FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Kusel, K Karnholz, A Trinkwalter, T Devereux, R Acker, G Drake, HL AF Kusel, K Karnholz, A Trinkwalter, T Devereux, R Acker, G Drake, HL TI Physiological ecology of Clostridium glycolicum RD-1, an aerotolerant acetogen isolated from sea grass roots SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SP-NOV; SULFATE REDUCTION; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; RENATURATION RATES; ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; HIGHER TERMITES; ZOSTERA-MARINA; FOREST SOILS AB An anaerobic, H-2-utilizing bacterium, strain RD-1, was isolated from the highest growth-positive dilution series of a root homogenate prepared from the sea grass Halodule wrightii. Cells of RD-1 were gram-positive, spore-forming, motile rods that were linked by connecting filaments. Acetate was produced in stoichiometries indicative of an acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway-dependent metabolism when RD-1 utilized H-2-CO2, formate, lactate, or pyruvate. Growth on sugars or ethylene glycol yielded acetate and ethanol as end products. RD-1 grew at the expense of glucose in the presence of low initial concentrations (up to 6% [vol/vol]) of O-2 in the headspace of static, horizontally incubated culture tubes; the concentration of O-2 decreased during growth in such cultures. Peroxidase, NADH oxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells grown in the presence of O-2. In comparison to cultures incubated under strictly anoxic conditions, acetate production decreased, higher amounts of ethanol were produced, and lactate and H-2 became significant end products when RD-1 was grown on glucose in the presence of O-2. Similarly, when RD-1 was grown on fructose in the presence of elevated salt concentrations, lower amounts of acetate and higher amounts of ethanol and HZ were produced. When the concentration of O-2 in the headspace exceeded 1% (vol/vol), supplemental H-2 was not utilized. The 16S rRNA gene of RD-1 had a 99.7% sequence similarity to that of Clostridium glycolicum DSM 1288(T), an organism characterized as a fermentative anaerobe. Comparative experiments with C. glycolicum DSM 1288(T) demonstrated that it had negligible H-2- and formate-utilizing capacities. However, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase was detected in both RD-I and C. glycolicum DSM 1288(T). A 91.4% DNA-DNA hybridization between the genomic DNA of RD-1 and that of C. glycolicum DSM 1288(T) confirmed that RD-I was a strain of C. glycolicum. These results indicate that (i) RD-I metabolizes certain substrates via the acetyl-CoA pathway, (ii) RD-1 can tolerate and consume limited amounts of O-2, (iii) oxic conditions favor the production of ethanol, lactate, and H-2 by RD-1, and (iv) the ability of RD-1 to cope with limited amounts of O-2 might contribute to its survival in a habitat subject to daily gradients of photosynthesis-derived O-2. C1 Univ Bayreuth, BITOEK, Dept Ecol Microbiol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Bayreuth, Electron Microscopy Lab, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Kusel, K (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, BITOEK, Dept Ecol Microbiol, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. NR 61 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 67 IS 10 BP 4734 EP 4741 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.10.4734-4741.2001 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 476PJ UT WOS:000171237700045 PM 11571179 ER PT J AU Donegan, KK Watrud, LS Seidler, RJ Maggard, SP Shiroyama, T Porteous, LA DiGiovanni, G AF Donegan, KK Watrud, LS Seidler, RJ Maggard, SP Shiroyama, T Porteous, LA DiGiovanni, G TI Soil and litter organisms in Pacific northwest forests under different management practices SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest management; clearcutting; soil biology; soil ecology ID PINE FOREST; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; WESTERN OREGON; CLEAR-CUT; DIVERSITY; PLANT; POPULATIONS; RHIZOSPHERE; BACTERIA AB Soil and litter organisms are important indicators of stress and disturbance to forest ecosystems. In this study, soil and litter organisms were monitored for their response to different forest management practices. Litter and soil cores (0-10, 10-20 cm) were collected at approximately 8 week intervals over a 19 month period from a low elevation 110-140-year-old Douglas-fir forest and adjacent 8-year-old clearcut and from a high elevation 200-250-year-old Douglas-fir forest and adjacent 5-year-old clearcut. The low elevation clearcut had been broadcast burned and replanted with Douglas-fir trees and a grass-legume mixture whereas the high elevation clearcut was not burned, large woody debris was left, and it was replanted with Douglas-fir, Noble-fir, Grand-fir, and western white pine. The litter and soil cores were analyzed for types of microarthropods and numbers of nematodes, fungi, culturable, aerobic bacteria, spore-forming bacteria, and chitin-degrading bacteria. Microbial community metabolic profiles, using the Biolog (TM) method, were also generated for the 0-10 cm soil samples. Populations of Pseudomonas spp. were analyzed in the litter and soil samples using 16S rDNA fingerprints. Plant surveys were conducted to identify potential relationships of soil organisms to plant community composition. At both elevational field sites, there were significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of nematodes and microarthropods in litter and soil in forest plots than in clearcut plots. Bacterial and fungal populations were also significantly higher in litter in forest plots than in clearcut plots at the high elevation site. In the litter and soil at the low elevation site and the soil at the high elevation site, however, microbial levels were higher in clearcut plots than in forest plots. The Pseudomonas spp. populations and the microbial community metabolic profiles in the 0-10 cm soil differed significantly between the forest and clearcut plots at the low elevation site but not at the high elevation site. At both elevational field sites, the plant cover (%) and plant density were significantly higher in clearcut plots than in forest plots. These observed differences in the population size and composition of organisms between mature forests and both low management and high management clearcuts demonstrated the impacts forest management practices may have on the soil ecosystem. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Dynamac Corp, NHEERL, WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. CNR, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Donegan, KK (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, NHEERL, WED, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 57 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 159 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00155-X PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 471VD UT WOS:000170948600005 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK McRae, DS Odman, MT AF Srivastava, RK McRae, DS Odman, MT TI Simulation of dispersion of a power plant plume using an adaptive grid algorithm SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE grid adaptation; plume dispersion; simulation of point source emissions; air quality modeling; simulation of reacting flow ID TRANSPORT; FLOW AB A new dynamic adaptive grid algorithm has been developed for use in air quality modeling. This algorithm uses a higher order numerical scheme-the piecewise parabolic method (PPM)-for computing advective solution fields; a weight function capable of promoting grid node clustering by moving grid nodes; and a conservative interpolation equation using PPM for redistributing the solution field after movement of grid nodes. Applications of the algorithm to a model problem, in which emissions from a point source disperse through the atmosphere in time, reflect that the algorithm is able to capture not only the regional ozone plume distribution, but also the small-scale plume structure near the source. In contrast, the small-scale plume structure was not captured in the corresponding static grid solution. Performance achieved in model problem simulations indicates that the algorithm has the potential to provide accurate air quality modeling solutions at costs that may be significantly less than those incurred in obtaining equivalent static grid solutions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Srivastava, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-65,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM srivastava.ravi@epa.gov RI Odman, Mehmet/L-6218-2013 OI Odman, Mehmet/0000-0002-3947-7047 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 35 IS 28 BP 4801 EP 4818 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00263-1 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478MX UT WOS:000171350900006 ER PT J AU Schichtel, BA Husar, RB Falke, SR Wilson, WE AF Schichtel, BA Husar, RB Falke, SR Wilson, WE TI Haze trends over the United States, 1980-1995 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE visibility; light extinction; trends; eastern United States; SO2 emissions ID VISIBILITY; EXTINCTION; PARTICLES AB The patterns and trends of haze over the United States for the period of 1980-1995 are presented. Haze measurements are based on human visual range observations at 298 synoptic meteorological stations operated by the United States Weather Service. There was a significant (similar to 10%) decline in haziness over the 15-yr period. The reductions were evident throughout the eastern United States as well as over the hazy air basins of California. During the same period, in the eastern United States sulfur emissions also declined by about 10%. However, a causality for the reductions has not been established. This report is an update of an earlier survey of haze patterns and trends from 1950 to 1980. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Washington Univ, Ctr Air Pollut Impact & Trend Anal, St Louis, MO USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Schichtel, BA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Husar, Rudolf/A-9000-2009 NR 33 TC 99 Z9 151 U1 2 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 35 IS 30 BP 5205 EP 5210 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00317-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 485VL UT WOS:000171776400021 ER PT J AU Akingbemi, BT Youker, RT Sottas, CM Ge, RS Katz, E Klinefelter, GR Zirkin, BR Hardy, MP AF Akingbemi, BT Youker, RT Sottas, CM Ge, RS Katz, E Klinefelter, GR Zirkin, BR Hardy, MP TI Modulation of rat Leydig cell steroidogenic function by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY JUL 15-18, 2000 CL MADISON, WISCONSIN SP Soc Study Reproduct DE Leydig cells; male reproductive tract; testis; testosterone; toxicology ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; MONO-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; SERTOLI CELLS; TESTOSTERONE; ESTERS; 5-ALPHA-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY AB Exposure of rodents to phthalates is associated with developmental and reproductive anomalies, and there is concern that these compounds may be causing adverse effects on human reproductive health. Testosterone (T), secreted almost exclusively by Leydig cells in the testis, is the primary steroid hormone that maintains male fertility. Leydig cell T biosynthesis is regulated by the pituitary gonadotropin LH. Herein, experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) to affect Leydig cell androgen biosynthesis. Pregnant dams were gavaged with 100 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) DEHP from Gestation Days 12 to 21. Serum T and LH levels were significantly reduced in male offspring, compared to control, at 21 and 35 days of age. However, these inhibitory effects were no longer apparent at 90 days. In a second set of experiments, prepubertal rats, from 21 or 35 days of age, were gavaged with 0, 1, 10, 100, or 200 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) DEHP for 14 days. This exposure paradigm affected Leydig cell steroidogenesis. For example, exposure of rats to 200 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) DEHP caused a 77% decrease in the activity of the steroidogenic enzyme 17 beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and reduced Leydig cell T production to 50% of control. Paradoxically, extending the period of DEHP exposure to 28 days (Postnatal Days 21-48) resulted in significant increases in Leydig cell T production capacity and in serum LH levels. The no-observed-effect-level and lowest-observed-effect-level were determined to be 1 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) and 10 mg(-1) kg-1 day(-1), respectively. In contrast to observations in prepubertal rats, exposure of young adult rats by gavage to 0, 1, 10, 100, or 200 mg(-1) kg(-1) day(-1) DEHP for 28 days (Postnatal Days 62-89) induced no detectable changes in androgen biosynthesis. in conclusion, data from this study show that DEHP effects on Leydig cell steroidogenesis are influenced by the stage of development at exposure and may occur through modulation of T-biosynthetic enzyme activity and serum LH levels. C1 Populat Council, Biomed Res Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Div Reprod Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Akingbemi, BT (reprint author), Populat Council, Biomed Res Ctr, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 10233] NR 38 TC 179 Z9 186 U1 8 U2 19 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 1252 EP 1259 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.4.1252 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 478AH UT WOS:000171320400036 PM 11566751 ER PT J AU Kampbell, DH An, YJ Williams, VR AF Kampbell, DH An, YJ Williams, VR TI Influence of methyl tert-butyl ether on lake water algae SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MTBE C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Oak Ridge Res Associateship Program, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Kampbell, DH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 67 IS 4 BP 574 EP 579 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 472CN UT WOS:000170965800017 PM 11779074 ER PT J AU Foster, TE Brooks, JR AF Foster, TE Brooks, JR TI Long-term trends in growth of Pinus palustris and Pinus elliottii along a hydrological gradient in central Florida SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SLASH PINE; PATTERNS AB Forest species composition in Florida is sensitive to changes in hydrology that accompany small shifts in elevation. In this study, we use dendrochronological techniques to determine how the growth of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm. (slash pine) and Pinus palustris Mill. (longleaf pine) along a hydrologic gradient from mesic flatwoods to xeric sandhills responds to fluctuations in climate (temperature, precipitation, river flow, and Palmer drought severity index). Interspecies and intraspecies comparisons of growth responses were made between a xeric P. palustris plot, a transition zone plot containing both species, and a mesic P. elliottii plot. Growth of P. elliottii individuals was negatively correlated with increased water availability on sites with a shallow water table (<1 m) but positively correlated on sites with a deeper water table. The basal area increment (BAI) of P. elliottii individuals on the drier site was 41% lower than the BAI of individuals on the wetter site. In contrast, the growth response of P. palustris, which only grows in the dryer sites, was similar along the hydrologic gradient, with growth being positively related to water availability and only a 16% lower BAI on the driest site. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Brooks, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Brooks, Renee/0000-0002-5008-9774 NR 36 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1661 EP 1670 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-10-1661 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481LF UT WOS:000171520200001 ER PT J AU Barnes, JA Dix, DJ Collins, BW Luft, C Allen, JW AF Barnes, JA Dix, DJ Collins, BW Luft, C Allen, JW TI Expression of inducible Hsp70 enhances the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and protects against the cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; C6 GLIOMA-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; MYC PROTEIN; IN-VIVO; THERMOTOLERANCE; P53 AB Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are ubiquitous proteins that are induced following exposure to sublethal heat shock, are highly conserved during evolution, and protect cells from damage through their function as molecular chaperones. Some cancers demonstrate elevated levels of Hsp70, and their expression has been associated with cell proliferation, disease prognosis, and resistance to chemotherapy. In this study, we developed a tetracycline-regulated gene expression system to determine the specific effects of inducible Hsp70 on cell growth and protection against hyperthermia in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells expressing high levels of Hsp70 demonstrated a significantly faster doubling time (39 hours) compared with nonoverexpressing control cells (54 hours). The effect of elevated Hsp70 on cell proliferation was characterized further by 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine labeling, which demonstrated a higher number of second and third division metaphases in cells at 42 and 69 hours, respectively. Estimates based on cell cycle analysis and mean doubling time indicated that Hsp70 may be exerting its growth-stimulating effect on MCF-7 cells primarily by shortening of the G(0)/G(1) and S phases of the cell cycle. In addition to the effects on cell growth, we found that elevated levels of Hsp70 were sufficient to confer a significant level of protection against heat in MCF-7 cells. The results of this study support existing evidence linking Hsp70 expression with cell growth and cytoprotection in human cancer cells. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Barnes, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 50 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU CELL STRESS SOC INTERNATIONAL PI STORRS PA UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT M C B, 75 NORTH EAGLEVILLE RD, U-44, STORRS, CT 06269-3044 USA SN 1355-8145 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD OCT PY 2001 VL 6 IS 4 BP 316 EP 325 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(2001)006<0316:EOIHET>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 498GB UT WOS:000172500500003 PM 11795468 ER PT J AU Luft, JC Benjamin, IJ Mestril, R Dix, DJ AF Luft, JC Benjamin, IJ Mestril, R Dix, DJ TI Heat shock factor 1-mediated thermotolerance prevents cell death and results in G(2)/M cell cycle arrest SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Article ID STRESS-INDUCED APOPTOSIS; PROTEIN HSP70; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-1; APAF-1 APOPTOSOME; NITRIC-OXIDE; HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN-70; OVEREXPRESSION; PROTECTION; ACTIVATION; PHOSPHORYLATION AB Mammalian cells respond to environmental stress by activating heat shock transcription factors (eg, Hsf1) that regulate increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps). Hsps prevent the disruption of normal cellular mitosis, meiosis, or differentiation by environmental stressors. To further characterize this stress response, transformed wildtype Hsf1(+/+), and mutant Hsf1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were exposed to (1) lethal heat (45 degreesC, 60 minutes), (2) conditioning heat (43 degreesC, 30 minutes), or (3) conditioning followed by lethal heat. Western blot analysis demonstrated that only Hsf 1(+/+) MEFs expressed inducible Hsp70s and Hsp25 following conditioning or conditioning and lethal heat. Exposure of either Hsf1(+/+) or Hsf1(-/-) MEFs to lethal heat resulted in cell death. However, if conditioning heat was applied 6 hours before lethal heat, more than 85% of Hsf1(+/+) MEFs survived, and cells in G(2)/M transiently increased 3-fold. In contrast, conditioned Hsf1(-/-) MEFs neither survived lethal heat nor exhibited this G(2)/M accumulation. Coinfection with adenoviral Hsp70 and Hsp25 constructs did not fully recreate thermotolerance in either Hsf1 (-/-) or Hsf 1(-/-) MEFs, indicating other Hsf1-mediated gene expression is required for complete thermotolerance. These results demonstrate the necessity of Hsf1-mediated gene expression for thermotolerance and the involvement of cell cycle regulation, particularly the G(2)/M transition, in this thermotolerant response. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Maywood, IL 61053 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Mestril, Ruben/0000-0003-3631-2236 NR 45 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL STRESS SOC INTERNATIONAL PI STORRS PA UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT M C B, 75 NORTH EAGLEVILLE RD, U-44, STORRS, CT 06269-3044 USA SN 1355-8145 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD OCT PY 2001 VL 6 IS 4 BP 326 EP 336 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(2001)006<0326:HSFMTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 498GB UT WOS:000172500500004 PM 11795469 ER PT J AU Martin, TM Young, DM AF Martin, TM Young, DM TI Prediction of the acute toxicity (96-h LC50) of organic compounds to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) using a group contribution method SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLLUTANTS; CHEMICALS; AMINES; QSAR AB A group contribution method has been developed to correlate the acute toxicity (96-h LC50) to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) for 397 organic chemicals. Multilinear regression and computational neural networks (CNNs) were used for model building. The models were able to achieve a fairly good correlation of the data (r(2) > 0.9). The linear model, which included four specific interaction terms, provided a rapid means of predicting the toxicity of a compound. The CNN model was able to yield virtually the same predictions with or without the four interaction terms that were included in the multilinear model. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Young, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1378 EP 1385 DI 10.1021/tx0155045 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 485FW UT WOS:000171743700004 PM 11599929 ER PT J AU Palace, VP Allen-Gil, SM Brown, SB Evans, RE Metner, DA Landers, DH Curtis, LR Klaverkamp, JF Baron, CL Lockhart, WL AF Palace, VP Allen-Gil, SM Brown, SB Evans, RE Metner, DA Landers, DH Curtis, LR Klaverkamp, JF Baron, CL Lockhart, WL TI Vitamin and thyroid status in arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) exposed to doses of 3,3 ',4,4 '-tetrachlorobiphenyl that induce the phase I enzyme system SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PCB; arctic grayling; vitamins; thyroid; osmolality ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; STURGEON ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; RAINBOW-TROUT; LAKE TROUT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB-126; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS AB Induction of phase I biotransformation enzymes is recognized as a hallmark response in fish exposed to coplanar PCBs, Depictions of vitamins A and E and disrupted thyroid hormone and glandular structure secondary to this induction have not yet been examined in an arctic fish species. Arctic grayling were exposed to a single oral dose of 0 (control), 10, 100 or 1000 ng 3,3 ' ,4,4 ' -tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) g(-1) bodyweight, a contaminant found in most arctic fish. After 30 and 90 days of exposure, TCB concentrations in tissues, hepatic phase I activity (as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)), plasma and tissue vitamin A and E concentrations, plasma thyroid hormone levels and thyroid glandular structure were examined. Total plasma osmolality, as an indicator of overall fish health was also monitored. TCB recovery in tissues was low and extremely variable, making comparisons between intended dose groups inappropriate. Therefore. correlation analysis between actual recovered TCB concentrations and biochemical responses was employed. Hepatic EROD activity correlated strongly with liver TCB concentrations. Liver concentrations of vitamin A were altered as a function of TCB concentrations and EROD activity, but plasma vitamin A status was not affected. Vitamin E was depleted by TCB accumulation in blood and EROD induction in liver of males only at 90 days postexposure. Thyroid hormones status and glandular structure were not affected by the short duration TCB exposures used in this experiment. TCB concentrations were correlated with an elevation in plasma osmolality. Results from this experiment indicate that the vitamin status and osmoregulation of arctic grayling exposed to TCB can be compromised. Further studies of field populations exposed to this type of contaminant are warranted. Crown Copyright (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Ithaca Coll, Dept Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Environm Canada, NWRI, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Palace, VP (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, 501 Univ Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 2001 VL 45 IS 2 BP 185 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00577-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 470TK UT WOS:000170887100007 PM 11572610 ER PT J AU Jenkins, RR Owens, N Wiggins, LB AF Jenkins, RR Owens, N Wiggins, LB TI Valuing reduced risks to children: The case of bicycle safety helmets SO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; HEAD-INJURIES; LIFE; HEALTH; VALUATION; TIME AB The protection of children's health has recently, become a mandated Priority, for federal policy makers. To assess many of the regulations that affect children's health, policy makers need estimates of the monetary value of reducing mortality risks to children. Although the economics literature has provided many estimates of the value of statistical life (VSL) for adult populations, it has provided none for school age children. This article studies the market for bicycle safely helmets and estimates for the first time a separate but comparable VSL for children and adults. We derive three estimates of VSL for each of three age categories (5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 20 to 59) that range from $1.1 to $4.0 million. In all cases, estimates for adults are highest, followed by estimates for the youngest children. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Jenkins, RR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mail Code 1809, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 2 PU WESTERN ECONOMIC ASSOC INT PI HUNTINGTON BEACH PA 7400 CENTER AVE SUITE 109, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647-3039 USA SN 1074-3529 J9 CONTEMP ECON POLICY JI Contemp. Econ. Policy PD OCT PY 2001 VL 19 IS 4 BP 397 EP 408 DI 10.1093/cep/19.4.397 PG 12 WC Economics; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 488KE UT WOS:000171933700003 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT Laurence, JA Weber, JA Greene, J Hogsett, WE Brown, S Lee, EH AF Tingey, DT Laurence, JA Weber, JA Greene, J Hogsett, WE Brown, S Lee, EH TI Elevated CO2 and temperature alter the response of Pinus ponderosa to ozone: A simulation analysis SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE drought stress; elevated CO2; ozone; tropospheric; Pinus ponderosa; temperature; TREGRO ID SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; INCOMING SOLAR-RADIATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TOPOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; GAS-EXCHANGE; TREGRO MODEL; ROOT-GROWTH; EXPOSURE AB We investigated the potential impact of projected future temperature and CO2 concentrations in combination with tropospheric O-3 on the annual biomass increment of Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws. TREGRO, a process-based whole-tree growth model in which trees experienced a seasonal drought, was used to study the interactions of CO2, temperature, and O-3 on tree growth along a latitudinal gradient in California, Oregon, and Washington, USA, the annual biomass increment increased in proportion to CO2 concentration, although the magnitude varied among sites. Increasing air temperature (+1.3 degrees C) increased growth at most sites. Elevated CO2 increased the temperature optimum for growth at four sites and decreased it at two sites. The annual biomass increment decreased with increasing O-3 exposure. The differences in O-3 effects among sites were primarily controlled by differences in precipitation. Although increasing CO2 can reduce the O-3 impact, it does not eliminate the impact of O-3. Elevated CO2 would enhance tree growth more if O-3 exposures were reduced. especially in the more polluted sites. The greatest benefit for tree growth would come from reducing O-3 exposures in the most polluted sites, but we must also consider locations that have high inherent O-3 sensitivity because of their mesic conditions. Limiting the increase of O-3 levels in those areas will also increase tree growth. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Winrock Int Livestock Res & Training Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Tingey, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM dtingey@mail.cor.epa.gov NR 82 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 5 BP 1412 EP 1424 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1412:ECATAT]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 479RQ UT WOS:000171417700013 ER PT J AU Lin, ZX Puls, RW AF Lin, ZX Puls, RW TI Studies of interfacial reactions between arsenic and minerals and its significance to site characterization SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic adsorption; mineral indicators; natural attenuation; risk assessment; subsurface remediation ID GROUNDWATER; ADSORPTION; HYDROXIDE AB Natural attenuation remediation is based on the intrinsic attenuation capacities of the subsurface. Geochemistry of the subsurface controls the fate, transport, transformation, and bioavailability of contaminants. This paper demonstrates that interfacial reactions (e.g., adsorption, desorption, oxidation, or reduction) between arsenic and minerals play an important role in the natural attenuation of arsenic, and could present important pathways for arsenic cycling in the subsurface environment. Iron oxides and kaolinites were used for this experimental study. Based on the different behavior of minerals, it is suggested that some types of minerals can act as mineral indicators for site characterization. Integration of mineralogical and geochemical indicator parameters would greatly improve the quality of site characterization. The current MCL in the USA for arsenic in drinking water may soon be lowered to 5 mug/L. It is estimated that lowering the arsenic MCL would cost billions of dollars per year. The natural attenuation could be a potential cost-effective approach for solving the problem of arsenic-contaminated groundwater. C1 Dynamac Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Lin, ZX (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, 3601 Oakridge Blvd, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 40 IS 11-12 BP 1433 EP 1439 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 485UL UT WOS:000171782400014 ER PT J AU Centeno, JA Mullick, FG Gibb, H Longfellow, D Thompson, C AF Centeno, JA Mullick, FG Gibb, H Longfellow, D Thompson, C TI The International Tissue and Tumor Repository for Chronic Arseniasis at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter C1 USAF, Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Enironm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Centeno, JA (reprint author), USAF, Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 109 IS 10 BP A465 EP A465 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 487GF UT WOS:000171864800004 PM 11700620 ER PT J AU Melnick, R AF Melnick, R TI Peroxisome proliferators: Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID SUSCEPTIBILITY; WY-14,643; MCF-7; LIVER; CELLS C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Melnick, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 109 IS 10 BP A463 EP A464 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 487GF UT WOS:000171864800003 ER PT J AU Tomatis, L Huff, J AF Tomatis, L Huff, J TI Evolution of cancer etiology and primary prevention SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Huff, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 109 IS 10 BP A458 EP A460 DI 10.1289/ehp.109-a458 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 487GF UT WOS:000171864800001 PM 11675275 ER PT J AU Crumbling, DM Groenjes, C Lesnik, B Lynch, K Shockley, J van Ee, J Howe, R Keith, L McKenna, J AF Crumbling, DM Groenjes, C Lesnik, B Lynch, K Shockley, J van Ee, J Howe, R Keith, L McKenna, J TI Managing uncertainty SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Technol Innovat Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Ctr Expertise, HTRW, Omaha, NE USA. US EPA, Off Solid Waster Methods Team, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USACE, Seattle, WA USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. TetraTech EM Inc, Denver, CO USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, NE Hazardous Subst Res Ctr, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RP Crumbling, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Technol Innovat Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 19 BP 404A EP 409A DI 10.1021/es012490g PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478NP UT WOS:000171352500009 PM 11642468 ER PT J AU Lambert, AL Selgrade, MK Winsett, DW Gilmour, MI AF Lambert, AL Selgrade, MK Winsett, DW Gilmour, MI TI TNF-alpha enhanced allergic sensitization to house dust mite in brown Norway rats SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE adjuvant; allergy; Brown Norway rat; HDM; IgE; IL-5; IL-13; particulate matter; TNF-alpha ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FLY-ASH PARTICLES; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; ATOPIC PATIENTS; MAST-CELLS; EXPRESSION; EXPOSURE; LUNG AB Ile have recently demonstrated that pulmonary exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) resulted in enhanced sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) and augmented the development of allergic lung disease after allergen challenge. This effect was associated with increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TAT-alpha), a macrophage- and epithelial cell-derived cytokine that promotes granulocyte migration to the lung. The present study examined whether exogenous administration Of TNF-alpha enhances sensitization to HDM. One day prior to pulmonary sensitization with 10 mug HDM (5 mug each on days I and 3), female Brown Norway rats were instilled via the trachea with either 2.0 mug recombinant rat TNF-alpha, 2.0 mug bovine serum albumin (BSA), or 1000 mug ROFA, and were challenged with 10 mug HDM 14 days later. Antigen-induced immediate bronchoconstriction responses, antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) titers, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokines (TAT-alpha and interleukin [IL]-13), and eosinophils were elevated in rats treated with ROFA or TNF-alpha compared with BSA-treated controls after HDM challenge. Intratracheal administration of anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody during ROFA exposure did not reduce ROFA-enhanced lymphocyte proliferation or IgE liters, but had a trend for reduced pulmonary inflammation. P is study demonstrates that TNF-alpha has similar adjuvant activity as ROFA, but other factors may fulfill this function when TNF-alpha activity is blocked. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 USA SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD OCT-NOV PY 2001 VL 27 IS 7 BP 617 EP 635 PG 19 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 478NG UT WOS:000171351800006 PM 11597121 ER PT J AU Welsh, R Carpentier, CL Hubbell, B AF Welsh, R Carpentier, CL Hubbell, B TI On the Effectiveness of state anti-corporate farming laws in the United States SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Article DE corporate farms; state agriculture policy; vertical coordination and integration AB Structural changes in US agriculture toward a more corporate-oriented and vertically aligned system have focused attention on the relative efficacy of the anti-corporate farming laws of nine Midwestern states. Using state-level data from a survey of agricultural lawyers and the U.S. Census of Agriculture, we find that the restrictiveness of the laws vary among states, and the relative restrictiveness of the laws have changed over time. Also, strengthening a law tends to limit acreage under non-family corporate ownership arrangements. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clarkson Univ, Sch Liberal Arts, Ctr Environm Management, Potsdam, NY 13617 USA. N Amer Commiss Environm Cooperat, Montreal, PQ H2Y 1N9, Canada. US EPA, Innovat Strategies & Econ Grp, OAQPS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Welsh, R (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Sch Liberal Arts, Ctr Environm Management, Potsdam, NY 13617 USA. OI Hubbell, Bryan/0000-0002-7963-3438 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0306-9192 J9 FOOD POLICY JI Food Policy PD OCT PY 2001 VL 26 IS 5 BP 543 EP 548 DI 10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00020-3 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 485MU UT WOS:000171758800005 ER PT J AU Reiter, LW AF Reiter, LW TI Indicators in health and ecological risk assessment: Fifth Symposium of US EPA's National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Reiter, LW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 959 EP 960 DI 10.1080/20018091094772 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200001 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Jackson, LE Suter, GW Bertram, P AF Fisher, WS Jackson, LE Suter, GW Bertram, P TI Indicators for human and ecological risk assessment: A US environmental protection agency perspective SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ecological indicators; risk assessment; public health; ecosystem health AB Assessment of risk to public health or environmental resources requires competent characterization of stressors and corresponding effects. Because of the complexity of most stressor-response relationships, it is impossible to completely characterize all the variables, so a select set of measurements is made to reflect the most critical components. Such measurements, or indicators, are included in monitoring programs to estimate trend, stressor source, or magnitude of effects and lead to thresholds for management action or restoration. Although a wide variety of programs and program objectives exists, there are some common challenges for indicator development, including a strong link to management actions. Indicator measurements used in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk assessment activities must stem from collaboration among managers, risk assessors, scientists and stakeholders. The primary objective of the USEPA's Fifth Symposium of the National Health and Ecological Effects Research Laboratory was to improve health and ecological risk assessment through dedicated sessions that maximized interaction and discussion among these groups. Existing measurements were challenged for appropriateness, efficiency and scientific validity. Emerging science was explored for greater understanding, better interpretation, and improved methodology. A secondary objective was to uncover and exploit common indicators and supporting data for human health and ecological models. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 961 EP 970 DI 10.1080/20018091094781 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200002 ER PT J AU Cooper, RL Kavlock, RJ AF Cooper, RL Kavlock, RJ TI Determining indicators of exposure and effects for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): An introduction SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE endocrine disruptors; protocols; reproduction; thyroid; pubertal; risk characterization ID EDSTAC RECOMMENDATIONS; PREPUBERTAL EXPOSURES; SEXUAL-MATURATION; FOCUS; RAT AB Endocrine disruptors are characterized by their influence on animal endocrine systems resulting in reproductive, developmental, neurological, and immune dysfunction. The purpose of this overview is to provide the reader with a sense of the activities within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), in particular NHEERL, that address the many facets of research on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and to highlight the approach being taken at the different organizational levels within the USEPA, including screening, testing and evaluating endocrine disrupting chemicals. As a part of this endeavor, the USEPA continues to evaluate the current research activities in order to better understand and refine the process of risk characterization of EDCs. Thus, the participants in this session were asked to review their research within the framework of a better identification of EDC effects, better characterization of those compounds that have endocrine disrupting activity and how to incorporate this information into the risk assessment paradigm. Specifically, the goals of the ensuing papers were to compare individual vs. population indicators of endocrine disrupting effects, examine comparable and multiple mechanisms of toxicity, and describe the use of effects as indicators to identify toxicants and their sources. Mammalian and fish reproductive endpoints. served as models to emphasize commonalities between human and wildlife risks. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 971 EP 978 DI 10.1080/20018091094790 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200003 ER PT J AU Gleason, TR Nacci, DE AF Gleason, TR Nacci, DE TI Risks of endocrine-disrupting compounds to wildlife: Extrapolating from effects on individuals to population response SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National-Health-and-Environmental-Effects-Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE population model; endocrine disrupting compound; fathead minnow; life history strategy; European kingfisher; least tern ID MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; CONSERVATION; ELASTICITY; VIABILITY; MODEL AB Much of the research conducted on the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) has been focused on effects at the individual or subindividual level. The challenge from the point of view of ecological risk assessment is to determine effects on populations and higher levels of biological organization. While there have been some notable cases where field studies were used to demonstrate effects of EDCs on exposed populations in the wild, there has been relatively little research addressing the quantitative linkage between effects at the individual level and effects at the population level. The present study provides an example of linking markers of endocrine effects to indicators of population level effect using basic population models and published data for a fish species often used in laboratory studies, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Additionally, the relation between life history strategy and stressor response is explored using population models for two bird species, European kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and least tern (Sterna antillarum browni), with markedly different life history strategies. As these examples demonstrate, populations of species that have different life history strategies can respond differently to a stressor producing responses of similar type and magnitude at the individual level. Matrix population models represent quantitatively the life history strategy of an organism and provide a framework for exploring the risks that EDCs pose to wildlife populations. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Gleason, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM gleason.timothy@epa.gov NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 EI 1549-7860 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1027 EP 1042 DI 10.1080/20018091094835 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200007 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW AF Nichols, JW TI Use of indicators in ecological risk assessments for persistent, bioaccumulative toxicants SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National-Health-and-Environmental-Effects-Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE indicator; ecological risk assessment; mercury; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; FISH-EATING BIRDS; AQUATIC FOOD-WEBS; GREAT-LAKES; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; MALLARD REPRODUCTION; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; METHYLMERCURY; MORTALITY; MERCURY AB This paper synthesizes several presentations on the use of indicators in ecological risk assessments for persistent, bioaccumulative toxicants (PBTs). The presentations were organized around two chemical case studies: (1) mercury, and (2) compounds that exhibit an Ah-receptor based mode-of-action. Presenters summarized the current practice of ecological risk assessment for these compounds and described research on known or suspected impacts. In addition, this paper addresses three special topics that apply broadly to all PBTs: (1) the convergence of ecological assessment and ecological risk assessment, (2) integration of ecological and human health risk assessment, and (3) risk assessments for population-level effects. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM nichols.john@epa.gov NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 EI 1549-7860 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1043 EP 1057 DI 10.1080/20018091094844 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200008 ER PT J AU Rice, DC AF Rice, DC TI Relationship between measures of exposure to PCBs/dioxins and behavioral effects in recent developmental studies SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE PCBs; dioxins; behavioral deficits; developmental effects; in utero exposure; cognitive deficits; longitudinal prospective studies ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; VISUAL RECOGNITION MEMORY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; HUMAN-MILK; MATERNAL CONSUMPTION; CHILDREN; DIOXINS; CONGENERS; CONTAMINANTS AB Epidemiological studies on the neurodevelopmental effects of exposure to PCBs initiated in the last decade have had the opportunity to take advantage of modern methodologies for the analysis of congeners of PCBs, dioxins, and related organochlorine compounds. Each of these studies is a longitudinal prospective study, in which women were recruited during pregnancy and the children are being followed for at least several years after birth. The study from which the largest body of data has been published to date is being performed in the Netherlands, in which exposure to PCBs and related compounds is through the general food supply. Mother-infant pairs were recruited in two cities. Half of the infants were bottle-fed and half breast-fed in each city. Four PCB congeners (118, 138, 153, 180) were assessed in maternal and cord plasma, breast milk, and plasma of the child at 3.5 years. TEQ in breast milk was calculated based on PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Various measures of in utero exposure were associated with suboptimal neurological status during infancy, whereas maternal plasma PCB concentration was associated with cognitive deficits (Kaufman scores) at 3.5 years of age. The child's concurrent plasma PCB levels and maternal PCB plasma levels independently predicted performance on various aspects of a vigilance task, and maternal and cord plasma levels predicted impairment of complex play behavior. Poor scores on behavioral ratings were associated with concurrent blood PCB concentrations in the child. A study in Oswego in Lake Ontario fish eaters includes mothers who never ate Great Lakes fish and mothers who consumed greater than 40 PCB-equivalent pounds of Lake Ontario fish over their lifetime. Sixty-eight PCB congeners were measured in cord blood. Suboptimal neurological status during infancy was associated with maternal fish consumption and highly chlorinated cord PCB levels, whereas deficits in short-term memory at 6 months and 1 year of age were associated with total chlorinated cord PCB levels. In a study in Germany of 171 mother-infant pairs, PCB congeners 138, 153, and 180 were measured in cord plasma and milk 2 weeks after birth; both measures are considered markers of in utero exposure. Suboptimal neurological status during infancy, decrements in Bayley scores at 30 months and Kaufman scores at 42 months were associated with PCBs in milk but not cord plasma. These studies, combined with data from previous studies, reveal a consistent relationship between PCB exposure and suboptimal neurological status during infancy, and cognitive deficits associated with in utero exposure. Data from the Dutch study revealed effects on other behavioral domains associated with concurrent (postnatal) exposure. Although it is not possible to identify specific congeners or groups of congeners that may be responsible for the neurotoxic effects observed in these studies, the TEQ approach was not particularly predictive for neurotoxic outcomes. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment MC8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rice, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment MC8623D, 1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1077 DI 10.1080/20018091094853 PG 19 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200009 ER PT J AU DeWoskin, RS Barone, S Clewell, HJ Setzer, RW AF DeWoskin, RS Barone, S Clewell, HJ Setzer, RW TI Improving the development and use of biologically based dose response models (BBDR) in risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE mechanistic models; quality; methylmercury; databases ID INFORMATION AB Biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models predict health outcomes (response) resulting from the presence of a toxicant at a biological target (dose). The benefits of BBDR models are many, and research programs are increasingly focusing on mechanistic research to support model development; however, progress has been slow. Impediments to progress include the complexity of dose response modeling, the need for a multidisciplinary team and consistent funding support, and difficulty in identifying and extracting the needed data. Of immediate concern is the lack of transparency of published models to the supporting data and literature, difficulty in accessing model code and simulation conditions sufficient to allow independent replication of results, and absence of well-defined quality criteria. Suggestions are presented to improve the development and use of BBDR models in risk assessment and to address the above limitations. Examples from BBDR models for methylmercury neurotoxicity and 5-fluorouracil embryotoxicity are presented to illustrate the suggestions including what kinds of databases are needed to support model development and transparency, quality assurance for modeling, and how the internet can advance database development and collaboration within the biological modeling community. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ICF Consulting, Ruston, LA USA. RP DeWoskin, RS (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1091 EP 1120 DI 10.1080/20018091094871 PG 30 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200011 ER PT J AU Madden, MC Hogsett, WE AF Madden, MC Hogsett, WE TI A historical overview of the ozone exposure problem SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ozone; history; ozone exposure; oxidants; oxidants standard; health effects; ecological effects ID HEALTHY AB Ozone can be found in essentially all locations in the troposphere. Too much exposure of vegetation and humans to this potent oxidizing gas can prove toxic. Reports of human toxicity to ozone first appeared in the 1800's from accidental occupational exposures when ozone was first discovered. Ozone was recognized as damaging field vegetation with a report of altered leaf morphology in grapes in the 1950s. Ozone is the major oxidant component in photochemical smog, and is produced by reactions of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen with sunlight present. Soon after the inception of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the Agency set a general "oxidants" standard (which included ozone) in, 1971. A primary standard was created to protect human health and a secondary standard to protect against agricultural losses, ecological damage, and other losses. Ozone concentrations have decreased steadily over the last two decades in some areas of the U.S., but have increased in other areas. Several aspects of ozone exposure need further characterization, including better determination of rural concentrations and the relationship of outdoor to indoor concentrations. Ozone is one of the six criteria air pollutants requiring a formal reexamination of the new findings of effects on health and vegetation on a periodic basis, a process that leads to the publication of an US EPA criteria document. As a result of further study concerning ozone effects, significant changes were made to pollution standards in 1979 and 1997. This toxicant has remained a major air pollutant of concern in the U.S. despite regulation and intense study over several decades. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Facil, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, NHEERL, 104 Mason Farm Rd,MD 58D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1121 EP 1131 DI 10.1080/20018091094880 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200012 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF AF McDonnell, WF TI A method for identifying exposure-response models for the acute respiratory effects of inhaled irritants in humans: Effects of concentration, minute ventilation, and duration SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ozone; risk assessment; risk models; air pollution; health effects ID OZONE EXPOSURE AB In order to conduct quantitative risk assessment with minimal uncertainty for shortterm exposure to ozone and other respiratory irritants, one must identify exposure-response (E-R) models that accurately predict the distribution of the magnitudes of response (or the proportion of individuals experiencing a given response) across the range of ambient exposure scenarios and personal characteristics of interest. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a method for identification of such models and to demonstrate the method and evaluate the resulting model's performance using ozone as a representative respiratory irritant. This approach to model identification utilizes a general knowledge of mechanistic information and E-R characteristics for the specific pollutant and traditional statistical techniques for estimating model coefficients and prediction uncertainty. For ozone we identified a two-compartment model consistent with known mechanisms and E-R characteristics. Using data from 485 volunteers exposed for two hours to one of six ozone concentrations at one of three activity levels, we estimated model coefficients and evaluated the predictive ability of the model for lung function and symptom responses. We found that the model accurately predicted responses as a function of ozone concentration, minute ventilation during exposure, and duration of exposure and concluded that this approach to model identification was successful for ozone, and we hypothesized that a similar approach would be useful for other respiratory irritants. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Facil, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, MD-58B,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1133 EP 1144 DI 10.1080/20018091094899 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200013 ER PT J AU Walker, HA AF Walker, HA TI Understanding and managing the risks to health and environment from global atmospheric change: A synthesis SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE global atmospheric change; climate change; ozone; UV-B; health and environmental risks ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; TOTAL OZONE; TEMPERATURE; WINTER; TRENDS; RADIATION; CYCLES AB The global atmosphere is changing. Anthropogenic activities are increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases and releasing synthetic compounds that deplete stratospheric ozone and increase UV-B radiation. Changes of temperature in the Northern Hemisphere during the past century strongly suggest that we are now in a period of rapid global warming relative to the past millennium. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are absorbing outgoing infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere, warming the troposphere and cooling the lower stratosphere. Research is beginning to indicate that losses of stratospheric ozone and increases of greenhouse gases are interdependent. Increased greenhouse gases have been implicated in the observed strengthening of stratospheric wind vortices around both poles, in turn setting the stage for further depletion of ozone and increases in UV-B radiation. Although the uncertainties are still large enough to make it difficult to assess health and ecological risks, decisions must be made. Research on indicators of risks to human health and the environment can help reduce the uncertainties in these risks and shorten the time between recognizing the risks of atmospheric change and taking concrete mitigative and adaptive actions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Walker, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 70 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1195 EP + DI 10.1080/20018091094943 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200018 ER PT J AU Leaf, D AF Leaf, D TI Managing global atmospheric change: A US policy perspective SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE stratospheric ozone depletion; climate change; greenhouse gases; Montreal protocol; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Kyoto protocol; US policy AB There are several air pollution issues that concern the international community at the regional and global level, including acid deposition, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, stratospheric ozone depletion, and climate change. Governments at the regional and global levels have entered into various agreements in an effort to deal with these problems. This paper deals with two major global atmospheric change issues: stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. The focus is on the policy responses of the United States to these global issues. The United States has signed and ratified international agreements to deal with both problems. The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer have led to an effort in both developed and developing countries to phase out ozone depleting substances. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has been signed and ratified by over 180 countries. The UNFCC contained no binding targets and timetables for emissions reductions. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the UNFCCC did contain targets and timetables for reductions of greenhouse gases on the part of developed countries. The United States has signed but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The United States has experienced some movement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on the part of various levels of government as well as the private sector. The policy process is constantly informed by scientific research. In the case of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change, much of this work is carried out under the auspices of international scientific panels. From a policy perspective, there is a great deal of interest in the use of indicators for assessing the scope and magnitude of these problems, both for fashioning policy responses as well as assessing the impact of adopted programs to reduce ozone depleting substances, and potentially, greenhouse gases. This paper will discuss some of the indicators used for stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Leaf, D (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, 1200 Penn Ave NW 6201J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1211 EP 1226 DI 10.1080/20018091094952 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200019 ER PT J AU Scheraga, JD Furlow, J AF Scheraga, JD Furlow, J TI From assessment to policy: Lessons learned from the US National Assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National-Health-and-Environmental-Effects-Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE climate change; US National Assessment; regional assessment; sector assessment; policy-focused assessment; consequences ID CLIMATE VARIABILITY; HEALTH IMPACTS; UNITED-STATES AB The process of translating scientific information into timely and useful insights that inform policy and resource management decisions, despite the existence of uncertainties, is a difficult and challenging task. Policy-focused assessment is one approach to achieving this end. It is an ongoing process that engages both researchers and end-users to analyze, evaluate and interpret information from multiple disciplines to draw conclusions that are timely and useful for decision makers. This paper discusses key characteristics of a policy-focused assessment process, including (1) ongoing collaboration between the research, assessment, and stakeholder communities; (2) a focus on stakeholder information needs; (3) multidisciplinary approaches; (4) use of scenarios to deal with uncertainties; and (5) evaluation of risk management options. We illustrate the particular challenge to assessors of providing the specific types of insights stakeholders need to effectively influence policy decisions. And we discuss the role that assessment can play in formulating an agenda for future research. Examples from the U.S. National Assessment of "The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the United States" are used to illustrate a policy-focused assessment process. For many of the participants, the first U.S. National Assessment was an extraordinary learning experience about how to develop better ways of conducting assessments. C1 US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheraga, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Mail Code 8601-D,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM Scheraga.Joel@epa.gov; Furlow.John@epa.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1227 EP 1246 DI 10.1080/20018091094961 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200020 ER PT J AU Anderson, S Zepp, R Machula, J Santavy, D Hansen, L Mueller, E AF Anderson, S Zepp, R Machula, J Santavy, D Hansen, L Mueller, E TI Indicators of UV exposure in corals and their relevance to global climate change and coral bleaching SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; REEF CORAL; FLORIDA-KEYS; DNA-DAMAGE; ZOOXANTHELLAE; TEMPERATURE; LAKES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; QUANTIFICATION; POPULATIONS AB A compelling aspect of the deterioration of coral reefs is the phenomenon of coral bleaching. Through interactions with other factors such as sedimentation, pollution, and bacterial infection, bleaching can impact large areas of a reef with limited recovery, and it might be induced by a variety of stressors including temperature and salinity extremes, and ultraviolet light. Under conditions of ocean warming, often associated with calm and stratified waters, photobleaching of UV-absorbing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is increased, and penetration of both UV-B. and UV-A is greatly enhanced. Indices of UV-specific effects in coral tissue are needed to test whether UV increases, associated with global climate change, are harmful to corals. To address this challenge, we have evaluated UV-specific effects in corals and have characterized factors that alter penetration of UV radiation over coral reefs. An immunoblotting assay was developed to examine UV-specific lesions (thymine dimers) in coral and zooxanthellae DNA. We observed dose-dependent increases of thymine dimers in coral (Porites porites var porites) exposed to artificial solar irradiance in a solar simulator, although effects were not strictly proportional. UV measurements were made in July 1999 at Eastern Sambo reef and nearby sites, including profiling along transects from reef to shore. Results of these analyses indicate that the coral at Eastern Sambo reef (at 34 meters) were receiving UV-B radiation that was equivalent to 25 to 30% of surface UV irradiance. However, the water just inside the reef in Hawk Channel (located closer to land) was considerably more opaque to UV. This water photobleached with loss of UV absorbance and fluorescence when it was exposed to simulated solar radiation. These results indicate that photobleaching of the DOM and transport of near-shore water out over the reefs might play a key role in controlling UV penetration to the reef surface. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. US EPA, NERL, Athens, Greece. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. RP Anderson, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, POB 237, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. NR 45 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 24 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1271 EP 1282 DI 10.1080/20018091094998 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200023 ER PT J AU Van Dolah, FM Roelke, D Greene, RM AF Van Dolah, FM Roelke, D Greene, RM TI Health and ecological impacts of harmful algal blooms: Risk assessment needs SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National-Health-and-Environmental-Effects-Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE algal toxins; harmful algal blooms; phytoplankton; PSP; NSP; ASP; DSP; PEAS; ciguatera; risk assessment ID BREVE RED TIDE; DOMOIC ACID; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; CARIBBEAN-CIGUATOXINS; SODIUM-CHANNELS; SHELLFISH TOXINS; COASTAL WATERS; INLAND WATERS; IDENTIFICATION; FISH AB The symposium session, Indicators for Effects and Predictions of Harmful Algal Blooms, explored the current state of indicators used to assess the human health and ecological risks caused by harmful algal blooms, and highlighted future needs and impediments that must be overcome in order to provide a complete risk assessment of their impacts. Six recognized human poisoning syndromes resulting from algal toxins (paralytic, neuro toxic, amnesic, diarrhetic shellfish poisonings, ciguatera. fish poisoning, and putative estuary associated syndrome) impact human health through consumption of contaminated seafood, direct contact with bloom water, or inhalation of aerosolized toxin. Thorough health risk assessment for the variety of algal toxins is hampered to varying degrees because either the toxin has not been identified or indicators for exposure and effects remain poorly defined. Predicting the occurrence and determining the impacts of harmful algal blooms in coastal ecosystems are the two major ecological risk assessment needs. In the former case, the hazard is the suite of conditions that trigger bloom initiation, magnify bloom intensity or support bloom longevity, whereas in the latter case, the hazard is the algal toxin. In both cases, indicators (of triggering mechanisms, exposure, and effects) are better defined for some HAB species and toxins than others, but are by no means complete. C1 NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Van Dolah, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM fran.vandolah@noaa.gov RI Roelke, Daniel/B-5766-2008; Greene, Richard/G-9685-2013 NR 81 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 42 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1329 EP 1345 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200027 ER PT J AU Boesch, DF Paul, JF AF Boesch, DF Paul, JF TI An overview of coastal environmental health indicators SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ecosystem health; coastal environments; vigor; organization; resilience; indicators ID CHESAPEAKE-BAY; INTEGRITY AB Discussions of the coastal environment and its health can be improved by more precise use of terms and clarification of the relationship, if any, between the health of ecosystems and the risks to human health. Ecosystem health is seldom defined and, in any case, has to be regarded in different terms than human health. Ecosystem health should embody both the structure and function of the ecosystem. One attractive concept is to define the health of ecosystems in terms of their vigor, organization and resilience. From that perspective, the health of an ecosystem is reduced if it becomes a less vigorous producer of valuable living resources, less diverse and organized, and more susceptible to and slower to recover from stress. Useful indicators of ecosystem health should reflect these properties, but also be supported by understanding of cause and effect relationships generated through research. Significant challenges remain in the integration of indicators in terms of both their interrelationships and holistic significance. There is also a need to develop indicators that are relevant to emerging threats to coastal ecosystems. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Boesch, DF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1409 EP 1417 DI 10.1080/20018091095096 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200033 ER PT J AU Steevens, JA Summers, JK Benson, WH AF Steevens, JA Summers, JK Benson, WH TI Assessing stressors in coastal ecosystems: An approach to the patient SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ecosystem assessment; monitoring; medicine; Gulf of Mexico AB Medicine employs an approach to diagnose, give a prognosis, and develop a treatment for human patients. Specific signs and symptoms determined from medical examinations, laboratory tests, and patient history are utilized to predict the outcome of a potential pathological disorder. Utilizing a strategy similar to the medical examination, the status of ecosystems can be examined. To demonstrate this concept a "patient" case study of the Gulf of Mexico is described. The diagnosis of potential abnormalities within the Gulf of Mexico was conducted by examining field indicators including sediment chemistry and tissue chemistry (field examinations), sediment toxicity (laboratory testing), and a benthic index (patient history and existing symptoms). Based on the diagnosis (ecological assessment), a prognosis for the Gulf of Mexico was determined and specific areas that are impacted by stressors. were identified for more detailed assessments. Pensacola Bay was identified as such an area impacted by stressors. The case study example demonstrates that a medical approach of "diagnosis and prognosis" can be utilized as a strategy to help identify stressors, develop a successful treatment plan, and prevent future ecosystem degradation. C1 USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Steevens, JA (reprint author), USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1447 EP 1455 DI 10.1080/20018091095122 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200036 ER PT J AU Lussier, SM Walker, HA Pesch, GG Galloway, W Adler, R Charpentier, A Comeleo, R Copeland, J AF Lussier, SM Walker, HA Pesch, GG Galloway, W Adler, R Charpentier, A Comeleo, R Copeland, J TI Strategies for protecting and restoring Rhode Island's watersheds on multiple scales SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ecosystem assessment; GIS; 305 (b); 303 (d); Pawcatuck Watershed; Tucker Pond AB The Clean Water Act has traditionally preserved the quality and quantity of a region's water by focusing resources on areas with known or anticipated problems. USEPA Region I is taking the supplemental, longer-range approach of protecting areas of New England where natural resources are still healthy. As part of Region 1's "New England Resource Protection" approach, stakeholders participate in an open process that identifies healthy ecosystems and characterizes how well they support aquatic life and human health. Since the concerns of stakeholders are usually local, the process also displays areas of nonattainment within individual watersheds and determines their likely causes. One of the most powerful ways to display these types of information on multiple scales is to use a geographic information system (GIS). The case of phosphorus in southern Rhode Island's Tucker Pond illustrates how a GIS can help integrate concerns from the public, data from Clean Water Act monitoring, and information from the New England Resource Protection Project to identify types of environmental assessment questions on scales ranging from states to subwatersheds. By involving the public at all stages of the process and better informing them about their watersheds, this new approach makes them better stewards of their environment. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Reg 1, Boston, MA 02203 USA. OAO Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lussier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1483 EP + DI 10.1080/20018091095140 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200038 ER PT J AU Wigand, C Comeleo, R McKinney, R Thursby, G Chintala, M Charpentier, M AF Wigand, C Comeleo, R McKinney, R Thursby, G Chintala, M Charpentier, M TI Outline of a new approach to evaluate ecological integrity of salt marshes SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ecosystem services; habitat; water quality; salt marsh; plant zonation; integrity ID NEW-ENGLAND; COASTAL WATERSHEDS; NITROGEN; NITRATE AB The integrity of coastal salt marshes can be determined from the extent to which they provide key ecosystem services: food and habitat for fish and wildlife, good water quality, erosion and flood control, and recreation and cultural use. An outline of a new approach for linking ecosystem services with metrics of structure and function to evaluate the ecological integrity of salt marshes is described. One main objective of the approach is to determine whether differences in structure and function can be detected among salt marshes with similar geomorphology and hydrology but different degrees of anthropogenic stress. The approach is currently being applied to salt marshes of Narragansett Bay, RI, USA. Stable nitrogen isotopic ratios of the marsh biota reflected the nitrogen sources from the adjacent watersheds and were significantly correlated with percent residential land use. Results show that plant zonation significantly (r = -0.82; p<0.05) relates with percent residential land use and is potentially a sensitive indicator of anthropogenic disturbance of New England salt marshes. We are currently examining species diversity, denitrification rates, and susceptibility to erosion among the sites for additional indicators of salt marsh condition. Our results to date suggest that this approach will provide the methods needed for managers to systematically monitor and evaluate the integrity of salt marshes. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OAO Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 20 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1541 EP 1554 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200041 ER PT J AU Paul, JF DeMoss, TB AF Paul, JF DeMoss, TB TI Integration of environmental indicators for the US mid-Atlantic region SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE mid-Atlantic region; environmental indicators; indicators ID STATE AB The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) Project began in 1994 as a partnership between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Region III Office and the Office of Research and Development. This multiyear initiative was envisioned to: (1) improve the quality of environmental science and promote the use of sound science in environmental decision-making; (2) characterize the condition of ecological resources; and (3) report on the progress toward environmental goals through a series of State-of-the-Region reports. These reports are produced using a coordinated, integrated approach that is carried out at four levels of increasing sophistication and complexity. Results indicate that the condition of individual ecological resources can be determined with existing indicators. The results from MAIA are being communicated in a manner that is understood by environmental managers as evidenced by their use in environmental management decision-making. The application of ecological indicators needs to be coupled with an appropriate sampling design to ensure that the measurements made in the environment can be used to address the relevant questions. Multiresource indicators, those that synthesize information on individual ecological resources, are of high priority for research. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Environm Serv Div, Reg 3, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Paul, JF (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1555 EP U22 DI 10.1080/20018091095186 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200042 ER PT J AU Suter, GW AF Suter, GW TI Focus on exposure-response relationships, and complex forms will come naturally SO HUMAN & EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin I King Dr,MC-117, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0960-3271 J9 HUM EXP TOXICOL JI Hum. Exp. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 20 IS 10 BP 527 EP 528 DI 10.1191/096032701718120409 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 517UL UT WOS:000173628500009 PM 11858517 ER PT J AU Zhu, C Burden, DS AF Zhu, C Burden, DS TI Mineralogical compositions of aquifer matrix as necessary initial conditions in reactive contaminant transport models SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE mineralogy; contaminant transport; uranium; acid mine drainage; modeling ID SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; MASS-TRANSPORT; GROUND-WATER; FLOW; PRECIPITATION; SEDIMENTS; ARIZONA; OXIDES; SOILS AB Mineralogical compositions and their spatial distributions are important initial conditions for reactive transport modeling. However, popular K-d-based "reactive" transport models only require contaminant concentrations in the pore fluids as initial conditions, and minerals implicitly represent infinite sources and sinks in these models. That situation results in a general neglect of mineralogical characterization in site investigations. This study uses a coupled multi-component reactive mass transport model to predict the natural attenuation of a ground water plume at a uranium mill tailings site in western USA. Numerous ground water geochemistry data are available at this site, but mineralogical data are sketchy. Even given the well-defined pore fluid chemistry, variations of secondary mineral species and mineral abundances in the aquifer resulted in significantly different modeling outcomes. Results show that the amount of calcite in the aquifer determines the distances of plume migration. The possible presence of jurbanite, an aluminum sulfate phase, can store acidity temporarily but cause more severe contamination on a later date. The surfaces of iron oxyhydroxides can store significant amounts of sulfate and protons and serve as a second source for prolonged contamination. These simulations under field conditions illustrate that mineralogical compositions are an essential requirement for accurate prediction of contaminant fate and transport. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Zhu, C (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, 321 Old Engn Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RI Zhu, Chen/A-5356-2010 OI Zhu, Chen/0000-0001-5374-6787 NR 40 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 145 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00132-2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 473UB UT WOS:000171065500002 PM 11588823 ER PT J AU Vallero, DA Farnsworth, JL Peirce, JJ AF Vallero, DA Farnsworth, JL Peirce, JJ TI Degradation and migration of vinclozolin in sand and soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID MALE-RAT; PESTICIDES; CHLOZOLINATE; PROCYMIDONE; IPRODIONE; FUNGICIDE; EXPOSURE AB The migration of the dicarboximide fungicide vinclozolin and its principal degradation products through porous media was experimentally determined by simulating pesticide applications to a 23-30 mesh Ottawa sand and a North Carolina Piedmont aquic hapludult soil in laboratory columns. The mass of vinclozolin and its degradates were measured in the porous media 24, 168, and 504 h after fungicide application, varying pore fluid pH and size of simulated rain events. Degradation in the soil was near detection limits under all experimental scenarios. In sand at pH 8.8, vinclozolin degraded along two pathways. The degradation to the butenoic acid degradate was faster than the degradation to vinclozolin's enanilide degradate. The presence of the enanilide pathway had not previously been observed in solutions with pH > 7, indicating that the presence of particles plays a role in the rate and pathway of vinclozolin degradation. Thus, the direct extrapolation of dicarboximide chemistry from solution studies to agricultural field conditions is not possible without consideration of the soil matrix characteristics. C1 US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USA, US Mil Acad, West Point, NY 10996 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Vallero, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Mail Drop 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 10 BP 952 EP 957 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:10(952) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474ZV UT WOS:000171137900013 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Collette, TW AF Urbansky, ET Collette, TW TI Comparison and evaluation of laboratory performance on a method for the determination of perchlorate in fertilizers SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID ESI-FAIMS-MS; CHARGE; WATER; IDENTIFICATION; MATRICES; CHLORIDE; NITRATE; ZEOLITE; SOILS; ION AB This report details the interlaboratory validation of a method for the determination of perchlorate in fertilizers. In this method (EPA/600/R-01/026), a solid sample of fertilizer is ground. Subsequently, the ground material is either leached with deionized water to dissolve any perchlorate salt in the case of minimally soluble fertilizers (e.g. supertriplephosphate or timed-release products), or simply dissolved in the case of highly soluble fertilizers (e.g. urea, NaNO3 or KCI). The resulting aqueous solution is then subjected to ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection, Four laboratories applied the method to field samples of 48 different products (commodity chemicals) and to seven quality control samples prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Additional tests were conducted by three other laboratories on specific materials. Recovery was demonstrated on spikes of known concentration, and a preliminary assured reporting level was determined for each fertilizer matrix by each laboratory. Injection-to-injection precision was satisfactory: generally less than 15% difference, and always less than 25%, All of the laboratories used Dionex IonPac AG16 guard and AS16 separation columns with NaOH or KOH as eluent. Detection was by suppressed conductivity. The method was shown to be sufficiently robust for the screening of fertilizers for perchlorate, but performance was low on a mixture of siliceous minerals (kaolinite and bentonite). Both laboratory performance and method performance are validated. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 3 IS 5 BP 454 EP 462 DI 10.1039/b105282a PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 485ZZ UT WOS:000171794600005 PM 11695111 ER PT J AU Lindquist, HDA Ware, M Stetler, RE Wymer, L Schaefer, FW AF Lindquist, HDA Ware, M Stetler, RE Wymer, L Schaefer, FW TI A comparison of four fluorescent antibody-based methods for purifying, detecting, and confirming Cryptosporidium parvum in surface waters SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GIARDIA CYSTS; OOCYSTS; OUTBREAK; SAMPLES AB Cryptosporidiosis has been traced to drinking contaminated surface water, which was either not treated or was ineffectively treated. Testing to detect Cryptosporidium parvum in surface water has been suggested to help prevent future outbreaks. In the present study, the same sample collection and filtration methods were used to compared sample processing and detection steps from 4 testing methods: a modified information collection rule (ICR) method and method 1623 (both developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), a flow cytometric method, and a solid-phase cytometric method. All of these methods use fluorescent antibody staining, which is only a presumptive indication of the presence of this parasite. Confirmation requires another assay. Methods were evaluated for both presumptive and confirmed detection. Solid-phase cytometry had the highest presumptive and confirmed detection rates. Flow cytometry had the next highest presumptive detection rate in reagent water but was third in spiked surface and tap waters, with no confirmation procedure. The ICR method had the third highest presumptive detection rate in reagent water and the second highest in spiked surface and tap waters but failed to confirm any oocysts. Method 1623 had significantly lower presumptive detection than any other method and a significantly lower confirmation rate than the solid-phase cytometry method. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lindquist, HDA (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1124 EP 1131 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1124:ACOFFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300033 PM 11695378 ER PT J AU Linak, W AF Linak, W TI Untitled - Response SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Linak, W (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 1390 EP 1390 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482WC UT WOS:000171599400004 ER PT J AU Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK Ensor, DS AF Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK Ensor, DS TI An analytical method for the measurement of nonviable bioaerosols SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INDOOR-AIR; ASTHMA AB Exposures from indoor environments are a major issue for evaluating total long-term personal exposures to the fine fraction (<2.5 mum in aerodynamic diameter) of particulate matter (PM). It is widely accepted in the indoor air quality (IAQ) research community that biocontamination is one of the important indoor air pollutants. Major indoor air biocontaminants include mold, bacteria, dust mites, and other antigens. Once the biocontaminants or their metabolites become airborne, IAQ could be significantly deteriorated. The airborne biocontaminants or their metabolites can induce irritational, allergic, infectious, and chemical responses in exposed individuals. Biocontaminants, such as some mold spores or pollen grains, because of their size and mass, settle rapidly within the indoor environment. Over time they may become nonviable and fragmented by the process of desiccation. Desiccated nonviable fragments of organisms are common and can be toxic or allergenic, depending upon the specific organism or organism component. Once these smaller and lighter fragments of biological PM become suspended in air, they have a greater tendency to stay suspended. Although some bioaerosols have been identified, few have been quantitatively studied for their prevalence within the total indoor PM with time, or for their affinity to penetrate indoors, This paper describes a preliminary research effort to develop a methodology for the measurement of nonviable biologically based PM, analyzing for mold and ragweed antigens and endotoxins. The research objectives include the development of a set of analytical methods and the comparison of impactor media and sample size, and the quantification of the relationship between outdoor and indoor levels of bioaerosols. Indoor and outdoor air samples were passed through an Andersen nonviable cascade impactor in which particles from 0.2 to 9.0 mum were collected and analyzed. The presence of mold, ragweed, and endotoxin was found in all eight size ranges. The presence of respirable particles of mold and pollen found in the fine particle size range from 0.2 to 5.25 mum is evidence of fragmentation of larger source particles that are known allergens. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Resk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Menetrez, MY (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Resk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 1436 EP 1442 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482WC UT WOS:000171599400011 PM 11686248 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK Sedman, CB Kilgroe, JD Smith, D Renninger, S AF Srivastava, RK Sedman, CB Kilgroe, JD Smith, D Renninger, S TI Preliminary estimates of performance and cost of mercury control technology applications on electric utility boilers SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is appropriate and necessary. To aid in this determination, preliminary estimates of the performance and cost of powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection-based mercury control technologies were developed. This paper presents these estimates and develops projections of costs for future applications. Cost estimates were developed using PAC to achieve a minimum of 80% mercury removal at plants using electrostatic precipitators and a minimum of 90% removal at plants using fabric filters. These estimates ranged from 0.305 to 3.783 mills/kWh. However, the higher costs were associated with a minority of plants using hot-side electrostatic precipitators (HESPs). If these costs are excluded, the estimates range from 0.305 to 1.915 mills/kWh. Cost projections developed using a composite lime-PAC sorbent for mercury removal ranged from 0.183 to 2.270 mills/kWh, with the higher costs being associated with a minority of plants that used HESPs. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Srivastava, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 1460 EP 1470 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482WC UT WOS:000171599400014 PM 28086695 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG AF Daughton, CG TI Emerging pollutants, and communicating the science of environmental chemistry and mass spectrometry: Pharmaceuticals in the environment SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article AB While this paper is to a large degree targeted for those not familiar with mass spectrometry, [for an overview of mass spectrometry, a number of excellent websites are available, including http://base-peak.wiley.com/links/Resources/Educational_Resources/], the primary focus is on the importance of mass spectrometry in ultimately protecting public health and minimizing risks of chemical exposure. Its other audience is those who practice in this specialized field. Should this subject not interest you, by reading this article you can discover among other things, why elevator rides can be important for your career and for your discipline. Why acetaminophen is used for brown tree snakes, or lipid-lowering drugs for pigeons. (C) 2001 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89118 USA. RP Daughton, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89118 USA. OI Daughton, Christian/0000-0002-0302-7730 NR 17 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 12 IS 10 BP 1067 EP 1076 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00287-2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 480PD UT WOS:000171469800001 PM 11605967 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Cantu, R AF Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Cantu, R TI Stable association complex electrospray mass spectrometry for the determination of cyanuric acid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; DRINKING-WATER; PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; ATRAZINE; ION; MINERALIZATION; PERCHLORATE; BIODEGRADATION; ULTRAVIOLET AB Cyanuric acid, a suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicant, has gained interest as a potential degradation product of triazine herbicides, such as simazine and atrazine. This paper investigates the determination of cyanuric acid by stable association complex electrospray mass spectrometry (cESI-MS). The cyanuric acid is extracted from the water through a microscale liquid-liquid extraction. The extract is evaporated to dryness, and an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant is added. When injected into the electrospray mass spectrometer, the surfactant and the cyanuric acid form a mass-selective stable association complex, which may be used for confident quantification of cyanuric acid. Several extraction solvents and surfactants were investigated. These studies provide insight into the mechanism of electrospray for the formation of these complexes, specifically with regard to the surface activity of the different surfactants and the chemistry of the surfactant-cyanuric acid complexes. From an analytical standpoint, the cESI-MS method detection limit for extraction of a 1 mL aqueous solution of cyanuric acid was 130 mug/L based on 3.140 sigma (n-1) of seven replicate injections. Standard additions were used for quantification of eight aqueous samples. The cyanuric acid concentrations determined with cESI-MS were not significantly different at the 95% confidence level to those determined by conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A recovery of 100% from a fortified urine sample illustrates the robustness of the technique. (C) 2001 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. C1 US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Chem Exposure Res Branch, Microbial & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 12 IS 10 BP 1085 EP 1091 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00292-6 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 480PD UT WOS:000171469800003 PM 11605969 ER PT J AU Jensen, ME Goodman, IA Bourgeron, PS Poff, NL Brewer, CK AF Jensen, ME Goodman, IA Bourgeron, PS Poff, NL Brewer, CK TI Effectiveness of biophysical criteria in the hierarchical classification of drainage basins SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; forest hydrology; hydrogeology; hydrologic regionalization; land use planning; water resources planning; watershed management/wildland hydrology ID LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PERSPECTIVE; ECOREGIONS; FRAMEWORK AB A subwatershed base map of 84 hydrologic subregions within the Columbia River Basin (approximately 58,361,000 ha) was developed following hierarchical principles of ecological unit mapping. Our primary objectives were to inspect the relations between direct and indirect biophysical variables in the prediction of valley bottom and stream type patterns, and to identify hydrologic subregions (based on these results) that had similar aquatic patterns for which consistent management practices could be applied. Realization of these objectives required: (1) stratified subsampling of valley bottom and stream type composition within selected subwatersheds, (2) identification of direct and indirect biophysical variables that were mappable across the basin and that exerted primary control on the distribution of sampled aquatic patterns, and (3) development of hydrologic subregion maps based on the primary biophysical variables identified. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that a core set of 15 direct variables (e.g., average watershed slope, drainage density, ten-year peak flow) and 19 indirect variables (i.e., nine subsection groups, four lithology groups, and six potential vegetation settings) accounted for 31 and 30 percent (respectively) of valley bottom/stream type composition variability and 84 and 80 percent (respectively) of valley bottom/stream type environmental variability within subsamples. The 19 indirect biophysical variables identified were used to produce an ecological unit classification of 7,462 subwatersheds within the basin by a hierarchical agglomerative clustering technique (i.e,, hydrologic subregions were identified). Discriminant analysis indicated that 13 direct biophysical variables could correctly assign 80 percent of the subwatersheds to their indirect biophysical classification, thus demonstrating the strong relation that exists between indirect biophysical based classifications (ecological units) and the direct biophysical variables that determine finer-level aquatic patterns. Our hydrologic subregion classifications were also effective in explaining observed differences in management hazard ratings across all subwatersheds of the basin. Results of this research indicate that ecological units can be effectively used to produce watershed classifications that integrate the effects of direct biophysical variables on finer-level aquatic patterns, and predict opportunities and limitations for management. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Jensen, ME (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 7669, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RI Poff, Nathan/C-1239-2009 NR 45 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1155 EP 1167 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03629.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900006 ER PT J AU Fiorino, DJ AF Fiorino, DJ TI Adding value to green business SO POLLUTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Performance Incent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fiorino, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Performance Incent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO PI OAK BROOK PA 2000 CLEARWATER DR, OAK BROOK, IL 60523-8809 USA SN 0032-3640 J9 POLLUT ENG JI Pollut. Eng. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 33 IS 9 BP 10 EP 14 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474TE UT WOS:000171122300010 ER PT J AU Kodama, Y Pawel, D Nakamura, N Preston, D Honda, T Itoh, M Nakano, M Ohtaki, K Funamoto, S Awa, AA AF Kodama, Y Pawel, D Nakamura, N Preston, D Honda, T Itoh, M Nakano, M Ohtaki, K Funamoto, S Awa, AA TI Stable chromosome aberrations in atomic bomb survivors: Results from 25 years of investigation SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RADIATION-DOSIMETRY; LYMPHOCYTES; CANCER AB Frequencies of stable chromosome aberrations from more than 3,000 atomic bomb survivors were used to examine the nature of the radiation dose response. The end point was the proportion of cells with at least one translocation or inversion detected in Giemsa-stained cultures of approximately 100 lymphocytes per person. The statistical methods allow for both imprecision of individual dose estimates and extra-binomial variation. A highly significant and nonlinear dose response was seen. The shape of the dose response was concave upward for doses below 1.5 Sv but exhibited some leveling off at higher doses. This curvature was similar for the two cities, with a crossover dose (i.e. the ratio of the linear coefficient to the quadratic coefficient) of 1.7 Sv (95% CI 0.9, 4). The low-dose slopes for the two cities differed significantly: 6.6% per Sv (95% CI 5.5, 8.4) in Hiroshima and 3.7% (95% CI 2.6, 4.9) in Nagasaki. This difference was reduced considerably, but not eliminated, when the comparison was limited to people who were exposed in houses or tenements. Nagasaki survivors exposed in factories, as well as people in either city who were outside with little or no shielding, had a lower dose response than those exposed in houses. This suggests that doses for Nagasaki factory worker survivors may be overestimated by the DS86, apparently by about 60%. Even though factory workers constitute about 20% of Nagasaki survivors with dose estimates in the range of 0.5 to 2 Sv, calculations indicate that the dosimetry problems for these people have little impact on cancer risk estimates for Nagasaki. (C) 2001 by Radiation Research Society. C1 Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Stat, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Genet, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Preston, D (reprint author), Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Stat, Minami Ku, 5-2 Hijiyama Pk, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. NR 23 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 820 JORIE BOULEVARD, OAK BROOK, IL 60523 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 156 IS 4 BP 337 EP 346 DI 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0337:SCAIAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 478DE UT WOS:000171327000001 PM 11554845 ER PT J AU Sonich-Mullin, C Fielder, R Wiltse, J Baetcke, K Dempsey, J Fenner-Crisp, R Grant, D Hartley, M Knaap, A Kroese, D Mangelsdorf, I Meek, E Rice, JM Younes, M AF Sonich-Mullin, C Fielder, R Wiltse, J Baetcke, K Dempsey, J Fenner-Crisp, R Grant, D Hartley, M Knaap, A Kroese, D Mangelsdorf, I Meek, E Rice, JM Younes, M TI IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating a mode of action for chemical carcinogenesis SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is leading an activity to harmonize approaches to cancer risk assessment as a part of its larger project on the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals. Through a series of workshops and the evaluation of case studies, a number of key components of risk assessments relating to harmonization were identified: transparency, terminology, weight of evidence, flexibility, and accessibility/communication. A major impediment to harmonization identified in the consideration of weight of evidence was the evaluation of mode of action. To address this need, a conceptual framework was developed, based on the general principles involved in considering the chemical induction of a specific tumor in animals. This is based partly on the Bradford Hill criteria for causality as modified by Faustman et al. (1997) for developmental toxicity. The framework is described in this paper followed by a worked example. It is recognized that the framework addresses only one stage in the overall characterization of hazard to humans of chemical carcinogens. Another important but separate step is the assessment of relevance to humans. This is a priority area for future work in this project. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Int Program Chem Safety, IPCS Harmonizat Project, Geneva, Switzerland. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Dept Hlth, London SE1 6TE, England. DL Grant Associates, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Natl Occupat Hlth & Safety Commiss, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Aerosol Res, Hannover, Germany. Hlth Canada, Environm Hlth Directorate, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. Hlth Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agcy, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. RP Sonich-Mullin, C (reprint author), Int Program Chem Safety, IPCS Harmonizat Project, Geneva, Switzerland. NR 7 TC 185 Z9 191 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 34 IS 2 BP 146 EP 152 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1493 PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 486XV UT WOS:000171843500004 PM 11603957 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL TI Rodent models of susceptibility: what is their place in inhalation toxicology? SO RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Susceptibility Factors for Respiratory Diseases CY OCT 03-06, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Lovelace Respiratory Res Inst DE susceptibility; air pollution; animal models; COPD; cardiovascular disease ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS; PLATELET THROMBUS FORMATION; CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE; CHRONIC-BRONCHITIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; AIR-POLLUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; TRANSGENIC MICE; SULFUR-DIOXIDE AB There is renewed interest in inhalation toxicology regarding 'susceptibility' as associated with host variables, including genetics, age, diet, and disease. This interest derives from epidemiology that shows air pollution-related human mortality/morbidity, especially among individuals with cardiopulmonary disease. Several animal models with experimental or genetically-based cardiopulmonary diseases are now being incorporated into inhalation toxicology studies to investigate mechanisms that underlie host susceptibility. However, current models have strengths and limitations as to how they mimic the essential features of human diseases. To date, animal models of pulmonary hypertension, bronchitis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease; but not emphysema, appear to exhibit greater susceptibility to air pollution particulate matter. As in humans, host susceptibility appears to involve multiple genetic and environmental factors, and is poorly understood, but the database of information is growing rapidly. As existing models gain wider use, our understanding of the models will improve and encourage refinements/development of models that integrate both genetic and environmental factors to better mimic the human condition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Exp Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Exp Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 65 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-5687 J9 RESP PHYSIOL JI Respir. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 128 IS 1 BP 57 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00265-1 PG 14 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 477LB UT WOS:000171284100009 PM 11535263 ER PT J AU Deck, LB Post, ES Smith, E Wiener, M Cunningham, K Richmond, H AF Deck, LB Post, ES Smith, E Wiener, M Cunningham, K Richmond, H TI Estimates of the health risk reductions associated with attainment of alternative particulate matter standards in two US cities SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE risk reductions; particulate matter; risk analyses; risk assessment ID EMPIRICAL BAYES ESTIMATORS; AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; LIMITING RISK; MORTALITY AB As part of its periodic re-evaluation of particulate matter (PM) standards,the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated the health risk. reductions associated with attainment of alternative PM standards in two locations in the United States with relatively complete air quality data: Philadelphia and Los Angeles. PM standards at the time of the analysis were defined for particles of aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 mum, denoted as PM-10. The risk analyses estimated the risk reductions that would be associated with changing from attainment of the PM-10 standards then in place to attainment of alternative standards using an indicator measuring fine particles, defined as those particles of aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 mum and denoted as PM-2.5. Annual average PM-2.5 standards of 12.5, 15, and 20 mug/m(3) were considered in various combinations with daily PM-2.5 standards of 50 and 65 mug/m(3). Attainment of a Standard or set of standards was simulated by a proportional rollback of "as is" daily PM concentrations to daily PM concentrations that would just meet the standard(s). The predicted reductions in the incidence of health effects, varied from zero, for those alternative standards already being met, to substantial reductions of over 88% of all PM-associated incidence (e,g., in mortality associated with long-term exposures in Los Angeles, under attainment of an annual standard of 12.5 mug/m(3)). Sensitivity analyses and integrated uncertainty analyses assessed the multiple-source uncertainty surrounding estimates of risk reduction. C1 ABT Associates Inc, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Deck, LB (reprint author), ABT Associates Inc, 4800 Montgomery Lane,Suite 600, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 821 EP 836 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.215154 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 502TH UT WOS:000172758500003 PM 11798119 ER PT J AU Byczkowski, JZ Lipscomb, JC AF Byczkowski, JZ Lipscomb, JC TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the lactational transfer of methylmercury SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE physiologically based pharmacokinetic model; methylmercury; lactation; infant exposure ID MATERNAL FISH DIET; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; METHYL MERCURY; BREAST-MILK; CHILDREN; RAT; KINETICS; ELEMENTS; INFANTS; FETUS AB The developmental neurotoxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) in humans has been described following catastrophic events in Minamata Bay, Japan and in Iraq, and following the exposure to lower doses elsewhere in the world. The most common route of MeHg exposure in humans is through the intake of contaminated food, especially fish. Although the precautions against the ingestion of potentially contaminated food during pregnancy are well recognized, precautions against the ingestion of MeHg during lactation are not so uniformly recognized. However, the continued development of the central nervous system during the early postnatal period serves to prolong the period during which this critical system is susceptible to the toxic insult of MeHg. Because no direct method is available to quantitatively assess the lactational transfer of MeHg to humans, a computer-aided simulation method was developed. An available gestational physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was refined and expanded to include parameters and algorithms specific for the elimination of MeHg in breast milk. The predictions of the completed model were compared with experimental data obtained from rodents, and the model parameters were allometrically scaled to humans. Finally, the model was validated by comparing its predictions against the available clinical data for MeHg distribution and elimination in mothers and their nursing infants. This model incorporated current and previous maternal exposures to MeHg to accurately predict the kinetics of MeHg excretion in breast milk and the daily intake by the nursing infant. Ibis model may be used to quantify MeHg intake by the nursing infant, under different rates of maternal MeHg ingestion. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Byczkowski, JZ (reprint author), 212 N Cent Ave, Fairborn, OH 45324 USA. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 869 EP 882 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.215158 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 502TH UT WOS:000172758500007 PM 11798123 ER PT J AU Pennington, DW Bare, JC AF Pennington, DW Bare, JC TI Comparison of chemical screening and ranking approaches: The waste minimization prioritization tool versus toxic equivalency potentials SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE chemical; emission screening; ranking; comparison; LCA; WMPT; TEP; POPs; PBTs ID FATE AB Chemical screening in the United States is often conducted using scoring and ranking methodologies. Linked models accounting for chemical fate, exposure, and toxicological effects are generally preferred in Europe and in product Life Cycle Assessment. For the first time, a comparison is presented in this article of two of the prominent, but structurally different methodologies adopted to help screen and rank chemicals and chemical emissions data. Results for 250 chemicals are presented, with a focus on 12 chemicals of interest in the United Nations Environment Programme's, Persistent Organic Pollutants global treaty negotiations. These results help to illustrate the significance of described structural differences and to assess the correlation between the methodologies. The scope of the comparison was restricted here to human health, although the insights would be equally useful in the context of the health of ecosystems. Illustrating the current types of chemical screening and emissions comparison approaches, the relative significance of the scenario and structural differences of the Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool (WMPT) and the Toxic Equivalency Potential (TEP) methodologies are analyzed. The WMPT facilitates comparison in terms of key physical-chemical properties. Measures for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT) are calculated. Each PBT measure is scored and then these scores are added to provide a single measure of relative concern. TEPs account for chemical fate, multipathway exposure, and toxicity using a model-based approach. This model structure is sometimes considered to provide a less subjective representation of environmental mechanisms, and, hence, an improved basis for screening. Nevertheless, a strong :relationship exists between the two approaches and both have their limitations. C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, DGR, GECOS, Life Cycle Grp Sustainable Dev, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. US EPA, NRMRL, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Pennington, DW (reprint author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, DGR, GECOS, Life Cycle Grp Sustainable Dev, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 897 EP 912 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.215160 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 502TH UT WOS:000172758500009 PM 11798125 ER PT J AU Chapela, IH Osher, LJ Horton, TR Henn, MR AF Chapela, IH Osher, LJ Horton, TR Henn, MR TI Ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with exotic pine plantations induce soil carbon depletion SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE radiata pine; plantation; mycorrhiza; land-use change; saprotrophic fungi; exotic species; paramo grassland; carbon mining ID RADIATA PINE; NEW-ZEALAND; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ORGANIC-MATTER; NATURAL C-13; FOREST; STORAGE; IDENTIFICATION; AGRICULTURE AB Exotic pine plantations are promoted for their presumed capacity to provide a net sink of atmospheric C. Millions of hectares worldwide will be subjected to conversion into plantations during the next decades. However, pine introductions are known to result in a marked depletion of soil C, a phenomenon which has remained unexplained. We studied plantations in paramo grasslands of Ecuador, where the effect of the exotic introduction of radiata pines (Pinus radiata) and their accompanying ectomycorrhizal fungi can be studied in isolation from other ecosystem disturbances. We suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi can extract C previously accumulated by paramo grasslands based on (a) a drastic simplification of the ectomycorrhizal community shown by direct DNA identification, (b) a loss of up to 30% soil C within <20 years of plantation, (c) stable C isotope values in fungal fruitbodies which are closer to grassland than pi tie values, and (d) radiocarbon dating of fruitbodies indicating relatively old C sources for fruitbody formation. Species number in the ectomycorrhizal guild drops to only three fungal species per plantation compared to approximately 100 in comparable native pine stands. Our results provide evidence for a dynamic role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil C processing, and question the strategy of introducing pine plantations as a general solution to reduce mounting atmospheric CO2 levels. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chapela, IH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Ecosyst Sci Div, 334 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Horton, Tom/0000-0002-2112-9618 NR 56 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 8 U2 49 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 33 IS 12-13 BP 1733 EP 1740 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00098-0 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 479QR UT WOS:000171415500016 ER PT J AU Liu, J Corton, C Dix, DJ Liu, YP Waalkes, MP Klaassen, CD AF Liu, J Corton, C Dix, DJ Liu, YP Waalkes, MP Klaassen, CD TI Genetic background but not metallothionein phenotype dictates sensitivity to cadmium-induced testicular injury in mice SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; testicular toxicity; strain-difference; metallothionein; testicular hemorrhage; atrophy; metallothionein-deficient mice ID INBRED STRAINS; RESISTANCE; TOXICITY; EXPRESSION; NECROSIS; TESTES; MOUSE; RATS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PROTEIN AB Sensitivity to cadmium (Cd)-induced testicular injury varies greatly among mouse strains. For instance, 129/SvJ (129) mice are highly sensitive while C57BL/6J (C57) mice are refractory to Cd-induced testicular injury. Metallothionein (MT), a Cd-binding protein, is thought to be responsible for the strain susceptibility to Cd toxicity. In this study, MT-I/II knockout (MT-null) an wi type 129 mice were used to determine the role of NIT in Cd-induced testicular injury. Two additional strains of mice (C57 and the C57 x 129 F1cross) were also used to help define the role of genetic background in Cd toxicity. Mice were given 5-20 mu mol/kg ip CdCl2 and testicular injury was examined 24 h later by histopathology and testicular hemoglobin concentration. Cd produced dose-dependent testicular injury in all strains of mice, except for C57 mice, in which testicular injury could not be produced. MT-null mice were more sensitive than C57 x 129 mice but were equally sensitive as 129 mice to Cd-induced testicular injury. Fourteen days after 15 mu mol/kg ip Cd administration, testicular atrophy was evident in MT-null, 129, and C57 x 129 mice but was absent in C57 mice. The resistance of C57 mice to Cd-induced testicular injury could not be attributed solely to a decreased uptake of Cd-109 nor to a greater amount of testicular MT. Microarray analysis revealed a higher expression of glutathione peroxidase in the testes of C57 mice, as well as genes encoding antioxidant components and DNA damage/repair, but their significance to Cd-induced injury is not immediately clear. Thus, this study demonstrates that it is genetic strain, not MT genotype, that is mechanistically important in determining susceptibility to Cd-induced testicular injury. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol & Therapeut, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. NIEHS, NCI, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Hlth Res, CIIT, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Enviornm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol & Therapeut, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-01142] NR 39 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 176 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9262 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 482HT UT WOS:000171571300001 PM 11578143 ER PT J AU Evans, MV Eklund, CR AF Evans, MV Eklund, CR TI A graphical application of sensitivity analysis for gas uptake experiments using chloroform as an example SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE chloroform; PBPK models; sensitivity coefficients ID PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; INHALATION PHARMACOKINETICS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RATS; STYRENE AB The accurate quantification of metabolism is essential for performing dosimetry of volatile organic compounds because metabolism is typically required for toxicity. One approach available to measure metabolism is gas uptake analysis, which combines experimental data with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling in order to obtain metabolic parameters. One of the primary concerns when using modeling to infer parameter values arises from the uncertainty involved in this process. In this article, we illustrate the use of sensitivity analysis, a numerical technique, typically used to identify optimal exposure times aimed at improving future experiments. This particular analysis was performed using a previously published PBPK model for chloroform, which was chosen as a model volatile compound. In order to illustrate the interpretation of sensitivity coefficients, three different time-course plots are generated for liver concentration by varying the metabolism parameter Vmax plus or minus 10%. We then graphically relate these three plots to a single sensitivity coefficient plot. This process is repeated for three additional concentrations in order to illustrate how sensitivity coefficients vary with exposure length and initial chamber concentration. In general, the maximal sensitivity regions indicate the best sampling times, which vary for different initial concentrations. This work provides an intuitive illustration of sensitivity analysis in the hope of facilitating the application of sensitivity analysis to design informative metabolic studies. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Evans, MV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 285 EP 297 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 498WP UT WOS:000172536800004 ER PT J AU Rossman, LA Brown, RA Singer, PC Nuckols, JR AF Rossman, LA Brown, RA Singer, PC Nuckols, JR TI DBP formation kinetics in a simulated distribution system SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; water distribution systems; trihalomethanes; haloacetic acids; kinetics ID WATER DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS; CHLORINE DECAY AB Little is known about how the growth of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water is affected by time spent in a distribution system. Experiments were performed to compare the rate of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid production in a simulated pipe environment to that observed for the same water held in glass bottles, Results showed that although the rate of chlorine consumption in the pipe was much greater than in the bottle, there was no decrease in the amount of haloacetic acids produced and that trihalomethane levels actually increased by an average of 15%. Separate tests confirmed that this increase was due to a reservoir of organic precursor material associated with deposits on the pipe wall. This work suggests that the rate of DBP production in a distribution system will not necessarily be reduced by increased chlorine consumption due to non-DBP producing reactions with deposits on the pipe wall. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Environm Engn & Technol Inc, Newport News, VA USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Rossman, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 16 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 35 IS 14 BP 3483 EP 3489 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00059-8 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 466TV UT WOS:000170662900025 PM 11547872 ER PT J AU Vazquez, G Lievremont, JP Bird, GS Putney, JW AF Vazquez, G Lievremont, JP Bird, GS Putney, JW TI Human Trp3 forms both inositol trisphosphate receptor-dependent and receptor-independent store-operated cation channels in DT40 avian B lymphocytes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; CAPACITATIVE CALCIUM-ENTRY; STIMULATES CA2+ INFLUX; 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE RECEPTORS; HUMAN HOMOLOG; DEPLETION; GENE; EXPRESSION; ACTIVATION; CURRENTS AB Mammalian Trp proteins are candidates for plasma membrane calcium channels regulated by receptor activation or by intracellular calcium store depletion [capacitative calcium entry (CCE)]. One extensively investigated member of the Trp family, the human Trp3 (hTrp3), behaves as a receptor-activated, calcium-permeable, nonselective cation channel when expressed in cell lines and does not appear to be activated by store depletion. Nonetheless, there is good evidence that Trp3 can be regulated by interacting with inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs), reminiscent of the conformational coupling mode of CCE. To investigate the role of Trp3 in CCE, and its regulation by IP3R, we transiently expressed hTrp3 in the wild-type DT40 chicken B lymphocyte cell line and its variant lacking IP3R. Expression of hTrp3 in either wild-type or IP3R-knockout cells did not increase basal membrane permeability, but resulted in a substantially greater divalent cation entry after thapsigargin-induced store depletion. This hTrp3-dependent divalent cation entry was significantly greater in the wild type than in IP3R-knockout cells. Thus, it appears that in this cell line, hTrp3 forms channels that are store-operated by both IP3R-dependent and IP3R-independent mechanisms. Trp3, or one of its structural relatives, is a candidate for the store-operated, nonselective cation channels observed in smooth muscle cells and other cell types. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Vazquez, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 48 TC 125 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 25 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 20 BP 11777 EP 11782 DI 10.1073/pnas.201238198 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 476PC UT WOS:000171237100141 PM 11553786 ER PT J AU Jeselnik, M Varma, RS Polanc, S Kocevar, M AF Jeselnik, M Varma, RS Polanc, S Kocevar, M TI Catalyst-free reactions under solvent-free conditions: microwave-assisted synthesis of heterocyclic hydrazones below the melting points of neat reactants SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; FUSED PYRAN-2-ONES; IRRADIATION; TRANSFORMATION; 5-HYDRAZONO-5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRO-2H-1-BENZOPYRAN-2-ONES; 2H-PYRAN-2-ONES; HYDRAZINES; ACID AB The reaction of neat 5- or 8-oxobenzopyran-2(1H)-ones, 1-3, with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrazines, 4, is remarkably accelerated upon irradiation in a household microwave oven in the absence of any catalyst, solid support or solvent thus providing an environmentally friendly route to several heterocyclic hydrazones. C1 Univ Ljubljana, Fac Chem & Chem Technol, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PD SEP 21 PY 2001 IS 18 BP 1716 EP 1717 DI 10.1039/b104508n PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 477ML UT WOS:000171287300005 PM 12240280 ER PT J AU McClenny, WA Colon, M Oliver, KD AF McClenny, WA Colon, M Oliver, KD TI Ozone reaction with n-aldehydes (n=4-10), benzaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol adsorbed on a dual-bed graphitized carbon-carbon molecular sieve adsorbent cartridge SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE ozone reaction; n-aldehydes; benzaldehyde; ethanol; isopropanol; n-propanol ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; 1995 SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; FOREST AIR; PERFORMANCE; TERPENES; HYDROCARBONS; CHEMISTRY; NASHVILLE; TENNESSEE; SAMPLES AB Ozone reacts with n-aldehydes (n=4-10), benzaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol and n-propanol adsorbed on a dual-bed graphitized carbon-carbon molecular sieve adsorbent cartridge. Destruction of n-aldehydes increases with n number and with ozone concentration. In some sampling experiments both generation and destruction of n-aldehydes by ozone are observed. In field experiments the results of sample analysis for n-aldehydes and benzaldehyde are frequently not proportional to sample volume whereas results for toluene and isoprene, and sometimes for total carbon, are. A simple theory is developed to simulate the net result of three processes: the adsorption of compounds from an air stream onto a solid adsorbent, the generation of compounds by reaction of ozone with materials upstream of or on the adsorbent, and the destruction by ozone of pre-existing compounds and compounds adsorbed from the sample stream. The use of distributed volume pairs is recommended as a way to identify loss of sample integrity during air monitoring experiments. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP McClenny, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD SEP 21 PY 2001 VL 929 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 100 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01132-3 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 476CL UT WOS:000171208600009 PM 11594406 ER PT J AU Baugh, W Klinger, L Guenther, A Geron, C AF Baugh, W Klinger, L Guenther, A Geron, C TI Measurement of oak tree density with Landsat TM data for estimating biogenic isoprene emissions in Tennessee, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND FLUXES; UNITED-STATES; INVENTORY; MODEL; ENCLOSURE AB Isoprene emissions from oak trees in the eastern USA play an important role in tropospheric ozone pollution. Oak trees (Quercus) emit an order of magnitude more isoprene than most other emitting tree species, and are by far the largest source of biogenic isoprene in the eastern US. We used Landsat TM data to measure oak tree abundance near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to estimate fluxes of isoprene. The Landsat classification was performed using multi-date data, supervised classification techniques, and an iterative approach. Training sites were selected based on transect data, and ten vegetation classes were mapped. A supervised classification algorithm called the Spectral Angle Mapper was used to classify the data. Empirical vegetation emission data were used to estimate the isoprene flux from each of the vegetation classes. The resultant isoprene flux maps were compared with concentrations measured in the field, and a good correspondence was observed. We also compare the Landsat classification with three other landcover schemes including the USGS's Global Landcover Classification, which is based on AVHRR data. Results from these landcover classifications are used as input for models that predict tropospheric ozone production and are used to investigate ozone control strategies. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Baugh, W (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 20 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 14 BP 2793 EP 2810 DI 10.1080/01431160117906 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 473DC UT WOS:000171023800008 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Landi, S Tian, DF Hanley, NM Li, XM Hu, FD Roop, BC Mass, MJ Keohavong, P Gao, WM Olivier, M Hainaut, P Mumford, JL AF DeMarini, DM Landi, S Tian, DF Hanley, NM Li, XM Hu, FD Roop, BC Mass, MJ Keohavong, P Gao, WM Olivier, M Hainaut, P Mumford, JL TI Lung tumor KRAS and TP53 mutations in nonsmokers reflect exposure to PAH-rich coal combustion emissions SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; K-RAS MUTATIONS; XUAN-WEI; INDOOR COAL; CANCER MORTALITY; P53 MUTATIONS; CHINA; SMOKE; CARCINOMAS; HOTSPOTS AB We determined the TP53 and codon 12 KRAS mutations in lung tumors from 24 nonsmokers whose tumors were associated with exposure to smoky coal. Among any tumors studied previously, these showed the highest percentage of mutations that (a) were G --> T transversions at either KRAS (86%) or TP53 (76%), (b) clustered at the G-rich codons 153-158 of TP53 (33%), and (c) had 100% of the guanines of the G --> T transversions on the nontranscribed strand. This mutation spectrum is consistent with an exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are the primary component of the smoky coal emissions. These results show that mutations in the TP53 and KRAS genes can reflect a specific environmental exposure. C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Program Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Inst Environm Hlth & Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. Yunnan Provincial Peoples Hosp, Kunming, Yunnan, Peoples R China. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Canc Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Olivier, Magali/G-3728-2010; Hainaut, Pierre /B-6018-2012; OI Olivier, Magali/0000-0002-8202-342X; Hainaut, Pierre /0000-0002-1303-1610; Keohavong, Phouthone/0000-0001-7812-4925; Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 22 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 61 IS 18 BP 6679 EP 6681 PG 3 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 474LK UT WOS:000171108400012 PM 11559534 ER PT J AU Winner, DA Cass, GR AF Winner, DA Cass, GR TI Modeling the long-term frequency distribution of regional ozone concentrations using synthetic meteorology SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; URBAN AIR-POLLUTION; PERFORMANCE; QUALITY; PRECIPITATION; SIMULATION AB A new method is developed to generate the meteorological input fields required for use with photochemical airshed models that seek to predict the effect of pollutant emissions on the long-term frequency distribution of peak O-3 concentrations. Instead of using meteorological fields derived from interpolation of direct weather observations, this method uses synthetically generated meteorological data. These synthetic meteorological fields are created by first constructing a semi-Markov process that generates a time series of large-scale synoptic weather conditions that statistically resemble the occurrence and persistence of synoptic weather patterns during specific months of the year. Then for each day within each synoptic weather category, local weather variables indicative of the meteorological potential for ozone formation are drawn from the approximated joint distribution of the summation of three pressure gradients across the airshed and the 850 mb temperature measured in the early morning. The synthetic initial conditions are combined with boundary values that are extracted from historical days that match the chosen synoptic class, temperature, and pressure gradient values as closely as possible for use in a prognostic mesoscale meteorological model. The prognostic mesoscale meteorological model generates the meteorological input fields necessary for the photochemical airshed model. The airshed model driven by synthetically generated meteorological data is executed for a 31 day period that statistically resembles weather during the month of August in Southern California using pollutant emissions data from the year 1987. The procedure produced a frequency of occurrence of peak 8 h average ozone concentrations that compared well both to that produced by the deterministic model as well as to the O-3 concentrations observed over the August months of the years 1984-1990. C1 CALTECH, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Winner, DA (reprint author), US EPA, MC-2842,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 18 BP 3718 EP 3726 DI 10.1021/es001714c PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 473PW UT WOS:000171055400020 PM 11783651 ER PT J AU Hedrick, E Lee, TG Biswas, P Zhuang, Y AF Hedrick, E Lee, TG Biswas, P Zhuang, Y TI The development of iodine based impinger solutions for the efficient capture of Hg-0 using direct injection nebulization - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUE-GAS; MERCURY; SPECIATION; PERFORMANCE AB Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) with direct injection nebulization (DIN) was used to evaluate novel impinger solution compositions capable of capturing elemental mercury (H-g(0)) in EPA Method 5 type sampling. An iodine based impinger solution proved to be very efficient for H-g(0) capture and was amenable to direct analysis by DIN-ICP/MS. H-g(0) capture efficiency using aqueous iodine (I-3(-)) was comparable to H-g(0) capture using acidified potassium permanganate impinger solutions which were analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS), with greater than 98% capture of H-g(0) in the first oxidizing impinger. Using DIN-ICP/MS, it was demonstrated for the first time that iodine can be generated just prior to impinger sampling for efficiently oxidizing H-g(0) and retaining it in solution as HgI42-. Due to the increased interest in Hg speciation from combustion sources and the potential for using DIN-ICP/MS for multiple metals analyses, an impinger sampling train for gaseous Hg speciation and multiple metals analyses using DIN-ICP/MS analyses is presented. The unique feature of such a sampling train is that each impinger solution in the series is amenable to direct analysis by DIN-ICP/MS. A bituminous coal was combusted in a bench scale coal system, and gaseous Hg species (oxidized and elemental) were determined using the proposed impinger train. The DIN-ICP/MS instrumental detection limit was 0.003 ppb, and MDLs ranged from 0.007 to 0.116 mug/L (ppb) in a variety of impinger solutions used for Hg capture. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Hedrick, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Lee, Tai Gyu/G-7962-2012 OI Lee, Tai Gyu/0000-0002-8900-1581 NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 18 BP 3764 EP 3773 DI 10.1021/es010648r PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 473PW UT WOS:000171055400026 PM 11783657 ER PT J AU Ryan, JA Zhang, PC Hesterberg, D Chou, J Sayers, DE AF Ryan, JA Zhang, PC Hesterberg, D Chou, J Sayers, DE TI Formation of chloropyromorphite in a lead-contaminated soil amended with hydroxyapatite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; IMMOBILIZATION; PB; ORTHOPHOSPHATES; PYROMORPHITE; SOLUBILITY; APATITE; PH AB Conversion of soil Pb to pyromorphite [Pb-5(PO4)(3)Cl] was evaluated by reacting a Pb contaminated soil collected adjacent to a historical smelter with hydroxyapatite [Ca-5(PO4)(3)OH]. In a dialysis experiment where the soil and hydroxyapatite solids were placed in separate dialysis bags suspended in 0.01 M NaNO3 solution a crystalline precipitate, identified as chloropyromorphite, formed on the dialysis membrane containing the soil. The aqueous composition of the solution indicated that dissolution of solid-phase soil Pb was the rate-limiting step for pyromorphite formation. Addition of hydroxyapatite to the soil caused a decrease in each of the first four fractions of sequential extractable Pb and a 35% increase in the recalcitrant extraction residue, After a 240-d incubation at field-moisture content there was a further increase in the recalcitrant extraction residue fraction of the hydroxyapatite-amended soil to 45% of the total soil Pb. The increase in the extraction residue fraction in the hydroxyapatite amended 0-d incubated soil as compared to the control soil illustrates that the chemical extraction procedure itself caused changes in extractability. Thus,the chemical extraction procedure cannot easily be utilized to confirm changes occurring in amended soils. The further increase after the 240-d incubation implies that the reaction also occurs in the soil during incubation. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy indicated that after the 240-d incubation the hydroxyapatite treatