuarine populations. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Amer Environm Network Inc, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP McKenney, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 35 IS 3 BP 464 EP 471 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 116KA UT WOS:000075722400015 PM 9732478 ER PT J AU Lilly, PD Thornton-Manning, JR Gargas, ML Clewell, HJ Andersen, ME AF Lilly, PD Thornton-Manning, JR Gargas, ML Clewell, HJ Andersen, ME TI Kinetic characterization of CYP2E1 inhibition in vivo and in vitro by the chloroethylenes SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 13-17, 1994 CL DALLAS, TEXAS SP Soc Toxicol DE CYP2E1; metabolic inhibition; pharmacokinetic modeling; chloroethylenes ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; RAT-LIVER; IN-VITRO; METABOLISM; PHARMACOKINETICS; CONSTANTS; ETHANOL; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CYTOCHROME-P-450 AB Trans- and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) isomers inhibit their own metabolism in vivo by inactivation of the metabolizing enzyme, presumably the cytochrome P450 isoform, CYP2E1. In this study, we examined cytochrome P450 isoform-specific inhibition by three chloroethylenes, cis-DCE, trans-DCE, and trichloroethylene (TCE), and evaluated several kinetic mechanisms of enzyme inhibition with physiological models of inhibition. Trans-DCE was more potent than cis-DCE, and both were much more effective than TCE in inhibiting CYP2E1. The kinetics of in vitro loss of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (pNP-OH) activity (a marker of CYP2E1) in microsomal incubations and of the in vivo gas uptake results were most consistent with a mechanism in which inhibition of the metabolizing enzyme (CYP2E1) was presumed to be related to interaction of a reactive DCE metabolite with remaining substrate-bound, active CYP2E1. The kinetics of inhibition by TCE, a weak inhibitor in vitro, were very different from that of the dichloroethylenes. With TCE, parent compound concentrations influenced enzyme loss. Trans-DCE was a more potent inhibitor of CYP2E1 than cis-DCE based on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Quantitative differences in the inhibitory properties of the 1,2-DCE isomers may be due to the different stability of epoxides formed from bioactivation by CYP2E1. Epoxide intermediates of DCE-metabolism, reacting by water addition, would yield dialdehyde, a potent cross-linking reagent. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. McLaren Hart, ChemRisk Div, Cleveland, OH 44122 USA. ICF Kaiser, KS Crump Div, Ruston, LA USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lilly, PD (reprint author), Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, 6 Davis Dr,POB 12137, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2 T32 ES07126-11] NR 33 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 72 IS 10 BP 609 EP 621 DI 10.1007/s002040050551 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 141JC UT WOS:000077139000001 PM 9851676 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Guo, ZS AF Chang, JCS Guo, ZS TI Emissions of odorous aldehydes from alkyd paint SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE chamber tests; model; reaction; indoor air; exposure ID AUTOXIDATION AB Aldehyde emissions are widely held responsible for the acrid after-odor of drying alkyd-based paint films. The aldehyde emissions from three different alkyd paints were measured in small environmental chambers. It was found that, for each gram of alkyd paint applied, more than 2 mg of aldehydes (mainly hexanal) were emitted during the curing (drying) period. Since no measurable hexanal was found in the original paint, it is suspected that the aldehydes emitted were produced by autoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid esters in the alkyd resins. The hexanal emission rate was simulated by a model assuming that the autoxidation process was controlled by a consecutive first-order reaction mechanism. Using the emission rate model, indoor air quality simulation indicated that the hexanal emissions can result in prolonged (several days) exposure risk to occupants. The occupant exposure to aldehydes emitted from alkyd paint also could cause sensory irritation and other health concerns. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 32 IS 20 BP 3581 EP 3586 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00075-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 122RY UT WOS:000076086300021 ER PT J AU Kempinas, WD Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Strader, L Ferrell, J Goldman, JM Klinefelter, GR AF Kempinas, WD Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Strader, L Ferrell, J Goldman, JM Klinefelter, GR TI Rat epididymal sperm quantity, quality, and transit time after guanethidine-induced sympathectomy SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; CHEMICAL SYMPATHECTOMY; ADULT-RATS; INDUCED DESTRUCTION; VAS-DEFERENS; LEYDIG-CELLS; DENERVATION; NEURONS; PROSTATE; NERVES AB Guanethidine, a chemical that selectively abolishes peripheral noradrenergic nerves, was used to investigate the role of sympathetic innervation in the maintenance of epididymal sperm quantity and quality. Four groups of 10 adult male rats each were treated daily for 21 days, by i.p. injections, with either 0 (saline vehicle), 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg guanethidine. Norepinephrine content was reduced to undetectable levels in the cauda epididymidis in all guanethidine groups after 3 wk of treatment and was reduced to 7.4% of the control values after 1 wk of 6.25 mg/kg treatment. While body weight gain was significantly decreased at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg compared to that in controls, there was a significant increase in the weights of the seminal vesicles/coagulating glands in all treated groups. The number of homogenization-resistant spermatids per testis and the daily sperm production per testis remained unchanged. The weight of the epididymis was significantly increased at 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg. Moreover, the number of cauda epididymal sperm and the transit time were increased significantly at 6.25 mg/kg (10.2 days) compared to values in the control cauda (6.3 days). Neither serum testosterone levels nor LH was affected in a dosage-related manner. There were no effects of guanethidine treatment on cauda epididymal sperm motility or morphology. A quantitative analysis of detergent-extracted cauda epididymal sperm proteins by SDS-PAGE revealed no differences, but there were diminutions in seven proteins in homogenates of caput/ corpus tissue. Histologic analysis of testis and epididymis sections revealed no differences between control and denervated animals. In a subsequent experiment the lowest effective dosage (6.25 mg/kg) was given to rats for 1 wk, and an increased number of cauda epididymal sperm and a delay in sperm transit were observed. Our results indicate that low-dosage guanethidine exposure denervates the epididymis within 1 wk, thereby delaying epididymal transit; however, neither 1- nor 3-wk exposure produces qualitative changes in the sperm. C1 UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kempinas, WD (reprint author), UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. RI Kempinas, Wilma/E-4671-2012 OI Kempinas, Wilma/0000-0002-2112-5123 NR 39 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 59 IS 4 BP 890 EP 896 DI 10.1095/biolreprod59.4.890 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 124NF UT WOS:000076188100023 PM 9746740 ER PT J AU Kempinas, WD Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Strader, LF Ferrell, J Goldman, JM Narotsky, MG Perreault, SD Evenson, DP Ricker, DD Klinefelter, GR AF Kempinas, WD Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Strader, LF Ferrell, J Goldman, JM Narotsky, MG Perreault, SD Evenson, DP Ricker, DD Klinefelter, GR TI Fertility of rat epididymal sperm after chemically and surgically induced sympathectomy SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; ADULT-RATS; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; GUANETHIDINE; DENERVATION; DEPLETION; PROSTATE; ABILITY AB Guanethidine, a chemical that selectively blocks sympathetic noradrenergic neurons, was used to investigate the role of sympathetic innervation in the fertility of rat epididymal sperm, using both natural mating and in utero insemination protocols. This animal model correlates, at least in part, with spinal cord injury (SCI) in men. Adult male rats were treated daily by i.p. injections, for 21 or 42 days, with 0 or 6.25 mg/kg guanethidine. To compare the effects of guanethidine-induced sympathectomy with those following surgically induced sympathectomy, the inferior mesenteric ganglion and the proximal hypogastric nerves were removed in another group of rats. Both chemically and surgically induced sympathectomy increased the weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles/coagulating glands as well as the number and the transit time of cauda epididymal sperm. Neither serum testosterone levels nor LH was affected by treatment with guanethidine. Using natural mating, no litters were produced by guanethidine-treated rats. Chemically denervated rats failed to produce copulatory plugs or ejaculate into the uterus. However, distal cauda epididymal sperm from chemically or surgically denervated rats displayed normal fertilization ability (80%) using in utero inseminations. In addition, the sperm of denervated rats did not show abnormal sperm chromatin structure using an assay that detects DNA damage. We conclude that sympathectomy delays the transit of sperm through the cauda epididymidis and produces ejaculatory dysfunction but does not compromise sperm quality in the distal cauda epididymidis. Moreover, these data provide compelling evidence that there is no association between the prolonged transit time of sperm within the epididymis, i.e., pre-ejaculatory sperm aging, and the fertility of those sperm, which has important implications for artificial insemination using sperm from men with SCI. C1 UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. York Coll Penn, Dept Biol Sci, York, PA 17405 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Olson Biochem Labs, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Kempinas, WD (reprint author), UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. EM kempinas@surfnet.com.br RI Kempinas, Wilma/E-4671-2012 OI Kempinas, Wilma/0000-0002-2112-5123 NR 33 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1691 MONROE ST,SUITE # 3, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 EI 1529-7268 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 59 IS 4 BP 897 EP 904 DI 10.1095/biolreprod59.4.897 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 124NF UT WOS:000076188100024 PM 9746741 ER PT J AU Schecter, A Dellarco, M Papke, O Olson, J AF Schecter, A Dellarco, M Papke, O Olson, J TI A comparison of dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar PCBs in uncooked and broiled ground beef, catfish and bacon SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds CY AUG 12-16, 1996 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE dioxins; dibenzofurans; coplanar PCBs; cooked food; uncooked food; meat; fish AB The primary source of dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and coplanar PCBs for the general population is food, especially meat, fish, and dairy products. However, most data on the levels of these chemicals is from food in the raw or uncooked state. We report here the effect of one type of cooking (broiling) on the levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs in ground beef (hamburger), bacon and catfish. Samples of hamburger, bacon, and catfish were broiled and compared to uncooked samples in order to measure changes in the amounts of dioxins in cooked food. The total amount of PCDD, PCDF, and coplanar PCB TEQ decreased by approximately 50% on average for each portion as a result of broiling the hamburger, bacon and catfish specimens. The mean concentration (pg TEQ/kg, wet weight) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs, however, remained the same in the hamburger, increased by 83% in the bacon, and decreased by 34% in the catfish. On average, the total measured concentration (pg/kg) of the congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs increased 14% in the hamburger, increased 29% in the bacon, and decreased 33% in the catfish. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, Binghamton, NY 13903 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ERGO Forsch Gesell MbH, D-22305 Hamburg, Germany. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. RP Schecter, A (reprint author), NIEHS, MD A3-02,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 9 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT-NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 9-12 BP 1723 EP 1730 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00237-9 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 132FB UT WOS:000076618700008 PM 9828300 ER PT J AU Lorber, M Pinsky, P Gehring, P Braverman, C Winters, D Sovocool, W AF Lorber, M Pinsky, P Gehring, P Braverman, C Winters, D Sovocool, W TI Relationships between dioxins in soil, air, ash, and emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator emitting large amounts of dioxins SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds CY AUG 12-16, 1996 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS ID PCDD AB The Columbus Municipal Waste-to-Energy (Columbus WTE) facility in Columbus, Ohio, began operation in June, 1983 and ceased operation in December, 1994. During its operation, it was estimated to have released nearly 1,000 grams of dioxin Toxic Equivalents (TEQs) per year. This compares to a 1994 estimate of 9,300 g TEQ/yr from all sources emitting dioxins into the air in the United States (EPA, 1994), and to total releases of dioxins near or below 1,000 grams TEQ/yr for England (Eduljee and Keyke, 1996), Belgium (Wevers and De Fre, 1995), and West Germany (Fiedler and Hutzinger, 1992). Because of the magnitude of emissions from this single source, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts to air and soil near the incinerator. This paper presents analyses evaluating dioxin concentrations and profiles in four media: stack gas, ambient air within 3 km of the incinerator, soil samples up to 8 km from the incinerator, and incinerator ash. Principal findings include: 1) an "incinerator signature" profile, as defined by stack gas emissions, was found in the ash and in subsets of the air and soil matrices, 2) soil concentrations declined from directly outside the incinerator property to the city at large, 3) an urban background soil concentration of dioxin Toxic Equivalents (TEQs) was estimated at 4 pg/g, while concentrations generally within 2 km of the incinerator ranged from 4-60 pg TEQ/g, 4) an urban background air concentration was estimated at 0.05 pg TEQ/m(3), while air concentrations at a specific location about 2 km in the downwind direction of the incinerator had concentrations of 0.17 and 0.35 pg TEQ/m(3) during two sampling dates, 5) analysis of the soil monitoring data in combination with the stack test data suggests that less than 2% of emitted dioxins can be found in the soil near the incinerator, and 6) principal component analysis suggests that the fraction of total concentration of OCDD is the single feature explaining most of the variation of all concentration profiles. This paper discusses these and other findings, and their implications. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8623, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. US EPA, Westlake, OH 44145 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Toxic Substances 4701, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Environm Res Lab, Environm Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Lorber, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8623, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 23 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT-NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 9-12 BP 2173 EP 2197 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00279-3 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 132FB UT WOS:000076618700049 PM 9828336 ER PT J AU Nestor, DV Podolsky, MJ AF Nestor, DV Podolsky, MJ TI Assessing incentive-based environmental policies for reducing household waste disposal SO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-WASTE; GARBAGE AB In residential solid waste management, the United States has a great deal of experience in applying incentive-based environmental policy in the form of unit pricing. This study examines the two most common forms of unit pricing practiced in the United States. It offers intuition and empirical evidence suggesting divergence of theoretical expectations and actual outcomes regarding the effects of switching to unit pricing. Data collected from households in Marietta, Ga. during a solid waste pricing experiment serve as the basis for the analysis. (JEL Q28, D12). C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. LECG, Washington, DC USA. RP Nestor, DV (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 5 U2 6 PU WESTERN ECONOMIC ASSOC INT PI HUNTINGTON BEACH PA 7400 CENTER AVE SUITE 109, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647-3039 USA SN 1074-3529 J9 CONTEMP ECON POLICY JI Contemp. Econ. Policy PD OCT PY 1998 VL 16 IS 4 BP 401 EP 411 PG 11 WC Economics; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 133EU UT WOS:000076674200002 ER PT J AU Bruins, RJF Cai, SM Chen, SJ Mitsch, WJ AF Bruins, RJF Cai, SM Chen, SJ Mitsch, WJ TI Ecological engineering strategies to reduce flooding damage to wetland crops in central China SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Ecological Engineering (ICEE 96) CY OCT 07-11, 1996 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA DE rice; Nelumbo; Zizania; Juncus; polder; flood-tolerance; land-use; flood storage; four lakes region; Honghu ID TOLERANCE; SYSTEM AB Ecological engineering techniques are widely used in Chinese agriculture to reduce wastes and improve efficiency, but rarely to address crop loss associated with flooding. In the middle Yangtze River basin in central China, dish-shaped areas that formerly contained shallow lakes and marshes are now empoldered for the cultivation of rice, fish and other crops. These areas are economically productive but regularly experience crop damage due to rainfall amounts exceeding the removal capacity of pumps and drainage canals. A field investigation gathered existing data on landforms, hydrology, agricultural and aquacultural practices, and recent flooding events at two scales: Xiaogang Farm, 24 km(2), and Honghu Flood Diversion Area, 2800 km(2). Computer simulations suggested that local-scale increases in pumping capacity would effectively reduce local flooding damage, but this approach would be less effective if implemented over a wide area. Proposed ecological engineering strategies for hood resistance, including converting some low-position area from rice to flood-tolerant crops such as lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) or wild rice stem (Zizania latifolia), and raising dikes around the converted fields to allow passive storage of excess water during heavy rains, may reduce damage at both local and wide scales. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geodesy & Geophys, Wuhan 430077, Peoples R China. RP Bruins, RJF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM bruins.randy@epamail.epa.gov NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1-4 BP 231 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00068-8 PG 29 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 157TT UT WOS:000078078300022 ER PT J AU Giometti, CS Tollaksen, SL Liang, XL Cunningham, ML AF Giometti, CS Tollaksen, SL Liang, XL Cunningham, ML TI A comparison of lives protein changes in mice and hamsters treated with the peroxisome proliferator Wy-14,643 SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE two-dimensional electrophoresis; liver proteins; hamster; mouse ID 2-DIMENSIONAL GEL DATABASE; RAT-LIVER; TISSUE PROTEINS; GENE-REGULATION; CELL FRACTIONS; ELECTROPHORESIS; IDENTIFICATION; DEHYDROGENASE; INDUCTION; SERUM AB Interspecies differences in the liver response to Wy-14,643, a potent peroxisome proliferator in rats and mice, have been demonstrated, While both rats and mice show dramatic increases in the number of peroxisomes, the activity of peroxisomal enzymes involved in the P-oxidation of fatty acids, and heptocyte replication, Syrian hamsters have a more moderate peroxisome proliferation response and no sustained increase in cell replication. Rats and mice, but not hamsters, develop hepatocellular carcinoma after prolonged exposure to Wy-14,643. To further characterize this species difference, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) has been used to compare the effect of 14-day exposure to various dietary concentrations of Wy-14,643 on liver protein expression in male mice and hamsters. Digitized images of the 2-DE protein maps were searched for significant changes. The peroxisome bifunctional enzyme (PBE) enoyl CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase, which migrates to the same position in mouse and hamster liver protein 2-DE patterns, increased in abundance by more than three times the control level in both mice and hamsters. In addition to the quantitative change in PBE, significant quantitative changes (P < 0.001) were found in 49 mouse liver proteins (47 decreasing and 2 increasing) and in 35 hamster liver proteins (27 decreasing and 8 increasing). There was little overlap in the mouse and hamster proteins showing quantitative changes in response to Wy-14,643, with the exception of PBE and one unidentified liver protein with an approximate molecular weight of 50 000. These results show that although peroxisome proliferation occurs in the livers of both mice and hamsters exposed to Wy-14,643, other species-specific changes in proteins occur that are independent of the peroxisome proliferation response and that could be related to species-specific susceptibility or resistance to liver tumor induction. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Mechanist Biol & Biotechnol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Giometti, CS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Mechanist Biol & Biotechnol, 9700 S Cass Ave,Bldg 2092,Room B 117, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM csgiometti@anl.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1-YOI ES-50262] NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 14 BP 2498 EP 2505 DI 10.1002/elps.1150191424 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 134AY UT WOS:000076721400023 PM 9820974 ER PT J AU Frost, F Craun, GF Calderon, RL AF Frost, F Craun, GF Calderon, RL TI Increasing hospitalization and death possibly due to Clostridium difficile diarrheal disease SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB This study calculated yearly estimated national hospital discharge (1985 to 1994) and age-adjusted death rates (1980 to 1992) due to bacterial, viral, protozoal, and ill-defined enteric pathogens. Infant and young child hospitalization (but not death) rates in each category increased more than 50% during 1990 to 1994. Age-adjusted death and hospitalization rates due to enteric bacterial infections and hospitalizations due to enteric viral infections have increased since 1988. The increases in hospitalization and death rates from enteric bacterial infections were due to a more than eightfold increase in rates for specified enteric bacterial infections that were uncoded during this period (ICD9 00849). To identify bacterial agents responsible for most of these infections, hospital discharges and outpatient claims (coded with more detail after 1992) were examined for New Mexico's Lovelace Health Systems for 1993 to 1996. Of diseases due to uncoded enteric pathogens, 73% were due to Clostridium difficile infection. Also, 88% of Washington State death certificates (1985 to 1996) coded to unspecified enteric pathogen infections (ICD0084) listed C. difficile infection. C1 SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Frost, F (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. EM ffrost@lrri.org NR 13 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 619 EP 625 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 148BN UT WOS:000077532500012 PM 9866738 ER PT J AU Lindzey, J Wetsel, WC Couse, JF Stoker, T Cooper, R Korach, KS AF Lindzey, J Wetsel, WC Couse, JF Stoker, T Cooper, R Korach, KS TI Effects of castration and chronic steroid treatments on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone content and pituitary gonadotropins in male wild-type and estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; ADULT MALE-RAT; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; BASAL HYPOTHALAMUS; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; GONADAL-STEROIDS; GENE DISRUPTION; PULSE FREQUENCY; PREOPTIC AREA AB Testicular androgens are integral components of the hormonal feedback loops that regulate circulating levels of LH and FSH. The sites of feedback include hypothalamic areas regulating GnRH neurons and pituitary gonadotropes. To better define the roles of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), and estrogen receptor-beta (ER beta) in mediating feedback effects of sex steroids on reproductive neuroendocrine function, we have determined the effects of castration and steroid replacement therapy on hypothalamic GnRH content, pituitary LH beta and FSH beta messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and serum gonadotropins in male wild-type (WT) and estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (ERKO) mice. Hypothalami from intact WT and ERKO males contained similar amounts of GnRH, whereas castration significantly reduced GnRH contents in both genotypes. Replacement therapy with estradiol (E-2), testosterone (T), or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) restored hypothalamic GnRH content in castrated (CAST) WT mice; only the androgens were effective in CAST ERKOs. Analyses of pituitary function revealed that LH beta mRNA and serum LH levels in intact ERKOs were 2-fold higher than those in intact WT males. Castration increased levels of LH beta mRNA (1.5- to 2-fold) and serum LH (4- to 5-fold) in both genotypes. Both E-2 and T treatments significantly suppressed LH beta mRNA and serum LH levels in CAST WT males. However, E-2 was completely ineffective, and T was only partially effective in suppressing these two indexes in the CAST ERKO males. DHT treatments stimulated a 50% increase in LH beta mRNA and serum LH levels in WT males, whereas serum LH was significantly suppressed in DHT-treated ERKO males. Although the pituitaries from intact ERKO males contained similar amounts of FSH beta mRNA, serum FSH levels were 20% higher than those in the intact WT males. Castration increased FSH beta mRNA levels only in WT males, but significantly increased serum FSH levels in both genotypes. Both E-2 and T treatments significantly suppressed serum FSH in CAST WT males, whereas only E-2 suppressed FSH beta mRNA. DHT treatments of CAST WT mice stimulated a small increase in serum FSH, but failed to alter FSH beta mRNA levels. None of the steroid treatments exerted any significant effect on FSH beta mRNA or serum FSH levels in CAST ERKOs. These data suggest that hypothalamic GnRH contents can be maintained solely through AR signaling pathways. However, normal regulation of gonadotrope function requires aromatization of T and activation of ER alpha signaling pathways in the gonadotrope. In addition, serum FSH levels in male ERKOs appear to be regulated largely by nonsteroidal testicular factors such as inhibin. Finally, these data suggest that hypothalamic ERP may not be involved in mediating the negative feedback effects of T on serum LII and FSH in male mice. C1 NIEHS, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Hormone Act Grp, Lab Signal Transduct, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP NIEHS, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM korach@niehs.nih.gov OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 60 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 2055 L ST NW, SUITE 600, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 139 IS 10 BP 4092 EP 4101 DI 10.1210/en.139.10.4092 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 121WE UT WOS:000076038100010 PM 9751487 ER PT J AU Apple, ME Lucash, MS Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT AF Apple, ME Lucash, MS Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT TI Morphogenesis of Douglas-fir buds is altered at elevated temperature but not at elevated CO2 SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE climatic change; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Douglas fir; bud; morphology; temperature ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; CHILLING REQUIREMENT; FROST DAMAGE; SEEDLINGS; SHOOT; ACCUMULATION; POPULATIONS; BUDBURST; INTERIOR; DORMANCY AB Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+ 4 degrees C above ambient) temperature, and at ambient or elevated (+ 200 ppm above ambient) CO2. In 1995-1996 and 1996-1997, elevated CO2 had no effect on vegetative bud morphology, while the following unusual morphological characteristics were found with greater frequency at elevated temperature than at ambient: rosetted buds with reflexed and loosened outer scales, convoluted inner scales, clusters of small buds, needles elongating between scales, needle primordia with white, hyaline apical extensions, and buds with hardened scales inside of unbroken buds. Buds became rosetted in elevated temperature chambers after temperatures exceeded 40 degrees C in July, 1996. Rosettes were induced within 48-h in buds placed in a 40 degrees C oven; fewer rosettes formed at 20 degrees C. Induction was reversible in buds transferred from 40 to 20 degrees C, implying that resetting is a physical rather than a growth phenomenon. It appears that rosettes form after long-term exposure to elevated temperature and after shorter periods of exposure to intense heat. Elevated temperature influences bud morphology and may therefore influence the overall branching structure of Douglas-fir seedlings. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Apple, ME (reprint author), Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Lucash, Melissa /I-8677-2012 OI Lucash, Melissa /0000-0003-1509-3273 NR 30 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 159 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00031-8 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125LR UT WOS:000076239500007 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Jameson, CW Mahaffey, KR Mizon, KJ Patison, N Law, AJ Korsch, MJ Salter, MA AF Gulson, BL Jameson, CW Mahaffey, KR Mizon, KJ Patison, N Law, AJ Korsch, MJ Salter, MA TI Relationships of lead in breast milk to lead in blood, urine, and diet of the infant and mother SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood; breast milk; infant; intake; isotopes; lead; mother; urine ID MATERNAL BLOOD; RURAL MOTHERS; CADMIUM; ABSORPTION; WOMEN; BONE; MOBILIZATION; PREGNANCY; LACTATION; CHILDREN AB We have obtained stable lead isotope and lead concentration data from a longitudinal study of mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation and in which the newly born infants were monitored for 6 months postpartum to evaluate the effects of the local environment on lead body burden of the infant. Samples of maternal and infant blood, urine, and diet and especially breast milk were measured for 21 mothers and 24 infants. Blood lead concentrations were less than 5 mu g/dl in all except one subject. The mean lead concentration in breast milk +/- standard deviation was 0.73 +/- 0.70 mu g/kg. In seven subjects for whom serial breast milk sampling was possible, the lead concentration varied by factors of from 2 to 4, and for three subjects there was an increase at or after 90 days postpartum. For the first 60-90 days postpartum, the contribution from breast milk to blood lead in the infants varied from 36 to 80%. Multiple linear regress;on analyses indicated statistically significant relationships for some of the variables of isotope ratios and lead concentrations between breast milk, blood, urine, and diet for infants and mothers. For example, the analyses revealed that both a mother's breast milk Pb-207/Pb-206 and Pb-206/Pb-204 ratios and lead concentration provide information to predict her infant's blood Pb-207/Pb-206 and Pb-206/Pb-204 ratios. The major sources of lead in breast milk are from the maternal bone and diet. An evaluation of breast milk lead concentrations published over the last 15 years indicates that studies in which the ratio of lead concentrations in breast milk to lead concentrations in whole maternal blood (x100) were greater than 15 should be viewed with caution because of potential contamination during sampling and/or laboratory analyses. Selected studies also appear to show a linear relationship between breast milk and maternal whole blood, with the percentage of lead in breast milk compared with whole blood of <3% in subjects with blood lead levels ranging from 2 to 34 mu g/dl. The levels of lead in breast milk are thus similar to those in plasma. Breast-fed infants are only at risk if the mother is exposed to high concentrations of contaminants either from endogenous sources such as the skeleton or exogenous sources. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, Div Explorat & Min, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 49 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 106 IS 10 BP 667 EP 674 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106667 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 134AX UT WOS:000076721200023 PM 9755144 ER PT J AU Lanphear, BP Matte, TD Rogers, J Clickner, RP Dietz, B Bornschein, RL Succop, P Mahaffey, KR Dixon, S Galke, W Rabinowitz, M Farfel, M Rohde, C Schwartz, J Ashley, P Jacobs, DE AF Lanphear, BP Matte, TD Rogers, J Clickner, RP Dietz, B Bornschein, RL Succop, P Mahaffey, KR Dixon, S Galke, W Rabinowitz, M Farfel, M Rohde, C Schwartz, J Ashley, P Jacobs, DE TI The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children's blood lead levels SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE blood lead; lead-contaminated house dust; soil; lead exposure; risk assessment; children; environmental exposure; prevention; standards; lead poisoning ID HAND DUST; ABATEMENT; EXPOSURE; PAINT; HOMES AB In 1992, the U.S. Congress passed the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act, which requires the promulgation of health-based dust lead and soil lead standards for residential dwellings to prevent undue lead exposure in children. Unfortunately, the levels of lead in house dust and soil that are associated with elevated blood lead levels among U.S. children remain poorly defined. This pooled analysis was done to estimate the contributions of lead-contaminated house dust and soil to children's blood lead levels. The results of this pooled analysis, the most comprehensive existing epidemiologic analysis of childhood lead exposure, confirm that lead-contaminated house dust is the major source of lead exposure for children. These analyses further demonstrate that a strong relationship between interior dust lead loading and children's blood lead levels persists at dust lead levels considerably below the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's current post-abatement standards and the Environmental Protection Agency's guidance levels. Finally, these analyses demonstrate that a child's age, race, mouthing behaviors, and study-site specific factors influence the predicted blood lead level at a given level of exposure. These data can be used to estimate the potential health impact of alternative health-based lead standards for residential sources of lead exposure, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Pediat, Cincinnati, OH USA. New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban Epidemiol Studies, New York, NY USA. Westat Inc, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Ctr lead Safe Housing, Columbia, MD USA. Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Dept Housing & Urban Dev, Off Lead Hazard Control, Washington, DC USA. RP Lanphear, BP (reprint author), Cincinnati Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 34 TC 263 Z9 276 U1 5 U2 51 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 79 IS 1 BP 51 EP 68 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3859 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 121RE UT WOS:000076027100006 PM 9756680 ER PT J AU Gao, HZ Zepp, RG AF Gao, HZ Zepp, RG TI Factors influencing photoreactions of dissolved organic matter in a coastal river of the southeastern United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION; INORGANIC CARBON; SURFACE WATERS; NATURAL-WATERS; PHOTODEGRADATION; SEAWATER; CYCLE; SEA; PHOTOPRODUCTION AB Photoreactions of dissolved organic matter can affect the oxidizing capacity, nutrient dynamics, trace gas exchange, and color of surface waters. This study focuses on factors that affect the photoreactions of the colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Satilla River, a coastal river that has high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (2.0 +/- 0.2 mM C) and iron (12 +/- 2 mu M) in its freshwater reach. Quantum yields for the photoproduction of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from Satilla CDOM decreased exponentially in the 300-450 nm spectral region. Photoreaction of the CDOM in sunlight caused a decrease in UV and visible absorbance that occurred most rapidly in the UV-B (280-315 nm) region, indicating that CDOM photoreactions can enhance exposure of aquatic organisms to DNA-damaging UV radiation. The role of iron in the photooxidation was investigated by adding fluoride ions or deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) to the water to form unreactive Fe3+ complexes, thus inhibiting iron photoreduction and slowing CDOM photooxidation. Using this method, it was demonstrated that the photoformation of DIG, CO, and NH4+ is strongly affected by iron catalysis in the Satilla River water. Increasing the dioxygen content and lowering the pH accelerated the photoreaction of the CDOM. CDOM photoreaction was accompanied by conversion of dissolved iron and carbon to particulate forms. Such "photocoagulation" may contribute to the transport of iron and carbon from surface waters to sediments in sunlit, well-stratified aquatic ecosystems. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM zepp.richard@epamail.epa.gov NR 50 TC 252 Z9 276 U1 9 U2 90 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 19 BP 2940 EP 2946 DI 10.1021/es9803660 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125DR UT WOS:000076222600039 ER PT J AU Richardson, TL Sahle-Demessie, E AF Richardson, TL Sahle-Demessie, E TI Sprinkler irrigation for the removal of VOCs from groundwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE groundwater; irrigation; sprinkler; treatment; volatile organic compounds AB Sprinkler irrigation is a common farming practice in parts of the United States where a semi-arid climate and lack of sufficient rainfall during critical growing periods necessitate supplemental water. The source of most irrigation water is groundwater, which can be contaminated with volatile organic compounds(VOCs). Since the groundwater may be the primary, or only, source of drinking water for a community, there is a need fdr cost effective VOC treatment and disposal methods. Because irrigation is a fairly widespread practice, there is an opportunity to employ it as a dual function technology - crop irrigation and treatment and disposal of contaminants from the groundwater. This could augment conventional groundwater treatment and result in cost savings. Additional benefits of implementation include containment of the groundwater plume, elimination of discharge or reinjection of the treated groundwater, and reduced irrigation expense for site vegetative covers. An evaluation of the performance of sprinkler irrigation for these purposes was conducted in July 1996 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program. A sprinkler irrigation system has been shown to remove 96(+)% of VOCs from a contaminated groundwater source without a significant impact to the air quality. Results and activities of the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation technology for the treatment and disposal of groundwater contaminated with VOCs are presented in this paper. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Richardson, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1049 EP 1054 DI 10.1080/09593331908616762 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135DD UT WOS:000076784500008 ER PT J AU Keane, B Smith, MK Rogstad, SH AF Keane, B Smith, MK Rogstad, SH TI Genetic variation in red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.; Rosaceae) from sites differing in organic pollutants compared with synthetic tandem repeat DNA probes SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE asexual reproduction; biomonitoring; DNA fingerprinting; organic contaminants; population genetics ID ALLOZYME POLYMORPHISMS; POPULATION; FINGERPRINTS; HETEROZYGOSITY; DIVERSITY; SELECTION; BARNACLES; M13 AB Two synthetic tandem repetitive DNA probes were used to compare genetic variation at variable-number-tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci among Rubus idaeus L. var, strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. (Rosaceae) individuals sampled at eight sites contaminated by pollutants (N = 39) and eight adjacent uncontaminated sites (N = 38; distances separating sites ranged from 5 to 350 m). For the 77 plants analyzed, the mean number of bands scored per individual was 16.5 (SD = 3.5). Mean genetic similarity (0.51) and heterozygosity (0.62) across all plants from contaminated sites did not differ significantly from that among all plants from uncontaminated sites (mean similarity = 0.52; mean heterozygosity = 0.63). Nor did similarity and heterozygosity differ between contaminated and uncontaminated sites when estimates of these values within each of the 16 sites were compared. Estimates of F(st) (0.01-0.04) indicated little genetic differentiation between plants from contaminated and uncontaminated sites. However, relative to plants from uncontaminated sites, plants from contaminated sites possessed significantly fewer private alleles (1 vs 18; p < 0.001) and alleles per individual (mean = 15.2 vs 17.9; p = 0.0002). Considering the 16 sites individually, uncontaminated sites possess significantly more population bands (p = 0.015), private alleles (p = 0.01), and alleles per individual (p = 0.027). These differences were distributed across sites rather than resulting from large, idiosyncratic differences attributable to one or a few outlier sites. The findings of this study suggest that a loss of genetic variation among R. idaeus individuals growing in impacted areas has occurred at all eight sites, and that VNTR markers may be useful biological indicators of plant populations under stress from human perturbations. In addition, extensive clonal spread of this species, previously documented for other species of Rubus, was not detected. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci ML6, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Sci Engn Educ Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rogstad, SH (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci ML6, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM steven.rogstad@uc.edu NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2027 EP 2034 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2027:GVIRRR>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 121WJ UT WOS:000076038500019 ER PT J AU Fernandez, JD Denny, JS Tietge, JE AF Fernandez, JD Denny, JS Tietge, JE TI A simple apparatus for administering 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to commercially available pelletized fish food SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE apparatus construction; pelletized food; chemical loading; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ID OXIDASE ENZYME-INDUCTION; RAINBOW-TROUT; DIETARY; ACCUMULATION AB A simple apparatus for loading chemicals onto commercially available, pelletized fish food is described. An analysis of several food nutrients indicated the procedure using n-hexane (50 ml n-hexane:200 g food) had an inconsequential influence on their concentrations, i.e., only lauric acid and margaroleic acid exhibited reductions greater than or equal to 10%, 25%, and 17%, respectively. Of 35 batches of food laden with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), only 40% of the loadings were within 10% of the desired value. However, in terms of the within-batch variability, all loadings exhibited a coefficient of variation (CV) less than or equal to 15%, and over 60% of the loadings exhibited a CV less than or equal to 10%. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Fernandez, JD (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2058 EP 2062 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 121WJ UT WOS:000076038500023 ER PT J AU Rubes, J Lowe, X Moore, D Perreault, S Slott, V Evenson, D Selevan, SG Wyrobek, AJ AF Rubes, J Lowe, X Moore, D Perreault, S Slott, V Evenson, D Selevan, SG Wyrobek, AJ TI Smoking cigarettes is associated with increased sperm disomy in teenage men SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 45th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY OCT 24-28, 1995 CL MINNEAPLOIS, MINNESOTA SP Amer Soc Human Genet DE cigarette-smoking lifestyle; sperm disomy; multicolor sperm FISH; CASA; SCSA; semen quality; urine cotinine ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; NUMERICAL CHROMOSOME-ABNORMALITIES; CHILDHOOD BRAIN-TUMORS; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; DNA DENATURATION; COFFEE-DRINKING; PATERNAL AGE; RISK-FACTORS; HEALTHY-MEN AB Objective: To determine whether moderate cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in teenage men is associated with increases in disomic sperm and detectable changes in semen quality. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Military recruiting station, Teplice, Czech Republic. Patient(s): Ten current smokers (20 cigarettes per day for at least 2 years, exposure confirmed by urine cotinine) who also consumed alcohol and 15 nonsmokers. All patients were exactly 18 years old, healthy, and of unproven fertility. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sperm aneuploidy by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomes 8, X, and Y; conventional semen analyses; computer-aided sperm analysis for motility; and sperm chromatin structure analysis. Results: Smokers showed elevated frequencies of sperm aneuploidy (Y disomy, P <0.001; aggregate of X, Y, and 8 disomies, P <0.01); reduced linearity of sperm motion (P <0.05); and more "round-headed" sperm (P <0.01). Smokers' semen contained fewer sperm (P <0.001) and fewer motile sperm (P <0.02), which was attributable, in part, to shorter abstinence intervals among smokers (P <0.02). Conclusion(s): Cigarette smoking among teenagers was associated with increases in disomic sperm and a diminution in Specific aspects of semen quality. Such defects may affect male fertility and may increase future chances of fathering Offspring with aneuploidy syndromes. (Fertil Steril(R) 1998;70:715-23. (C) 1998 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mol & Struct Biol Div, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Vet Res Inst, CS-62132 Brno, Czech Republic. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wyrobek, AJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mol & Struct Biol Div, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, L-452,7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM wyrobek1@linl.gov NR 62 TC 154 Z9 163 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE PI BIRMINGHAM PA 1209 MONTGOMERY HIGHWAY, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35216-2809 USA SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 70 IS 4 BP 715 EP 723 DI 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00261-1 PG 9 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 130CE UT WOS:000076505400019 PM 9797104 ER PT J AU Tanaka, H Shimizu, M Horikawa, I Kugoh, H Yokota, J Barrett, JC Oshimura, M AF Tanaka, H Shimizu, M Horikawa, I Kugoh, H Yokota, J Barrett, JC Oshimura, M TI Evidence for a putative telomerase repressor gene in the 3p14.2-p21.1 region SO GENES CHROMOSOMES & CANCER LA English DT Article ID CARCINOMA CELL-LINE; MEDIATED CHROMOSOME TRANSFER; INDEFINITE DIVISION; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; MICROCELL FUSION; IMMORTAL CELLS; FHIT GENE; SENESCENCE; SUPPRESSION; GROWTH AB Telomeres, which are the repeated sequences located on both ends of chromosomes in eukaryotes, are known to shorten with each cell division, and their eventual loss is thought to result in cellular senescence. Unlike normal somatic cells, most tumor cells show activation of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that stably maintains telomere length by addition of the sequences of TTAGGG repeats to telomeres. The KC12 cell line derived from a renal cell carcinoma in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease showed telomerase activity and loss of heterozygosity on the short arm of chromosome 3. Introduction of a normal human chromosome 3 into KC12 cells by microcell fusion induced cellular senescence, accompanied by suppression of telomerase activity and shortening of telomere length. Microcell hybrids that escaped from cellular senescence maintained telomere length and telomerase activity similar to those of the parental KC12 cells. We previously showed a similar suppression of telomerase activity by introduction of chromosome 3 into another renal cell carcinoma cell line, RCC23. The putative telomerase repressor gene was mapped to chromosome region 3p14.2-p21.1 by deletion mapping of KC12 + chromosome 3 revertants that escaped from cellular senescence and by transfer of subchromosomal fragments of chromosome 3 into RCC23 cells. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Tottori Univ, Fac Med, Sch Life Sci, Dept Mol & Cell Genet, Yonago, Tottori 6838503, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Canc Ctr, Res Inst, Div Biol, Tokyo 104, Japan. RP Oshimura, M (reprint author), Tottori Univ, Fac Med, Sch Life Sci, Dept Mol & Cell Genet, Nishimachi 86, Yonago, Tottori 6838503, Japan. NR 41 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1045-2257 J9 GENE CHROMOSOME CANC JI Gene Chromosomes Cancer PD OCT PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(199810)23:2<123::AID-GCC5>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 11 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity GA 114XT UT WOS:000075635000005 PM 9739015 ER PT J AU Abernathy, CO Roberts, SM AF Abernathy, CO Roberts, SM TI Some uncertainties in the arsenic human health SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; CANCER; TOXICITY; BLADDER; RISK C1 US EPA, Hlth & Environm Criteria Div 4304, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Environm & Human Toxicol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Abernathy, CO (reprint author), US EPA, Hlth & Environm Criteria Div 4304, Off Sci & Technol, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM abernathy.charles@epamail.epa.gov NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 4 IS 5 BP 1045 EP 1049 DI 10.1080/10807039891284974 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 136MR UT WOS:000076863600003 ER PT J AU Gardiner, D AF Gardiner, D TI Dear NEHA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gardiner, D (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD OCT PY 1998 VL 61 IS 3 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 125FA UT WOS:000076225700003 ER PT J AU Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD Rauch, CH Biswas, P AF Boufadel, Michel C. Suidan, Makram T. Venosa, Albert D. Rauch, Christian H. Biswas, Pratim TI 2D VARIABLY SATURATED FLOWS: PHYSICAL SCALING AND BAYESIAN ESTIMATION SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS; AQUIFER PARAMETERS; WATER-TABLE; DIVERSION CAPACITY; CAPILLARY BARRIERS; UNSATURATED FLOW; UNIT HYDROGRAPHS; POROUS-MEDIA; TRANSIENT; INFILTRATION AB A novel dimensionless fonnulation for water flow in two-dimensional variably saturated media is presented. It shows that scaling physical systems requires conservation of the ratio between capillary forces and gravity forces. A direct result of this finding is that for two physical systems to be hydraulically similar, the soil in the smaller system has to be coarser than the soil in the larger system. The new fonnulation is implemented in a finite-element model that compared favorably with published numerical results with a minimal mass balance error. Bayesian estimation using prior physical infonnation was used to fit the model to experimental data that simulated tidal action in a laboratory beach. Results show that the model is not sensitive to the residual soil moisture or the parameter n in the van Genuchten model, but is sensitive to variation in the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the parameter alpha in the van Genuchten model. Nomographs based on the dimensionless formulation were used to scale the results of the laboratory beach to the range of natural beaches. C1 [Boufadel, Michel C.; Suidan, Makram T.; Rauch, Christian H.; Biswas, Pratim] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Venosa, Albert D.] US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45269 USA. RP Boufadel, MC (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM mboufade@boss.cee.uc.edu FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio [CR-821029] FX This work was supported, in part, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, under Cooperative Agreement No. CR-821029. However, it does not necessarily reflect the views of the agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. The writers acknowledge the technical support of Robert Fitzpatrick and Robert E. Muench from the University of Cincinnati in the instrumentation of the experiment. NR 50 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 3 IS 4 BP 223 EP 231 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1998)3:4(223) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AO UT WOS:000207775100001 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Marino, MA AF Hantush, Mohamed M. Marino, Miguel A. TI INTERLAYER DIFFUSIVE TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS IN STRATIFIED FORMATION. I: THEORY SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB This paper deals with modeling depth-averaged solute transport and lateral-diffusive transfer in a two-layer system of contrasting permeabilities. Two-dimensional transport equations are developed, by averaging the local three-dimensional transport equations vertically across the high-and low-permeability layers. The equations account for interlayer mass transfer and the capacitance of the low-permeability layer to store and release reactive constituents by diffusion. The theory indicates that a first-order rate model can describe the process of interlayer mass transfer under quasi-steady condition. An expression for the mass-transfer rate coefficient a is obtained in terms of the transverse diffusion time (or diffusion rates) across the layers. In particular, the diffusion time in the high-permeability layer is related to transverse-vertical dispersion that accounts for the effect of mechanical mixing on the interlayer mass transfer. For small capacity ratio beta < 1 the rate coefficient a shows a linear dependence on the pore-water velocity, and a linear approximation is obtained in terms of a Peclet number, in which the transverse-vertical dispersivity is the characteristic length scale. Application to previously published experimental data highlighted the applicability and limitations of the first-order rate model. C1 [Hantush, Mohamed M.] US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. [Marino, Miguel A.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Marino, Miguel A.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM hantush.mohamed@epa.gov FU University of California, Water Resources Center [UCAL-WRC-W-832]; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Ecological Health Research, University of California, Davis [R819658]; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FX The research leading to this paper was supported by the University of California, Water Resources Center, as part of Water Resources Center Project UCAL-WRC-W-832. This research also was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R819658) Center for Ecological Health Research, University of California, Davis. Although the information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, it may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. We thank G. E. Fogg for reviewing the manuscript. NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 3 IS 4 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1998)3:4(232) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AO UT WOS:000207775100002 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Marino, MA AF Hantush, Mohamed M. Marino, Miguel A. TI INTERLAYER DIFFUSIVE TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS IN STRATIFIED FORMATION. II: ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Transverse diffusive transfer of solute mass between regions of mobile and immobile water is a key mechanism causing tailing and reduced peak concentrations. In Part I, we developed a two-dimensional first-order rate model that describes reactive solute transport averaged across the thickness of a two-layer system. The model describes the capacitance effect of low-permeability layers to store and release solute by diffusive-type mass transfer, under quasi-steady conditions. In this paper, we develop two-dimensional analytical solutions for the first-order rate model in an infinite porous medium, using the methods of Fourier and Laplace transforms and superposition. The solutions consider a rectangular source with (1) an instantaneous release of a contaminant mass and (2) an exponentially decaying source applied at a fixed rate. Simulations show that increased pore-water velocity produces a more dispersed mobile solute and pronounced tailing. Comparison of the theory with the Borden aquifer data indicates that the first-order rate model can describe the early dispersion of the chloride tracer, on the basis of diffusive interlayer mass transfer. C1 [Hantush, Mohamed M.] US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. [Marino, Miguel A.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Marino, Miguel A.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM hantush.mohamed@epa.gov FU University of California, Water Resources Center [UCAL-WRC-W-832]; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Ecological Health Research, University of California, Davis [R819658] FX The research leading to this report was supported by the University of California, Water Resources Center, as part of Water Resources Center Project UCAL-WRC-W-832. This research also was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R819658), Center for Ecological Health Research, University of California, Davis. We thank G. E. Fogg for reviewing the manuscript. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 3 IS 4 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1998)3:4(241) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AO UT WOS:000207775100003 ER PT J AU Lindroos, PM Rice, AB Wang, YZ Bonner, JC AF Lindroos, PM Rice, AB Wang, YZ Bonner, JC TI Role of nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in IL-1 beta-mediated induction of alpha-PDGF receptor expression in rat pulmonary myofibroblasts SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; INTERLEUKIN-1 INDUCTION; CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS; LUNG FIBROBLASTS; INTACT-CELLS; TRANSCRIPTION; FIBROSIS; IL-1; TRANSDUCTION AB Induction of the a-platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R alpha) by IL-1 beta in lung myofibroblasts enhances mitogenic and chemotactic responses to PDGF, and this could be a mechanism of myofibroblast hyperplasia during lung fibrogenesis. Since the regulation of many genes by IL-1 beta involves activation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, we examined these signaling pathways in the control of PDGF-R alpha expression by IL-1 beta in cultured rat lung myofibroblasts, Treatment of cells with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an antioxidant that inhibits NF-kappa B activation, completely blocked PDGF-R alpha up-regulation by IL-1 beta as assayed by [I-125]PDGF-AA binding and PDGF-R alpha mRNA expression, suggesting a role for NF-kappa B. However, while IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha both induced nuclear binding of the Rel proteins p50 and p65 to an NF-kappa B consensus oligonucleotide in gel shift assays and caused transient degradation of inhibitor of NF-kappa B-alpha (I kappa B-alpha) in the cytoplasm of myofibroblasts, only IL-1 beta upregulated PDGF-R alpha. These results suggest that NF-kappa B activation alone is not sufficient for up-regulation of PDGF-R alpha. An investigation of MAP kinase signaling pathways revealed that IL-1 beta or PDTC activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK-2) and c-jun NH2 terminal kinase-1 (JNK-1) phosphorylation of PHAS-1 and c-Jun substrates, respectively. Pretreatment of cells with the MAP kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) inhibitor PD 98059 blocked IL-1 beta-induced activation of ERK-2 by more than 90% but enhanced IL-1 beta-stimulated induction of PDGF-R alpha expression fourfold. Taken together, these data suggest that IL-1 beta activates both positive and negative signaling pathways that control the expression of PDGF-R alpha. IL-1 beta appears to mediate its negative effects on PDGF-R alpha expression via MAP kinase activation, while the factor(s) that mediate induction of PDGF-R alpha remain to be elucidated. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Airway Inflammat Sect, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bonner, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Airway Inflammat Sect, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM bonnerj@niehs.nih.gov NR 40 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 161 IS 7 BP 3464 EP 3468 PG 5 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 122GY UT WOS:000076064700033 PM 9759865 ER PT J AU Zepp, RG Callaghan, TV Erickson, DJ AF Zepp, RG Callaghan, TV Erickson, DJ TI Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on biogeochemical cycles SO JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biogeochemical cycles; ultraviolet-B radiation; mineral nutrient cycling; carbon monoxide; reactive oxygen species; carbon cycling ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; DIFFERENT HUMIC CONTENT; UV-B-IRRADIATION; CARBONYL SULFIDE; OZONE DEPLETION; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; MARINE BACTERIOPLANKTON; INORGANIC CARBON; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; BOUNDARY-LAYER AB Effects of increased W-B on emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (CO) and on mineral nutrient cycling in the terrestrial biosphere have been confirmed by recent studies of a range of species and ecosystems. The effects, both in magnitude and direction, of UVB radiation on trace-gas emissions and mineral nutrient cycling are species specific and operate on a number of processes. These processes include changes in the chemical composition in living plant tissue, photodegradation (breakdown by light) of dead plant matter, including Litter, release of carbon monoxide from vegetation previously charred by fire, changes in the communities of microbial decomposers, and effects on nitrogen-fixing microorganism and plants. Long-term experiments are in place to examine UV-B effects on carbon capture and storage in biomass within natural terrestrial ecosystems. Studies in natural aquatic ecosystems have indicated that organic matter is the primary regulator of UV-B penetration. Changes in the organic matter, caused by enhanced UV-B reinforced by changes in climate and acidification, result in clarification of the water and changes in light quality that have broad impacts on the effects of enhanced UV-B on aquatic biogeochemical cycles. Increased UV-B has positive and negative impacts on microbial activity in aquatic ecosystems that can affect carbon and mineral nutrient cycling as well as the uptake and release of greenhouse and chemically reactive gases. Photoinhibition of surface aquatic microorganisms by UV-B can be partially offset by photodegradation of dissolved organic matter to produce substrates, such as organic acids and ammonium, that stimulate microbial activity. Modeling and experimental approaches are being developed to predict and measure the interactions and feedbacks between climate change and W-B-induced changes in marine and terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. These interactions include alterations in the oxidative environment in the upper ocean and in the marine boundary layer and oceanic production and release of CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and reactive oxygen species (ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals). Climate-related changes in temperature and water supply in terrestrial ecosystems interact with UV-B radiation through biogeochemical processes operating on a wide range of time scales. (C) 1998 UNEP. Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Abisko Sci Res Stn, S-98107 Abisko, Sweden. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), US EPA, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM zepp-richard@epamail.epa.gov RI Callaghan, Terens/N-7640-2014 NR 131 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 9 U2 72 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 1011-1344 J9 J PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO B JI J. Photochem. Photobiol. B-Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1-3 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00186-9 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 156JD UT WOS:000077997100007 ER PT J AU Nazaroff, W Leovic, K AF Nazaroff, W Leovic, K TI Welcome to a special issue on engineering solutions to indoor air quality problems II SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Nazaroff, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Nazaroff, William/C-4106-2008 OI Nazaroff, William/0000-0001-5645-3357 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 897 EP 897 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164NG UT WOS:000078470000001 ER PT J AU Leovic, K Whitaker, D Northeim, C Sheldon, L AF Leovic, K Whitaker, D Northeim, C Sheldon, L TI Evaluation of a test method for measuring indoor air emissions from dry-process photocopiers SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB A large chamber test method for measuring indoor air emissions from office equipment was developed, evaluated, and revised based on the initial testing of four dry-process photocopiers. Because all chambers may not necessarily produce similar results (e.g., due to differences in sink effects, temperature and humidity control, air exchange, pollutant monitoring, and measurement biases), a preliminary four-laboratory evaluation of the revised test method was conducted. To minimize variability, the evaluation used a single dry-process photocopier that was shipped to each of the four laboratories along with supplies (i.e., toner and paper). The results of this preliminary four-laboratory evaluation demonstrate that the test method was used successfully in the different chambers to measure emissions from dry-process photocopiers. Differences in chamber design and construction appeared to have had minimal effect on the results for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Perhaps more important than the chamber itself is the sample analysis as identified by duplicate samples that were analyzed by a different laboratory. Percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) was used to provide a simplistic view of interlaboratory precision for this evaluation. Excluding problems with suspected analytical bias observed from one of the laboratories, the precision was excellent for the VOCs with RSDs of less than 10% in most cases. Less precision was observed among the laboratories for aldehydes/ketones (RSD of 23.2% for formaldehyde). The precision for ozone emission rates among three of the laboratories was excellent (RSD of 7.9%), but emission rates measured at the fourth laboratory were much higher. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Environm Anal, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Leovic, K (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 915 EP 923 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164NG UT WOS:000078470000004 PM 28067160 ER PT J AU Howard, EM McCrillis, RC Krebs, KA Fortman, R Lao, HC Guo, Z AF Howard, EM McCrillis, RC Krebs, KA Fortman, R Lao, HC Guo, Z TI Indoor emissions from conversion varnishes SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Conversion varnishes are two-component, acid-catalyzed varnishes that are commonly used to finish cabinets. They are valued for their water and stain resistance, as well as their appearance. They have been found, however, to contribute to indoor emissions of organic compounds. For this project, three commercially available conversion varnish systems were selected. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 24 analysis was performed to determine total volatile content, and a sodium sulfite titration method was used to determine uncombined (free) formaldehyde content of the varnish components. The resin component was also analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) (EPA Method 311 with an MS detector) to identify individual organic compounds. Dynamic small chamber tests were then performed to identify and quantify emissions following application to coupons of typical kitchen cabinet wood substrates, during both curing and aging. Because conversion varnishes cure by chemical reaction, the compounds emitted during curing and aging are not necessarily the same as those in the formulation. Results of small chamber tests showed that the amount of formaldehyde emitted from these coatings was 2.3-8.1 times the amount of free formaldehyde applied in the coatings. A long-term test showed a formaldehyde emission rate of 0.17 mg/m(2)/hr after 115 days. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Acurex Environm Corp, Durham, NC 27709 USA. RP Howard, EM (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bhoward@engineer.aeerl.epa.gov NR 14 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 924 EP 930 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164NG UT WOS:000078470000005 PM 9798432 ER PT J AU Fortmann, R Roache, N Chang, JCS Guo, Z AF Fortmann, R Roache, N Chang, JCS Guo, Z TI Characterization of emissions of volatile organic compounds from interior alkyd paint SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AUTOXIDATION; RATES AB Alkyd paint continues to be used indoors for application to wood trim, cabinet surfaces, and some kitchen and bathroom walls. Alkyd paint may represent a significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors because of the frequency of use and amount of surface painted. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting research to characterize VOC emissions from paint and to develop source emission models that can be used for exposure assessment and risk management. The technical approach for this research involves both analysis of the liquid paint to identify and quantify the VOC contents and dynamic small chamber emissions tests to characterize the VOC emissions after application. The predominant constituents of the primer and two alkyd paints selected for testing were straight-chain alkanes (C9-C12); C8-C9 aromatics were minor constituents. Branched chain alkanes were the predominant VOCs in a third paint. A series of tests were performed to evaluate factors that may affect emissions following application of the coatings. The type of substrate (glass, wallboard, or pine board) did not have a substantial impact on the emissions with respect to peak concentrations, the emissions profile, or the amount of VOC mass emitted from the paint. Peak concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) as high as 10,000 mg/m(3) were measured during small chamber emissions tests at 0.5 air exchanges per hour (ACH). Over 90% of the VOCs were emitted from the primer and paints during the first 10 hr following application. Emissions were similar from paint applied to bare pine board, a primed board, or a board previously painted with the same paint. The impact of other variables, including film thickness, air velocity at the surface, and air-exchange rate (AER) were consistent with theoretical predictions for gas-phase, mass transfer-controlled emissions. In addition to the alkanes and aromatics, aldehydes were detected in the emissions during paint drying. Hexanal, the predominant aldehyde in the emissions, was not detected in the liquid paint and was apparently an oxidation product formed during drying. This paper summarizes the results of the product analyses and a series of small chamber emissions tests. It also describes the use of a mass balance approach to evaluate the impact of test variables and to assess the quality of the emissions data. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Source Characterizat Team, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fortmann, R (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 11 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 931 EP 940 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164NG UT WOS:000078470000006 PM 9798433 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Sparks, LE Guo, Z Fortmann, R AF Chang, JCS Sparks, LE Guo, Z Fortmann, R TI Evaluation of sink effects on VOCs from a latex paint SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INDOOR AIR; EMISSIONS AB The sink strength of two common indoor materials, a carpet and a gypsum board, was evaluated by environmental chamber tests with four volatile organic compounds (VOCs): propylene glycol, ethylene glycol; 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (BEE), and Texanol. These oxygenated compounds represent the major VOCs emitted from a latex paint. Each chamber test included two phases. Phase 1 was the dosing/sorption period during which sink materials (pieces of carpet and gypsum board samples) were exposed to the four VOCs. The sink strength of each material tested was characterized by the amount of the VOCs adsorbed or absorbed. Phase 2 was the purging/desorption period during which the chambers with the dosed sink materials were flushed with purified air. The reemission rates of the adsorbed VOCs from the sinks were reflected by the amount of the VOCs being flushed. Phase 1 results indicated that the sink strength for the four target compounds is more than 1 order of magnitude higher than that for other VOCs previously tested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The high sink strength reflected the unusually high sorption capacity of common indoor materials for the four VOCs. Phase 2 resuits showed that reemission was an extremely slow process. If all the VOCs adsorbed were reemittable, it would take more than a year to completely flush out the VOCs from the sink materials tested. The long reemission process can result in chronic and low-level exposure to the VOCs after painting interior walls and surfaces. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Indoor Environm Management Branch,Environm Res Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty Miller Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Indoor Environm Management Branch,Environm Res Ctr, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 953 EP 958 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164NG UT WOS:000078470000008 PM 9798435 ER PT J AU Henschel, DB AF Henschel, DB TI Cost analysis of activated carbon versus photocatalytic oxidation for removing organic compounds from indoor air SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS; GAS-PHASE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; FORMALDEHYDE; PATHWAYS; ETHANOL; TOLUENE AB A cost comparison has been conducted of 1 m(3)/sec indoor air cleaners using granular activated carbon (GAC) versus photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) for treating a steady-state inlet volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration of 0.27 mg/m(3). The commercial GAC unit was costed assuming that the inlet VOCs had a reasonable carbon sorption affinity, representative of compounds having four or more atoms (exclusive of hydrogen). A representative model PCO unit for indoor air application was designed and costed, using VOC oxidation rate data reported in the literature for the low inlet concentration assumed here, and using a typical illumination intensity. The analysis shows that, for the assumptions used here, the PCO unit would have an installed cost more than 10 times greater, and an annual cost almost seven times greater, than the GAC unit. It also suggests that PCO costs cannot likely be reduced by a factor greater than 2-4, solely by improvements in the PCO system configuration and reductions in unit component costs. Rather, an improved catalyst having a higher quantum efficiency would be needed, increasing reaction rates and reducing illumination requirements relative to the catalysts reported in the literature. GAC costs would increase significantly if the VOCs to be removed were lighter and more poorly sorbed than assumed in this analysis. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Henschel, DB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bhenschel@engineer.aeerl.epa.gov NR 28 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 985 EP 994 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164NG UT WOS:000078470000012 PM 28067151 ER PT J AU Paulsen, SG Hughes, RM Larsen, DP AF Paulsen, SG Hughes, RM Larsen, DP TI Critical elements in describing and understanding our nation's aquatic resources SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE survey sampling design; biological indicators; monitoring; status and trend estimates; aquatic life use; lake trophic state; coho salmon; aquatic ecosystems; water quality ID UNITED-STATES; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; MONITORING PROGRAM; LAKES; TRENDS; RIVERS; QUALITY; CLASSIFICATION; DIVERSITY; STREAMS AB Despite spending $115 billion per year on environmental actions in the United States, we have only a limited ability to describe the effectiveness of these expenditures. Moreover, after decades of such investments, we cannot accurately describe status and trends in the nation's aquatic ecosystems or even those in specific regions. Why? This situation has arisen in part because we have excluded the fundamental principles of probability designs that are widely used in other fields and we have often ignored direct measures of biota, the subjects of greatest concern. To demonstrate the results of ignoring these powerful statistical and biological tools, we present four case studies. These studies compare estimates of aquatic resource status derived from using (1) a probability-based study design, often with biological measures of condition; and (2) a nonstatistical study design, often using chemical surrogates. In three of the four cases, the results derived from the nonstatistical perspective underestimate the degree of biological degradation. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Paulsen, SG (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 81 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 995 EP 1005 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04148.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 137MR UT WOS:000076919000002 ER PT J AU Wigington, PJ Church, MR Strickland, TC Eshleman, KN Van Sickle, J AF Wigington, PJ Church, MR Strickland, TC Eshleman, KN Van Sickle, J TI Autumn chemistry of Oregon Coast Range streams SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE hydrochemistry; forested watersheds; nitrogen; red alder; nutrient cycling; sea salt; marine influence; water quality ID SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; WESTERN OREGON; NATIONAL-PARK; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; SOIL ACIDIFICATION; HUBBARD BROOK; UNITED-STATES; DOUGLAS-FIR; SEA SALTS AB During an autumn runoff event we sampled 48 streams with predominantly forested watersheds and igneous bedrock in the Oregon Coast Range. The streams had acid neutralizing capacities (ANC) > 90 mu eq/L and pH > 6.4. Streamwater Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations were greater than KC concentrations. Anion concentrations generally followed the order of Cl- > NO3- > SO42-. Chloride and Na+ concentrations were highest in samples collated in streams near the Pacific Ocean and decreased markedly as distance from the coast increased. Sea salt exerted no discernible influence on stream water acid-base status during the sampling period. Nitrate concentrations in the study streams were remarkably variable, ranging from below detection to 172 mu eq/L. We hypothesize that forest vegetation is the primary control of spatial variability of the NO3- concentrations in Oregon Coast Range streams. We believe that symbiotic N fixation by red alder in pure or mixed stands is the primary source of N to forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range. C1 US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Wigington, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM pjw@mail.cor.epa.gov RI Eshleman, Keith/J-6531-2015; OI Strickland, Timothy/0000-0001-6889-503X NR 56 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1035 EP 1049 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04152.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 137MR UT WOS:000076919000006 ER PT J AU Matlock, MD Matlock, ME Storm, DE Smolen, MD Henley, WJ AF Matlock, MD Matlock, ME Storm, DE Smolen, MD Henley, WJ TI Limiting nutrient determination in lotic ecosystems using a quantitative nutrient enrichment periphytometer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; nutrient limitation; periphyton; nitrogen; phosphorus ID FRESH-WATER PERIPHYTON; GROWTH; BIOASSAY; STREAMS; LAKE; GRAZERS; LIGHT AB The decline of water quality in United States' lotic ecosystems (streams and rivers) has been linked to nonpoint source nutrient loading (U.S. EPA, 1990). Determining limiting nutrients in streams is difficult due to the variable nature of lotic ecosystems. We developed a quantitative passive diffusion periphyton nutrient enrichment system, called the Matlock Periphytometer, to measure the response of attached algae (periphyton) to nutrient enrichment. The system is simple to build and provides quantitative nutrient enrichment of a surface for periphytic growth. The periphyton grow on a glass fiber filter, which allows complete recovery of periphyton for chlorophyll a analysis. A 14-kilodalton dialysis membrane was used as a biofilter to prevent bacterial and algal contamination of the nutrient solution. We determined the rates of diffusion of nitrogen and phosphorus ions across the Matlock Periphytometer's dialysis membrane and glass fiber filter over a 21-day period (42 and 22 mu g/cm(2)/hr, respectively). We used the Matlock Periphytometer to determine the limiting nutrient in a woodland stream. Six replicates each of a control, nitrogen, and phosphorus treatment were placed in the stream for 14 days. The results indicated that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the stream for the period and location sampled. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Pawnee Nutr, Pawnee, OK 74058 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Bot, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Matlock, MD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1141 EP 1147 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04160.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 137MR UT WOS:000076919000014 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Goodrich, JA Lykins, BW Neal, JR AF Clark, RM Goodrich, JA Lykins, BW Neal, JR TI Evaluating the effects of upstream dischargers on downstream water supplies: a source water protection model SO JOURNAL OF WATER SERVICES RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article AB Source water protection is a Component of the 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act. Drinking water utilities have adopted widely different philosophies for source water protection. The City of New York, with large upland water reservoirs, is investing millions of dollars in land use planning and control, while in contrast, the City of Cincinnati, which uses the Ohio River as its source has spent millions of dollars in state-of-the-art water treatment. The Ohio River represents a special challenge because of the varied nature of water use in the basin, and it has experienced some of the largest inland chemical and industrial spills in the world. In order to provide utilities on the Ohio River and its tributaries with protection against the contamination of their drinking water, the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) was formed. ORSANCO, in conjunction with the USEPA has developed a spill modelling system based on GIS and water quality models to predict the propagation of spills and point discharges in the Ohio River. Results from the study are discussed in this paper. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Water Qual Management Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SERV RES TEC JI J. Water Serv. Res. Technol.-Aqua PD OCT PY 1998 VL 47 IS 5 BP 215 EP 222 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 138KM UT WOS:000076971100003 ER PT J AU Gutjahr-Gobell, RE AF Gutjahr-Gobell, RE TI Growth of juveniles and egg production of mummichogs fed different diets in the laboratory SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; REPRODUCTION; HISTORY AB This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of six diets to promote growth, survival, and egg production in juvenile mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus reared in the laboratory. Fish were fed one of six diets-nauplii of brine shrimp Artemis sp. (24 h posthatch), frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, Salomon Moist, TetraMin, or Canadian Moist-for 33 weeks. The instantaneous growth rate in mummichogs changed significantly (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) between diet treatment and over time. TetraMin and Canadian Moist produced the lowest growth overall. Survival was high for fish fed brine shrimp nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, and TetraMin. There were no significant differences in egg production on the basis of total female weight. Brine shrimp nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, and Salomon Moist promoted the best growth; brine shrimp nauplii, frozen brine shrimp, BioTrainer, and TetraMin promoted the best survival. Fish size rather than diet affected total egg production. Processed diets high in animal protein that contained added flavor enhancement promoted better growth in juvenile mummichogs than diets made of plant and animal products. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Gutjahr-Gobell, RE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM gobell.ruth@epamail.epa.gov NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 276 EP 283 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0276:GOJAEP>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142GG UT WOS:000077191400004 ER PT J AU Ivanov, J Mekenyan, O Bradbury, SP Schuurmann, G AF Ivanov, J Mekenyan, O Bradbury, SP Schuurmann, G TI A kinetic analysis of the conformational flexibility of steroid hormones SO QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS LA English DT Article DE steroids; estradiol; conformational flexibility; conformational energy surface; quantum chemical AM1 model ID RECEPTOR-BINDING-AFFINITY; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; LIGANDS; SYSTEM; MODEL; SITES; QSAR; AM1 AB For a set of 10 androgen steroids and estradiol (E-2), the kinetic feasibility of conformation flexibility of the cyclic moieties was studied under the constraint of maintaining the B/C trans and C/D trans ring fusion of the natural and biologically active enantiomer. To this end, the conformational energy surface was quantified using the semiempirical quantum chemical AMI model. The computational analysis included the location of Conformational transition states with associated barriers, and intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations to characterize the trajectories of the rotations and the relationships of the transition states to neighbouring chair and twist conformations. Conformational transformations were observed only for the A and B rings except for E-2, which yielded corresponding transformations for the B and C ring, respectively. Interestingly, the rotation barriers starting from the lowest-energy conformations differed substantially, ranging from below 10 kJ/mol for four compounds to 18-20 kJ/mol for another five compounds. Moreover, chair and twist conformations were found only for steroids with higher saturated rings, while semichairs and semitwists occurred for steroids with aromatic or partly unsaturated rings, and B-ring transformations lead to kinetically unstable conformations with very flat energy minima. Although the rotation barriers for most of the transitions are clearly above the thermal energy (kT) at room temperature when evaluated relative to the lowest-energy conformations, the associated energy demands are well below the gain in energy from ligand-receptor binding. The results suggest that conformer interconversion are feasible from both a thermodynamic and kinetic perspective, and support previous investigations in which conformer distributions rather than lowest energy conformations were considered when assessing hormone receptor topography and the biological activity of ligands. C1 UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Chem Ecotoxicol, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Bourgas Univ As Zlatarov, Dept Phys Chem, Bratislava 8010, Slovakia. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ivanov, J (reprint author), UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Chem Ecotoxicol, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. RI Schuurmann, Gerrit/E-7962-2017 OI Schuurmann, Gerrit/0000-0002-3789-1703 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0931-8771 J9 QUANT STRUCT-ACT REL JI Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 437 EP 449 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3838(199810)17:05<437::AID-QSAR437>3.3.CO;2-B PG 13 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 141RR UT WOS:000077157700003 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Lindstrom, AB AF Pleil, JD Lindstrom, AB TI Sample timing and mathematical considerations for modeling breath elimination of volatile organic compounds SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE blood levels; blood concentrations; exhaled breath; PBPK; pharmacokinetic; sampling ID BUTYL ETHER MTBE; ALVEOLAR BREATH; EXHALED BREATH; EXPOSURE; CHLOROFORM; WATER; COLLECTION; CHAMBER; HUMANS; AIR AB Real-world exposure measurements are a necessary ingredient for subsequent detailed study of the risks from an environmental pollutant. For volatile organic compounds, researchers are applying exhaled breath analysis and the time dependence of concentrations as a noninvasive indicator of exposure, dose, and blood levels. To optimize the acquisition of such data, samples must be collected in a time frame suited to the needs of the mathematical model, within physical limitations of the equipment and subjects, and within logistical constraints. Additionally, one must consider the impact of measurement error on the eventual extraction of biologically and physiologically relevant parameters. Given a particular mathematical model for the elimination kinetics (in this case a very simple pharmacokinetic model based upon a multiterm exponential decay function that has been shown to fit real-world data extremely well), we investigated the effects on synthetic data caused by sample timing, random measurement error, and number of terms included in the model. This information generated a series of conditions for collecting samples and performing analyses dependent upon the eventual informational needs, and it provided an estimate of error associated with various choices and compromises. Though the work was geared specifically toward breath sampling, it is equally applicable to direct blood measurements in optimizing sampling strategy and improving the exposure assessment process. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 18 IS 5 BP 585 EP 602 DI 10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005933.06396.5f PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 143ZG UT WOS:000077287000007 PM 9853394 ER PT J AU Shimada, H Takiguchi, M Waalkes, MP AF Shimada, H Takiguchi, M Waalkes, MP TI Modification of the adverse effects of cadmium exposure by steroid compounds in rodents: A review SO TOXIC SUBSTANCE MECHANISMS LA English DT Article ID ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES; INDUCED METALLOTHIONEIN SYNTHESIS; ZINC-INDUCED TOLERANCE; MALE FISCHER F344/NCR; PROGESTERONE PRETREATMENT; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION; MOUSE METALLOTHIONEIN; INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; TREATED RATS AB Cadmium is ct very important metal toxin and environmental pollutant. In rodents, the acute and chronic toxic effects of cadmium are pronounced in several tissues including the lung, liver, kidney, prostate, and testes. The toxic effects of cadmium can be modulated by pretreatments or concurrent treatments with various metallic and nonmetallic substances. This review focuses on the effects of steroid hormones and steroid antagonists on cadmium toxicity in, vivo. Steroids can have a variety of effects on cadmium toxicity including both mitigation and exacerbation of the adverse effects of this metal. Steroids or steroid antagonists that have been reported to modify cadmium toxicity include testosterone, progesterone, cyproterone, estradiol, and stilbestrol. Some steroids, like dexamethasone and corticosterone, are inducers of metallothionein (MT), a cadmium-binding protein thought to be important in cadmium tolerance. From these reports several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain the modulating effects of steroids on cadmium toxicity. This article reviews available literature on this topic anal attempts to explore the possible mechanisms of acquired tolerance to cadmium in rodents or enhanced cadmium toxicity produced by exposure to steroid compounds. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Inorgan Carcinogenesis Sect, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, NCI, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 91 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1076-9188 J9 TOX SUBST MECH JI Tox. Subst. Mech. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 267 EP 284 DI 10.1080/107691898229260 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 131YG UT WOS:000076602400003 ER PT J AU Hurst, CH Abbott, BD DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF Hurst, CH Abbott, BD DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in pregnant Long Evans rats: Disposition to maternal and embryo/fetal tissues SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD; toxicokinetics; disposition; body burden; embryo; fetus ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; CELL-PROLIFERATION; ANDROGENIC STATUS; P-DIOXINS; TCDD; MICE; TERATOGENICITY; TOXICOKINETICS; EXPRESSION AB Prenatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) interferes with fetal development at doses lower than those causing overt toxicity in adult animals. In a multigeneration study (Murray et al., 1979), female rats that were administered 0.01 mu g TCDD/kg/day in their diet did not experience reduced fertility; however, reduced fertility was seen in the F-1 and F-2 generations. Exposure to TCDD during development produces alterations in the reproductive system of the developing pups, such as delayed puberty and reduced sperm counts in males (Mably et al., 1992a; Gray et al., 1995) and malformations in the external genitalia of females (Gray and Ostby, 1995). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine maternal and fetal tissue concentrations of TCDD that are associated with the adverse reproductive effects seen by Gray and co-workers. Pregnant Long Evans rats received a single oral dose of 1.15 mu g [H-3]TCDD/kg on Gestation Day (GD) 8 and maternal as well as fetal tissue concentrations of TCDD were measured on GD9, GD16, and GD21. On GD9, the highest level of TCDD localized in the maternal liver (25.1% dose). In addition, the amount reaching all the embryos on GD9 was 0.01% of the administered dose, which resulted in a concentration of 0.02% dose/g. The amount of TCDD reaching the fetal compartment (fetuses + placentas) increased to 0.12% dose/tissue on GD16 and 0.71% by GD21. The concentration of TCDD within the fetal compartment (0.01% dose/g) on GD16 was comparable to that found in the maternal blood and spleen. Concentrations of TCDD in a single embryo/fetus were 39.6, 18.1, and 22.1 pg/g on GD9, GD16, and GD21, respectively. Estimates of hepatic half-life of elimination in pregnant rats suggested that TCDD may be eliminated faster in pregnant LE rats. Therefore, measurements of biliary elimination were made in pregnant and nonpregnant LE rats to compare rates of metabolism; however, biliary elimination of TCDD is not affected by pregnancy. In conclusion, this dose administered during a critical period of organogenesis causes adverse effects on the developing reproductive system of rodents. This dose produced a body burden of 22.1 pg TCDD/g within a single fetus on GD21. This indicates that low-level TCDD exposure during the perinatal stage of life can produce adverse effects within the developing pups. (C) 1998 society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Hurst, CH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM chhurst@med.unc.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07126] NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 45 IS 2 BP 129 EP 136 DI 10.1093/toxsci/45.2.129 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 136XA UT WOS:000076883300001 PM 9848119 ER PT J AU Ward, MDW Sailstad, DM Selgrade, MK AF Ward, MDW Sailstad, DM Selgrade, MK TI Allergic responses to the biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae in balb/c mice SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CUTICLE-DEGRADING ENZYMES; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; HOUSE DUST; COCKROACH; EXPOSURE; ASTHMA; ANTIGEN; INTRATRACHEAL; IGE AB Metarhizium anisopliae is used as a microbial pesticide to control cockroaches and other insects. M. anisopliae has demonstrated neither infectivity nor toxicity in mammals, However, allergenicity has not been assessed. ill. anisopliae is a prototype for other organisms released into the environment for pesticide or other beneficial applications. Hence this study is part of an effort to develop methods for screening such organisms for allergenic potential. Soluble factors from fungal components were combined in equal protein amounts to form a crude fungal antigen (MACA). Balb/c mice were intratracheally (IT) challenged with 25 mu g fungal antigen 13 days post intraperitoneal sensitization with the fungal antigen in alhydrogel adjuvant. Additionally, mice were sensitized with adjuvant alone or chitin media in adjuvant as experimental controls. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested prior to challenge and at 1 and 7 days post IT challenge (DPIT). These mice exhibited immune and pulmonary inflammatory responses to MACA characteristic of allergy. Total serum IgE for antigen-sensitized animals increased 7.6-and 14.7-fold over that for chitin media and adjuvant controls, respectively, at 7 DPIT. Less striking increases were seen at 24 DPIT and prior to challenge. BALF IL-4 was dramatically elevated only in MACA-sensitized and challenged mice and only at 1 DPIT. Additionally, there was a dose-dependent increase in BALF eosinophils from MACA-sensitized mice at both 1 and 7 DPIT. While lymphocyte counts were increased for all treatment groups at 1 DPIT, by 7 DPIT lymphocyte counts for MACA-sensitized mice only were significantly elevated compared to controls. Pulmonary inflammation, edema, and cell damage were apparent at 1 DPIT (25 mu g MACA), as indicated by a neutrophilic influx and elevated levels of total protein and LDH, in both sensitized and control groups. These effects were significantly decreased, but not eliminated by reduction of the challenge dose to either 10 or 5 mu g MACA. While BALF IL-4 was also reduced at the lower challenge doses, eosinophilia and total IgE were unchanged. The data suggest that the crude fungal extract MACA contains one or more potent allergens and that total IgE may be useful in the identification of the allergen(s). (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ward, MDW (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 41 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 45 IS 2 BP 195 EP 203 DI 10.1093/toxsci/45.2.195 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 136XA UT WOS:000076883300008 PM 9848126 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Fisher, JW Confer, PD Byczkowski, JZ AF Lipscomb, JC Fisher, JW Confer, PD Byczkowski, JZ TI In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for trichloroethylene metabolism in humans SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROSOMAL MONOOXYGENASE MARKERS; INVIVO DRUG-METABOLISM; MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; IN-VITRO; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; CHLORAL HYDRATE; INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; HUMAN HEPATOCYTES AB The use of in vitro systems in the assessment of xenobiotic metabolism has distinct advantages and disadvantages. While isolated hepatocytes and microsomes prepared from human liver may be used to generate data for comparisons among species and in vitro systems, such comparisons are generally performed on the basis of microsomal protein or million (viable) hepatocytes. Recently, in vitro data have been investigated for their value as quantitative predictors of in vivo metabolic capacity. Because of the existence of large amounts of trichloroethylene (TRI) data in the human, we have examined the metabolism of TRI as a case study in the development of a method to compare metabolism across species using in vitro systems and for extrapolation of metabolic rates from in vitro to in vivo. TRI is well metabolized by human hepatocytes in culture with a K(m) of 266 +/- 202 ppm (mean +/- SD) in headspace and a V(max) of 16.1 +/- 12.9 nmol/h/10(6) viable hepatocytes, We determined that human liver contains approximately 116 x 10(6) hepatocytes and 20.8 mg microsomal protein/g, based on DNA recovery and glucose-6-phosphatase activity, respectively. Thus, the microsomal protein content of hepatocytes is 179 mu g microsomal protein/10(6) isolated hepatocytes. The microsomal apparent V(max) value of 1589 pmol/min/mg microsomal protein extrapolates to 17.07 nmol/h/10(6) hepatocytes. The combination of protein recovery and metabolic rate predicted a V(max) of approximately 1400 nmol/h/g human liver, which, when extrapolated and incorporated into an existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for TRI, slightly underpredicted TRI metabolism in the intact human. The quantitation, extrapolation, and inclusion of extrahepatic and cytochrome P450 (CYP)-independent TRI metabolism may increase the predictive value of this approach. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate,AFRL HEST, Crew Survivabil & Logist Div,Operat Toxicol Branc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Geocenters Inc, Newton, MA 02159 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Dayton, OH 45437 USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr,MC-190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 52 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 152 IS 2 BP 376 EP 387 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8485 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 138VU UT WOS:000076994700010 PM 9853006 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Yang, Y Ramsdell, JS AF Gordon, CJ Yang, Y Ramsdell, JS TI Behavioral thermoregulatory response to maitotoxin in mice SO TOXICON LA English DT Article ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; CIGUATOXIN; CIGUATERA; INJURY; RAT AB Many types of marine algal toxins induce marked hypothermic responses in mice. However, it is not known if the thermoregulatory response to these toxins results from dysfunction in the control of core temperature (T-c) or is a coordinated response to lower T-c as occurs with a variety of xenobiotic insults. Female CD-1 mice were administered purified maitotoxin (338 ng/kg; IP) and placed in a temperature gradient for 5 h that permitted the selection of ambient temperatures (T-a) ranging between 15 and 37 degrees C, T-c was monitored simultaneously by radiotelemetric probes that were surgically implanted into the abdominal cavity at least one week before maitotoxin injection. Maitotoxin led to a rapid reduction in T-c from 37 to 34 degrees C within 30 min after injection. There was a simultaneous 4 degrees C reduction in T-a selected by mice within 15 min after injection. Selected T-a recovered rapidly, increased above baseline for approximately one hour, then remained near baseline levels for the remainder of the test period in the gradient. T-c remained approximately 1 to 2 degrees C below control levels throughout the test period. In the temperature gradient, mice can select T-a's warm enough to offset the hypothermic effects of maitotoxin. That cooler T-a's are selected initially after maitotoxin injection suggest that the central neural control of body temperature is affected by the toxin, We postulate that the hypothermic response may represent an adaptive response to enhance survival following exposure to polyether toxins. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston Lab, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1341 EP 1347 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00010-5 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 108JX UT WOS:000075263700003 PM 9723833 ER PT J AU Guak, S Olsyzk, DM Fuchigami, LH Tingey, DT AF Guak, S Olsyzk, DM Fuchigami, LH Tingey, DT TI Effects of elevated CO(2) and temperature on cold hardiness and spring bud burst and growth in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chill days; chilling requirements; climate change; climatic warming; cold hardening; dehardening; elevated carbon dioxide; thermal time; visible injury ID FROST DAMAGE; PICEA-SITCHENSIS; BUDBURST; PROBABILITY; DORMANCY; TREES; RISK AB We examined effects of elevated CO(2) and temperature on cold hardiness and bud burst of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) seedlings. Two-year-old seedlings were grown for 2.5 years in semi-closed, sunlit chambers at either ambient or elevated (ambient + approximate to 4 degrees C) air temperature in the presence of an ambient or elevated (ambient + approximate to 200 ppm) CO(2) concentration. The elevated temperature treatment delayed needle cold hardening in the autumn and slowed dehardening in the spring. At maximum hardiness, trees in the elevated temperature treatment were less hardy by about 7 degrees C than trees in the ambient temperature treatment. In general, trees exposed to elevated CO(2) were slightly less hardy during hardening and dehardening than trees exposed to ambient CO(2). For trees in the elevated temperature treatments, date to 30% burst of branch terminal buds was advanced by about 6 and 15 days in the presence of elevated CO(2) and ambient CO(2), respectively. After bud burst started, however, the rate of increase in % bud burst was slower in the elevated temperature treatments than in the ambient temperature treatments. Time of bud burst was more synchronous and bud burst was completed within a shorter period in trees at ambient temperature (with and without elevated CO(2)) than in trees at elevated temperature. Exposure to elevated temperature reduced final % bud burst of both leader and branch terminal buds and reduced growth of the leader shoot. We conclude that climatic warming will influence the physiological processes of dormancy and cold hardiness development in Douglas-fir growing in the relatively mild temperate region of western Oregon, reducing bud burst and shoot growth. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Fuchigami, LH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 18 IS 10 BP 671 EP 679 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 119FF UT WOS:000075884800005 ER PT J AU Sherwin, RP Richters, V Everson, RB Richters, A AF Sherwin, RP Richters, V Everson, RB Richters, A TI Chronic glandular bronchitis in young individuals residing in a metropolitan area SO VIRCHOWS ARCHIV-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bronchus gland; inflammation; fibrosis; atrophy ID RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; ASTHMA; INFLAMMATION; AIRWAYS; OZONE; EPITHELIUM; EMPHYSEMA; DISEASE; COHORT; LAVAGE AB A study of 161 Los Angeles County residents aged 12-28 years old who had died sudden violent deaths showed frequent and severe chronic glandular bronchitis (CGB), that is to say grade greater than or equal to 5 (0-10) chronic inflammation involving at least one, half or more, and all submucosal glands in 53.4%, 21%, and 4.4% of the main stem bronchi, respectively. The mean plasma cell/gland/bronchus was high (greater than or equal to 5) for 22 subjects (13.7%), while only 2 bronchi (1.2%) had a correspondingly high lymphocyte mean (P<0.001). Of the bronchi, 75.2% were affected by glandular atrophy (greater than or equal to 5 in 8.1%), 10.6% had neutrophil infiltration of glands, and 3.1% had acute sialadenitis. Of the total of 1040 glands, CGB was found in 83.8% (25 in 26.5%). Of 25 non-smokers identified, 14 (56%) had some degree of CGB in greater than or equal to 50% of the glands, severe in 7 (26%). Severe CGB in many young individuals raises concern that a subpopulation of living cohorts may have an increased susceptibility to disease and a rising incidence of chronic lung disease. Demographic analysis is pending, but respiratory infection, smoking, adverse socioeconomic factors, and air pollution are all potential causative factors. Since pollution in Los Angeles frequently exceeds air quality standards, an ongoing multicity study is attempting to distinguish between the suspected effects of air pollution and confounding variables. C1 Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div MD58C, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Sherwin, RP (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 2011 Zonal Ave HMR 201, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. EM sherwin@pathfinder.hsc.usc.edu NR 52 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0945-6317 J9 VIRCHOWS ARCH JI Virchows Arch. Int. J. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 433 IS 4 BP 341 EP 348 DI 10.1007/s004280050258 PG 8 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 129KX UT WOS:000076463300008 PM 9808436 ER PT J AU El-Zanfaly, HT Reasoner, DJ Geldreich, EE AF El-Zanfaly, HT Reasoner, DJ Geldreich, EE TI Bacteriological changes associated with granular activated carbon in a pilot water treatment plant SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE antibiotic resistant bacteria; coliforms; granular activated carbon (GAC); heterotrophic bacteria (HPC); water treatment ID POTABLE WATER; BACTERIA AB Bacteriological analysis were performed on collected water samples from a conventional water treatment pilot plant in Cincinnati, Ohio in which granular activated carbon (GAC) has been used as the final process to assess the impact of GAC on the bacteriological quality and incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in water produced. Heterotrophic bacterial counts (HPC) at 20 degrees C was stabilized at 10(2) to 19(4) cfu mL(-1) and did not markedly differ at different water treatment processes. On the other hand, slight reduction in HPC was observed for the effluent produced from sand filter and GAC contactors. Effluents produced from both the sand filter and GAC contactors showed 2 log reduction in coliforms count. Fecal coliform showed the same rate of reduction as a result of sand filtration, while it reached undetectable numbers in the effluent of GAC contactors. Subculturing the isolated strains in tryptic soy broth revealed that 61.3, 61.5, 12.6 and 8.5% of HPC at 28 degrees C, total coliforms and fecal coliform, respectively were non-culturable. In this case, R2A or R3A broth was used as subculturing media. The incidence of coliform resistant strains among isolates varied significantly according to the source of water samples. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was not always high in the same samples in which the overall resistance was high. The species composition varied considerably in different water samples. Selection for bacteria exhibiting resistance to antibiotic or antibiotics was observed under some experimental conditions using different doses of chlorine. The antibiotic resistance character was mostly transferable. As a conclusion, the use of GAC has no observable adverse effect on the bacteriological quality of the water produced from the pilot plant under investigation. C1 Natl Res Ctr, Dept Water Pollut Control, Cairo, Egypt. US EPA, Risk Reduct Engn Lab, Div Drinking Water Res, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP El-Zanfaly, HT (reprint author), Natl Res Ctr, Dept Water Pollut Control, Cairo, Egypt. OI El-Zanfaly, Helmy/0000-0002-0575-2207 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 107 IS 1-4 BP 73 EP 80 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 117XT UT WOS:000075808500005 ER PT J AU Cheng, JY Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Cheng, JY Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Anaerobic biotransformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with ethanol, methanol, acetic acid and hydrogen as primary substrates SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acetic acid; anaerobic; Biochemical Methane Potential biotransformation; 2,4-dinitrotoluene; ethanol; hydrogen; methanol ID PSEUDOMONAS SP; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSFORMATION; BIODEGRADATION; REDUCTION; PRODUCTS; STRAIN AB 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) was anaerobically reduced to 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) with either ethanol, methanol, acetic acid or hydrogen as the primary substrate. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests in an anaerobic respirometer indicate that 2,4-DNT was reductively biotransformed to 2,4-DAT via 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) or 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) with either methanol, acetic acid or hydrogen as the primary substrate under anaerobic conditions as it was with ethanol as the primary substrate. However, the rate of 2,4-DNT biotransformation was much higher with ethanol as the primary substrate than that with either methanol or acetic acid as the primary substrate. Ethanol-enriched anaerobic culture was much better for the reductive biotransformation of 2,4-DNT than methanol- and acetate-enriched cultures when hydrogen was used as the primary substrate. Biotransformation of 2,4-DNT was not observed without any primary substrate. 2,4-DNT was not completely transformed to 2,4-DAT in the BMP tests unless enough ethanol was initially added to produce twice or more the hydrogen stoichiometrically needed for the reductive biotransformation. The addition of a high concentration of ethanol accelerated the reductive bibtransformation of 2,4-DNT. The presence of 2,4-DNT, 4-A-2-NT and 2-A-4-NT inhibited the methanogeneses of methanol, acetate and hydrogen, as they did on the acetogenesis of ethanol. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cheng, JY (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 32 IS 10 BP 2921 EP 2930 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00089-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 118KM UT WOS:000075837300007 ER PT J AU Atwood, GA Greene, HL Chintawar, P Rachapudi, R Ramachandran, B Vogel, CA AF Atwood, GA Greene, HL Chintawar, P Rachapudi, R Ramachandran, B Vogel, CA TI Trichloroethylene sorption and oxidation using a dual function sorbent/catalyst in a falling furnace reactor SO APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL LA English DT Article DE sorption; adsorption; catalysis; zeolites; VOCs; oxidation; remediation ID SORBENT CATALYST MEDIA; ZEOLITE CATALYSTS; DECOMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS; DESTRUCTION AB A dual function zeolite medium (Cr-ZSM-5), capable of physisorbing trichloroethylene (TCE) at ambient temperature and catalytically oxidizing it at elevated temperature (similar to 350 degrees C), was utilized in a novel continuous falling furnace reactor system to store and periodically destroy this chlorinated volatile organic compound, For inlet feed streams between 50 and 1600 ppm of TCE in humid air, overall destruction levels were typically above 99%. Also, since the falling furnace system required heating only during the desorption/reaction portion of the process (5-10% of the cycle time), energy comparison with conventional catalytic reactors is extremely favorable. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, APPCD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Greene, HL (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-3373 J9 APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON JI Appl. Catal. B-Environ. PD SEP 21 PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0926-3373(98)00023-X PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 132DV UT WOS:000076615800003 ER PT J AU Bristow, MP AF Bristow, MP TI Lidar-signal compression by photomultiplier gain modulation: influence of detector nonlinearity SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM; OZONE AB The application of photomultiplier gain modulation to the compression of wide-dynamic-range lidar signals is investigated in relation to the effect of the gain level on anode-signal linearity. Gain reduction is achieved by the coupling of modulation signals through either multidynode or focus-grid gating networks. This technique facilitates signal recovery and prevents detector nonlinearity and dynode damage caused by high near-field lidar signals. The measurements were performed in the current mode primarily on a 50-mm-diameter, 12-stage photomultiplier (EMI 9214) with a bialkali photocathode. With 3- or 4-dynode-based modulation made at a photomultiplier voltage of 1300 V and a gain of 1 x 10(7), signals of similar to 6 mA can be maintained at the 1% linearity limit from 100% to 0.2% modulation, corresponding to a 500-fold reduction in the lidar-signal dynamic range. A significant advantage to dynode modulation is that it preserves the shot-signal-to-noise ratio of the incoming signal, which is not true for focus-grid modulation or external predetection schemes such as controlled obscuration or Pockels-cell modulation that attenuate the as-yet unamplified signal. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Bristow, MP (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 37 IS 27 BP 6468 EP 6479 DI 10.1364/AO.37.006468 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 121WH UT WOS:000076038400025 PM 18286154 ER PT J AU Hubler, G Alvarez, R Daum, P Dennis, R Gillani, N Kleinman, L Luke, W Meagher, J Rider, D Trainer, M Valente, R AF Hubler, G Alvarez, R Daum, P Dennis, R Gillani, N Kleinman, L Luke, W Meagher, J Rider, D Trainer, M Valente, R TI An overview of the airborne activities during the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) 1995 Nashville Middle Tennessee Ozone Study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB The cause and extent of elevated ozone levels which are often found during summer in the southeastern United States were the focus of the intensive Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) 1995 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study. Six aircraft were extensively instrumented and were deployed in concert during the summer of 1995 from the Nashville Metropolitan Airport. This overview describes the capabilities of the deployed assets, and how their use was managed. Results from the measurements on individual aircraft and their interpretation are contained in the individual papers that follow. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, REAL7, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Environm Res Ctr, Muscle Shoals, AL 35660 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hubler, G (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, REAL7, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ghubler@al.noaa.gov RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Luke, Winston/D-1594-2016 OI Luke, Winston/0000-0002-1993-2241 NR 2 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22245 EP 22259 DI 10.1029/98JD01638 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400024 ER PT J AU Apel, EC Calvert, JG Greenberg, JP Riemer, D Zika, R Kleindienst, TE Lonneman, WA Fung, K Fujita, E AF Apel, EC Calvert, JG Greenberg, JP Riemer, D Zika, R Kleindienst, TE Lonneman, WA Fung, K Fujita, E TI Generation and validation of oxygenated volatile organic carbon standards for the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID METHYL VINYL KETONE; RESPONSE FACTORS; ISOPRENE; PHOTOOXIDATION; METHACROLEIN AB Two volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures were made available and utilized for the calibration of instruments and intercomparison exercises at the Youth, Inc. (YI) site during the Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive. Cylinder I, made by Scott-Marrin, Inc., contained 14 components (3 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and 11 oxygen-containing VOCs (OVOCs)) and is referred to as OVOC1. Cylinder 2, made at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), contained 4 components (one NMHC and three OVOCs) and is referred to as OVOC2. The mixtures were not prepared by either laboratory as primary standards but significant effort was applied to validate their concentrations by several different laboratories using several different techniques. The mixtures were prepared in high-pressure cylinders in the parts per million by volume (ppmv) range using calibrated syringe methods. Gas chromatographic (GC) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge/high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems were utilized in the calibration of the cylinders. GC detectors included the flame ionization detector (FID) and atomic emission detector (AED). Results obtained with the GC/FID systems for OVOCs were adjusted in terms of the effective carbon number (ECN), obtained from literature values, to correct for the reduced response of the FID for compounds containing oxygen, relative to compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Cylinder concentrations were derived and compared based on the ECN-adjusted FID results, the AED results, and the DNPH cartridge results. The various methods employed agreed to within approximately 15%. Both cylinders were stable (+/-4%) over a period of 2 years. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Energy & Environm Engn Ctr, Reno, NV 89506 USA. ATMAA, Calabasas, CA 91302 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Atmospher Chem Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Apel, EC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, 1860 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM apel@ucar.edu NR 20 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22281 EP 22294 DI 10.1029/98JD01383 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400026 ER PT J AU Apel, EC Calvert, JG Riemer, D Pos, W Zika, R Kleindienst, TE Lonneman, WA Fung, K Fujita, E Shepson, PB Starn, TK Roberts, PT AF Apel, EC Calvert, JG Riemer, D Pos, W Zika, R Kleindienst, TE Lonneman, WA Fung, K Fujita, E Shepson, PB Starn, TK Roberts, PT TI Measurements comparison of oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site during the 1995 SOS Nashville Intensive SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID METHYL VINYL KETONE; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; UNITED-STATES; ISOPRENE; FORMALDEHYDE; OZONE; HYDROCARBONS; METHACROLEIN; TROPOSPHERE AB Simultaneous measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) by four independent research groups at the Youth Incorporated (YI) site during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive, between July 4 and 30, 1995, provided a unique opportunity to compare results from different techniques. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated C18 (C18(AtmAA)) and Si-Gel (Si-Gel(MTE)) cartridges were compared with each other and with two sorbent-based preconcentration gas chromatographic (GC) techniques coupled with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (GC/MSUM and GC/MSPU) or flame ionization detection GC/FIDUM. The experiment consisted of both a laboratory (part A) and an ambient air comparison (part B). In part A of the study, standard mixtures of OVOCs were diluted in a flowing gas stream of humidified, purified air, both with and without addition of O3, and distributed to participant's instrumentation. Concentrations were compared with the expected values based on known cylinder concentrations and dilution factors. In part B of the study, the instruments sampled ambient air from a common glass manifold. Species intercompared were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propanal. The C18(AtmAA) data were typically higher than the Si-GelMTE data for the four intercompared compounds, and possible explanations are given. Agreement between the cartridge systems and the GC/MS, GC/FID systems for comeasured compounds was poorer than expected but improved towards the end of the experiment. The GC/MS systems tracked each other well for acetone, but there were differences in the absolute concentration values. These results show that improvements in the accuracy and comparability of techniques should be of high priority. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. ManTech Environm, Atmospher Chem Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. AtmAA, Calabasas, CA 91302 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Energy & Environm Engn Ctr, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. RP Apel, EC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM apel@ncar.ucar.edu RI Shepson, Paul/E-9955-2012 NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22295 EP 22316 DI 10.1029/98JD01753 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400027 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD Trainer, M Young, V Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Jobson, BT Fehsenfeld, FC Lonneman, WA Zika, RD Farmer, CT Riemer, DD Rodgers, MO AF Parrish, DD Trainer, M Young, V Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Jobson, BT Fehsenfeld, FC Lonneman, WA Zika, RD Farmer, CT Riemer, DD Rodgers, MO TI Internal consistency tests for evaluation of measurements of anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the troposphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; SOURCE-RECONCILIATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SEASONAL TRENDS; AIR MASSES; NITROGEN; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; ATLANTA AB Measurements of tropospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) made in continental North America should exhibit a common pattern determined by photochemical removal and dilution acting upon the typical North American urban emissions. We analyze I I data sets collected in the United States in the context of this hypothesis, in most cases by analyzing the geometric mean and standard deviations of ratios of selected NMHCs. in the analysis we attribute deviations from the common pattern to plausible systematic and random experimental errors, in some cases the errors have been independently verified and the specific causes identified. Thus this common pattern provides a check for internal consistency in NMHC data sets. Specific tests are presented which should provide useful diagnostics for all data sets of anthropogenic NMHC measurements collected in the United States. Similar tests, based upon the perhaps different emission patterns of other regions, presumably could be developed. The specific tests include(1) a lower limit for ethane concentrations, (2) specific NMHCs that should be detected if any are, (3) the relatively constant mean ratios of the longer-lived NMHCs with similar atmospheric lifetimes, (4) the constant relative patterns of families of NMHCs, and (5) limits on the ambient variability of the NMHC ratios. Many experimental problems are identified in the literature and the Southern Oxidant Study data sets. The most important conclusion of this paper is that a rigorous field intercomparison of simultaneous measurement ambient NMHCs by different techniques and researchers is of crucial importance to the field of atmospheric chemistry. The tests presented here are suggestive of errors but are not definitive; only a field intercomparison can resolve the uncertainties. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Sr Environm Employment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Parrish, DD (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-E-AL7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM parrish@al.noaa.gov RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Jobson, Bertram/0000-0003-1812-9745 NR 46 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22339 EP 22359 DI 10.1029/98JD01364 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400029 ER PT J AU Daughtrey, EH Adams, JR Oliver, KD Kronmiller, KG McClenny, WA AF Daughtrey, EH Adams, JR Oliver, KD Kronmiller, KG McClenny, WA TI Performance characteristics of an automated gas chromatograph ion trap mass spectrometer system used for the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study field investigation in Nashville, Tennessee SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SORBENT PRECONCENTRATION; HYDROCARBONS; AIR AB a trailer-deployed automated gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (autoGC-MS) system capable of making continuous hourly measurements was used to determine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air at New Hendersonville, Tennessee, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, in 1995. The system configuration, including the autoGC-MS, trailer and transfer line, siting, and sampling plan and schedule, is described. The autoGC-MS system employs a pair of matched sorbent traps to allow simultaneous sampling and desorption. Desorption is followed by Stirling engine cryofocusing and subsequent GC separation and mass spectral identification and quantification. Quality control measurements described include evaluating precision and accuracy of replicate analyses of independently supplied audit and round-robin canisters and determining the completeness of the data sets taken in Tennessee. Data quality objectives for precision (+/-10%) and accuracy (+/-20%) of 10- to 20-ppbv audit canisters and a completeness of >75% data capture were met. Quality assurance measures used in reviewing the data set include retention time stability, calibration checks, frequency distribution checks, and checks of the mass spectra. Special procedures and tests were used to minimize sorbent trap artifacts, to verify the quality of a standard prepared in our laboratory, and to prove the integrity of the insulated, heated transfer line. A rigorous determination of total system blank concentration levels using humidified scientific air spiked with ozone allowed estimation of method detection limits, ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 ppb C, for most of the 100 target compounds, which were a composite list of the target compounds for the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station network, those for Environmental Protection Agency method TO-14, and selected oxygenated VOCs. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Methods Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Atmospher Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Daughtrey, EH (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Methods Res, POB 12313,2 Triangle Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM daughtrey.hunter@epamail.epa.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22375 EP 22386 DI 10.1029/98JD01249 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400031 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Greenberg, J Guenther, A Zimmerman, P Geron, C AF Helmig, D Greenberg, J Guenther, A Zimmerman, P Geron, C TI Volatile organic compounds and isoprene oxidation products at a temperate deciduous forest site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID METHYL VINYL KETONE; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; EMISSION RATE VARIABILITY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; TRACE GASES; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; DIURNAL-VARIATION; ALPHA-PINENE; OZONE; AIR AB Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and their role in atmospheric oxidant formation were investigated at a forest site near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as part of the Nashville Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) in July 1995. Of 98 VOCs detected, a major fraction were anthropogenic VOCs such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), alkanes, alkenes and aromatic compounds. Isoprene was the dominant BVOC during daytime. Primary products from BVOC oxidation were methylvinylketone, methacrolein and 3-methylfuran Other compounds studied include the BVOCs cr-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, p-cymene, limonene and cis-3-hexenyl acetate and a series of light alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and seven of the CFCs. The correlation of meteorological parameters, with the mixing ratios of these different compounds, reveals information on atmospheric oxidation processes and transport. Long-lived VOCs show very steady mixing ratio time series. Regionally and anthropogenically emitted VOCs display distinct diurnal cycles with a strong mixing ratio decrease in the morning from the breakup of the nocturnal boundary layer. Nighttime mixing ratio increases of CFCs and anthropogenic VOCs are suspected to derive from emissions within the Knoxville urban area into the shallow nocturnal boundary layer. In contrast, the time series of BVOCs and their oxidation products are determined by a combination of emission control, atmospheric oxidation and deposition, and boundary layer dynamics. Mixing ratio time series data for monoterpenes and cis-3-hexenyl acetate suggest a temporarily emission rate increase during and after heavy rain events. The isoprene oxidation products demonstrate differences in the oxidation pathways during night and day and in their dry and wet deposition rates. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM detlev@terra.colorado.edu RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 64 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22397 EP 22414 DI 10.1029/98JD00969 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400033 ER PT J AU McClenny, WA Daughtrey, EH Adams, JR Oliver, KD Kronmiller, KG AF McClenny, WA Daughtrey, EH Adams, JR Oliver, KD Kronmiller, KG TI Volatile organic compound concentration patterns at the New Hendersonville monitoring site in the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study in the Nashville, Tennessee, area SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; TRACE GASES; SORBENT PRECONCENTRATION; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; UNITED-STATES; AMBIENT AIR; HYDROCARBONS; ISOPRENE; EMISSIONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Ambient gaseous organic compounds were monitored on an hourly basis with an automated gas chromatograph from June 15 to 27. 1995, at the New Hendersonville site near Nashville, Tennessee, as part of the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS). These compounds and their estimated average contributions to the total were as follows: isoprene (2.1 ppbC), methyl vinyl ketone (1.1 ppbC), methacrolein (0.6 ppbC), alpha-pinene plus beta-pinene (1.3 ppbC), and those nonmethane hydrocarbons, minus isoprene, monitored routinely in the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (44.6 ppbC). The sum of n-aldehydes from butanal through nonanal averaged 12.6 ppbC, where a conservative estimate of artifact n-aldehydes has been subtracted Strong diurnal variations in the concentrations of n-aldehydes and the apparent influence of wind shifts on concentration support the existence of n-aldehydes at significant levels in the ambient air. The empirical fit to data as developed by Jobson et al. [1994] was the upper bound to the loci of maximum isoprene concentrations as a function of temperature and the diurnal variation of the ratio of methyl vinyl ketone to methacrolein was similar to that in studies by Montzka er al. [1993] in the rural southeastern United States. The alpha-pinene and beta-pinene concentrations were proportional and alpha-pinene concentrations always less than 2 ppbC. In supplemental experiments at a rural site in North Carolina, the alpha-pinene concentrations showed a distinctive diurnal pattern with high nighttime values and low midday values. Patterns of concentration for the anthropogenic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, and o-xylene versus wind direction showed the impact of a major toluene-emitting source as well as the influence of emissions from the direction of Nashville. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP McClenny, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-46,79 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mcclenny.william@epamail.epa.gov NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22509 EP 22518 DI 10.1029/98JD01571 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400041 ER PT J AU Meyers, TP Finkelstein, P Clarke, J Ellestad, TG Sims, PF AF Meyers, TP Finkelstein, P Clarke, J Ellestad, TG Sims, PF TI A multilayer model for inferring dry deposition using standard meteorological measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER RESISTANCES; OZONE DEPOSITION; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; TRANSFER-COEFFICIENTS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; NITRIC-ACID; CANOPY; FLUCTUATIONS; VELOCITIES AB rn this paper, we describe the latest version of the dry deposition inferential model, which is used to estimate the deposition velocities (V-d) for SO2, O-3, HNO3, and particles with diameters less than 2 mu m. The dry deposition networks operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) use this model to estimate dry deposition on a weekly basis. This model uses a multilayer approach, discretizing the vegetated canopy into 20 layers. The use of canopy radiative transfer and simple wind profile models allows for estimates of stomatal (r(s)) and leaf boundary layer (r(b)) resistances to be determined at each layer in the plant canopy for both sunlit and shaded leaves. The effect of temperature, water stress, and vapor pressure deficits on the stomatal resistance (r(s)) have been included. Comparisons of modeled deposition velocities are made with extensive direct measurements performed at three different locations with different crops. The field experiment is discussed in some detail. Overall, modeled O-3 deposition velocities are in good agreement with measured values with the average mean bias for all surfaces of the order of 0.01 cm/s or less. For SO2, mean biases range from -0.05 for corn to 0.15 cm/s for soybeans, while for HNO3, they range from 0.09 for corn to 0.47 cm/s for pasture. C1 NOAA, ERL, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NOAA, ERL, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Modelling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Meyers, TP (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM meyers@atdd.noaa.gov RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 53 TC 134 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D17 BP 22645 EP 22661 DI 10.1029/98JD01564 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120WM UT WOS:000075980400050 ER PT J AU Dellarco, VL Wiltse, JA AF Dellarco, VL Wiltse, JA TI US Environmental Protection Agency's revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment: incorporating mode of action data SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Satellite Meeting on Cancer and Genetic Risk Assessment - Low Dose-Effect Studies CY SEP 04-06, 1997 CL HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SP Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, BASF AG, Bayer AG, Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, GSF, Forsch Zentrum fur Umwelt & Gesundheit, DKFZ, Deutsch Krebsforsch Zentrum, GUM, Gesell Umwelt Mutat Forsch e V, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Merck AG, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Sandoz Pharma AG, Schering AG DE Environmental Protection Agency; carcinogen; risk assessment ID RELEVANCE C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water 4304, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dellarco, VL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water 4304, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM dellarco.vicki@epamail.epa.gov NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD SEP 20 PY 1998 VL 405 IS 2 BP 273 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00144-4 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 122WJ UT WOS:000076094200018 PM 9748625 ER PT J AU Chapin, M Jutro, PR AF Chapin, M Jutro, PR TI Native coral SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Support Native Lands, Arlington, VA 22201 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chapin, M (reprint author), Ctr Support Native Lands, 3240 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22201 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 18 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5384 BP 1808 EP 1809 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 121HK UT WOS:000076007100029 ER PT J AU Schmitt-Kopplin, P Hertkorn, N Garrison, AW Freitag, D Kettrup, A AF Schmitt-Kopplin, P Hertkorn, N Garrison, AW Freitag, D Kettrup, A TI Influence of borate buffers on the electrophoretic behavior of humic substances in capillary zone electrophoresis SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SITU CHARGED MICELLES; RHAMNOGALACTURONAN-II COMPLEX; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; FLAVONOID-O-GLYCOSIDES; GALACTO-D-MANNAN; B-11 NMR; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; FULVIC-ACID; CELL-WALLS; BORIC-ACID AB The influence of tetrahydroxyborate ions on the electrophoretic mobility of humic acids was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Depending on the molarity of borate ions in the separation buffer, the humic acids exhibit electropherograms with sharp peaks consistently extending from a "humic hump". The variations in the migration times of these peaks depend on the concentration of borate ions in the separation buffer. The complexation of borate ions and humic acid fractions was also analyzed with B-11 and H-1 NMR spectroscopy as well as UV spectrophotometry in solutions of the same composition as the CE separation buffers. Supplementary studies with model compounds (flavonoids, phenolic and sugar acids) indicate reaction mechanisms that include the formation of bidentate esters (monocomplexes) as well as spiranes (tetradentate esters or dicomplexes) within the humic substructure. Special attention must be given to the interpretation of CE electropherograms while fingerprinting humic substances with borate buffers since observed peaks do not necessarily indicate distinct humic components but may be artifacts caused by the interaction of the borate ions with the humic substances. C1 GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Inst Ecol Chem, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Schmitt-Kopplin, P (reprint author), GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Inst Ecol Chem, Ingolstaedter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 73 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 18 BP 3798 EP 3808 DI 10.1021/ac971223j PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 119RT UT WOS:000075911500013 ER PT J AU Zhang, PC Ryan, JA Yang, J AF Zhang, PC Ryan, JA Yang, J TI In vitro soil Pb solubility in the presence of hydroxyapatite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED GASTRIC CONDITIONS; CALCIUM HYDROXYAPATITE; LEAD IMMOBILIZATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; BIOAVAILABILITY; DISSOLUTION; KINETICS; PH; APATITE; MEALS AB The transformation of lead (Pb) in contaminated soils to pyromorphite, by the addition of phosphate minerals, may be an economic in-situ immobilization strategy that results in a reduction of bioavailable Pb, To test this hypothesis, we conducted two sets of soil-solution experiments under constant (i.e., fixed) or dynamic (i.e., variable) pH conditions, as a function of time. In both sets of experiments, Pb-contaminated soil was reacted with synthetic hydroxyapatite in order to determine the transformation rate of soil Pb to pyromorphite and the soluble Pb level during the reaction period. in the constant pH system, the soluble Pb concentration decreased with the addition of apatite at pH 4 and above. However, the transformation was pH-dependent and incomplete at relatively high pH (greater than or equal to 6). The solubility of cerrusite (PbCO3), the major Pb mineral in this soil, still exhibited a strong influence on the solubility of soil Pb. In the dynamic pH experiments, which simulated gastric pH conditions (i.e., pH variation from 2 to 7 within 25 or 45 min), both cerrusite and added apatite were dissolved at low pH values (pH 2 and pH 3), and chloropyromorphite was rapidly precipitated from dissolved Pb and PO4 when the suspension pH was increased. Complete transformation of soil Pb to chloropyromorphite occurred in the pH dynamic experiments within 25 min, indicating rapid reaction kinetics of the formation of chloropyromorphite. Chloropyromorphite solubility controls the soluble Pb concentration during the entire duration of the pH dynamic experiments. This study demonstrates the importance of considering specific site conditions, such as pH, when considering evaluation of soil Pb bioavailability and in-situ immobilization of Ph in Pb-contaminated soils using phosphate amendment. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the kinetics of conversion of soil Pb to chloropyromorphite in the presence of apatite is fast enough to occur during ingestion and that gastric pH conditions would favor the formation of chloropyromorphite, thus rendering ingested soil Pb nonbioavailable. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Zhang, PC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 20 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 18 BP 2763 EP 2768 DI 10.1021/es971065d PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 120NX UT WOS:000075963400016 ER PT J AU Nunez, CM Andrady, AL Guo, RK Baskir, JN Morgan, DR AF Nunez, CM Andrady, AL Guo, RK Baskir, JN Morgan, DR TI Mechanical properties of blends of PAMAM dendrimers with poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate) SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dendritic polymer; blends; coatings ID POLYMER BLENDS; XE-129 NMR; SPECTROSCOPY AB Hybrid blends of poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers with two Linear high polymers, poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and poly( vinyl acetate), PVAc, are reported. The interaction between the blend components was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, xenon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and tensile property measurements. The data suggest a much higher degree of interaction between components of PVAc-containing blends compared to those containing PVC. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Nunez, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-624X J9 J POLYM SCI POL CHEM JI J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 2111 EP 2117 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980915)36:12<2111::AID-POLA17>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 106DP UT WOS:000075114800017 ER PT J AU Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Ford, SE Calvo, LMR Burreson, EM Sutton, EB Gandy, J AF Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Ford, SE Calvo, LMR Burreson, EM Sutton, EB Gandy, J TI Perkinsus marinus tissue distribution and seasonal variation in oysters Crassostrea virginica from Florida, Virginia and New York SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Perkinsus marinus; Crassostrea virginica; tissue distribution; body burdens; seasonal variation; geographic variation ID DEFENSE-RELATED ACTIVITIES; LONG-ISLAND SOUND; EASTERN OYSTERS; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; POPULATIONS; PARASITE; DISEASE; INFECTION; GMELIN; EPIZOOTIOLOGY AB Perkinsus marinus infection intensity was measured in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica collected in October and December 1993, and March, May, and July 1994 from 3 U.S. sites: Apalachicola Bay (FL), Chesapeake Bay (VA), and Oyster Bay (Mr'). Gill, mantle, digestive gland. adductor muscle, hemolymph, and remaining tissue (including gonadal material and rectum) were dissected from 20 oysters from each site at each collection time. Samples were separately diagnosed for P. marin us infections by incubation in Ray's Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (RFTM) and subsequent microscopic quantification of purified enlarged hypnospores. At all sampling times and sites, average P. marinus infection intensity (g wet wt tissue(-1) or ml hemolymph(-1)) was lowest in hemolymph samples, and generally highest in the digestive gland. Perkinsus marinus prevalence was 100% at both FL and NY sites for each of the 5 collection times, and, for the VA site, was less than 100% in only 1 month (May 1994). Seasonal intensity patterns and mean total body burdens differed among the sites. Average body burden was highest in VA during October and progressively declined to a minimum in May. This decline was probably due to mortality of heavily infected oysters and diminution of parasite activity associated with colder temperatures and reduced salinities. Intensities varied little during the months of October and December at both the FL and NY sites. Minimum average intensities were observed in March in FL oysters and May in NY oysters. Relatively high P. marinus infection levels that persisted throughout the winter in NY oysters compared with VA oysters could reflect constant high salinity in Long Island Sound which favors parasite activity, and also rapid decline in temperature in the fall that may have prevented epizootic oyster mortalities. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, Port Norris, NJ 08349 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Oliver, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM oliver.leah@epamail.epa.gov NR 53 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.3354/dao034051 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 139PW UT WOS:000077039000010 PM 9789979 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL Bowman, K AF Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL Bowman, K TI Bioseparation and bioanalytical techniques in environmental monitoring SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Review DE reviews; immunoaffinity chromatography; immunoassays; immunosensors; affinity adsorbents; flow injection analysis ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; PERFORMANCE IMMUNOAFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY; AFFINITY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; COLUMN LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; IMMUNOCHEMICAL DETECTION; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; PROTEIN-G; IMMUNOCAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AB The growing use of antibody-based separation methods has paralleled the expansion of immunochemical detection methods in moving beyond the clinical diagnostic field to applications in environmental monitoring. In recent years high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography, which began as a separation technique in biochemical and clinical research, has been adapted for separating and quantifying environmental pollutants. Bioaffinity offers a selective biological basis for separation that can be incorporated into a modular analytical process for more efficient environmental analysis. The use of immunoaffinity chromatography for separation complements the use of immunoassay for detection. A widely used immunochemical detection method for environmental analyses is enzyme immunoassay. The objective of this paper is to review the status of bioaffinity-based analytical procedures for environmental applications and human exposure assessment studies. Environmental methods based on bioaffinity range from mature immunoassays to emerging techniques such as immunosensors and immunoaffinity chromatography procedures for small molecules. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 88 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 715 IS 1 BP 211 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00261-8 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 124QG UT WOS:000076192800019 PM 9792512 ER PT J AU Keegan, TE Simmons, JE Pegram, RA AF Keegan, TE Simmons, JE Pegram, RA TI NOAEL and LOAEL determinations of acute hepatotoxicity for chloroform and bromodichloromethane delivered in an aqueous vehicle to F344 rats SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID (THM)-INDUCED RENAL DYSFUNCTION; CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; MALE OSBORNE-MENDEL; FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE; DRINKING-WATER; ACUTE TOXICITY; BLADDER-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; TRIHALOMETHANES; DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE AB Chloroform (CHCl3) and bromodichloramethane (BDCM) are generally the two most prevalent disinfection by-products formed during chlorination of drinking water, and both have been shown to be hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and carcinogenic in rodents. As the toxicity of these trihalomethanes (THMs) has most often been studied with corn oil as the vehicle of administration, the objectives of this study were to assess hepatotoxicity after exposure to single, low dosages of CHCl3 and BDCM given orally in an aqueous vehicle to estimate a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) and a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and to compare toxic potency. Ninety-day-old male Fischer 344 rats were gavaged with either 0.125 0.1875, 0.25, 0.5 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 mmol CHCl3 or BDCM/kg body weight in 10% Alkamuls EL-620 (5 ml/kg body weight). At 24 h postgavage, serum was collected for analysis of clinical chemistry indicators of liver damage. Both CHCl3 and BDCM induced dose-dependent hepatotoxicity; serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase were elevated significantly over control at 1.5 1.0, and 0.5 mmol/kg. At these dose levels after 24 h, the two THMs appeared to be equipotent hepatotoxicants. Additional assessments at later lime points demonstrated that BDCM causes more persistent liver damage than CHCl3 (Lilly et al., 1997). At 0.25, 0.1875, and 0.125 mmol of either THM/kg, significant increases over control were not detected for; any measured endpoint. Therefore, these data indicate that the acute, oral NOAELs and LOAELs for liver toxicity are 0.25 and 0.5 mmol/kg, respectively, for both CHCl3 and BDCM. These determinations should provide a basis tb establish new exposure limits for One-Day Health Advisories for these prevalent THMs. C1 US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Environm Sci & Engn Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Pegram, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 55 IS 1 BP 65 EP 75 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 119BF UT WOS:000075874900005 PM 9747604 ER PT J AU Federoff, NE Nowak, RM AF Federoff, NE Nowak, RM TI Cranial and dental abnormalities of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus SO ACTA THERIOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Canis rufus; cranial abnormalities; malocclusion; captivity; inbreeding ID VULPES-VULPES; MALOCCLUSION; LUPUS; POPULATION; WOLVES AB Skulls of 3 captive-raised female endangered red wolves Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851 exhibited severe malocclusion of the jaws. Cranial and dental abnormalities (including crowding of upper toothrows, and an extra tooth behind the lower left Ms in one of the three mandibles) were also evident. Ratios of alveolar length of maxillary toothrow to maximum width across the outer sides of crowns of P-4 were significantly different (p = 0.008) compared to unaffected skulls. Significant differences were also evident when ratios of maximum width across inner edges of alveoli of pl to alveolar length of maxillary toothrow and maximum width across outer sides of crowns of P4 were compared between the two groups. Although the three skulls all exhibited malocclusion, the abnormality expressed itself differently in relation to the effects to each skull. Captive inbreeding may increase the probability and frequency of expressing these anomalies, although inbreeding coefficients calculated for the wolves expressing malocclusion were not considered high (0.0313-0.0508). A wild female red wolf specimen captured in 1921 in Arkansas also exhibited the malocclusion, although not as severely as in the captive females. This demonstrates that this trait was present in wild populations prior to, and not a result of, the captive breeding program. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Federoff, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI BIALOWIEZA PA MAMMAL RESEARCH INST, 17-230 BIALOWIEZA, POLAND SN 0001-7051 J9 ACTA THERIOL JI Acta Theriol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 3 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 131DT UT WOS:000076561000008 ER PT J AU Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Taylor, JL Piantadosi, CA AF Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Taylor, JL Piantadosi, CA TI Induction of ferritin and heme oxygenase-1 by endotoxin in the lung SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipopolysaccharide; oxidants; acute lung injury ID OXIDATIVE STRESS; MESSENGER-RNA; IRON; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; FIBROBLASTS; RESISTANCE; PROTEINS; INJURY AB Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression is increased by forms of oxidative stress that also induce ferritin. Even though this could result from release of iron by heme degradation, we hypothesized that ferritin expression in the lung after endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)I would occur independently of HO-1 because iron sequestration is an important response to infection. We tested this hypothesis by instilling saline or LPS (1 mg) into lungs of rats and measuring ferritin expression, HO-1 expression and activity, and HO-1 and ferritin mRNAs at different times. Lungs were also inflation fixed for immunohistochemistry for HO-1 and ferritin. Studies were performed with and without the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin. Ferritin and HO-1 labeling were minimal (macrophages only) in control lungs. By 4 h after LPS instillation, ferritin staining was present in bronchial epithelium and macrophages, became diffuse at 16 h, and was nearly gone by 48-72 h. HO-1 was detectable in macrophages 4 and 16 h after LPS instillation, increased in macrophages and bronchial epithelium at 24 h, and diffusely increased in bronchial epithelium and the alveolar region at 48-72 h. Lung ferritin content increased significantly by 4 h and peaked at 16 h before declining. HO-1 protein was present by Western blot in control lung, stable at 4 h, and increased by 24 h after LPS instillation, whereas HO enzyme activity had increased by 4 h after LPS instillation. After complete inhibition of HO enzyme activity with tin protoporphyrin, ferritin increased threefold at 4 h and sixfold at 24 h after LPS instillation. HO-1 mRNA increased by 4 h and was sustained at 24 h, whereas ferritin mRNA did not change after LPS instillation. These results indicate that intratracheal LPS rapidly induces ferritin protein in the lung independently of its mRNA synthesis or HO enzyme activity. LPS induces HO-1 mRNA, which is followed by increased expression of protein. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Carraway, MS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Dept Med, Box 3315, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 25 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 275 IS 3 BP L583 EP L592 PG 10 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 116VF UT WOS:000075745200019 PM 9728054 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Graves, LM Quay, J Dailey, LA Devlin, RB Ghio, AJ Wu, WD Bromberg, PA Reed, W AF Samet, JM Graves, LM Quay, J Dailey, LA Devlin, RB Ghio, AJ Wu, WD Bromberg, PA Reed, W TI Activation of MAPKs in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to metals SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE signal transduction; airway epithelial cells; metal toxicology; air pollution; mitogen-activated protein kinases ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; OIL FLY-ASH; NF-KAPPA-B; KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY; RIBOSOMAL S6 KINASES; PROTEIN-KINASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; IN-VITRO; C-JUN; INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AB We have previously shown that in vitro exposure to metallic compounds enhances expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human bronchial epithelial cells. To characterize signaling pathways involved in metal-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and to identify metals that activate them, we studied the effects of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, V, and Zn on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) extracellular receptor kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and P38 in BEAS cells. Noncytotoxic concentrations of As, V, and Zn induced a rapid phosphorylation of MAPK in BEAS cells. Activity assays confirmed marked activation of ERK, JNK, and P38 in BEAS cells exposed to As, V, and Zn. Cr and Cu exposure resulted in a relatively small activation of MAPK, whereas Fe and Ni did not activate MAPK under these conditions. Similarly, the transcription factors c-Jun and ATF-2, substrates of JNK and P38, respectively, were markedly phosphorylated in BEAS cells treated with As, Cr, Cu, V, and Zn. The same acute exposure to As, V, or Zn that activated MAPK was sufficient to induce a subsequent increase in IL-8 protein expression in BEAS cells. These data suggest that MAPK may mediate metal-induced expression of inflammatory proteins in human bronchial epithelial cells. C1 NHEERL, Human Studies Div, US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), NHEERL, Human Studies Div, US EPA, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 65 TC 150 Z9 157 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 275 IS 3 BP L551 EP L558 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 116VF UT WOS:000075745200015 PM 9728050 ER PT J AU Kennedy, T Ghio, AJ Reed, W Samet, J Zagorski, J Quay, J Carter, J Dailey, L Hoidal, JR Devlin, RB AF Kennedy, T Ghio, AJ Reed, W Samet, J Zagorski, J Quay, J Carter, J Dailey, L Hoidal, JR Devlin, RB TI Copper-dependent inflammation and nuclear factor-kappa B activation by particulate air pollution SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; OIL FLY-ASH; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS AB Particulate air pollution causes increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, but the chemical determinants responsible for its biologic effects are not understood. We studied the effect of total suspended particulates collected in Prove, Utah, an area when an increase in respiratory symptoms in relation to levels of particulate pollution has been well documented. Prove particulates caused cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-dependent inflammation of rat lungs. Prove particulates stimulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 production, increased IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cultured BEAS-2B cells, and stimulated IL-8 secretion in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelium. Cytokine secretion was preceded by activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and was reduced by treatment of cultures with superoxide dismutase, deferoxamine, or N-acetylcysteine. These biologic effects were replicated by culturing BEAS cells with quantities of Cu2+ found in Prove extract. IL-8 secretion by BEAS cells could be modified by addition of normal constituents of airway lining fluid to the culture medium. Mucin significantly reduced IL-8 secretion, and ceruloplasmin significantly increased IL-8 secretion and activation of NF-kappa B. These findings suggest that copper ions may cause some of the biologic effects of inhaled particulate air pollution in the Prove region of the United States, and may provide an explanation for the sensitivity of asthmatic individuals to Prove particulates that has been observed in epidemiologic studies. C1 Carolinas Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Charlotte, NC 28232 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Primary Childrens Hosp, Asthma Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA. NIDR, Oral Infect & Immun Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Kennedy, T (reprint author), Carolinas Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, POB 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232 USA. NR 68 TC 119 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 19 IS 3 BP 366 EP 378 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 120UP UT WOS:000075976000004 PM 9730864 ER PT J AU Plopper, CG Hatch, GE Wong, V Duan, XC Weir, AJ Tarkington, BK Devlin, RB Becker, S Buckpitt, AR AF Plopper, CG Hatch, GE Wong, V Duan, XC Weir, AJ Tarkington, BK Devlin, RB Becker, S Buckpitt, AR TI Relationship of inhaled ozone concentration to acute tracheobronchial epithelial injury, site-specific ozone dose, and glutathione depletion in rhesus monkeys SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; DEPENDENT TOLERANCE; AMBIENT LEVELS; RATS; LUNG; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; NASAL; SUBCOMPARTMENTS; HISTOCHEMISTRY AB Acute pulmonary epithelial injury produced by short-term exposure to ozone varies by site within the tracheobronchial tree. To test whether this variability is related to the local dose of ozone at the tissue site or to local concentrations of glutathione, we exposed adult male rhesus monkeys for 2 h to filtered air or to 0.4 or 1.0 ppm ozone generated from O-18(2). Following exposure, lungs were split into lobes and specimens were selected by microdissection so that measurements could be made on airway tissue of similar branching history, including trachea, proximal (generation one or two) and distal (generation six or seven) intrapulmonary bronchi. and proximal respiratory bronchioles. One half of the lung was lavaged for analysis of extracellular components. In monkeys exposed to filtered air, the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) varied throughout the airway tree, with the proximal intrapulmonary bronchus having the lowest concentration and the parenchyma having the highest concentration. Exposure to 1.0 ppm ozone significantly reduced GSH only in the respiratory bronchiole, whereas exposure to 0.4 ppm increased GSH only in the proximal intrapulmonary bronchus. Local ozone dose (measured as excess O-18) varied by as much as a factor of three in different airways of monkeys exposed to 1.0 ppm, with respiratory bronchioles having the highest concentration and the parenchyma the lowest concentration. In monkeys exposed to 0.4 ppm, the ozone dose was 60% to 70% less than in the same site in monkeys exposed to 1.0 ppm. Epithelial disruption was present to some degree in all airway sites, but not in the parenchyma, in animals exposed to 1.0 ppm ozone. The mass of mucous and ciliated cells decreased in all airways, and necrotic and inflammatory cells increased. At 0.4 ppm, epithelial injury was minimal, except in the respiratory bronchiole, where cell loss and necrosis occurred, and was 50% that found in monkeys exposed to 1.0 ppm ozone. We conclude that there is a close association between site-specific O-3 dose, the degree of epithelial injury, and glutathione depletion at local sites in the tracheobronchial tree. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Calif Reg Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Mol Biosci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Plopper, CG (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, VM APC, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [DRR 00169]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04311, ES00628] NR 34 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 19 IS 3 BP 387 EP 399 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 120UP UT WOS:000075976000006 PM 9730866 ER PT J AU Dong, WM Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI Lange, RW Park, P Luster, MI Kari, FW AF Dong, WM Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI Lange, RW Park, P Luster, MI Kari, FW TI Altered alveolar macrophage function in calorie-restricted rats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; DIETARY RESTRICTION; AD-LIBITUM; LIFE-SPAN; MICE; OZONE; TRANSPORT; INFECTION; IMMUNITY; CELLS AB Alveolar macrophage functions associated with clearance of bacteria from the lung were assessed in male Fischer 344 rats maintained on a 25% calorie-restricted diet. Calorie-restricted and nd libitum-fed (control) rats were exposed to concentrations of ozone known to compromise phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages. Ozone suppressed alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of latex beads in vitro in nd libitum-fed rats, but not in calorie-restricted rats. In fact, caloric restriction enhanced phagocytic function in both control and ozone-exposed animals. Ad libitum-fed rats exposed to ozone and challenged with Streptococcus zooepidemicus experienced a prolonged infection and influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), whereas calorie-restricted rats exposed to ozone cleared the bacteria in 24 h without an inflammatory response. Bacterial endotoxin-stimulated in vitro production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as well as expression of TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 messenger RNAs were all lower in alveolar macrophages isolated from calorie-restricted rats. Together, the data suggest that caloric restriction enhances resistance to gram-positive bacteria, while lowering the production of proinflammatory mediators elicited by endotoxin, a component of gram-negative bacteria. Although increased bacterial resistance is considered beneficial, reduction in the lung's ability to induce inflammatory mediators can have both positive and pathophysiologic consequences. C1 NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, Nutr & Toxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kari, FW (reprint author), NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, Nutr & Toxicol Grp, MD B3-09,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 19 IS 3 BP 462 EP 469 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 120UP UT WOS:000075976000014 PM 9730874 ER PT J AU Riddick, EW Dively, G Barbosa, P AF Riddick, EW Dively, G Barbosa, P TI Effect of a seed-mix deployment of Cry3A-transgenic and nontransgenic potato on the abundance of Lebia grandis (Coleoptera : Carabidae) and Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Coleomegilla maculata; Lebia grandis; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Bacillus thuringiensis; transgenic plants ID LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA COLEOPTERA; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; BEETLE COLEOPTERA; NATURAL ENEMIES; TRANSGENIC POTATOES; WINTER-WHEAT; APHIDOPHAGOUS COCCINELLIDAE; LEAFHOPPER HOMOPTERA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ENGINEERED CROPS AB We estimated the relative abundance of 2 important natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in seed-mixed and pure fields of Cry3A-transgenic and nontransgenic potato. Sampling techniques included sweeping foliage, making timed visual counts of predators on foliage, and by trapping soil-dwelling predators in pitfall traps. Adults of Lebia grandis Hentz were less abundant in seed-mixed and pure 100% transgenic potato fields than in nontransgenic potato fields. In contrast, adults of Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) were not affected by the treatments. We predict that L. grandis will rapidly disperse from seed-mixed. and 100% transgenic potato fields because of the low densities of L. decemlineata in these fields. However, C. maculata will thrive and flourish in fields containing transgenic potato, especially when alternative prey or plant pollen are available. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Riddick, EW (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI riddick, eric/0000-0002-4795-961X NR 63 TC 47 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 647 EP 653 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200016 ER PT J AU Carlson, RW Bradbury, SP Drummond, RA Hammermeister, DE AF Carlson, RW Bradbury, SP Drummond, RA Hammermeister, DE TI Neurological effects on startle response and escape from predation by medaka exposed to organic chemicals SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE medaka; Mauthner cell; neurotoxicity; startle response; predation ID ACUTE TOXICITY SYNDROMES; RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON; MAUTHNER CELL; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; PREY CAPTURE; FATHEAD MINNOWS; LARVAL MEDAKA; FISH AB Simultaneous electrophysiological and behavioral studies were performed on 21-32 day old juvenile medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed at sublethal concentrations to organic chemicals representing various modes of action. Non-invasive recordings were made of the electrical impulses generated within giant neuronal Mauthner cells, associated interneurons and motoneurons, and axial musculature, all of which initiate the startle or 'escape' response in fish. Timing in ms between these electrical sequelae was measured for each fish before and after 24 and 48 h exposure to a chemical. Carbaryl and phenol affected Mauthner cell to motoneuron transmission while chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, phenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) showed neuromuscular effects. The variety of neurological effects detected at various concentrations of chemicals tested here suggest that different mechanisms may be responsible. Also noted was the number of startle responses to number of stimuli ratio (RIS); this ratio was affected by most chemicals. Medaka generally appeared to be more susceptible to predation after exposure to chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, fenvalerate, endosulfan, phenol, 1-octanol and DNP. The effects threshold for many of the test compounds was found to be consistent for both the neurophysiological and behavioral endpoints. Consequently, electrophysiological responses of Mauthner cell-initiated startle responses provided a measure of neurological injury that is also directly correlated to a definitive and ecologically relevant behavioral endpoint. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinen Ecol div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Carlson, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinen Ecol div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 48 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 51 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(97)00097-0 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 149UA UT WOS:000077623100005 ER PT J AU Gong, H Simmons, MS Linn, WS McDonnell, WF AF Gong, H Simmons, MS Linn, WS McDonnell, WF TI Relationship between acute ozone responsiveness and chronic loss of lung function in residents of a high-ozone community SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID OBSTRUCTIVE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; TERM AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; UCLA POPULATION; EXPOSURE; STANDARDIZATION; POLLUTION; OXIDANTS; COHORT; VOLUME AB We hypothesized that acute respiratory responsiveness to ozone predicts chronic lung injury from repeated exposure to ozone-containing air pollution. We tested this hypothesis in 164 middle-aged nonsmoking residents of an ozone-polluted community who underwent lung-function measurements during 1986 and 1987 (i.e., time 3). The time-3 study was a follow up of more comprehensive studies conducted in 1977-1978 (time 1) and in 1982-1983 (time 2). In contrast to the apparent rapid (i.e., approximate to 60 ml/y) decline in lung-function measurements between times 1 and 2, our subjects showed little change in forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) between times 2 and 3, and they experienced a normal decline between times 1 and 3. A subgroup (n = 45) underwent 2-h laboratory ozone exposures to 0.4 ppm ozone, accompanied by intermittent exercise, and they experienced mild acute reductions in FEV1.0 and FVC, but there was little change in bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. Individual acute responses to laboratory ozone were not correlated with individual long-term changes between times 1 and 3. In summary, the results did not support our initial hypothesis, and they did not confirm rapid function decline in nonsmokers chronically exposed to ozone-containing air pollution. C1 Rancho Los Amigos Med Ctr, Downey, CA 90242 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Calif Air Resources Board, Div Res, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Gong, H (reprint author), Rancho Los Amigos Med Ctr, 51 Med Sci Bldg,7601 E Imperial Highway, Downey, CA 90242 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 53 IS 5 BP 313 EP 319 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 126VN UT WOS:000076315300003 PM 9766475 ER PT J AU Kerstetter, RE Zepp, RG Carreira, LH AF Kerstetter, RE Zepp, RG Carreira, LH TI Peroxidases in grass dew derived from guttation: possible role in polymerization of soil organic matter SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE grasses; guttation; peroxidases; peroxide deposition; polymerization; soil organic matter ID ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CHEMISTRY; ACID; WATERS; SUMMER; TREES; FLUID; NOX AB Peroxidases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cross-linking and polymerization of certain organic compounds by hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides. This study demonstrates that peroxidases are present in dew (droplets formed as the result of guttation) collected from Bermuda grass hybrids 419 and Tifway 2 [Cynodon dactylon (L.) x Cynodon transvaalensis Davy], which are warm-season C(4) grasses, and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), which is a cool-season C(3) grass. Peroxidase activity [quantified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (activity 152 purpurogallin units/mg) as standard] in guttational fluids collected from grasses during early morning was in the 80 to 120 mu g/L range. Isoelectric focusing was used to determine isoelectric points (pI) of the isozymes present in the Bermuda grass dew following dialysis and lyophilization of the collected dew. The pi values ranged from 4.3 to 8.3 with 14 isozymes being detected using guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. Peroxidases also were extracted from soil supporting the growth of Bermuda grass. Peroxidases in these soils were most abundant in the top 5 cm layer (activity was in the 6.8 to 16 purpurogallin units/g range). Stability and activity of these peroxidases in the presence of fulvic and humic acids were evaluated. Compared to controls with no added humic substances, peroxidase activity was inhibited by a soil fulvic acid and prolonged by a humic acid. Field measurements indicated that peroxidase activity did not meetly decrease during the winter when the grass was dormant, indicating that the peroxidases released into the soil remain active for a considerable time. Based on results in these studies and previously determined dry and wet deposition of atmospheric peroxides, we estimate that peroxidase-catalyzed reactions in areas planted in these grasses may convert about 8 g C m(-2) yr(-1) of labile soil organic compounds to more persistent oligomers and polymers. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Furman Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, SC 29613 USA. Dyn Corp, TAI, Athens, GA USA. RP Kerstetter, RE (reprint author), US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 1998 VL 42 IS 3 BP 311 EP 323 DI 10.1023/A:1005982226333 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 113ZP UT WOS:000075584900003 ER PT J AU Landrigan, PJ AF Landrigan, PJ TI Report of a panel on the relationship between public exposure to pesticides and cancer SO CANCER LA English DT Letter C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Landrigan, PJ (reprint author), Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1057 EP 1058 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1057::AID-CNCR45>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 115FQ UT WOS:000075653200045 PM 9731917 ER PT J AU Pahler, A Birner, G Parker, J Dekant, W AF Pahler, A Birner, G Parker, J Dekant, W TI Generation of antibodies to di- and trichloroacetylated proteins and immunochemical detection of protein adducts in rats treated with perchloroethene SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; HALOTHANE METABOLISM; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; LIVER; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; IDENTIFICATION; BIOACTIVATION; CLEAVAGE AB Antibodies directed against chemical specific protein modifications are valuable tools to detect and comparatively quantify protein modifications. Both N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine and N-epsilon-(trichloroacety)l-L-lysine have been detected as modified amino acids in liver and kidneys of rats treated with perchloroethene (PER) after proteolysis. These protein modifications are formed by the interaction of reactive metabolites formed from PER with proteins. In this study we developed monospecific antibodies to dichloroacetylated and to trichloroacetylated amino acids to detect modified proteins in the target organs of PER toxicity. These antibodies were prepared by immunization of rabbits with modified keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) coupled with either the dichloroacetyl or trichloroacetyl moiety. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) indicated that the polyclonal rabbit sera recognized dichloroacetylated or trichloroacetylated rabbit serum albumin (RSA), but not unmodified protein. Therefore, we further purified rabbit antisera on either N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine or N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine immobilized to immunoaffinity columns to obtain monospecific antibodies. The potential of these antibodies in the detection of di- and trichloroacetylated proteins and their selectivity for the desired dichloroacetyl or trichloroacetyl group was demonstrated in competitive enzme-linked immunosorbent assays with several structurally related compounds. Anti-dichloroacetyl (anti-DCA) antibody binding to dichloroacetylated RSA was inhibited by N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)L-lysine with an IC50 value of 150 mu M whereas inhibition by N-epsilon-(monochloroacetyl)-L-lysine and N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine showed an IC50 value of 100 mM. The binding of the antitrichloroacetyl (anti-TCA) antibody to trichloroacetylated RSA was inhibited by N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine with an IC50 value of 80 mM. The inhibition by N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine was again 3 orders of magnitude stronger resulting in an IC50 value of 90 mu M. N-epsilon-(acetyl)-L-lysine and unmodified RSA did not effect antibody binding to the chemically modified antigen. The antibodies were also successfully applied to detect modified proteins in subcellular fractions of liver and kidney from PER treated rats demonstrated in immunoblot. Protein adduct formation from different PER metabolism pathways was confirmed by the observation that the majority of dichloroacetylated proteins were located in kidney mitochondria and trichloroacetylated proteins were located in liver microsomes. C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Toxikol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dekant, W (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Toxikol, Versbacher Str 9, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 11 IS 9 BP 995 EP 1004 DI 10.1021/tx9800102 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 123AE UT WOS:000076103000003 PM 9760273 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, JV Hoge, VF Faller, SH AF Cizdziel, JV Hoge, VF Faller, SH TI Plutonium anomalies in attic dust and soils at locations surrounding the Nevada Test Site SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article AB Attic dust and soil samples were collected during the Summer of 1996 and the Spring of 1997 in southern Nevada and southern Utah. Analysis of the samples for radiocesium and plutonium give activity ratios of radiocesium/plutonium that range from 0.7 +/- 0.1 to 27 +/- 2, well below the world-wide fallout ratio of 34 +/- 4 (as of 1 July 1997). This indicates anomalous plutonium throughout the region, including areas to the south of the Nevada Test Site (NTS), generally believed to have received only world-wide fallout. Safety tests and above-ground detonations that resulted in incomplete fission, conducted at the NTS during the 1950's and 1960's, are likely sources of this excess plutonium. (C)1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nevada, Environm Sci & Hlth Grad Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Cizdziel, JV (reprint author), 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM cizdziej@nevada.edu NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 1998 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1157 EP 1168 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00107-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 108XB UT WOS:000075290100011 PM 9722972 ER PT J AU Donnelly, KC Claxton, LD Huebner, HJ Capizzi, JL AF Donnelly, KC Claxton, LD Huebner, HJ Capizzi, JL TI Mutagenic interactions of model chemical mixtures SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article AB Although current methodology for human health risk assessment assumes additive interactions among the contaminants of a complex mixture, chemical interactions may occur which produce synergistic or antagonistic effects. In this study, the mutagenic response of three model compounds, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), were tested individually and in binary and tertiary solutions, using the Salmonella/microsome assay with each of three bacterial tester strains (TA97a, TA98, and TA100). For all strains, B(a)P was mutagenic with metabolic activation (Arochlor 1254-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver S9 fraction), TNT was mutagenic without metabolic activation, and pentachlorophenol was inactive both with and without metabolic activation. In binary and tertiary solutions, pentachlorophenol had no effect on the mutagenicity of B(a)P or TNT, independent of metabolic activation. For strain TA97a, the mutagenicity of B(a)P with metabolic activation was slightly decreased in the presence of TNT; the mutagenicity of TNT without metabolic activation was slightly decreased in the presence of B(a)P and PCP; and the mutagenicity of the tertiary solution (496 revertants/10 ug) with metabolic activation was lower than the mutagenicity of B(a)P alone (729 revertants/10 ug). The mutagenicity of B(a)P in strain TA98 with activation was inhibited by the addition of TNT. Studies conducted using several concentrations of TNT or B(a)P indicate that the inhibition of B(a)P mutagenicity was increased as the concentration of TNT increased. Assays performed using four concentrations of S9 indicated the inhibition of B(a)P mutagenicity was relatively unaffected by the level of S9. The data suggest that an interaction in the presence of TNT limits the concentration of B(a)P that is capable of reaching or binding with bacterial DNA. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Donnelly, KC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 8 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 1998 VL 37 IS 7 BP 1253 EP 1261 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00123-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 110EE UT WOS:000075366500004 PM 9734320 ER PT J AU Moy, TW Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Matchett, WH Kelliher, VA Brumley, WC Glassman, J Farley, JW AF Moy, TW Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Matchett, WH Kelliher, VA Brumley, WC Glassman, J Farley, JW TI Development of separation systems for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon environmental contaminants using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with molecular micelles and free zone electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; laser-induced fluorescence; molecular micelles; environmental analysis ID CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; SEDIMENT AB Of four systems available from the literature, based on cyclodextrins, dioctylsulfosuccinate, bile salts, and molecular micelles consisting of oligomers of undecylenic acid, the most successful separation system in our hands is based on the molecular micelles, oligomers of sodium undecylenic acid (OSUA). We have employed organic additives of acetonitrile, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran in achieving separations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) using molecular micelles. Generally, successful separations are achieved with 20-40% composition as the organic additive in an 8 mM borate buffer. We separated 16 PNAs with 20% tetrahydrofuran in a system of 8 mM borate and 0.125 g/10 mL (ca. 6.25 mM) of OSUA. Typical extracts of environmental samples contain additional analytes besides the typical 16 target compounds. Among these are the nitrogen-containing aromatics that can act as cations under conditions of low pH and additional compounds that can act as anions under basic conditions in free-zone electrophoresis. These additional classes of analytes are separated by capillary zone electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence detection using a frequency-doubled laser operated at 257 nm. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD SEP PY 1998 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2090 EP 2094 DI 10.1002/elps.1150191208 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 122HJ UT WOS:000076065800007 PM 9761186 ER PT J AU Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Brumley, WC Donnelly, JR Farley, JW AF Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Brumley, WC Donnelly, JR Farley, JW TI Capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence detection of fluorescein as a groundwater migration tracer SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary zone electrophoresis; fluorescent dyes; groundwater tracers; laser-induced fluorescence; solid-phase extraction; fluorescein AB Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been applied to the determination of the groundwater migration tracer dye fluorescein based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and compared to determinations obtained with traditional spectrofluorimetry. Detection limits of injected dye in the low parts per trillion (ppt) ranges have been accomplished with both CE/LIF based on the Ar ion laser and with a spectrofluorimeter. This approach was used for a real-world problem in determining groundwater migration between adjacent Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Superfund sites by the Environmental Sciences Division in response to regional needs and as application of new analytical tools under development. Fluorescent dye was injected into source wells and then was determined in monitoring wells by extracting pads that adsorbed the dye or by directly determining the dye in the water using solid-phase extraction (SPE), a preconcentration technique. The approaches based on CE/LIF exhibits increased specificity over existing approaches due to the separation and unique migration time of the dye. Additional studies were aimed at achieving sub-ppt levels in the water using solid-phase extraction and field-amplified injection techniques. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Nevada, Lockheed Martin Environm Serv Grp, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD SEP PY 1998 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2252 EP 2256 DI 10.1002/elps.1150191234 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 122HJ UT WOS:000076065800033 PM 9761212 ER PT J AU Wallace, L AF Wallace, L TI Trichloroethene levels in human blood and exhaled breath from controlled inhalation exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; BENZENE; HYDROCARBONS; POPULATION C1 US EPA, Reston, VA 22070 USA. RP Wallace, L (reprint author), US EPA, Reston, VA 22070 USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 106 IS 9 BP 531 EP 533 DI 10.2307/3434227 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 123BF UT WOS:000076105400018 PM 9841213 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Fisher, JW Lindstrom, AB AF Pleil, JD Fisher, JW Lindstrom, AB TI Trichloroethene levels in human blood and exhaled breath from controlled inhalation exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood/breath measurement; breath sampling; partition coefficients; time constants; trichloroethene; uptake and elimination models ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BUTYL ETHER MTBE; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; MODEL; METABOLISM; PREDICTION; CHLOROFORM; CHEMICALS; CHAMBER AB The organic constituents of exhaled human breath are representative of bloodborne concentrations through gas exchange in the blood/breath interface in the lungs. The presence of specific compounds can be an indicator of recent exposure or represent a biological response of the subject. For volatile organic compounds, sampling and analysis of breath is preferred to direct measurement from blood samples because breath collection is noninvasive, potentially infectious waste is avoided, the sample supply is essentially limitless, and the measurement of gas-phase analytes is much simpler in a gas matrix rather than in a complex biological tissue such as blood. However, to assess the distribution of a contaminant in the body requires a reasonable estimate of the blood level. We have investigated the use of noninvasive breath measurements as a surrogate for blood measurements for (high) occupational levels of trichloroethene in a controlled exposure experiment. Subjects were placed in an exposure chamber for 24 hr; they were exposed to 100 parts per million by volume trichloroethene for the initial 4 hr and to purified air for the remaining 20 hr. Matched breath and blood samples were collected periodically during the experiment. We modeled the resulting concentration data with respect to their time course and assessed the blood/breath relationship during the exposure (uptake) period and during the postexposure (elimination) period. Estimates for peak blood levels, compartmental distribution, and time constants were calculated from breath data and compared to direct blood measurements to assess the validity of the breath measurement methodology. Blood/breath partition coeffcients were studied during both uptake and elimination. At equilibrium conditions at the end of the exposure, we could predict actual blood levels using breath elimination curve calculations and a literature value partition coefficient with a mean ratio of calculated:measured of 0.98 and standard error (SE) = 0.12 across all subjects, blood/breath comparisons at equilibrium resulted in calculated in vivo partition coefficients with a mean of 10.8 and SE = 0.60 across all subjects and experiments and 9.69 with SE = 0.93 for elimination-only experiments. We found that about 78% of trichloroethene entering the body during inhalation exposure is metabolized, stored, or excreted through routes other than exhalation. C1 US EPA, NERL MD44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USAF, Wright Lab, Div Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, NERL MD44, S-239C Environm Res Ctr Annex,79 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 14 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 106 IS 9 BP 573 EP 580 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106573 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 123BF UT WOS:000076105400023 PM 9721257 ER PT J AU Peterson, SA Larsen, DP Paulsen, SG Urquhart, NS AF Peterson, SA Larsen, DP Paulsen, SG Urquhart, NS TI Environmental auditing - Regional lake trophic patterns in the northeastern United States: Three approaches SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE lake trophic state; phosphorus; probability survey; regional condition ID PHOSPHORUS; PROGRAM AB During the summers of 1991-1994, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) conducted variable probability sampling on 344 lakes throughout the northeastern United States. Trophic state data were analyzed for the Northeast as a whole and for each of its three major ecoregions-the Adirondacks (ADI), the New England Uplands (NEU), and the Coastal Lowland and Plateau (CLP)-and inferred to the entire population of lakes greater than or equal to 1 ha (N = 11,076). Results were compared to a large, nonrandomly sampled data set for the same area compiled by Rohm and others and contrasted with lake trophic state information published in the National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress [305(b) report. Lakes across the entire Northeast were identified by EMAP data as 37.9% (+/-8.4%) oligotrophic, 40.1% (+/-9.7%) mesotrophic, 12.6% (+/-7.9%) eutrophic, and 9.3% (+/-6.3%) hypereutrophic. Lakes in the ADI and NEU generally are at a low, nearly identical trophic state (96% oligotrophic/mesotrophic), while those in the CLP are much richer (45% eutrophic). EMAP results are similar to results of the Rohm data set across the entire region. In the CLP, however, EMAP identified approximately 45% of the lakes as eutrophic/hypereutrophic, while the Rohm data set identified only 21% in these categories. Across the entire Northeast, the 305(b) report identified a much higher proportion (32.2%) or lakes in eutrophic condition and a much smaller proportion (19.8%) in oligotrophic condition than did the EMAP survey data(12.5% +/- 7.9% and 37.9% +/- 8.5%, respectively). Probability sampling has several advantages over nonrandom sampling when regional resource condition assessment is the goal. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Peterson, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 22 IS 5 BP 789 EP 801 DI 10.1007/PL00006707 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107FM UT WOS:000075196600013 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC AF Sidle, WC TI Environmental isotopes for resolution of hydrology problems SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE brownfield; hydrology; isotope; tracer; wet-weather flow ID ESTIMATING GROUNDWATER EXCHANGE; DETERMINISTIC-EMPIRICAL MODEL; STREAM AREA RUNOFF; STORM RUNOFF; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION; DISPERSION-EQUATION; CAPILLARY-FRINGE; STABLE ISOTOPES; SULFUR ISOTOPES; RECHARGE RATES AB The use of environmental isotopes as tracers in the hydrosphere is increasing as analytical instrumentation improves and more applications are discovered. There exists still misconceptions on the role of isotopes in resolving hydrology problems. Naturally occurring isotopes in the environment describe hydrological processes, estimate ages, fingerprint sources and pathways, yet are not subject to the regulatory restraints of artificial isotope injections nor the Limited extent of many chemical tracers, particularly dyes and particulates. A shea review is presented for practicing hydrologists on the basis for employing stable and radioactive isotopes and a synopsis of recent isotope hydrology applications is provided. Special focus is presented on the emergent role of water isopopes (O-18, H-2, H-3) in wet-weather flow research in urban watersheds. A brief technical approach for an experimental site in the Mill Creek Watershed, Ohio is outlined. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 91 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 52 IS 3 BP 389 EP 410 DI 10.1023/A:1005922029958 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 105LG UT WOS:000075074100002 ER PT J AU Darvin, CH Proffitt, D Ayer, J AF Darvin, CH Proffitt, D Ayer, J TI Paint spray booth design using recirculation/partitioning ventilation SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB Many spray painting facility operators have been under pressure to reduce the discharge of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to the atmosphere. Some operators have been able to convert their operations to lower VOC containing paints and coatings such as powder coating, waterborne coating, and radiation cured coatings. However, because of the functional requirements for some painted surfaces, acceptable paints with low VOC content may not be available. Consequently, these manufacturers may require the continued use of the higher VOC content paint formulations. The control of emissions from paint booths has been considered not economically viable due to the cost of treating the high volume of polluted air exhausted from these sources. Studies conducted by EPA with various Department of Defense (DoD) services, however, have demonstrated that the cost associated with typical spray booth control system can be significantly reduce through the use of spray booth recirculation. Reductions of exhaust flow rates of up to 90 percent may be possible when using recirculation in properly designed and operated booths without concern for the industrial hygiene or fire safety issues often mentioned when discussing recirculating booths. This paper presents the results of the design and demonstration program of full scale recirculating spray paint booths installed and operated at the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), Marine Corp Logistics Bases (MCLB) facility at Barstow, CA. It also summarizes the regulatory and safety design issues of recirculation spray booths. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Acurex Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Air Qual Specialists, Newport Beach, CA 92660 USA. RP Darvin, CH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 199 EP 202 DI 10.1002/ep.670170320 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 137AH UT WOS:000076890900014 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes - Update #5 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP F15 EP F17 DI 10.1002/ep.670170309 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 137AH UT WOS:000076890900003 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Ruessler, DS Carlson, AR AF Fairchild, JF Ruessler, DS Carlson, AR TI Comparative sensitivity of five species of macrophytes and six species of algae to atrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, and metolachlor SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE herbicides; toxicity; algae; macrophytes; aquatic plants ID SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM; VASCULAR PLANTS; HERBICIDES; EFFLUENT; TOXICITY; LEMNA AB This study determined the relative sensitivity of five species of aquatic macrophytes and six species of algae to four commonly used herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, and metolachlor). Toxicity tests consisted of 96-h (duckweed and algae) or 14-d (submerged macrophytes) static exposures. The triazine herbicides (atrazine and metribuzin) were significantly more toxic to aquatic plants than were the acetanilide herbicides (alachlor and metolachlor). Toxicity studies ranked metribuzin > atrazine > alachlor > metolachlor in decreasing order of overall toxicity to aquatic plants. Relative sensitivities of macrophytes to these herbicides decreased in the order of Ceratophyllum > Najas > Elodea > Lemna > Myriophyllum. Relative sensitivities of algae to herbicides decreased in the order of Selenastrum > Chlorella > Chlamydomonas > Microcystis, Scenedesmus > Anabaena. Algae and macrophytes were of similar overall sensitivities to herbicides. Data indicated that Selenastrum, a commonly tested green alga, was generally more sensitive compared to other plant species. Lemna minor; a commonly tested floating vascular plant, was of intermediate sensitivity, and was fivefold less sensitive than Ceratophyllum, which was the most sensitive species tested. The results indicated that no species was consistently most sensitive, and th;at a suits of aquatic plant test species may be needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Fairchild, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 31 TC 128 Z9 138 U1 8 U2 49 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1830 EP 1834 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1830:CSOFSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 112NX UT WOS:000075501600024 ER PT J AU Yeardley, RB Lazorchak, JM Paulsen, SG AF Yeardley, RB Lazorchak, JM Paulsen, SG TI Elemental fish tissue contamination in northeastern US lakes: Evaluation of an approach to regional assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fish tissue; contaminants; regional assessment; lakes; elements ID MERCURY AB The approach of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitoring of fish tissue contaminants is shown to have utility for regional assessment, and for discrimination of regional from local contamination. The survey sampling design employed by EMAP can be used to make regional assessments without conducting a complete resource inventory. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters conducted a survey of 167 lakes in the northeastern United States during 1992 through 1994 and analyzed whole fish composite samples for contaminants, including Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. Using fish tissue contaminant consumption risk levels derived from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency hazard assessment models, methylmercury (MeHg) was determined to be the elemental contaminant of regional concern to fish consumers: 26% of lakes contained fish with MeHg exceeding a human critical value of 0.2 mu g/g; 54 and 98% of lakes contained fish with MeHg exceeding wildlife critical values for piscivorous mammals (0.1 mu g/g) and birds (0.02 mu g/g), respectively. The other elements analyzed appeared to be at safe levels on a regional scale, or only of localized concern with regard to human health. C1 US EPA, SoBran Inc Environm, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lazorchak, JM (reprint author), US EPA, SoBran Inc Environm, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM lazorchak.jim@epamail.epa.gov OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 41 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1875 EP 1884 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1875:EFTCIN>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 112NX UT WOS:000075501600031 ER PT J AU Abdelrhman, MA Bergen, BJ AF Abdelrhman, MA Bergen, BJ TI Modeling of PCB concentrations in water and biota (Mytilus edulis) in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID CONGENERS; CRITERIA; SITE AB The water column concentration and bioaccumulation of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener CB052 was modeled in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts; using site-specific hydrodynamics and loading information. Equilibrium partitioning theory was used to estimate interstitial water CB052 concentrations from sediment concentrations in New Bedford Harbor and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The rate of CB052 vertical flux from the interstitial water to the overlying water column was calculated by multiplying the vertical concentration gradient at the sediment-water interface by a flux coefficient. The vertical flux coefficient and the nux rate from model-generated water-column concentrations were calculated using an interative procedure. Movement of CB052 within New Bedford Harbor was simulated using calibrated two-dimensional, vertically-integrated, finite element hydrodynamic and transport models. Quasi-steady-state water column concentrations and a field-derived bioconcentration factor were used to predict the expected concentration of CB052 in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) at two stations in New Bedford Harbor. The model was used to predict the effects of two remedial scenarios (i.e., reducing average sediment total PCB concentrations to 50 ppm or 10 ppm) on concentrations of CB052 in water and blue mussel tissue. Based on the model results, the CB052 concentration in blue mussels would be reduced by 33-53% for the 50 ppm option and by 67-84% for the 10 ppm option. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Abdelrhman, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 10 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 435 EP 448 DI 10.2307/1352842 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 122WK UT WOS:000076094300007 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Garrett, CM AF Lipscomb, JC Garrett, CM TI Effect of organ procurement conditions on cytochrome P-450 activity in rat liver microsomes SO IN VITRO & MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID P450-DEPENDENT METABOLISM; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; HEPATOTOXICITY; ENHANCEMENT; OXIDATION AB Key metabolic processes in human liver are evaluated in vitro by the use of hepatic microsomes and. other fractions prepared from the livers of organ donors. This is an improvement over the previous use of samples from cadaver livers, which are metabolically compromised. The evaluation of metabolism In compromised samples can have dramatic consequences. The assessment of metabolic activation in compromised tissue may underestimate the ability to form toxic metabolites. Conversely, the use of compromised tissue may result in an overestimate of the toxicity of a normally detoxicated compound. Because of these reasons, our aim was to examine the stability of cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-dependent metabolic activity in microsomes prepared from rat liver subjected. to the same conditions as donated human liver. These results Indicate that metabolic activities of several individual CYP forms did not decay during 24 h in storage at 4 degrees C between organ removal and microsome preparation. We conclude that perfusion and cold. storage for periods of less than or equal to 24 h do not reduce the activity of several CYP forms present in prepared microsomes. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate,HEST, Crew Survivabil & Logist Div,Operat Toxicol Branc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Geocenters Inc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, NCEA Cin, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MC-190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1097-9336 J9 IN VITRO MOL TOXICOL JI In Vitro Mol. Toxicol.-J. Basic Appl. Res. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 11 IS 3 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 138TZ UT WOS:000076990300006 ER PT J AU Borgwardt, RH AF Borgwardt, RH TI Methanol production from biomass and natural gas as transportation fuel SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Two processes are examined for production of methanol. They are assessed against the essential requirements of a future alternative fuel for road transport: that it (i) is producible in amounts comparable to the 19 EJ of motor fuel annually consumed in the U.S., (ii) minimizes emissions of criteria pollutants, (iii) reduces greenhouse gas emissions from production and use, (iv) is cost-competitive with petroleum fuel, and (v) is compatible with the emerging vehicle technologies, especially those powered by fuel cells. The methanol yield, production cost, and potential for reduction of overall fuel-cycle CO2 emissions were evaluated and compared to those of reformulated gasoline. The results show that a process utilizing natural gas and biomass as cofeedstocks can meet the five requirements more effectivly than individual processes utilizing those feedstocks separately. When end-use efficiencies are accounted for, the cost per vehicle mile traveled would be less than that of gasoline used in current vehicles. CO2 emissions from the vehicle fleet would be reduced 66% by methanol used in fuel cell vehicles and 8-36% in flexible-fuel or dedicated-methanol vehicles during the transition period. Methanol produced from natural gas and biomass, together in one process, and used in fuel cell vehicles would leverage petroleum displacement by a factor of about 5 and achieve twice the overall CO2 emission reduction obtainable from the use of biomass alone. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Borgwardt, RH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 37 IS 9 BP 3760 EP 3767 DI 10.1021/ie980112n PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 119DR UT WOS:000075881000028 ER PT J AU Yap, W Rejeski, D AF Yap, W Rejeski, D TI Environmental policy in the age of genetics SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 33 EP 36 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA 128YY UT WOS:000076437000029 ER PT J AU Craun, GF Hubbs, SA Frost, F Calderon, RL Via, SH AF Craun, GF Hubbs, SA Frost, F Calderon, RL Via, SH TI Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; ENDEMIC GIARDIASIS; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; CONSUMPTION; PARVUM; CONTAMINATION; TRANSMISSION; FILTRATION; INFECTION AB Cryptosporidium parvum infection occurs worldwide in urban and rural populations, and waterborne outbreaks have been associated with consumption of contaminated drinking water and water during recreational activities. This article reviews the epidemiology and causes of waterborne outbreaks that have been reported in North America and the United Kingdom. Outbreaks were associated with filtered and unfiltered surface water sources, groundwater sources, and contamination of the distribution system. In most outbreaks, sources of contamination and deficiencies in treatment and operation were identified. Available epidemiological information is inadequate to estimate endemic waterborne risks, and analytical studies should be ducted to assess these risks, A major issue to consider in assessing waterborne cryptosporidiosis risks is the role af protective immunity, which may be acquired through low-level sporadic exposures to C. parvum in drinking water. C1 Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. Louisville Water Co, Louisville, KY 40206 USA. Lovelace Biomed & Environm Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. AWWA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Craun, GF (reprint author), Gunther F Craun & Associates, 101 W Frederick St, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. NR 86 TC 112 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 90 IS 9 BP 81 EP 91 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 121MF UT WOS:000076017000016 ER PT J AU Hinners, TA Hughes, R Outridge, PM Davis, WJ Simon, K Woolard, DR AF Hinners, TA Hughes, R Outridge, PM Davis, WJ Simon, K Woolard, DR TI Interlaboratory comparison of mass spectrometric methods for lead isotopes and trace elements in NIST SRM 1400 Bone Ash SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 05-10, 1998 CL SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA DE trace elements; lead isotopes; rare earth elements; bone analysis; matrix separation; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; thermal ionization mass spectrometry ID BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; ALUMINUM AB The results of an interlaboratory comparison are reported for the lead isotope composition and for trace element concentrations in NIST SRM 1400 Bone Ash obtained using quadrupole and magnetic-sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and (for the Pb isotopes only) thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Concentrations of 42 analytes, in addition to the 17 listed by NIST, are presented, including the rare earth elements. Twenty-six of these analytes are considered to have been reliably determined based upon the agreement of two or more laboratories, or based upon data from a single laboratory with consideration of the potential interferences. Nickel and cobalt were reliably determined only by medium-resolution magnetic-sector ICP-MS, or by quadrupole ICP-MS following matrix separation with an ion-exchange column. The Pb isotope composition reported here from TIMS agrees within 0.09% relative with previously reported, non-certified values for this standard reference material. The atomic abundances of Pb-208, Pb-207 and Pb-206 determined by ICP-MS are statistically equivalent to the best-estimate TIMS values or differ statistically by 0.17% at most, The information provided in this paper will enhance the utility of this reference material. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Trent Univ, Ctr Environm Sci, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. Univ Gottingen, Inst Geochem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci Environm Toxicol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Hinners, TA (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 9 BP 963 EP 970 DI 10.1039/a803373k PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 121FP UT WOS:000076002900021 ER PT J AU Schermerhorn, PG Chu, PS Ngoh, MA AF Schermerhorn, PG Chu, PS Ngoh, MA TI Determination of cephapirin and ceftiofur residues in bovine milk by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A method capable of quantitating cephapirin at a level of 20 ng/mL and ceftiofur at a level of 50 ng/mL was developed for raw bovine milk. Raw bovine milk is deproteinated with acetonitrile. The supernatant is collected and then acetonitrile is removed under reduced pressure while warming in a water bath at 40 degrees-50 degrees C. The extract is mixed with water and loaded onto a conditioned C-18 solid-phase extraction column. Analytes are eluted with acetonitrile, which is removed completely under a stream of nitrogen gas. Analytes are separated from coextractives by gradient elution with an ion-pair mobile phase on a reversed-phase column and are detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 290 nm. Mean recoveries from fortified milk samples ranged from 79 to 87% for cephapirin and from 76 to 86% for ceftiofur, with intralaboratory coefficients of variation ranging of 6-10% and 7-14%, respectively. C1 US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Schermerhorn, PG (reprint author), US EPA, BARC E, Bldg 306, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 81 IS 5 BP 973 EP 977 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123GL UT WOS:000076117400009 PM 9772739 ER PT J AU Brown, SL Chaney, RL Angle, JS Ryan, JA AF Brown, SL Chaney, RL Angle, JS Ryan, JA TI The phytoavailability of cadmium to lettuce in long-term biosolids-amended soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; ZINC; METALS; PHYTOTOXICITY; ACCUMULATION; TERMINATION; COPPER AB A held study was conducted to assess the phytoavailability of Cd in long-term biosolids-amended plots managed at high and low pH. The experiment, established 13 to 15 gr prior to the present cropping, on a Christiana fine sandy loam soil (a clayey, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Paleudult) used a variety of biosolids. Two of the biosolids had total Cd concentrations of 13.4 and 210 mg kg(-1). A Cd salt treatment, with Cd added to soil at a rate equivalent to the Cd added by the higher Cd biosolids applied at 100 Mg ha(-1) was also included. The lettuce (Lactuca sativa var, longifolia) cultivar (Paris Island Cos) used in the initial study was also used in the current study. Lettuce Cd was compared between treatments, and in relation to the soil Cd/soil organic C (OC) ratio. There has been no significant increase in plant Cd since the initial cropping. With 16% of the biosolids added OC remaining, lettuce grown on the soil amended with the more contaminated biosolids was not different than that of the initial cropping. Further, significantly less Cd was taken up by lettuce grown on biosolids-amended soil than lettuce grown on soil amended with equivalent rates of Cd salt. The Cd concentration in lettuce gown in the low Cd biosolids treatment was not different from the control. These results indicate that the potential hazards associated with food chain transfer of biosolids-applied Cd are substantially lower than equivalent Cd salt treatments, and that the hazards do not increase over time. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Agron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brown, SL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sbrown@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 40 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1071 EP 1078 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600011 ER PT J AU Pinkart, HC Devereux, R Chapman, PJ AF Pinkart, HC Devereux, R Chapman, PJ TI Rapid separation of microbial lipids using solid phase extraction columns SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE solid phase extraction; microbial lipids; fatty acids ID FATTY-ACIDS AB A method was developed to rapidly separate lipid classes commonly found in microorganisms. The method is based on the use of aminopropyl solid phase extraction columns to separate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), phospholipids, sterols, triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and steryl esters. Recoveries of all lipid classes, with the exception of PHA and sterols, ranged from 91% to greater than 99%. PHA were recovered at 69% of the standard, and sterols from 82-84% of the standard. When applied to the analysis of lipids extracted from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, the method afforded excellent recovery and separation of phospholipids and diglycerides including saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The S. platensis lipids also contained hydrocarbons and phytol recovered in the steryl ester and diglyceride fractions, respectively. This method provided a high yield, specific and rapid separation of microbial lipids with little contamination from other lipid groups, and will be useful for the characterization of microbial communities in environmental samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Pinkart, HC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 18 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD SEP PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(98)00060-8 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 134GY UT WOS:000076736200002 ER PT J AU Noga, EJ Sawyer, TK Rodon-Naveira, M AF Noga, EJ Sawyer, TK Rodon-Naveira, M TI Disease processes and health assessment in blue crab fishery management SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Blue Crab Fisheries of North America at the 88th Annual National-Shellfisheries-Association Meeting CY APR, 1996 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Natl Shellfisheries Assoc DE pathogens; pollution; stress; microbes; parasites; blue crab; Callinectes sapidus ID CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; SHELL DISEASE; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ESTUARINE FISH; DINOFLAGELLATE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; PERNICIOSA; SHRIMP; GULF AB As in other aquatic organisms, disease can have a serious impact upon blue crab populations. Various infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and metazoans have been documented in blue crabs. In many cases, large scale morbidity or mortality has been observed. Nonetheless, our knowledge of disease impacts, as well as means for managing these problems, is rudimentary. Much information is needed to define quantitatively the importance of various diseases. Because of the exclusive reliance of blue crab shedding operations upon wild stocks, there is a close interrelationship between the health of crabs in the natural environment and those maintained in shedding operations. This also points out the dependence of this growing industry upon healthy wild populations for continued success. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the current literature on important diseases of blue crabs, with special emphasis on shell disease, a stress-related syndrome that may provide useful insights into assessing stress in blue crab populations. These studies indicate that further research is needed in assessing stress in blue crab populations, so that risk factors (e.g., water quality deterioration) that lead to compromised health are defined, and more effective management strategies can be developed. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Rescon Associates, Royal Oak, MD 21662 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Noga, EJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 121 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 567 EP 577 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 128WF UT WOS:000076430800026 ER PT J AU Larsen, DP Herlihy, AT AF Larsen, DP Herlihy, AT TI The dilemma of sampling streams for macroinvertebrate richness SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Larsen, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 359 EP 366 DI 10.2307/1468338 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 139RH UT WOS:000077042800008 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, GC Walmer, DK Cline, M Krigman, H Lessey, BA Whitaker, RS Dodge, R Hughes, CL AF Rodriguez, GC Walmer, DK Cline, M Krigman, H Lessey, BA Whitaker, RS Dodge, R Hughes, CL TI Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: Cancer prevention through apoptosis? SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE progestins; apoptosis; ovarian cancer; oral contraceptives ID ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVE USE; RETINOIC ACID; CELL-LINES; CHEMOPREVENTION; N-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)RETINAMIDE; CARCINOGENESIS; RISK; LOCALIZATION; INDUCTION; THERAPY AB OBJECTIVE: The apoptosis pathway is a vital mechanism in vivo that functions to eradicate genetically damaged cells prone to malignancy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oral contraceptives, which confer significant protection against subsequent epithelial ovarian cancer, induce apoptosis in the ovarian epithelium. METHODS: Female cynomolgus macaques (N = 75) were randomized to receive a diet for 35 months containing either no hormones, the oral contraceptive Triphasil (Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA), the estrogenic component of Triphasil (ethinyl estradiol) alone, or the progestin component of Triphasil (levonorgestrel) alone, each administered in a cyclic fashion. At study termination, the animals underwent ovariectomy and the ovarian epithelium was examined morphologically and immunohistochemically for apoptosis. The percentage of ovarian epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis was measured in each animal and compared between the treatment groups. RESULTS: The median percentage of ovarian epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis by treatment was control (3.8%), ethinyl estradiol (1.8%), Triphasil (14.5%), and levonorgestrel (24.9%). Compared with control and ethinyl estradiol-treated monkeys, a statistically significant increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells was noted in the ovarian epithelium of monkeys treated with the oral contraceptive Triphasil (P less than or equal to .01) or levonorgestrel (P < .001), with a maximal effect (six-fold) seen in the group treated with levonorgestrel alone. CONCLUSION: Oral contraceptive progestin induces apoptosis in the ovarian epithelium. Given the importance of the apoptosis pathway for cancer prevention, an effective chemopreventive strategy may be possible using progestins or other agents that selectively induce apoptosis in the ovarian epithelium to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. Copyright (C) 1998 by the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Gynecol Oncol, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Reprod Endocrinol, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Comparat Med, Winston Salem, NC 27103 USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Med, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Med, Div Reprod Endocrinol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Med, Duke Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Biostat, Durham, NC USA. RP Rodriguez, GC (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Gynecol Oncol, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, DUMC 3079, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01HL46409] NR 43 TC 150 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1071-5576 J9 J SOC GYNECOL INVEST JI J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 5 IS 5 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S1071-5576(98)00017-3 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 118RQ UT WOS:000075854100008 PM 9773403 ER PT J AU Clark, LS Hart, DW Vojta, PJ Harrington-Brock, K Barrett, JC Moore, MM Tindall, KR AF Clark, LS Hart, DW Vojta, PJ Harrington-Brock, K Barrett, JC Moore, MM Tindall, KR TI Identification and chromosomal assignment of two heterozygous mutations in the Trp53 gene in L5178Y/Tk(+/-)-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID P53 PROTEIN; LOCUS; CARCINOGENICITY; APOPTOSIS; COMPLEX; LESIONS; CANCER AB The thymidine kinase locus (Tk1) in Tk(+/-)-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells is widely used to identify mutagenic agents. Because Trp53 (the mouse homolog of human TP53) is located with Tk1 on chromosome 11 and is critical in regulating cellular responses following exposure to DNA damaging agents, we wanted to determine if these mouse lymphoma cells harbor mutations in Trp53, Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of PCR-amplified exons 4-9 of Trp53 indicated mutations in both exons 4 and 5, We sequenced exons 4-9 from isolated clones of Tk(+\-)-3.7.2C cells and a Tk(-\-) mutant (G4). Mutant G4 has two copies of the chromosome carrying the Tk1(+) allele and no copy of the chromosome carrying the Tk1(+) allele and thus could establish linkage of the individual Trp53 and Tk1 alleles, DNA sequence analysis revealed no mutations in exons 6-9 in any Tk(+\-)-3.7.2C or G4 clones. As suggested by SSCP, there was a nonsense mutation in exon 4 at bp 301 (codon 101) in one Trp53 allele, Tk(+\-)-3.7.2C clones have both mutant and wild-type sequences at bp 301; G4 clones have wild-type exon 4 sequence, These data allow assignment of the Trp53 exon 4 mutated allele to chromosome 11 carrying the Tk1(+) allele, The exon 4 mutation leads to a stop codon early in translation, thus functionally deleting the Trp53 allele on the Tk1(+)-bearing chromosome. As previously reported, we find a missense mutation in exon 5 at bp 517 (codon 173) in one Trp53 allele, Using the G4 clones we determined that the exon 5 mutation is linked to the Tk1(-) allele, Thus the Tk(+/-)-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells have two mutant Trp53 alleles, likely accounting for their rapid cell growth and contributing to their ability to detect the major types of mutational damage associated with the etiology of tumor development. This ability to integrate across the mutational events seen in the multiple stages of tumor development further supports the use of the assay in chemical and drug safety studies and its recommendation as part of the required screening battery for regulatory agency submissions. C1 US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. NIEHS, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Clark, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM clark.scott@epamail.epa.gov NR 37 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 5 BP 427 EP 434 DI 10.1093/mutage/13.5.427 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 124PB UT WOS:000076189900002 PM 9800187 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Striplin, CD Geller, AM Mailman, RB Drago, J Lawler, CP Gallagher, M AF Smith, DR Striplin, CD Geller, AM Mailman, RB Drago, J Lawler, CP Gallagher, M TI Behavioural assessment of mice lacking D-1A dopamine receptors SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE D-1A dopamine receptor; transgenic mice; knockout; locomotion; sensorimotor; Morris water maze ID HIPPOCAMPAL ACETYLCHOLINE-RELEASE; CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE; NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS; GENE-EXPRESSION; RAT-BRAIN; MOLECULAR-BIOLOGY; MESSENGER-RNA; MUTANT MICE; LOCOMOTOR; D1 AB Dopamine D-1A receptor-deficient mice were assessed in a wide variety of tasks chosen to reflect the diverse roles of this receptor subtype in behavioural regulation. The protocol included examination of exploration and locomotor activity in an open field, a test of sensorimotor orienting, both place and cue learning in the Morris water maze, and assessment of simple associative learning in an olfactory discrimination task. Homozygous mice showed broad-based impairments that were characterized by deficiencies in initiating movement and/or reactivity to external stimuli. Data obtained from flash evoked potentials indicated that these deficits did not reflect gross visual impairments. The partial reduction in D-1A receptors in the heterozygous mice did not affect performance in most tasks, although circumscribed deficits in some tasks were observed (e.g., failure to develop a reliable spatial bias in the water maze). These findings extend previous behavioural studies of null mutant mice lacking D-1A receptors and provide additional support for the idea that the D-1A receptor participates in a wide variety of behavioural functions. The selective impairments of heterozygous mice in a spatial learning task suggest that the hippocampal/cortical dopaminergic system may be uniquely vulnerable to the partial loss of the D-1A receptor. (C) 1998 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, UNC Neurosci Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27711 USA. Monash Univ, Neurosci Unit, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, CB 3270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Mailman, Richard/0000-0003-1353-2738 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD03310]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH33127, MH40537] NR 62 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4522 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 86 IS 1 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00608-8 PG 12 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZU711 UT WOS:000074226600013 PM 9692749 ER PT J AU Noland, RB Small, KA Koskenoja, PM Chu, XH AF Noland, RB Small, KA Koskenoja, PM Chu, XH TI Simulating travel reliability SO REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE transportation; scheduling choice; stated preference; reliability; departure time ID PERIOD TRAFFIC CONGESTION; URBAN FREEWAY; DURATION; MODEL; TIME; ECONOMICS; FREQUENCY; CHOICE; COSTS AB We present a simulation model designed to determine the impact on congestion of policies for dealing with travel time uncertainty. The model combines a supply side model of congestion delay with a discrete choice econometric demand model that predicts scheduling choices for morning commute trips. The supply model describes congestion technology and exogenously specifies the probability, severity, and duration of nonrecurrent events. From these, given traffic volumes, a distribution of travel times is generated, from which a mean, a standard deviation, and a probability of arriving late are calculated. The demand model uses these outputs from the supply model as independent variables and choices are forecast using sample enumeration and a synthetic sample of work start times and free flow travel times. The process is iterated until a stable congestion pattern is achieved. We report on the components of expected cost and the average travel delay for selected simulations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Econ, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Natl Inst Stat Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ S Florida, Ctr Urban Transportat Res, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Noland, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, 401 M St,SW 2126, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM noland.bob@epamail.epa.gov OI Noland, Robert/0000-0003-0775-0624 NR 47 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0462 J9 REG SCI URBAN ECON JI Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 535 EP 564 DI 10.1016/S0166-0462(98)00009-X PG 30 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Urban Studies GA 125DE UT WOS:000076221500001 ER PT J AU Ward, KW Rogers, EH Hunter, ES AF Ward, KW Rogers, EH Hunter, ES TI Dysmorphogenic effects of a specific protein kinase C inhibitor during neurulation SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE embryo culture; neurulation; PKC; PKA; PKG; MAPK; signal transduction ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; GAMMA-MUTANT MICE; RAT EMBRYOS; GAP JUNCTION; MAP KINASE; MESODERM INDUCTION; MOUSE EMBRYOS; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; XENOPUS DEVELOPMENT AB Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in signal transduction and is an important mediator of events throughout development, However, no information exists regarding the effect of a specific PKC inhibitor on mammalian embryogenesis during neurulation. This investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of a specific inhibitor of PKC, as well as inhibitors of other important kinases, on cultured mouse embryos. CD-1 mouse embryos (3 to 6 somite stage) were exposed to bisindolylmaleinide I (a specific PKC inhibitor) as well as specific inhibitors of PKA, PKG, and MAP kinase kinase for 24 h, The PKC inhibitor was a potent embryotoxicant and elicited malformations at concentrations as low as 0.01 mu M. Inhibitors of other kinases also produced malformations but at much higher concentrations than those required to produce similar defects with the PKC inhibitor. These data suggest that PKC plays an important role in mammalian neurulation. Further research is required to clarify the mechanism by which PKC inhibition at this developmental stage produces malformations and the potential effects of environmental toxicants with PKC inhibitory properties on this signal transduction pathway. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Hunter, ES (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM HUNTER.SID@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV NR 92 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 525 EP 534 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(98)00032-X PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 118TJ UT WOS:000075855800004 PM 9763244 ER PT J AU Spooner, C Lehmann, S AF Spooner, C Lehmann, S TI Index of watershed indicators SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Monitoring Branch, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Spooner, C (reprint author), US EPA, Monitoring Branch, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 9 BP 51 EP 53 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 121ZK UT WOS:000076045800006 ER PT J AU Kuhlbusch, TAJ Zepp, RG Miller, WL Burke, RA AF Kuhlbusch, TAJ Zepp, RG Miller, WL Burke, RA TI Carbon monoxide fluxes of different soil layers in upland Canadian boreal forests SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE; MOISTURE; MATTER; GASES; FIRE; CO AB Dark or low-light carbon:monoxide fluxes at upland Canadian boreal forest sites were measured on-site with static chambers and with a laboratory incubation technique using cores from different depths at the same sites. Three different upland black spruce sites, burned in 1987, 1992 and 1995 and a control site, were chosen to determine the effects of fire, temperature, soil structure and soil covers on CO fluxes. Three different surfaces were observed at the sites bare mineral soil with little living moss cover; burned feather mosses 5-30 cm deep; and unburned, living, green feather mosses. The static chamber measurements indicated similar deposition velocities for the burned and unburned feather moss sites [(1.54+/-0.64) .10(-2) cm s(-1); (1.83 +/- 0.63).10(-2) cm s(-1)], but significantly lower rates for sites that had burned down to the mineral soil [(1.08 +/- 0.53).10(-2) cm s(-1), excluding data with net CO emission]. This finding was confirmed by results from the incubation measurements and shows that fire intensities determine the long-term, post-fire effect on soil-atmosphere fluxes of CO. Temperature studies with the cores showed that CO consumption rates increased from (2 +/- 1)% at -15 degrees C to -13 degrees C to (43 +/- 20)% at 0 degrees C to 1.5 degrees C and (68 +/- 15)% at 4 degrees C to 5 degrees C of the deposition velocity values obtained at 20 degrees C. This temperature dependence was consistent with results obtained from the static chamber measurements. The temperature range studied and the dark or low-light conditions were representative for the night-time of nearly the whole six snow-free months in the boreal ecosystem. In nearly all cases, deposition velocities determined for cores from the top 5 cm with the incubation technique were the same, within experimental errors, as those determined with the static chambers. Soil CO concentration profiles taken in situ, moreover, did not show any clear trend below 5 cm. Thus we conclude that the top 5 cm of soils are determining the dark soil-atmosphere CO fluxes at these sites. The top 5 cm of soil columns are most exposed to temperature (and probably moisture) variations and are most affected by fires as well. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), Univ Duisburg Gesamthsch, Bismarckstr 81, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. EM tky@uni-duisburg.de RI Kuhlbusch, Thomas/G-8920-2011 NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 4 BP 353 EP 365 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-3-00003.x PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 131GK UT WOS:000076567700003 ER PT J AU Hartig, PC Hunter, ES AF Hartig, PC Hunter, ES TI Gene delivery to the neurulating embryo during culture SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUSE EMBRYOS; RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRUS; VECTORS; EXPRESSION; THERAPY; MICE; EFFICIENT AB Modulating expression of specific genes during embryogenesis will help elucidate their role in development. Transient overexpression of specific genes can be accomplished by adding additional copies, or else antisense transcripts can be used to block expression. Manipulation of gene expression requires an efficient, nontoxic gene delivery system. We compared a plasmid and a replication-defective adenovirus (Ad5) as methods of delivering genes to the embryo during the neurulation stage of development. Both vectors utilized a construct containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus early gene promoter and the SV40 polyadenylation signal. Vectors were delivered by intraamniotic microinjection to embryos prepared for whole-embryo culture. Plasmid transfection experiments were done with and without polycationic lipid (lipofectamine, 20 or 125 mu g/mu l) enhancement at 0.1 and 0.01 mu g per embryo Twenty-six hours after transfection with plasmid only, embryos appeared normal, but had very weak gene expression which was detected only after extended periods of staining. In contrast, adenovirus gene delivery was successful. While high concentrations of virus (6 x 10(8) particles/mu l) elicited significant malformations, lower concentrations (1.5 x 10(8) particles/mu l) produced no malformations and intense gene expression. Time-course studies revealed staining at 6 hr postinjection, and intense staining at 26 hr. Staining appeared primarily in the neurectoderm and cells derived from the neurectoderm. This pattern of gene expression was confirmed using a green fluorescent protein-expressing adenovirus. Rapid induction of gene expression with no toxicity is critical to the utility of this technique within the whole-embryo culture system. Clearly, Ad5 transduction provides a more useful tool than plasmid vectors. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(+) C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Reprod Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hartig, PC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Reprod Toxicol, MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3-4 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199809/10)58:3/4<103::AID-TERA6>3.0.CO;2-O PG 10 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 129YD UT WOS:000076490900006 PM 9802190 ER PT J AU DeAngelo, AB George, MH Kilburn, SR Moore, TM Wolf, DC AF DeAngelo, AB George, MH Kilburn, SR Moore, TM Wolf, DC TI Carcinogenicity of potassium bromate administered in the drinking water to male B6C3F(1) mice and F344/N rats SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; kidney; mesothelioma; mesothelium; nephropathy; renal cell tumor; thyroid; urothelium; water ID LONG-TERM TOXICITY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; RENAL CARCINOGEN; BY-PRODUCTS; KIDNEY; GLUTATHIONE; INDUCTION; CYSTEINE; JAPAN; TESTS AB Ozone has been proposed for water disinfection because it is more efficient than chlorine for killing microbes and results in much lower levels of carcinogenic trihalomethanes than does chlorination. Ozone leads to formation of hypobromous acid in surface waters with high bromine content and forms brominated organic by-products and bromate. The carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of potassium bromate (KBrO3) was studied in male B6C3F(1) mice and F344/N rats to confirm and extend the results of previous work. Mice were treated with 0, 0.08, 0.4, or 0.8 g/L KBrO3 in the drinking water for up to 100 wk, and rats were provided with 0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 g/L KBrO3. Animals were euthanatized, necropsied, and subjected to a complete macroscopic examination. Selected tissues and gross lesions were processed by routine methods for light microscopic examination. The present study showed that KBrO3 is carcinogenic in the rat kidney, thyroid, and mesothelium and is a renal carcinogen in the male mouse. KBrO3 was carcinogenic in rodents at water concentrations as low as 0.02 g/L (20 ppm; 1.5 mg/kg/day). These data can be used to estimate the human health risk that would be associated with changing from chlorination to ozonation for disinfection of drinking water. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, MD 68,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wolf.doug@epamail.epa.gov NR 53 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 587 EP 594 PG 8 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 126LR UT WOS:000076295300001 PM 9789944 ER PT J AU Goldey, ES Crofton, KM AF Goldey, ES Crofton, KM TI Thyroxine replacement attenuates hypothyroxinemia, hearing loss, and motor deficits following developmental exposure to aroclor 1254 in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; HEPATIC PLASMA-MEMBRANE; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; EVOKED POTENTIALS AB The nervous system is dependent upon thyroid hormones for normal development, and we previously reported that developmental Aroclor 1254 (A1254) exposure caused hypothyroxinemia, hearing loss and other behavioral changes in rats. (Goldey et al., 1995a; Herr et al., 1996), The hypothesis that A1254-induced hypothyroxinemia may have contributed to the observed functional changes was tested in primiparous Long-Evans rats given daily oral doses of corn oil (control) or 8 mg/kg of Aroclor 1254 from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21, In addition, from PND 4 to PND 21, all pups in one-half of the litters received daily, subcutaneous injections of saline or 100 mu g/kg thyroxine (T4), to yield four groups of litters: corn oil plus saline (CO-S), corn oil plus T4 (CO-T4), Aroclor 1254 plus saline (PCB-S), and Aroclor 1254 plus T4 (PCB-T4), We measured thyroid hormone concentrations (T4 and T3) in serum collected from 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups, The kinetics of the injected T4 were also monitored in the CO-T4 and PCB-T4 groups on PND 7 and 21 by measuring T4 and T3 at 1, 3, 5, 8, and 24 h after injection. Circulating T4 concentrations were dramatically depleted in the PCB-S group relative to CO-S, The kinetics study indicated that T4 therapy raised circulating T4 concentrations following in the PCB-T4 pups to near CO-S concentrations, but only for approximately 6 h postinjection, and T4 concentrations fell precipitously thereafter to near PCB-S concentrations. In accord with previous studies, PCB-S pups showed early eye opening, an effect which was exacerbated by T4 injection tin both the CO-T4 and the PCB-T4 groups). Motor activity (figure-eight maze) testing also replicated our finding of an age-dependent, transient reduction in motor activity on PND 15 that was significantly attenuated in the PCB-T4 group. Similarly, we again found reduced acoustic startle amplitudes on PND 23 and low-frequency (1 Id-It) hearing loss in animals tested as adults (the latter determined by reflex modification audiometry), Importantly, the hearing loss at 1 kHz in PCB-exposed animals was significantly attenuated by T4 replacement therapy. These data suggest the hypothesis that hypothyroxinemia is involved in PCB-induceed alterations in motor and auditory function, while other effects (e,g., eye opening) appear to have a different mechanism of action. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 Wofford Coll, Dept Biol, Spartanburg, SC 29303 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), MS EPA, NHEERL, Neurotoxcol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM crofton.kevin@epa.gov RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 83 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 45 IS 1 BP 94 EP 105 DI 10.1093/toxsci/45.1.94 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 138VX UT WOS:000076995000012 PM 9848116 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ AF Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ TI Delayed febrile effects of chlorpyrifos: is there cross-tolerance to bacterial lipopolysaccharide? SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; tolerance; neuro-immune mechanisms ID FEVER; RAT; CYTOKINES AB Oral chlorpyrifos (CHP) induces hypothermia followed by a fever that persists for several days in the rat. To understand the neuro-immune mechanisms of CHP-induced fever, we compared the tolerance and cross-tolerance between CHP and the fever elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Escherichia coli). Female rats were administered the corn oil (CO) vehicle or CHP (10 mg/kg; po) daily for 4 days while core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored by telemetry. There was a reduction in T-c followed by an elevation the next day after each CHP treatment. The day after the last CHP treatment, rats were administered saline or 50 mu g/kg LPS (i.p.). CHP-treated rats had a smaller LPS fever that was attributed to their elevated baseline T-c. In another study, rats were dosed with saline or LPS daily for three days. By the time of the third LPS injection there was no febrile response, indicating tolerance to LPS. Rats were then dosed with CO or CHP (10 mg/kg) 24 h after the third LPS treatment. LPS-tolerant rats displayed an accentuated hypothermic and febrile response to CLIP. Plasma cholinesterase activity was unaffected by repeated LPS treatment, suggesting that the metabolism of CHP in the liver was unaffected by LPS. Overall, the neural-immune mechanisms for LPS fever is distinct from that of CHP in view of marked difference in mechanisms of tolerance. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gordon@herl45.herl.epa.gov NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 130 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(98)00094-8 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 141DY UT WOS:000077128400002 PM 9846993 ER PT J AU Gehrs, BC Smialowicz, RJ AF Gehrs, BC Smialowicz, RJ TI Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin I. Effects on the fetus and the neonate (vol 122, pg 219, 1997) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 130 IS 1 BP 69 EP 69 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 141DY UT WOS:000077128400005 ER PT J AU Gehrs, BC Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ AF Gehrs, BC Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ TI Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin II. Effects on the pup and the adult (vol 122, pg 229, 1997) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 130 IS 1 BP 71 EP 71 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 141DY UT WOS:000077128400006 ER PT J AU Lassiter, TL Padilla, S Mortensen, SR Chanda, SM Moser, VC Barone, S AF Lassiter, TL Padilla, S Mortensen, SR Chanda, SM Moser, VC Barone, S TI Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: Apparent protection of the fetus? SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cholinesterase inhibition; chlorpyrifos; gestational exposure; time course; carboxylesterase; chlorpyrifos-oxonase ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; PLASMA PARAOXONASE ARYLESTERASE; BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CELLULAR-DIFFERENTIATION; NONCLASSICAL ACTIONS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; ADULT-RATS; DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE; CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; MOLECULAR-FORMS AB Previous studies have shown that, in general, young, postnatal animals are more sensitive than adults to the toxic effects of anticholinesterase (antiChE) pesticides. Paradoxically, often fetal brain cholinesterase (ChE) is less inhibited than maternal brain after gestational exposure to an antiChE, presumably due to placental and fetal detoxification of the antiChE. The present investigation was designed to study selected toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic factors surrounding the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF; [O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl] phosphorothionate) in pregnant rats dosed repeatedly or singly during late gestation. Dams were dosed daily (po) with CPF in corn oil (0 or 7 mg/kg) on gestational days (GD) 14 to 18. Animals were euthanized at 2 to 120 h after the last dose and tissues were collected for enzyme analysis. Using this dosing regimen, we found that (1) the time of maximal ChE inhibition was the same (i.e., 5-10 h after dosing) for both maternal and fetal brain, (2) the degree of fetal brain ChE inhibition was 4.7 times less than maternal brain inhibition, and (3) the detoxification potential (i.e., carboxylesterase and chlorpyrifos-oxonase) of the fetal tissues was very low compared to the maternal tissues. A separate group of experiments showed that if pregnant dams received only one oral dose of 7 or 10 mg/kg CPF on GD18, the degree of ChE inhibition in the fetal brain was comparable to the maternal brain ChE inhibition. Taking into consideration the net increase (more than fourfold) in fetal brain ChE activity from GD14 to 18 in control animals, and the fact that maternal brain ChE was inhibited more than fetal brain ChE only in a repeated-dosing regimen, we conclude that the fetus is not genuinely protected from the toxic effects of a given dose of CPF. We propose that fetal brain ChE is simply able to recover more fully between each dose as compared to maternal brain ChE, giving the illusion that the fetal compartment is less affected than the maternal compartment. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Clemson, SC USA. RP Lassiter, TL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ES07126] NR 74 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 152 IS 1 BP 56 EP 65 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8514 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 135GH UT WOS:000076792300007 PM 9772200 ER PT J AU Fay, M Eisenmann, C Diwan, S De Rosa, C AF Fay, M Eisenmann, C Diwan, S De Rosa, C TI ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. V. Xylenes: Health effects, toxicokinetics, human exposure, and environmental fate SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE ATSDR; environmental fate; exposure; health effects; review; toxicokinetics; xylene ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; METHYL-HIPPURIC-ACID; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; HYDROXYL RADICAL REACTIONS; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES AB Xylenes, or dimethylbenzenes, are among the highest-volume chemicals in production. Common uses are for gasoline blending, as a solvent or component in a wide variety of products from paints to printing ink, and in the production of phthalates and polyester. They are often encountered as a mixture of the three dimethyl isomers, together with ethylbenzene. As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environment Responses, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that are of greatest concern for public health purposes. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of the bulk of this profile (ATSDR, 1995) into the mainstream scientific literature. An extensive listing of known human and animal health effects, organized by route, duration, and end point, is presented. Toxicological information on toxicokinetics, biomarkers, interactions, sensitive subpopulations, reducing toxicity after exposure, and relevance to public health is also included. Environmental information encompasses physical properties, production and use, environmental fate, levels seen in the environment, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations. ATSDR, as mandated by CERCLA (or Superfund), prepares these profiles to inform and assist the public. C1 US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cosmet Toiletry & Fragrance Assoc, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fay, M (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Publ Hlth Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 710 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 15 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 14 IS 5 BP 571 EP 776 PG 206 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 300QA UT WOS:000086262600001 PM 9782568 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS AF Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS TI Comparative animal and plant toxicities of 10 treated effluents discharged to near-coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Mexico; estuaries; effluent toxicity; phytotoxicity ID WETLAND PLANTS; TESTS; DUCKWEED; SEDIMENT; WATER AB The chemical quality and acute and chronic toxicities of 10 effluents discharged to near-coastal areas in Northwest Florida were determined using standard and nonstandard toxicity tests. The primary objectives of the study were to evaluate and compare the toxicities of different types of effluents and to assess the ability of a variety of toxicity tests to differentiate effluent-specific effects. Focus was placed on animal-plant sensitivity comparisons because phytotoxicity is rarely determined for effluents discharged to coastal estuaries. The standard toxicity test organisms included two algae, mio invertebrates, and two fish. In addition, effluent toxicity was evaluated using three rapid bioassays and an early-seedling-growth toxicity test. Most concentrations of potentially toxic inorganic and organic contaminants in the effluents were low, a finding that contrasted with the sometimes elevated biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient concentrations. With the exception of their effects on al,algae, the toxicities of most effluents were considered moderate. Chronic effects on Ceriodaphnia dubia and Mysidopsis bahia were observed consistently for five effluents; the lowest first-effect levels were-typically 35 or 71% effluent. Inhibitory effects on fish and macrophyte seedling growth were infrequent, as were those determined using the three rapid bioassays. Nine of the ten effluents were either phytotoxic or phytostimulatory to algae; first effects were noted in some cases at effluent concentrations less than 6%. Overall, the results indicate the importance of using invertebrates, but more so algae, as test species in the hazard-evaluation process for effluents discharged to Gulf of Mexico near-coastal areas, which are frequently nutrient-affected. Furthermore, additional development of tests using rooted aquatic plants is needed because the effects of effluents in this coastal area on plant-dominated coastal habitats (wetlands) and on plant species at risk (sea grasses) are not well understood. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 70 IS 6 BP 1108 EP 1117 DI 10.2175/106143098X123471 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 125PT UT WOS:000076246700002 ER PT J AU Sillan, RK Annable, MD Rao, PSC Dai, DP Hatfield, K Graham, WD AF Sillan, RK Annable, MD Rao, PSC Dai, DP Hatfield, K Graham, WD TI Evaluation of in situ cosolvent flushing dynamics using a network of spatially distributed multilevel samplers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID; PARTITIONING TRACER; REMEDIATION; AQUIFER AB A network of multilevel samplers was used to evaluate the spatial patterns in contaminant extraction during an in situ cosolvent flushing field test. The study was conducted in an isolation test cell installed in a fuel contaminated site at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. Partitioning tracer tests, conducted before and after the cosolvent flush, were used to estimate the spatial distribution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) and the effectiveness of cosolvent flushing for removing NAPL. Samples collected during the cosolvent flushing test were used to visualize the extraction process. The results of these two analyses showed similar spatial trends in mass removal and were in general agreement with observations based on soil core data. In general, the cosolvents were more effective in the upper portion of the flow domain and had slightly lower mass removal effectiveness in the lower portion of the flow domain. In this region, tracers indicated slower transport rates and higher NAPL saturations. The spatial analysis also indicated that cosolvent was trapped in the capillary fringe increasing the time required to displace the cosolvent from the aquifer. These results demonstrate the value of spatial information for performance assessment and improving in situ flushing design strategies. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Interdisciplinary Program Hydrol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Sillan, RK (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Interdisciplinary Program Hydrol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2191 EP 2202 DI 10.1029/98WR00938 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 115PX UT WOS:000075674800008 ER PT J AU Reinfelder, JR Fisher, NS Luoma, SN Nichols, JW Wang, WX AF Reinfelder, JR Fisher, NS Luoma, SN Nichols, JW Wang, WX TI Trace element trophic transfer in aquatic organisms: A critique of the kinetic model approach SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE bioaccumulation; model; trace element; metal; aquatic; biomagnification ID MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; SUCKER CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; COPEPOD TEMORA-LONGICORNIS; NOEMACHEILUS-BARBATULUS L; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SEDIMENT-BOUND CD; RAINBOW-TROUT; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; MARINE BIVALVES AB The bioaccumulation of trace elements in aquatic organisms can be described with a kinetic model that includes linear expressions for uptake and elimination from dissolved and dietary sources. Within this model, trace element trophic transfer is described by four parameters: the weight-specific ingestion rate (IR); the assimilation efficiency (AE); the physiological loss rate constant (k(e)); and the weight-specific growth rate (g). These four parameters define the trace element trophic transfer potential (TTP = IR . AE/[k(e) +g]) which is equal to the ratio of the steady-state trace element concentration in a consumer due to trophic accumulation to that in its prey. Recent work devoted to the quantification of AE and k(e) for a variety of trace elements in aquatic invertebrates has provided the data needed for comparative studies of trace element trophic transfer among different species and trophic levels and, in at least one group of aquatic consumers (marine bivalves), sensitivity analyses and field tests of kinetic bioaccumulation models. Analysis of the trophic transfer potentials of trace elements for which data are available in zooplankton, bivalves, and fish, suggests that slight variations in assimilation efficiency or elimination rate constant may determine whether or not some trace elements (Cd, Se, and Zn) are biomagnified. A linear, single-compartment model may not be appropriate for fish which, unlike many aquatic invertebrates, have a large mass of tissue in which the concentrations of most trace elements are subject to feedback regulation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong. RP Reinfelder, JR (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM reinfelder@aesop.rutgers.edu RI Wang, Wen-Xiong/E-7254-2011; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Reinfelder, John/C-7214-2016 OI Reinfelder, John/0000-0002-3737-604X NR 124 TC 220 Z9 228 U1 6 U2 69 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 28 PY 1998 VL 219 IS 2-3 BP 117 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00225-3 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 129HH UT WOS:000076457400003 PM 9802246 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR AF Mahaffey, KR TI Methylmercury exposure and neurotoxicity SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID IN-UTERO; CHILDREN C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20074 USA. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 808 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20074 USA. NR 15 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 26 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 8 BP 737 EP 738 DI 10.1001/jama.280.8.737 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 111PM UT WOS:000075446900038 PM 9728648 ER PT J AU Barrett, MR Peckenpaugh, J Liu, SL AF Barrett, MR Peckenpaugh, J Liu, SL TI Use of field-scale studies in tiered assessments of pesticide impacts on ground water used for drinking water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 161-AGRO BP U134 EP U134 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234900338 ER PT J AU Behl, E Matzner, R Barrett, MR AF Behl, E Matzner, R Barrett, MR TI EPA guidance and implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 144-AGRO BP U129 EP U129 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234900321 ER PT J AU Bergen, BJ Rahn, KA Nelson, WG AF Bergen, BJ Rahn, KA Nelson, WG TI Remediation at a marine superfund site: Surficial sediment PCB congener concentration, composition, and redistribution. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 085-ENVR BP U784 EP U784 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902305 ER PT J AU Breen, JJ Anastas, PT Williamson, T AF Breen, JJ Anastas, PT Williamson, T TI Green chemistry education: International perspectives. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Green Chem Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 017-IEC BP U917 EP U917 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902696 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM Ryba, SA Cantwell, MG Gundersen, JL AF Burgess, RM Ryba, SA Cantwell, MG Gundersen, JL TI Variation of KOC in sediments from Narragansett Bay and Long Island sound: Importance of organic carbon quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 150-ENVR BP U806 EP U806 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902370 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Predictions from a euclidean distance method based on electrotopological state indices. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 010-TOXI BP U548 EP U549 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234901580 ER PT J AU Chen, CT Tafuri, AN AF Chen, CT Tafuri, AN TI Remediation of soils contaminated with diesel fuel using Fenton's reagent SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 118-IEC BP U946 EP U946 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902796 ER PT J AU Colon, D Weber, EJ Anderson, JL AF Colon, D Weber, EJ Anderson, JL TI Role of natural organic matter in the reductive transformation of nitroaromatics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 068-ENVR BP U779 EP U779 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902288 ER PT J AU Fritts, LE Curtis, TG AF Fritts, LE Curtis, TG TI Reinventing chemical information at the environmental protection agency. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Syst Dev Ctr, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 061-CINF BP U538 EP U538 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234901558 ER PT J AU Gettier, SW Moser, MA AF Gettier, SW Moser, MA TI Benefits, costs and operating experience at seven new agricultural anaerobic digesters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RCMI, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Mattocks Environ, Riverdale, NY 10471 USA. Lock Four, Waverly, VA 23890 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 015-FERT BP U817 EP U818 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902407 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR AF Goldman, LR TI Endocrine disruptor screening and testing: A consensus strategy SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Toxic Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 104-ENVR BP U791 EP U791 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902324 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW TI Applicability of high mass resolution analyses to identification of endocrine disruptors. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 171-ENVR BP U812 EP U812 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902391 ER PT J AU Guo, YB Richardson, SD Caughran, TV AF Guo, YB Richardson, SD Caughran, TV TI Identification and mechanistic studies of drinking water disinfection by-products. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 143-ENVR BP U803 EP U803 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902363 ER PT J AU Hong, JH Sewell, GW AF Hong, JH Sewell, GW TI Cr(VI) bioreduction in the Cr-contaminated subsurface environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 127-ENVR BP U798 EP U798 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902347 ER PT J AU Jones, RD AF Jones, RD TI Use of monitoring data for assessment of drinking water exposure under the Food Quality Protection Act. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 145-AGRO BP U129 EP U129 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234900322 ER PT J AU Kelly, A AF Kelly, A TI Project XL for laboratories. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Environm Protect Agcy, Boston, MA 02109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 027-CHAS BP U366 EP U366 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234901035 ER PT J AU Kuehl, DW Christensen, J AF Kuehl, DW Christensen, J TI Kow values for a series of aryl glucuronides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 035-TOXI BP U555 EP U556 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234901605 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Akim, LG Bailey, GW AF Shevchenko, SM Akim, LG Bailey, GW TI Imaging lignocellulosics by atomic force microscopy (AFM) coupled with virtual reality and molecular modeling. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, ERD, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Wood Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 049-CELL BP U344 EP U344 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234900965 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Bowman, KL Gerlach, GL AF Van Emon, JM Bowman, KL Gerlach, GL TI Analytical challenges of environmental endocrine disruptor monitoring. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Lockheed Martin, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, NERL, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 164-ENVR BP U810 EP U810 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902384 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW TI Enantiomeric composition of polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers in aquatic biota and bed sediments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Environmental Protection Agency, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 095-ENVR BP U788 EP U788 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902315 ER PT J AU Zepp, RG AF Zepp, RG TI Photoreactivity of dissolved organic matter in fresh water environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 225-PHYS BP U726 EP U726 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WY UT WOS:000075235002167 ER PT J AU Zepp, RG AF Zepp, RG TI Influence of solar radiation on chemical reactions in the upper ocean: Aquatic and surface photochemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 008-SOCED BP U351 EP U352 PN 3 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WZ UT WOS:000075235101070 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Miller, DB AF Gordon, CJ Miller, DB TI Thermoregulation in rats exposed perinatally to dioxin: Core temperature stability to altered ambient temperature, behavioral thermoregulation, and febrile response to lipopolysaccharide SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; ADULT; FEVER AB Recent studies have shown that perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) alters thermoregulatory function in adult rats and hamsters, indicated by a reduced body temperature during the animal's nocturnal phase. The present study was designed to assess the behavioral thermoregulation, ability to develop a fever, and thermoregulatory stability as a function of ambient temperature (T-a) in rats exposed perinatally to TCDD. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were exposed on gestational day (GD) 15 to 1 mu g TCDD/kg (po). The male offspring were implanted with transmitters to monitor core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA). The 24-h pattern of core temperature was affected by TCDD exposure, characterized by a reduced nocturnal T-c. At some ages, the diurnal T-c of the TCDD group was elevated. This dysfunction in temperature regula tion was most apparent at 7 and I I mo of age. The 24-h pattern of MA was also altered by TCDD. The hypothermic effects of TCDD were most pronounced at cooler T-a values of 10 to 22 degrees C. In contrast, behavioral thermoregulation, assessed by measuring the selected T-a and T-c of rats in a temperature gradient, was unaffected by TCDD. The ability to develop a fever following administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin (Escherichia coli; 50 mu g/kg) was accentuated in the TCDD-treated animals. The data confirm a nocturnal hypothermia in rats prenatally exposed to TCDD. However, the normal behavioral regulation of T-c suggests that hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers are not permanently altered. The accentuated fever in TCDD animals shows possible functional alterations in the neuroimmune and/or thermoregulatory axes involved in fever. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG 21 PY 1998 VL 54 IS 8 BP 647 EP 662 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 112WT UT WOS:000075518200004 PM 9726785 ER PT J AU Bukowski, JA Wartenberg, D Goldschmidt, M AF Bukowski, JA Wartenberg, D Goldschmidt, M TI Environmental causes for sinonasal cancers in pet dogs, and their usefulness as sentinels of indoor cancer risk SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; NASAL CAVITY; EXPOSURE; SINUSES AB A case-control study was conducted to investigate the environmental causes of sinonasal cancers among pet dogs. Sinonasal cancer (SNC) cases and digestive cancer controls from the years 1989 through 1993 were obtained from a veterinary histopathology database. Owners were mailed a self-administered survey requesting information on canine factors, owner demographics, household exposures (including environmental tobacco smoke), and local pollution. A total of 129 case owners and 176 control owners returned completed surveys: a response rate of approximately 72%. Only household exposures were associated with increased SNC risk. Use of indoor coal of kerosene heaters represented the strongest risk factors, with significant adjusted odds ratios of 4.2 and 2.2 respectively. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was not a risk factor and was suggestive of a nonsignificant, mildly protective effect at the lower exposure levels. Increasing nasal length was a significant risk factor, and there was effect modification between nasal length and coal or kerosene combustion. No self-reported measures of local pollution, such as urban status or residence within 1 mile of a factory, were associated with SNC risk. These results suggest that canine SNC has a strong environmental component and highlight the importance of indoor exposures, especially from fossil fuel combustion products. These results also suggest that pet dogs represent excellent sentinels for indoor cancer risk and that canine SNC cases can be used as early markers of household exposure to carcinogenic combustion products. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Bukowski, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Envorinm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG 7 PY 1998 VL 54 IS 7 BP 579 EP 591 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 109UW UT WOS:000075343100005 PM 9726781 ER PT J AU Canfield, TJ Brunson, EL Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE AF Canfield, TJ Brunson, EL Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE TI Assessing sediments from Upper Mississippi River navigational pools using a benthic invertebrate community evaluation and the sediment quality triad approach SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; LARVAE DIPTERA; BIOTIC INDEX; CHIRONOMID LARVAE; DEFORMITIES; LAKE; POLLUTION; WATER; TOXICITY; MONTANA AB Benthic invertebrate samples were collected from 23 pools in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and from one station in the Saint Croix River (SCR) as part of a study to assess the effects of the extensive flooding of 1993 on sediment contamination in the UMR system. Sediment contaminants of concern included both organic and inorganic compounds. Oligochaetes and chironomids constituted over 80% of the total abundance in samples from 14 of 23 pools in the UMR and SCR samples. Fingernail clams comprised a large portion of the community in three of 23 UMR pools and exceeded abundances of 1,000/m(2) in five of 23 pools. Total abundance ranged from 250/m(2) in samples from pool 1 to 22,389/m(2) in samples from pool 19. Abundance values are comparable with levels previously reported in the literature for the UMR. Overall frequency of chironomid mouthpart deformities was 3% (range 0-13%), which is comparable to reported incidence of deformities in uncontaminated sediments previously evaluated. Sediment contamination was generally low in the UMR pools and the SCR site. Correlations between benthic measures and sediment chemistry and other abiotic parameters exhibited few significant or strong correlations. The sediment quality triad (Triad) approach was used to evaluate data from laboratory toxicity tests, sediment chemistry, and benthic community analyses; it showed that 88% of the samples were not scored as impacted based on sediment toxicity chemistry, and benthic measures. Benthic invertebrate distributions and community structure within the UMR in the samples evaluated in the present study were most likely controlled by factors independent of contaminant concentrations in the sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Canfield, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 69 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 202 EP 212 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500003 ER PT J AU Genthner, FJ Chancy, CA Couch, JA Foss, SS Middaugh, DP George, SE Warren, MA Bantle, JA AF Genthner, FJ Chancy, CA Couch, JA Foss, SS Middaugh, DP George, SE Warren, MA Bantle, JA TI Toxicity and pathogenicity testing of the insect pest control fungus Metarhizium anisopliae SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; MENIDIA-BERYLLINA; EMBRYOS; TOXINS; MUTAGENICITY; DESTRUXINS AB Renewed interest in the use of Metarhizium anisopliae and its toxins for insect control prompted the following safety assessment. A neutral extract (methylene chloride, pH 7.2), derived from M, anisopliae cultures, was evaluated for toxicity and mutagenicity using aquatic animal bioassays and the Ames test. The average LC(50) Of the neutral extract obtained in static, acute 96-h tests conducted with less than or equal to 24-h-old Mysidopsis bahia was 2.41 mg L(-1). By partially purifying destruxins from the neutral extract, it was shown that destruxins alone were not responsible for the observed toxicity in mysids. The neutral extract was fetotoxic to developing grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, and frog, Xenopus laevis, embryos; the LC(50) values were 52 and 32 mg L(-1), respectively. Eye spot abnormalities were observed in shrimp and frog embryos exposed to the neutral extract. In extract-exposed frog embryos, moderate to severe cranial, facial, and gut malformations were also observed. The neutral extract was toxic to juvenile mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, at an LC(50) value of 141 mg L(-1). Adult female G. affinis surviving a 24-h exposure to 200 mu g ml(-1) of the neutral extract produced healthy broods. After 3 months, no mortalities or adverse effects were observed in adult G. affinis fed a diet partially composed of a freeze-dried M. anisopliae culture. The neutral extract did not show mutagenicity in the Ames test using strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation by rat liver S9. Significant(p less than or equal to 0.05) mortalities were obtained when embryos of grass shrimp and inland silverside fish, Menidia beryllina, were exposed to the same lot of M. anisopliae conidiospores. Exposure of frog embryos to M anisopliae conidiospores did not cause significant (p > 0.05) mortalities or malformations. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Genthner, FJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 317 EP 324 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500017 ER PT J AU Black, F Tejada, S Kleindienst, T AF Black, F Tejada, S Kleindienst, T TI Preparation of automobile organic emission surrogates for photochemical model validation SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE autoemissions surrogates; ozone photochemistry AB Irradiation chamber studies of the photochemistry of motor vehicle emissions generally use relatively simple surrogates (often Fewer than 30 compounds) of complex emissions (often greater than 250 compounds). The question is often asked: Can the photochemistry of complex organic mixtures be adequately simulated by chamber studies using simple surrogate mixtures? The complexity of the compositional profile of motor vehicle organic emissions results in large part from the complexity of the fuel (i.e., the combustion derived compounds are relatively small in number). An experimental protocol is described by permitting preparation of representative complex (greater than 250 compounds) emission surrogates adding a small number (fewer than 30) of selected compounds to the vehicle fuel. Irradiation chamber runs of actual motor vehicle exhaust samples are contrasted with similar runs of associated complex mixture emission surrogates demonstrating the accuracy with which the exhaust photochemistry can be simulated using the surrogate. Time-resolved profiles of NO, NOx-NO, and ozone concentrations, and selected 12.5 h product concentrations, are presented as examples of the comparability of the exhaust and surrogate photochemistry. The observed exhaust and surrogate concentration profiles product distributions are very similar. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Black, F (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 32 IS 14-15 BP 2443 EP 2451 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00045-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101LQ UT WOS:000074870800003 ER PT J AU Lighthart, B Kirilenko, A AF Lighthart, B Kirilenko, A TI Simulation of summer-time diurnal bacterial dynamics in the atmospheric surface layer SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE airborne; bacteria; mixed layer; residual layer; simulation ID AIRBORNE BACTERIA AB A model was prepared to simulate the observed concentration dynamics of culturable bacteria in the diurnal summer atmosphere at a Willamette River Valley, Oregon location. The meteorological and bacterial mechanisms included in a dynamic null-dimensional model with one-second time step are solar radiation, convective;mixed layer depth, bacterial concentration in the residual layer, bacterial flux from ground sources, and SR sensitivity of two bacterial populations. Reasonable agreement of the model to observed airborne bacterial concentration data was found for the dawn fumigation and afternoon accumulation peaks where the activating mechanisms were included in the model. But little agreement was found in the late afternoon where unaccounted-for mechanisms of bacteria-sparse seabreeze intrusion and downslope mountain movement of airmasses are thought to be present at the observation location. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), Microbial Aerosol Res Lab, 10975 Doll Rd, Monmouth, OR 97361 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 32 IS 14-15 BP 2491 EP 2496 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00011-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101LQ UT WOS:000074870800007 ER PT J AU Church, MR AF Church, MR TI Projected acidic deposition effects SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Church, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 1998 VL 48 IS 8 BP 579 EP 579 DI 10.2307/1313413 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 103GR UT WOS:000075150200001 ER PT J AU Schenck, KM Wymer, LJ Lykins, BW Clark, RM AF Schenck, KM Wymer, LJ Lykins, BW Clark, RM TI Application of a Finnish mutagenicity model to drinking waters in the US SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID XAD RESINS; HUMIC-ACID; CHLORINATION; FINLAND; RECOVERY; CANCERS AB Recent epidemiological studies conducted in Finland have reported a positive correlation between the mutagenicity of chlorinated drinking waters and certain human cancers. In these studies, past exposure to drinking water mutagenicity was assessed using a model developed by Vartiainen et al. [1] based on data collected in Finland. In this model, mutagenicity, as determined in the Ames assay, is a function of the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the water, chlorine dose, and to a minor extent, the concentration of ammonia. A study has been initiated to assess the applicability of this model to source waters and water treatment practices in the United States. Water samples were collected from three full-scale treatment plants and one pilot-scale plant. All the plants used chlorine exclusively for disinfection. One full-scale plant used ground water. Surface water sources were used by the other plants. TOC and ammonia concentrations were determined analytically and chlorine doses were obtained from the treatment plants. The water samples were concentrated by XAD resin adsorption for testing in the Ames assay. The observed levels of mutagenicity in the finished waters were 1.5 to 2-fold higher than those predicted using the model as specified in Vartiainen et al. [1]. Consequently, further validation is needed prior to widespread use of the Finnish model to assess exposure to mutagenicity in chlorinated drinking waters in the United States. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. RP Schenck, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 3 BP 451 EP 464 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00061-7 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV721 UT WOS:000074334400008 PM 9661275 ER PT J AU Young, D Becerra, M Kopec, D Echols, S AF Young, D Becerra, M Kopec, D Echols, S TI GC/MS analysis of PCB congeners in blood of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina from San Francisco Bay SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID FISH AB Here we report a validated technique for quantifying up to 20 specific PCB congeners in 1-2 g samples of whole blood with a detection limit below 1 ng/g (ppb) wet weight. Specimens were analyzed from 14 harbor seals sampled in south San Francisco Bay, California during 1991-1992. Ratios of specific congeners to PCB-153, and other aspects of congener pattern, agreed with published values for PCB's detected in seal blood. PCB-153 constituted 30 percent of our Sigma PCB values. The mean Sigma PCB concentration for the San Francisco Bay seals was 50 ppb, about three times the average level reported for blood of captive seals fed exclusively on fish from the Baltic's PCB-contaminated Dutch Wadden Sea. Such experimental populations have exhibited depressed reproductive success and impaired immune function. These findings support concerns about the ecological effects of PCB contamination in San Francisco Bay. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Mycotech Corp, Butte, MT 59701 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. CH2M HILL Corp, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. RP Young, D (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 4 BP 711 EP 733 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00075-7 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ973 UT WOS:000074788000010 PM 9693840 ER PT J AU Lores, EM Pennock, JR AF Lores, EM Pennock, JR TI The effect of salinity on binding of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn to dissolved organic matter SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID HUMIC-ACID PARTICLES; ION-BINDING; MACOMA-BALTHICA; SUBSTANCES; COPPER; CADMIUM; MARINE; WATER; COMPLEXATION; DISSOCIATION AB Salinity can affect binding of metals to humic acid and thus affect bioavailability, however, the effects are poorly understood. The fraction of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr (at 100 mu g/L) complexed with Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) was measured at salinities of 0,1, 3, 10, and 15 psu using 1000 Dalton ultrafiltration membranes. In distilled water, 10 mg SRHA/L bound at least 40% of each metal. Except for Cu, metal binding decreased to less than 20% at salinities between 1 and 15 pan. Copper binding decreased ro 27% at 3 psu, but increased to approximately 60% bound at 15 psu. Copper complexation with natural dissolved organics from a local estuary was also measured and ranged from 25 to 100%. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Alabama, Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA. RP Lores, EM (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 29 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 5 BP 861 EP 874 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00090-3 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103XP UT WOS:000074983400003 ER PT J AU Elfarra, AA Krause, RJ Last, AR Lash, LH Parker, JC AF Elfarra, AA Krause, RJ Last, AR Lash, LH Parker, JC TI Species- and sex-related differences in metabolism of trichloroethylene to yield chloral and trichloroethanol in mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID B6C3F1 MICE; ACID; TRICHLOROACETATE; CYTOCHROME-P-450; DICHLOROACETATE; TOXICITY; HYDRATE; HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY; PHARMACOKINETICS; RELEVANCE AB Trichloroethylene (TRI) has been shown to cause a variety of tumors, particularly in mouse liver and lung and rat kidney. However, a clear association between exposure to TRI and cancer development in humans has not been established. Because TRI metabolism by cytochrome P450s has been implicated in the mechanisms of TRI-induced carcinogenicity in mice, the purpose of the present study was to characterize the kinetics of TRI oxidation in male and female mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes to possibly allow for a better assessment of human risk. Methods were developed to detect and quantitate chloral, trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid, known TRI metabolites in rodents or humans. However, only chloral and its further metabolite, trichloroethanol, were consistently detected in the various liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. Chloral was the major metabolite detected, and its levels were species- and sex-dependent; the amounts of trichloroethanol detected were also species- and sex-dependent but never exceeded 15% of total metabolites. Double-reciprocal plots of metabolite formation with male and female rat and human liver microsomes indicated biphasic kinetics, but this trend was not observed with microsomes from male or female mouse liver. The V-max data are consistent, with male and female mice being more susceptible to TRI-induced liver carcinogenicity than male rats. However, the V-max/K-m ratios in male and female rat liver microsomes, in comparison with the male mouse liver microsomes, did not correlate with tumor incidences in these tissues. Furthermore, as only two out of six human liver samples examined exhibited V-max/K-m ratios similar or higher than the ratio obtained with male mouse liver, humans may vary in their toxic response after TRI exposure. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Elfarra, AA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biosci, 2015 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 NR 40 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 26 IS 8 BP 779 EP 785 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 109XG UT WOS:000075349200009 PM 9698293 ER PT J AU Hurley, PM Hill, RN Whiting, RJ AF Hurley, PM Hill, RN Whiting, RJ TI Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes; iodide pump; mode of carcinogenic action; 5 '-monodeiodinase activity; pesticides; thyroid follicular cell tumors; thyroid hormone; thyroid peroxidase activity; thyroid-stimulating hormone ID UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE INDUCERS; CHRONIC TOXICITY CARCINOGENICITY; HORMONE LEVELS; POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY; ENZYME-INDUCTION; B6C3F1 MICE; LONG-TERM; RATS; ETHYLENETHIOUREA; MECHANISM AB Of 240 pesticides screened for carcinogenicity by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, at lease 24 (10%) produce thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Thirteen of the thyroid carcinogens also induce liver tumors, mainly in mice, and 9 chemicals produce tumors at other sites. Some mutagenic data are available on all 24 pesticides producing thyroid tumors. Mutagenicity does not seem to be a major determinant in thyroid carcinogenicity, except for possibly acetochlor; evidence is less convincing for ethylene thiourea and etridiazole. Studies on thyroid-pituitary functioning, including indications of thyroid cell growth and/or changes in thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, are available on 19 pesticides. No such antithyroid information is available for etridiazole, N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide, terbutryn, triadimefon, and trifluralin. Of the studied chemicals, only bromacil lacks antithyroid activity under study conditions. Intrathyroidal and extrathyroidal sites of action are found: amit-role, ethylene thiourea, and mancozeb are thyroid peroxidase inhibitors; and acetochlor, clofentezine, fenbuconazole, fipronil, pendimethalin, pentachloronitrobenzene, prodiamine, pyrimethanil, and thiazopyr seem to enhance the hepatic metabolism and excretion of thyroid hormone. Thus, with 12 pesticides that mode of action judgments can be made, 11 disrupt thyroid-pituitary homeostasis only; no chemical is mutagenic only; and acetochlor may have both antithyroid and some mutagenic activity. More information is needed to identify other potential antithyroid modes of thyroid carcinogenic action. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hurley, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7509C, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 73 TC 147 Z9 162 U1 7 U2 29 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 106 IS 8 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106437 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 120CC UT WOS:000075936100016 PM 9681970 ER PT J AU Hill, RN Crisp, TM Hurley, PM Rosenthal, SL Singh, DV AF Hill, RN Crisp, TM Hurley, PM Rosenthal, SL Singh, DV TI Risk assessment of thyroid follicular cell tumors SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE iodide pump; microsomal enzyme induction; 5 '-monodeiodinase; risk assessment; thyroid follicular cell tumors; thyroid hormone (T-4, T-3); thyroid peroxidase; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); UDP glucuronosyl transferase ID MOLECULAR-BASIS; GRAVES-DISEASE; ENDEMIC GOITER; HORMONE ACTION; LONG-TERM; F344 RATS; CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; MECHANISMS; GLAND AB Thyroid follicular cell tumors arise in rodents from mutations, perturbations of thyroid and pituitary hormone status with increased stimulation of thyroid cell growth by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or a combination of the two. The only known human thyroid carcinogen is ionizing radiation. It is not known for certain whether chemicals that affect thyroid cell growth lead to human thyroid cancer. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency applies the following science policy positions: 1) chemically induced rodent thyroid tumors are presumed to be relevant to humans; 2) when interspecies information is lacking, the default is to assume comparable carcinogenic sensitivity in rodents and humans; 3) adverse rodent noncancer thyroid effects due to chemically induced thyoid-pituitary disruption are presumed to be relevant to humans; 4) linear dose-response considerations are applied to thyroid cancer induced by chemical substances that either do not disrupt thyroid functioning or lack mode of action information; 5) nonlinear thyroid cancer dose-response considerations are applied to chemicals that reduce thyroid hormone levels, increase TSH and thyroid cell division, and are judged to lack mutagenic activity; and 6) nonlinear considerations may be applied in thyroid cancer dose-response assessments on a case-by-case basis for chemicals that disrupt thyroid-pituitary functioning and demonstrate some mutagenic activity Required data for risk assessment purposes is mode of action information on mutagenicity, increases in follicular cell growth (cell size and number) and thyroid gland weight, thyroid-pituitary hormones, site of action, correlations between doses producing thyroid effects and cancer, and reversibility of effects when dosing ceases. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hill, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 95 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 106 IS 8 BP 447 EP 457 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106447 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 120CC UT WOS:000075936100017 PM 9681971 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR AF Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR TI Interactive effects of environmentally relevant polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on [H-3]phorbol ester binding in rat cerebellar granule cells SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 96 Annual Meeting CY APR 14-18, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Federat Amer Soc Exptl Biol DE binary combinations; cerebellar granule cells; environmental mixtures; interactive effects; neurotoxicity; [H-3]phorbol ester binding; polychlorinated biphenyls; polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; LIFE STAGE MORTALITY; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PCB CONGENERS; AH RECEPTOR; AMINO-ACIDS; EXPOSURE; MICE; CHILDREN; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AB polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent contaminants that exist as complex mixtures in the environment. One problem faced by risk assessors is that the possible interactive effects of specific PCB congeners and related chemicals found in environmental and biological samples have not been systematically investigated. Some PCBs perturb Ca2+ homeostasis and cause protein kinase C (PKC) translocation in neuronal fell cultures and in brain homogenate preparations at concentrations where no cytotoxicity is observed, and these systems are necessary for the growth and normal functioning of neurons. The changes in second messenger systems appear to be associated with the extent of noncoplanarity of the PCB molecule. We studied the interactive effects of selected PCB congeners, a PCB metabolite, and a dioxin on PKC translocation, as determined by [H-3]phorbol ester binding in cerebellar granule cells. The binary combinations included coplanar and noncoplanar PCB congeners or PCB congeners with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/PCB metabolite. In addition, we tested the interactive effects of several PCB congeners (three or more) found in environmental samples such as human milk and blood, contaminated fish, and brain samples from PCB-treated animals. The results indicated that 1) the coplanar congener [3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TeCB)] did not alter the in vitro activity of the noncoplanar (2,2',5,5'-TeCB) or coplanar [4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB)] congeners; 2) binary mixtures of active PCB congeners (2,2',4,4'-TeCB and 2,2'-DCB; 2,2'-DCB and 3,5-DCB; 2,2',3,5',6-PeCB and 2,2',4,4',5-PeCB) interact in a dose-additive manner; 3) TCDD did not alter the activity of either coplanar (3,3',4,4'-TeCB) or noncoplanar (2,2',5,5'-TeCB) congeners; 4) the interaction between the parent PCB congener and hydroxy metabolite of PCB is additive; 5) PCB congener mixtures at the ratios found in environmental samples are biologically active; and 6) there was no indication of synergism in any of the combinations studied. These results suggest that the biological effects of binary mixtures of PCB congeners fit a dose-additive model, indicating that there is a specific site of action for these PCB congeners which is independent of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Environmental mixtures contain mostly noncoplanar PCB congeners, and because they appear to be biologically active, the potential human health risk by this group of chemicals should be considered in the risk assessment of PCBs. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 62 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 106 IS 8 BP 479 EP 486 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106479 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 120CC UT WOS:000075936100021 PM 9681975 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Cameron, MA Smith, AJ Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Vimpani, G McMichael, AJ Pisaniello, D Jameson, CW Mahaffey, KR AF Gulson, BL Cameron, MA Smith, AJ Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Vimpani, G McMichael, AJ Pisaniello, D Jameson, CW Mahaffey, KR TI Blood lead urine lead relationships in adults and children SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SMELTER WORKERS; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ISOTOPE; KIDNEY; SERUM; BONE AB To determine the potential for using urine instead of blood as an indicator of lead exposure, especially in infants, lead concentrations and high-precision lead isotopic measurements have been compared in venous blood and "spot" urine (n > 260 from 182 different subjects) collected within the same 24-h period. Physiological conditions for the children and most of the adults were considered to be in a steady-state between body stores and lead in the environment. In the case of some adults, conditions were initially not steady-state because exposure conditions changed (for example, subjects moved to a country with lead of different isotopic composition.) There was a high correlation (r(2) = 0.98) between the blood and urine measurements of the isotope ratios but about 10% of measurements were outliers-the blood and urine measurements were further apart than was consistent with the measurement error that was generally obtained. The discrepancy was usually found to be associated with the urine measurement and was attributed to contamination during sampling. Weekly urine and monthly blood monitoring of an adult male over a 24-month period showed excellent correlations, although the standard deviations were about an order of magnitude higher than the precision measured for replicate analyses of a single blood or urine sample. "Spot" urine analyses for two male subjects gave excellent agreement with 24-h urine samples. Standard deviations of the spot analyses were of similar order to those in the 24-month monitored subject. In cases where female adults from Eastern Europe migrated to Australia, there was generally a more rapid exchange of skeletal lead with Australian environmental lead in urine compared with blood. These data do not support a differential partitioning of endogenous lead into the plasma. At this stage, isotopic measurements of urine can be used as a proxy for isotopic measurements in blood. However, lead concentrations in blood and in urine are only weakly related. Concentrations of lead in urine cannot serve to predict concentrations of lead in blood, particularly at the lower range of exposures, for example, at blood lead concentrations less than 10 mu g/dl. (C) 1995 Academic Press. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, EM, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia. Hunter Area Hlth Serv, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia. Univ Adelaide, Dept Community Med, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RI Cameron, Murray/C-9970-2009 OI Cameron, Murray/0000-0002-4874-0927 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 78 IS 2 BP 152 EP 160 DI 10.1006/enrs.1997.3810 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 113EV UT WOS:000075538200011 PM 9719619 ER PT J AU Kahn, HD Telliard, WA White, CE AF Kahn, HD Telliard, WA White, CE TI Comment on "An Alternative Minimum Level definition for analytical quantification" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kahn, HD (reprint author), US EPA, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 15 BP 2346 EP 2348 DI 10.1021/es980099y PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106LJ UT WOS:000075130500044 ER PT J AU Bertelsen, SL Hoffman, AD Gallinat, CA Elonen, CM Nichols, JW AF Bertelsen, SL Hoffman, AD Gallinat, CA Elonen, CM Nichols, JW TI Evaluation of log K-ow and tissue lipid content as predictors of chemical partitioning to fish tissues SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE partitioning prediction; tissue lipid; fish ID 3 WATERBORNE CHLOROETHANES; BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ENVIRONMENTAL RESIDUES; COEFFICIENTS; SOLUBILITY; ACCUMULATION; LIMITATIONS; POLLUTANTS AB In vitro equilibrium chemical partition coefficients were determined for six chemicals in selected tissues from four species of fish. Log-transformed values were then regressed in stepwise fashion against chemical log octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow) and the log of tissue lipid content to derive a series of linear one- and two-variable models. Equations derived for fat indicate that n-octanol is a good surrogate for nonpolar lipid in the range of chemical log K-ow tested (1.46 < log K-ow < 4.04). These equations also support the conclusion that previously developed K-ow-bioconcentration factor relationships are largely a reflection of chemical accumulation in fat. Fitted slope and intercept terms for "lean" tissues differed from those expected from chemical partitioning to lipid only and were instead consistent with the suggestion that partitioning to nonlipid-nonwater cellular constituents contributes substantially to chemical accumulation. A general equation is presented for prediction of tissue/water and blood/water partitioning from chemical log K-ow and tissue (or blood) lipid content. It is suggested, however, that tissue- and blood-specific equations be used to estimate the tissue/blood partitioning relationships needed for kinetic modeling efforts. C1 ASCI Corp, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Bertelsen, SL (reprint author), ASCI Corp, 4444 Airpk Blvd, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. EM bertelsen.sharon@epamail.epa.gov NR 44 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 18 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1447 EP 1455 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1447:EOLKOA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 106LK UT WOS:000075130900003 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Prediction of chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms: ECOSAR vs. Microtox (R) assay SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND WATER QUALITY LA English DT Article DE Microtox; ECOSAR; QSAR; aquatic toxicity AB This study was designed to compare the toxicities of various chemical explosives and related compounds to aquatic organisms as predicted by a luminescent bacterium assay (Microtox(R) assay) and by the computer program ECOSAR. Toxicities were rated "very toxic," "toxic," or "less toxic" using the same criteria as the published bacterium assay. The two methods agree for most of the 24 compounds studied, and the disagreements are about equally divided as to which method predicts the greater toxicity. Experimental toxicity data were available for 12 of the 24 compounds. With these data, ECOSAR made eight predictions that coincided with the experimental toxicity class, while the luminescent bacterium assay predicted seven. For 17 of 21 experimental LC50 values, ECOSAR predicted log LC50 within one log unit, (C) 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 211-216, 1998. C1 US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1053-4725 J9 ENVIRON TOXIC WATER JI Environ. Toxicol. Water Quality PD AUG PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 211 EP 216 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 103KM UT WOS:000075155500002 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ de la Cruz, AA Moss, DM Curry, M Calderon, RL AF Frost, FJ de la Cruz, AA Moss, DM Curry, M Calderon, RL TI Comparisons of ELISA and Western blot assays for detection of Cryptosporidium antibody SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID DAY-CARE-CENTER; PERCOLL GRADIENTS; WATER SUPPLIES; OUTBREAK; OOCYSTS; GIARDIA; SPOROZOITES; PURIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION AB A seroprevalence survey was conducted using ELISA and Western blot (WB) assays for antibody to three Cryptosporidium antigens on 380 blood donors in Jackson County, Oregon. The purpose was to determine if either assay could detect serological evidence of an outbreak which occurred in Talent, Oregon 6 months earier. The ELISA, which tested for combined IgG, IgA and IgM, and the WE, which tested separately for IgG and IgA, detected an almost twofold increase in serological response for persons who consumed Talent drinking water during the previous 11 months. The increases, however, were statistically significant (P < 0.05) only for the WE. The identification of serological evidence of infection, using sera collected 6 months after the end of the outbreak in a population not selected because of cryptosporidiosis-like illness, suggests that assays of Cryptosporidium-specific IgG and IgA may assist in estimating the magnitude of asymptomatic infections in the population. C1 SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 121 IS 1 BP 205 EP 211 DI 10.1017/S0950268898008991 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 118ZW UT WOS:000075871700024 PM 9747774 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Calderon, RL Muller, TB Curry, M Rodman, JS Moss, DM de la Cruz, AA AF Frost, FJ Calderon, RL Muller, TB Curry, M Rodman, JS Moss, DM de la Cruz, AA TI A two-year follow-up survey of antibody to Cryptosporidium in Jackson County, Oregon following an outbreak of waterborne disease SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID GIARDIA; TRANSMISSION; SUPPLIES; OOCYSTS AB To estimate the duration of Cryptosporidium-specific antibody, a Western blot assay measured antibody in paired sera from 124 residents of Jackson County, Oregon collected 0.5 and 2.5 years after the end of an outbreak in Talent, Jackson County. The outcome measure was the intensity of antibody responses, (which may approximate to a titre), to 27-kDa and 15/17-kDa antigens. Intensity of response to the 27-kDa antigen(s) declined to 54% of the 1992 value while responses to a 15/17-kDa antigen(s) remained close to the initial values. Increasing age of the donor predicted higher intensity of antibody to the 15/17-kDa antigen(s) in both the initial (P = 0.004) and follow-up (P = 0.038) surveys. No relationship was observed between age and antibody intensity for the 27-kDa antigen(s) during either survey (P > 0.10). Both the initial and follow-up surveys showed significant elevations in antibody intensity for Talent residents, possibly indicating a high endemic rate of infection/re-infection or high levels of chronic infection. C1 SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. CDC, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgewest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 121 IS 1 BP 213 EP 217 DI 10.1017/S095026889800898X PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 118ZW UT WOS:000075871700025 PM 9747775 ER PT J AU Tong, YY Lighthart, B AF Tong, YY Lighthart, B TI Effect of simulated solar radiation on mixed outdoor atmospheric bacterial populations SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE solar radiation; atmospheric bacterium; survival; particle size ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; DOSIMETRY; SURFACE; OZONE AB Slit and Andersen cascade impact samplers were used to collect ambient atmospheric bacteria under clear conditions at noon and night onto Luria-Bertani agar surfaces. The bacteria were then directly exposed to simulated solar radiation (SSR) for increasing periods to evaluate the lethal effect of SSR, The results showed that SSR had marked differential lethal effects depending on the accumulated total solar irradiance, solar spectral property, bacterial species composition, and bacterial laden particle size. The simulated extraterrestrial solar spectrum had a greater lethality than the simulated terrestrial solar spectrum on the atmospheric bacteria collected at night (P < 0.05); no such difference was found for the bacteria collected at noon. Statistical differences found only for the bacteria collected at night indicates that daytime solar radiation exposure could eliminate some sensitive bacterial populations from the ambient atmosphere. Sunlight exposure survival of the bacteria collected at noon linearly increased with respect to particle size. For each micrometer increase in particle aerodynamic diameter, there is an almost 11% increase in survival up to at least 7 mu m aerodynamic diameter particles. The higher sunlight sensitivity of airborne bacteria in small particles could provide a partial explanation for the preponderance of large-sized culturable bacterial particles in the atmosphere during clear days. (C) 1998 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, Beijing 100071, Peoples R China. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), Microbial Aerosol Res Lab, Monmouth, OR 97361 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 311 EP 316 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00515.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 108WH UT WOS:000075288400006 ER PT J AU Moya, TB Ziska, LH Namuco, OS Olszyk, D AF Moya, TB Ziska, LH Namuco, OS Olszyk, D TI Growth dynamics and genotypic variation in tropical, field-grown paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to increasing carbon dioxide and temperature SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE elevated CO2; intraspecific variation; rice; temperature ID CO2 ENRICHMENT; YIELD AB While previous studies have examined the growth and yield response of rice to continued increases in CO2 concentration and potential increases in air temperature, little work has focused on the long-term response of tropical paddy rice (i.e. the bulk of world rice production) in situ, or genotypic differences among cultivars in response to increasing CO2 and/or temperature. At the International Rice Research Institute, rice (cv IR72) was grown from germination until maturity for 4 field seasons, the 1994 and 1995 wet and the 1995 and 1996 dry seasons at three different CO2 concentrations (ambient, ambient + 200 and ambient + 300 mu L L-1 CO2) and two air temperatures (ambient and ambient + 4 degrees C) using open-top field chambers placed within a paddy site. Overall, enhanced levels of CO2 alone resulted in significant increases in total biomass at maturity and increased seed yield with the relative degree of enhancement consistent over growing seasons across both temperatures. Enhanced levels of temperature alone resulted in decreases or no change in total biomass and decreased seed yield at maturity across both CO2 levels. In general, simultaneous increases in air temperature as well as CO2 concentration offset the stimulation of biomass and grain yield compared to the effect of CO2 concentration alone. For either the 1995 wet and 1996 dry seasons, additional cultivars (N-22, NPT1 and NPT2) were grown in conjunction with IR72 at the same CO2 and temperature treatments. Among the cultivars tested, N-22 showed the greatest relative response of both yield and biomass to increasing CO2, while NPT2 showed no response and IR72 was intermediate. For all cultivars, however, the combination of increasing CO2 concentration and air temperature resulted in reduced grain yield and declining harvest index compared to increased CO2 alone. Data from these experiments indicate that (a) rice growth and yield can respond positively under tropical paddy conditions to elevated CO2, but that simultaneous exposure to elevated temperature may negate the CO2 response to grain yield; and, (b) sufficient intraspecific variation exists among cultivars for future selection of rice cultivars which may, potentially, convert greater amounts of CO2 into harvestable yield. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. US EPA, WED, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM lziska@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 28 TC 87 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 6 BP 645 EP 656 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00180.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 108XJ UT WOS:000075290900006 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH Moya, TB Wassmann, R Namuco, OS Lantin, RS Aduna, JB Abao, E Bronson, KF Neue, HU Olszyk, D AF Ziska, LH Moya, TB Wassmann, R Namuco, OS Lantin, RS Aduna, JB Abao, E Bronson, KF Neue, HU Olszyk, D TI Long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide stimulates methane emission in tropical paddy rice SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; climate change; methane; rice ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; CO2 ENRICHMENT; YIELD; RHIZOSPHERE; VEGETATION; RESPONSES AB Recent anthropogenic emissions of key atmospheric trace gases (e.g. CO2 and CH4) which absorb infra-red radiation may lead to an increase in mean surface temperatures and potential changes in climate. Although sources of each gas have been evaluated independently, little attention has focused on potential interactions between gases which could influence emission rates. In the current experiment, the effect of enhanced CO2 (300 mu L L-1 above ambient) and/or air temperature (4 degrees C above ambient) on methane generation and emission were determined for the irrigated tropical paddy rice system over 3 consecutive field seasons (1995 wet and dry seasons 1996 dry season). For all three seasons, elevated CO2 concentration resulted in a significant increase in dissolved soil methane relative to the ambient control. Consistent with the observed increases in soil methane, measurements of methane flux per unit surface area during the 1995 wet and 1996 dry seasons also showed a significant increase at elevated carbon dioxide concentration relative to the ambient CO2 condition (+49 and 60% for each season, respectively). Growth of rice at both increasing CO2 concentration and air temperature did not result in additional stimulation of either dissolved or emitted methane compared to growth at elevated CO2 alone. The observed increase in methane emissions were associated with a large, consistent, CO2-induced stimulation of root growth. Results from this experiment suggest that as atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, methane emissions from tropical paddy rice could increase above current projections. C1 Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Fraunhofer Inst Atmospher Environm Res, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. UTZ, Environm Res Ctr, Dept Soil Sci, D-06246 Bad Lauchstaedt, Germany. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), Int Rice Res Inst, POB 933, Manila 1099, Philippines. EM lziska@asrr.arsusda.gov RI Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014 NR 38 TC 52 Z9 64 U1 4 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 6 BP 657 EP 665 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 108XJ UT WOS:000075290900007 ER PT J AU Barton, A Sergeant, A AF Barton, A Sergeant, A TI Policy before the ecological risk assessment: What are we trying to protect? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; ecological risk management; assessment endpoints; objectives C1 US EPA, Sci Advisory Board Staff 1400, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Barton, A (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Advisory Board Staff 1400, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 787 EP 795 DI 10.1080/10807039891284785 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116TL UT WOS:000075740800003 ER PT J AU Thornton, KW Paulsen, SG AF Thornton, KW Paulsen, SG TI Can anything significant come out of monitoring? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE indicator; question; assessment; design; sample survey AB The Proposed Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (USEPA, 1996) identify five criteria for determining ecological adversity: nature and intensity of effects, temporal and spatial scale, and potential for recovery. Assessing changes in the assessment endpoints and reaching conclusions on ecological adversity or significance is ultimately founded on information obtained through monitoring and measurements on ecological systems. Although some monitoring programs have previously been criticized for lack of scientific rigor, answers to questions related to ecological and societal significance must come from assessments founded on ecological monitoring efforts. Identifying the appropriate questions and assessment endpoints for monitoring are critical steps in the design and implementation of the monitoring program. However, the process must be completed. This monitoring information subsequently must form the foundation for assessments that interpret and present the ecological and societal signficance of observed status and trends in resource condition. C1 FTN Associates Ltd, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Thornton, KW (reprint author), FTN Associates Ltd, 3 Innwood Circle,Ste 220, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 797 EP 805 DI 10.1080/10807039891284794 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116TL UT WOS:000075740800004 ER PT J AU Rand, GM Zeeman, MG AF Rand, GM Zeeman, MG TI Ecological risk assessment approaches within the regulatory framework SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; toxic substances control act (TSCA); Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); pesticide registration; USEPA regulations AB Ecological risk assessment has a short history but a framework similar to human health risk assessment. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) played a significant role in the development of the ecological risk process. Data developed and risk procedures used within TSCA and FIFRA have become generally standardized. Fundamental components of the risk process require data on the effects of chemicals in the form of concentration (or dose) - response profiles for species and an exposure profile to quantify the magnitude, spatial and temporal patterns of exposure relevant to significant biological endpoints being studied. Risk characterization generally involves comparing exposure and effects using point estimates (e.g., quotient method) but risk estimation is moving toward a probabilistic approach by comparing distributions of values with more consideration of the sources of uncertainty. Ecological testing guidelines in TSCA. and FIFRA are discussed along with the risk characterization process used in each statute. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, SERP, Miami, FL 33199 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rand, GM (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Environm Studies, SERP, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 853 EP 886 DI 10.1080/10807039891284857 PN 2 PG 34 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116TL UT WOS:000075740800010 ER PT J AU Morgenstern, RD AF Morgenstern, RD TI Session moderator's summary for cost benefit analysis SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Morgenstern, RD (reprint author), Resources Future Inc, 1616 P St Nw, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 951 EP 952 DI 10.1080/10807039891284901 PN 2 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116TL UT WOS:000075740800015 ER PT J AU Morgenstern, RD AF Morgenstern, RD TI Perspectives on the conduct and use of economic analysis in federal environmental decisionmaking SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; benefit-cost analysis; economic analysis AB This article lays out the broad rationale for conducting economic analyses of major environmental regulations - principally, benefit-cost analysis - as well as some of the pertinent critiques. What can public agencies expect to gain from such activities! What are the reasons to be wary of the results! The paper reviews the recent experience of the federal government in conducting such analyses, with particular reference to the relevant Presidential Executive Orders issued over the past three decades. Finally, the paper examines some of the key methodological issues, often involving interdiscripliary topics, critical to the conduct of such analyses. Overall, it is concluded that the economic analysis of proposed environmental regulations can help improve the allocation of society's resources while at the same time engendering an understanding of who benefits and who pays for any given regulatory action. Additionally, properly conducted economic analyses encourage transparency and accountability in the decisionmaking process, provide a framework for consistent data collection and identification of gaps in knowledge, and allow for the aggregation of many dissimilar effects (e.g., those on health, visibility, and crops) into one measure of net benefits expressed in a single currency. C1 Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Morgenstern, RD (reprint author), Resources Future Inc, 1616 P St Nw, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM Morgenst@rff.org NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 953 EP 970 DI 10.1080/10807039891284910 PN 2 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116TL UT WOS:000075740800016 ER PT J AU Sethi, V Clark, RM AF Sethi, V Clark, RM TI Cost estimation models for drinking water treatment unit processes SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Cost models for unit processes typically utilized in a conventional water treatment plant and in package treatment plant technology are compiled in this paper. The cost curves are represented as a function of specified design parameters and are categorized into four major categories : construction, maintenance materials, energy and labour. The cost curves sire developed so that cost indices may be used to update cost estimates from the base year. These models can be used to assist in making decisions;related to construction of new water treatment facilities or modification of existing water treatment processes to meet drinking water standards or provide improved water quality. They can also be used as a part of sophisticated economic evaluation such as the calculation of cost to benefit ratios. C1 US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS 689,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION PI NEW DELHI PA DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA SN 0971-4588 J9 INDIAN J ENG MATER S JI Indian J. Eng. Mat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 5 IS 4 BP 223 EP 235 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 134QT UT WOS:000076754600012 ER PT J AU Zhao, RH Cabezas, H AF Zhao, RH Cabezas, H TI Molecular thermodynamics in the design of substitute solvents SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-EXTRACTION; MIXTURES; UNIFAC AB The use of physical properties and fluid behavior from molecular thermodynamics can lead to better decision making in the design of substitute solvents and can greatly reduce the expense and time required to find substitutes compared to designing substitute solvents by experiment, This paper systematically discusses the equilibrium and dynamic properties and the fluid behavior which are important for designing substitute solvents. For each property, it discusses the rationale for using the property, the current level of understanding from molecular thermodynamics, the general methodology for estimating the property for single chemicals, and suggested methods for liquid mixtures. In addition to bulk physical solvent properties such as viscosity, other solution properties such as activity coefficients are also important for designing substitute solvents. The use of limiting or infinite dilution activity coefficients in the context of substitute solvent design is discussed. Lastly, other requirements such as solvent safety properties including flash point and solvent phase and chemical stability are fully discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, 26 W martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 8 BP 3268 EP 3280 DI 10.1021/ie970861p PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 107MU UT WOS:000075213700045 ER PT J AU Okhuysen, PC Chappell, CL DuPont, HL Sterling, CR Jakubowski, W AF Okhuysen, PC Chappell, CL DuPont, HL Sterling, CR Jakubowski, W TI Serologic response to human Cryptosporidium infections - Authors' reply SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Houston, TX 77030 USA. St Lukes Episcopal Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Vet Med, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Environm Protect Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. RP Okhuysen, PC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 66 IS 8 BP 4008 EP 4009 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 103TJ UT WOS:000074973700076 ER PT J AU Madden, MC Friedman, M Dailey, LA Samet, JM AF Madden, MC Friedman, M Dailey, LA Samet, JM TI Inhibition of arachidonic acid esterification in human airway epithelial cells exposed to ozone in vitro SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR; LIPID OZONATION PRODUCTS; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; MAST-CELL; METABOLISM; INFLAMMATION; INCREASES; INVITRO; CULTURE AB There is evidence that some lung responses to ozone (O-3) exposure are mediated through the altered metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA). Increased concentrations of some AA metabolites such as prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF(2 alpha)) are observed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid recovered from human subjects exposed to O-3. Airway epithelial cells may contribute to this increase in eicosanoid formation. Previous reports have shown increased PGE(2) and PGF(2 alpha) production by O-3-exposed airway epithelial cells, believed to be mediated at least in part by increased phospholipase activity. We examined other potential biochemical mechanisms for the increased formation of these two prostaglandins by O-3-exposed epithelial cells. Cultured normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, prelabeled with H-3-AA, were exposed to air or to 0.1 ppm or 1.0 ppm O-3 for 60 min in a Transwell cell culture system. NHBE cells produced increased amounts of H-3-PGE(2) and H-3-PGF(2 alpha) in response to 0.1 ppm O-3 exposure but not with 1.0 ppm exposure as measured in the conditioned media by high-performance liquid chromatography. Other H-3-AA products, including [H-3]-15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, [H-3]-12-heptadecatrienoic, and [H-3]aldehydic substances derived from the ozonation of H-3-AA, also were observed in increased amounts. Pulsing of cells with 15 nM H-3-AA after 0.1 ppm and 1.0 ppm O-3 exposure revealed a decrease in H-3-AA esterification into cellular phospholipids, resulting in an increase in free H-3-AA available for metabolism to prostaglandins. No O-3-induced alteration in NHBE cell cyclooxygenase activity was observed with the 0.1 ppm exposures. Impaired esterification of free AA into cellular phospholipids appears to be a very sensitive target for O-3-induced effects on AA metabolism, and may play a role in the increased prostaglandin production observed upon O-3 inhalation in vivo. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Pulm Dis Crit Care & Environm Med Sect, New Orleans, LA USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Tulane Xavier Ctr Bioenvironm Res, New Orleans, LA USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 10 IS 8 BP 795 EP 811 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 102MY UT WOS:000074929200002 ER PT J AU Oxenford, J Mason, S Stapf, J Hebenstreit, C Blaha, F AF Oxenford, J Mason, S Stapf, J Hebenstreit, C Blaha, F TI Risk management planning SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 AWWARF, Denver, CO 80235 USA. Water Util Serv Co, St Louis, MO 63141 USA. US Environmental Protection Agency, Dallas, TX 75208 USA. City Wyoming, Wyoming, MI 49509 USA. RP Oxenford, J (reprint author), AWWARF, 6666 W Quincy Ave, Denver, CO 80235 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 90 IS 8 BP 24 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 110QX UT WOS:000075392800010 ER PT J AU Johnson, JC Van Emon, JM Pullman, DR Keeper, KR AF Johnson, JC Van Emon, JM Pullman, DR Keeper, KR TI Development and evaluation of antisera for detection of the O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate and phosphorothionothiolate organophosphorus pesticides by immunoassay SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organophosphorus pesticides; immunoassay; class-specific detection AB An immunochemical approach for class detection of organophosphorus pesticides was investigated. Synthesis of O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate haptens and their use in the generation of polyclonal antisera are described. An indirect inhibition format ELISA coupled with an automated screening procedure was used to characterize the dose-response of the resulting antisera for 17 representative O,O-diethyl and O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionates/thionothiolates and phosphates. C1 US EPA, Human Exposure Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Johnson, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Human Exposure Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 8 BP 3116 EP 3123 DI 10.1021/jf970191y PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 112DD UT WOS:000075478100035 ER PT J AU Bennett, WD Scheuch, G Zeman, KL Brown, JS Kim, C Heyder, J Stahlhofen, W AF Bennett, WD Scheuch, G Zeman, KL Brown, JS Kim, C Heyder, J Stahlhofen, W TI Bronchial airway deposition and retention of particles in inhaled boluses: effect of anatomic dead space SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerosol deposition; aerosol drug delivery; retention of inhaled particles ID FLOW-RATE; CLEARANCE; AEROSOLS; GAS AB The fractional deposition of particles in boluses delivered to shallow lung depths and their subsequent retention in the airways may depend on the relative volume and size of an individual's airways. To evaluate the effect of variable anatomic dead space (ADS) on aerosol bolus delivery we had healthy subjects inhale radiolabeled, monodisperse aerosol (Tc-99m-iron oxide, 3.5 mu m mean mondispersed aerosol diameter) boluses (40 mi) to a volumetric front depth of 70 mi into the lung at a lung volume of 70% total lung capacity end inhalation. By using filter techniques, aerosol photometry, and gamma camera analysis, we estimated the fraction of the inhaled boluses deposited in intrathoracic airways (IDF). ADS by single-breath Nz washout was also measured from 70% total lung capacity. Results showed that among all subjects IDF was variable (range = 0.04-0.43, coefficient of variation = 0.54) and increased with decreasing ADS (r = -0.76, P = 0.001, n = 16). We found significantly greater deposition in the left (L) vs. right (R) lungs; mean L/R (ratio of deposition in L lung to R lung, normalized to ratio of L-to-R lung volume) was 1.58 +/- 0.42 (SD; P < 0.001 for comparison with 1.0). Retention of deposited particles at 2 h was independent of ADS or IDF. There was significant retention of particles at 24 h postdeposition (0.27 +/- 0.05) and slow clearance of these particles continued through 48 h postdeposition. Finally, analysis of central-to-peripheral ratios of initial deposition and 24-h-retention gamma-camera images suggest significant retention of insoluble particles in large bronchial airways at 24 h postdeposition (i.e., 24 h central-to-peripheral ratio = 1.40 +/-: 0.44 and 1.82 +/- 0.54 in the R and L lung, respectively; P < 0.02 for comparison with 1.0). These data may prove useful for 1) designing aerosol delivery techniques to target bronchial airways and 2) understanding airway retention of inhaled particles. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Inhalat Biol, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27771 USA. RP Bennett, WD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 85 IS 2 BP 685 EP 694 PG 10 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 114CV UT WOS:000075592300040 PM 9688747 ER PT J AU Lind, CA Boris, JP Oran, ES Mitchell, WJ Wilcox, JL AF Lind, CA Boris, JP Oran, ES Mitchell, WJ Wilcox, JL TI The response of a partially confined detonation facility to blast loading SO JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference of the American-Society-of-Mechanical-Engineers CY JUL 27-31, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB It is estimated that more than 500,000 tons of obsolete and unwanted conventional weapons exist in the United Stares. The disposal of these unexploded ordnances, in an environmentally sound and cost-effective way, is of paramount importance. Open-air burning and open-air detonation (OB/OD) are two of the most widely used methods to dispose of these unwanted energetic materials. This paper describes our efforts to improve OB/OD operations through the design and testing of a new, large-scale, partially confined facility that minimizes the adverse affects of far-field noise and maximizes the afterburn of explosive by-products. Several designs were evaluated by a series of axisymmetric, time-dependent numerical simulations using FAST3D, a flux-corrected transport-based code optimized for parallel processing. The simulations are used to test various facility geometries and placements and sizes of charges to determine combinations that result in acceptable environmental impact. Comparisons of the pressure and structural analyses far 50 and 100 lb of spherically shaped RDX charges show that the 50-lb spherically shaped charge placed at a height of approximately 2.0 m resulted in an efficient detonation and maintained the structural integrity of the detonation facility. C1 USN, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20372 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USA, W Desert Test Ctr, Dugway, UT 84022 USA. RP USN, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Code 6440,B-97,4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20372 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME PI NEW YORK PA TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0094-9930 EI 1528-8978 J9 J PRESS VESS-T ASME JI J. Press. Vessel Technol.-Trans. ASME PD AUG PY 1998 VL 120 IS 3 BP 306 EP 312 DI 10.1115/1.2842062 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 112TX UT WOS:000075511200015 ER PT J AU Lind, CA Boris, JP Oran, ES Mitchell, WJ Wilcox, JL AF Lind, CA Boris, JP Oran, ES Mitchell, WJ Wilcox, JL TI The effect of charge shape on partially confined detonations SO JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference of the American-Society-of-Mechanical-Engineers CY JUL 27-31, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB More than 500,000 tons of obsolete and unwanted conventional weapons exist in the United States. The disposal of these unexploded ordnances, in an environmentally sound and cost-effective way, is of paramount importance. Different types of incinerators and detonation chambers have been proposed to eliminate these unwanted energetic materials. However, questions about the design of such facilities and the environmental consequences of their use must be answered. This paper describes numerical simulations of a large-scale partially confined detonation facility. Detonation facility designs were evaluated by a sei-ies of axisymmetric, time-dependent simulations using FAST3D, a numerical model based on flux-connected transport coupled to the virtual cell embedding algorithm for simulating complex geometries. The simulations assisted in determining the shape and size of the detonation charge mass that maintained the structural integrity of the facility. Comparisons of the pressure and structural analyses for spherically and cylindrically shaped RDX charges in a fired volume show that the 50-lb spherically shaped charge resulted in an efficient detonation and maintained the structural integrity of the detonation facility. C1 USN, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20372 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USA, W Desert Test Ctr, Dugway, UT 84022 USA. RP USN, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Code 6440,B-97,4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20372 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASME PI NEW YORK PA TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0094-9930 EI 1528-8978 J9 J PRESS VESS-T ASME JI J. Press. Vessel Technol.-Trans. ASME PD AUG PY 1998 VL 120 IS 3 BP 313 EP 318 DI 10.1115/1.2842063 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 112TX UT WOS:000075511200016 ER PT J AU Baumgardner, RE Edgerton, ES AF Baumgardner, RE Edgerton, ES TI Rural ozone across the eastern United States: Analysis of CASTNet data, 1988-1995 SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ELEVATION; EXPOSURE; VEGETATION; SITES AB A predominantly rural ozone monitoring network was operated under the auspices of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) from 1988 until 1995. Ozone data from sites in the eastern United States are presented and several indices are used to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone concentration and exposure. These indices are SUM06, W126, the 8-hour rolling average (MAX(8hr)>80), and the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone. Ozone indices were selected to illustrate the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone, and the sensitivity of this distribution to different representations of concentration or exposure. CASTNet is unique in that a uniform set of site selection criteria and uniform procedures, including traceability to a single primary standard, provide a high degree of comparability across sites. Sites were selected to avoid undue influence from point sources, area sources, or local activities. The sites reflect a wide range of land use and terrain types including agricultural and forested, in flat, rolling, and complex terrain from the eastern seaboard across the Appalachian Mountains to the Midwest. Results indicate that ozone concentrations varied greatly in time and space across the eastern United States. Sites in the upper northeast, upper midwest, and southern periphery subregions experienced relatively low ozone during the years of record compared to sites in the northeast, midwest, and south central subregions. Ozone exposures at an individual rural site are dependent on many factors, including terrain, meteorology, and distance from sources of precursors. Relative to the current las of 1996) NAAQS, only a handful of CASTNet sites near major urban areas report exceedances. In contrast, the majority of CASTNet sites might exceed the proposed new primary standard for ozone. Sites at high elevation (>900m) in the east exhibit relatively high exposure statistics (e.g., SUM06 and W126), but no exceedance of the current ozone standard from 1988 through 1995. Terrain effects explain some of the variability within subregions and are an important consideration in the design of monitoring networks for ozone and possibly other pollutants. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Environm Sci & Engn Inc, Durham, NC USA. RP Baumgardner, RE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Drop 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 48 IS 8 BP 674 EP 688 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 116PK UT WOS:000075733600001 PM 28060679 ER PT J AU Miller, CA Lemieux, PM Touati, A AF Miller, CA Lemieux, PM Touati, A TI Evaluation of tire-derived fuel for use in nitrogen oxide reduction by reburning SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Tire-derived fuel (TDF) was tested in a small-scale (44 kW or 150,000 Btu/hr) combustor to determine its feasibility as a fuel for use in reburning for control of nitrogen oxide (NO). TDF was gravity-fed into upward flowing combustion gases from a primary natural gas flame doped with ammonia to simulate a high NO combustion process. Emissions of NO, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter were measured. The tests varied the nominal primary NO level from 600 to 1,200 ppm and the primary stoichiometry from 1.1 to 1.2, and used both natural gas and TDF as reburn fuels. The reburn injection rate was varied to achieve 8-20% of the ti,tal heat input from the reburn fuel. NO emissions reductions ranged between 20 and 63% when using TDF, depending upon the rate of TDF injection, primary NO, and primary stoichiometry. NO emission reductions when using natural gas as the reburn fuel were consistently higher than those when using TDE While additional work remains to optimize the process and evaluate costs, TDF has been shown to have the potential to be a technically viable reburning fuel. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch MD65, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch MD65, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 48 IS 8 BP 729 EP 735 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 116PK UT WOS:000075733600006 PM 9739625 ER PT J AU Mitra, S Xu, YH Chen, WJ McAllister, G AF Mitra, S Xu, YH Chen, WJ McAllister, G TI Development of instrumentation for continuous on-line monitoring of non-methane organic carbon in air emissions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ONLINE MEMBRANE EXTRACTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SYSTEM; COMPOUND AB Non-methane organic carbon (NMOC) is a measure of total organic carbon in an air emission, excluding that from methane. Thus, it measures the total amount of carbon, irrespective of the structure and functional groups in the molecule. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 25 is used for quantification of NMOC in emission sources and in ambient air. This method involves laboratory analysis of collected air samples and cannot be used for real-time measurements. It is prone to interferences from CO,, CII, and CO, as well as moisture. In this paper, a novel method for continuous, on-line monitoring of NMOC in air emissions and ambient air is presented. Detection limits are at ppb levels, and interference of permanent gases have been eliminated. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Durham, NC USA. RP Mitra, S (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM mitra@megahertz.njit.edu NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 48 IS 8 BP 743 EP 749 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 116PK UT WOS:000075733600008 PM 28060682 ER PT J AU Fronk, CA Lykins, BW AF Fronk, CA Lykins, BW TI Removal of chlorinated and brominated alkanes from drinking water using reverse osmosis SO JOURNAL OF WATER SERVICES RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANES AB Membrane use in water treatment has historically focused on desalination. With the development of new membrane materials, attention began to focus on reverse osmosis and pervaporation as alternatives to traditional water treatment processes. This paper addresses the use of reverse osmosis in removing one class of organic compounds, the alkanes (chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons) from drinking water, using six membranes: a cellulose acetate, a polyamide (hollow fibre), and four different types of thin-film composites. The thin-film composite membranes removed 80-95% of the low molecular weight (100-250) alkanes tested. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Fronk, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SERV RES TEC JI J. Water Serv. Res. Technol.-Aqua PD AUG PY 1998 VL 47 IS 4 BP 183 EP 195 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 128ND UT WOS:000076412100011 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Sweet charity?: Emergency food and the end of entitlement. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Reg Lib 7, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Lib 7, Las Vegas, NV USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 123 IS 13 BP 119 EP 119 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 108XR UT WOS:000075291800237 ER PT J AU Walensky, LD Dawson, TM Steiner, JP Sabatini, DM Suarez, JD Klinefelter, GR Snyder, SH AF Walensky, LD Dawson, TM Steiner, JP Sabatini, DM Suarez, JD Klinefelter, GR Snyder, SH TI The 12 kD FK506 binding protein FKBP12 is released in the male reproductive tract and stimulates sperm motility SO MOLECULAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT FK506; HUMAN-SPERMATOZOA; CYCLOSPORINE-A; FK506-BINDING PROTEIN; APOCRINE SECRETION; NERVE REGENERATION; MAMMALIAN PROTEIN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; S-35 METHIONINE; RAT SPERMATOZOA AB Background: The 12 kD FK506 binding protein FKBP12 is a cytosolic receptor for the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and rapamycin. In addition to its critical role in drug-induced T-cell, immunosuppression FKBP12 associates physiologically with ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors, regulating their ability to nux calcium. We investigated a role for FKBP12 in male reproductive physiology on the basis of our identification of extremely high levels of [H-3]FK506 binding in male reproductive tissues. Materials and Methods: [H-3]FK506 binding studies were performed to identify tissues enriched with FK506 binding sites. The abundant [H-3]FK506 binding sites identified in the male reproductive tract were localized by [H-3]FK506 autoradiography. FK506 affinity chromatography was employed to purify FKBP from epididymal fluid. Anti-FKBP12 Western analysis was used to confirm the identity of the purified FKBP. The binding of exogenous FKBP12 to sperm was evaluated by [P-32]FKBP12 binding studies and [P-33]FKBP12 autoradiography. The effect of recombinant FKBP12 on sperm motility was investigated using a Hamilton Theme motility analyzer. Results: Male reproductive tissues contained high levels of [H-3]FK506 binding. The localization of [H-3]FK506 binding sites to the tubular epithelium of the caput epididymis and the lumen of the cauda and vas deferens suggested that FKBP is released in the male reproductive tract. FKBP12 was purified from epididymal plasma by FK506 affinity chromatography. Radiolabeled FKBP12 specifically bound to immature but not mature sperm. In sperm motility studies, FKBP12-treated caput sperm exhibited double the curvilinear velocity of untreated controls. Conclusions: High levels of FKBP12 are released in the male reproductive tract and specifically associate with maturing sperm. Recombinant FKBP12 enhances the curvilinear velocity of immature sperm, suggesting a role for FKBP12. in motility initiation. The highest concentrations of soluble FKBP12 in the male reproductive tract occur in the lumen of the vas deferens, a site of sperm storage and the conduit for ejaculated sperm. Preservation of mammalian sperm for reproductive technologies may be optimized by supplementing incubation or storage media with FKBP12. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Guilford Pharmaceut Inc, Baltimore, MD USA. Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Snyder, SH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, 813 WBSB,725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA-00266, DA-00074]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 07309] NR 62 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1076-1551 J9 MOL MED JI Mol. Med. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 4 IS 8 BP 502 EP 514 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 114UX UT WOS:000075628500002 PM 9742506 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM AF DeMarini, DM TI Mutation spectra of complex mixtures SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE complex mixtures; Salmonella; mutation spectra ID FLUORESCENT LIGHT; DRINKING-WATER; AIR-POLLUTION; LUNG-CANCER; SALMONELLA; SUNLIGHT; INCINERATOR; INDUCTION; MUTAGENS; BENZOPYRENE AB Mutation spectra of complex mixtures or simple binary mixtures have been determined thus far only in Salmonella. This review summarizes these studies, which have involved a variety of complex mixtures, chemical fractions of the mixtures, and single compounds that are representative of the primary chemical classes within the mixtures. For the particulate organics from urban air and municipal waste incinerator emissions, cigarette smoke condensate, and organic extracts of chlorinated drinking water, the mutation spectrum of the mixture reflected the dominance of one or a few chemical classes within the mixture. The mutation spectra of sunlight and cigarette smoke in Salmonella were similar to those found in the p53 gene of skin or lung tumors in people associated with exposure to these two mutagens. These data provide possible mechanistic links between the types of mutations induced by complex environmental mutagens in an experimental organism (Salmonella) and the types of mutations found in humans exposed to the same environmental mutagens. The primary class of mutation produced by many mutagens within a chemical class (and even among different classes) is frequently the same. These studies indicate that, to some extent, complex mixture-induced mutation spectra can be modeled by the predominant mutagenic chemical class in that mixture and even by a single model compound in that chemical class. Such information should be useful in the interpretation of mutation spectra in molecular epidemiological studies where the exposure is primarily to a complex mixture. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM demarini.david@epamail.epa.gov NR 37 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 411 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(98)00009-X PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 100UT UT WOS:000074834300002 PM 9675232 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS AF Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS TI The neurotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Meeting of the International-Neurotoxicology-Association CY JUN 29-JUL 04, 1997 CL SZEGED, HUNGARY SP Albert Szent Gyorgyi Med Univ, BILANEY Consultants GmbH, Coco Cola Amatil Kft, Commiss European Communities, EGIS Pharmaceut Co, Elsevier Sci, European Soc Toxicol, F Hoffman La Roche Ltd, Gedeon Richer Co, ISI Europe, Int Neurotoxicol Assoc, Int Union Toxicol, Govt Fed Republ Germany, LEICA GmbH, MEZOBANK Rt, Natl Comm Technol Dev, Noldus Informat Technol, US EPA, ZENECA Pharmaceut DE PCBs; calcium homeostasis; PKC; risk assessment ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; THYROID-HORMONE METABOLISM; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; PHORBOL ESTER BINDING; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; PRIMARY CULTURES; RAT CEREBELLUM; AMINO-ACIDS; ADULT-RATS AB Like dioxin, some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners produce toxicity by binding to an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Other PCB congeners that have little or no activity at the Ah receptor have been shown to accumulate in the brain following in vivo exposure and decrease dopamine content. Subsequent research has found that non-dioxin-like PCBs also interfere with calcium homeostatic mechanisms and intracellular second messenger systems in vitro in neuronal cultures and brain subcellular fractions. The biological significance of these effects of PCBs in nervous system preparations is not known, although a number of calcium-dependent processes are important for nervous system function and development. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies based on measures of PCB-induced alterations in protein kinase C (PKC) translocation and Ca2+-buffering indicate that congeners with chlorine substitutions at the ortho-position are active in vitro, while non-ortho congeners are relatively inactive. Subsequent research has found that chloride substitution patterns that favor non-co-planarity are associated with activity in nervous system preparations. Recent in vivo studies in adults have shown that repeated exposure to a PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 increases translocation of PKC and decreases Ca (2+)-buffering in the brain. Increased levels of ortho-substituted non-coplanar PCB congeners were observed in the brains of Aroclor 1254-treated animals relative to vehicle controls. Current research is focusing on the possibility that PCB-induced alterations in calcium homeostasis and intracellular second messengers may be related to the developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs. (C) 1998 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 75 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 7 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD AUG-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4-5 BP 517 EP 525 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 116QH UT WOS:000075735700003 PM 9745906 ER PT J AU Mergler, D Belanger, S Larribe, F Panisset, M Bowler, R Baldwin, M Lebel, J Hudnell, K AF Mergler, D Belanger, S Larribe, F Panisset, M Bowler, R Baldwin, M Lebel, J Hudnell, K TI Preliminary evidence of neurotoxicity associated with eating fish from the Upper St. Lawrence River lakes SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Meeting of the International-Neurotoxicology-Association CY JUN 29-JUL 04, 1997 CL SZEGED, HUNGARY SP Albert Szent Gyorgyi Med Univ, BILANEY Consultants GmbH, Coco Cola Amatil Kft, Commiss European Communities, EGIS Pharmaceut Co, Elsevier Sci, European Soc Toxicol, F Hoffman La Roche Ltd, Gedeon Richer Co, ISI Europe, Int Neurotoxicol Assoc, Int Union Toxicol, Govt Fed Republ Germany, LEICA GmbH, MEZOBANK Rt, Natl Comm Technol Dev, Noldus Informat Technol, US EPA, ZENECA Pharmaceut DE fish; St. Lawrence River; neurotoxicity; humans; neurobehavioral; neurologic ID GREAT-LAKES; METHYLMERCURY; EXPOSURE; MERCURY; PCBS; CONSUMPTION; SELENIUM; LEAD AB Pollution of hydrographic basins has affected the flora and fauna that thrive in these aquatic ecosystems, and fish, which constitute an important food resource, often contain a plethora of potentially toxic chemicals. In a major research project on early neurotoxic effects of environmental exposure to manganese among residents in Southwest Quebec, fish consumption from 2 lakes of the Upper St Lawrence River System, was surveyed as a potential confounding factor. Participants were selected using a random, stratified sampling strategy from lists of the Quebec Health Plan. Following exclusions, 273 men and women between 20-69 years were retained for the present analysis. A total of 103 (37.7%) reported eating fish from the Upper St. Lawrence. Although fisheaters and non-fisheaters were similar for most socio-demographic variables, significantly more fisheaters (65.2%) reported consuming alcoholic beverages as compared to non-fisheaters (42.4%) (Chi Sq. <0.01). To eliminate this possible bias, fisheaters were matched to non-fisheaters for the variables sex, alcohol consumption (never or occasionally vs. regularly), age (+/-5y) and education (+/-2y). A total of 63 matched pairs were thus created. Paired analyses (t-test or Signed Rank) showed that fisheaters had higher levels of blood organic mercury and lead. Analysis of nervous system functions revealed that both groups performed similarly on tests of sensory function, visual memory and recognition, fine motor performance and some motor tests, but fisheaters performed significantly more poorly (p<0.05) on tests requiring cognitive flexibility, word naming, auditory recall, and more complex motor tasks. The profile of deficits is consistent with diminished capacity for information processing. These observations were made within a study that was not specifically designed to examine the effects of fish eating from these two lakes, and the characterization of fish dietary habits has many limitations. Nevertheless, the findings are sufficiently compelling to warrant further studies, since fish from the Upper St. Lawrence Lakes are known to contain multiple neurotoxic substances. (C) 1998 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Univ Quebec, CINBIOSE, Ctr Etud Interact Biol Entre Sante & Environm, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Univ San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA. Concordia Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mergler, D (reprint author), Univ Quebec, CINBIOSE, Ctr Etud Interact Biol Entre Sante & Environm, CP 8888,Succ Centreville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD AUG-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4-5 BP 691 EP 702 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 116QH UT WOS:000075735700027 PM 9745930 ER PT J AU Lunetta, RS Lyon, JG Guindon, B Elvidge, CD AF Lunetta, RS Lyon, JG Guindon, B Elvidge, CD TI North American landscape characterization dataset development and data fusion issues SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; DEFORESTATION AB With the launch of Landsat 1 on 23 July 1972, the United States initiated the capability for land, resource monitoring. from space. Over a 20-year period, the Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) sensor collected data documenting land-cover conditions over the majority of the globe. The global change research community has prioritized reducing the uncertainty associated with land cover-change as a major constituent of importance to balancing the global carbon cycle. The Mss archive currently represents the best available, continuous public source of relatively high resolution imagery for the monitoring of land cover over the 1972-1992 period. The North American Landscape Characterization project was designed to exploit this archive by providing standardized satellite data sets to support land-cover change analysis. Land-cover categorization products derived from Mss data alone provide only a general characterization of land-cover condition and change. A data fusion approach using a post classification technique is presented as a cost-effective method for delineating land cover at appropriate thematic and spatial resolutions; to support a quantitative inventory of forest carbon stocks. Issues related to assessing the accuracy of carbon inventory datasets is presented, and a two-step model is proposed for accuracy assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada. NOAA NESDIS, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lunetta, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 28 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 64 IS 8 BP 821 EP 829 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 106BE UT WOS:000075109200011 ER PT J AU Fleming, JS Conway, JH Holgate, ST Moore, EA Hashish, AH Bailey, AG Martonen, TB AF Fleming, JS Conway, JH Holgate, ST Moore, EA Hashish, AH Bailey, AG Martonen, TB TI Evaluation of the accuracy and precision of lung aerosol deposition measurements from planar radionuclide imaging using simulation SO PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Planar images of known, theoretical distributions of radioaerosol in the lung have been simulated using lung models derived from magnetic resonance studies on human subjects. Total lung activity was evaluated from the simulated images together with the absolute penetration index (PI) and a relative value expressed as a fraction of that in a simulated ventilation image. The accuracy and precision of these measurements were calculated by comparison with the true values used in the simulation. Total activity was assessed with systematic errors within 5% and precision within 6.5%. Measured PIs varied only slowly with true PI and inter-model variation masked changes between measurements on the different distributions. The relative PI reduced inter-model variation and provided significant differences between all the distributions. PI was significantly affected by misalignment of the lung region of interest. The conducting airways deposition fraction (CADF) used in the simulation correlated linearly with the fractional activity in a central lung region, allowing CADF to be estimated with a precision of 21%. C1 Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Med Phys & Bioengn, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Univ Med, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. Univ Southampton, Dept Elect Engn, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fleming, JS (reprint author), Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Nucl Med, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. OI Conway, Joy/0000-0001-6464-1526 NR 4 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-9155 J9 PHYS MED BIOL JI Phys. Med. Biol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 43 IS 8 BP 2423 EP 2429 DI 10.1088/0031-9155/43/8/033 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 109LQ UT WOS:000075324400033 PM 9725617 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ AF Bushnell, PJ TI Behavioral approaches to the assessment of attention in animals SO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Review DE attention; anima; assessment; behavioral procedure; cognitive process; validity ID REACTION-TIME-TASK; NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS; DORSAL NORADRENERGIC BUNDLE; LESIONS DISRUPT INCREMENTS; VISUAL SPATIAL ATTENTION; PARIETAL CORTEX LESIONS; LATENT INHIBITION; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; D-AMPHETAMINE; VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE AB Increasing awareness that disorders of attention may underlie cognitive dysfunctions associated with intoxication and neurodegenerative disease has stimulated research into the neural bases of attention. Because attention comprises a constellation of hypothetical cognitive processes, it can only be inferred from behavior, of either human or non-human subjects, under appropriate experimental conditions. Many behavioral procedures have been proposed for modeling attention in animals, but not all of these procedures have been systematically associated with specific attentional processes. This review endeavors to evaluate critically the construct validity of these procedures (i.e., to determine the degree io which a given procedure assesses a particular process) and to suggest experiments to improve the conceptual links between these procedures and the processes they purport to assess. Five categories of processes have been identified from the animal literature: orienting, expectancy, stimulus differentiation (including stimulus salience, discrimination of a critical stimulus from its context, and selection among stimuli), sustained attention, and parallel processing. The review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of specific behavioral procedures for assessing these categories of attentional processes and, given the conceptual uncertainties involved, it attempts to summarize the present state of knowledge of the pharmacology and neurobiology of attention. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 197 TC 112 Z9 114 U1 4 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0033-3158 J9 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY JI Psychopharmacology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 138 IS 3-4 BP 231 EP 259 DI 10.1007/s002130050668 PG 29 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 110KM UT WOS:000075380000002 PM 9725746 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ AF Bushnell, PJ TI Sustained attention and vigilance: a reply to Sarter and McGaughy SO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID BEHAVIORAL VIGILANCE; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; BASAL FOREBRAIN; RATS; INFUSIONS; TIME C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0033-3158 J9 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY JI Psychopharmacology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 138 IS 3-4 BP 263 EP 265 DI 10.1007/s002130050670 PG 3 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 110KM UT WOS:000075380000004 ER PT J AU Wang, J Lu, F MacDonald, D Lu, JM Ozsoz, MES Rogers, KR AF Wang, J Lu, F MacDonald, D Lu, JM Ozsoz, MES Rogers, KR TI Screen-printed voltammetric sensor for TNT SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE electrochemical sensor; explosive detection; screen-printed electrode; square-wave voltammetry; TNT ID ELECTRODES; WATER AB Screen-printed carbon electrodes have been developed as disposable voltammetric sensors for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Thick-film electrodes based on various conventional and modified inks have been compared for this task. The operation is based on placing the selected thick-film carbon sensor in the non-deaerated/quiescent sample and using a fast (3.0.CO;2-# PG 2 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 123NK UT WOS:000076131100001 PM 9787401 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Probst, MR Perdew, GH Buckalew, AR AF Abbott, BD Probst, MR Perdew, GH Buckalew, AR TI AH receptor, ARNT, glucocorticoid receptor, EGF receptor, EGF, TGF alpha, TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 expression in human embryonic palate, and effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; C57BL/6N MOUSE EMBRYO; GROWTH-FACTOR-ALPHA; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR; RETINOIC ACID; CELL-LINE; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AB Protein and mRNA for epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), EGF receptor, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1), TGF beta 2, TGF beta 3, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) were localized in gestational days (GD) 49-59 human embryonic secondary palates. The response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was determined for expression of these genes following palatal organ culture. Craniofacial tissues were shipped in medium from the Human Embryology Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Half of each specimen was cultured in control medium and half in medium containing TCDD at either 1 x 10(-8) or 1 x 10(-10) M. After fixation and paraffin-embedding, sections were examined either immunohistochemically or by in situ hybridization. Expression patterns were determined for each gene for the major stages of palatogenesis and in response to TCDD and compared to previously determined patterns of expression in the same developmental stages of palatogenesis for the mouse (GD49-59 in human palatogenesis corresponds to GD12-16 in the mouse). Human and mouse palates were dissimilar in particular spatiotemporal patterns of expression of these genes. Relative to patterns in mouse palatal development, human tissues demonstrated expression of EGF at early palatal stages, expression of EGF receptor and TGF alpha throughout fusion events, and uniform expression of TGF beta 3 in all epithelial regions without specifically higher levels in the medial cells. The responses to TCDD also differed in patterns of gene expression as well as in concentration required to induce hyperplasia of the medial epithelium. In summary, human palates expressed all of these regulatory genes, responses to TCDD were detected, and comparison between mouse and human palates revealed interspecies variation that may be a factor in each species' response to TCDD, as well as other teratogenic exposures. Teratology 58.30-43, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Reprod Toxicol MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Reprod Toxicol MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 30 EP 43 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199808)58:2<30::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 14 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 123NK UT WOS:000076131100004 PM 9787404 ER PT J AU Andrews, JE Ebron-McCoy, M Schmid, JE Svendsgaard, D AF Andrews, JE Ebron-McCoy, M Schmid, JE Svendsgaard, D TI Effects of combinations of methanol and formic acid on rat embryos in culture SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; FORMATE CONCENTRATIONS; INHALED METHANOL; MOUSE; INVITRO; SYSTEM AB Acute human exposure to methanol (MeOH) results in elevated serum concentrations of both MeOH and formic acid. In order to better assess the risk of adverse developmental effects of MeOH exposure in humans, the effects of the combination of formate and MeOH, in addition to the individual toxicity profiles for MeOH and formate, need to be established. Gestational day 9 rat embryos were exposed to various concentrations of MeOH and formate in whole embryo culture (WEC) for 48 hr and the degree of embryotoxicity was evaluated using developmental score (DEVSC) as the parameter of comparison across exposure combinations. After establishing embryo toxicity of the individual compounds in previous studies, concentrations of MeOH and formate were chosen which would produce similar DEVSCs, and isoboles were plotted joining the equivalently toxic doses. These mixtures would be expected to have similar toxicity to the MeOH or formate concentrations according to a dose-addition model. The responses of embryos to the selected concentrations along each isobole were measured and tested for linearity to determine the nature of any interaction between the two agents. The concentrations of MeOH and formate used separately and in combination ranged from 0 to 8.75 mg/ml MeOH and 0 to 1.51 mg/ml formate. Increasing concentrations of either MeOH or formate resulted in significant decreases in DEVSC, Exposure to combinations of MeOH and formate had less effect on DEVSC than would be expected based on simple toxicity additivity. This observation was also true for embryonic crown-rump length, head length, and somite number. These results suggest that the embryotoxicity observed following low level exposure to MeOH is mechanistically different from that observed following exposure to formate. Teratology 58:54-61, 1998, (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res & Adm Support, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Andrews, JE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 54 EP 61 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199808)58:2<54::AID-TERA6>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 123NK UT WOS:000076131100006 PM 9787406 ER PT J AU Roy, TS Andrews, JE Seidler, FJ Slotkin, TA AF Roy, TS Andrews, JE Seidler, FJ Slotkin, TA TI Chlorpyrifos elicits mitotic abnormalities and apoptosis in neuroepithelium of cultured rat embryos SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADULT-RATS; IN-VITRO; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; CELLULAR MECHANISMS; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; BRAIN REGIONS; INHIBITION; CHOLINESTERASE; NEUROTOXICITY; EXPOSURE AB Chlorpyrifos is used increasingly as a pesticide in place of more toxic alternatives such as parathion, Although chlorpyrifos is not a potent dysmorphogen, recent reports that fetal or infant exposures may exceed acceptable limits have raised concern about the potentially move subtle effects on brain development. In the current study, whole rat embryo culture was used to study the effects of chlorpyrifos at the neural tube stage of development. On embryonic day 9.5, embryos were exposed to 0.5, 5, or 50 mu g/ml of chlorpyrifos. After 48 hr (embryonic day 11.5), embryos were examined for dysmorphogenesis and were then processed for light microscopic examination of the neuroepithelium. Examination of 1-mu m-thick toluidine blue-stained sections of the forebrain and hindbrain region revealed reduced and altered mitotic figures, with dispersion and disorientation of the mitotic layer. In addition, cytotoxicity was evidenced by cytoplasmic vacuolation, enlargement of intercellular spaces, and the presence of a significant number of apoptotic cells. These alterations were evident even at the lowest concentration of chlorpyrifos, which produced no dysmorphogenesis. The effects were intensified at higher concentrations, which were just at the threshold for dysmorphogenesis; the neuroepithelial abnormalities, however, were still present in embryos that weve not dysmorphogenic. Our results in vat embryo culture support the idea that chlorpyrifos specifically targets brain development at low concentrations, indicating the need to reevaluate the safety of this compound for exposure in vivo. Teratology 58:62-68, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Anat, New Delhi 110029, India. US EPA, Div Dev Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Slotkin, TA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 38 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199808)58:2<62::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 7 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 123NK UT WOS:000076131100007 PM 9787407 ER PT J AU Santostefano, MJ Wang, XF Richardson, VM Ross, DG DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF Santostefano, MJ Wang, XF Richardson, VM Ross, DG DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI A pharmacodynamic analysis of TCDD-induced cytochrome P450 gene expression in multiple tissues: Dose- and time-dependent effects SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ENHANCER; HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR COMPLEX; PROTEIN-DNA INTERACTIONS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; YA SUBUNIT GENE; AH-RECEPTOR; INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS AB The ability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) to alter gene expression and the demonstration that the induction of CYP1A2 is responsible for hepatic TCDD sequestration suggest that both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic events must be incorporated for a quantitative description of TCDD disposition. In this paper, a biologically based pharmacodynamic (BBPD) model for TCDD-induced biochemical responses in multiple tissues was developed. The parameters responsible for tissue response were estimated simultaneously with a refined physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed by Wang et al. (1997a), by using the time-dependent effects of TCDD on induced CYP1A1/CYP1A2 gene expression in multiple target tissues (liver, lungs, kidneys, and skin) of female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 10 mu g TCDD/kg for 30 min, 1, 3, 8, or 24 h, or 7, 14, or 35 days. This refined BBPD model developed based on the time-course of TCDD-induced CYP1A1/CYP1A2 protein expression, and associated enzymatic activities well described the dose-dependent effects of TCDD on cytochrome P450 protein expression and associated enzyme activities in the multiple tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats at 3 days following a single exposure to TCDD (0.01-30.0 mu g TCDD/kg). This is the first BBPD model to quantitatively describe the time- and dose-dependent effects of TCDD on induced CYP1A1/CYP1A2 protein expression and associated enzyme activities in multiple target tissues for TCDD-induced biochemical responses. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. MGA Software Inc, Concord, MA 01742 USA. RP US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM santostefano.michael@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F32 ES05701-01A1] NR 80 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 151 IS 2 BP 294 EP 310 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8466 PG 17 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 117BQ UT WOS:000075760600010 PM 9707506 ER PT J AU Dong, WM Simeonova, PP Gallucci, R Matheson, J Flood, L Wang, SY Hubbs, A Luster, MI AF Dong, WM Simeonova, PP Gallucci, R Matheson, J Flood, L Wang, SY Hubbs, A Luster, MI TI Toxic metals stimulate inflammatory cytokines in hepatocytes through oxidative stress mechanisms SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hepatotoxicity; interleukin-8; chemokines; vanadium pentoxide; cadmium; Hep G2; hepatocytes; reactive oxygen species; oxidative stress ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; NF-KAPPA-B; FACTOR-ALPHA; INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; INTERLEUKIN-8 GENE; CADMIUM CHLORIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN; HEPG2 CELLS; LIVER AB Hepatocytes, as well as nonparenchymal cells, secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are involved in the pathology of many liver diseases. In particular, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), as well as members of the CXC family of chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-8 in humans and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in rodents, have been implicated in both damage and repair processes associated with various hepatotoxins. In the liver, cytokine secretion is usually associated with nonparenchymal cells, particularly Kupffer cells. In the present studies, cytokine gene expression and secretion were investigated in hepatocytes treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). Using human Hep G2 cells and freshly isolated rodent hepatocytes, it was demonstrated that metals increase gene expression and secretion of CXC chemokines and TNF alpha. IL-8 and MIP-2 secretion induced either by the metals or H2O2 were inhibited by antioxidants such as tetramethyl-thiourea and N-acetyl-cysteine. In vitro neutralization experiments with TNF alpha and in vivo studies with TNF alpha receptor knockout mice indicated that the metals directly stimulate CXC chemokine secretion without the need for TNF alpha. Taken together these studies indicate that, in addition to other inflammatory mediators and acute phase proteins, cytokines and chemokines are produced by hepatocytes, which may participate in hepatotoxic responses. The events responsible for their expression involve cellular redox changes. C1 NIEHS, Environm Immunol & Neurobiol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Dong, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 151 IS 2 BP 359 EP 366 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8481 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 117BQ UT WOS:000075760600016 PM 9707512 ER PT J AU Selevan, SG Rubes, J Slott, VL Zudova, Z Borkovec, L Evenson, DP Perreault, SD AF Selevan, SG Rubes, J Slott, VL Zudova, Z Borkovec, L Evenson, DP Perreault, SD TI Air pollution and semen quality in young men residing in two Czech communities SO VETERINARNI MEDICINA LA English DT Article DE air pollution; semen quality in young men C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Vet Res Inst, CS-62132 Brno, Czech Republic. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Hyg, Brno, Czech Republic. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Selevan, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST AGRICULTURAL FOOD INFORMATION PI PRAGUE PA SLEZSKA 7, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC 120 56 SN 0375-8427 J9 VET MED-CZECH JI Vet. Med. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 43 IS 9 BP 286 EP 286 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 125RG UT WOS:000076250400009 ER PT J AU Tsiros, JX Elmaloglou, S Ambrose, RB AF Tsiros, John X. Elmaloglou, Stamatis Ambrose, Robert B., Jr. TI A Comparative Study of Two Methods for Modeling Soil Water Regime in Agricultural Fields SO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agrometeorological models; PRZM; simulation; SWATRER; water balance AB Two methods widely used in agrometeorogical simulation models for describing field soil water regimes are compared and evaluated based on their ability to predict experimental data from a single field study. The first method is based on a numerical solution to the Richards' equation for describing water movement in the soil profile, while the second method is based on soil-water capacity terms. The evaluation of the performance of the two methods is based on goodness-of-fit statistics and graphical analysis. Results indicate that the first method is more accurate for both the upper and the lower soil zones; the second method, despite its low performance in the upper soil zone can adequately describe soil moisture conditions in the lower soil zones. Recommendations are made for model use based on comparison results, the intended model use, and the difficulty in the acquisition of required model inputs. C1 [Tsiros, John X.] US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. [Elmaloglou, Stamatis] Agr Univ Athens, Athens 11855, Greece. [Ambrose, Robert B., Jr.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, JX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-4741 J9 WATER RESOUR MANAG JI Water Resour. Manag. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1023/A:1008073824019 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA V26JH UT WOS:000208541400003 ER PT J AU Wenny, BN Schafer, JS DeLuisi, JJ Saxena, VK Barnard, WF Petropavlovskikh, IV Vergamini, AJ AF Wenny, BN Schafer, JS DeLuisi, JJ Saxena, VK Barnard, WF Petropavlovskikh, IV Vergamini, AJ TI A study of regional aerosol radiative properties and effects on ultraviolet-B radiation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; UNITED-STATES; IRRADIANCE; UV; OZONE AB A field experiment was conducted in western North Carolina to investigate the relationship between aerosol optical properties and atmospheric transmission. Two research measurement sites in close horizontal proximity but at different altitudes were established to measure the transmission of UV radiation through a slab of atmosphere. An identical set of radiation sensing instruments, including a broadband UV-B radiometer, a direct Sun pyrheliometer, a shadowband radiometer, and a spectral photometer, was placed at both sites, a mountaintop site (Mount Gibbes 35.78 degrees N, 82.29 degrees W, 2004 m elevation) and a valley site;(Black Mountain, North Carolina 35.66 degrees N, 82.38 degrees N, 951 m elevation). Aerosol size distribution sampling equipment was located at the valley site. Broadband solar pseudo-optical depth and aerosol optical depths at 415 nm, 500 nm, and 673 nm were measured for the lowest 1-km layer of the troposphere. The measurements exhibited variations based on an air mass source region as determined by back trajectory analysis. Broadband UV-B transmission through the layer also displayed variations relating to air mass source region. Spectral UV transmission revealed a dependence upon wavelength, with decreased transmission in the UV-B region (300-320 mm) versus UV-A region (320-363.5 mm). UV-B transmission was found to be negatively correlated with aerosol optical depth. Empirical relations were developed to allow prediction of solar noon UV-B transmission if aerosol optical depth at two visible wavelengths (415 and 500 nm) is known. A new method was developed for determining aerosol optical properties from the radiation and aerosol size distribution measurements. The aerosol albedo of single scatter was found to range from 0.75 to 0.93 and the asymmetry factor ranged from 0.63 to 0.76 at 312 nm, which is close to the peak response of human skin to UV radiation. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NASA, Hughes STX Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Harris Corp, Elect Syst Sector, Palm Bay, FL 32935 USA. RP Saxena, VK (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM saxena@eos.ncsu.edu RI Schafer, Joel/A-3978-2010 NR 61 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 27 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D14 BP 17083 EP 17097 DI 10.1029/98JD01481 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 104BK UT WOS:000074992200015 ER PT J AU Jones, GB Curran, MAJ Swan, HB Greene, RM Griffiths, FB Clementson, LA AF Jones, GB Curran, MAJ Swan, HB Greene, RM Griffiths, FB Clementson, LA TI Influence of different water masses and biological activity on dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in the subantarctic zone of the Southern Ocean during ACE 1 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; COASTAL WATERS; MARINE AIR; SULFIDE; DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; PHYTOPLANKTON; DMSP; IRON; METHANESULFONATE AB Measurements of salinity, temperature, phytoplankton biomass and speciation, dissolved nitrate, dimethylsulfide (DMS) in seawater and air, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), were made in the subantarctic zone of the Southern Ocean from 40 degrees-54 degrees S, and 140 degrees-153 degrees E during the southern hemisphere marine First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) DMSP concentrations were highest in subtropical convergence zone (STCZ) waters, intermediate in subantarctic waters, and lowest in polar waters. DMSP appeared to decrease at frontal regions between these major water masses. In subantarctic waters, high levels of DMSP were generally associated with an increase in dinoflagellate biomass and low microzooplankton grazing rates. Lower DMSP concentrations occurred in polar waters when the diatom biomass and grazing rates were high. DMS levels measured on Southern Surveyor ranged from not detectable (nd) to 5.6 nM (mean 1.7 nM), with below average levels in subantarctic waters (mean 1.25 nM), and above average levels (mean = 1.93 nM) in polar waters. Pulses of DMS occurred as Southern Surveyor traveled south into polar waters, with a large pulse (mean = 2.3 nM) highlighted as the vessel traveled back into subantarctic wafers (46 degrees-47 degrees S, 148 degrees-151 degrees E) in early December. By using the dissolved DMSP (DMSPd) to DMS ratio as an index of the bacterial conversion of DMSPd to DMS some evidence was found that, in polar waters, increased microzooplankton (MZP) grazing in diatom dominated waters, may lead to above average concentrations of DMS. This does not appear to be the case when the biomass was dominated by dinoflagellates in subantarctic waters. C1 CSIRO, Div Marine Res, Hobart, Tas 7000, Australia. Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Div, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. Australian Govt Analyt Labs, Sydney, NSW 2073, Australia. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Chem, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. RP Jones, GB (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Chem, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. RI SWAN, Hilton/B-1426-2013; Clementson, Lesley/M-6905-2013 OI SWAN, Hilton/0000-0002-1608-3977; NR 56 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D13 BP 16691 EP 16701 DI 10.1029/98JD01200 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100RB UT WOS:000074828200052 ER PT J AU Chen, CL Woo, MH Neale, GAM Goorha, RM Fuscoe, JC Behm, FG Mathew, S Relling, MV AF Chen, CL Woo, MH Neale, GAM Goorha, RM Fuscoe, JC Behm, FG Mathew, S Relling, MV TI A human lymphoid leukemia cell line with a V(D)J recombinase-mediated deletion of hprt SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE etoposide; V(D)J recombinase; mutagenesis; deletion mutant; CCRF-CEM; leukemia; RAG-1 ID ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION; TOPOISOMERASE-II CLEAVAGE; ACUTE MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES-T; PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE GENE; BINDING-SITES; EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; TRANSLOCATIONS AB Large deletions of exons 2 and 3 of the hprt gene are the most common type of hprt mutation in lymphocytes of newborn infants, and their frequency increases in cultured human T-lymphoid cells as a result of exposure to etoposide. Sequenced PCR products for these deletions are consistent with a V(D)J recombinase-mediated mechanism underlying their genesis. Herein, we describe the isolation and characterization of an etoposide-induced mutant CEM cell line that is clonal for a V(D)J recombinase-mediated exon 2 + 3 deletion. Human CCRF-CEM cells were exposed to 5 mu M etoposide for 4 h, selected in 6-thioguanine, and an exon 2 + 3 deletion mutant was isolated through serial limiting dilution, using a PCR-based assay for detection of the exon 2 + 3 deletion. Untreated CEM cells and cells treated with 6-thioguanine alone were similarly subcultured, The exon 2 + 3 deletion-containing line was termed SJCEM808 and had a slightly longer doubling time than the control lines, tended to clump in suspension, and was characterized by cell membrane blebbing, Compared to the parent line, SJCEM808 had similar cytogenetic abnormalities, lower CD2, CD1, and CD10 expression, and negligible RIG-I expression. However, RIG-I expression was down-regulated in some untreated parental subclones following similar subculturing. The sequence of the exon 2 + 3 deletion mutation exhibited nucleotide insertions, and the breakpoints were adjacent to heptamer signal recognition sequences in intact hprt, consistent with a V(D)J recombinase-mediated mechanism underlying its genesis. There were no MLL gene or interlocus T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangements. These results indicate that non-homologous recombination following etoposide treatment is neither necessarily accompanied by other large DNA rearrangements nor simply a pre-lethal event, and this cell line may serve as a useful tool for studying illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated deletions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Pharm, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Envirom Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Relling, MV (reprint author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38101 USA. EM mary.relling@stjude.org FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765, CA-51001] NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JUL 17 PY 1998 VL 403 IS 1-2 BP 113 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00062-1 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 110TE UT WOS:000075395800013 PM 9726012 ER PT J AU Thomas, LH Friedland, JS Sharland, M Becker, S AF Thomas, LH Friedland, JS Sharland, M Becker, S TI Respiratory syncytial virus-induced RANTES production from human bronchial epithelial cells is dependent on nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear binding and is inhibited by adenovirus-mediated expression of inhibitor of kappa B alpha SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; INTERLEUKIN-8 GENE; CHEMOKINE GENE; ACTIVATION; INFECTION; GRANULOCYTES; PROTEOLYSIS AB Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness, the severity of which may be partly due to cellular recruitment. RSV infection activates chemokine secretion from airway epithelial cells by largely unknown mechanisms. We investigated the regulation of RSV-induced activation of the chemokine RANTES in the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and primary normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cultures. RANTES protein and mRNA were detected at 24 h and up until 72 h from cultures of BEAS-2B infected with replicating virus, but not with UV-inactivated RSV, RSV infection of BEAS-2B or normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells stimulated NF-kappa B translocation to the nucleus and binding to the RANTES-specific kappa B-binding sequences within 2 h, with levels peaking at 24 h, Supershift assays indicated that binding was due to p50/p65 heterodimers. BEAS-2B cells were transfected with a replication-deficient adenoviral vector, expressing a mutated, nondegradable form of I kappa B alpha. I kappa B alpha overexpression specifically blocked NF-kappa B translocation and inhibited mRNA accumulation and secretion of RANTES induced by RSV or TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma. Adenoviral transfection did not interfere with RSV replication or significantly induce apoptosis, Further, a control adenovirus, expressing the beta-galactosidase gene, did not alter cellular functions. Thus, NF-kappa B nuclear translocation is a critical step in RSV induction of RANTES secretion. Elucidating the mechanisms of cellular activation by RSV and targeting specific areas may lead to novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of RSV. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Infect Dis, London W12 0NN, England. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Pediat Infect Dis Unit, London SW17 0RE, England. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Friedland, JS (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Infect Dis, Hammersmith Campus,Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, England. EM jfriedland@rpms.ac.uk NR 69 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD JUL 15 PY 1998 VL 161 IS 2 BP 1007 EP 1016 PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA ZZ428 UT WOS:000074728400059 PM 9670982 ER PT J AU McClenny, WA Colon, M AF McClenny, WA Colon, M TI Measurement of volatile organic compounds by the US Environmental Protection Agency Compendium method TO-17 - Evaluation of performance criteria SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE air analysis; environmental analysis; adsorbents; volatile organic compounds ID CARBON MOLECULAR-SIEVES; MONITORING TOXIC VOCS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AIR AB An evaluation of performance criteria for US Environmental Protection Agency Compendium Method TO-17 for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air has been accomplished. The method is a solid adsorbent-based sampling and analytical procedure including performance criteria for four merit parameters. These an: (1) the method detection limit (MDL); (2) the method precision; (3) the agreement between two samples taken at different flow-rates over the same time period [a distributed volume pair (DVP)]; and (4) audit accuracy. A two-adsorbent tube packing of Carbotrap and Carboxen 1000 (Supelco) was tested. Synthetic mixtures containing 41 compounds at concentrations of 10 ppb (v/v) or 2 ppb (v/v) each in humidified zero air, and indoor air from a personal residence, were sampled for l-h periods during which 1-1 and 4-1 samples were obtained simultaneously. For synthetic samples, the MDL was determined to be less than or equal to 0.5 ppb (v/v) for 29 of the 41 compounds examined for samples at 47% relative humidity (RH), and for 27 of 41 compounds at 85% RH. The method precision at both 2 and 10 ppb (v/v) was less than or equal to 20% for 90+% of the samples using five sampling runs and the DVP samples were within 25% for 80% of the samples. For the indoor samples, 26 target compounds were tentatively identified and 12 unknowns were detected; all but 10% of these compounds met the DVP criteria. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McClenny, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 10 PY 1998 VL 813 IS 1 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00327-6 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 101GW UT WOS:000074862100012 PM 9697318 ER PT J AU Zepp, RG Gumz, MM Miller, WL Gao, H AF Zepp, RG Gumz, MM Miller, WL Gao, H TI Photoreaction of valerophenone in aqueous solution SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PHENYL ALKYL KETONES; NATURAL-WATERS; HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION; TRIPLET BIRADICALS; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; II PHOTOPROCESSES; ORGANIC-MATTER; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHOTOLYSIS; SEAWATER AB Kinetics and products of the photoreaction of the phenyl ketone valerophenone were investigated as a function of temperature, pH, and wavelength in aqueous solution. Under these conditions (<10(-4) M), the photoreactions are pseudo-first-order with respect to valerophenone concentration. Type II quantum yields for photoreaction were close to unity throughout the 290-330 nm spectral region and ill the temperature range from 10 to 40 degrees C. The quantum yields for the photoproducts were 0.65 +/- 0.04 for cleavage to acetophenone and propene and an overall yield of 0.32 +/- 0.03 for cyclization to two cyclobutanols at 20 degrees C. A small amount of 1-phenylcyclopentanol (similar to 2% yield) also was formed. These photoreactions were quenchable by additions of the triplet quenchers sorbic alcohol or sorbic acid, and Stern-Volmer plots were Linear up to at least 80% quenching of the photoreactions. On the basis of quenching studies with steady-state irradiations, the triplet lifetime of valerophenone at 20 degrees C was estimated to be 52 ns, similar to 7 times longer than that observed in hydrocarbon solvents. Since the triplet lifetime is controlled by intramolecular hydrogen abstraction, these results indicate that the rate constant for H abstraction is significantly lowered in aqueous media. The slower H abstraction in aqueous solution is attributed to stabilization of the excited pi,pi* state by water and vibronic mixing and slight inversion of the reactive n,pi* triplet and the unreactive pi,pi* triplet states. This interpretation also is supported by changes in the UV absorption spectra of phenyl ketones in water compared to organic solvents. Red shifts, compared to the polar- organic solvent acetonitrile, were observed,in the pi-pi* transitions of valerophenone and acetophenone, reflecting stabilization of the excited pi,pi* state by water. Other results indicated that the quantum yields for valerophenone photoreaction are pH-independent from pH 9 to pH 2 but decrease significantly below pH 2. The decrease at low pH is attributed to quenching of triplet reactivity via protonation of the excited triplet state. The use of valerophenone as a convenient actinometer for studies in water is discussed; its half-lives during midday exposure to summer sunlight in temperate latitudes are <30 min. C1 US Environmental Protection Agency, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. ORISE, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. TAI Corp, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), US Environmental Protection Agency, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 56 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUL 9 PY 1998 VL 102 IS 28 BP 5716 EP 5723 DI 10.1021/jp981130l PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA ZZ641 UT WOS:000074751500058 ER PT J AU Bush, JE Hausladen, PA Balamuth, DP Pohl, KR Bazin, D Brown, JA Caggiano, JA Chen, LL Davids, BS Morrissey, DJ Sherrill, BM Thoennessen, M AF Bush, JE Hausladen, PA Balamuth, DP Pohl, KR Bazin, D Brown, JA Caggiano, JA Chen, LL Davids, BS Morrissey, DJ Sherrill, BM Thoennessen, M TI Breakup of Be-11: Prompt or delayed? SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COULOMB DISSOCIATION; NEUTRON-HALO; NUCLEI; LI-11; MECHANISM AB The disintegration of a secondary beam of Be-11 has been studied in the Coulomb plus nuclear field of Au and Be targets. The vector momentum (longitudinal and transverse components) was measured with a magnetic spectrograph with sufficient precision to detect previously reported differences in the velocity of the Be-10 fragments and the incident beam. Coincident gamma rays, detected by an array of BaF2 scintillators surrounding the target, were used to identify events in which the target was simultaneously excited. No evidence for the previously suggested velocity difference was observed. C1 Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, Montgomery, AL USA. Michigan State Univ, Natl Superconducting Cyclotron, E Lansing, MI 48826 USA. RP Bush, JE (reprint author), Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Sherrill, Bradley/B-4098-2009; Sherrill, Bradley/B-3378-2011; Brown, James/A-7373-2012; OI Brown, James/0000-0003-0548-8634; Bush, Judith/0000-0001-6240-4121 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.61 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA ZY265 UT WOS:000074602800015 ER PT J AU Abbey, DE Burchette, RJ Knutsen, SF McDonnell, WF Lebowitz, MD Enright, PL AF Abbey, DE Burchette, RJ Knutsen, SF McDonnell, WF Lebowitz, MD Enright, PL TI Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; MEASUREMENT ERROR; POLLUTION; OZONE; DISEASE; POPULATION; RESPONSES AB The associations between lung function measures (spirometry and Peak expiratory flow lability) and estimated 20-yr ambient concentrations of respirable particles, suspended sulfates, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and indoor particles were studied in a sample of 1,391 nonsmokers followed since 1977. Differences in air pollutants across the population were associated with decrements of lung function. An increase of 54 d/yr when particles < 10 mu m in diameter (PM10) exceeded 100 mu g/m(3) was associated with a 7.2% decrement in FEV1, as percent of predicted, in males whose parents had asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or hay fever and with increased peak expiratory flow lability of 0.8% for all females and 0.6% for all males. An increase in mean SO4 concentration of 1.6 mu g/m(3) was associated with a 1.5% decrement in FEV1, as percent of predicted, in all males. An increase of 23 ppb of ozone as an 8-h average was associated with a 6.3% decrement in FEV1, as percent of predicted, in males whose parents had asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or hay fever. C1 Loma Linda Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, CHR, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arizona, Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Resp Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Abbey, DE (reprint author), Loma Linda Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, CHR, Evans Hall 204, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. EM dAbbey@sph.ilu.edu NR 35 TC 103 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 158 IS 1 BP 289 EP 298 PG 10 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA ZZ451 UT WOS:000074730700045 PM 9655742 ER PT J AU Quay, JL Reed, W Samet, J Devlin, RB AF Quay, JL Reed, W Samet, J Devlin, RB TI Air pollution particles induce IL-6 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells via NF-kappa B activation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; INHALABLE PARTICLES; INTERLEUKIN-6 GENE; FACTOR BINDING; DNA-BINDING; GENERATION; CYTOKINES; LUNG; INFECTION AB Fine particles in the air have been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Particulate air pollution is a complex mixture which varies by region and includes a number of components including residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a byproduct of power plant and industry fuel-oil combustion. Human airway epithelial cells exposed to ROFA release inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor. Expression of these genes is dependent upon pretranscriptional binding of cis regulatory elements, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). To investigate the role of NF-kappa B in the particulate-induced IL-6 response, we exposed human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to ROFA in vitro. ROFA stimulated a time- and dose-dependent increase in IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA)I which was preceded by the activation of nuclear proteins binding to the NF-kappa B sequence motif in the IL-6 promoter. Transient transfection of BEAS-2B cells with the 5' promoter region of the IL-6 gene linked to a luciferase reporter gene confirmed that NF-kappa B binding is necessary for the transcription of IL-6 mRNA. The IL-6 response was inhibited by the metal chelator deferoxamine and the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting that the activation of NF-kappa B may be mediated through reactive oxygen intermediates generated by transition metals found in ROFA. Activation of NF-kappa B may therefore be a critical first step in the inflammatory cascade following exposure to particles generated by oil combustion. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Devlin, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 140 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 98 EP 106 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 100RR UT WOS:000074829600013 PM 9651185 ER PT J AU Widmer, F Seidler, RJ Gillevet, PM Watrud, LS Di Giovanni, GD AF Widmer, F Seidler, RJ Gillevet, PM Watrud, LS Di Giovanni, GD TI A highly selective PCR protocol for detecting 16S rRNA genes of the genus Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) in environmental samples SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS; BIODEGRADATION; IDENTIFICATION; PHENANTHRENE; DIVERSITY; DATABASE; TAXONOMY; BACTERIA; CULTURE; PUTIDA AB Pseudomonas species are plant, animal, and human pathogens; exhibit plant pathogen-suppressing properties useful in biological control; or express metabolic versatilities valued in biotechnology and bioremediation, Specific detection of Pseudomonas species in the environment may help us gain a more complete understanding of the ecological significance of these microorganisms. The objective of this study was to develop a PCR protocol for selective detection of Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) in environmental samples. Extensive database searches identified a highly selective PCR primer pair for amplification of Pseudomonas 16S rRNA genes. A protocol that included PCR amplification and restriction analysis, a general cloning and sequencing strategy, and phylogenetic analyses was developed. The PCR protocol was validated by testing 50 target and 14 nontarget pure cultures, which confirmed the selectivity to 100%. Further validation used amplification of target sequences from purified bulk soil DNA followed by cloning of PCR products, Restriction analysis with HaeIII revealed eight different fragmentation patterns among 36 clones. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 8 representative clones indicated that 91.7% of the products were derived from target organisms of the PCR protocol. Three patterns, representing only 8.3% of the 36 clones, were derived from non-Pseudomonas or chimeric PCR artifacts. Three patterns, representing 61.1% of the clones, clustered with sequences of confirmed Pseudomonas species, whereas two patterns, representing 30.6% of the clones, formed a novel phylogenetic cluster closely associated with Pseudomonas species. The results indicated that the Pseudomonas-selective PCR primers were highly specific and may represent a powerful tool for Pseudomonas population structure analyses and taxonomic confirmations. C1 US EPA, WED, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. George Mason Univ, Inst Biosci Bioinformat & Biotechnol, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. RP Seidler, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, WED, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM seidler@mail.cor.epa.gov NR 51 TC 159 Z9 174 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2545 EP 2553 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZY646 UT WOS:000074644700034 PM 9647828 ER PT J AU West, CW Ankley, GT AF West, CW Ankley, GT TI A laboratory assay to assess avoidance of contaminated sediments by the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA; DDT CONTAMINATION; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; BURROWING BIOASSAY; ESTUARINE SEDIMENT; KEWEENAW WATERWAY; WHEELER RESERVOIR; TOXICITY TESTS; ALABAMA AB Responses of benthic organisms to contaminated sediments in the laboratory historically have been assessed as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, these responses do not include behavioral aspects of organisms, which also can influence species distribution and abundance in benthic communities. This study documents avoidance behavior of the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus to contaminated sediments in the laboratory, utilizing a chamber specifically built to facilitate the measurement of this response. A number of field-collected sediments from sites with known contamination, several of which exhibited little or no toxicity in standard tests examining growth and/or survival, were evaluated. The oligochaetes exhibited marked avoidance to many of the sediments, indicating the potential utility of this assay in identifying effects of contaminated sediments on benthic community structure. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP West, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 20 EP 24 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZR850 UT WOS:000074020800004 ER PT J AU Nebeker, AV Schuytema, GS Griffis, WL Cataldo, A AF Nebeker, AV Schuytema, GS Griffis, WL Cataldo, A TI Impact of Guthion on survival and growth of the frog Pseudacris regilla and the salamanders Ambystoma gracile and Ambystoma maculatum SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPARATIVE TOXICITY; AZINPHOS-METHYL; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; CADMIUM AB The effects of the insecticides Guthion (technical grade) and Guthion 2S (commercial formulation) on survival and growth of tadpoles of the Pacific treefrog Pseudacris regilla, and larvae of the Northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile and the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum were determined in continuous-flow exposures in the laboratory. Ninety-six-hour LC50 values were >3.6 mg/L for P. regilla with technical grade Guthion and 1.47 mg/L with the formulation Guthion 2S (measured as active ingredient Guthion). Ten-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for P. regilla with Guthion were 3.60 and 0.98 mg/L. LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for P. regilla with Guthion 2S were 0.17 and 0.07 mg/L. The 96-h LC50 for Guthion 2S was 1.67 and 1.90 mg/L for A. gracile and A. maculatum, respectively. LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for A. gracile with Guthion 2S were 0.22 and 0.10 mg/L; they were 0.11 and 0.03 mg/L for A. maculatum based on weight. These species are as similar in sensitivity as some fish species but are more tolerant to Guthion than most invertebrates. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Mantech Environm Res Serv Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Nebeker, AV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 48 EP 51 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZR850 UT WOS:000074020800008 PM 9601918 ER PT J AU Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT Kincaid, TM Reynolds, L Larsen, DP AF Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT Kincaid, TM Reynolds, L Larsen, DP TI A process for developing and evaluating indices of fish assemblage integrity SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; INDEX; LAKES; INDICATORS; STREAMS; BASIN AB We describe a general process for developing an index of fish assemblage integrity, using the Willamette Valley of Oregon, U.S.A., as an example. Such an index is useful for assessing the effects of humans on entire fish assemblages, and the general process can be applied to any biological assemblage and any region. First, a reference condition was determined from historical information, and then candidate metrics of ecological importance were Listed. The variability of the candidate metrics in time and space was estimated and their responsiveness to independent measures of riparian and stream habitat quality assessed. Metrics were scored continuously from 0 to IO, producing an index of biological integrity (IBI) that was weighted to range from 0 to 100 regardless of the number of metrics. The index, developed from a set of 35 sires, was then tested on an independent set of eight urban sites sampled by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Thirteen of the 16 candidate metrics were appropriate and produced an IBI with among-site variance triple that of revisit variance. The method distinguished sites with acceptable fish assemblages from marginally and severely impaired sites. C1 Dynamac, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hughes, RM (reprint author), Dynamac, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 36 TC 187 Z9 197 U1 2 U2 34 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 55 IS 7 BP 1618 EP 1631 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-7-1618 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 124HL UT WOS:000076176300008 ER PT J AU Olszyk, D Wise, C VanEss, E Tingey, D AF Olszyk, D Wise, C VanEss, E Tingey, D TI Elevated temperature but not elevated CO2 affects long-term patterns of stem diameter and height of Douglas-fir seedlings SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; PONDEROSA PINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FORESTS; GROWTH AB Global climatic change may impact forest productivity, but data are lacking on potential effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on tree growth. We determined changes in shoot growth for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) seedlings exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (+approximate to 179 mu mol.mol(-1)),and ambient or elevated temperature (+approximate to 3.5 degrees C). Seedings were grown for 4 years (three complete growing seasons) in outdoor, sunlit chambers. In each season, height growth was initiated earlier and, in two seasons, ceased earlier for elevated compared with ambient temperature trees. Elevated temperature reduced intermediate and final plant heights. Stem diameter growth began earlier each season at the elevated compared with the ambient temperature, but temperature had no affect on final stem diameter. Elevated temperature tended to reduce leaf (p = 0.07) but not woody biomass. Elevated CO2 had no significant effects on stem diameter, height, and leaf or woody biomass, and there were no significant CO2 x temperature interactions. Thus, elevated temperatures (but not elevated CO2) associated with climate change may decrease seedling canopy growth as indicated by reduced height and leaf biomass but have little or no effect on overall woody growth as indicated by stem diameter and woody biomass. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olszyk, D (reprint author), US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1046 EP 1054 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-7-1046 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 139XM UT WOS:000077056600011 ER PT J AU Bond, JA Leavens, TL Seaton, MJ Medinsky, MA AF Bond, JA Leavens, TL Seaton, MJ Medinsky, MA TI Predicting the toxicity of chemical mixtures SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; BENZENE EXPOSURE; MICE; METABOLISM; TOLUENE; DISPOSITION C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dow Corning Corp, Midland, MI USA. RP Bond, JA (reprint author), Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, POB 12137, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD JUL PY 1998 VL 28 IS 7 BP 16 EP 23 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA ZZ172 UT WOS:000074702800007 ER PT J AU Barone, S Haykal-Coates, N Parran, DK Tilson, HA AF Barone, S Haykal-Coates, N Parran, DK Tilson, HA TI Gestational exposure to methylmercury alters the developmental pattern of trk-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain and results in cortical dysmorphology SO DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Nerve Growth Factor receptor; NGF; developmental neurotoxicology; protein phosphorylation; trk; tropomyosin receptor kinase ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS; VISUAL-CORTEX; MESSENGER-RNA; HIGH-AFFINITY; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; NEURONAL MIGRATION; INORGANIC MERCURY; SUBPLATE NEURONS; CEREBRAL-CORTEX AB Nerve growth factor signal transduction mediated through the trk receptor has been implicated in neuronal growth, differentiation, and survival. In this study, we examined the effects of gestational exposure to the developmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (CH3Hg) on the ontogeny of trk-immunoreactivity (IR). Long-Evans dams were dosed on gestational days 6-15 (p.o.) with 0, 1, or 2 mg/kg CH3Hg dissolved in saline. Pups were sacrificed and perfused with buffered paraformaldehyde on postnatal days (PND) 1, 4, 10, 21 and 85. The brains were sectioned sagitally, Nissl-stained or stained immunohistochemically for trk receptors or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and examined throughout the medial to lateral extent of the brain. The greatest density of IR in neural cell bodies was seen in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, cerebral, and cerebellar cortex, striatum, septum, nucleus basalis, inferior colliculus, pens, and brain stem nuclei. trk IR was not limited to nerve cell bodies, with prominent axonal and dendritic staining in the brainstem, neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and olfactory tract. The regional pattern of trk IR varied in an age-dependent manner. In controls, trk-like IR appeared to peak in most regions between PND4-10 and decreased dramatically after PND21. This age-related difference in trk IR was supported by western blot analysis of PND10 and adult neocortex. This reduced and more adult-like pattern of trk IR was apparent on PND21 with some persistent trk-like IR in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum and basal forebrain. In contrast to the normal regional patterns of trk IR, CH3Hg produced a dose-related decrease in trk-like IR in the absence of overt maternal toxicity or neonatal toxicity. CH3Hg-induced decreases in trk-like IR were especially apparent during the early postnatal period when trk IR was the greatest. The effects of CH3Hg exposure were restricted regionally, with the largest decrease in trk-like IR apparent in cortical regions, basal forebrain nuclei, and brain stem nuclei. Subsequent to the effects of CH3Hg on cortical trk-like IR were alterations in the development of cortical laminae on PND10 and 21 of neocortex. These alterations were characterized by quantifiable decreases in cell density, cell size and the widths of the layers of posterior neocortex. Not all of the CH3Hg-induced effects were characterized by decreased trk-like IR. Robust increases in trk IR in glial cells in the corpus callosum and brain stem were observed coincident with increased GFAP IR in cells of similar morphology. The present results localize the cellular and regional ontogeny of trk and suggest that developmental exposure to CH3Hg alters the normal ontogeny of this trophic factor receptor which may be associated with the developmental neurotoxicity of this chemical. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74-B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM barone.stan@epamail.epa.gov NR 74 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-3806 J9 DEV BRAIN RES JI Dev. Brain Res. PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1 BP 13 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0165-3806(98)00038-8 PG 19 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 102TW UT WOS:000074942200002 ER PT J AU Haykal-Coates, N Shafer, TJ Mundy, WR Barone, S AF Haykal-Coates, N Shafer, TJ Mundy, WR Barone, S TI Effects of gestational methylmercury exposure on immunoreactivity of specific isoforms of PKC and enzyme activity during post-natal development of the rat brain SO DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE protein kinase C; developmental neurotoxicology; protein phosphorylation ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; PLACENTAL-TRANSFER; METHYL MERCURY; MICE; EXPRESSION; TISSUE; FAMILY; PHOSPHORYLATION; ISOZYMES; BINDING AB Protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation has been implicated in neuronal growth and differentiation [R.S. Turner, R.L. Mazzei, G.J. Raynor, P.R. Girard, J.F. Kuo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81 (1984) 3143-3147.]. We examined effects of gestational exposure to the neurotoxicant, methylmercury (CH3Hg), on the developmental profile of immunoreactivity (IR) for alpha, beta, gamma and epsilon PKC isoforms and cytosolic PKC activity. Long-Evans dams were dosed on gestational days (GD)6-15 (p.o.) with 0, 1, or 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) CH3Hg dissolved in saline. Pups were sacrificed and perfused with buffered paraformaldehyde on post-natal days (PND) 1, 4, 10, 21, 45 and 85. The brains were sectioned sagittally, stained immunohistochemically, and examined throughout the medial to lateral extent. IR in neuronal cell bodies for PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon was densest in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, shell of the inferior colliculus, pens, cerebral, piriform, and cerebellar cortex, whereas axonal staining was prominent in the brainstem, internal capsule, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, fornix and olfactory tract. In controls, the PKC alpha and epsilon IR was highest on PND1-4, decreased dramatically by PND10, and decreased further by PND21. In the neonate, the regional and cellular distributions of alpha and epsilon IR were similar. The PKC gamma IR was greater at post-weaning ages (PND21-85) with the greatest regional density apparent in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Only the highest dose of CH3Hg (2 mg kg(-1) day(-1); GD6-15) produced a persistent decrease in regional alpha and epsilon, but not beta or gamma IR during the post-natal period. These regional and time-dependent changes in PKC isoforms were complemented by the examination of PKC activity in cortex, olfactory bulb, cerebellum and brainstem. Cytosolic PKC activity increased from PND1 to 10 in cortex, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. On PND21, PKC activity decreased in the cortex and olfactory bulb, but remained high in the cerebellum. By contrast, PKC activity in the brainstem was highest on PND1 and 4 and decreased dramatically by PND21. CH3Hg (2 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) significantly decreased PKC activity on PND1 and 4 in the cortex. The present results characterize the cellular and regional ontogeny of PKC isoenzymes alpha, beta, gamma and epsilon, and indicate that developmental exposure to CH3Hg can alter the ontogeny of specific isoforms and regional PKC activity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Mail Drop 74-B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM barone.stan@epamail.epa.gov RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 59 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-3806 J9 DEV BRAIN RES JI Dev. Brain Res. PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1 BP 33 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0165-3806(98)00039-X PG 17 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 102TW UT WOS:000074942200003 PM 9706389 ER PT J AU Jackson, JA Birnbaum, LS Diliberto, JJ AF Jackson, JA Birnbaum, LS Diliberto, JJ TI Effects of age, sex, and pharmacologic agents on the biliary elimination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in F344 rats SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 96 Annual Meeting CY APR 14-18, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Federat Amer Soc Exptl Biol ID DEPENDENT EXPRESSION; DIBENZOFURANS PCDFS; DERMAL ABSORPTION; DIOXINS PCDDS; EXCRETION; METABOLISM; TOXICITY; 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN; CYTOCHROME-P-450; PRETREATMENT AB The extreme biological persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is due primarily to its resistance to metabolic transformation. Previous studies in several species have found hepatic metabolism to be rate-limiting for TCDD elimination, with resulting metabolites excreted primarily in feces via the bile. Using short-term biliary excretion of [H-3]TCDD metabolites as an indirect measure of metabolism, groups of F344 rats were used to evaluate separately the effects of age, sex, and acute induction or inhibition of key hepatic enzymes. Adult and juvenile male and female rats were used for sex comparisons, and senescent male rats were used to explore possible changes in TCDD metabolism with age. Various pretreatments were used: phenobarbital (PB) and dexamethasone (DEX), to induce hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes; and suicide substrate 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), to produce P450 inhibition. For all animals, surgical cannulation of the common bile duct and 6-hr bile collection were performed under constant anesthesia. [H-3]TCDD (1 nmol/kg) was administered via the femoral vein. Naive adult male and female rats excreted similar to 0.7% and similar to 0.4% of [H-3]TCDD-derived radioactivity, respectively. Biliary excretion of radioactivity in both male and female juvenile rats was similar to that of adult males; senescent male rats excreted less. Pretreatment with PB, DEX, or ABT resulted in similar decrease in biliary excretion of TCDD-derived radioactivity as observed in senescent male rats. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Jackson, JA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 26 IS 7 BP 714 EP 719 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 101JU UT WOS:000074866500016 PM 9660856 ER PT J AU Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Lynch, CF Pennybacker, M Zahm, SH Lubin, J Mage, D Steen, WC Wintersteen, W Blair, A AF Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Lynch, CF Pennybacker, M Zahm, SH Lubin, J Mage, D Steen, WC Wintersteen, W Blair, A TI Factors associated with self-reported, pesticide-related visits to health care providers in the Agricultural Health Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cancers; farmers; health care visits; noncancer toxicity; occupational exposure; pesticides ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; APPLICATORS; CALIFORNIA; HERBICIDES; PATTERNS; 2,4-D AB To investigate factors associated with pesticide-related visits to health care providers (i.e., doctor or hospital visits), responses to self-administered questionnaires received from 35,879 licensed restricted-use pesticide applicators participating in the Agricultural Health Study were analyzed. (In Iowa, applicators are actually certified, whereas in North Carolina they are licensed; for ease of reference, the term license will be used for both states in this paper.) The cohort reported a total of more than 10.9 million pesticide-application days. These applications were associated with one or more pesticide-related health care visits by 2,214 applicators (7.0% of the applicator cohort for whom health care visit data were available). The odds of a pesticide-related health care visit were increased for commercial applicators compared to private applicators [odds ratio (OR = 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.52-2.06)] and for applicators who used insecticides 70 times or more in their lifetime compared to those who used insecticides less frequently (OR = 1.43; CI, 1.26-1.63). After adjusting for the number of applications in a logistic regression model, significantly higher odds of health care visits were observed among North Carolina applicators compared to Iowa applicators (OR = 1.35; CI, 1.17-1.52), among applicators who mixed their own pesticides (OR = 1.65; CI, 1.22-2.23), and among applicators who personally repaired their pesticide application equipment at least once per year (OR = 1.12; CI, 1.06-1.25). Significantly lower odds were found among female versus male applicators (OR = 0.68; CI, 0.46-0.99) and among applicators who graduated from high school versus those who did not (OR = 0.82; CI, 0.71-0.94 for high school graduates and OR = 0.79; CI, 0.68-0.91 for those with at least some college). Several methods of pesticide application to crops, seed, or stored grain were also associated with significantly elevated odds ratios of health care visits. These observations suggest that several steps can be taken to reduce the number of health care visits resulting from occupational exposure to pesticides. The implications of this pattern of pesticide-related health care visits may have etiologic implications for cancer and other chronic diseases. C1 NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SRA Technol Inc, Falls Church, VA 22042 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Battelle Survey Res Associates, Durham, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Alavanja, MCR (reprint author), NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, EPN-418,6130 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Zahm, Shelia/B-5025-2015; OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-21095, N01-CP-33047, N01-CP-33048] NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 106 IS 7 BP 415 EP 420 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106415 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110KW UT WOS:000075380700022 PM 9637799 ER PT J AU Boorman, GA AF Boorman, GA TI Ethical questions on the use of magnetic field reports - Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Boorman, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 106 IS 7 BP A314 EP A315 DI 10.2307/3434049 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110KW UT WOS:000075380700003 ER PT J AU Kurtz, JC Devereux, R Barkay, T Jonas, RB AF Kurtz, JC Devereux, R Barkay, T Jonas, RB TI Evaluation of sediment slurry microcosms for modeling microbial communities in estuarine sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE microcosm; sulfate-reducing bacteria; estuarine sediment; microbial communities; risk assessment ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; FRESH-WATER; MICROORGANISMS; SULFUR; POLLUTANTS; MERCURY; ECOLOGY AB Microcosms consisting of estuarine sediment slurries were examined for their utility as models for assessing effects on microbial community structure and function. Data were obtained over a 2-week period to evaluate the reproducibility between individual microcosms and the variability between microcosm slurries and fresh sediment cores. Sulfate reduction rates in microcosm slurries did not differ significantly from rates for freshly collected sediment cores (p greater than or equal to 0.05). However, the measured rates were more variable in microcosm slurries (SE = +/- 0.03-0.25 nM/ml/h) than in freshly collected sediments (SE = +/- 0.01-0.12 nM/ml/h). Rates of dark CO2 fixation in the microcosm slurries declined but were consistent with rates in freshly collected sediments (6.51 and 9.29 nM/ml/h on day 3, respectively). Relative abundances (RAs) of 16S rRNA determined for six specific phylogenetic assemblages of sulfate-reducing bacteria were reproducible among three microcosm replicates with Desulfovibrio,io spp, consistently in greatest abundance (RA = 8.61 +/- 1.40, day 7). Total direct bacterial counts were not significantly different between freshly collected sediments and microcosm slurries (p greater than or equal to 0.05). The results indicated that microcosms were both reproducible and representative of the held, and could thus provide a potentially useful tool for studies of microbial community response to perturbation. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Kurtz, JC (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM kurtz-jan@epamail.epa.gov NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 17 IS 7 BP 1274 EP 1281 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZU363 UT WOS:000074189600012 ER PT J AU Black, DE Gutjahr-Gobell, R Pruell, RJ Bergen, B McElroy, AE AF Black, DE Gutjahr-Gobell, R Pruell, RJ Bergen, B McElroy, AE TI Effects of a mixture of non-ortho-and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls on reproduction in Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE reproduction; polychlorinated biphenyls; fish; gonadotropin; Fundulus heteroclitus ID OOCYTE MATURATION; CONGENERS; GONADOTROPIN(S); CONTAMINATION; FOLLICLES; FLOUNDER; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; MINNOW; STRESS AB To assess the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on reproduction, female Fundulus heteroclitus were exposed to a mixture of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCBs. mimicking the mixture found in fish collected from New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA, a PCB-contaminated estuary. Exposure was by intraperitoneal injection of the mixture dissolved in corn oil. Doses of 0.76, 3.8, and 19 mu g PCB mixture per gram of wet weight produced liver concentrations of 2.99, 12.2, and 32.8 mu g non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCBs per gram of dry liver, with dioxin toxic equivalency concentrations (TEQs) of 0.063, 0.409, and 0.720 ng/g, respectively. Female mortality was 58%, and egg production was reduced by 77% at the highest dose, compared to controls. Food consumption declined with increasing PCB concentration, suggesting that PCBs act indirectly to reduce fecundity through an energetic effect. Pituitary gonadotropin content appeared to be suppressed at the highest dose, but the ability of ovarian follicles to produce estradiol and testosterone in vitro was not impaired. Significant residue-effects linkages were found, with TEQ emerging as a potential indicator of adverse effects. Mortality was directly related, and egg production was inversely related to log(10)TEQ. Multiple regression analysis indicated that egg production was directly related to pituitary gonadotropin content and food consumption. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Gutjahr-Gobell, R (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM gobell.ruth@epamail.epa.gov NR 34 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 17 IS 7 BP 1396 EP 1404 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1396:EOAMON>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZU363 UT WOS:000074189600025 ER PT J AU Black, DE Gutjahr-Gobell, R Pruell, RJ Bergen, B Mills, L McElroy, AE AF Black, DE Gutjahr-Gobell, R Pruell, RJ Bergen, B Mills, L McElroy, AE TI Reproduction and polychlorinated biphenyls in Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) from New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE reproduction; New Bedford Harbor; Fundulus heteroclitus; fish; polychlorinated biphenyls ID ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; OOCYTE MATURATION; ATLANTIC CROAKER; WINTER FLOUNDER; CONGENERS; SEDIMENT; CADMIUM; GONADOTROPIN(S); PITUITARIES AB This investigation evaluated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation, survival, and reproduction in Fundulus heteroclitus from four stations along a gradient of increasing sediment contamination from West Island in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA, to the most contaminated area of the New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA, Superfund site. Fish collected during their natural spawning season were held in the laboratory for 5 weeks. Liver concentrations of non-ortho-and mono-ortho-PCBs averaged 0.461, 9.48, 20.8, and 29.3 mu g/g dry weight, with dioxin toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of 0.006, 0.132, 0.543, and 1.56 ng/g: differences among stations were statistically significant. Females from two stations within the Superfund site had significantly greater mortality (30 and 23%) compared to those within West Island (0%), and growth was reduced. Progeny of fish from the most contaminated station exhibited significantly reduced survival (49%) and greater incidence of spinal abnormalities (26%) compared to those from West Island (70% survival, 7% spinal abnormalities). No differences in egg production or food consumption were observed. A significant residue-effect relationship was found between TEQs of liver PCBs and female mortality, consistent with that determined previously from laboratory exposures and validating TEQ as an effects indicator. Embryo and larval survival were inversely related to maternal liver TEQ. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Gutjahr-Gobell, R (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM gobell.ruth@epamail.epa.gov NR 36 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 17 IS 7 BP 1405 EP 1414 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1405:RAPBIF>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZU363 UT WOS:000074189600026 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Ross, JA Mass, MJ Stoner, GD AF Nesnow, S Ross, JA Mass, MJ Stoner, GD TI Mechanistic relationships between DNA adducts, oncogene mutations, and lung tumorigenesis in strain A mice SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Mouse Lung Tumorigenesis Symposium CY JUN 18-20, 1997 CL COLUMBUS, OHIO DE carcinogenesis; DNA adducts; oncogenes; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID A/J MOUSE LUNG; TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; KI-RAS ONCOGENE; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SKIN; CARCINOGENICITY; BENZOPYRENE; BENZACEANTHRYLENE; BENZOFLUORANTHENE AB This paper describes a series of studies on the lung tumorigenic activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in strain A/J mice, their ability to form PAH-DNA adducts in lung tissues, and their ability to mutate the Ki-ras oncogene in PAH-induced tumors. Seven PAHs were studied: cyclopenta[cd]pyrene ( CPP), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h] anthracene (DBA), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A), and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P). The dose-response data for the PAHs revealed 100-fold differences in tumor potency based on dose, with the order of activity DB[a,l]P, DBd > B[j]A > 5MC > CPP > B[a]P > B[b]F. Large differences in tumor multiplicity were also observed between the PAHs. DNA adducts were measured by P-32-postlabeling techniques on DNA from lungs of mice treated with these PAH's. DB[a,l]P gave syn- and anti;fjord-region diol-epoxide adducts of dAdo and dGuo; DBA gave both bay-region diol-epoxide-dGuo and bisdihydrodiol-epoxide adducts; CPP gave cyclopenta-ring-dGuo adducts; B[j]A gave a mixture of cyclopenta-ring-dGuo and -dAdo adducts; 5MC gave anti-bay-region diol-epoxide-dGuo adducts; B[a]P gave bay-region diol-epoxide-dGuo adducts; and B[b]F gave 5-hydroxy-B[b]F-diol-epoxide-dGuo adducts. Ki-ras codon 12 and 61 mutation analysis of PAH induced tumors was performed using PCR and dideoxy sequencing methods. DB[a,l]P gave both codon 12 and codon 61 mutations. High proportions of codon 12 TGT mutations from B[a]P-, B[b]F- and 5MC-, induced tumors and CGT mutations from CPP- and B[j]A-induced tumors were observed. DBA produced no mutations in Ki-ras codons 12 or 61 by direct sequencing. The interrelationships between the tumorigenesis, DNA adduct, and oncogene mutation data are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ohio State Univ, Arthur James Canc Hosp, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM nesnow.stephen@epamail.epa.gov RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 USA SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 395 EP 405 PG 11 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA ZW988 UT WOS:000074469100004 PM 9659573 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J Anigstein, R Beres, D Doehnert, M Hull, HB Marschke, S AF Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J Anigstein, R Beres, D Doehnert, M Hull, HB Marschke, S TI Model for estimating population impacts averted through the remediation of contaminated soil SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE contamination; soil; health effects; environmental transport ID PLANT-SURFACES AB This is the second in a series of papers that discuss methodologies being developed and employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in support of its decisions on cleanup levels for radioactively contaminated sites that are to be remediated and released for public use. It describes a model, CU-POP, designed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to obtain estimates of the potential collective radiological health impacts over specific periods of time (100, 1,000 and 10,000 y following cleanup), both on and off site, due to residual radioactive materials in on-site soil. Collective doses and risks are linear in population density for the direct exposure, dust and indoor radon inhalation, and soil ingestion pathways; it is assumed that specific fractions of all food grown and all groundwater pumped at a site are consumed by on-and off-site populations. The model was developed for application to a set of hypothetical "reference" sites; its testing on a simple generic site is discussed briefly here. C1 US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air 6603J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. S Cohen & Associates Inc, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. Beres Consulting, Morris Plains, NJ 07950 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 75 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1097/00004032-199807000-00012 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA ZU966 UT WOS:000074254400013 PM 9645669 ER PT J AU Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechman, B Reddy, G Torsella, J Daniel, FB AF Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechman, B Reddy, G Torsella, J Daniel, FB TI Subchronic toxicity of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in Fischer 344 rats SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 13-17, 1994 CL DALLAS, TEXAS SP Soc Toxicol DE Fischer 344 rats; nitroaromatic compounds; subchronic toxicity; 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene ID LONG-TERM SEQUELAE; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; 1,3-DINITROBENZENE; TRINITROTOLUENE AB The subchronic toxicity of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) in, male and female Fischer 344 rats was evaluated by feeding a powdered certified laboratory diet containing 0, 66.7, 400 and 800 mg TNB/kg diet for 90 days. The calculated average TNB intake was 4.29, 24.70 and 49.28 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day for females and 3.91, 22.73, and 44.16 mg/kg BW/day for males. Food intake in the 400 and 800 mg/kg diet dose groups of both sexes was decreased throughout the study and resulted in, a significant decrease in absolute body weights. A significant decrease in relative testicular weights and a significant increase in the relative liver weight were observed in, male rats receiving 400 or 800 mg TNB/kg diet. A significant increase in the relative spleen weights of both sexes receiving 400 or 800 mg TNB diet was noted. The relative liver weight was also increased only in female rats maintained on the 800 mg TNB diet. Histopathological examinations revealed that the susceptible organs for TNB toxicity were kidney (hyaline droplets) in all male dose groups and testes (seminiferous tubular degeneration) in rats receiving 400 and 800 mg TNB diet groups. The spleen was also affected (extramedullary hematopoiesis) in both sexes in the 400 and 800 mg close groups. Hematological studies at both 45 (data not given) and 90 days in the 400 and 800 mg dose groups indicated decreased values for red blood cell counts and hemoglobin content, while reticulocytes and methemoglobin levels were increased. Clinical chemistry parameters were unaffected. Based on Kidney toxicity and hematological effects, a Low Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) of 3.91 mg/kg BW/day was suggested for subchronic toxicity studies on TNB. C1 USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Pathol Associates Inc, W Chester, OH USA. RP Reddy, G (reprint author), USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Bldg E-2100, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 393 EP 411 PG 19 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZW829 UT WOS:000074452500002 ER PT J AU Holm, TR Schock, MR AF Holm, TR Schock, MR TI Computing SI and CCPP using spreadsheet programs SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER; CARBONATE; CALCITE AB Lotus 1-2-3(R) worksheets for calculating the calcite saturation index (SI) and calcium carbonate precipitation potential of a water sample are described. A simplified worksheet illustrates the principles of the method, and a more complex worksheet suitable for modeling most potable water sources is briefly described. Both worksheets include ion pairing and adjustments of equilibrium constants for temperature and ionic strength. For several test cases with a wide range of temperature, alkalinity, pH, and calcium concentration, the worksheet SI values differed <1 percent from those computed by WATEQX. For water differed modelling spreadsheets have several advantages compared with large equilibrium codes: flexible input and output, ease of maintaining the thermodynamic database, and relatively small memory and mass-storage requirements. Modeling of archived chemical data is possible through the combination of database management and computational capabilities of many commercially available programs. The worksheets can be obtained from the authors. C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Off Environm Chem, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Holm, TR (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, Off Environm Chem, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 90 IS 7 BP 80 EP 89 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 102EY UT WOS:000074912500013 ER PT J AU Kim, HJ Helfand, GE Howitt, RE AF Kim, HJ Helfand, GE Howitt, RE TI An economic analysis of ozone control in California's San Joaquin Valley SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE air pollution; benefit-cost analysis; human health; ozone; San Joaquin Valley ID AIR-POLLUTION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; COST; HEALTH; BENEFITS; QUALITY; CROPS AB This study estimates the benefits to agriculture and human health of reducing ozone in the San Joaquin Valley of California, and the costs of ozone control. The San Joaquin Valley's highly valued crops suffer from high ozone levels. Federal and state primary ozone standards are based on health effects, not effects on other sectors, and do not consider costs of attaining the standards. The methods here allow comparison of both total and marginal benefits and costs. The results suggest that net gains can be achieved for the entire valley by reducing ozone below 1990 levels, although results vary by region. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA USA. RP Kim, HJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 55 EP 70 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZT455 UT WOS:000074089600005 ER PT J AU Welch, JE Barbee, RR Roberts, NL Suarez, JD Klinefelter, GR AF Welch, JE Barbee, RR Roberts, NL Suarez, JD Klinefelter, GR TI SP22: A novel fertility protein from a highly conserved gene family SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPERM PROTEIN; BINDING; FERTILIZATION; EXPRESSION; CELLS; EGG AB Three nucleotide sequences encoding SP22, a protein originally identified in detergent extracts of cauda epididymal sperm, were isolated from a rat testis cDNA library. While two of these cDNA sequences differed only in their 5' untranslated regions, a third cDNA was predicted to contain an additional 13 amino acids of coding sequence. Amino acid sequences obtained following Edman degradation of purified SP22 protein and cDNA sequence data both indicated that SP22 was a member of a highly conserved and widely expressed gene family found in organisms as diverse as human and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, while a 1-kb mRNA transcript was widely expressed in somatic tissues, a unique pattern of testicular expression was observed, including the appearance of a novel 1.5-kb transcript and an increase in the abundance of the 1-kb transcript during spermatogenic cell development. Anti-SP22 peptide antiserum was shown to recognize a family of 22-kDa proteins on western blots of detergent-extracted cauda epididymal sperm protein, suggesting that multiple charge variants of SP22 coexist. Moreover, affinity-purified anti-SP22 peptide immunoglobulin localized in a highly specific manner to the anterior-ventral surface of the equatorial segment of the sperm head. This is an extremely intriguing finding as SP22 was originally shown to be highly correlated with, and predictive of, the fertilizing ability of cauda epididymal sperm. Although no conclusive function has been attributed to any members of the SP22 gene family, the localization of SP22 over a discrete region of the sperm head suggests a pivotal role in sperm-egg interactions. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Welch, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4 BP 385 EP 393 PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 113VY UT WOS:000075575600001 PM 9733139 ER PT J AU Pierce, BL Redente, EF Barbarick, KA Brobst, RB Hegeman, P AF Pierce, BL Redente, EF Barbarick, KA Brobst, RB Hegeman, P TI Plant biomass and elemental changes in shrubland forages following biosolids application SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID COPPER DEFICIENCY; MOLYBDENUM; BOVINE; VEGETATION; METABOLISM; RESPONSES; NITROGEN; SULFUR AB Land application of biosolids is a viable management practice for agriculture, but minimal information exists on beneficial uses for native rangeland. This study was conducted to determine the effect of surface-applied biosolids on the canopy cover, aboveground biomass, and nutrient status of native plant species in a sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) community in western Colorado. Biosolids were applied once in 1991 at nine rates consisting of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 Rig ha(-1) to plots measuring 3320 m(2). Biosolids application increased the biomass of perennial grasses up to 300% at 25 Mg ha(-1) treatment rates in 1993. We also found 60 to 70% increases in plant tissue N concentrations in western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.), bluebunch wheatgrass [A. spicatum (Pursch) Scribn. & Smith], and Indian ricegrass [Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Bicker]. The quality of grass forage was also improved through a change in the Cu/Mo ratios. Before biosolids application, the three grasses noted above had Cu/Mo ratios below 1.2/1, which is known to reuse Mo-induced Cu deficiencies in cattle (Bovis abortus), sheep (Ovis aries), acid some wild ruminants. Biosolids treatment increased the Cu/Mo ratio above 2/1 for western wheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass 1 yr after application at low rates and 2 yr after amendment at intermediate application rates. The Cu/Mo ratio of Indian ricegrass also increased above 2/1 2 yr after surface application at intermediate biosolids application rates. Forage quantity and nutritional value of some native grasses was improved for livestock and wildlife consumption with biosolids application. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO 80222 USA. RP Pierce, BL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM bpierce@lamar.colostate.edu RI Barbarick, Kenneth/B-7974-2013 OI Barbarick, Kenneth/0000-0002-8779-0740 NR 30 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 789 EP 794 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103VB UT WOS:000074977600009 ER PT J AU Flemer, DA Lores, EM Bundrick, CM AF Flemer, DA Lores, EM Bundrick, CM TI Potential sediment denitrification rates in estuaries of northern Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ACETYLENE INHIBITION TECHNIQUE; MARINE SEDIMENT; FRESH-WATER; NITRIFICATION; NITRATE; OXYGEN; BAY; REDUCTION; SYSTEMS; DENMARK AB The three-season average of sediment potential denitrification rates (PDRs) (i.e., NO3- saturated; acetylene blockage method) for five study areas within urban bayous and bays in the Pensaeola Bay area, Florida, ranged beta een 43 and 223 nmol of N g(-1) h(-1). Average PDRs extrapolated to a unit area basis approximated 500 to 1000 pmol of N m(-2) h(-1) that are relatively high values but comparable to those where conditions for denitrification are favorable. A regression model, based on a larger number of measured environmental factors for the spring than fall and winter indicated that NO2- + NO3- concentrations explained most of the total variability (R-2: 27%; P < 0.003) in PDRs. The NO2- + NO3- concentrations were also predictive of PDRs (R-2 ranged from 0.56-0.98; all P-values < 0.05) on four separate occasions for comparisons made within five study areas and three seasons. Sediment trace metal concentrations (e.g., Ni), based on published values, were high enough to cause reduction in PDRs through direct toxicity to denitrifiers at several stations. Sediment metals toxicities, based on published sediment quality guidelines, could occasionally cause a reduction in macrobenthic infaunal bioturbation and irrigation. Such a reduction could attenuate the flux of dissolved oxygen into sediments and cause a reduction in denitrification rates by limiting the coupled processes of nitrification and denitrification. Also, a reduction in the flux of NO2- or NO3-, a substrate for denitrification, into sediments can directly limit denitrification rates. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ W Florida, Dept Math & Stat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP Flemer, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 859 EP 868 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103VB UT WOS:000074977600019 ER PT J AU Hemmer, MJ Courtney, LA Benson, WH AF Hemmer, MJ Courtney, LA Benson, WH TI Comparison of three histological fixatives on the immunoreactivity of mammalian P-glycoprotein antibodies in the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE GENE; OVARY CELL MUTANTS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; BACTERIAL TRANSPORT; TISSUES; PERMEABILITY; MECHANISM; HOMOLOGY; CORTISOL; PROTEIN AB Mammalian P-glycoprotein is a highly conserved integral membrane protein functioning as an energy-dependent efflux pump which decreases the concentration of certain lipophilic aromatic compounds entering the cell by diffusion. Expression of such a transporter in teleost species could play a significant role in conferring resistance to fish populations exposed to xenobiotic stressors and may serve as a potential indicator of species at risk for certain environmental contaminants. In previous studies we demonstrated that a strong correlation existed between corresponding mammalian and teleost tissues showing immunoreactivity to specific mammalian P-glycoprotein antibodies. In the present study, comparisons of staining pattern, intensity, and tissue specificity between tissues treated in Bouin's, Dietrich's and Lillie's histological fixatives were determined in the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, using monoclonal antibodies C219, C494, JSB-1 and polyclonal antiserum MDR(Ab-1). Immunoreactivity of these antibodies was found to be fixative-dependent. Results are presented illustrating the differential staining patterns and tissue specificity observed for each tissue type, fixative, and antibody combination. Our data indicate tissue fixation has a significant impact on P-glycoprotein antibody immunoreactivity in teleost tissues and must be considered in the comparison and interpretation of results. J. Exp. Zool. 281:251-259, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Hemmer, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 4 BP 251 EP 259 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980701)281:4<251::AID-JEZ1>3.3.CO;2-I PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZX848 UT WOS:000074561500001 PM 9658590 ER PT J AU Daniel, DE Koerner, RM Bonaparte, R Landreth, RE Carson, DA Scranton, HB AF Daniel, DE Koerner, RM Bonaparte, R Landreth, RE Carson, DA Scranton, HB TI Slope stability of geosynthetic clay liner test plots SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Fourteen full-scale field test plots containing five types of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) were constructed on 2H:1V and 3H:1V slopes for the purpose of assessing slope stability. The test plots were designed to simulate typical final cover systems for landfills. Slides occurred in two of the 2H:1V test plots along interfaces between textured geomembranes and the woven geotextile components of internally reinforced GCLs. One additional slide occurred within the unreinforced GCL component of a 2H:1V test plot, when the GCL unexpectedly became hydrated. All 3H:1V slopes have remained stable. Results of laboratory direct shear tests compared favorably with held observations, providing support for the current design procedures that engineers are using for assessing the stability of slopes containing GCLs. C1 Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Drexel Univ, Geosynthet Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. GeoSyntec Consultants, Atlanta, GA 30342 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Haley & Aldrich, Boston, MA 02129 USA. RP Daniel, DE (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 124 IS 7 BP 628 EP 637 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:7(628) PG 10 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA ZU203 UT WOS:000074172600008 ER PT J AU Black, F Tejada, S Gurevich, M AF Black, F Tejada, S Gurevich, M TI Alternative fuel motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions composition and ozone potential SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REACTIVITY AB The 1988 Alternative Motor Fuels Act and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require examination of the potential to favorably influence air quality by changing the composition of motor vehicle fuels. Motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions were characterized using laboratory simulations of roadway driving conditions and a variety of vehicle-fuel technologies (reformulated gasoline (RFG), methanol (M85), ethanol (E85), and natural gas (CNG)). Speciated organic compound (with Carter MIR ozone potential), CO, and NOx emission rates and fuel economy were characterized. The Carter MIR clone potential of combined Federal Test Procedure (FTP) tailpipe and evaporative emissions was reduced more than 90% with CNG relative to RFG, M85, and E85 fuels. FTP toxic compound emissions (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene) were greater with M85 and E85 fuels than with RFG fuel, and less with CNG fuel than RFG fuel. The most abundant toxic compound was benzene with RFG fuel, formaldehyde with M85 fuel, and acetaldehyde with E85 fuel. FTP MPG fuel economies were reduced with M85 and E85 fuels relative to RFG fuel, consistent with their lower BTU/gal. Energy efficiencies (BTU/mi) were improved with all the alternative fuels relative to RFG. Carter MIR ozone potential was generally reduced with the alternative fuels relative to RFG fuel under REP05 (high speeds and acceleration rates) driving conditions (most significantly with CNG). Toxic aldehyde emissions were reduced under REP05 conditions relative to FTP conditions with all the tested fuels, and toxic benzene emissions were elevated under high acceleration conditions. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Source Apportionment & Characterizat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US DOE, Washington, DC USA. RP Black, F (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Source Apportionment & Characterizat Branch, MD-48, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 48 IS 7 BP 578 EP 591 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 106GH UT WOS:000075121200001 PM 9706038 ER PT J AU Smith, FL Sorial, GA Suidan, MT Pandit, A Biswas, P Brenner, RC AF Smith, FL Sorial, GA Suidan, MT Pandit, A Biswas, P Brenner, RC TI Evaluation of trickle bed air biofilter performance as a function of inlet VOC concentration and loading, and biomass control SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TOLUENE AB The 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act have stimulated strong interest in the use of biofiltration for the economical, engineered control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in effluent air streams. Trickle bed air biofilters (TBABs) are especially applicable for treating VOCs at high loadings. For long-term, stable operation of highly loaded TBABs, removal of excess accumulated biomass is essential. Our previous research demonstrated that suitable biomass control for TBABs was achievable by periodic backwashing of the biofilter medium. Backwashing was performed by fluidizing the pelletized biological attachment medium with warm water to about a 40% bed expansion. This paper presents an evaluation of the impact of backwashing on the performance of four such TBABs highly loaded with toluene. The inlet VOC concentrations studied were 250 and 500 ppmv toluene, and the loadings were 4.1 and 6.2 kg COD/m(3) day (55 and 83 g toluene/m(3) hr). Loading is defined as kg of chemical oxygen demand per cubic meter of medium per day. Performance deterioration at the higher loading was apparently due to a reduction of the specific surface of the attached biofilm resulting from the accumulation of excess biomass. For a toluene loading of 4.1 kg COD/m3 day, it was demonstrated that the long-term performance of biofilters with either inlet concentration could be maintained at over 99.9% VOC removal by employing a backwashing strategy consisting of a frequency of every other day and a duration of 1 hr. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Baldwin Hall ML-71, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 48 IS 7 BP 627 EP 636 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 106GH UT WOS:000075121200005 PM 9706041 ER PT J AU Knapp, KT Stump, FD Tejada, SB AF Knapp, KT Stump, FD Tejada, SB TI The effect of ethanol fuel on the emissions of vehicles over a wide range of temperatures SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The emissions from a fleet of 11 vehicles, including three from the State of Alaska, were tested at 75, 0, and -20 degrees F with base gasolines and E10 gasolines, that is, gasolines with 10% by volume ethanol added. The data for the changes in emissions for the test run at 75 degrees F are included, since most other studies on the effects of E10 gasoline on emissions were run at that temperature. The three Alaskan vehicles were also tested at 20 degrees F. The testing followed the Federal Test Procedure, and regulated emissions-CO, total hydrocarbons (THC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)-CO2, speciated organics, and fuel economy were measured. A total of 490 FTP tests were run. The data obtained indicated that with most vehicles, at the temperatures tested, improvements in both CO and THC emissions were obtained with the use of E10 fuel. At the lowest temperature used, -20 degrees F, most vehicles had an increase in NO, emissions with the use of E10 fuel. At the other temperatures, however, more vehicles showed a decrease in NOx emissions with the use of E10. With all vehicles at all temperatures tested, the emissions of acetaldehyde increased significantly when E10 fuel was used. The highest increase was about 8 to 1. Benzene, formaldehyde, and 1,3 butadiene showed both increases and decreases in the emissions when using E10 fuel. Unexpected results were obtained with the fuel economy, with about half of the tests showing an increase in fuel economy with the use of E10 fuel. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Source Apportionment & Characterizat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Knapp, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Source Apportionment & Characterizat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 48 IS 7 BP 646 EP 653 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 106GH UT WOS:000075121200007 PM 28071577 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S Sell, SM Lerich, SP AF Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S Sell, SM Lerich, SP TI Modeling habitat suitability for small mammals in Chihuahuan Desert foothills of New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE arroyo; Chihuahuan Desert; habitat association; habitat modeling; New Mexico; small mammals ID DISTRIBUTIONS; DIVERSITY; RODENTS; DENSITY AB Desert arroyos make up only 2-4% of the desert landscape but may be unique habitat for some wildlife species. Habitat suitability models for small mammals could indicate habitat condition in these uncommon areas and, through monitoring, provide a tool for arid lands wildlife management. During 1993 and 1994, we modeled habitat associations for 18 species of small mammals in 6 habitats associated with desert foothills in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Habitat associations of small mammals remained relatively consistent through time, although community abundance decreased 34% from spring 1993 to fall 1994. These habitat associations allowed us to use discriminant analysis to model habitat associations based upon designation of habitat as capable of supporting "high," "moderate," or "low" relative abundance. The procedure successfully classified 80-93% of habitats as supporting "high," "moderate, or "low" abundance of 13 species of heteromyid and murid rodents. Murid rodents (Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys, Neotoma, Sigmodon) were found primarily within arroyos where shrub diversity, canopy cover, and height were greatest compared to surrounding habitats. The modeling approach described herein should be useful to managers because stochastic temporal change in the relative abundance of sms;ll mammals is effectively removed from consideration. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Elephant Mt WMA, Alpine, TX 79830 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 989 EP 996 DI 10.2307/3802551 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000018 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI The slick boys: A ten-point plan to rescue your community by three Chicago cops who are making it happen. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Reg Lib 7, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Lib 7, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 123 IS 12 BP 116 EP 116 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA ZZ269 UT WOS:000074712500238 ER PT J AU Van Beneden, RJ Rhodes, LD Gardner, GR AF Van Beneden, RJ Rhodes, LD Gardner, GR TI Studies of the molecular basis of gonadal tumors in the marine bivalve, Mya arenaria SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants (PRIMO 9) CY APR 27-30, 1997 CL BERGEN, NORWAY ID EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; CLONING; CLAMS AB Epizootiological studies of gonadal tumors of Maine soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) have shown prevalences of over 20% in certain populations in eastern Maine. The etiology of these turners is unknown, and both environmental as well as genetic factors may play a role. In order to investigate the effect of exposure to environmental contaminants, we initiated a short-term Exposure study of M. arenaria to [H-3]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ([H-3]TCDD). Gill, digestive gland, foot and gonad were sampled up to two weeks after a 24-h exposure to a low dose (10 parts per trillion or pptr) or high dose (2 000 pptr) of [H-3]TCDD in the water. In the gill, peak concentrations occurred at the beginning of depuration, whereas peak concentrations in the digestive gland and foot were found 12-24 h after exposure. In contrast, tissue concentrations in the gonad increased through the post-exposure period; at two weeks after exposure, [3H]TCDD concentrations were highest in the gonad. Examination of gill and gonad by differential display polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) identified potential alterations in expression of genes that may bio associated with increased cell cycling (heparan sulfate proteoglycan, E3 ubiquinating enzyme) or translation initiation (p68 RNA helicase/initiation factor eIEF-4A). Histopathological analysis indicated no observable alterations in gonadal or gill tissue from exposed animals. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Zool, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Van Beneden, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Zool, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. OI Rhodes, Linda/0000-0003-4995-9426 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL-DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1-5 BP 209 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00093-7 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 117WR UT WOS:000075806100043 ER PT J AU Ploch, SA King, LC Di Giulio, RT AF Ploch, SA King, LC Di Giulio, RT TI Comparative time-course of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation, and its relationship to Cyp1A activity in two species of catfish SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants (PRIMO 9) CY APR 27-30, 1997 CL BERGEN, NORWAY ID DNA-ADDUCTS; PERSISTENCE; NEOPLASMS; LIVER AB Studies have demonstrated differences between the brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) (BB) and a closely related species of catfish, the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (CC) in activity of important liver enzymes that may affect their ability to activate or detoxify, certain procarcinogens. We have measured the formation and persistence of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in the liver of these two species using the P-32-postlabeling (PPL) method, along with the effect of prior induction by beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF). In this time-course study, a total of 80 fish from each species were used. Half were induced with beta NF (i.p. injections of IO mg kg(-1) at day 3 and 2) followed by a single benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) i.p. injection (20 mg kg(-1)). Liver DNA and microsomes were sampled on day 1, 3, 7, 14 and 45 after the BaP dosage-adducts and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were analyzed. EROD activity in CC was significantly higher at most time points than in BB. In contrast, the BaP-DNA adduct profile revealed a significantly higher level of adducts in the BE than the CC. Adduct levels at most time points were significantly higher in the BE than in the CC at p <0.05. Further characterization of the major adduct by HPLC confirmed it to be the anti-BPDE-dG adduct. The adduct profiles of BaP are in contrast to what has been observed for adducts of 2-aminoanthracene in these species, although it is consistent with the relative species susceptibility to PAH induced liver neoplasia. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, RTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ploch, SA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL-DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1-5 BP 345 EP 349 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00118-9 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 117WR UT WOS:000075806100069 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Liang, D AF Gilbert, ME Liang, D TI Alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampus by a complex PCB mixture, aroclor 1254 SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); aroclor 1254; hippocampus; long-term potentiation (LTP); CA1; synaptic transmission; neuroplasticity ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; ADULT-RATS; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; MONKEYS; DEFICITS; MEMORY; HUMANS AB Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with a variety of neurological effects including cognitive dysfunction. The present study assessed the effects of acute in vitro exposure to a complex mixture of highly chlorinated PCBs, Aroclor 1254 (A1254), on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the rat. Increases in population spike (PS) amplitude were observed in field potentials recorded from the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 in response to 1.0-3 mu g/ml of A1254. PS amplitude was increased by approximately 20% 5-10 min following the beginning of exposure to 3 mu g/ml A1254, with some recovery towards baseline amplitudes occurring by 30 min, despite continuous perfusion. Longer exposures revealed that a maintained 10% increase in PS amplitude persisted beyond 90 min of exposure to 3 mu g/ml A1254. A second recording electrode in the stratum radiatum revealed modest increases in EPSP slope (similar to 10%) that were transient. EPSP slope changes appeared within 5 min of exposure to A1254 (3 mu g/ml), peaked at 10 min, and declined to baseline levels by 30 min, despite continued perfusion with A1254. Monitoring over a protracted period revealed relatively stable EPSP slope amplitudes following the return to baseline levels. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a model of synaptic plasticity believed to encompass the physiological substrates of memory. Neither magnitude or persistence of PS potentiation recorded from the stratum pyramidale was affected by 3 mu g/ml A1254. LTP of the EPSP slope recorded in the stratum radiatum was also induced to a comparable degree in control and A1254-treated slices. However, the augmentation in the dendritic response was not maintained in the treated slices over the 60-min posttrain recording period. Acute effects of PCBs on calcium homeostasis, protein kinase C translocation, dopaminergic function, and hormonal action may contribute to the pattern of effects seen in synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06253] NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 20 IS 4 BP 383 EP 389 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(98)00005-1 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 105TF UT WOS:000075089100002 PM 9697964 ER PT J AU Pfleeger, TG Mundt, CC AF Pfleeger, TG Mundt, CC TI Wheat leaf rust severity as affected by plant density and species proportion in simple communities of wheat and wild oats SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Avena fatua; Triticum aestivum ID YIELD COMPONENTS; WINTER-WHEAT; DISEASE; MIXTURES; POPULATIONS; SPREAD; RESISTANCE; EPIDEMICS; BARLEY; RATES AB While it is generally accepted that dense stands of plants exacerbate epidemics caused by foliar pathogens, there is little experimental evidence to support this view. We grew model plant communities consisting of wheat and wild oats at different densities and proportions and exposed these communities to Puccinia recondita to induce wheat leaf rust. Wild oats was included because it is a common competitor of wheat and may act as a barrier to the dispersal of P. recondita spores among wheat plants. Disease severity was estimated as percentage of wheat flag leaves covered by rust lesions. Seeding density rarely had a significant influence on rust severity, probably because of compensation due to increased tillering at low seeding densities. In contrast, increasing the proportion of wheat in mixtures with wild oats consistently increased wheat leaf rust severity. Regression parameters describing wheat leaf rust severity as a function of wheat seeding density did not differ significantly between pure wheat stands and wheat-wild oat mixtures and, thus, failed to support an effect of wild oats on wheat leaf rust other than through its competitive impact on wheat tiller density. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfleeger, TG (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1998 VL 88 IS 7 BP 708 EP 714 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.7.708 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW556 UT WOS:000074422800015 PM 18944944 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Hedge, JM AF Cummings, AM Hedge, JM TI Dibromoacetic acid does not adversely affect early pregnancy in rats SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dibromoacetic acid; early pregnancy; implantation; cyclicity; adverse effects; female reproduction; parturition; steroid hormones ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER AB Dibromoacetic acid (DBA), a byproduct of water disinfection, has been shown to have adverse reproductive effects in male rodents. in light of the lack of data on potential effects on female reproduction, studies were initiated to evaluate the potential effect of the chemical on early pregnancy. Groups of mature Holtzman rats were used, and cycles were monitored in all animals by vaginal smears. The administration of DBA at 0, 62.5, 125, or 250 mg/kg/d to rats during the first 8 d of pregnancy had no effect on the number of implantation sites found on Day 9 nor any other progestational parameter, except for serum estradiol, which was elevated. When groups of pregnant rats treated with the same range of dosages of DBA during Days 1 through 8 of pregnancy were killed on Day 20, there was no effect of treatment on the number of pups/litter, number of resorptions, or mean pup weight. These data demonstrate that while DBA has serious adverse effects on reproduction in male rodents, the chemical does not affect early pregnancy in rats. Effects on ovarian function and latent fertility are not ruled out. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 445 EP 448 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(98)00025-2 PG 4 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 104EN UT WOS:000075001900003 PM 9717694 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF Enright, PL Abbey, DE Knutsen, SF Peters, JA Burchette, RJ Lebowitz, MD AF McDonnell, WF Enright, PL Abbey, DE Knutsen, SF Peters, JA Burchette, RJ Lebowitz, MD TI Spirometric reference equations for older adults SO RESPIRATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; LUNG-FUNCTION; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; DIABETES-MELLITUS; UNITED-STATES; HEALTHY; PERFORMANCE; NONSMOKERS; STANDARDS; VALUES AB The objective of this study was to develop spirometric reference equations for healthy, never-smoking, older adults. It was designed as a cross-sectional observational study consisting of 1510 Seventh Day Adventists, ages 43-79 years enrolled in a study of health effects of air pollutants. Individuals were excluded from the reference group (n=565) for a history of current respiratory illness, smoking, or chronic respiratory disease, and for a number of 'non-respiratory' conditions which were observed in these data to be related to lower values of FEV1. Gender-specific reference equations were developed for the entire reference group and for a subset above 65 years of age (n=312). Controlling for height and age, lung function was found to be positively related to the difference between armspan and height, and in males was found to be quadratically related to age. The predicted values for this population generally fell within the range of those of other population groups containing large numbers of adults over the age of 65 years. Individuals with lung function below the 5th percentile in this sample, however, could not be reliably identified by using the lower limits of normal predictions commonly used in North America and Europe. C1 US EPA, Div Human Studies, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Arizona, Div Resp Sci, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Loma Linda Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA, Div Human Studies, NHEERL, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0954-6111 J9 RESP MED JI Respir. Med. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 92 IS 7 BP 914 EP 921 DI 10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90190-1 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Respiratory System SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Respiratory System GA 114KZ UT WOS:000075609700004 PM 10070564 ER PT J AU Dong, WM Gilmour, MI Lambert, AL Selgrade, MK AF Dong, WM Gilmour, MI Lambert, AL Selgrade, MK TI Enhanced allergic responses to house dust mite by oral exposure to carbaryl in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDE; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; T-CELLS; PESTICIDES; INHIBITION; PROLIFERATION; LYMPHOCYTES; CARBAMATE AB Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between use of carbamate insecticides, including carbaryl, and increased incidence of allergic asthma in farmers. In this study the effect of oral carbaryl exposure on the development of allergic responses to house dust mite (HDM) was examined in female Brown Norway rats. Rats were gavaged for 2 weeks with 0, 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg/day of carbaryl. They were sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of HDM in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant 3 days after the beginning of carbaryl exposure and challenged with antigen via the trachea 1 day after the final carbaryl ingestion. Two days after challenge, antigen-specific cell proliferation in pulmonary lymph nodes was significantly higher in the 50 mg/kg group than in controls, while antigen-specific splenocyte proliferation was decreased in groups dosed with 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg carbaryl. Total protein and lymphocyte number in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were also increased in the 50 mg/kg group. By 7 days after challenge, immune-mediated pulmonary inflammation (eosinophils), antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E level in serum, and antigen-specific IgE and IgA levels in BAL fluid were significantly elevated in the 50 mg/kg group. No apparent change was observed for lactate dehydrogenase and eosinophil peroxidase in BAL fluid, while the number of BAL macrophages were decreased in groups dosed with 10 and 50 mg/kg carbaryl. The results suggest that carbaryl may cause systemic immune suppression, while enhancing pulmonary allergic responses to house dust mite antigen, (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Dong, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM dong.wumin@epamail.epa.gov NR 35 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1093/toxsci/44.1.63 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 113AL UT WOS:000075527100008 PM 9720142 ER PT J AU Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Schramm, KW Kettrup, A Rozman, KK AF Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Schramm, KW Kettrup, A Rozman, KK TI Subchronic/chronic toxicity of a mixture of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats - I. Design, general observations, hematology, and liver concentrations SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUIVALENCY FACTORS TEFS; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HEPTACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN HPCDD; CDDS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PCDFS; PCDDS AB Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats were administered five different doses of a mixture of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD (PCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD (HxCDD), and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD (HpCDD). Doses were selected based on relative potency factors derived from acute toxicity data and a previous subchronic study with HpCDD, The mixture was constituted such that each of the congeners contributed one fourth to total toxic equivalency. Total doses were divided into four daily loading doses and six biweekly maintenance doses. The highest total dose for males was 17.5 mu g/kg of TCDD, 87.5 mu g/kg of PCDD, 350 mu g/kg of HxCDD, and 2500 mu g/kg of HpCDD. Positive controls were administered PCDD (350 mu g/kg) or HxCDD (1400 mu g/kg). Females were given 1.5 times lower doses than males. The dosing period was 13 weeks, after which half of the rats were necropsied and the rest provided with an off-dose period of another 13 weeks. Liver concentrations as determined by GC-MS reflected the doses administered. Body weight gain was dose-dependently reduced throughout the study. Mortality rates at the end of the off-dose period were 80 and 60% for the two highest dosages (mixture) in males and 70 and 10% for females. Clinical signs and necropsy findings suggested that the cause of death was related to wasting, hemorrhage, and anemia. Prothrombin times were prolonged and platelet counts were decreased in some rats receiving high doses. This study provides in vivo support for the validity of the assumption of additive toxicity of CDDs as currently used in the toxicity equivalency factor approach to assess the toxicity of mixtures of CDDs, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol & Therapeut, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Toxicol Lab, Kuopio, Finland. GSF, Inst Toxikol, Environm Toxicol Sect, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. GSF, Inst Okol Chem, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. RP Viluksela, M (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol & Therapeut, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. RI Schramm, Karl-Werner/C-7438-2013 OI Schramm, Karl-Werner/0000-0002-8945-4062 NR 20 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 151 IS 1 BP 57 EP 69 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8384 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 110JD UT WOS:000075376900007 PM 9705887 ER PT J AU Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Rozman, KK AF Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Rozman, KK TI Subchronic/chronic toxicity of a mixture of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats - II. Biochemical effects SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN (TCDD)-TREATED RATS; HEPATIC PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE; EQUIVALENCY FACTORS TEFS; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HEPTACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN HPCDD; LIVER CONCENTRATIONS; DOSE-RESPONSE; TIME-COURSE; TCDD; CDDS; HYPOTHYROXINEMIA AB Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats were given five different oral doses of a mixture of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, (PCDD) 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD (HxCDD), and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD (HpCDD) divided into four daily loading doses and six biweekly maintenance doses. PCDD and HxCDD were used as positive controls. The dosing period was 13 weeks, after which half of the rats were necropsied and the rest provided with an off-dose period of another 13 weeks. Liver ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was dose-dependently increased in rats dosed with the mixture starting at the lowest dose (13- to 16-fold increase), with the effect reaching maximum at the middle dosage (74- to 112-fold increase), as well as in the positive control groups. There was some indication of reversibility at the lower doses and in positive controls during the off-dose period. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in liver was dose-dependently decreased (maximally by 51%). This effect was more distinct in males than in females. Liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TdO) activity decreased maximally by 53% at the two highest doses. This effect was more distinct in females than in males. Serum tryptophan concentrations were increased in rats moribund due to wasting. Some reversibility was apparent by the end of the off-dose period regarding all three biochemical markers of CDD toxicity. Serum glucose concentrations were decreased at the three highest doses of the mixture and in positive controls, maximally by 30%, with some reversibility during the off-dose period. There was a dose-dependent decrease of serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations in rats given the mixture and in the PCDD and HxCDD dosage groups (maximally by 69%), with some reversibility in males during the off-dose period Serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels were not much affected, except that they tended to be decreased in rats moribund with hemorrhage or anemia The results demonstrate that comparable biochemical changes occur after multiple as after single dosing with CDDs and that TEFs derived from acute studies can be used to predict the toxicity of mixtures of CDDs regardless whether they are administered as single compounds or as a mixture. This study supports the validity of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) method and the notion of additive toxicity for CDDs as currently used in the risk assessment of these compounds. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol & Therapeut, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Toxicol Lab, Kuopio, Finland. GSF, Inst Toxikol, Environm Toxicol Sect, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Viluksela, M (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol & Therapeut, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 151 IS 1 BP 70 EP 78 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8412 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 110JD UT WOS:000075376900008 PM 9705888 ER PT J AU Driscoll, CT Likens, GE Church, MR AF Driscoll, CT Likens, GE Church, MR TI Recovery of surface waters in the northeastern US, from decreases in atmospheric deposition of sulfur SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE acid neutralizing capacity; Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest; mass balance model; reduced SO2 emission; surface water sulfate; sulfur deposition ID UNITED-STATES; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; CHEMISTRY; LAKES; SOIL; DRY AB A simple mass flux model was developed to simulate the response of SO42- concentrations in surface waters to past and anticipated future changes in atmospheric deposition of SO42-. Values of bulk (or wet) SO42- deposition and dry deposition of S determined from measured air concentrations and a deposition velocity were insufficient to balance watershed SO42- export at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH and for a regional survey of watersheds in the northeastern U.S. We propose two explanations for the unmeasured S source: 1) a significant underestimation of dry S deposition, and/or 2) internal watershed S sources, such as weathering and/or mineralization of soil organic S. Model simulations based on these two mechanisms agreed closely with measured stream SO42- concentrations at Hubbard Brook. Close agreement between measured and model predicted results precluded identification of which of the two mechanisms controlled long-term trends in stream SO42-. Model simulations indicated that soil adsorption reactions significantly delayed the response of stream water to declines in SO42- inputs since 1970, but could not explain the discrepancy in watershed S budgets. Extrapolation of model predictions into the future demonstrates that uncertainty in the source of the S imbalance in watersheds has important implications for assessments of the recovery of surface water acid neutralizing capacity in response to anticipated future reductions in SO2 emissions. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Driscoll, CT (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 21 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 319 EP 329 DI 10.1023/A:1005008315977 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100030 ER PT J AU Herlihy, AT Stoddard, JL Johnson, CB AF Herlihy, AT Stoddard, JL Johnson, CB TI The relationship between stream chemistry and watershed land cover data in the mid-Atlantic region, US SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE land cover; land use; mid-Atlantic region; stream water chemistry; watershed ID APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN; CONNECTICUT LAKES; PATTERNS; QUALITY AB In order to investigate the relationship between stream chemistry and watershed land cover at the regional scale, we analyzed data from 368 wadeable streams sampled in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. during spring 1993-1994. Study sites were selected using a probability sample and the digitized version of the 1:100,000 scale USGS map stream network as the sample population. Both classified Thematic Mapper (TM) and USGS Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) data were used to quantify land cover in the study watersheds. On average, the most common land cover was forest (77 %) followed by agriculture (20 %), and urban (1 %). Multiple regression analysis showed that concentrations of Cl-, nutrients, acid neutralization capacity, and base cations were the analytes most strongly related to watershed land cover. Despite large differences in resolution and age of the TM and LULC data sources, similar results were obtained with the two sources. Using a greater number of land cover subclasses did not greatly improve the land cover-chemistry relationships. Ecoregions with predominantly forested land cover had weaker relationships than ecoregions with more agricultural and/or urban land cover. In studies or databases without land cover information, Cl- concentration is a good surrogate indicator for general human disturbance in the watershed. C1 US EPA, Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Herlihy, AT (reprint author), US EPA, Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 22 TC 118 Z9 123 U1 9 U2 42 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 377 EP 386 DI 10.1023/A:1005028803682 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100035 ER PT J AU Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA AF Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA TI Inhibition of genotoxic effects of mammalian germ cell mutagens SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Mechanisms of Antimutagenesis and Anticarcinogenesis (5th ICMAA) CY DEC 02-06, 1996 CL OKAYAMA, JAPAN DE antimutagens; activity profiles; germ cells; bone marrow cytogenetics assays ID C-INDUCED MICRONUCLEI; BONE-MARROW CELLS; BETA-CAROTENE; IN-VIVO; GENETIC-DAMAGE; VITAMIN-C; MICE; INVIVO; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ASSAYS AB Germ cell mutagens are among the most important chemicals for which chemopreventive agents should be sought and mechanistically defined. These mutagens may include environmental chemicals as well as drugs. In this investigation, the literature was reviewed for substances antimutagenic (or anticlastogenic) to compounds identified as mutagens in at least two germ cell studies. A complete matrix of test results was prepared to identify commonly tested pairs of germ cell mutagens and antimutagens. The categories of antimutagens most tested included vitamins, fatty acids, thiols, tannins and other phenolics. The most frequently studied mutagens were benzo[a]pyrene, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C, and bleomycin. Based on the availability of the most relevant data, the analysis presented here focused on in vivo tests, specifically on bone marrow cytogenetics. The results indicated that antimutagens commonly found in the diet or endogenously in the body effectively antagonized the cytogenetic damage induced in the bone marrow by most of the germ cell mutagens studied to date. Bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays, which detect systemically active mutagens, may be predictive of similar mitigating effects in germ cells. Test results from antimutagenicity studies in germ cells, though limited, were comparable to the results from studies in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Integrated Lab Syst, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JUN 18 PY 1998 VL 402 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00290-X PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 106TJ UT WOS:000075166300016 PM 9675260 ER PT J AU Hutchins, SR Miller, DE Thomas, A AF Hutchins, SR Miller, DE Thomas, A TI Combined laboratory/field study on the use of nitrate for in situ bioremediation of a fuel-contaminated aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; REDUCING CONDITIONS; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN; TOLUENE; BIODEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; BENZENE AB A pilot demonstration project was conducted at Eglin Air Force Base, FL, to compare the extent of bioremediation of a fuel-contaminated aquifer using sprinkler application with and without nitrate addition on two adjacent 30 m x 30 m cells. Target compound groups included both BTEXTMB (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes) and the JP-4 jet fuel. Bioremediation performance was monitored through the use of groundwater quality measurements as well as periodic core analyses. Operation began April 1994, and an interim performance evaluation was conducted August 1994. The final performance evaluation was conducted May 1995. Minimal remediation occurred during the first four months. Water quality analyses showed that the nitrate cell subsurface was actively denitrifying, but lysimeter samples indicated that much of the nitrate was consumed within the rhizosphere above the fuel-contaminated interval. A 9 m x 9 m plot inside each cell was therefore stripped of vegetative cover and covered with a weed barrier to enhance nitrate transfer into the subsurface. After an additional 8 months operation, lysimeter samples showed increased nitrate transfer to the contaminated interval beneath the nitrate cell stripped plot, and there was higher fractional removal of contaminant groups beneath the stripped plots as well. On the basis of core data, BTEXTMB was reduced by 66 +/- 1% in both treatment cells, equivalent to a mass loss of 106 and 21 kg in the nitrate cell and control cell, respectively. Monitoring well data provided evidence of sulfate reduction in the control cell but not in the nitrate cell. In addition, post-test treatability studies using Gore material from both cells demonstrated removal of alkylbenzenes under denitrifying and iron-reducing conditions, with different profiles for each cell. One year after completion of the project, BTEXTMB reductions in downgradient monitoring wells remained consistent with the core data. Collective laboratory and field data indicated that contaminant reduction occurred as a result of anaerobic bioremediation as well as soil washing and that different anaerobic processes predominated in the control cell due to circulation of endogenous electron accepters. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. USAF, Armstrong Lab, Environn Directorate, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. RP Hutchins, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM hutchins.steve@epamail.epa.gov NR 52 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1832 EP 1840 DI 10.1021/es971064l PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV354 UT WOS:000074296200014 ER PT J AU Dvonch, JT Graney, JR Marsik, FJ Keeler, GJ Stevens, RK AF Dvonch, JT Graney, JR Marsik, FJ Keeler, GJ Stevens, RK TI An investigation of source-receptor relationships for mercury in south Florida using event precipitation data SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric mercury; trace elements; wet deposition; atmospheric transport ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; GAS AB A recent pilot study suggested that local anthropogenic sources may play an important role in the atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) in South Florida. To examine the potential impacts of these local anthropogenic sources of Hg, the South Florida Atmospheric Mercury Monitoring Study (SoFAMMS) was conducted from 6 August to 6 September 1995. The major goals of the SoFAMMS were to investigate potential source-receptor relationships between anthropogenic point-source emissions in south-east Florida (Dade and Broward Counties) and the atmospheric deposition of Hg and other trace elements across this region, which includes the Florida Everglades. As part of SoFAMMS, daily event precipitation samples were collected concurrently at 17 sites across the study domain during the 1-month period. All samples were analyzed for Hg and other trace elements. The volume-weighted mean concentrations of Hg measured at the 17 sites during the study ranged from 13 to 31 ng l(-1). While these monthly means indicated a significant site-to-site variation in Hg concentration, even greater differences between sites were observed on an event basis. Concentrations of Hg in individual daily event precipitation samples ranged from 5 to 113 ng l(-1). Similar spatial and temporal variations in precipitation concentrations were observed for other trace elements as well. These variations could not be accounted for by rainfall amounts alone. The spatial and temporal patterns observed suggest that local sources strongly influence atmospheric wet deposition across this region. Extensive elemental composition and meteorological precipitation data (including WSR-88D radar data from Miami, FL) were combined in an effort to look at the history of precipitation storm cells impacting the sampling sites and their spatial relationships to potential anthropogenic sources. Two sample periods are presented which demonstrate not only the impacts of local anthropogenic sources, but that these impacts fluctuate as a function of the mesoscale meteorological transport conditions. These preliminary findings indicate that local sources of Hg to South Florida and the Everglades may be more substantial than previous estimates. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Keeler, GJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, 109 S Observ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Dvonch, Joseph/K-3632-2013 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUN 10 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 1-3 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00144-2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU102 UT WOS:000074162000011 ER PT J AU Lambert, AL Winsett, DW Costa, DL Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI AF Lambert, AL Winsett, DW Costa, DL Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI TI Transfer of allergic airway responses with serum and lymphocytes from rats sensitized to dust mite SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS; T-CELLS; ATOPIC ASTHMA; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; DISEASE SEVERITY; LUNG-DISEASE; GUINEA-PIGS; CD4+; INTERLEUKIN-5 AB House dust mite (HDM) antigen is one of the most common allergens associated with extrinsic asthma, In a model of allergic lung disease, Brown Norway (BN) rats sensitized to HDM with alum and Bordetella pertussis adjuvants produce high levels of IgE antibody and experience bronchoconstriction, increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to acetylcholine (ACh), and pulmonary inflammation after antigen challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these asthmatic symptoms could be transferred from sensitized animals to naive recipients via humoral or cellular factors. Syngeneic recipient rats were injected (intraperitoneally with 4 x 10(7) cells (precultured overnight with either HDM or bovine serum albumin [BSA]) from lymph nodes of sensitized or control rats, respectively. Other groups received a tail-vein injection of serum from either HDM-sensitized or control rats. Antigen challenge in rats injected with sensitized cells caused increases in pulmonary inflammation and in AHR, but no changes in immediate bronchoconstriction as compared with control recipients. Antigen challenge in serum recipients resulted in immediate bronchoconstriction but had no effect on AHR or on pulmonary inflammation. These data show that immune-mediated lung inflammation and AHR are promoted by antigen-specific lymphocytes, whereas immediate allergic responses are caused by serum factors. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 157 IS 6 BP 1991 EP 1999 PG 9 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA ZV294 UT WOS:000074290200043 PM 9620937 ER PT J AU Mole, ML Hunter, DL Gao, P Lau, C AF Mole, ML Hunter, DL Gao, P Lau, C TI Sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in individual rat embryos SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CELL-CULTURE EXTRACTS AB A rapid, robust, and sensitive method has been developed to measure concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in individual, day 14 rat embryos by modifying and optimizing existing methods for cellular extracts. Significant changes include: (i) oxidative degradation of ribonucleoside triphosphates using methylamine at lower pH (decreased from 6.5 to 4.0) to improve poor HPLC peak shape of early eluting nucleotides; (ii) glass fiber disc solid-phase extraction of the reaction mixture, which dramatically reduces impurities that interfere with nucleotide measurement, eliminates the necessity of column regeneration, and allows mobile phase recycling; and (iii) lower ionic strength (reduced from 0.4 to 0.26 or 0.12 M ammonium phosphate) and higher pH (increased from 3.25 to 5.55 or 6.98, respectively) mobile phase, conditions which are less destructive to the column's bonded phase and silica support, thereby contributing to longer column life. Enhancements include: (i) filtration of the sample prior to HPLC injection and addition of an in-line filter, guard column, and saturating precolumn of silica in the mobile phase how, which aids substantially in extending column life and improves chromatographic stability, and (ii) inclusion of an internal standard to correct for mechanical losses, Limits of determination at a signal to noise ratio of 6:1 range from 5.5 to 12 pmol on-column or 0.41 to 0.87 pmol/mg of embryonic tissue depending on the specific nucleotide. Recoveries are quantitative for all nucleotides, and interassay variabilities are between 5 and 7% when quantified by peak height. The method has also been applied successfully to analysis of murine erythroleukemic cell cultures and this, when coupled with the embryo results, suggests its general utility. C1 US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Mole, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 259 IS 2 BP 245 EP 252 DI 10.1006/abio.1998.2647 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZT041 UT WOS:000074041700011 PM 9618203 ER PT J AU Song, QY Leighton, HG AF Song, QY Leighton, HG TI A parameterization of sulphate production in convective clouds for use in large-scale models SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation CY AUG 19-23, 1996 CL ZURICH, SWITZERLAND DE parameterization; sulphate production; convective clouds ID 3-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL-MODEL; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; SIMULATION; RETENTION; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE; ICE AB A parameterization that describes in-cloud oxidation of S(IV) by hydrogen peroxide and ozone that is based on the reaction rate equations and basic cloud characteristics, has been developed for use in large-scale models. This parameterization is an explicit function of the concentration of ambient chemical species and some gross cloud parameters. Comparisons of the parameterization scheme with a well-established three-dimensional cloud chemistry model, and also with the cloud chemistry module of a regional model have been used to formulate and test this parameterization scheme. Results show that the parameterization agrees with the 3-D chemistry model very well and that the parameterization holds considerable potential for application in large-scale models. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Song, QY (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, UCAR Visiting Scientist Program, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Mail Drop 80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 SI SI BP 555 EP 572 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZY528 UT WOS:000074631000036 ER PT J AU Kong, IC Jones, WJ AF Kong, IC Jones, WJ TI Enhanced dechlorination of 2,3-chlorophenol in an anaerobic bioreactor by addition of auxiliary carbon sources SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PENTACHLOROPHENOL; CHLOROPHENOLS; SEDIMENTS; WATER AB Addition of an auxiliary carbon source (sodium acetate, sodium lactate, or yeast extract) to microbial consortia from an anaerobic bioreactor stimulated reductive dechlorination of 2,3-chlorophenol (CP) compared to unamended consortia or consortia amended with sodium formate or sodium propionate. However, no significant effects on dechlorination of 3-CP were observed by addition of auxiliary carbon sources. In a continuous-flow, anaerobic bioreactor, addition of sodium lactate resulted in a 2 to 3-fold increase in the rate of dechlorination of 2,3-CP compared to addition of sodium formate. Enhanced transformation of the dechlorination product (3-CP) was also evident. C1 Yeungnam Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Kyungbuk 712749, South Korea. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Kong, IC (reprint author), Yeungnam Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Kyungbuk 712749, South Korea. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 6 BP 561 EP 564 DI 10.1023/A:1005397611344 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 103QC UT WOS:000074968500008 ER PT J AU Moya, J Garrahan, KG Poston, TM Durell, GS AF Moya, J Garrahan, KG Poston, TM Durell, GS TI Effects of cooking on levels of PCBs in the fillets of winter flounder SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BLUEFISH; DDT C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Battelle Ocean Sci, Duxbury, MA 02332 USA. RP Moya, J (reprint author), US EPA, 8623D,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 6 BP 845 EP 851 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZQ707 UT WOS:000073895000003 PM 9606259 ER PT J AU Sheedy, BR Mattson, VR Cox, JS Kosian, PA Phipps, GL Ankley, GT AF Sheedy, BR Mattson, VR Cox, JS Kosian, PA Phipps, GL Ankley, GT TI Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT; TOXICITY; INVERTEBRATES; FLUORANTHENE AB Tissue residues of the PAHs, anthracene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were determined in Lumbriculus variegatus at four time intervals during both a 96-h exposure period to monitor uptake, and a 96-h clean water period to assess depuration. Mean BCFs were 2390, 1210, 452 and 1920 for fluoranthene, anthracene, fluorene and pyrene, respectively. BCFs were positively correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient values of the four PAHs. Depuration occurred most rapidly for fluorene, followed by anthracene and fluoranthene. No apparent depuration of pyrene was observed during the 96-h depuration period. Because of rapid depuration of some PAHs, it appears that the 24 h clean water gut clearance period recommended in conjunction with sediment bioaccumulation tests with L. variegatus has potential to result in an under-estimation of bioaccumulation of some chemicals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Wastewater Treatment Plant, Dept Publ Works, Superior, WI 54880 USA. RP Sheedy, BR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 15 BP 3061 EP 3070 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00007-1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP463 UT WOS:000073756000004 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZZ Bailey, GW AF Zhang, ZZ Bailey, GW TI Reactivity of basal surfaces, steps and edges of muscovite: An AFM study SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE AFM; morphology; muscovite; precipitation; reactivity; surfaces ID SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY; MINERAL SURFACES; DISSOLUTION; ADSORPTION; GROWTH AB The reactivity of basal surfaces, steps and edges of muscovite was studied by imaging surface precipitates of PbCl(2) using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We reacted PbCl(2) solution with freshly cleaved muscovite surfaces and found that PbCl(2) precipitates were formed on the basal surfaces, steps and edges. It was observed that PbCl(2) precipitated preferentially along the steps compared to the basal surfaces and that PbCl(2) precipitates at multiple-layer edges were needle-shaped and oriented in different directions. One of the muscovite samples we cleaved had muscovite fragments sitting on the freshly cleaved surfaces. These fragments resulted from previously formed cracks. Thus, we were able to compare the reactivity of the weathered surfaces with that of freshly cleaved surfaces. It was found that PbCl(2) was not precipitated along the edges of previously cracked muscovite fragments. These results clearly demonstrated that the edges of freshly cleaved muscovite are the most reactive surface sites, whereas the edges of weathered muscovite are not as reactive. We believe that the surface reactivity of the edges of freshly cleaved muscovite is likely due to terminal Al-OH(2)(1/2+) or Al-OH(1/2-) groups on these crystalline surfaces, which favor adsorption of Pb(2+) ions and the subsequent nucleation and precipitation reactions. We also investigated the effect of drying rate on the morphology of the surface precipitates. Fast drying resulted in a nearly complete covered surface with a leaflike morphology, whereas slow drying resulted in more isolated surface clusters. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Zhang, ZZ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 13 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 3 BP 290 EP 300 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460308 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 112YV UT WOS:000075523200008 ER PT J AU Nowak, RM Federoff, NE AF Nowak, RM Federoff, NE TI Validity of the red wolf: Response to Roy et al. SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENETIC CHARACTERS; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; HYBRIDIZATION; TAXONOMY C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Federoff, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 722 EP 725 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97287.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZT948 UT WOS:000074144500030 ER PT J AU Field, MS Mose, DG AF Field, MS Mose, DG TI Estimating subsurface fissure apertures in karst aquifers from equilibrium activities SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conduit apertures; fissure apertures; ground water; karst; mass-balance models; radon; radioactive disequilibria ID RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY; RADIUM DISTRIBUTION; RADON EMANATION; MINERALS; POROSITY; URANIUM; RELEASE AB Rn-222 activities were determined for the karst aquifer underlying Walkersville, Maryland, in an area of ground-water discharge from a single geological unit during the summer and fall seasons, Radon-222 equilibrium activities in karst ground waters can be employed in mass-balance models to estimate microfissure, macrofissure, and conduit aperture dimensions, This approach defines Rn-222 generation and loss in karst aquifers as a function of fissure apertures and the U-238 content of the rock, High Rn-222 activities occur in tight fissures and low Rn-222 activities occur in conduits, In the vadose zone, Rn-222 activities are low as a result of degassing, especially if flow is turbulent and activities are decoupled from the phreatic zone, In the phreatic zone, if recharge to fissures causes a reduction of residence time below that required for equilibrium (approximate to 26 days), Rn-222 activities fall, At springs and in the vadose zone, after a rainfall event, Rn-222 activities increase as waters with long residence and with high Rn-222 activities are expelled from fissure and fracture storage, Field data and selected literature values were used to test the model, Models used to predict median microfissure apertures for this karst aquifer yield aperture estimates ranging from 2.8 mu m to 9.2 mu m. Median macrofissure apertures ranged from 5.53 cm to 5.88 cm, Median conduit apertures ranged from 1.16 m to 1.24 m, Comparison of the models results with published data on karst aquifers and observations at the field site suggest that the predicted apertures are reasonable. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Field, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Field, Malcolm/0000-0002-8350-417X NR 50 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 145 EP 159 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 219NA UT WOS:000081612300001 ER PT J AU Cogliano, VJ AF Cogliano, VJ TI Assessing the cancer risk from environmental PCBs SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; cancer; mixtures; partitioning; PCBs; persistence; polychlorinated biphenyls; risk assessment ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; CAPACITOR MANUFACTURING WORKERS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; NEW-BEDFORD HARBOR; LIVER-TUMORS; PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; GLANDULAR STOMACH; STRATUM-CORNEUM; COPLANAR PCBS; RHESUS-MONKEY AB A new approach to assessing the cancer risk from environmental polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) considers both toxicity and environmental processes to make distinctions among environmental mixtures. New toxicity information from a 1996 cancer study of four commercial mixtures strengthens the case that all PCB mixtures can cause cancer, although different mixtures have different potencies. Environmental processes alter PCB mixtures through partitioning, chemical transformation, and preferential bioaccumulation; these processes can increase or decrease toxicity considerably. Bioaccumulated PCBs are of greatest concern because they appear to be more toxic than commercial PCBs and more persistent in the body. The new approach uses toxicity studies of commercial mixtures to develop a range of cancer potency estimates and then considers the effect of environmental processes to choose appropriate values for representative classes of environmental mixtures. Guidance is given for assessing risks from different exposure pathways, less-than-lifetime and early-life exposures, and mixtures containing dioxin-like compounds. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cogliano, VJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St,SW 8623-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 72 TC 101 Z9 109 U1 3 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 106 IS 6 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106317 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110KV UT WOS:000075380600017 PM 9618347 ER PT J AU Gordon, SM Wallace, LA Callahan, PJ Kenny, DV Brinkman, MC AF Gordon, SM Wallace, LA Callahan, PJ Kenny, DV Brinkman, MC TI Effect of water temperature on dermal exposure to chloroform SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE breath; chloroform; dermal exposure; drinking water; pharmacokinetics; real time; residence times ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRAP MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DRINKING-WATER; BREATH CONCENTRATIONS; BLADDER-CANCER; TAP WATER; AIR; CHAMBER; MODEL; CHEMICALS AB We have developed and applied a new measurement methodology to investigate dermal absorption of chloroform while bathing. Ten subjects bathed in chlorinated water while breathing pure air through a face mask. Their exhaled breath was delivered to a glow discharge source/ion trap mass spectrometer for continuous real-time measurement of chloroform in the breath. This new method provides abundant data compared to previous discrete time-integrated breath sampling methods. The method is particularly well suited to studying dermal exposure because the full face mask eliminates exposure to contaminated air. Seven of the 10 subjects bathed in water at two or three different temperatures between 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Subjects at the highest temperatures exhaled about 30 times more chloroform than the same subjects at the lowest temperatures. This probably results from a decline in blood Bow to the skin at the lower temperatures as the body seeks to conserve heat forcing the chloroform to diffuse over a much greater path length before encountering the blood. These results suggest that pharmacokinetic models need to employ temperature-dependent parameters. Two existing models predict quite different times of about 12 min and 29 min for chloroform flux through the stratum corneum to reach equilibrium. At 40 degrees C, the time for the flux to reach a near steady-state value is 6-9 min. Although uptake and decay processes involve several body compartments, the complicating effect of the stratum corneum lag time made it difficult to fit multiexponential curves to the data; however, a single-compartment model gave a satisfactory fit. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Gordon, SM (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 43 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 106 IS 6 BP 337 EP 345 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106337 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110KV UT WOS:000075380600020 PM 9618350 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA AF Tilson, HA TI Developmental neurotoxicology of endocrine disruptors and pesticides: Identification of information gaps and research needs SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st National Research Conference on Childrens Environmental Health - Research, Practice, Prevention, and Policy CY FEB 21-23, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, US Natl Canc Inst, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, California Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Hlth Investigat Branch, US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Public Hlth Inst, US Agcy Toxic Subst & DIs Registry, US EPA, US NICHHD, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci DE endocrine-disrupting chemicals; NRC report on pesticides; risk assessment; research needs ID EXPOSURE AB There is increasing evidence that some environmental chemicals can interrupt neurodevelopmental processes during critical periods of development, resulting in effects on sensory, motor, and cognitive function. It is now generally accepted that developing organisms are differentially sensitive to chemical exposure because of toxicokinetic and/or toxicodynamic factors. Regulatory mechanisms have been implemented to protect humans from over- or inappropriate exposures to environmental chemicals. Current regulatory practices, however, may be insufficient because of the possibility that some environmental chemicals interfere with endocrine function at key periods of neurodevelopment. In addition, a recent National Research Council (NRC) report on pesticide contamination in the diets of infants and children concluded that current regulatory practices may not sufficiently protect infants and children from the risk of pesticide exposure. The NRC report indicates that regulatory agencies might underestimate the actual exposure of infants and children to pesticides and rely too heavily on data from adults in the risk assessment of pesticides. Consideration of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the differential susceptibility of infants and children has led to identification of a number of information gaps and research needs that should be addressed in order to improve future risk assessments for these chemicals. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, 86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM tilson.hugh@epamail.epa.gov NR 18 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 106 SU 3 BP 807 EP 811 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WJ UT WOS:000075404300005 PM 9646041 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR AF Goldman, LR TI Linking research and policy to ensure children's environmental health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st National Research Conference on Childrens Environmental Health - Research, Practice, Prevention, and Policy CY FEB 21-23, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, US Natl Canc Inst, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, California Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Hlth Investigat Branch, US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Public Hlth Inst, US Agcy Toxic Subst & DIs Registry, US EPA, US NICHHD, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci DE toxic chemicals; child health; environmental health; pesticides; toxicology; risk assessment AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has made protecting children's environmental health its highest priority. Data on how and when children may be at risk are vital for accomplishing this goal. Recent examples of the link between research and policy include U.S. EPA actions to carry out the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences on pesticides in children's food, reduce and prevent childhood lead poisoning, and revise national ambient air quality standards for ozone and particulate matter. Today, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), which makes protecting children from pesticide residues in food a national priority, is contributing to the growing need for data for decision making. Further impetus comes from provisions in the FQPA and 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments for establishing a screening and testing program for potential risks from endocrine disrupters. Another factor is the analysis that will be required under President William J. Clinton's executive order directing all federal agencies, for the first time, to reduce environmental health and safety risks to children. Success of the U.S. international commitment to protect children is directly tied to the strength and availability of environmental data. To meet such challenges, the U.S. EPA is revising key science policies, expanding research opportunities, and adding to the public's right-to-know tools. in this dynamic climate, there are growing opportunities for the research community to play a greater role in helping ensure the well-being of children living today and in generations to come. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, 401 M St SW,Room 637E 7101, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM goldman.lynn@epamail.epa.gov RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 106 SU 3 BP 857 EP 862 DI 10.2307/3434201 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WJ UT WOS:000075404300013 ER PT J AU Carroquino, MJ Galson, SK Licht, J Amler, RW Perera, FP Claxton, LD Landrigan, PJ AF Carroquino, MJ Galson, SK Licht, J Amler, RW Perera, FP Claxton, LD Landrigan, PJ TI The US EPA Conference on Preventable Causes of Cancer in Children: A research agenda SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT US EPA Conference on Preventable Causes of Cancer in Children CY SEP 15-16, 1997 CL ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA SP US EPA DE cancer; children; research; environment; leukemia; brain tumors ID RISK ASSESSMENT; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES; BIOLOGIC MARKERS; UNITED-STATES; P53 MUTATIONS; LUNG-CANCER; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SMOKING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INDUCTION AB On 15-16 September 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored the Conference on Preventable Causes of Cancer in Children. The conference was convened to examine rising trends in reported incidence of childhood cancer and the association of these trends with environmental exposures. This paper summarizes recommendations for future research offered by participants. These recommendations included more collaborative research integrating epidemiology, molecular biology, toxicology, and risk assessment; the development of better protocols for toxicologic testing including carcinogenicity using young animals; and research focused on specific periods of development during which susceptibility to environmental agents may be enhanced. Also recommended was enhanced use and development of molecular biomarkers for identification of susceptible populations, and documentation of exposures and effects in epidemiologic and toxicologic studies. Although toxicologic testing is considered essential to determine the effects of potential carcinogens on biological organisms, participants emphasized the need to link these findings with epidemiologic and exposure assessment research. C1 US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, New York, NY USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Community Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. RP Galson, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 1107, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM galson.steven@epamail.epa.gov OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 106 SU 3 BP 867 EP 873 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WJ UT WOS:000075404300015 PM 9646050 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR AF Goldman, LR TI Chemicals and children's environment: What we don't know about risks SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT US EPA Conference on Preventable Causes of Cancer in Children CY SEP 15-16, 1997 CL ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA SP US EPA DE cancer; pesticides; toxic chemicals; environmental health; risk assessment; child health AB Although we know that certain types of childhood cancers are increasing, we do not know why. With few exceptions, we know little about the role of environmental carcinogens in childhood cancer. Generally, we have adequate information to screen chemicals for potential hazard for only certain categories of chemicals-drugs, food additives, and pesticides. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is implementing the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, which provides added protections against pesticide risks, especially for children. But the situation is quite different for many industrial chemicals. We lack even basic toxicity data for a majority of the U.S. EPA's list of approximately 3000 nonpolymeric high-production-volume industrial chemicals being produced in the United States each year that are found in consumer products and the workplace. We know even less about the remaining 70,000 chemicals on the U.S. EPA inventory. The U.S. EPA has initiatives underway to address the risks posed by some of these commercial chemicals, including efforts to reduce risks posed by indoor air pollutants and household products. These initiatives specifically address children's risks. We are supporting toxicity screening of high-volume industrial chemicals on a cooperative international basis through the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Until more information is available, it is difficult to assess the possible role of these chemicals in childhood cancer and to take steps to reduce exposure to children. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, 401 M St SW 7101, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 17 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 106 SU 3 BP 875 EP 880 DI 10.2307/3434204 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WJ UT WOS:000075404300016 PM 9646051 ER PT J AU Laskowski, SL Kutz, FW AF Laskowski, SL Kutz, FW TI Environmental data in decision making in EPA regional offices SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA AB The mid-Atlantic region of the United States has a wide diversity of natural resources. Human pressures on these natural resources are intense. These factors have resulted in the collection of substantial amounts of environmental information about the region by EPA (both Regional and Research Offices), other governmental agencies, industry, and environmental groups. EPA Regional Offices comprehend first hand the importance of environmental data and are extremely supportive of investments in these data. Environmental data are used prominently in a variety of strategic planning and resource management initiatives. In EPA Region 3, the use of scientifically-sound environmental data is, in fact, one of our strategic programmatic goals. Environmental information is captured and assessed continuously by Regional staff, sometimes working in partnership with other Federal and State agencies, to derive relevant resource management conclusions. The restoration goals for the Chesapeake Bay are based on environmental indicators and resulting data. Attainment of the water quality objectives for streams and coastal estuaries are predicated on monitoring data. Our initiative in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands area uses environmental indicators to measure the condition of forests and streams. Landscape-level indicators will provide unique opportunities for the use of data in planning and management activities in support of the principles of community-based activism and sustainable development. Significant value is added to these data during their use by Regional managers. Regional programs, such as the Chesapeake Bay Program and several National Estuary Programs, are founded in environmental data, Environmental information is used by the Regional program managers to ascertain whether programs are accomplishing their intended objectives. Finally, Regional programs provide a crucial means for disseminating this information to broad segments of the public, so that a better informed and educated client base for effective environmental protection will develop. C1 US EPA, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Laskowski, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 3,841 Chestnut Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 21 DI 10.1023/A:1005928218022 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600003 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS AF Fisher, WS TI Development and validation of ecological indicators: An ORD approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID ECOSYSTEM AB The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development (ORD) is continuing research efforts initiated by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program on ecological indicator development. An ORD Ecological Indicators Working Group has been formed with activities in three primary areas. (1) Guidelines and procedures are being developed to evaluate indicators for use in monitoring programs. Indicators will be evaluated on conceptual soundness, implementation, response variability, and interpretation/utility. The evaluation guidelines will be applied in peer review to endorse technically acceptable indicators and will provide research direction for improvements. (2) An ORD strategy for research in ecological indicators is being developed by the Working Group in collaboration with Division research scientists. The strategy will serve to prioritize research based on the greatest importance and uncertainty and identify goals for indicator development in both intramural and extramural programs. The research strategy includes application of the evaluation guidelines to identify relevant research questions. (3) Interactions with indicator client and user groups (states, program offices and regions) are actively being sought for successful development and implementation of indicators. Client indicator priorities are formally included in the research strategy and user feedback on indicators will help to identify relevant research questions. Consultations with users will serve to assist in evaluating, implementing, and interpreting indicators in monitoring programs. C1 US EPA, ORD Ecol Indicators Working Grp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, ORD Ecol Indicators Working Grp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.1023/A:1005909103001 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600004 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG De Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Herrick, JE Havstad, KM AF Whitford, WG De Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Herrick, JE Havstad, KM TI Vegetation, soil, and animal indicators of rangeland health SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES; WIND EROSION; SOUTHWEST; ECOSYSTEM; GRASSLAND; SHRUBS; USA AB We studied indicators of rangeland health on benchmark sites with long, well documented records of protection from stress by domestic livestock or histories of environmental stress and vegetation change. We measured ecosystem properties (metrics) that were clearly linked to ecosystem processes. We focused on conservation of soil and water as key processes in healthy ecosystems, and on maintenance of biodiversity and productivity as important functions of healthy ecosystems. Measurements from which indicators of rangeland health were derived included: sizes of unvegetated patches, cover and species composition of perennial grasses, cover and species composition of shrubs and herbaceous perennials, soil slaking, and abundance and species composition of the bird fauna. Indicators that provided an interpretable range of values over the gradient from irreversibly degraded sites to healthy sites included: bare patch index, cover of long-lived grasses, palatability index, and weighted soil surface stability index. Indicators for which values above a threshold may serve as an indicator of rangeland health include: cover of plant species toxic to livestock, cover of exotic species, and cover of increaser species. Several other indicator metrics were judged not sensitive nor interpretable. Examples of application of rangeland health indicators to evaluate the success of various restoration efforts supported the contention that a suite of indicators are required to assess rangeland health. Bird species diversity and ant species diversity were not related to the status of the sample site and were judged inadequate as indicators of maintenance of biodiversity. C1 US EPA, ORD, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NERL, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV USA. NR 38 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 179 EP 200 DI 10.1023/A:1005987219356 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600016 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, K AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, K TI Monitoring changes in stressed ecosystems using spatial patterns of ant communities SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID VEGETATION; SOILS AB We examined the feasibility of using changes in spatial patterns of ants-distribution on experimental plots as an indicator of response to environmental stress. We produced contour maps based on relative abundances of the three most common genera of ants based on pit-fall trap captures. Relative abundance of Conomyrma spp decreased, relative abundance of Solenopsis spp. increased, and relative abundance of Pogonomyrmex spp. remained relatively unchanged. The contour maps showed long-term changes in foraging activity and/or distribution of colonies of ants in response to grazing by domestic livestock. This study demonstrated that analysis of spatial patterns of ant activity derived from relative abundances of ants in pit-fall traps provided interpretable data for developing an indicator of exposure to ecosystem stress. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, ESD, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 12 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1023/A:1005939303426 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600017 ER PT J AU Davis, WR Draxler, AFJ Paul, JF Vitaliano, JJ AF Davis, WR Draxler, AFJ Paul, JF Vitaliano, JJ TI Benthic biological processes and E-H as a basis for a benthic index SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID BIOTURBATION AB It is proposed that the common measures of benthic community condition can be augmented with a vertical E-H profile taken through the benthic bioturbation zone. Sediment E-H, an electrochemical measure of oxidized and reduced compounds in sediment porewater, measures the integrative consequences of all metabolic and transport processes of the benthic community. Biota, especially microbiota, metabolize carbon using a variety of electron accepters, including O-2, SO4 and some nitrogen and metal compounds. Motile benthic macrofauna ingest and transport particles, ventilate deep burrows and anoxic sediment with overlying seawater while sedentary suspension-feeding fauna deposit suspended organic matter onto the sediment surface. Collectively, these metabolic and behavioral processes advect particles and seawater between bottom water and deep sediment and define the overall structure of porewater chemistry. That structure creates a full spectrum of biogeochemical conditions of solubility, reactivity, and microbial metabolism which remineralizes excess organic carbon and most organic contaminants, defines solubility of trace metals, and pushes the vertical E-H profile toward oxidizing conditions. It is proposed that a standard E-H probe inserted downward through the bioturbation zone will provide a general measure of this resulting porewater chemistry and thus the impact of feeding, irrigation, and metabolism of the total macro, meio, and microbenthic community. If such a measure can be validated it will permit extended measurement of community function and reduced efforts in measuring community structure. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Davis, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 259 EP 268 DI 10.1023/A:1005947605244 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600021 ER PT J AU Paul, JF Strobel, CJ Melzian, BD Kiddon, JA Latimer, JS Campbell, DE Cobb, DJ AF Paul, JF Strobel, CJ Melzian, BD Kiddon, JA Latimer, JS Campbell, DE Cobb, DJ TI State of the Estuaries in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA AB The U.S. EPA has prepared a State of the Region Report for Mid-Atlantic Estuaries to increase knowledge of environmental condition for improved environmental management. Sources of information included the National Estuary Programs, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the state monitoring programs in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Federal programs such as National Status & Trends, National Shellfish Register, National Wetlands Inventory, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, and other primary literature sources. The state of the estuarine environment was summarized using indicators for water and sediment quality, habitat change, condition of living resources, and aesthetic quality. Each indicator was briefly discussed relative to its importance in understanding estuarine condition. Wherever possible, data from multiple programs were used to depict condition. Finally, an overall evaluation of estuarine condition in the region was determined. The usefulness of monitoring programs that collect consistent information with a well-defined sampling design cannot be overemphasized. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Paul, JF (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 269 EP 284 DI 10.1023/A:1005999622082 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600022 ER PT J AU Jackson, LE Gant, MP AF Jackson, LE Gant, MP TI Interactive, spatial inventory of environmental data in the mid-Atlantic region SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is working with federal, state, local, and non-governmental partners to produce an interactive, spatial inventory of environmental data in the mid-Atlantic region. The inventory will include maps of sampling locations, lists of measurements, and design information for hundreds of research sires and monitoring programs. It will also feature user-defined queries, resulting in customized maps that satisfy search criteria. (For example, "Display the probability-based surveys that measure dry deposition and nutrient availability in soils"). The inventory will be used in an interagency pilot study, instigated by the: National Science and Technology Council's Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources, to integrate environmental monitoring and research activities. The inventory will also provide information for a regional ecological assessment led by EPA Region 3 and the Office of Research and Development. In addition, an interagency consortium will use the inventory to identify suitable field data for assessing the accuracy of satellite imagery. In each of these three applications, the inventory will be tested and evaluated as a potential prototype for completing additional regions of the U.S. Maintained as an Oracle database, the inventory is accessible on the internet at http://www.epa.gov/monitor/. Currently. ten inventory records are on-line for demonstration. The complete federal inventory of approximately 180 records will be accessible on-line by October, 1997; approximately 200 state, local and non-governmental records are scheduled for on-line access by April, 1998. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Jackson, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 325 EP 329 DI 10.1023/A:1005907923899 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600026 ER PT J AU Hall, RK Husby, P Wolinsky, G Hansen, O Mares, M AF Hall, RK Husby, P Wolinsky, G Hansen, O Mares, M TI Site access and sample frame issues R-EMAP Central Valley, California, stream assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA AB The Central Valley of California contains critical habitat for many aquatic and terrestrial biological resources. The purpose of this R-EMAP project was to assess the effects from a highly modified agriculturally dominated landuse area on the aquatic resources of the lower portion of the Central Valley watersheds. The study area is 24,346 mi(2) and comprises the Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley watersheds to the 1,000 ft. elevation contour. Populations of interest are man-made conveyances and wadeable natural streams. There are 40,756 miles of streams and constructed conveyances within the Central Valley as designated by RF3 database. Sample sites were selected to represent 14,399 miles of streams and sloughs, and 16,697 miles of constructed conveyances. C1 US EPA, Region 9, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Hall, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Region 9, 75 Hawthorne St, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 357 EP 367 DI 10.1023/A:1005920227534 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600029 ER PT J AU Summers, JK Tonnessen, KE AF Summers, JK Tonnessen, KE TI Linking monitoring and effects research: EMAP's intensive site network program SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID RADIATION; VORTEX; TRENDS AB The EMAP program has been organized into three primary elements: Multi-Tier Design, Indicators, and Index Sites. The Index Sites program (DISPro - Demonstration Intensive Site Project) is the primary activity within the Index Sites element of EMAP. This project represents an inter-agency effort between EPA/ORD and DOI/NPS to develop a demonstration of an intensive site network of monitoring and research locations throughout the United States, utilizing the Nation's parklands as "outdoor laboratories." Twelve parks were selected to establish this demonstration. These 12 parks were selected because they are readily accessible, have a history of monitoring environmental information, and represent a broad spectrum of ecological communities. EMAP, through DISPro, is examining whether a "network" of sites existing within the parks can be used to address monitoring issues for global-scale environmental stressors (e.g., air pollution) as well as locale-specific stressors (e.g., air deposition, water-borne) and coordinated with cause-effect, issue-based research related to these environmental stressors. As a first activity, EPA will provide each of the sites with the instrumentation to monitor UV-B. The intent of the program is to initiate a consistent air monitoring program at each sire to be followed by consistent monitoring within other media. The project will initiate research projects at all the sites (eventually) to examine the effects of environmental stressors of importance at each of the sites. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Summers, JK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 369 EP 380 DI 10.1023/A:1005976412512 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600030 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Kellogg, JH AF Stoddard, JL Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Kellogg, JH TI Regional analysis of lake acidification trends for the northeastern US, 1982-1994 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID UNITED-STATES; WATER-QUALITY; SURFACE WATERS; TERM; CHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION; PATTERNS; PROJECT AB Acidic deposition is a regional phenomenon, but its effects have traditionally been studied using site-specific, intensive monitoring. We present trends information for 36 lakes of high-to-moderate acid sensitivity (defined as acid neutralizing capacity [ANC] < 100 mu eq L-1), and 15 deposition monitoring stations, in the northeastern U.S. for the period 1982-1994. Trends at each site were assessed through use of the Seasonal Kendall tau test; the resulting statistics were combined, through a technique analogous to analysis of variance, to produce quasi-regional estimates of change for key chemical variables. Rates of sulfate deposition declined significantly across all of the northeastern region during this time period, while rates of nitrate and ammonium deposition were unchanged. All lakes exhibited strong decreases in sulfate concentrations (Delta SO(4)2- = -1.7 mu eq L(-1)yr(-1), p<0.001) in response to declining sulfate deposition, but there was a strong contrast in the response of acid/base status between lakes in New England and lakes in the Adirondacks. As a group, the New England lakes exhibited recovery (Delta ANC = +0.8 mu eq L(-1)yr(-1), p<0.001), while the Adirondack lakes exhibited either no trend or further acidification (as a group, Delta ANC = -0.5 mu eq L(-1)yr(-1), p<0.01). This contrast can be attributed to changes in base cation concentrations: New England lakes exhibited base cations declines that were smaller in magnitude than declines in sulfate, producing the observed recovery in ANC; Adirondack lakes showed base cation declines that were very similar to those of sulfate, and no recovery was evident. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 32 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 399 EP 413 DI 10.1023/A:1005988732077 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600032 ER PT J AU Hale, SS Hughes, MM Paul, JF McAskill, RS Rego, SA Bender, DR Dodge, NJ Richter, TL Copeland, JL AF Hale, SS Hughes, MM Paul, JF McAskill, RS Rego, SA Bender, DR Dodge, NJ Richter, TL Copeland, JL TI Managing scientific data: The EMAP approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA AB Many data sets used by EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) will be collected and managed by groups other than EPA as the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources develops the inter-agency National Environmental Monitoring Initiative. Managing these data requires a change from a database managed solely by EPA to a model where there is, in addition to distributed databases, truly distributed ownership and responsibility. Common standards, data directories, and data descriptions allow data of interest to be located, understood, and downloaded. The level of EMAP data management practices applied to a data set is based on the degree of EMAP responsibility for the data. The EMAP Data Directory is an Oracle database that tracks data sets of interest and contains sufficient information about a data set for a user to determine if the data are of interest. Some of the data sets listed in the Directory are in the possession of EMAP and are accessible on the EMAP WWW site (http://www.epa.gov/emap). Other data sets in the Directory are managed, documented, and made available by other organizations. The Data Catalog contains metadata about data sets in the possession of EMAP and provides the user with information about methods, assumptions, and data quality. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hale, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 429 EP 440 DI 10.1023/A:1005901102034 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600034 ER PT J AU Silbiger, RN Christ, SA Leonard, AC Garg, M Lattier, DL Dawes, S Dimsoski, P McCormick, F Wessendarp, T Gordon, DA Roth, AC Smith, MK Toth, GP AF Silbiger, RN Christ, SA Leonard, AC Garg, M Lattier, DL Dawes, S Dimsoski, P McCormick, F Wessendarp, T Gordon, DA Roth, AC Smith, MK Toth, GP TI Preliminary studies on the population genetics of the central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) from the Great Miami River Basin, Ohio SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; CALIFORNIA; RESOURCES; MARKERS; STOCKS AB Molecular approaches are particularly useful for measuring genetic diversity and were applied to samples of central stonerollers obtained from sites alone tributaries to the Great Miami River in Ohio. We used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to assess the level of genetic diversity within and among these populations. RAPD analysis generates genetic profiles that were used to develop indices of genetic similarity. The RAPD method provides a cost effective means of generating an arbitrary sample of anonymous loci across the genome and generate a virtually unlimited set of loci for use in genetic analysis ih the absence of specific sequence information. These attributes make RAPDs well suited for use in evaluating the diversity and assessing the potential vulnerability to exposure of populations across multiple spatial scales. The results demonstrate that a significant amount of structuring exists among populations analyzed to date and that a trend exists towards genetic diversity being an inverse function of site distance from the main stem as well as a being directly related to stream order. This indicates that populations farthest from main conduits or in lower order streams, and thereby most isolated, may be the most vulnerable populations to stressor exposure-It is hoped that information pertaining to genetic diversity, when integrated with other metrics of resource condition, will aid in making scientifically grounded decisions on resource management that enhance the probability of population survival and preserve natural evolutionary processes. C1 US EPA, Pathol Associates Int, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Silbiger, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Pathol Associates Int, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 481 EP 495 DI 10.1023/A:1005923217481 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600038 ER PT J AU Yount, JD AF Yount, JD TI Human carrying capacity as an indicator of regional sustainability SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Yount, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 507 EP 509 DI 10.1023/A:1006042920207 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600040 ER PT J AU Campbell, DE AF Campbell, DE TI Emergy analysis of human carrying capacity and regional sustainability: An example using the state of Maine SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NY SP US EPA AB The human carrying capacity for a region at a specified standard of living depends on the economic and environmental resources of the region and the exchange of resources across regional boundaries. The length of time that a human population living at a given standard can be sustained depends on the rates of use and renewal of the resource base. All environmental, economic, and social resources are produced as a result of energy transformations; therefore, the energy required for their production can be specified and evaluated in common terms by converting their energy values into emergy. Emergy is defined as the available energy of one kind, previously used up directly and indirectly to make a product or service. Its unit is the emjoule. Emergy values and indices are used to evaluate the resource base for Maine, a politically defined region, and to estimate its human carrying capacity at the 1980 standard of living and for possible future resource bases. Emergy indicts for Maine are compared with similar indices for Florida, Texas, and the United States to demonstrate variations in human carrying capacity and sustainability among different regions. The 1980 standard of living for Maine, Florida, Texas, and the Nation as measured by emergy use per person fell within a relatively narrow range of 3.4E16 to 4.3E16 solar emjoules y(-1). The human carrying capacity for a region is considered within a pulsing paradigm for sustainabilty and within the constraints provided by a renewable resource base. For example, in the short-term the developed human carrying capacity for Maine is largely determined by the fuel emergy inflow relative to renewable emergy resources. If purchased emergy inflows relative to Maine's renewable emergy increase to the average ratio for a developed country around 1980, the population living in Maine at 1980 standards could increase to 2.9 million or 2.6 times Maine's 1980 population. In contrast, the human carrying capacity based on Maine's renewable resources alone was 0.37 million people at the 1980 standard of living or 33% of the 1980 population. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campbell, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 62 TC 80 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 33 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 531 EP 569 DI 10.1023/A:1006043721115 PG 39 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600042 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes - Update #4 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP S18 EP S20 DI 10.1002/ep.670170111 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104VL UT WOS:000075036700003 ER PT J AU Kosian, PA Makynen, EA Monson, PD Mount, DR Spacie, A Mekenyan, OG Ankley, GT AF Kosian, PA Makynen, EA Monson, PD Mount, DR Spacie, A Mekenyan, OG Ankley, GT TI Application of toxicity-based fractionation techniques and structure-activity relationship models for the identification of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment pore water SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pore water; phototoxicity; toxicity identification evaluation; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; MOSQUITO LARVICIDES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; QSAR; PERFORMANCE; TOXICANTS; EFFLUENT AB Recent studies conducted at our laboratory have shown that sediments contaminated with complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can exhibit enhanced toxicity (lethality) to a variety of aquatic species when the samples are tested under ultraviolet (UV) light designed to mimic the wavelengths present in sunlight. However, because these contaminated sediments can contain literally thousands of chemicals, it is difficult to use conventional analytical techniques to identify those compounds responsible for photo-induced toxicity. The purpose of this study was to adapt existing toxicity identification evaluation methods to attempt to identify those compounds contributing to the phototoxicity observed in our sediment samples. Pore water obtained from sediments collected near an oil refinery discharge was toxic to Lumbriculus variegatus following exposure to UV light, while organisms exposed to the same pore water, but without subsequent UV treatment, showed no toxic effect. Solid-phase extraction disks and high-performance liquid chromatography were used, in conjunction with toxicity tests with L. variegatus, to extract and fractionate phototoxic chemicals from the pore water. Phototoxic fractions analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a number of aliphatic hydrocarbons, substituted PAHs, and PAHs containing heteroatoms. Chemicals were screened for their phototoxic potential based on empirical data and predictive models. A refined list of PAHs was then evaluated on the basis of their phototoxic potency as defined by a recently developed quantitative structure-activity relationship model and estimates of their bioaccumulation potential. Based on the model predictions of potency and bioaccumulation, nine likely phototoxic chemicals were identified. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Integrated Syst Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Higher Inst Chem Technol, Dept Chem Phys, Bourgas 8010, Bulgaria. RP Kosian, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 54 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 17 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1021 EP 1033 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1021:AOTBFT>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZN878 UT WOS:000073692600007 ER PT J AU Basak, SC Grunwald, GD Host, GE Niemi, GJ Bradbury, SP AF Basak, SC Grunwald, GD Host, GE Niemi, GJ Bradbury, SP TI A comparative study of molecular similarity, statistical, and neural methods for predicting toxic modes of action SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxic mode prediction; topological indices; molecular similarity; neural network; discriminant function analysis ID NORMAL BOILING POINTS; TOPOLOGICAL INDEXES; INFORMATION; CHEMICALS; PARAMETERS; DISTANCES; GRAPHS AB Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are routinely used in predicting toxicologic and ecotoxicologic effects of untested chemicals. One critical factor in QSAR-based risk assessment is the proper assignment of a chemical to a mode of action and associated QSAR. In this paper, we used molecular similarity neural networks, and discriminant analysis methods to predict acute toxic modes of action for a set of 283 chemicals. The majority of these molecules had been previously determined through toxicodynamic studies in fish to be narcotics (two classes), electrophiles/proelectrophiles. uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and neurotoxicants. Nonempirical parameters, such as topological indices and atom pairs, were used as structural descriptors for the development of similarity-based, statistical, and neural network models. Rates of correct classification ranged from 65 to 95% for these 283 chemicals. C1 Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Basak, SC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. EM sbasak@sage.nrri.umn.edu NR 43 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1056 EP 1064 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZN878 UT WOS:000073692600011 ER PT J AU Patton, DE AF Patton, DE TI Environmental risk assessment: Tasks and obligations SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; risk assessment paradigm; science policy; problem formulation; risk characterization AB Synthesizing, characterizing, and communicating the risk science information used in environmental decision-making depends in the first instance on the nature and quality of the technical analysis. At the same time, other important features of the risk analysis, features that require special attention to provide context for the analysis as a whole, are frequently overlooked in practice or in presentation. Now, as the field expands to meet new challenges and to include new participants, all practitioners - government, academics, industry, and interest groups - must give renewed emphasis to certain hallmarks of sound risk assessment: identifying incomplete information and its influence on the risk assessment process, articulating alternative assumptions and the scientific or policy reasons for choices made among alternatives, describing process considerations and limitations as well as numerical results, and fully informing decision-makers, the press, and the interested public. The resulting greater clarity and transparency in the scientific analyses that underlie environmental decision-making can enhance credibility and public confidence in the scientific foundation for those decisions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Patton, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 3 BP 657 EP 670 DI 10.1080/10807039891284532 PN 1 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 100BW UT WOS:000074794900010 ER PT J AU Ray, BM AF Ray, BM TI Performance auditing of an in vitro air pollution exposure system SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Databases derived From human health effects research play a vital role in setting environmental standards. An underlying assumption in using these databases for standard setting purposes is that they are of adequate quality. The performance auditing program described provides novel methods for determining data quality for one form of human health effects research, in vitro exposure to air pollutants. This article presents the development and implementation of a performance auditing program for an in vitro system used by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency researchers to expose human cells to air pollution. Audit procedures for determining the accuracy of critical operating parameters of the system are described. The results of initial audits of the system's ability to control and measure temperature, humidity, and pollutant gas concentration and distribution within the exposure chambers of the system are listed. The utility of the performance auditing program in assisting health effects researchers to determine the adequacy of databases obtained from the in vitro exposure system in meeting their research requirements is discussed. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ray, BM (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 6 BP 615 EP 624 DI 10.1080/089583798197574 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZU350 UT WOS:000074188300004 ER PT J AU Geller, AM Abdel-Rahman, AA Peiffer, RL Abou-Donia, MB Boyes, WK AF Geller, AM Abdel-Rahman, AA Peiffer, RL Abou-Donia, MB Boyes, WK TI The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos affects form deprivation myopia SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHICK; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; RETINA; ENLARGEMENT; SYSTEM AB PURPOSE. The effects of the anti-cholinesterase organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the refractive development of the eye were examined. Form deprivation was used to induce eye growth to address the previously reported relationship between organophosphate pesticide use and the incidence of myopia. METHODS. Chickens, a well-established animal model for experimental myopia and organophosphate neurotoxicity, were dosed with chlorpyrifos (3 mg/kg per day,, orally, from day 2 to day 9 after hatching) or corn oil vehicle (VEH) with or without monocular form deprivation (MFD) over the same period. The set of dependent measures included the refractive state of each eye measured using retinoscopy, axial dimensions determined with A-scan ultrasound, and intraocular pressure. RESULTS. Dosing with CPF yielded an inhibition of 35% butyrlrylcholinesterase in plasma and 45% acetylcholinesterase in brain. MFD resulted in a significant degree of myopia in form-deprived eyes resulting from significant lengthening of the vitreal chamber of the eye. CPF significantly reduced the effect of MFD, resulting in less myopic eyes (mean refraction: VEH-MFD = -16.2 +/- 2.3 diopters; CPF-MFD = -11.1 +/- 1.8 diopters) with significantly shorter vitreal chambers, Nonoccluded eyes were, on average, slightly hyperopic. Treatment with CPF for 1 week in the absence of MFD led to no significant change in ocular dimensions or refraction relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS. The use of form deprivation as a challenge suggests that CPF treatment interferes with the visual regulation of eye growth. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, NTD MD, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Ophthalmol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pathol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Geller, AM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, NTD MD, Div Neurotoxicol, 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [F32 ES05678] NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1290 EP 1294 PG 5 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA ZQ631 UT WOS:000073887400030 PM 9620094 ER PT J AU Dougherty, CC AF Dougherty, CC TI The Spanish Armada - A different view SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dougherty, CC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZV659 UT WOS:000074328000004 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Hu, SC AF Kim, CS Hu, SC TI Regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lungs: comparison between men and women SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerosol deposition; bolus aerosol; lung dosimetry; gender effect ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; HUMAN RESPIRATORY-TRACT; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; AIRWAY MODELS; SIZE RANGE; ADULTS; FLOW; SEX AB We measured detailed regional deposition patterns of inhaled particles in healthy adult male (n = 11; 25 +/- 4 yr of age) and female (n = 11; 25 +/- 3 yr of age) subjects by means of a serial bolus aerosol delivery technique for monodisperse fine [particle diameter (D-p) = 1 mu m] and coarse aerosols (D-p = 3 and 5 mu m). The bolus aerosol (40 ml half-width) was delivered to a specific volumetric depth (Vp) of the lung ranging from 100 to 500 ml with a 50-ml increment, and local deposition fraction (LDF) was assessed for each of the 10 local volumetric regions. In all subjects, the deposition distribution pattern was very uneven with respect to Vp, showing characteristic unimodal curves with respect to particle size and flow rate. However, the unevenness was more pronounced in women. LDF tended to be greater in all regions of the lung in women than in men for D-p = 1 mu m. For D-p = 3 and 5 mu m, LDF showed a marked enhancement in the shallow region of Vp less than or equal to 200 mi in women compared with men (P < 0.05). LDF in women was comparable to or smaller than those of men in deep lung regions of Vp > 200 mi. Total lung deposition was comparable between men and women for fine particles but was consistently greater in women than men for coarse particles regardless of flow rates used: the difference ranged from 9 to 31% and was greater with higher flow rates (P < 0.05). The results indicate that 1) particle deposition characteristics differ between healthy men and women under controlled breathing conditions and 2) deposition in women is greater than that in men. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1834 EP 1844 PG 11 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA ZR297 UT WOS:000073960000003 PM 9609774 ER PT J AU Mouat, DA McGinty, HK McClure, BC AF Mouat, DA McGinty, HK McClure, BC TI Combating desertification: Connecting science with community action - 12-16 May 1997 Tucson, Arizona, USA - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Bur Land Management, Natl Training Ctr, Phoenix, AZ 85051 USA. Bur Land Management, Arizona State Off, Phoenix, AZ USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Mouat, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 97 EP 99 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0411 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ989 UT WOS:000074789600001 ER PT J AU de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG Herrick, JE Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM AF de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG Herrick, JE Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM TI Early warning indicators of desertification: examples of tests in the Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Combating Desertification - Connecting Science with Community Action CY MAY 12-16, 1997 CL TUCSON, AZ SP US Dept Interior, Bureau Land Management, Int Arid Lands Consortium, Univ Arizona, USDA, Agr Res Serv, US EPA, Ctr Investigaciones Desertificacion, Desert Res Inst, Int Fund Agr Dev, Bur Land Management Natl Appl Resource Sci Ctr, US Agcy Int Dev, UN Environm Programme, UN Convent Combat Desertificat, Interim Secretariat, European Soc Soil Conservat DE bare patch index; Chihuahuan Desert; ecosystem health; indicators; litter ID RANGELAND; EROSION; WIND AB Perennial grasslands that dominated the south-west United States during the past 10,000 years have been desertified to varying extents. Desertification is a temporal phenomenon, defined in this paper as a change in the scale of the spatial distribution of resources. We report here on several indicators of desertification, using bare patch indices as surrogates for direct measures. A bare patch index based on canopy cover, which is relevant for precipitation and wind-driven erosion, is not equivalent to another bare patch index based on soil surface measurements, which is relevant for overland water flow-driven erosion. Per cent grass cover, per cent long-lived grass cover, per cent cover of vegetative reproducers, and a relative preference index all yielded sensitive indicators of desertification. The usefulness of some indicators, such as organic litter, depends upon recent environmental history. Other indicators, such as per cent cover due to grazing-resistant species, appear not to be sensitive to desertification and need further development. Range site type may also be important in determining indicator responses, where some indicators were sensitive to a range site while others were not. Overall, we have identified several sensitive indicators of desertification based on vegetational characteristics in varied range sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP de Soyza, AG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept 3 JAR, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 14 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 101 EP 112 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0391 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ989 UT WOS:000074789600002 ER PT J AU Munch, DJ Pawlecki-Vonderheide, AM AF Munch, DJ Pawlecki-Vonderheide, AM TI Application of the base-promoted esterification procedure to the chlorophenoxy acid herbicides of US EPA method 515.3 SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PENTAFLUOROBENZYL DERIVATIVES; CHEMICAL DERIVATIZATION; RESIDUES; ESTER C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. ICF Kaiser, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RP Munch, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 279 EP 283 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZT271 UT WOS:000074067800001 ER PT J AU Annable, MD Rao, PSC Hatfield, K Graham, WD Wood, AL Enfield, CG AF Annable, MD Rao, PSC Hatfield, K Graham, WD Wood, AL Enfield, CG TI Partitioning tracers for measuring residual NAPL: Field-scale test results SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The difficult task of locating and quantifying nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) present in the vadose and saturated zones has prompted the development of innovative, nondestructive characterization techniques. The use of the interwell partitioning tracer's (IWPT) test, in which tracers that partition into the NAPL phase are displaced through the aquifer, is an attractive alternative to traditional coring and analysis. The first field test of IWPT was conducted in a hydraulically isolated test cell (3.5 by 4.3 m) to quantify the total amount of a complex NAPL (a mixture of JP-4 jet fuel and chlorinated solvents) trapped within a 1.5-m smear zone in a shallow, unconfined sand and gravel aquifer at Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah. Tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs) were measured in three extraction wells (EWs) following a tracer pulse (0.1 pore volume) introduction through four injection wells (IWs). The measured retardation of the partitioning tracer (2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol) relative to the nonreactive tracer (bromide) was used to quantify the NAPL present. The EW data were used to estimate an average NAPL saturation of 4.6-5.4% within the test cell. NAPL saturations estimated by using measured concentrations in soil cores of two significant compounds present in the NAPL were 3.0 and 4.6%. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Civil Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Annable, MD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM manna@engnet.ufl.edu NR 10 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 6 BP 498 EP 503 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP958 UT WOS:000073805900005 ER PT J AU Puls, RW Paul, CJ AF Puls, RW Paul, CJ TI Discrete-level ground-water monitoring system for containment and remedial performance assessment objectives SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB A passive discrete-level multilayer ground-water sampler was evaluated to determine its capability to obtain representative discrete-interval samples within the screen intervals of traditional monitoring wells without purging. Results indicate that the device is able to provide such data for the inorganic contaminants and species analyzed in the study and provided more accurate estimations of contaminant distributions and mass in the vertical direction within a sandy Atlantic coastal plain aquifer, than "traditional" sampling methods. C1 US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Puls, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 6 BP 549 EP 553 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:6(549) PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP958 UT WOS:000073805900013 ER PT J AU Ross, RR Beljin, MS AF Ross, RR Beljin, MS TI Evaluation of containment systems using hydraulic head data SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Subsurface vertical barriers have been used as components of containment systems to prevent or reduce the impact of contaminant sources on ground-water resources. A better understanding of the hydraulic head distribution associated with vertical barriers can enhance the ability of existing performance monitoring systems to detect breaches in physical containment systems and may aid in the design of new performance monitoring systems. Given the current regulatory interest in containment systems as either supplemental or stand-alone remedial alternatives and the lack of adequate performance monitoring strategies at most existing hazardous waste sites utilizing vertical barrier technologies, there is an immediate need for general guidelines for determining whether a containment system is functioning as intended. This technical note describes an approach for evaluating the performance of containment systems, based on relative spatial and temporal hydraulic head distributions. C1 US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Ross, RR (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 6 BP 575 EP 578 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:6(575) PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP958 UT WOS:000073805900017 ER PT J AU Winstead, JT AF Winstead, JT TI A histological study of digestive tubules in intertidal and subtidal oysters, Crassostrea virginica, collected at high and low tides SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oysters; subtidal; intertidal; digestive tubules; submersion; emersion ID RHYTHM AB Digestive tubules from intertidal and subtidal oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were histologically examined to gain a better understanding of their normal morphology during high and low tides and while being held out of water for up to 72 h. Intertidal and subtidal oysters from Bayou Texar, Pensacola, Florida, were collected from adjacent sites and processed for histological examination. A digestive tubule ratio for each oyster was determined by measuring the inside to outside tubule thickness from 20 tubules per animal. Digestive tubules with high tubule ratios (approaching 1.0) had low cuboidal epithelia, whereas tubules with low ratios (approaching 0.0) had columnar epithelia. In tidal studies, intertidal oysters sampled 13-15 h after emersion at low tides had no crystalline styles and high tubule ratios, whereas subtidal oysters collected at the same time exhibited crystalline styles and low tubule ratios. Intertidal oysters sampled 6-14 h after submersion at high tides had crystalline styles present and low tubule ratios, whereas subtidal oysters also possessed crystalline styles and low tubule ratios. These data indicate that intertidal C. virginica respond to tidal cycles with changes in tubule morphology, whereas subtidal oysters do not. In holding experiments, digestive tubule ratios in intertidal and most subtidal oysters held out of water did not significantly change over time, which may be a consequence of collection stress (quiescence and/or anaerobic metabolism). C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Winstead, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 275 EP 279 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZZ236 UT WOS:000074709200038 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, D AF Mukerjee, D TI Assessment of risk from multimedia exposures of children to environmental chemicals SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID PERINATAL PCB EXPOSURE; VITAMIN-K DEFICIENCY; UPSTATE NEW-YORK; HUMAN-MILK; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BREAST-MILK; POTENTIAL EXPOSURE; MERCURY EXPOSURE; CHILDHOOD-CANCER; INFANT EXPOSURE C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nalt Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Kiel, Klinikum, Inst Toxikol, Kiel, Germany. Ohio No Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ada, OH 45810 USA. RP Mukerjee, D (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nalt Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 151 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1096-2247 EI 2162-2906 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 6 BP 483 EP 501 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZV301 UT WOS:000074290900002 PM 9949737 ER PT J AU Esty, DC Geradin, D AF Esty, DC Geradin, D TI Environmental protection and international competitiveness - A conceptual framework SO JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE LA English DT Review ID CORPORATE-LAW; UNITED-STATES; JURISDICTIONS; TRADE C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Law, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. RP Esty, DC (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. NR 172 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-6702 J9 J WORLD TRADE JI J. World Trade PD JUN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 5 EP 46 PG 42 WC Economics; International Relations; Law SC Business & Economics; International Relations; Government & Law GA 101AR UT WOS:000074847900001 ER PT J AU Keough, JR Hagley, CA Ruzycki, E Sierszen, M AF Keough, JR Hagley, CA Ruzycki, E Sierszen, M TI delta C-13 composition of primary producers and role of detritus in a freshwater coastal ecosystem SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE; FOOD WEBS; SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES; CARBON ISOTOPES; ACIDIFIED LAKES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS; ALGAE; ENRICHMENT; LIMITATION AB Stable-isotope ratio signatures of primary producers in a coastal wetland and in adjacent offshore waters of western Lake Superior indicated that phytoplankton are the primary source of carbon for the grazing food web of this ecosystem. This study outlines the possible roles of other autotrophs in this regard. Isotopic signatures of macrophytes effected their life-form-associated constraints on diffusion of inorganic carbon. Data indicated that differences between wetland and lake phytoplankton may be explained by the isotopic signatures of their dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sources. Results of an in situ experiment showed that respiration associated with macrophyte decomposition is capable of enriching surrounding water with significant amounts of C-13-depleted DIC and lowering the net delta(13)C ratio of DIC in water low-turbulence situations. The delta(13)C ratio for wetland phytoplankton may be depleted relative to pelagic algae because the fixed carbon is derived from decomposing detritus. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Keough, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 44 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 734 EP 740 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 109KA UT WOS:000075320300021 ER PT J AU Bothner, MH Gill, PW Boothman, WS Taylor, BB Karl, HA AF Bothner, MH Gill, PW Boothman, WS Taylor, BB Karl, HA TI Chemical gradients in sediment cores from an EPA reference site off the Farallon Islands - Assessing chemical indicators of dredged material disposal in the deep sea SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE contaminants; sediment cores; Farallon Islands; dredged material; reference site; continental slope ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; NORMALIZATIONS; HYDROCARBONS; CALIFORNIA; TOXICITY; MARINE; SHELF AB Heavy metal and organic contaminants have been determined in undisturbed sediment cores from the US Environmental Protection Agency reference site for dredged material on the continental slope off San Francisco. As expected, the concentrations are significantly lower than toxic effects guidelines, but concentrations of PCBs, PAHs, Hg, Pb, and Clostridium perfringens (a bacterium spore found in sewage) were nearly two or more times greater in the surface sediments than in intervals deeper in the cores. These observations indicate the usefulness of measuring concentration gradients in sediments at the San Francisco deep ocean disposal site (SF-DODS) where a thin (0.5 cm thick) layer of dredged material has been observed beyond the boundary. This thin layer has not been chemically characterized by the common practice of homogenizing over the top 10 cm, An estimated 300 million cubic yards of dredged material from San Francisco Bay are expected to be discharged at the SF-DODS site during the next 50 years. Detailed depth analysis of sediment cores would add significant new information about the fate and effects of dredged material in the deep sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mbothner@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 443 EP 457 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00003-4 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZZ979 UT WOS:000074788600016 ER PT J AU White, PA DeMarini, DM AF White, PA DeMarini, DM TI Proceedings of the Workshop Entitled 'Sources, Effects, and Potential Hazards of Genotoxic Complex Mixtures in the Environment' - 28th Annual Meeting of the Environmental Mutagen Society, April 20, 1997, Minneapolis, MN SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP White, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 410 IS 3 BP 221 EP 221 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZU324 UT WOS:000074185300001 ER PT J AU White, PA Rasmussen, JB AF White, PA Rasmussen, JB TI The genotoxic hazards of domestic wastes in surface waters SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Sources, Effects, and Potential Hazards of Genotoxic Complex Mixtures in the Environment at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY APR 20, 1997 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Environm Mutagen Soc DE genotoxicity; sewage; wastewater; St. Lawrence River; hazard assessment; mass balance ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; FECAL MUTAGENS; COLON CANCER; HUMAN FECES; MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERS; CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; METABOLIC EPIDEMIOLOGY; PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AB Despite the noteworthy genotoxic potency of many industrial wastewaters, the genotoxic hazard posed to the downstream ecosystem and its associated biota will be determined by genotoxic loading. Municipal wastewaters, although ranking low in potency, can achieve loading values that are several orders of magnitude greater than those of most industries. Although these wastewaters are generally mixtures of wastes from several different sources, the volumetric proportion of the daily discharge that is of industrial origin rarely exceeds 30%, Genotoxicity calculations for the Montreal Urban Community (MUC) municipal wastewater treatment facility indicate that over 90% of the genotoxic loading (31.1 kg benzo(a)pyrene equivalents per day) is nonindustrial in origin. Moreover, a mass balance of surface water genotoxicity for St. Lawrence river at Montreal indicates that over 85% of the total contributions from the Montreal region are nonindustrial in origin. Additional calculations for the Great Lakes, and other rivers throughout the world, provide further support of a strong relationship between surface water genotoxicity and population. Despite some information about physical/chemical properties, the identity of the putative genotoxins in municipal wastewaters and surface waters remains a mystery, Likely candidates include potent genotoxins, such as N-nitroso compounds and aromatic amines, known to be present in human sanitary wastes, as well as genotoxic PAHs known to be present in many municipal wastewaters. Calculations based on literature data indicate that human sanitary wastes may be able to account for a substantial fraction (4-70%) of the nonindustrial loading from municipal wastewaters. Similar calculations suggest that pyrogenic PAHs that enter municipal wastewaters via surface runoff can only account for a small fraction (< 5%) of the genotoxic loading values discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. RP White, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI white, paul/0000-0001-5853-4759 NR 103 TC 136 Z9 142 U1 4 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 410 IS 3 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(98)00002-7 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZU324 UT WOS:000074185300002 PM 9630643 ER PT J AU Claxton, LD Houk, VS Hughes, TJ AF Claxton, LD Houk, VS Hughes, TJ TI Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Sources, Effects, and Potential Hazards of Genotoxic Complex Mixtures in the Environment at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY APR 20, 1997 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Environm Mutagen Soc DE complex mixture; risk analysis; pollutant; carcinogen; genotoxicity; remediation; Toxics Release Inventory (TRI); industrial effluent; Salmonella AB In excess of several million pounds of genotoxic and/or carcinogenic industrial wastes are released into the U.S. environment each year. Chemical characterization of these waste materials can rarely provide an adequate assessment of their genotoxicity and potential hazard. Bioassays do not require prior information about chemical composition and can effectively assess the genotoxicity of complex waste materials. The most commonly used genotoxicity assay has been the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Results with this system have shown that the genotoxic potency of industrial wastes can vary over 10 orders of magnitude, from virtually nondetectable to highly potent. Industries employing similar industrial processes generally release wastes of similar potency. Extremely high potency wastes include those from furazolidone and nitrofurfural production. Pulp and paper mills, steel foundries, and organic chemical manufacturing facilities also discharge wastes of noteworthy potency. Treatment and remediation of some wastes, such as pulp and paper mill effluents, have been shown to reduce or eliminate genotoxicity. However, in other cases, treatment and remediation have been shown to enhance genotoxicity, such as for fungal treatment of oils. Analyses of samples collected from areas known to receive industrial wastes and effluents have shown that genotoxins can accumulate in the receiving environment and have adverse effects on indigenous biota. The evaluation of hazardous wastes and effluents by genotoxicity assays may provide data useful not only for hazard identification but for comparative risk assessment. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Claxton, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 12 TC 155 Z9 160 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 410 IS 3 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(98)00008-8 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZU324 UT WOS:000074185300003 PM 9630652 ER PT J AU Davis, JM Dorman, D AF Davis, JM Dorman, D TI Health risk assessments of manganese - Differing perspectives: Session VIII summary and research needs SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 3 BP 488 EP 489 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZQ617 UT WOS:000073886000017 ER PT J AU Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B Harvey, B Simon, P AF Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B Harvey, B Simon, P CA Comm Environm Hlth TI Screening for elevated blood lead levels SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID PORT-PIRIE COHORT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; CHILDREN; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; INTELLIGENCE; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR AB Although recent data continue to demonstrate a decline in the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in children, lead remains a common, preventable, environmental health threat. Because recent epidemiologic data have shown that lead exposure is still common in certain communities in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently issued new guidelines endorsing universal screening in areas with greater than or equal to 27% of housing built before 1950 and in populations in which the percentage of 1- and 2-year-olds with elevated BLLs is greater than or equal to 12%. For children living in other areas, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends targeted screening based on risk-assessment during specified pediatric visits. In this statement, The American Academy of Pediatrics supports these new guidelines and provides an update on screening for elevated BLLs. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pediatricians continue to provide anticipatory guidance to parents in an effort to prevent lead exposure (primary prevention). Additionally, pediatricians should increase their efforts to screen children at risk for lead exposure to find those with elevated BLLs (secondary prevention). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012; OI Miller, Mark/0000-0002-9301-0093 NR 48 TC 91 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 1998 VL 101 IS 6 BP 1072 EP 1078 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZR055 UT WOS:000073931100021 ER PT J AU Slonecker, ET Shaw, DM Lillesand, TM AF Slonecker, ET Shaw, DM Lillesand, TM TI Emerging legal and ethical issues in advanced remote sensing technology SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Fundamental changes are taking place in the world of remote sensing with respect to three primary developments. First, a new generation of space-borne sensors will be able to deliver high spatial and spectral resolution imagery on a global basis. Technical advances are making previous restrictions on data scale, resolution, location, and availability largely irrelevant. Second, economic restructuring of the remote sensing community will transform the control and distribution of imagery and imagery-derived information generally away from government and into the private sector. Third, the development of a digital, global information infrastructure, such as the Internet, will allow for rapid global distribution of information to a worldwide user community. The combined effects of these developments could have significant legal and ethical consequences for all remote sensing professionals. For example, remote sensing technology could soon develop the capability to generate and deliver a level of information detail that could violate common societal perceptions of individual privacy, and a number of direct legal and ethical consequences could result. This paper reviews the legal background of remote sensing and current developments in satellite surveillance and information technology, and outlines a number of legal and ethical issues that could be of future concern to the remote sensing community. Self regulation of the profession is central to maintaining the appropriate balance between the rights of the individual and the economic interests of the remote sensing community and the nation as a whole. C1 US EPA, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Slonecker, ET (reprint author), US EPA, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM slonecker.t@epamail.epa.gov NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 6 BP 589 EP 595 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZR215 UT WOS:000073951800010 ER PT J AU Ferguson, TD AF Ferguson, TD TI Use of mist suppressants in hard chromium electroplating SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ferguson, TD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 85 IS 6 BP 76 EP + PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA ZT723 UT WOS:000074118400006 ER PT J AU Swartout, JC Price, PS Dourson, ML Carlson-Lynch, HL Keenan, RE AF Swartout, JC Price, PS Dourson, ML Carlson-Lynch, HL Keenan, RE TI A probabilistic framework for the reference dose (probabilistic RfD) SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE probabilstic; uncertainty factor; distribution; reference dose; hazard quotient ID ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; TOXICITY DATA; NOAEL; EXTRAPOLATION AB Determining the probabilistic limits for the uncertainty factors used in the derivation of the Reference Dose (RfD) is an important step toward the goal of characterizing the risk of noncarcinogenic effects from exposure to environmental pollutants. If uncertainty factors are seen, individually, as "upper bounds" on the dose-scaling factor for sources of uncertainty, then determining comparable upper bounds for combinations of uncertainty factors can be accomplished by treating uncertainty factors as distributions, which can be combined by probabilistic techniques. This paper presents a conceptual approach to probabilistic uncertainty factors based on the definition and use of RfDs by the U.S. EPA. The approach does not attempt to distinguish one uncertainty factor from another based on empirical data or biological mechanisms but rather uses a simple displaced lognormal distribution as a generic representation of all uncertainty factors. Monte Carlo analyses show that the upper bounds for combinations of this distribution can vary by factors of two to four when compared to the fixed-value uncertainty factor approach. The probabilistic approach is demonstrated in the comparison of Hazard Quotients based on RfDs with differing number of uncertainty factors. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. McLaren Hart ChemRisk, Portland, ME 04102 USA. Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. RP Swartout, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 45 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01294.x PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZZ433 UT WOS:000074728900008 PM 9664723 ER PT J AU Jacobs, HL Kahn, HD Stralka, KA Phan, DB AF Jacobs, HL Kahn, HD Stralka, KA Phan, DB TI Estimates of per capita fish consumption in the US based on the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE fish consumption; Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals; bootstrap intervals; exposure ID DISTRIBUTIONS AB This paper presents estimates of daily average per capita fish consumption by age and gender for the 48 conterminous states. The estimated consumption rates are reported for three fish habitats: freshwater/estuarine fish, marine fish, and all fish. The estimates were generated from the combined 1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), a national food consumption survey conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Point and interval estimates of per capita fish consumption were generated from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita consumption. The point estimates include the mean, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Ninety percent confidence intervals are provided for the estimated mean and 90% bootstrap intervals are provided for percentile estimates. Information in a recipe file provided by USDA was used to calculate the amount of fish in recipes which contain fish. The estimated consumption rates are based on the weight of fish in its prepared or "as consumed" condition. The estimated mean consumption rate for all fish for the U.S. population of the 48 conterminous states was 15.65 grams/person/day (C.I:14.67-16.63) of which 4.71 grams/person/day (C.I.:4.17-5.25) was freshwater/estuarine fish and 10.94 grams/person/day (C.I.:10.14-11.73) was marine fish. C1 US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol 4303, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Jacobs, HL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol 4303, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 283 EP 291 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01295.x PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZZ433 UT WOS:000074728900009 PM 9664724 ER PT J AU Benignus, VA Boyes, WK Bushnell, PJ AF Benignus, VA Boyes, WK Bushnell, PJ TI A dosimetric analysis of behavioral effects of acute toluene exposure in rats and humans SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TO-SAMPLE PERFORMANCE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; INHALED TOLUENE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HUMAN RESPONSE; ACUTE TOXICITY; MOTOR-ACTIVITY; INHALATION AB The literature on behavioral effects of exposure to toluene is difficult to assess due, in part, to a wide variety of exposure conditions employed and outcomes measured. This study investigated whether previous experiments would be more consistent with each other if toluene exposure parameters were expressed not as concentration and duration, but as estimated amount of toluene in tissues. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to estimate concentration of toluene in arterial blood ((C) over tilde a(TOL)) from published studies in rats and humans exposed acutely to toluene vapor. Data for rats were selected from studies of avoidance behavior using both rate of responding and measures of successful responding. Data for humans were from studies of choice reaction time (CRT). Behavioral measures were converted to proportion of baseline to place them on a common scale across experiments. A meta-analysis was done to fit dose-effect curves using (C) over tilde a(TOL) and the rescaled effects. Results demonstrated that effects were an orderly function of (C) over tilde a(TOL) and were not influenced by concentration or duration of exposure, except as exposure influenced (C) over tilde a(TOL). In rats, response rates first increased, reached a peak, and then declined as (C) over tilde a(TOL) increased. Successful avoidance in rats and CRT in humans always declined as (C) over tilde a(TOL) increased. In rats, response rates were increased by 10% at (C) over tilde a(TOL) approximate to 13 ml/L. In humans, reaction times increased by 10% at (C) over tilde a(TOL) approximate to 3 ml/L. Cross-species comparisons were made with the following caveats: PBPK uncertainties, few human data, and poor task comparability. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Benignus, VA (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Mail Drop 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 60 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 186 EP 195 DI 10.1093/toxsci/43.2.186 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 108PR UT WOS:000075275100012 PM 9710960 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Hauser, R Christiani, DC Meng, ZH McGee, J Ledbetter, A Richards, J Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Hauser, R Christiani, DC Meng, ZH McGee, J Ledbetter, A Richards, J Costa, DL TI Pulmonary responses to oil fly ash particles in the rat differ by virtue of their specific soluble metals SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES CITIES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; AIR-POLLUTION; OXIDANT GENERATION; NICKEL SULFATE; CYTO-TOXICITY; CLEARANCE; EXPOSURE; EXPRESSION; INCREASE AB Occupational exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particulate has been associated with adverse respiratory health effects in humans. We hypothesized that ROFA collected at different sites within an oil burning power plant, by virtue of its differing metal and sulfate composition, will induce differential lung injury. Ten ROFA samples collected at various sites within a power plant were analyzed for water- and 1.0 M HCl-leachable arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), and sulfur by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. All ROFA samples contained variable amounts of leachable (water-extractable) and 1.0 M HCl-extractable Fe, V, and/or Ni. All other metals, except Zn (ROFA No. 1 contained 3.43 and No. 3, 6.35 mu g/mg Zn), were present in negligible quantities (<1.0 mu g/mg) in the water extract. In vivo pulmonary injury from exposure to whole saline suspensions of these ROFA was evaluated. Male, SD rats (60 days old) were intratracheally instilled with either saline or saline suspension of whole ROFA (<3.0 mass median aerodynamic diameter) at three concentrations (0.833, 3.33, or 8.33 mg/kg). After 24 h, lungs were lavaged and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for cellular influx and protein content as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and total hemoglobin as indicators of lung injury. ROFA-induced increases in BALF protein and LDH, but not neutrophilic inflammation, were associated with its water-leachable total metal, Ni, Fe, and sulfate content. However, the neutrophilic response following ROFA exposure was positively correlated with its water-leachable V content. Modest lung injury was observed with the ROFA samples which contained the smallest amounts of waterleachable metals. The ability of ROFA to induce oxidative burst in alveolar macrophage (AM) was determined in vitro using a chemiluminescence (CL) assay. AM CL signals in vitro were greatest with ROFA containing primarily soluble V and were less with ROFA containing Ni plus V. In summary, ROFA-induced in vivo acute pulmonary inflammation appears to be associated with its water-leachable V content; however, protein leakage appears to be associated with its water-leachable Ni content. ROFA-induced in vitro activation of AM was highest with ROFA containing leachable V but not with Ni plus V, suggesting that the potency and the mechanism of pulmonary injury will differ between emissions containing V and Ni. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Occupat Hlth Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07069, ES00002, ES05947] NR 44 TC 152 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 204 EP 212 DI 10.1093/toxsci/43.2.204 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 108PR UT WOS:000075275100014 PM 9710962 ER PT J AU Haber, LT Allen, BC Kimmel, CA AF Haber, LT Allen, BC Kimmel, CA TI Non-cancer risk assessment for nickel compounds: Issues associated with dose-response modeling of inhalation and oral exposures SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Risk-Analysis CY DEC, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Soc Risk Anal ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; F344/N RATS; B6C3F1 MICE; SUBSULFIDE; SULFATE AB This report presents the results of noncancer dose-response modeling for inhalation and oral exposures to nickel compounds using the NOAEL/LOAEL and benchmark dose (BMD) approaches. Several key issues associated with the implementation of the BMD approach were examined. Primary among them are difficulties associated with use of data for which the dose-response shape is poorly defined: nonuniqueness of maximum likelihood estimates and lower bounds equal to zero. In addition, several generalizable properties of the "hybrid approach" for modeling continuous endpoints were identified. A hybrid modeling approach allows one to consider "biological significance" on an individual (rather than group) basis; differences between individual- and group-based biological significance in the definition of benchmark response (BMR) levels are elucidated. In particular, it is shown that BMDs defined using group-based BMRs may be more like LOAELs than NOAELs. Application of cross-chemical and cross-endpoint comparisons suggest that, for chronic inhalation exposure, nickel sulfate appears to be as toxic or more toxic than nickel subsulfide and nickel oxide, although the high response rates for the latter two compounds at the lowest chronically administered concentration make such conclusions problematic. A nickel reference concentration could be derived based on the most sensitive benchmark concentration for chronic inhalation exposure to nickel sulfate, 1.7 x 10(-3) mg Ni/m(3) for lung fibrosis in male rats. Analyses of oral studies of nickel sulfate and nickel chloride suggest that an appropriate basis for the nickel oral reference dose would be a BMD of 4-5 mg Ni/kg/day, based on increased prenatal mortality. (Uncertainty factors were not determined and neither an RfD nor an RfC was derived in this paper.) The BMD approach provides appropriate quantitative support for toxicological judgment; this paper addresses specific issues associated with the role of the BMD approach in noncancer risk assessment. Resolution of these and other issues may require the accumulation of a number of case studies such as the one presented here. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 ICF Kaiser Int, ICF Consulting Grp, Fairfax, VA 22043 USA. RAS Associates, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Haber, LT (reprint author), ICF Kaiser Int, ICF Consulting Grp, Fairfax, VA 22043 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 213 EP 229 DI 10.1093/toxsci/43.2.213 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 108PR UT WOS:000075275100015 PM 9710963 ER PT J AU Lilly, PD Andersen, ME Ross, TM Pegram, RA AF Lilly, PD Andersen, ME Ross, TM Pegram, RA TI A physiologically based pharmacokinetic description of the oral uptake, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism of bromodichloromethane in the male rat SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 10-14, 1996 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Toxicol ID CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; KINETIC CONSTANTS; DOSING VEHICLES; DRINKING-WATER; CHLOROFORM; HEPATOTOXICITY; INVIVO; CANCER; MODEL AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a trihalomethane (THM) and water chlorination by-product, induces cancer in several tissues in experimental animals, including target tissue sites where increased incidences of human cancer have been linked to consumption of chlorinated water, The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of vehicle of administration on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered BDCM and to further develop and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe BDCM absorption, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism for both oil and 10% Emulphor vehicles, Estimates of oral absorption rate constants were determined by fitting blood and exhaled breath chamber concentration-time curves obtained following gavage of male F344 rats with 50 or 100 mg BDCM/kg in corn oil or 10% Emulphor using a previously published multicompartmental gastrointestinal tract submodel (Semino et al,, Toxicology 117, 25-33, 1997) linked to a PBPK model. Independently estimated oral uptake and metabolic rate constants accurately described kidney BDCM concentrations and plasma bromide ion levels without adjustment. This observation increases our confidence in model structure and values of parameter estimates. Liver BDCM concentrations were simulated, but with less accuracy than kidney dosimetry simulations, following incorporation of BDCM loss to metabolism during sample preparation. This model describes BDCM tissue dosimetry and metabolism following oral gavage and can be utilized in estimating rates of formation of reactive metabolites in target tissues, Estimates of tissue dosimetry and levels of toxic intermediates can be incorporated into a risk assessment model for BDCM-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pegram, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 30 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 150 IS 2 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8405 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZY315 UT WOS:000074607800001 PM 9653052 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Watrud, LS AF Entry, JA Watrud, LS TI Potential remediation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 contaminated soil by accumulation in Alamo switchgrass SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; radionuclides; switchgrass; Cs-137; Sr-90 ID RADIOACTIVE CESIUM; RADIOCESIUM; SEEDLINGS; ACCIDENT; RADIONUCLIDES; PONDEROSA; FALLOUT; PLANTS AB Cesium-137 (Cs-137) and Strontium-90 (Sr-90) are radionuclides characteristic of nuclear fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear reactor accidents. Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virginatum L.) is a perennial C-4 species native to central North America that produces exceptionally high biomass yields in short periods of time. In three separate experiments, Alamo switchgrass plants were tested for their ability to accumulate Cs-137 and Sr-90 from a contaminated growth medium. Plants in experiment 1 were grown in 33 x 20 x 7 cm plastic pans containing 2.5 kg sand. Plants in experiments 2 and 3 were grown in 30 x 3 cm diameter test tubes containing 0.3 kg growth medium. After 3 months of plant growth, either 102 Bq Cs-137 or 73 Bq Sr-90 g(-1) soil were added to the growth medium. Plants in all three experiments were grown within a greenhouse that was maintained at 22 +/- 2 degrees C with a photosynthetic active radiation of 400-700 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) and a 14-16 h photoperiod, Above-ground plant biomass did not differ between plants that were not exposed to these radionuclides (controls) and those that were exposed to growth medium containing Cs-137 or Sr-90 over the course of the experiment. Plants accumulated 44 and 36% of the total amount of Sr-90 and Cs-137 added to growth medium after the first 5 harvests. After the first two harvests, the concentration of Cs-137 and Sr-90 in plant tissue and the amount of Cs-137 or Sr-90 removed from growth medium declined with each successive harvest. Duration of exposure correlated curvilinearly with accumulation of both Sr-90 and Cs-137 by plants (r(2) = 0.95 and 0.78, respectively). As concentration of both Cs-137 and Sr-90 in growth medium increased, plant accumulation of both radionuclides increased and correlated curvilinearly in seedlings (r(2) = 0.83 and 0.89 respectively). C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Twin Falls, ID 83341 USA. US EPA, Terr Ecol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div,Terr Plant Ecol Branch, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N,3600E, Twin Falls, ID 83341 USA. NR 30 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 339 EP 352 DI 10.1023/A:1004994123880 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZU076 UT WOS:000074158800009 ER PT J AU Field, R O'Connor, TP Fan, CY Pitt, R Clark, S Ludwig, J Hendrix, T AF Field, R O'Connor, TP Fan, CY Pitt, R Clark, S Ludwig, J Hendrix, T TI Urban wet-weather flows SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review C1 US EPA, Wet Weather Flow Res Program, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Field, R (reprint author), US EPA MS 104, Wet Weather Flow Res Program, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,NRMRL, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 220 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 70 IS 4 BP 433 EP 449 DI 10.2175/106143098X134181 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZY282 UT WOS:000074604500007 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M AF Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M TI Effects of pollution on saltwater organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SULFIDE C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. PTI Environm Serv, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. NR 203 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 70 IS 4 BP 931 EP 949 DI 10.2175/106143098X134550 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZY282 UT WOS:000074604500042 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM AF DeMarini, DM TI Dietary interventions of human carcinogenesis SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE diet; carcinogenesis; complex mixture; anticarcinogen; antimutagen ID TRANS-FATTY-ACIDS; CANCER PREVENTION; BREAST-CANCER; BRUSSELS-SPROUTS; COLORECTAL-CANCER; COLON-CANCER; CONSUMPTION; RISK; VEGETABLES; PLASMA AB The diet is a complex mixture that is associated with similar to 30% of human cancer in the U.S. Extensive laboratory studies indicate that the diet is composed of many mutagens/carcinogens as well as antimutagens/anticarcinogens. Overwhelming evidence from epidemiological studies indicates that a diverse diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in certain fats, along with moderate caloric intake and exercise, is most closely associated with reduced cancer risk. Dietary intervention studies using complex food items (fruits, vegetables, and fats) support these epidemiological observations; dietary interventions using single compounds (vitamins, antioxidants, etc.) have generally not. Estimates suggest that appropriate dietary changes could reduce the percentage of deaths due to prostate, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer by greater than or equal to 50%. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 57 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAY 25 PY 1998 VL 400 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 457 EP 465 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00052-9 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 113JW UT WOS:000075548700041 PM 9685704 ER PT J AU Richard, AM AF Richard, AM TI Structure-based methods for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity: are we there yet? SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE toxicity prediction; SAR; CASE; TOPKAT; DEREK; oncologic; mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; haloacetic acid ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS SAR; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; DRINKING-WATER; 30 CHEMICALS; RECOMMENDATIONS; SECTION-5 AB There is a great deal of current interest in the use of commercial, automated programs for the prediction of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity based on chemical structure. However, the goal of accurate and reliable toxicity prediction for any chemical, based solely on structural information remains elusive. The toxicity prediction challenge is global in its objective, but limited in its solution, to within local domains of chemicals acting according to similar mechanisms of action in the biological system; to predict, we must be able to generalize based on chemical structure, but the biology fundamentally limits our ability to do so. Available commercial systems for mutagenicity and/or carcinogenicity prediction differ in their specifics, yet most fall in two major categories: (1) automated approaches that rely on the use of statistics for extracting correlations between structure and activity; and (2) knowledge-based expert systems that rely on a set of programmed rules distilled from available knowledge and human expert judgement. These two categories of approaches differ in the ways that they represent, process, and generalize chemical-biological activity information. An application of four commercial systems (TOPKAT, CASE/MULTI-CASE, DEREK, and Oncologic) to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity prediction for a particular class of chemicals-the haloacetic acids (HAs)-is presented to highlight these differences. Some discussion is devoted to the issue of gauging the relative performance of commercial prediction systems, as well as to the role of prospective prediction exercises in this effort. And finally, an alternative approach that stops short of delivering a prediction to a user, involving structure-searching and data base exploration, is briefly considered. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM richard.ann@epamail.epa.gov NR 53 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAY 25 PY 1998 VL 400 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 493 EP 507 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00068-2 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 113JW UT WOS:000075548700044 PM 9685707 ER PT J AU Vogel, EW Barbin, A Nivard, MJM Stack, HF Waters, MD Lohman, PHM AF Vogel, EW Barbin, A Nivard, MJM Stack, HF Waters, MD Lohman, PHM TI Heritable and cancer risks of exposures to anticancer drugs: inter-species comparisons of covalent deoxyribonucleic acid-binding agents SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Review DE anticancer drug; heritable and cancer risk; covalent DNA-binding agent ID DOMINANT-LETHAL MUTATIONS; MONOFUNCTIONAL ALKYLATING-AGENTS; GENOTOXICITY TEST DATA; CARCINOGENIC POTENCY DATABASE; GENETIC-ACTIVITY PROFILES; HIGHER EUKARYOTIC SYSTEMS; SUSPECTED HUMAN CARCINOGENS; UNSCHEDULED DNA-SYNTHESIS; SEX-CHROMOSOME LOSS; MOUSE BONE-MARROW AB In the past years, several methodologies were developed for potency ranking of genotoxic carcinogens and germ cell mutagens. In this paper, we analyzed six sub-classes of covalent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding antineoplastic drugs comprising a total of 37 chemicals and, in addition, four alkyl-epoxides, using four approaches for the ranking of genotoxic agents on a potency scale: the EPA/IARC genetic activity profile (GAP) database, the ICPEMC agent score system, and the analysis of qualitative and quantitative structure-activity and activity-activity relationships (SARs, AARs) between types of DNA modifications and genotoxic endpoints. Considerations of SARs and AARs focused entirely on in vivo data for mutagenicity in male germ cells (mouse, Drosophila), carcinogenicity (TD(50)s) and acute toxicity (LD(50)s) in rodents, whereas the former two approaches combined the entire database on in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity tests. The analysis shows that the understanding and prediction of rank positions of individual genotoxic agents requires information on their mechanism of action. Based on SARs and AARs, the covalent DNA binding antineoplastic drugs can be divided into three categories. Category 1 comprises mono-functional alkylating agents that primarily react with N7 and N3 moieties of purines in DNA. Efficient DNA repair is the major protective mechanism for their low and often not measurable genotoxic effects in repair-competent germ cells, and the need of high exposure doses for tumor induction in rodents. Due to cell type related differences in the efficiency of DNA repair, a strong target cell specificity in various species regarding the potency of these agents for adverse effects is found. Three of the four evaluation systems rank category 1 agents lower than those of the other two categories. Category 2 type mutagens produce O-alkyl adducts in DNA in addition to N-alkyl adducts. In general, certain O-alkyl DNA adducts appear to be slowly repaired, or even not at all, which make this kind of agents potent carcinogens and germ cell mutagens. Especially the inefficient repair of O-alkyl-pyrimidines causes the high mutational response of cells to these agents. Agents of this category give high potency scores in all four expert systems. The major determinant for the high rank positions on any scale of genotoxic of category 3 agents is their ability to induce primarily structural chromosomal changes. These agents are able to cross-link DNA. Their high intrinsic genotoxic potency appears to be related to the number of DNA cross-links per target dose unit they can induce. A confounding factor among category 3 agents is that often the genotoxic endpoints occur close to or at toxic levels, and that the width of the mutagenic dose range, i.e., the dose area between the lowest observed effect level and the LD,,, is smaller (usually no more than 1 logarithmic unit) than for chemicals of the other two categories. For all three categories of genotoxic agents, strong correlations are observed between their carcinogenic potency, acute toxicity and germ cell specificity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Genet & Chem Mutagenesis, MGC, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. Integrated Syst Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vogel, EW (reprint author), Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Genet & Chem Mutagenesis, MGC, Wassenaarseweg 72, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. EM vogel@rullf2.medfac.leidenuniv.nl NR 144 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAY 25 PY 1998 VL 400 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 509 EP 540 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00060-8 PG 32 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 113JW UT WOS:000075548700045 PM 9685708 ER PT J AU Schmitt-Kopplin, P Garrison, AW Perdue, EM Freitag, D Kettrup, A AF Schmitt-Kopplin, P Garrison, AW Perdue, EM Freitag, D Kettrup, A TI Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of humic substances - Facts and artifacts SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Capillary Electrophoresis Symposium CY SEP 22-23, 1997 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY DE water analysis; soil; humic substances; humic acids; fulvic acids ID ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; LIGNIN; ACIDS AB Humic substances, extracted as mixtures from soil and surface waters according to their solubility in acids and bases, are relatively high-molecular-mass polyelectrolytes containing aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic subunits. The degree of ionization of their phenolic and carboxylic groups is governed by the capillary electrophoresis (CE) buffer pH. In CE, fulvic acids exhibit a consistent and characteristic set of sharp peaks (phenolic acids), extending from a humic "hump" whose average electrophoretic mobility (AEM) depends on humic structure and buffer composition; humic acids give only the "hump". Special attention must be given to the interpretation of CE electropherograms when fingerprinting humic substances with berate buffers because observed peaks do not necessarily indicate distinct humic fractions, but may be artifacts caused by the interaction of berate ions with 1,2- and 1,3-diols present in the humic mixtures. Depending on the molarity of berate ions in the separation buffer, humic acids exhibit electropherograms with sharp peaks extending from the "humic hump" and corresponding to berate complexes. The potential of capillary zone electrophoresis for the comparison of electropherogram patterns is illustrated for the Suwannee River reference humic substances extracted according to the recommendations of the IHSS compared with a fraction of the same source concentrated with the more recent reverse osmosis (RO) technique. The Suwannee River RO fraction behaved like the extracted Suwannee River humic acid fraction under these experimental conditions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Ecol Chem, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Schmitt-Kopplin, P (reprint author), GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Ecol Chem, Ingolstadter Landstr 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 23 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD MAY 20 PY 1998 VL 807 IS 1 BP 101 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00077-6 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZT050 UT WOS:000074042600009 ER PT J AU Heron, G Christensen, TH Enfield, CG AF Heron, G Christensen, TH Enfield, CG TI Henry's law constant for trichloroethylene between 10 and 95 degrees C SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AUTOMATIC EQUILIBRIUM HEADSPACE; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER; TEMPERATURE; POLLUTANTS; SYSTEMS; AIR AB Experimental data on air-water partitioning of organic contaminants at temperatures above 40 degrees C is extremely scarce. We present Henry's law constants for trichloroethylene (TCE) in water between 10 and 95 degrees C determined using a modification of the Equilibrium Partitioning in Closed System (EPICS) procedure and calculated from vapor pressure and measured aqueous solubility data obtained by a column generator technique. The Henry's law constant for TCE increases by a factor of 20 between 10 and 95 degrees C, which is a dramatic change in volatility. Our results and a critical review of the thermodynamic equations suggest that the heat (enthalpy) of dissolution decreases with temperature and that Henry's law constants cannot be extrapolated to higher temperatures from the existing literature data. Heat of dissolution may be approximated by a linear function of temperature, leading to a simple equation for Henry's law constant In k(H) = A - B/T + C In T that fits the majority of the previously published experimental data. This equation is more precise than previously published equations, is valid for temperatures approaching 100 degrees C, and will assist in more accurate interpretation of Henry's law constant data for other chemicals of environmental concern. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Heron, G (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Bldg 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. EM thc@imt.dtu.dk NR 40 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1433 EP 1437 DI 10.1021/es9707015 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN466 UT WOS:000073648700011 ER PT J AU Heron, G Van Zutphen, M Christensen, TH Enfield, CG AF Heron, G Van Zutphen, M Christensen, TH Enfield, CG TI Soil heating for enhanced remediation of chlorinated solvents: A laboratory study on resistive heating and vapor extraction in a silty, low-permeable soil contaminated with trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUIFER MATERIAL; SORPTION; TRANSPORT; DIFFUSION; FATE AB Thermally enhanced remediation of trichloroethylene (TCE) from a 50 cm deep silty soil was demonstrated in a hive-dimensional laboratory tank. Volatilized TCE was captured by vapor extraction in an overlaying coarse sand layer. Soil vapor extraction was first tested alone at 23 degrees C, showing very little efficiency due to the low-permeable layer and an estimated cleanup time of more than 1 year. By injecting electric current, the temperature was increased to 85 and 100 degrees C in steps, and the fluxes of TCE increased by factors of 2.6 and 19, respectively. After 37 days of heating, the mass of TCE in the soil was reduced from 35 to 0.072 g, corresponding to 99.8% mass removal. Average soil TCE concentrations were reduced from 273 to 0.6 mg/kg. Steam production by boiling of pore water and a 9-fold increase in the Henry's law constant of TCE were identified as the major mechanisms for overcoming mass-transfer limitations. The silty soil did not dry out due to water addition at the current electrodes, which is promising for the use of thermal enhancements for remediation of water-saturated clay layers and in shallow groundwater. In-situ thermal cleanups can be done in a few months, at costs typically below $100/m(3), and with very high removal efficiency for volatile and semivolatile organics. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. TNO, Inst Appl Geosci, NL-2600 JA Delft, Netherlands. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Heron, G (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Bldg 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. NR 34 TC 52 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1474 EP 1481 DI 10.1021/es970563j PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN466 UT WOS:000073648700017 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Peace in the streets: Breaking the cycle of gang violence. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, ESD LV Lib, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, ESD LV Lib, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 123 IS 9 BP 101 EP 102 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA ZN720 UT WOS:000073674900150 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Social programs that work. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, ESD LV Lib, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, ESD LV Lib, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 123 IS 9 BP 102 EP 102 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA ZN720 UT WOS:000073674900153 ER PT J AU Mills, A Foureman, GL AF Mills, A Foureman, GL TI US EPA's IRIS pilot program: establishing IRIS as a centralized, peer-reviewed data base with agency consensus SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The US EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) contains Agency consensus scientific positions and quantitative values on cancer and noncancer health effects that may result from lifetime oral or inhalation exposure to specific chemical substances in the environment. Combined with specific exposure assessment information, the summary health information in IRIS may be used as a source in evaluating potential public health risks from environmental contaminants. IRIS is available to the public via EPA's Internet server at http://www.epa. gov/iris. Originally developed for internal EPA use, IRIS usage has broadened since being made publicly available in 1988 to include the private and public sectors nationally and internationally. Up to 1995, IRIS summaries were generated from within various EPA Offices and Regions and reviewed by Agency Workgroups, one for cancer and one for noncancer endpoints, before entry onto IRIS. In response to the increasing usage and recognition of IRIS and suggestions for improvement, an IRIS Pilot program was initiated in 1995, The purpose of the Pilot was S-fold: To improve efficiency in getting information on to IRIS; to improve documentation for the positions reported in IRIS summaries, including applying new methodologies and guidance; and to improve opportunity for public input including external peer review. A new infrastructure was put in place, consisting of a cross-Agency team of 'Chemical Managers', a Pilot Program Manager, and a set of Agency 'Consensus Reviewers'. Cancer and noncancer assessments were prepared in an integrated fashion for Pilot chemical substances, documented in 'Toxicological Reviews' and derivative IRIS summaries. Public input was emphasized via an initial data call and rigorous external peer review. A final step was Agency-wide consensus review by senior staff scientists representing EPA's Offices and Regions. EPA's experience with the Pilot is forming the basis for designing operational aspects of the long-term IRIS program. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mills, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 127 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(98)00038-9 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 104FD UT WOS:000075003300009 PM 9699796 ER PT J AU Rockhill, B Weinberg, CR Newman, B AF Rockhill, B Weinberg, CR Newman, B TI Population attributable fraction estimation for established breast cancer risk factors: Considering the issues of high prevalence and unmodifiability SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Epidemiologic-Research CY JUN 12-15, 1997 CL EDMONTON, CANADA SP Soc Epidemiol Res DE breast neoplasms; risk factors ID EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Established breast cancer risk factors, in addition to being relatively unmodifiable, are highly prevalent among US women. Previous reports of population attributable fraction for the established risk factors have used definitions that resulted in 75-100% of women in the source population labeled exposed. The practical value of such estimates has not been discussed; further, the estimates have frequently been misinterpreted. in the context of examining the interpretation and public health value of such estimates, the authors demonstrate the sensitivity of the population attributable fraction to changes in exposure cutpoints. They use data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in North Carolina between 1993 and 1996. For the four established risk factors (menarche before age 14 years,first birth at age 20 years or later/nulliparity, family history of breast cancer, and history of benign breast biopsy), the estimated population attributable fraction was 0.25 (95% confidence interval 0.06-0.48). Over 98% of the source population was exposed to at least one of these risk factors. The population attributable fraction estimate was reduced to 0.15 when more restrictive definitions of early menarche (less than age 12 years) and late age at first full-term pregnancy (30 years or more) were used (proportion exposed, 0.62). Population attributable fractions for established breast cancer risk factors probably have little public health value because of both the high proportions exposed and the relative unmodifiability of the risk factor distributions. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Rockhill, B (reprint author), Channing Lab, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P50-CA58223] NR 19 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 9 BP 826 EP 833 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZL332 UT WOS:000073422300006 PM 9583712 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Samet, JM Reed, W Quay, J Dailey, LA Richards, JH Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Samet, JM Reed, W Quay, J Dailey, LA Richards, JH Devlin, RB TI Metal-dependent expression of ferritin and lactoferrin by respiratory epithelial cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE free radicals; transferrin; deferoxamine; vanadium ID IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; INTESTINAL BRUSH-BORDER; BINDING-PROTEIN; RNA-BINDING; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; BIOLOGICAL ROLE; MESSENGER-RNA; ACONITASE; MACROPHAGES AB Increased availability of catalytically active metal has been associated with an oxidative injury. The sequestration of transition metals within intracellular ferritin confers an antioxidant function to this protein. Such storage by ferritin requires that the metal be transported across a cell membrane. We tested the hypothesis that, in response to in vitro exposures to catalytically active metal, respiratory epithelial cells increase the production of lactoferrin and ferritin to bind, transport, and store this metal with their coordination sites fully complexed. Residual oil fly ash is an emission source air pollution particle with biological effects that, both in vitro and in vivo, correspond with its metal content. Cell cultures were exposed to 0-200 mu g/ml of oil fly ash for 2 and 24 h. Concentrations of ferritin and lactoferrin mRNA were estimated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and concentrations of ferritin and lactoferrin proteins were measured in parallel, mRNA for ferritin did not change with exposure to oil fly ash. However, ferritin protein concentrations increased. Although mRNA for transferrin receptor decreased, mRNA for lactoferrin increased after incubation with the particle. Similar to changes in mRNA, transferrin concentration decreased, whereas that of lactoferrin increased. Deferoxamine, a metal chelator, inhibited these responses, and exposure of the cells to vanadium compounds alone reproduced elevations in lactoferrin mRNA. We conclude that increases in ferritin and lactoferrin expression can be metal dependent. This response can function to diminish the oxidative stress a metal chelate presents to a living system. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 274 IS 5 BP L728 EP L736 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA ZM341 UT WOS:000073528800009 PM 9612288 ER PT J AU Lay, JC Bennett, WD Kim, CS Devlin, RB Bromberg, PA AF Lay, JC Bennett, WD Kim, CS Devlin, RB Bromberg, PA TI Retention and intracellular distribution of instilled iron oxide particles in human alveolar macrophages SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LUNG CLEARANCE; PULMONARY MACROPHAGES; INHALED PARTICLES; DEPOSITION; KINETICS; RESPONSES; PATHWAYS; AEROSOLS; EXPOSURE; CARBON AB Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was used to sample retention of particles within the alveolar macrophage (AM) compartment at various times from 1 to 91 d following intrapulmonary instillation of 2.6-mu m-diameter iron oxide (Fe2O3) particles in human subjects. Particles were cleared from the lavagable AM compartment in a biphasic pattern, with a rapid-phase clearance half-time of 0.5 d and long-term clearance half-time of 110 d, comparable to retention kinetics determined by more traditional methods. The intracellular distribution of particles within lavaged AMs was similar in bronchial and alveolar BAL fractions. AMs with high intracellular particle burdens disappeared from the lavagable phagocytic AM population disproportionately more rapidly (shorter clearance half-time) than did AMs with lower particle burdens, consistent with the occurrence of a particle redistribution phenomenon as previously described in similar studies in rats. The rates of AM disappearance from the various particle burden categories was generally slightly slower in bronchial fractions than in alveolar fractions. The instillation of particles induced a transient acute inflammatory response at 24 h postinstillation (PI), characterized by increased numbers of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in BAL fluids. This response was subclinical and was resolved within 4 d PI. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Lay, JC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Mech, CB 7310,US EPA Human Studies Facil, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Lay, John/A-6380-2012 NR 43 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 18 IS 5 BP 687 EP 695 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA ZN867 UT WOS:000073691400011 PM 9569239 ER PT J AU McKinney, WJ Jaskot, RH Richards, JH Costa, DL Dreher, KL AF McKinney, WJ Jaskot, RH Richards, JH Costa, DL Dreher, KL TI Cytokine mediation of ozone-induced pulmonary adaptation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; OXYGEN-TOXICITY; TRANSGENIC MICE; RAT LUNG; INTERLEUKIN-6; IL-6; PERMEABILITY AB Previous studies have shown that a single exposure of animals to ozone (O-3) can induce protection or adaptation to the acute injurious effects of a subsequent O-3 challenge. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed to account for this response, none appear to be fully explanatory, We examined the role interleukin (IL)-6 may play in the induction of adaptation to O-3-induced pulmonary injury. A statistically significant 29-fold increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-6 levels was observed in rats exposed to 0.5 ppm O-3 during nighttime hours when compared with daytime hours even though similar kinetics of inflammation were induced by each exposure. Animals receiving an initial nighttime O-3 exposure showed a lesser degree of inflammation following a subsequent O-3 exposure when compared with animals which received an initial daytime exposure. Rats pretreated with IL-6 both intratracheally and intraperitoneally and subsequently exposed to O-3 showed a lesser degree of cellular inflammation when compared with respective controls. Pretreatment of rats with anti-IL-6-receptor antibodies (ra) prior to the nighttime O-3 exposure completely abrogated the O-3-induced cellular adaptive response without effecting the inflammatory response induced by the initial nighttime O-3 exposure. In fact, administration of anti-IL-6ra augmented the neutrophil influx following the second O-3 exposure. Anti-IL-6ra treatment did not alter the pulmonary edema adaptive response? suggesting that the O-3-induced cellular and edema adaptive responses are regulated by different mechanisms. Our data indicate that mobilization of pulmonary antioxidants does not play a role in the IL-6-mediated early cellular adaptive response and suggest that IL-6 is an essential mediator of the O-3-induced cellular adaptive response. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL, MD 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Dreher.Kevin@epamail.epa.gov NR 55 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 18 IS 5 BP 696 EP 705 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA ZN867 UT WOS:000073691400012 PM 9569240 ER PT J AU Wang, J Tian, BM Rogers, KR AF Wang, J Tian, BM Rogers, KR TI Thick film electrochemical immunosensor based on stripping potentiometric detection of a metal ion label SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOASSAY; ELECTRODES; LEAD AB A disposable electrochemical immunosensor based on potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) of a metal tracer and using an entirely on-chip assay format is demonstrated. Challenges associated with the adaptation of earlier stripping voltammetric immunoassays to an on-chip operation, and with meeting the demands of decentralized testing, have been addressed. These include the surface immobilization of the antibody, the replacement of mercury drop electrodes, elimination of the separation and oxygen-removal steps, and the use of quiescent 30-mu L sample droplets, Human serum albumin (HSA) and anti-HSA antibody were used as a model system, while bismuth ion served as the metal label, The anti-HSA was immobilized onto the surface of a thick-film electrode, followed by a competition between the Bi-labeled analyte-tracer and the analyte (HSA) for the antibody binding sites. Upon removal of the unbound tracer, Bi3+ was released and detected by PSA, The dynamic concentration range for HSA (0.3-30 mu g/mL) and the detection limit (0.2 mu g/mL, i.e., 90 fmol in the 30-mu L sample) indicate that the greatly simplified protocol does not compromise the performance characteristics of stripping immunoassays. Consequently, this on-chip operation offers great promise for decentralized (clinical and environmental) applications. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011 NR 13 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 9 BP 1682 EP 1685 DI 10.1021/ac971298n PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZL246 UT WOS:000073413400012 PM 9599576 ER PT J AU Riddick, EW Barbosa, P AF Riddick, EW Barbosa, P TI Impact of Cry3A-intoxicated Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) and pollen on consumption, development, and fecundity of Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; transgenic plants; endotoxin; predator; prey ID COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; APHIDS HOMOPTERA; PREDATION; MORTALITY; SPECIFICITY; PROTEINS; TOXICITY; INSECTS; STRAIN AB Predator consumption, development, and fecundity were assessed for the predator-prey interaction between Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) feeding on Cry3A-transgenic or normal (nontransgenic) foliage of potato. The influence of bee pollen, a food supplement, on development and fecundity was also assessed. Neonates of L. decemlineata feeding on transgenic foliage lost considerable body weight, in comparison to those feeding on normal foliage. After differences in prey weight were considered, no significant difference was found between the proportion of transgenic-fed or normal-fed neonates consumed by C. maculata. There was no significant difference between the proportion of C. maculata developing into pupae and adults when reared on transgenic-fed or normal-fed prey; nor did the live weight of teneral adults differ. The proportion of C. maculata reaching maturation when reared on transgenic-fed prey with pollen was greater than those reared on pollen alone, which suggests the suitability of a diet containing animal and plant material. Predator fecundity, measured as egg deposition per day, was not significantly different between mated females provided with transgenic-fed prey with pollen or normal-fed prey with pollen. These data suggest that Cry3A-intoxicated L. decemlineata can be eaten by C. maculata without any observable adverse effects on their survival or predation potential. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Riddick, EW (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI riddick, eric/0000-0002-4795-961X NR 27 TC 58 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 303 EP 307 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZR676 UT WOS:000074002600008 ER PT J AU Dutta, TK Selifonov, SA Gunsalus, IC AF Dutta, TK Selifonov, SA Gunsalus, IC TI Oxidation of methyl-substituted naphthalenes: Pathways in a versatile Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; CRUDE-OIL; METABOLISM; 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE; PHENANTHRENE; TOLUENE; 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE; DEGRADATION; FLUORENE AB Aromatic compounds with alkyl substituents are abundant in fossil fuels. These compounds become important environmental sources of soluble toxic products, developmental inhibitors, etc, principally through biological activities. To assess the effect of methyl substitution on the completeness of mineralization and accumulation of pathway products, an isolate from a phenanthrene enrichment culture, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322, was used. Washed cell suspensions containing cells grown on 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene in mineral medium were incubated with various mono-, di-, and trimethylnaphthalene isomers, and the products were identified and quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The data revealed enzymes with relaxed substrate specificity that initiate metabolism either by methyl group monoxygenation or by ring dioxygenation. Congeners with a methyl group on each ring initially hydroxylate a methyl, and this is followed by conversion to a carboxyl; when there are two methyl groups on a single ring, the first reaction is aryl dioxygenation of the unsubstituted ring. Intermediates are channeled to primary ring fission via dihydrodiols to form methyl-substituted salicylates. Further evidence that there are multiple pathways comes from the fact that both phthalate and (methyl)salicylate are formed from 2-methylnaphthalene. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, GED, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dutta, TK (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, GED, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM dutta.tapan@epamail.epa.gov; gunny@gulf.net NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1884 EP 1889 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZL278 UT WOS:000073416600047 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV TI Comparative toxicity of diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog, bullfrog, red-legged frog, and African clawed frog embryos and tadpoles SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The effects of the herbicide diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), red-legged frog (Rana aurora), and African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos and tadpoles were determined in static-renewal tests. P. regilla and X. laevis embryos had reduced growth and developed increased deformities in diuron concentrations over 20 mg/L. Hindlimb bud and forelimb development were retarded in R. aurora following 14 days exposure to diuron concentrations of > 7.6 mg/L. Mean 14-day LC50s for P. regilla and X. laevis tadpoles were 15.2 and 11.3 mg/L diuron, respectively. The 21-day LC50 for R. catesbeiana tadpoles was 12.7 mg/L diuron. The 14-day LC50 for R. aurora tadpoles was 22.2 mg/L. The lowest NOAELs calculated in embryo tests were 14.5 mg/L for P. regilla (10 days) and 7.6 mg/L diuron for X. laevis (4 days). The lowest NOAELs calculated in tadpole tests were: P, regilla, 14.5 mg/L (14 days); R. catesbeiana, 7.6 mg/L (21 days); R. aurora, 7.6 mg/L (14 days); and X. laevis, > 29.1 mg/L (14 days). Diuron concentrations having an effect on survival, growth, and malformation in the laboratory were much higher than those found in normal field spray situations; field studies would be needed to determine the hazard to amphibians in areas of localized pooling of recently applied herbicide in the environment. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 370 EP 376 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZE977 UT WOS:000072850500009 PM 9543507 ER PT J AU Tabacova, S Baird, DD Balabaeva, L AF Tabacova, S Baird, DD Balabaeva, L TI Exposure to oxidized nitrogen: Lipid peroxidation and neonatal health risk SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DIOXIDE EXPOSURE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; ANTIOXIDANTS; PREECLAMPSIA; GLUTATHIONE; THROMBOXANE; SURFACTANT; INFANTS AB Pregnant women exposed to extensive environmental contamination by oxidized nitrogen compounds were studied at parturition, their neonatal health status was assessed and the involvement of oxidative stress in pathology was evaluated. Methemoglobin in maternal and cord blood was measured as a biomarker of individual exposure. Blood lipid peroxides and glutathione (reduced and total) were determined as oxidative stress biomarkers. Birthweight, Apgar scares, and clinical diagnosis at birth were used as neonatal health endpoints. Elevated exposure to oxidized nitrogen compounds was associated with increased lipid peroxidation in both maternal and cord blood, Poor birth outcome was associated with high blood lipid peroxides. Controlling for maternal age, parity, and smoking did not affect the relationships materially. The results showed that maternal/fetal exposure to oxidized nitrogen compounds is associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcome and suggest a role of oxidative damage in the pathogenic pathway. C1 Natl Ctr Hyg Med Ecol & Nutr, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Tabacova, S (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hyg Med Ecol & Nutr, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. OI Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 NR 35 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 53 IS 3 BP 214 EP 221 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 109UR UT WOS:000075342700006 PM 9814718 ER PT J AU Mathur, R Young, JO Schere, KL Gipson, GL AF Mathur, R Young, JO Schere, KL Gipson, GL TI A comparison of numerical techniques for solution of atmospheric kinetic equations SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric chemistry; stiff ODEs; numerical integration; air quality modeling; photochemical mechanism ID ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; CHEMICAL-KINETICS; CHEMISTRY; MECHANISM; SOLVERS; INTEGRATION; GENERATION; SCHEMES; URBAN AB Numerical modeling of atmospheric chemistry is a computationally intensive problem. The equations describing the interaction among various modeled chemical species are coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Spatial dependencies in comprehensive three-dimensional air quality models require the solution of this system at thousands of spatial points. Even with increasing computer power, there is a need for efficient and accurate numerical solvers with expanded capabilities, since the next generation of air quality simulation models needs to address the increasingly complex chemistry issues emerging in new model applications. Variants of the commonly used quasi steady-state approximation and the hybrid methods currently used in several modeling systems are examined against a reference mechanism describing chemical interactions related to tropospheric oxidant and acid formation. Additional modifications to the methods are incorporated to yield more robust integration techniques. The chemistry solution methodology used in the regional acid deposition model is also incorporated in this comparison as a base methodology for representing the reference chemical mechanism. The methods are tested against the Gear integration scheme for a variety of test cases including traditional box-model calculations and detailed three-dimensional simulations, and their relative accuracies and efficiencies are investigated. Performance and implementation issues related to chemical integration schemes are examined in the context of the demands and needs of the chemistry component of future comprehensive atmospheric chemistry/transport simulation models. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 MCNC, Environm Programs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mathur, R (reprint author), MCNC, Environm Programs, POB 12889, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1535 EP 1553 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00381-6 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZP049 UT WOS:000073711400007 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM Ryba, SA AF Burgess, RM Ryba, SA TI A comparison of collcoid-contaminant C-18-based isolation techniques using PCB contaminated humic substances and interstitial water SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MARINE SEDIMENT COLLOIDS; PHASE SEPARATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; BEDFORD HARBOR; MATTER; BINDING; BIOAVAILABILITY; CONGENERS AB The bioavailability of sediment contaminants may be reduced by the presence of interstitial colloids; therefore, being able to efficiently isolate colloidal phase contaminants is important to predicting adverse biological effects. Reverse phase chromatography performed on laboratory-packed C-18 columns has shown promise for isolating colloid-associated contaminants from marine sediment interstitial waters. This study investigated the effects of the stationary phase particle-size on the distribution of colloidal and freely-dissolved contaminants using C-18 material coated on particles 0.075 and 3.0 mm in diameter. Comparisons were performed with PCB-spiked humic and fulvic acid solutions and environmentally contaminated sediment interstitial waters. Similar partition coefficients were generated for approximately 50 PCB congeners using the 0.075 and 3.0 mm particles with humic acid solution and interstitial water but not the fulvic acid solution which differed greatly. However, the method using 3.0 mm C-18 particles demonstrated a physical break-down or 'shattering' of the particles which interfered with the chromatography. This evaluation showed that use of 0.075 mm particles for performing laboratory packed column chromatography to separate freely-dissolved and colloidal phases is the superior method. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERI, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERI, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM burgess.robert@epamail.epa.gov NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY PY 1998 VL 36 IS 11 BP 2549 EP 2568 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10210-7 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE597 UT WOS:000072810500011 ER PT J AU Dixon, PM Olsen, AR Kahn, BM AF Dixon, PM Olsen, AR Kahn, BM TI Measuring trends in ecological resources SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material DE change; environmental sampling; monitoring; regional extrapolation; survey design C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ESA, Sustainable Biosphere Initiat, F-75738 Paris 15, France. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Dixon, PM (reprint author), Ecol Soc Amer, Reprint Dept, 2010 Massachusetts Ave NW,Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 225 EP 227 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0225:MTIER]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL573 UT WOS:000073447900001 ER PT J AU Urquhart, NS Paulsen, SG Larsen, DP AF Urquhart, NS Paulsen, SG Larsen, DP TI Monitoring for policy-relevant regional trends over time SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Ecological Resource Monitoring - Change and Trend Detection CY MAY 01-03, 1996 CL LAUREL, MARYLAND SP Sustainable Biosphere Initiat, Ecol Soc Amer, Ecol Soc Amer, Stat Ecol Sect, Amer Stat Assoc, Stat & Environ Sect DE components of variance; environmental monitoring; policy-relevant trend; regional trend; statistical power; temporal sampling designs; trend detection ID ECOLOGICAL-SOCIETY; POWER ANALYSIS; LAKES; AMERICA; DESIGN AB The term trend describes the continuing directional change in the value of an indicator, generally upward or generally downward. Many policy questions concern trend across a number of sites, such as lakes in a region, rather than trend at a single site. Power to detect regional trend seldom is discussed, and monitoring designs suitable for detecting such trends rarely are explored. Components of variance and temporal sampling designs play central roles in characterizing trend detection. We present relative numerical values of important components of variance, developed from the Surface Waters component of U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) field data, and use them as a basis for further assumptions of values. We discuss power curves in general and present them in relation to temporal designs, years of field observation, components of variance, and the level of trend detected. Revisit designs give adequate power for moderate trend in 10-15 yr, even when revisits are less frequent than annually. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Urquhart, NS (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 28 TC 104 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 246 EP 257 DI 10.2307/2641064 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL573 UT WOS:000073447900004 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Kellogg, JP AF Stoddard, JL Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Kellogg, JP TI Can site-specific trends be extrapolated to a region? An acidification example for the northeast SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Ecological Resource Monitoring - Change and Trend Detection CY MAY 01-03, 1996 CL LAUREL, MARYLAND SP Sustainable Biosphere Initiat, Ecol Soc Amer, Ecol Soc Amer, Stat Ecol Sect, Amer Stat Assoc, Stat & Environ Sect DE acidification; judgment sample; lakes; long-term monitoring; regional trends; site-specific trends ID TIME PROJECT DESIGN; WATER-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; LAKE WATER; TERM; ECOSYSTEMS; CHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION; NITROGEN; PATTERNS AB In the absence of true regional data on changes in the acid/base status of lakes in the northeastern United States, we explore the possibility of using site-specific trends information from a judgment sample of lakes to assess the efficacy of the Clean Air Act Amendments. A meta-analytical technique is used to combine trends results from 44 Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) lakes in the Northeast for the period 1982-1994, with the goal of producing estimates of overall trends in the region. The lakes are subdivided into subpopulations (High ANC, Intermediate Till Drainage, Thin Till Drainage and Perched Seepage lakes) on the basis of their expected response to changes in acidic deposition, and they appear to represent the most acid-sensitive of these lake classes well. While the overall tendencies in the trends are as expected (e.g., most of the recovery is observed in the most sensitive subpopulations), there is significant trend heterogeneity among the lakes within most of the subpopulations; this heterogeneity prohibits the summarizing of trends at the regional level (i.e., for all of the Northeast). This heterogeneity is explained by differences in the responses of lakes in two subregions (Adirondacks vs. New England), and we present trends results separately for each subpopulation within these two subregions. All subpopulations in both subregions showed decreasing trends in sulfate concentrations, probably a reflection of decreasing trends in sulfur deposition in the region. Few trends in nitrate concentrations were observed. Recovery (as evidenced by increasing trends in acid-neutralizing capacity) was evident in Thin Till and Intermediate Till Drainage lakes in New England, but not in the Adirondacks. Most groups of lakes exhibited downward trends in base cations (Sigma[Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Na+ + K+]); the magnitudes of these trends were always greater in Adirondack lakes than in similar New England lakes. This suggests that the depletion of soil cation pools in the Adirondacks may be responsible for some of the differences in recovery between Adirondack and New England lakes. While export of base cations may be the key difference producing different trends results in the two subregions, the site-specific nature of the trends, and their possible lack of regional representation, should be considered in interpreting the overall results. C1 US EPA, Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Maine, Water Resources Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Vermont Dept Environm Conservat, Water Qual Div, Waterbury, VT 05676 USA. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Dynam Corp, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 32 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 288 EP 299 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL573 UT WOS:000073447900008 ER PT J AU Haeuber, R Ringold, P AF Haeuber, R Ringold, P TI Ecology, the social sciences, and environmental policy SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material DE communications; ecology and law; economics; ecosystem management; environmental policy; resources management and law; wetlands C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Haeuber, R (reprint author), Ecol Soc Amer, Reprint Dept, 2010 Massachusetts Ave NW,Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 330 EP 331 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0330:ETSSAE]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL573 UT WOS:000073447900013 ER PT J AU Dong, YJ Borgwardt, RH AF Dong, YJ Borgwardt, RH TI Biomass reactivity in gasification by the Hynol process SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article AB A thermobalance reactor was used to evaluate the reactivity of poplar wood during gasification under operating conditions specific for the Hynol process where biomass is gasified at 30 atm and 800 degrees C with a hydrogen-rich gas recycled from methanol synthesis. The gasification involved a rapid devolatilization and pyrolysis reaction of the volatile matter in biomass and a slow reaction of residual carbon with the process gas. Nearly 86% of 1/8-in. poplar particles and 90% of sawdust were converted into gas products by a feed gas corresponding to the Hynol process (66% H-2) in 60 min. About 4% additional conversion of the 1/8-in. particles was obtained when gasification time was extended from 60 to 150 min. Gasification rate and biomass conversion were strongly affected by reaction temperature and particle size. The conversion was proportional to the partial pressures of H-2 and steam in the feed gas. A kinetic model was developed to correlate the experimental data and quantitatively express gasification rates and biomass conversion as functions of reaction time. The activation energies for the rapid and slow reactions were estimated to be 3.8 and 34 kcal/g-mol, respectively. C1 ARCADIS, Geraghty & Miller, Durham, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dong, YJ (reprint author), ARCADIS, Geraghty & Miller, 4915 Prospectus Dr, Durham, NC 27709 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 479 EP 484 DI 10.1021/ef970127i PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZN298 UT WOS:000073631900007 ER PT J AU Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, J Morello-Frosch, R Rosenbaum, A AF Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, J Morello-Frosch, R Rosenbaum, A TI Public health implications of 1990 air toxics concentrations across the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air toxics; atmospheric dispersion models; exposure assessment; risk assessment AB Occupational and toxicological studies have demonstrated adverse health effects from exposure to toxic at contaminants, Data on outdoor levels of toxic at contaminants have nor been available for most communities in the United States, making it difficult to assess the potential for adverse human health effects from general population exposures. Emissions data from stationary and mobile sources are used in an atmospheric dispersion model to estimate outdoor concentrations of 148 toxic at contaminants for each of the 60,803 census tracts in the contiguous United Stares for 1990, Outdoor concentrations of air toxics were compared to previously defined benchmark concentrations for cancer and noncancer health effects. Benchmark concentrations are based on standard toxicological references and represent at toxic levels above which heath risks may occur. The number of benchmark concentrations exceeded by modeled concentrations ranged from 8 to 32 per census tract, with a mean of 14. Estimated concentrations of benzene, formaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene were greater than cancer benchmark concentrations in over 90% of the census tracts. Approximately 10% of all census tracts had estimated concentrations of one or more carcinogenic HAPs greater than a 1-in-10,000 risk level. Twenty-two pollutants with chronic toxicity benchmark concentrations had modeled concentrations in excess of these benchmarks, and approximately 200 census tracts had a modeled concentration 100 times the benchmark for at least one of these pollutants. This comprehensive assessment of air toxics concentrations across the United States indicates hazardous air pollutants may pose a potential public health problem. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sci Applicat Int Div, ICF Kaiser, San Rafael, CA 94903 USA. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW 2123,Room 3202, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Morello-Frosch, Rachel/0000-0003-1153-7287 NR 22 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 9 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 106 IS 5 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106245 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 111UX UT WOS:000075457600017 PM 9518474 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR Mergler, D AF Mahaffey, KR Mergler, D TI Blood levels of total and organic mercury in residents of the Upper St Lawrence River Basin, Quebec: Association with age, gender, and fish consumption SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Human Health Effects of Mercury Exposure CY JUN 24-27, 1997 CL TORSHAVN, DENMARK SP Scientif Comm Toxicol Met, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth ID DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; METHYL MERCURY; EXPOSURE; SELENIUM; URINE AB Increased consumption of lake fish was associated with higher blood mercury concentrations among 289 residents of Southwest Quebec living on the southern bank of the Upper St. Lawrence River System. This increase in blood mercury was reflected in the organic fraction and to a lesser extent with total blood mercury. Repeat analyses on a small subpopulation showed a correlation coefficient between time 1 and time 2 of approximately 0.7 for total mercury and for organic mercury. With one exception, blood total mercury concentrations were less than 5 ppb. Blood mercury concentrations were higher among men than women. One individual had much higher total mercury concentrations in blood (i.e., 70 ppb) which were attributed to fish consumption based on medical and dietary history. The values for these subjects are compared with other North American data on blood mercury levels. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Quebec, CINBIOSE, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. FU PHS HHS [CR 822790] NR 23 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 77 IS 2 BP 104 EP 114 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3834 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZQ403 UT WOS:000073857700008 PM 9600803 ER PT J AU Randall, RC Young, DR Lee, H Echols, SF AF Randall, RC Young, DR Lee, H Echols, SF TI Lipid methodology and pollutant normalization relationships for neutral nonpolar organic pollutants SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lipid normalization; lipid analysis; bioaccumulation; pp '-DDE; polychlorinated biphenyls ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ACCUMULATION FACTORS; BIOACCUMULATION; SEDIMENTS; MODEL AB This work compares the ability of hexane and chloroform with methanol (C/M) to extract lipid, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and p,p'-DDE from white croaker (Geneomus lineatus) muscle tissue. Hexane extracted on average 25% of the lipid and 73% of the PCB congeners that were extracted by C/M. Both solvents extracted similar quantities of p,p'-DDE. Consequently PCB and p,p'-DDE lipid-normalized concentrations using hexane values were 2.9 and 3.9 limes greater than with C/M values, and greater than fivefold differences are possible using hexane lipid values with CIM pollutant values. Because the solvents primarily extract different lipid pools, the results conceivably approximate the largest lipid-normalized pollutant concentration differences obtainable using common solvents. The differences suggest that lipid-normalized pollutant concentrations in fish muscle tissue will vary among studies without a standardized total lipid method, but more research is required to better identify complex neutral pollutant and lipid relationships before a final standard methodology can be selected. In the interim, we recommend that the Bligh-Dyer method with C/M be used to obtain total Lipid for lipid-normalizing pollutant concentrations. Ii another solvent or system is used, the C/M extraction should be conducted on representative samples to allow for interconversion of lipid results. C1 US EPA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Amer Sci Int, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lee, H (reprint author), US EPA, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 788 EP 791 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0788:LMAPNR>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZJ235 UT WOS:000073193200004 ER PT J AU Sierszen, ME Lozano, SJ AF Sierszen, ME Lozano, SJ TI Zooplankton population and community responses to the pesticide azinphos-methyl in freshwater littoral enclosures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE azinphos-methyl; community; multivariate analysis; population; zooplankton ID LAKE; ACIDIFICATION; CLADOCERA; IMPACT; RATES; PONDS AB We tested the effects of four concentrations (0.2, 1.0. 4.0. and 20.0 mu g/L) of the organophosphorus insecticide azinphosmethyl on natural zooplankton communities using littoral ecosystem enclosures. Individual taxa and major zooplankton groups (cladocerans, copepods. and rotifers) exhibited concentration-dependent responses, with most of the significant effects at the two highest concentrations. Analyses of population abundance were more sensitive to the effects of azinphos-methyl than were analyses of major zooplankton groups. Principal component analysis of communities differentiated the contributions of cladocerans, copepods. and rotifers to total community variance. The highest principal components were associated with cladocerans, the group also identified by univariate statistics to be most sensitive to azinphos-methyl. Ordination using the first two principal components depicted the multivariate status of the zooplankton communities through time and showed concentration-dependent effects and recovery from the pesticide at the community level. Principal component ordination was a more sensitive metric of community-level effects than was taxon richness. Communities in the highest treatment concentration had not fully recovered by the last sampling date, 78 d after treatment. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Sierszen, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 907 EP 914 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0907:ZPACRT>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZJ235 UT WOS:000073193200020 ER PT J AU Blankemeyer, JT McWilliams, ML Rayburn, JR Weissenberg, M Friedman, M AF Blankemeyer, JT McWilliams, ML Rayburn, JR Weissenberg, M Friedman, M TI Developmental toxicology of solamargine and solasonine glycoalkaloids in frog embryos SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERATOGENESIS ASSAY-XENOPUS; POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS; ALPHA-CHACONINE; STEROIDAL GLYCOALKALOIDS; SOLANUM-MELONGENA; ALKALOIDS; TOXICITY; SOLASODINE; LOCALIZATION; HYDROLYSIS AB As part of an effort to improve the safety of plant foods, a need exists to define the relative toxicities of structurally different glycoalkaloids and metabolites which may be present in Solanum plant species such as potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants. The objectives of this study were to determine the relative toxicities and the modes of action of the eggplant (Solanum melongena) glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in Xenopus laevis frog embryos, using membrane potential and embryo growth and teratogenicity assays. In the cell membrane assays, adverse effects on embryos were evaluated by measuring membrane potentials using an electrochromic dye, di-4-ANEPPS, as a fluorescence probe for the integrity of the membranes. In the embryo growth and teratogenesis assays, the survival of the embryos and organ malformations was used as an index of embryo toxicity. The relative potencies of glycoalkaloids are similar for frog embryo effects (survival and teratogenicities) and for membrane effects (membrane potential). Experiments with solasonine at pH 6 and 8 suggest that the unprotonated form of the glycoalkaloids appears to be involved in the membrane effects. The nature of the carbohydrate side-chains of the steroidal glycosides governs relative potencies. The possible significance of the findings to food safety and plant physiology and possible application of the membrane assays to bacterial toxins are discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, GED, Natl Res Council Associate, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 45 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 383 EP 389 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00164-6 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA ZU842 UT WOS:000074241100003 PM 9662413 ER PT J AU Winjum, JK Brown, S Schlamadinger, B AF Winjum, JK Brown, S Schlamadinger, B TI Forest harvests and wood products: Sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbon balance; commodities; fuelwood; greenhouse gas inventory; roundwood; atmospheric-flow method; stock-change method ID BIOMASS AB Changes in the net carbon (C) sink-source balance related to a country's forest harvesting and use of wood products is an important component in making country-level inventories of greenhouse gas emissions, a current activity within many signatory nations to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. We propose two approaches for estimating national C inventories from forest harvesting and wood product utilization (excluding forest regrowth): the atmospheric-flow method and the stock-change method. The former has the atmosphere as its system of interest and counts ail flows to and from the atmosphere for a particular country. The latter looks at a country's forest and wood product C stocks and how they change over time. Here we develop these two methods, and estimate national C source-sink balance from the readily available FAO global forest products database for countries, regions, and the world. Both methods gave a worldwide estimated source of 980 Tg of C: in 1990 as a result of forest harvests and wood product utilization; about 60% came from developing countries and 40% from developed countries. Estimates (Tg C) for selected developing countries for the atmospheric-flow/stock-change method were: Brazil, 72/73; India, 81/80; Indonesia, 53/56; and Ivory Coast, 3.9/4.3; and for selected developed countries (again atmospheric-flow/stock-change method): Canada, 36/50; Finland, 8.8/13; New Zealand, 2.7/3.4; and United States 141/138. Net wood exporters show lower numbers in the atmospheric-flow method, net wood importers in the stock-change method. Among the variables that most consistently and strongly affected C emissions for a given country in 1990 were: roundwood production, slash left to oxidize, and commodity wood put into uses greater than or equal to 5 yr. We conclude with a discussion that shows how choosing either one of the two methods for wood harvest accounting has potential policy implications or impacts on the incentives or disincentives to use wood. C1 US EPA, Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Joanneum Res, Inst Energy Res, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Winjum, JK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM bernhard.schlamadinger@joanneum.ac.at NR 32 TC 102 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 20 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 44 IS 2 BP 272 EP 284 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZM139 UT WOS:000073508600010 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Herlihy, T Kaufmann, PR Sinsabaugh, RL AF Hill, BH Herlihy, T Kaufmann, PR Sinsabaugh, RL TI Sediment microbial respiration in a synoptic survey of mid-Atlantic region streams SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIVER CONTINUUM CONCEPT; COMMUNITY METABOLISM; PHOSPHORUS; ECOSYSTEM; SYSTEM; RATES AB 1. The rate of microbial respiration on fine-grained stream sediments was measured at 196 first-to third-order sites in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. 2. Sample collection took place between April and July in 1993, 1994 and 1995. 3. Study streams were randomly selected from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) River Reach File (RF3) using the sample design developed by USEPAs Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Programme (EMAP). 4. Respiration rate ranged from 0 to 0.622 g O-2 g(-1) ash-free dry mass (AFDM) h(-1), and was significantly correlated with stream temperature, water chemistry and physical habitat. 5. Respiration rate was significantly higher in streams from the Chesapeake drainage area compared to those from the Ohio drainage area, and in streams from the Northern Appalachian Plateau and Uplands and Central Appalachian Valleys ecoregions compared with streams from the Blue Ridge and Central Appalachian Plateau ecoregions. 6. Respiration was not significantly different among stream orders or between years. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Biol, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 36 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 493 EP 501 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZP884 UT WOS:000073798300009 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Abu-Shakra, A Szakmary, A Levine, JG AF DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Abu-Shakra, A Szakmary, A Levine, JG TI Spectra of spontaneous frameshift mutations at the hisD3052 allele of Salmonella typhimurium in four DNA repair backgrounds SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID COLI LACI GENE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; IN-VIVO; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SPONTANEOUS MUTAGENESIS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; HISTIDINOL DEHYDROGENASE; SLIPPAGE-MISALIGNMENT; MOLECULAR NATURE AB To characterize the hisD3052-1 frameshift allele of Salmonella typhimurium, we analyzed similar to 6000 spontaneous revertants (rev) for a 2-base deletion hotspot within the sequence (CG)(4), and we sequenced similar to 500 nonhotspot rev. The reversion target is a minimum of 76 bases (nucleotides 843-918) that code for amino acids within a nonconserved region of the histidinol dehydrogenase protein. Only 0.4-3.9% were true rev. Of the following classes, 182 unique second-site mutations were identified: hotspot, complex frameshifts requiring Delta uvrB + pKM101 (TA98-specific) or not (concerted), I-base insertions, duplications, and nonhotspot deletions. The percentages of hotspot mutations were 13.8% in TA1978 (wild type), 24.5% in UTH8413 (pKM101), 31.6% in TA1538 (Delta uvrB), and 41.0% in TA98 (Delta uvrB, pKM101). The Delta uvrB allele decreased by three times the mutant frequency (MF, rev/10(8) survivors) of duplications and increased by about two times the MF of deletions. Separately, the Delta uvrB allele or pKM101 plasmid increased by two to three times the MF of hotspot mutations; combined, they increased this IMF by five times. The percentage of 1-base insertions was not influenced by either Delta uvrB or pKM101. Hotspot deletions and TA98-specific complex frameshifts are inducible by some mutagens; concerted complex frameshifts and 1-base insertions are not; and there is little evidence for mutagen-induced duplications and nonhotspot deletions. Except for the base substitutions in TA98-specific complex frameshifts, all spontaneous mutations of the hisD3052 allele are likely templated. The mechanisms may involve (I) the potential of direct and inverted repeats to undergo slippage and misalignment and to form quasi-palindromes and (2) the interaction of these sequences with DNA replication and repair proteins. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM demarini.david@epamail.epa.gov NR 100 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD MAY PY 1998 VL 149 IS 1 BP 17 EP 36 PG 20 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA ZN696 UT WOS:000073672500003 PM 9584083 ER PT J AU Annable, MD Jawitz, JW Rao, PSC Dai, DP Kim, H Wood, AL AF Annable, MD Jawitz, JW Rao, PSC Dai, DP Kim, H Wood, AL TI Field evaluation of interfacial and partitioning tracers for characterization of effective NAPL-water contact areas SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MOBILE SITE; PERFORMANCE; SUBSURFACE; AQUIFER AB The use of surface-active tracers for measuring the interfacial area between nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and water was evaluated in a hydraulically isolated test cell installed in a surficial aquifer located at Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah. Interfacial tracers mere developed at the University of Florida for quantifying immiscible fluid-fluid interfaces (air-water or NAPL-water) in porous media. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) was used as the interfacial tracer to measure the effective NAPL-water interfacial area (a(Nw)), while 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol (DMP) was used as the partitioning tracer to estimate the NAPL saturation (S-N). The observed retardation of SDBS and DMP when compared to a nonreactive tracer (bromide or methanol) at eight multilevel sampling locations and one extraction well, was used to quantify the a(Nw) and S-N values averaged over the interval between the injection wells and each monitoring point. The NAPL morphology index, defined here as H-N = a(Nw)/phi S-N (phi = porosity), varied significantly within the test cell. In locations where the magnitude of H-N was large, the NAPL was assumed to be more or less uniformly spread, providing good contact with the mobile fluid, In contrast, regions with low H-N values were assumed to have NAPL that was more heterogeneously distributed as isolated patches providing poor contact with the mobile fluid. The index H-N, provided by the combined use of interfacial and partitioning tracers, has important implications for NAPL source region remediation employing in situ flushing technologies. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Annable, MD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Jawitz, James/G-5819-2013 NR 27 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 495 EP 502 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02821.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA ZM547 UT WOS:000073551100018 ER PT J AU Smith, AE Evans, MV Davidian, M AF Smith, AE Evans, MV Davidian, M TI Statistical properties of fitted estimates of apparent in vivo metabolic constants obtained from gas uptake data. I. Lipophilic and slowly metabolized VOCs SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONGITUDINAL DATA; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; CHLOROFORM; MICE; RATS; COEFFICIENTS AB Gargas et al. (1986) demonstrated that the physiologically based simulation approach could be used to obtain information about rodent in vivo metabolic kinetics from gas uptake data. This statistical approach has been widely used to estimate apparent in vivo metabolic constants for use in physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) models. Despite extensive use of this methodology and the potential importance of the resulting fitted estimates of metabolic constants to the estimation of health risk, a formal evaluation of the statistical properties of this estimation procedure as applied to gas uptake data has not been performed. This article describes results from a computer simulation study to investigate three important statistical properties of this estimation procedure: bias (whether fitted estimates on average predict the true population mean), efficiency (whether fitted estimates tend to concentrate over a narrow range), and consistency (whether filled estimates concentrate in a narrower and narrower range as sample size increases). These three statistical properties were evaluated as a function of (1) the number of experimental replicates per concentration range, (2) the choice of initial chamber concentrations, (3) the knowledge of animal-specific physiology, and (4) the conduct of experiments with a single versus multiple animals in a chamber. Carbon tetrachloride was used as a lipophilic and slowly metabolized model compound. Simulated gas uptake data were generated to reflect two major sources of variation: experimental error (2% coefficient of variation, CVI and animal-to-animal heterogeneity in physiologic and anatomic quantities (5-10% CV). Fitted estimates of metabolic constants obtained from simulated data were generally found not to exhibit significant bias. However, the physiologically based simulation approach as usually applied was found to be a relatively inefficient estimation procedure for the model compound tie., a large spread in fitted estimates of apparent in vivo metabolic constants about the true population mean). A single simulated data set consisting of triplicate gas uptake experiments at each of 4 different chamber concentrations was capable of giving fitted estimates of metabolic constants differing from the specified population mean by 50 to 100%. Simulation studies also indicated that the usual error model invoked for gas uptake data is incorrect, with the deleterious consequence of giving overly precise estimates of precision for fitted estimates of metabolic constants. Based on the simulation results, a tiered approach is proposed for design and conduct of gas uptake studies, with the objective of identifying a more efficient design for estimating metabolic constants. C1 Maine Bur Hlth, Environm Toxicol Program, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Smith, AE (reprint author), Maine Bur Hlth, Environm Toxicol Program, 157 Capitol St,SHS 11, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. EM andy.e.smith@state.me.usa NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 10 IS 5 BP 383 EP 409 PG 27 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZR976 UT WOS:000074035200001 ER PT J AU Vinegar, A Jepson, GW Overton, JH AF Vinegar, A Jepson, GW Overton, JH TI PBPK modeling of short-term (0 to 5 min) human inhalation exposures to halogenated hydrocarbons SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISOFLURANE; DESFLURANE; HALOTHANE; HCFC-123; KINETICS; RAT AB Allowable human exposure to Halons and Halon replacement chemicals is often regulated on the basis of cardiac sensitization potential. Exposure guidelines are established using dose-response data obtained from animal testing. Results from animal tests are often summarized by no-observable-adverse-effect level and lowest-observable-adverse-effect level values. This threshold approach alone does not provide the information necessary to evaluate the cardiac sensitization potential for the chemical of interest under a variety of exposure concentrations and durations. In order to provide a tool for decision makers and regulators tasked with setting exposure guidelines for Halon replacement chemicals, a quantitative approach was established that allows exposures to be assessed in terms of the chemical concentrations in blood during the exposure. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was modified to include a respiratory-tract compartment containing a dead-space region and a pulmonary exchange area. The pulmonary exchange area had its own air space, tissue, and capillary subregions. Refinement of the model to include a breath-by-breath description of respiratory-tract uptake allowed successful simulation of exhaled breath concentrations during the first minute of exposure to the anesthetics halothane, isoflurane, and desflurane. The model has been applied successfully to an actual case of accidental exposure to Halon 1211 during extinguishment of a fire in a military armored vehicle. This model ultimately will be useful in simulating various short-term exposure scenarios for better evaluation of safe use of Halon replacement chemicals. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Dayton, OH 45437 USA. USAF, Div Toxicol, Armstrong Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vinegar, A (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 31009, Dayton, OH 45437 USA. EM vinegara@falcon.al.wpafb.af.mil NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 10 IS 5 BP 411 EP 429 DI 10.1080/089583798197600 PG 19 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZR976 UT WOS:000074035200002 ER PT J AU Bourne, J AF Bourne, J TI Greater funding opportunities for small systems SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bourne, J (reprint author), US EPA, Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 16 EP 16 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZN648 UT WOS:000073667700007 ER PT J AU Bourne, J Blette, V AF Bourne, J Blette, V TI Greater funding opportunities for drinking water systems SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB With the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amendments on Aug. 6, 1996, Congress established the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), the first major authorization of federal funding to drinking water systems for the express purpose of ensuring greater public health protection and compliance with drinking water requirements. The DWSRF gives the states great freedom in allocating money for infrastructure needs and other projects and set-aside activities that enhance managerial and operational quality or promote source water protection. It is up to each state to balance funding set-aside activities with maximizing the amount of funding available to finance infrastructure improvements. The two-pronged focus of DWSRF funding reflects the amended SDWA's new emphasis on preventing contamination of drinking water supplies and improving system operations. C1 US EPA, Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bourne, J (reprint author), US EPA, Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 34 EP 39 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZN648 UT WOS:000073667700014 ER PT J AU Shanaghan, PE Kline, IP Beecher, JA Jones, RT AF Shanaghan, PE Kline, IP Beecher, JA Jones, RT TI SDWA capacity development SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The capacity development provisions of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act offer a flexible framework within which states and water systems can work together to ensure that systems acquire and maintain the technical, financial, and managerial capacity needed to consistently achieve the public health protection objectives of the act. Capacity development is related to the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) in two important ways: states may set aside funds from their DWSRF allotments to develop and implement capacity development programs, and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is required to withhold DWSRF funds from states that fail to implement the capacity development provisions. USEPA's implementation of the capacity development provisions is being guided by an unprecedented process of stakeholder consultation and involvement. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. CADMUS Grp Inc, Waltham, MA 02154 USA. Indiana Univ, Ctr Urban Policy & Environm, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. RP Shanaghan, PE (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 51 EP 59 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZN648 UT WOS:000073667700016 ER PT J AU Beecher, JA Flowers, JE Matzke, CS AF Beecher, JA Flowers, JE Matzke, CS TI Water conservation guidelines and the DWSRF SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The Safe Drinking Water Act amendments of 1996 include a short and relatively little known provision concerning water conservation planning. The provision requires the US Environmental Protection Agency to publish guidelines for conservation planning by water systems. However, use of the guidelines in conjunction with the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) or other programs is completely at the discretion of the states. For example, states can choose whether to require a conservation plan as part of a DWSRF application or award points to systems based on their completion of a plan. Although conservation planning is a voluntary provision, it has the potential to bring conservation into the mainstream of utility capital planning. Strategic use of conservation will help extend the value and life of water supply assets, while also expanding the beneficial investment of public funds through the DWSRF. C1 Indiana Univ, Ctr Urban Policy & Environm, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Beecher, JA (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Ctr Urban Policy & Environm, 342 N Senate Ave, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 60 EP 67 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZN648 UT WOS:000073667700017 ER PT J AU Beecher, JA Shanaghan, PE AF Beecher, JA Shanaghan, PE TI Water affordability and the DWSRF SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) was established under the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) to provide financial assistance to water systems that cannot afford to make improvements that would allow them to comply with regulatory standards. Disadvantaged communities are also targeted for aid under the DWSRF. But to implement the provisions of the SDWA, states must adopt affordability criteria for use in their DWSRF programs. "Affordability" is the term used to describe the ability of a water system and its customers to support the cost of compliance. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted on affordability, no simple solution has emerged. This article describes a framework for understanding the multidimensional issue of affordability. C1 Indiana Univ, Ctr Urban Policy & Environm, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Beecher, JA (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Ctr Urban Policy & Environm, 342 N Senate Ave, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 68 EP 75 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZN648 UT WOS:000073667700018 ER PT J AU Rupp, HS Turnipseed, SB Walker, CC Roybal, JE Long, AR AF Rupp, HS Turnipseed, SB Walker, CC Roybal, JE Long, AR TI Determination of ivermectin in salmon muscle tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; BOVINE-MILK; LIVER; RESIDUES; DERIVATIZATION; EXTRACTION; PLASMA; SALAR; HPLC AB A liquid chromatographic method was developed for determination of ivermectin B-1a (IVR) extracted from raw fortified and incurred Atlantic salmon muscle tissues. The method was also used to determine fortified doramectin (DOR) in Atlantic salmon. Tissue extract was applied to a C-8 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, followed by a silica SPE column. Residues in the eluate were treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and methylimidazole to dehydrate the IVR molecule and form an aromatic fluorescent moiety with a trifluoroacetic ester, This product was subsequently treated with ammonium acetate in methanol to cleave the ester and convert the functional group back to a stable alcohol form. The analytes were determined by fluorescence with excitation at 272 nm and emission at 465 nm. A C-18 Hypersil column was used for analysis with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (90 + 10, v/v) and an oven temperature of 65 degrees C, IVR and DOR were determined at 5 fortification levels (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppb). Intra-assay absolute recoveries ranged from 75 to 89% for IVR and from 73 to 85% for DOR, Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were <7% in all cases. The limit of detection (3 x baseline noise) was 0.25 ppb extracted from tissue. Incurred tissues had an average concentration of 32 ppb, with an RSD of 3%. C1 US FDA, Seattle Dist Off, Bothell, WA 98021 USA. US FDA, Anim Drugs Res Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US FDA, Atlant Ctr Nutr Anal, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. RP Rupp, HS (reprint author), US FDA, Seattle Dist Off, 22201 23rd Dr SE, Bothell, WA 98021 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 549 EP 553 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZM875 UT WOS:000073585100010 PM 9606920 ER PT J AU Kampbell, DH Vandegrift, SA AF Kampbell, DH Vandegrift, SA TI Analysis of dissolved methane, ethane, and ethylene in ground water by a standard gas chromatographic technique SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Kampbell, DH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 7 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 23 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 253 EP 256 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZM056 UT WOS:000073500300005 PM 9599433 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Wilson, JT AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Wilson, JT TI Field and laboratory evidence for intrinsic biodegradation of vinyl chloride contamination in a Fe(III)-reducing aquifer SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; AEROBIC MINERALIZATION; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; FE(III); VARIETY; ABSENCE AB Intrinsic bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes in anaerobic aquifers previously has not been considered feasible, due, in large part, to 1) the production of vinyl chloride during microbial reductive dechlorination of higher chlorinated contaminants and 2) the apparent poor biodegradability of vinyl chloride under anaerobic conditions. In this study, a combination of field geochemical analyses and laboratory radiotracer ([1,2-(14)C] vinyl chloride)experiments was utilized to assess the potential for intrinsic biodegradation of vinyl chloride contamination in an Fe(III)-reducing, anaerobic aquifer. Microcosm experiments conducted under Fe(III)-reducing conditions with material from the Fe(III)-reducing, chlorinated-ethene contaminated aquifer demonstrated significant oxidation of [1,2-(14)C] vinyl chloride to (14)CO(2) with no detectable production of ethene or other reductive dehalogenation products. Rates of degradation derived from the microcosm experiments (0.9-1.3% d(-1)) were consistent with field-estimated rates (0.03-0.2% d(-1)) of apparent vinyl chloride degradation. Field estimates of apparent vinyl chloride biodegradation were calculated using two distinct approaches; 1) a solute dispersion model and 2) a mass balance assessment. These findings demonstrate that degradation under Fe(III) reducing conditions can be an environmentally significant mechanism for intrinsic bioremediation of vinyl chloride in anaerobic ground-water systems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1-2 BP 111 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(97)00058-2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA ZQ197 UT WOS:000073832300005 ER PT J AU Lewis, DR Southwick, JW Scanlan, LP Rench, J Calderon, RL AF Lewis, DR Southwick, JW Scanlan, LP Rench, J Calderon, RL TI The feasibility of epidemiologic studies of waterborne arsenic - A mortality study in Millard County, Utah SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; DISEASE AB The current maximum contaminant level for arsenic in drinking water for the United States is 50 micrograms/liters (mu g/L). To provide support for a reevaluation of the standard, a retrospective cohort mortality study is being conducted in several Utah communities. The available literature about the health effects of arsenic leaves some questions unresolved, including whether results from non-U.S. populations are generalizable to the United States. Previous analyses have concluded that it is not possible to conduct a human health effects study of waterborne arsenic in the United States because the number of persons exposed to moderate-to-high levels of waterborne arsenic was assumed to be relatively small. This paper, however, describes a population in Utah that historically has been exposed to moderate-to-high levels of arsenic ol er a long period of time. Also, the paper discusses how many of the obstacles to a U.S. study can be overcome. The study population has good characterization of exposure to drinking-water arsenic, residential stability, a minimum number of confounding factors, documented residence history with additional information on exposure, and cause-of-death information. Exposure data are described from water quality records, water rights records, local health departments, and geologic records. Given this relatively large cohort of exposed persons and a good assessment of exposure, the authors believe that it is feasible to conduct an epidemiologic study of waterborne arsenic exposure in a U.S. population. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lewis, DR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD MAY PY 1998 VL 60 IS 9 BP 14 EP 19 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZL726 UT WOS:000073464300004 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ Gaudet, C Karr, JR Baron, JS Bohlen, C Jackson, W Jones, B Naiman, RJ Norton, B Pollock, MM AF Rapport, DJ Gaudet, C Karr, JR Baron, JS Bohlen, C Jackson, W Jones, B Naiman, RJ Norton, B Pollock, MM TI Evaluating landscape health: integrating societal goals and biophysical process SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape health; biotic integrity; societal values; indicators; ecological services ID SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; NITROGEN SATURATION; INTEGRITY; SYSTEMS; FOREST AB Evaluating landscape change requires the integration of the social and natural sciences. The social sciences contribute to articulating societal values that govern landscape change, while the natural sciences contribute to understanding the biophysical processes that are influenced by human activity and result in ecological change. Building upon Aldo Leopold's criteria for landscape health, the roles of societal values and biophysical processes in shaping the landscape are explored. A framework is developed for indicators of landscape health and integrity. Indicators of integrity are useful in measuring biological condition relative to the condition in landscapes largely unaffected by human activity, while indicators of health are useful in evaluating changes in highly modified landscapes. Integrating societal goals and biophysical processes requires identification of ecological services to be sustained within a given landscape. It also requires the proper choice of temporal and spatial scales. Societal values are based upon inter-generational concerns at regional scales (e.g. soil and ground water quality). Assessing the health and integrity of the environment at the landscape scale over a period of decades best integrates societal values with underlying biophysical processes. These principles are illustrated in two contrasting case studies: (1) the South Platte River study demonstrates the role of complex biophysical processes acting at a distance; and (2) the Kissimmee River study illustrates the critical importance of social, cultural and economic concerns in the design of remedial action plans. In both studies, however interactions between the social and the biophysical governed the landscape outcomes. The legacy of evolution and the legacy of culture requires integration for the purpose of effectively coping with environmental change. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W5, Canada. Environm Canada, Hull, PQ J8Y 3Z4, Canada. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Bates Coll, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. Land Inst, Salina, KS 67401 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Georgia Tech, Ivan Allen Coll, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. 10000 Years Inst, Seattle, WA USA. RP Rapport, DJ (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W5, Canada. RI Naiman, Robert /K-3113-2012; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 73 TC 67 Z9 124 U1 4 U2 38 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 53 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1006/jema.1998.0187 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106XM UT WOS:000075176600001 ER PT J AU Johnson, MG Meyer, PF AF Johnson, MG Meyer, PF TI Mechanical advancing handle that simplifies minirhizotron camera registration and image collection SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ROOT-GROWTH; SALINITY; SHOOT AB Minirhizotrons in conjunction with a minirhizotron video camera system are becoming widely used tools for investigating root production and survival in a variety of ecosystems. Image collection with a minirhizotron camera can be time consuming and tedious particularly when hundreds or thousands of images are collected routinely, To help us with image collection in our minirhizotron studies we developed a mechanical handle that simplifies minirhizotron camera registration and image collection. The handle is attached to the minirhizotron camera and fits inside 5 cm, internal diameter, minirhizotron tubes. The handle couples a ratchet advancing mechanism with another mechanism that locks the handle to the minirhizotron tube, ensuring proper camera and tube registration. The ratchet mechanism advances the camera one camera field of view (frame) at a time. While the handle can be used to rapidly advance the camera, it is best to pause 2 to 3 s after each advance, to allow sufficient time for the image to be recorded on video tape. At this rate, 20 to 30 frames can be recorded each minute. The camera, with handle attached, is easily moved from one minirhizotron tube to another. We conducted a simple study of handle performance and estimate that camera registration precision (a measure of relocating the camera in the same position) is >99%. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Meyers Design Shop Inc, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Johnson, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 710 EP 714 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN332 UT WOS:000073635300038 ER PT J AU Bishop, GD Church, MR Aber, JD Neilson, RP Ollinger, SV Daly, C AF Bishop, GD Church, MR Aber, JD Neilson, RP Ollinger, SV Daly, C TI A comparison of mapped estimates of long-term runoff in the northeast United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE runoff mapping; runoff modeling; water balance model; precipitation ID MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; REGIONAL RUNOFF; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; WATER YIELD; FOREST; MODEL; VEGETATION; EXCHANGE; CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB We evaluated the relative accuracy of four methods of producing maps of long-term runoff for part of the northeast United States: MAN, a manual procedure that incorporates expert opinion in contour placement; RPRIS, an automated procedure based on water balance considerations: PnET-II, a physiologically based model of carbon/water balance in forests: and MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere-Plant Soil System), a rule/process-based vegetation distribution/water balance model. Our goal was to confirm the accuracy of the modeling and mapping procedures, and to see if any improvements to the models and methods might be suggested. In our analyses, we compared contour maps derived from the four methods both qualitatively (visual inspection) and quantitatively (raster overlay and uncertainty analysis). The manual and automated (RPRIS) methods gave the best results, our analyses suggest that methods directly integrating gaged runoff data (i.e. MAN and RPRIS) provide the best results under current climatic conditions. For predicting runoff under altered conditions. e.g. climate change, the existing models studied here (i.e, PnET-II and MAPSS) hold significant promise. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, OAO Corp, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bishop, GD (reprint author), US EPA, OAO Corp, NHEERL, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014 OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431 NR 46 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 206 IS 3-4 BP 176 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00113-9 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZV433 UT WOS:000074304100003 ER PT J AU Gordon, DA Lattier, DL Silbiger, RN Torsella, J Wolff, JO Smith, MK AF Gordon, DA Lattier, DL Silbiger, RN Torsella, J Wolff, JO Smith, MK TI Determination of genetic diversity and paternity in the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) by RAPD-PCR SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Microtus canicaudus; gray-tailed voles; DNA fingerprinting; genetic similarity; RAPD-PCR; pedigree analysis ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; POPULATION-GENETICS; MARKERS; CONSERVATION; VARIABILITY AB Genetic relatedness of gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus) was determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This work is the first reported use of the RAPD method for pedigree analysis of M. canicaudus and demonstrates the feasibility of RAPD for assessing paternity and genetic similarity between inbred and outbred individuals. Amplified polymorphisms and two statistical approaches were used to evaluate genetic similarities between individual Voles. DNA profiles of wild-caught (outbred) voles were significantly less similar than were inbred voles, using two different primers (P less than or equal to 0.03 and P less than or equal to 0.003). In pedigree analyses using three unrelated males in a discrimination test, indication of paternity was based upon bands shared by the progeny and the male in question. Non-sire males produced bands that were not seen in the probable father or offspring and, conversely, bands were found in the progeny that were apparently inherited only from the probable sire. The RAPD procedure may have wide applications in identifying genetic relationships among individuals to estimate genetic heterogeneity, determine parentage, and address questions concerning gene flow and kinship in feral vole populations. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Pathol Associates Int Inc, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gordon, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 49 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 79 IS 2 BP 604 EP 611 DI 10.2307/1382990 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZP664 UT WOS:000073776100022 ER PT J AU Koustas, RN Fischer, D AF Koustas, RN Fischer, D TI Review of separation technologies for treating pesticide-contaminated soil SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Pesticide contamination results from manufacturing, improper storage, handling, or disposal of pesticides, and from agricultural processes. Since most pesticides are mixtures of different compounds, selecting a remedy for pesticide-contaminated soils can be a complicated process. The various available treatment options for remediation fall into three broad categories: containment-immobilization, separation-concentration, and destruction. This paper categorizes pesticides into waste groups based on available treatment options and provides a review of separation treatment options that have been demonstrated to-or show potential to-treat pesticide-contaminated soil. Technologies include radio frequency heating, soil washing, thermal desorption, and solvent extraction. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Koustas, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 48 IS 5 BP 434 EP 440 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZN673 UT WOS:000073670200006 ER PT J AU Field, R Borst, M O'Connor, TP Stinson, MK Fan, CY Perdek, JM Sullivan, D AF Field, R Borst, M O'Connor, TP Stinson, MK Fan, CY Perdek, JM Sullivan, D TI Urban wet-weather flow management: Research directions SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th Annual ASCE Conference of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL HOUSTON, TX SP ASCE, Water Resources Planning & Management Div ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WATER; RUNOFF; DISINFECTION; SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; IMPACTS AB This article highlights the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's wet-weather flow management and pollution control research needs and anticipated research directions for the next five years. It outlines the Risk Management Research Plan for Wet Weather Flows (Field et al. 1996), a peer-reviewed plan developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that emphasizes the risk management aspects of urban wet-weather flaw problems. The agency divided the research plan into five major areas, each discussing a specific wet weather flow question and the anticipated research approach to answering the question. Specific research projects for 1997 are cited. C1 Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab Cincinnati, US EPA, Urban Watershed Mgmt Branch, Wet Weather Flow Res Program, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Field, R (reprint author), Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab Cincinnati, US EPA, Urban Watershed Mgmt Branch, Wet Weather Flow Res Program, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 117 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 3 BP 168 EP 180 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1998)124:3(168) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZJ414 UT WOS:000073213100006 ER PT J AU Wigand, C Andersen, FO Christensen, KK Holmer, M Jensen, HS AF Wigand, C Andersen, FO Christensen, KK Holmer, M Jensen, HS TI Endomycorrhizae of isoetids along a biogeochemical gradient SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; SUBMERGED AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; ERGOSTEROL CONTENT; LOBELIA-DORTMANNA; SALT-MARSH; SEDIMENT; LAKE; ROOTS; PHOSPHORUS; PLANTS AB Endomycorrhizae of aquatic plants may be important in phosphorus uptake and carbon exchange in lakes, but the environmental controls on mycorrhizal distribution are not known. We examined biogeochemical variables that were correlated with aquatic endomycorrhizae of isoetid-type macrophytes in an oligotrophic, softwater lake. Endomycorrhizal infection was greatest in the shallow stations with high sediment redox potential and lowest in the deeper stations where there was low redox potential and high sediment organic content and porewater P levels. There was a significant (r = +0.93, P < 0.05) positive correlation between percentage of hyphal infection of the roots and a root ergosterol (a specific fungal sterol) index determined per root mass. Fungal vesicle infection was also positively correlated with the root ergosterol index, although not significantly (r = +0.76, P = 0.14). Furthermore, the root ergosterol index was significantly correlated with plant rosette density (r = +0.97, P < 0.05). An increase in rosette density of isoetids increases the number of lacunae transporting oxygen to the roots, perhaps increasing fungal infection. The root ergosterol index was also significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with sediment redox status, porewater phosphate, solid phase iron-bound P, exchangeable inorganic P, and inorganic adsorbed P. There were no significant correlations between above- or belowground biomass or porewater NH4+ with the root ergosterol index, and porewater DOC was weakly correlated (P = 0.08) with the ergosterol index. Isoetid-type plants are common in oligotrophic softwater lakes, and knowledge of environmental variables that are associated with endomycorrhizae will facilitate in management and restoration of these types of submersed vegetation. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Odense Univ, Inst Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Holmer, Marianne/M-6989-2014 OI Holmer, Marianne/0000-0002-6095-5488 NR 44 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 43 IS 3 BP 508 EP 515 PG 8 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZU612 UT WOS:000074215500014 ER PT J AU Cook, BJ AF Cook, BJ TI Politics, political leadership, and public management SO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Public administration is apolitical institution. This article elaborates on this essential fact of politics and government and explores its implications for public management. It shows how this fact leads to the central problem of administration and management. It considers the normative demands this fact places on political leaders. Finally, the article calls for a conception of public management grounded in regime politics and considers the educational requirements and leadership standard that follow from it. C1 Clark Univ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. RP Cook, BJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Off Policy Anal & Review, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PUBLIC ADMIN PI WASHINGTON PA 1120 G STREET NW SUITE 500, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3352 J9 PUBLIC ADMIN REV JI Public Adm. Rev. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.2307/976562 PG 6 WC Public Administration SC Public Administration GA ZN566 UT WOS:000073658700006 ER PT J AU Fail, PA George, JD Grizzle, TB Heindel, JJ AF Fail, PA George, JD Grizzle, TB Heindel, JJ TI Formamide and dimethylformamide: Reproductive assessment by continuous breeding in mice SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE formamide; dimethylformamide; toxicity; mice; continuous breeding protocol ID SWISS CD-1 MICE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; N-METHYLFORMAMIDE; INHALATION EXPOSURE; DOSE LEVELS; RATS; N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE; TOXICOLOGY; METABOLISM; PROTOCOL AB Reproductive toxicity in Swiss mice, during chronic exposure to formamide (FORM) or dimethylformamide (DMF), was evaluated using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding Protocols. FORM administered in drinking water at 0, 100, 350, and 750 ppm (similar to 20 to 200 mg/kg/d) reduced fertility and litter size in F-0 animals without generalized toxicity at 750 ppm FORM. Crossover matings suggested that females were the affected sex. After F-1 mating, FORM reduced F-2 litter size, increased days to litter, reduced relative ovarian weight, and lengthened estrous cycles at 750 ppm, The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level for generalized toxicity was 750 ppm for the F-0 and 350 ppm for the F-1 generation. Reproductive performance was normal at 350 ppm for both F-0 and F-1 mice. Chronic exposure to DMF in drinking water at 0, 1000, 4000, and 7000 ppm (similar to 200 to 1300 mg/kg/d) reduced fertility by the first litter at 4000 ppm, reduced body weight in F-0 females at 7000 ppm, and increased liver weights at all doses in both sexes. A crossover mating at 7000 ppm identified F-0 females as the affected sex. F-1 postnatal survival was reduced at greater than or equal to 4000 ppm DMF, F-1 mating reduced F-2 litter size and live pup weight at greater than or equal to 1000 ppm. At necropsy, body weight of F-1 males and females was reduced at greater than or equal to 4000 ppm. DMF-treated pups (both F-1 and F-2) and F-1 adults had cranial and sternebral skeletal malformations. Only DMF caused overt developmental toxicity. A No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-level for DMF was not established. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Dreyfus Lab, Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Life Sci & Toxicol, Chem & Life Sci Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Toxicol Program, Dev & Reprod Toxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Fail, PA (reprint author), Dreyfus Lab, Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Life Sci & Toxicol, Chem & Life Sci Div, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-45061, N01-ES-65141, N01-ES-45060] NR 56 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 317 EP 332 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(98)00011-2 PG 16 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA ZR507 UT WOS:000073984500010 PM 9628555 ER PT J AU Moorman, WJ Skaggs, SR Clark, JC Turner, TW Sharpnack, DD Murrell, JA Simon, SD Chapin, RE Schrader, SM AF Moorman, WJ Skaggs, SR Clark, JC Turner, TW Sharpnack, DD Murrell, JA Simon, SD Chapin, RE Schrader, SM TI Male reproductive effects of lead, including species extrapolation for the rabbit model SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; rabbit model; semen quality; blood lead ID SEMEN QUALITY; ENDOCRINE; FERTILITY; DYSFUNCTION; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; RISKS; MEN AB The effects of elevated blood lead on semen quality were evaluated in the rabbit model and compared to published effects in humans. Mature, male rabbits were given lead acetate by subcutaneous injection in the dose range of 0 to 3.85 mg/kg on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday basis. In each of eight treatment groups, a dosing regimen was developed to produce blood lead levels of 0, 20, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90, and 110 mu g/dL. A 5-week pre-exposure period was followed by a 15-week exposure testing period allowing for response through six cycles of the seminiferous epithelium, Semen analyses revealed that increased blood lead levels were associated with adverse changes in the sperm count, ejaculate volume, percent motile sperm, swimming velocities, and morphology. Hormonal responses were minimal. Testicular pathology revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of spermiation, For six measures of semen quality, threshold estimates ranged from 16 to 24 mu g/dL. Using the species extrapolation factor derived in this study, a rabbit dose would have to be divided by 1.56 to obtain the equivalent human dose for an equal percentage decrease in sperm concentration; however, rabbits are 3.75 more sensitive in terms of absolute decrease in sperm count for a given blood lead level. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Analyt Sci Inc, Durham, NC USA. Childrens Mercy Hosp, Kansas City, KS USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Moorman, WJ (reprint author), 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS C23, Cincinnati, OH 45215 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [IA YO1-ES-40266] NR 27 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 333 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(98)00010-0 PG 14 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA ZR507 UT WOS:000073984500011 PM 9628556 ER PT J AU Smolen, JM Stone, AT AF Smolen, JM Stone, AT TI Metal (hydr)oxide surface catalyzed hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorpyrifos-methyl oxon, and paraoxon SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOLID-SOLUTION INTERFACE; WATER INTERFACE; ADSORPTION; GOETHITE; MONTMORILLONITE; KAOLINITE; RATES AB This work is concerned with the susceptibility of pesticides and their transformation products to mineral-surface-catalyzed hydrolysis in soils, Experiments were performed in an aqueous medium containing pH buffer [2.0-5.0 mM acetate or 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulphonic acid (MOPS)I, 10 mM NaCl, and 0 to 25% methanol, Addition of 10 g L-1 TiO2, alpha-FeOOH, and Al2O3 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the thionate (P=S) and oxonate (P=O) forms of chlorpyrifosmethyl [O,O-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate and O,O-dimethyl-O,3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate]. Paraoxon (O,O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphate) is also subject to surface-catalyzed hydrolysis, while zinophos (O,O-diethyl O-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate) is not. The effects of pH and the identity of the metal (hydr)oxide surface are discussed in light of three possible mechanisms of catalysis: (i) metal ion coordination of the parent ester through the thionate-S or oxonate-O to enhance the electrophilicity of the P site; (ii) metal ion coordination and induced deprotonation of water to create a reactive nucleophile; and (iii) metal ion coordination of the leaving group to facilitate its exit. Because different methanol concentrations mere employed to ensure solubility, ester-to-ester comparisons must be made with caution, It is apparent, however, that surface-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions provide a unique opportunity to explore the reactivity properties of soil mineral surfaces. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, GWC Whiting Sch Engn, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Stone, AT (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, GWC Whiting Sch Engn, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Stone, Alan/A-2569-2010 OI Stone, Alan/0000-0002-3660-1129 NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 24 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 636 EP 643 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ128 UT WOS:000074698500013 ER PT J AU Koba, K Tokuchi, N Yoshioka, T Hobbie, EA Iwatsubo, G AF Koba, K Tokuchi, N Yoshioka, T Hobbie, EA Iwatsubo, G TI Natural abundance of nitrogen-15 in a forest soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID N-15 ABUNDANCE; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; PLANTS; DENITRIFICATION; GROUNDWATER; DYNAMICS; PROFILES; CYCLE AB Because of measurement difficulties, only a few studies on natural N-15 abundance (delta(15)N) of inorganic N in forest soil have been pursued despite its importance for interpretations of plant delta(15)N signatures. To investigate stable N isotope ratios in inorganic N, the delta(15)N values and concentrations of total N, NH4+-N, and NO3--N of forest mineral soils in four profiles were measured along a slope (altitude of 765-870 m) in a coniferous (Japanese red cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest in Japan. Generally, the delta(15)N values of total N, NH4+-N, and NO3--N increased with increasing soil depth. The values of delta(15)N ranged from 1.0 to 6.8 parts per thousand, 2.5 to 15.6 parts per thousand, and -14.8 to 5.6 parts per thousand for total N, NH4+-N, and NO3--N, respectively. Additionally, the delta(15)N values were different between NH4+-N and NO3--N for each soil depth. Thus, it was concluded that the assumptions about inorganic N used in interpretation of plant delta(15)N values were valid. Moreover, on upper slope sites where soil inorganic N was predominantly NH4+-N, the order of delta(15)N was generally total N > NH4+-N > NO3--N for each depth, whereas the order of delta(15)N was NH4+-N > total N > NO3--N on lower slope sites where NH4+-N was less dominant as soil inorganic N and relatively high net nitrification rates were measured. Our results suggested that nitrification plays an important role in regulating delta(15)N in forest-soil N. C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Div Environm Sci & Technol, Lab Forest Ecol, Kyoto 60601, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Inst Hydrospher Atmospher Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Kinki Univ, Fac Agr, Nara 643, Japan. RP Koba, K (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Div Environm Sci & Technol, Lab Forest Ecol, Kyoto 60601, Japan. EM kkoba@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp RI Koba, Keisuke/A-3699-2012 OI Koba, Keisuke/0000-0003-1942-9811 NR 32 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 29 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 778 EP 781 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ128 UT WOS:000074698500035 ER PT J AU Homann, PS Sollins, P Fiorella, M Thorson, T Kern, JS AF Homann, PS Sollins, P Fiorella, M Thorson, T Kern, JS TI Regional soil organic carbon storage estimates for western Oregon by multiple approaches SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; FOREST FLOOR; ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN; POOLS; CULTIVATION; CLIMATE; WORLD; MODEL; MAPS AB Soil is an important factor in regional and global C budgets because it serves as a reservoir of large amounts of organic C. In our study, we compared six approaches of estimating soil organic C (kg C m(-2), not including the surface organic horizon, hereafter called soil C) and its spatial pattern in the mountainous, largely forested western Oregon region. The approaches were (i) USDA NRCS pedons, (ii) other pedons, (iii) the State Soil Geographic Data Base (STATSGO), (iv) the United Nations Soil Map of the World, (v) the National Soil Geographic Data Base (NATSGO), and (vi) an ecosystem-complex map. Agreement between approaches varied with scale. For the entire region (10(5) km(2)), estimates of average soil C varied from 4.3 to 6.8 kg C m-2 for the 0- to 20-cm depth and from 12.1 to 16.9 kg C m(-2) for the 0 to 100-cm depth. At the subregional scale (approximate to 10(4) km(2)), all approaches indicated higher soil C in the coastal area than in the inland southern area, but relative amounts in other subregions varied among the approaches. At the subsubregional scale (approximate to 10(3) km(2)), soil C was consistent between individual STATSGO map units and NRCS pedons within those map units, hut there was less agreement with other pedons. Rigorous testing of soil-C maps requires data from pedons that are located by objective criteria, in contrast to the subjectively located pedons now available. The uncertainty associated with regional soil-C amounts and spatial patterns should be considered when soil-C maps are integrated into regional or global assessments of physical and biotic processes because simulation-model outputs may be sensitive to soil C. C1 Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll, Ctr Environm Sci, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, NRCS, Portland, OR 97204 USA. Dynam Corp, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Homann, PS (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll, Ctr Environm Sci, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. EM homann@cc.wwu.edu NR 39 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 789 EP 796 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ128 UT WOS:000074698500037 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Kern, EC Greenberg, DL AF Spiegel, RJ Kern, EC Greenberg, DL TI Demonstration of the environmental and demand-side management benefits of grid-connected photovoltaic power systems SO SOLAR ENERGY LA English DT Article AB This study investigated the pollutant emission reduction and demand-side management potential of 16 photovoltaic (PV) systems installed across the US during 1993 and 1994. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 11 electric power companies sponsored the project. This article presents results of analyses of each PV system's ability to offset power plant emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulates and to provide power during peak demand hours for the individual host buildings and peak load hours for tie utility. The analyses indicate a very broad range in the systems' abilities to offset pollutant emissions, due to variation in the solar resource available and the emission rates of the participating utilities' load following generation plants. Each system's ability to reduce building peak demand was dependent on the correlation of that load to the available solar resource. Most systems operated in excess of 50% of their capacity during building peak load hours in the summer months, but well below that level during winter peak hours. Similarly, many systems operated above 50% of their capacity during utility peak load hours in the summer months, but at a very low level during winter peak hours. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ascens Technol Inc, Lincoln Ctr, MA 01773 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-092X J9 SOL ENERGY JI Sol. Energy PD MAY PY 1998 VL 62 IS 5 BP 345 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S0038-092X(97)00120-5 PG 14 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA ZX690 UT WOS:000074544200004 ER PT J AU Migliaccio, S Bernardini, S Wetsel, WC Korach, KS Faraggiana, T Teti, A AF Migliaccio, S Bernardini, S Wetsel, WC Korach, KS Faraggiana, T Teti, A TI Protein kinase C modulates estrogen receptors in differentiated osteoblastic cells in vitro SO STEROIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XVIII Meeting of the International-Study-Group-for-Steroid-Hormones CY NOV 29-DEC 02, 1997 CL ROME, ITALY SP Int Study Grp Steroid Hormones ID RESPONSIVENESS; ACTIVATION AB Several reports have shown an interaction between the estrogen receptor (ER) and the protein kinase C (PKC) intracellular pathways. Data from our laboratory showed that PKC activation can modulate ER levels and responsiveness in estrogen target tissues such as uterus and bone. In particular, ROS.SMER #14 osteoblastic cells, stably transfected with the mouse ER, undergo specific morphological changes in vitro. ROS.SMER #14 cells at postconfluence express a differentiated phenotype and become unresponsive to estrogenic stimulation. Interestingly, ER mRNA and protein levels were not modified by post-confluence, but ER building sites/cell (2500-3000/cell at subconfluence) were undetectable. Moreover PKC activity was significantly increased in post-confluent cells. Inhibition of PKC by H7 or staurosporin in (PKC inhibitors) or down-regulation by long-term treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enchanced ER binding capacity in a dose-dependent manner. Since the PKC family includes several different isoforms that play different roles in cell homeostasis, we evaluated,whether specific isoenzymes were involved in this event. To address this question, Western blotting analysis was performed on both sub-and post-confluent ROS.SMER #14 cells using antibodies against different PKC isoforms. in conclusion, our preliminary data indicate that estrogen responsiveness of osteoblastic cells can be highly regulated by PKC. Finally, these data suggest that this intracellular interaction might play an important role in modulating hormonal and pharmacological responsiveness of bone tissue. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Histol & Med Embryol Dept, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dept Expt Med, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Univ Aquila, Dept Expt Med, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Receptor Biol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Psychiat, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Migliaccio, S (reprint author), Univ Rome La Sapienza, Histol & Med Embryol Dept, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, I-00161 Rome, Italy. OI Migliaccio, Silvia/0000-0002-4563-6630; Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X; Teti, Anna Maria/0000-0002-5887-4419 NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0039-128X J9 STEROIDS JI Steroids PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 63 IS 5-6 BP 352 EP 354 DI 10.1016/S0039-128X(98)00040-3 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA ZQ452 UT WOS:000073863500026 PM 9618801 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Richards, JH Dittrich, KL Samet, JM AF Ghio, AJ Richards, JH Dittrich, KL Samet, JM TI Metal storage and transport proteins increase after exposure of the rat lung to an air pollution particle SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; iron; ferritin; lactoferrin; transferrin ID EPITHELIAL LINING FLUID; IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BINDING-PROPERTIES; HUMAN LACTOFERRIN; CELLULAR IRON; K562 CELLS; FERRITIN; MACROPHAGES AB With the single exception of mercury, all metals in the atmosphere are associated with particles. The lungs are subsequently exposed to metals present in air pollution particles on a continuous basis. Because metal exposure can be associated with an oxidative stress, a mechanism that isolates the metal in a chemically less reactive form would be of benefit. We tested the hypothesis that the concentrations of both lactoferrin and ferritin in the rat lung increase after exposure to a metal-rich emission source air pollution particle. Using immunohistochemistry, we characterized changes in the concentrations of ferritin and lactoferrin after exposure of rats to an emission source air pollution particle. Lavage metal concentrations, measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, increased 4 hr after exposure to an oil fly ash. After exposure to this metal-rich emission source air pollution particle, ferritin concentrations in the lower respiratory tract increased. Comparable to the iron-storage protein, concentrations of both lactoferrin and transferrin were elevated after exposure. The greatest concentrations of ferritin, lactoferrin, and transferrin occurred at approximately 24 hr after exposure to the air pollution particle. Levels then decreased, and by 96 hr after instillation of the oil fly ash, ferritin, lactoferrin, and transferrin were not elevated relative to those animals exposed to saline. We conclude that, in response to an emission source air pollution particle with high concentrations of metals, there is an increase in ferritin, lactoferrin, and transferrin concentrations in the lungs of the host. The function of these increases in iron-binding proteins may be to control the oxidative stress associated with the exposure to metals. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 388 EP 394 PG 7 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA ZN733 UT WOS:000073676500013 PM 9608645 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Desai, K Elfarra, AA Sicuri, AR Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Desai, K Elfarra, AA Sicuri, AR Parker, JC TI Glutathione conjugation of perchloroethylene in rats and mice in vitro: Sex-, species-, and tissue-dependent differences SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRY-CLEANING WORKERS; BASAL-LATERAL MEMBRANE; ISOLATED KIDNEY-CELLS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BETA-LYASE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLISM; CANCER; HUMANS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE AB Perchloroethylene (Per)-induced nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity have been associated with metabolism by the glutathione (GSH) conjugation pathway to form S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG). Formation of TCVG was determined in incubations of Per and GSH with isolated renal cortical cells and hepatocytes from male and female Fischer 344 rats and with renal and hepatic cytosol and microsomes from male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. The goal was to assess the role of metabolism in the sex and species dependence of susceptibility to Per-induced toxicity. A key finding was that GSH conjugation of Per occurs in kidney as well as in liver. Although amounts of TCVG formation in isolated kidney cells and hepatocytes from male and female rats were generally similar, TCVG formation in subcellular fractions showed marked sex, species, and tissue dependence. This may be due to the presence of multiple pathways for metabolism in intact cells, whereas only the GSH conjugation pathway is active in the subcellular fractions under the present assay conditions. TCVG formation in kidney and liver subcellular fractions from both male rats and mice were invariably higher than corresponding values in female rats and mice. Amounts of TCVG formation in rat liver subcellular fractions were approximately 10-fold higher than in corresponding fractions from rat kidney. Although rats are more susceptible to Pel:-induced renal tumors than mice, amounts of TCVG formation were 7- to 10-fold higher in mouse kidney subcellular fractions and 2- to 5-fold higher in mouse liver subcellular fractions of both sexes compared to corresponding fractions from the rat. Hence, although the higher amounts of TCVG formation in liver and kidney from male rats correspond to their higher susceptibility to Pe:-induced renal tumors compared with female rats, the markedly higher amounts of TCVG formation in mice compared with rats suggest that other enzymatic or transport steps in the handling of Per in mice contribute to their relatively low susceptibility to Pel -induced renal tumors, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [K04-DK02090] NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 150 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8402 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZT328 UT WOS:000074073800006 PM 9630452 ER PT J AU Caldwell, JC Woodruff, TJ Morello-Frosch, R Axelrad, DA AF Caldwell, JC Woodruff, TJ Morello-Frosch, R Axelrad, DA TI Application of health information to hazardous air pollutants modeled in EPA's Cumulative Exposure Project SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE air pollutants; cumulative exposure; health hazard; inhalation toxicity AB Relatively little is known about the spectrum of health effects, and the scope and level of ambient air concentrations of those pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act as "hazardous air pollutants." The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Cumulative Exposure Project uses currently available emissions inventories, from a variety of (s)ource types, and an atmospheric dispersion model to provide estimates of ambient concentrations for 148 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in over 60,000 census tracts for the year 1990. The paper uses currently available hazard information for those pollutants and provides a database of potential regulatory threshold concentrations of concern, or "benchmark concentrations," and a methodology for prioritizing and characterizing the quality of the data. In order to demonstrate application of the database and prioritization scheme to outputs from the Cumulative Exposure Project, comparisons were made with the maximum modeled concentration of each individual hazardous air pollutant across the census tracts. Of the 197 benchmark concentrations for cancer and non-cancer(long- and short-term exposures) effects compiled for the study, approximately one half were exceeded with a predominance of exceedance of cancer benchmarks. While the number of benchmark concentrations available to fully characterize potential health effects of these pollutants was limited (approximately 80 percent of HAPs identified as cancer concerns had benchmark concentrations for cancer and 50 percent of all HAPs had non-cancer benchmark concentrations) and there was greater uncertainty in derivation of maximum modeled air concentrations than other levels, the comparison between the two was a useful approach for providing an indication of public health concern from hazardous air pollutants. C1 US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Hlth Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Caldwell, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Maildrop 13, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Caldwell.Jane@epamail.epa.gov OI Morello-Frosch, Rachel/0000-0003-1153-7287 NR 28 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 429 EP 454 PG 26 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZK163 UT WOS:000073291700004 PM 9569448 ER PT J AU Joyce, JF Sato, C Cardenas, R Surampalli, RY AF Joyce, JF Sato, C Cardenas, R Surampalli, RY TI Composting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in simulated municipal solid waste SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB A laboratory-scale. batch-type, in-vessel composter was charged with simulated municipal solid waste deliberately contaminated with a mixture of 3- and 4-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The extent of their biodegradation was monitored over a 2-month period (30 days of active composting and 30 days of compost curing) by use of soxhlet extraction and gas chromatography analysis. The results indicated that most of biodegradation occurred in the active composting phase and very little occurred during the curing phase of the composting process. Fluorene was too volatile for this type of bioremediation, and benz[a]anthracene was persistent in the compost throughout both phases of the experiment. Anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene showed excellent reduction in the actively composting phase, in contrast to their mercuric chloride-poisoned controls, indicating that biodegradation (nor abiotic mechanisms) was the removal process from the composting mass. C1 US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. Idaho State Univ, Coll Engn, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Polytech Univ New York, Dept Civil & Environm Hlth Engn, Brooklyn, NY USA. RP Surampalli, RY (reprint author), US EPA, POB 17-2141, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 70 IS 3 BP 356 EP 361 DI 10.2175/106143098X124993 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZN741 UT WOS:000073677300014 ER PT J AU Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Pandit, A Biswas, P Brenner, RC AF Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Pandit, A Biswas, P Brenner, RC TI Evaluation of trickle-bed air biofilter performance for styrene removal SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pilot-scale; TBAB; styrene; media; backwashing; biomass; loading; EBRT; phosphorous ID TOLUENE; BIOFILTRATION AB A pilot-scale trickle-bed air biofilter (TBAB) was evaluated for the removal of styrene from a waste gas stream. Six-millimeter (6-mm) Celite pellets (R-635) were used as the biological attachment medium. The operating parameters considered in the study included the styrene volumetric loading, the empty-bed residence time (EBRT), the frequency End duration of backwashing, and nutrient-phosphorous (nutrient-P) management as a biomass control strategy. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that high removal efficiencies could be sustained over a long period. Periodic backwashing of the biofilter with full-medium fluidization was necessary for removing excess biomass and attaining stable, longterm high removal efficiencies. Styrene removal efficiencies in the 99% + level were achieved for volumetric loading rates up to 2.93 kg COD/m(3).day and a 1-min EBRT. With a COD volumetric loading rate of 4.26 kg COD/m(3).day and a 0.67-min EBRT, removal efficiencies in the 97-99% level were achieved. Evaluations of pseudo steady-state performance data, 1 day following backwashing, yielded first order removal rate constants that were dependent on EBRT. Nutrient-phosphorus (nutrient-P) limitations Failed to provide a strategy for biomass control while at the same time maintaining acceptable performance. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 25 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1593 EP 1603 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00355-2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA ZP855 UT WOS:000073795400028 ER PT J AU Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB Gifford, EM AF Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB Gifford, EM TI Interactions between chlorinated dioxins and a positively charged molecular probe: New molecular interaction potential SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE molecular interaction potential; molecular electrostatic potential; dibenzo-p-dioxin; induced molecular dipole moments; pi-charge interaction ID LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; CATION-PI INTERACTIONS; ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIALS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PROTEINS AB Interaction with the Ligand binding domain of receptors for natural chemicals present one potential mechanism for the biological effects of environmental chemicals. Evidence suggests that the electrostatic interaction between the ligand and the receptor is an important component for binding to some of the relevant receptors. The presence of charged residues near the binding site suggests that the charge distribution of the free ligand may be different from the charge distribution of the ligand as it approaches the binding domain of the protein. Ln this study a new type of potential is computed for a series of dibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) ligands. This quantum mechanically computed potential results from interaction between the ligand and a trimethyl ammonium probe at a set of grid points. This interaction potential is compared with the molecular electrostatic potential computed from the wave function of the isolated ligands. Three types of local minima are found: (1) above the oxygen; (2) above the conjugated ring; and (3) above the chlorine(s). The molecular electrostatic potential emphasizes the minima associated with the chlorine atoms and, in that potential, the minima associated with the oxygen atoms disappear with chlorination. In the new potential, the minima over the oxygen atoms are maintained even in tetrachlorodioxin. As chlorination is increased the differences between the two potentials increases. The new potential shows the influence of the pi-cation interaction, which is largest when there is little substitution on the ring. The presence of the probe induces a dipole component of 1 debye perpendicular to the plane of the Ligand. Local minima in the interaction potential are then used as starting structures for the determination of the most stable Ligand-probe complexes. The most stable structures are obtained from the minima associated with the oxygen atoms. These structures are stabilized by a hydrogen bond formation between the probe and the oxygen and the molec;le is bent by 30 degrees about the O-O axis. For this series of molecules, the new potential retains some of the features that determine the hydrogen bond whereas the molecular electrostatic potential does not. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rabinowitz, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rabinowitz.james@epamail.epa.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0192-8651 J9 J COMPUT CHEM JI J. Comput. Chem. PD APR 30 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 6 BP 673 EP 684 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(19980430)19:6<673::AID-JCC8>3.0.CO;2-O PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZF767 UT WOS:000072931100008 ER PT J AU Thomas, DJ AF Thomas, DJ TI Arsenicals inhibit purified mouse liver thioredoxin reductase. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27514 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 24 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 8 SU S MA 942 BP A1473 EP A1473 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 260QN UT WOS:000083961501096 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Mack, CM AF Gilbert, ME Mack, CM TI Chronic lead exposure accelerates decay of long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus in vivo SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; long-term potentiation; LTP decay; lead (Pb); in vivo; hippocampus; rat; neurotoxicity; learning and memory ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; AXOSPINOUS SYNAPSES; PERFORANT PATH; HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE; FIELD POTENTIALS; NMDA RECEPTOR; INDUCTION; MAINTENANCE; ACTIVATION; NEURONS AB Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a model of synaptic plasticity believed to encompass the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that support memory function. Chronic developmental lead (Pb) exposure is known to be associated with cognitive dysfunction in children and animals. Disruption of the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) has been reported in the hippocampus following chronic exposure to environmentally relevant levels of Pb in rats. Under urethane anesthesia, we have previously observed Ph-induced increases in the threshold for LTP induction. With higher train intensities, LTP was induced and no declines in the amplitude of responses within a 60-min posttrain period were evident. The present study was designed to assess the effects of Pb on the more enduring forms of LTP in the dentate gyrus of the conscious rat. Beginning in the late gestational period, rats were chronically exposed to 0.2% Pb2+-acetate through the drinking water of the pregnant dam, and directly through their own water supply at weaning. As adults, electrodes were permanently implanted in male offspring and field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded from the dentate gyrus over several weeks. LTP was induced by delivering theta-burst patterned stimulation at a maximal stimulus intensity through the perforant path electrode, and input/output (I/O) functions were monitored for 1 month. Population spike (PS) amplitude was increased maximally 1 h after train delivery. The time constant of decay (tau) calculated from pooled data for each group yielded declines in PS amplitude by 63% in 17.4 days in controls and 13.4 days in Pb-exposed animals. Quantitative estimates of decay in individual animals were achieved in two ways: (1) by calculating difference scores in I/O functions from the maximal LTP at 1 h, and (2) by interpolating day to decay by 63% from declines from maximal LTP. The interpolated values were used to compare the incidence of animals showing decay of 63% within 1 week posttrain, Both analyses revealed a more accelerated rate of decay of LTP in animals developmentally exposed to Pb relative to controls. Endurance of potentiated responses for days to weeks is believed to be supported by structural modifications and synaptic growth. The reported effects of Pb on growth-related processes may thus contribute to a reduced persistence of LTP and the resulting cognitive deficits engendered by developmental ph exposure. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilbert.mary@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06253] NR 53 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD APR 6 PY 1998 VL 789 IS 1 BP 139 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01517-5 PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZL056 UT WOS:000073394400017 PM 9602098 ER PT J AU Manoleli, DG Klemm, DJ Sarbu, SM AF Manoleli, DG Klemm, DJ Sarbu, SM TI Haemopis caeca (Annelida : Hirudinea : Arhynchobdellida : Haemopidae), a new species of troglobitic leech from a chemoautotrophically based groundwater ecosystem in Romania SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID SULFUROUS CAVE AB A new species of leech, Haemopis caeca, is described from a unique chemoautotrophically based groundwater ecosystem, in southern Dobruja, Romania, containing thermomineral H2S rich water. Fifty invertebrate species have been identified from the cave, 33 of which are endemic species. Haemopis caeca is the second species in the genus recorded from Europe, and the other Palearctic Region is H. sanguisuga. Haemopis caeca, a cave adapted species, was observed exhibiting macrophagous feeding on the earthworm, Allolobophora sp., an undescribed species. C1 Univ Bucharest, Dept Ecol, Bucharest 76201, Romania. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Ecosyst Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci ML6, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Manoleli, DG (reprint author), Univ Bucharest, Dept Ecol, 91-95,Splaiul Independent Ei, Bucharest 76201, Romania. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD APR 6 PY 1998 VL 111 IS 1 BP 222 EP 229 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA ZG953 UT WOS:000073056600019 ER PT J AU Akim, LG Bailey, GW AF Akim, LG Bailey, GW TI Modeling the sorption energetics of organic pollutants on mineral and organo-mineral surfaces: A computational chemistry approach. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 043-ENVR BP U580 EP U580 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414401860 ER PT J AU Jensen, JK Costello, K Rudolph, K AF Jensen, JK Costello, K Rudolph, K TI Pesticide disposal in developing countries: An international training course to manage risks from obsolete pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 081-AGRO BP U48 EP U48 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400155 ER PT J AU Johnson, S Bailey, JE AF Johnson, S Bailey, JE TI Food Quality Protection Act: Changes to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act; The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and impacts of the changes to pesticide regulatory decisions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 024-AGRO BP U31 EP U32 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400099 ER PT J AU LaFever, MS Shiau, BJ Puls, RW Kerr, RS AF LaFever, MS Shiau, BJ Puls, RW Kerr, RS TI Reduction of inorganic contaminants using elemental iron or organic reductions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, RS Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 049-ENVR BP U582 EP U582 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414401866 ER PT J AU Marlow, DA AF Marlow, DA TI Opportunities for agrochemical laboratories. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biol & Econ Anal Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 098-AGRO BP U53 EP U53 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400172 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW AF Nichols, JW TI Recent advances in the development and use of physiologically based toxicokinetic models for fish. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 101-AGRO BP U54 EP U54 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400175 ER PT J AU Shiau, BJ LaFever, MS Puls, RW Tollett, JA AF Shiau, BJ LaFever, MS Puls, RW Tollett, JA TI Chemical enhanced replenishment of elemental iron for in situ reactive barriers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 002-ENVR BP U569 EP U569 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414401819 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Hitchens, L Jiang, JS Giroux, EL AF Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Hitchens, L Jiang, JS Giroux, EL TI Separation of volatile organic compounds from surfactant solutions by pervaporation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 062-IEC BP U672 EP U672 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414402138 ER PT J AU Williamson, TC Anastas, PT AF Williamson, TC Anastas, PT TI The presidential green chemistry challenge. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 026-ENVR BP U576 EP U576 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414401843 ER PT J AU Ye, MY Shen, Y West, C AF Ye, MY Shen, Y West, C TI HPLC analysis of polyamines as their benzoylated derivatives in cultured hela cells. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, RSKL, Natl Res Council, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 059-ANYL BP U77 EP U77 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400243 ER PT J AU Yeh, SL Wood, AL Vane, LM AF Yeh, SL Wood, AL Vane, LM TI Integrated demonstration of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) with surfactant regeneration and reuse. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Facil Engn Serv Ctr, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 059-IEC BP U671 EP U671 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414402135 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, LE Biagini, RE Ward, EM Hull, RD Deddens, JA Boeniger, MF Schnorr, TM MacKenzie, BA Luster, MI AF Pinkerton, LE Biagini, RE Ward, EM Hull, RD Deddens, JA Boeniger, MF Schnorr, TM MacKenzie, BA Luster, MI TI Immunologic findings among lead-exposed workers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE lead; immune system; CD4+ T lymphocyte; immunoglobulins ID CELLULAR IMMUNE FUNCTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; HEALTH AB A comprehensive panel of immune parameters was evaluated among 145 lead-exposed workers with a median blood lead level (BLL) of 39 mu g/dL (range: 15-55 mu g/dL) and 84 unexposed workers. After adjusting for covariates, we found no major differences in the percentage of CD3+ cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, or NK cells between lead-exposed and unexposed workers, although the association between lead exposure and the number of CD4+ T cells was modified by age. We also found no differences between exposed and unexposed workers in serum immunoglobulin levels, salivary IgA, C3 complement levels, or lymphoproliferative responses. However among exposed workers, the percentage and number of B cells were positively associated with current BLL, serum IgG was negatively associated with cumulative lead exposure, and the percentage and number of CD4+/CD45RA+ cells were positively associated with cumulative lead exposure. We found no evidence of a marked immunotoxic effect of lead at the exposure levels studied, although some subtle differences in immunologic parameters were noted. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Pinkerton, LE (reprint author), 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD APR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 400 EP 408 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199804)33:4<400::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YZ546 UT WOS:000072264900011 PM 9513648 ER PT J AU Breidenich, C Magraw, D Rowley, A Rubin, JW AF Breidenich, C Magraw, D Rowley, A Rubin, JW TI The Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Breidenich, C (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER SOC INT LAW PI WASHINGTON PA 2223 MASSACHUSETTS AVE N W, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-2864 USA SN 0002-9300 J9 AM J INT LAW JI Am. J. Int. Law PD APR PY 1998 VL 92 IS 2 BP 315 EP 331 DI 10.2307/2998044 PG 17 WC International Relations; Law SC International Relations; Government & Law GA ZH631 UT WOS:000073131000007 ER PT J AU Beckett, DC Lewis, PA Green, JH AF Beckett, DC Lewis, PA Green, JH TI Where have all the Crangonyx gone? The disappearance of the amphipod Crangonyx pseudogracilis, and subsequent appearance of Gammarus nr. fasciatus, in the Ohio River SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Sampling conducted by personnel of two separate laboratories of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency showed a single amphipod species, Crangonyx pseudogracilis, present in the Ohio River before the early 1970s. Subsequent sampling by personnel of both laboratories, along with invertebrate collections made by the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources and the first author of this paper showed that this species disappeared from the river in approximately 1973. Another amphipod species, Gammarus nr. fasciatus, invaded the Ohio River in 1973. Gammarus nr. fesciatus spread rapidly throughout the Ohio River, and is now one of its most common macroinvertebrate species. Although the evidence is circumstantial, it seems likely that the elimination of C. pseudogracilis from the Ohio River was caused by the damming of the river, especially the use of high-lift dams, completed from 1936 through the present. Experimental evidence indicates that the existing amphipod, G. nr. fasciatus, has a proclivity for slow-water conditions, which have been favored by the installation of the high-lift darns. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. US EPA, Environm Monitoring Syst Lab, Ecol Monitoring Res Div, Bioassessment & Ecotoxicol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Wheeling, WV 26003 USA. RP Beckett, DC (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 1998 VL 139 IS 2 BP 201 EP 209 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0201:WHATCG]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN556 UT WOS:000073657700002 ER PT J AU Evans, O AF Evans, O TI High-performance liquid chromatography of selected organic peroxides with oxidative amperometric detection SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE organic peroxides; hydroperoxides; hydrodynamic voltammograms; oxidative amperometric detection; reversed-phase liquid chromatography; glassy carbon sensor ID ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; DRINKING-WATER; HYDROPEROXIDES; DETOXIFICATION; ACETONITRILE; PRODUCTS; WASTES AB Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with oxidative amperometric detection was optimized for the determination of several organic peroxides in drinking mater under ideal conditions. The determinations were performed under isocratic conditions using acetonitrile and methanol as the organic modifiers with 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer solution. The oxidative amperometric response of the organic peroxides was dependent on the concentration of organic modifier and the electrode potential. The optimum electrode potential (E-APP(Ox)), for the simultaneous determination of the organic peroxides was approximately +1.150 +/- 0.05 V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode, The maximum analytical signal for butan-2-one peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, when using acetonitrile, was obtained with 20% v/v organic modifier. For cumene hydroperoxide, the maximum analytical signal was achieved with approximately 35% v/v acetonitrile, The retention time of cumene hydroperoxide, on an octyldecylsilane column (250 X 4 mm id), decreased sharply from >100 to <10 min when the organic modifier concentration was varied from 5 to 50% v/v. The retention time of butan-2-one and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, under the same conditions, varied by <10 min. The calibration curves for the aliphatic peroxides and aromatic peroxide were linear from 2 to 200 ng and from 0.2 to 200 ng injected, respectively. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab Cincinnati, Human Exposure Res Div, Chem Exposure Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Evans, O (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab Cincinnati, Human Exposure Res Div, Chem Exposure Res Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD APR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 4 BP 705 EP 710 DI 10.1039/a706616c PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZK143 UT WOS:000073289700032 PM 9684404 ER PT J AU Selifonov, SA Chapman, PJ Akkerman, SB Gurst, JE Bortiatynski, JM Nanny, MA Hatcher, PG AF Selifonov, SA Chapman, PJ Akkerman, SB Gurst, JE Bortiatynski, JM Nanny, MA Hatcher, PG TI Use of C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance to assess fossil fuel biodegradation: Fate of [1-C-13]acenaphthene in creosote polycyclic aromatic compound mixtures degraded by bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBONS; ACENAPHTHENE; OXIDATION; FLUORENE AB [1-C-13]acenaphthene, a tracer compound with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-active nucleus at the C-1 position, has been employed in conjunction with a standard broad-band-decoupled C-13-NMR spectroscopy technique to study the biodegradation of acenaphthene by various bacterial cultures degrading aromatic hydrocarbons of creosote, Site-specific labeling at the benzylic position of acenaphthene allows C-13-NMR detection of chemical changes due to initial oxidations catalyzed by bacterial enzymes of aromatic hydrocarbon catabolism. Biodegradation of [1-C-13]acenaphthene in the presence of naphthalene or creosote polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) was examined with an undefined mixed bacterial culture (established by enrichment on creosote PACs) and with isolates of individual naphthalene-and phenanthrene-degrading strains from this culture, From C-13-NMR spectra of extractable materials obtained in time course biodegradation experiments under optimized conditions, a number of signals were assigned to accumulated products such as 1-acenaphthenol, 1-acenaphthenone, acenaphthene-1,2-diol and naphthalene 1,8-dicarboxylic acid, formed by benzylic oxidation of acenaphthene and subsequent reactions, Limited degradation of acenaphthene could be attributed to its oxidation by naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase or related dioxygenases, indicative of certain limitations of the undefined mixed culture with respect to acenaphthene catabolism. Coinoculation of the mixed culture with cells of acenaphthene-grown strain Pseudomonas sp, strain A2279 mitigated the accumulation of partial transformation products and resulted in more complete degradation of acenaphthene, This study demonstrates the value of the stable isotope labeling approach and its ability to reveal incomplete mineralization even when as little as 2 to 3% of the substrate is incompletely oxidized, yielding products of partial transformation, The approach outlined may prove useful in assessing bioremediation performance. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, Gortner Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Adv Studies Biol Proc Technol, Gortner Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ W Florida, Dept Chem, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. Penn State Univ, Fuel Sci Program, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Selifonov, SA (reprint author), Maxygen Inc, 3140 Cent Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1447 EP 1453 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZF412 UT WOS:000072894900044 PM 9546181 ER PT J AU Holmer, M Jensen, HS Christensen, KK Wigand, C Andersen, FO AF Holmer, M Jensen, HS Christensen, KK Wigand, C Andersen, FO TI Sulfate reduction in lake sediments inhabited by the isoetid macrophytes Littorella uniflora and Isoetes lacustris SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE freshwater; sulfate reduction; sulfur pools; dissolved organic carbon; submerged macrophytes ID COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; IRON; SULFUR; DENMARK; OXYGEN; WATER; ROOTS; RADIOTRACER; LIMITATION AB Sulfur cycling was examined in sediments inhabited with the isoetids Littorella uniflora a and Isoetes lacustris in the oligotrophic soft-water Lake Kalgaard, Denmark. Based on short-term tracer incubations sulfate reduction was measured along a transect from the short (0.6 m) to profundal sediments (4.6 m). The sulfate reduction rates were low (0.008-0.8 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) in the sandy shallow sediments with low organic content (<1.3 mmol C g(-1) sed DW) and high redox potentials (> 100 mV), whereas sulfate reduction was higher at the deeper sites (2.7-4.6 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) with high organic content (max. 11.5 mmol C g(-1) sed DW) and lower redox potentials (< 100 mV). High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were found in the low particulate organic sediments (up to 18.4 mM); and most of the DOC pool consisted of acetate (40-77%). Reoxidation of sulfides due to root oxygen release was probably important at all sites and a positive afflux of sulfate across the sediment-water interface was measured, attaining rates (up to 4.8 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) similar to the sulfate reduction rates. Reoxidation of sulfides was also manifested by high fraction (> 80%) of reduced sulfides bring accumulated as elemental sulfur or pyrite (chromium reducible sulfur, CRS). The largest pools of CRS were found in high organic sediment with vertical distributions resembling those of the sulfate reduction rates. The overall effect of isoetid growth on sulfur cycling in the rhizosphere is a suppression of sulfate reduction in low organic sediments and the governing of sulfide reoxidation in sediments with higher organic content. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Odense Univ, Inst Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. RP Holmer, M (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM holmer@biology.ou.dk RI Holmer, Marianne/M-6989-2014 OI Holmer, Marianne/0000-0002-6095-5488 NR 45 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD APR PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 307 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00051-5 PG 18 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZT899 UT WOS:000074139200002 ER PT J AU Shen, Y AF Shen, Y TI In vitro cytotoxicity of BTEX metabolites in Hela cells SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE TOXICITY; POLYAMINES; TOLUENE; GASOLINE; BENZENE; FISH AB Fuel leakage from underground storage tanks is a major source of groundwater contamination. Although the toxicity of regulated compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are well recognized, the cytotoxicity of their metabolites has not been studied extensively. In this study, Hela cells, propagated at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2-95% air, served as a target for evaluation of cytotoxicity of BTEX metabolites 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid. The cells were exposed to different concentrations of the metabolites, which subsequently showed inhibition of cell growth and produced dose-related decreases in cell viability and cell protein content. The BTEX metabolites affected the levels of the polyamines spermidine, spermine, and putrescine, which are known to be important in cell proliferation. The cytotoxic effects for these BTEX metabolites to Hela cells were 3-methylcatechol > 4-methylcatechol > 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid > 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Shen, Y (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 229 EP 234 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZB638 UT WOS:000072492600003 PM 9504968 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Lamberson, JO Swartz, RC Ozretich, R Cole, F AF Boese, BL Lamberson, JO Swartz, RC Ozretich, R Cole, F TI Photoinduced toxicity of PAHs and alkylated PAHs to a marine infaunal amphipod (Rhepoxynius abronius) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; SEDIMENTS; FLUORANTHENE; LIGHT; MODEL AB The marine infaunal amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius was exposed in standard 10-day toxicity tests to sediments contaminated with parent or alkylated PAHs. After exposures, mortalities (LC50 values) and the ability to rebury in control sediment (EC50 values) were determined. Survivors of these initial toxicity tests were then exposed to UV radiation in an environmental growth chamber for 1 h. The differences be tween EC50 values before and after UV exposure were used to assess the phototoxicity of the bioaccumulated contaminants. Contaminants with HOMO-LUMO gap energies between 7.2 and 7.7 eV produced up to an order-of-magnitude increase in toxicity with UV exposure. The strength of phototoxic responses within this HOMO-LUMO gap range varied with contaminants such that compounds with the lowest water solubilities appeared to be relatively less phototoxic. This suggests that these compounds were not taken up in sufficient quantities to produce a strong phototoxic response and points out the need to measure tissue residues in phototoxicity experiments. In general, these results support the HOMO-LUMO gap model of photoinduced toxicity. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 235 EP 240 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZB638 UT WOS:000072492600004 ER PT J AU Labuhn, K Valanis, B Schoeny, R Loveday, K Vollmer, WM AF Labuhn, K Valanis, B Schoeny, R Loveday, K Vollmer, WM TI Nurses' and pharmacists' exposure to antineoplastic drugs: Findings from industrial hygiene scans and urine mutagenicity tests SO CANCER NURSING LA English DT Article DE antineoplastic drugs; industrial hygiene; occupational exposures; mutagenesis ID HANDLING CYTOSTATIC DRUGS; CYTO-TOXIC DRUGS; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; AGENTS; PERSONNEL; CARCINOGENS; MARKERS; ASSAYS AB Data from 83 nurses and pharmacists handling antineoplastic drugs and 35 nurse/pharmacist controls who participated in a national study of antineoplastic drug-handling risks were examined to investigate antineoplastic drug exposure. Measures of external exposure included self-completion drug logs and industrial hygiene scans conducted in clinical settings. Internal exposure was measured by urine mutagenicity tests on end-of-week 24-hour urine specimens. To control for potential confounders, the staff was asked to complete food and hobby diaries and to avoid identified mutagenic substances for 1 week before collection of 24-hour urine samples. On the scans of the drug handlers, 13% showed one or more spots of drug contamination on gloved and ungloved hands, gowns, or shoes. Of the 24-hour urine samples, 15% were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium: Rates did not differ significantly for drug handlers and controls. Among nurses who both prepared and administered antineoplastics, those with positive mutagenicity tests handled more doses of the drugs, used less skin protection, and had more skin contact with the drugs than those with negative tests. Nurses who only administered the drugs and had positive mutagenicity tests handled fewer doses of drugs than those with negative tests, but they also reported less use of protection and more skin contact. For both groups of nurses, skin contact with antineoplastics was associated with positive mutagenicity test results (p < 0.01). C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Nursing, Detroit, MI USA. Kaiser Permanente Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Creat Biomol, Hopkinton, MA USA. RP Valanis, B (reprint author), Ctr Hlth Sci, 3800 N Kaiser Ctr Dr, Portland, OR 97227 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA 47727] NR 50 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0162-220X J9 CANCER NURS JI Cancer Nurs. PD APR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1097/00002820-199804000-00001 PG 11 WC Oncology; Nursing SC Oncology; Nursing GA ZE791 UT WOS:000072831300001 PM 9556934 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB Yeowell-O'Connell, K Waidyanatha, S McDonald, TA Golding, BT Rappaport, SM AF Lindstrom, AB Yeowell-O'Connell, K Waidyanatha, S McDonald, TA Golding, BT Rappaport, SM TI Formation of hemoglobin and albumin adducts of benzene oxide in mouse, rat, and human blood SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID S-PHENYLCYSTEINE; GENETIC TOXICITY; SERUM-ALBUMIN; METABOLITES; HYDROQUINONE; BENZOQUINONE; EXPOSURE; MICE; GENOTOXICITY; ERYTHROCYTES AB Little is known about the formation and disposition of benzene oxide (BO), the initial metabolite arising from oxidation of benzene by cytochrome P450. In this study, reactions of BO with hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb) were investigated in blood from B6C3F(1) mice, F344 rats, and humans in vitro. The estimated half-lives of BO in blood were 6.6 min (mice), 7.9 min (rats), and 7.2 min (humans). The following second-order rate constants were estimated for reactions between BO and cysteinyl residues of Hb and Alb [in units of L (g of Hb- or Alb-h)(-1)]: mouse Hb = 1.16 x 10(-4), rat Hb = 15.4 x 10(-4), human Hb = 0.177 x 10(-4), mouse Alb = 2.68 x 10(-4), rat Alb = 4.96 x 10(-4), and human Alb = 5.19 x 10(-4). These rate constants were used with BO-adduct measurements to assess the systemic doses of BO arising from benzene in vivo in published animal and human studies. Among rats receiving a single gavage dose of 400 mg of benzene/kg of body weight, the BO dose of 2.62 x 10(3) nM BO-h, predicted from Alb adducts, was quite similar to the reported AUC(0-infinity) = 1.09 x 10(3) nM BO-h of BO in blood. Interestingly, assays of Hb adducts in the same rats predicted a much higher dose of 14.7 x 10(3) nM BO-h, suggesting possible in situ generation of adducts within the erythrocyte. Doses of BO predicted from Alb adducts were similar in workers exposed to benzene [13.3 nM BO-h (mg of benzene/kg of body weight)(-1)] and in rats following a single gavage dose of benzene [8.42 nM BO-h (mg of benzene/kg of body weight)(-1)]. Additional experiments indicated that crude isolates of Hb and Alb had significantly higher levels of BO adducts than dialyzed proteins, suggesting that conjugates of low-molecular-weight species were abundant in these isolates. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Assessment Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Chem, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Rappaport, SM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES05948] NR 53 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 302 EP 310 DI 10.1021/tx9701788 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA ZK022 UT WOS:000073277100008 PM 9548800 ER EF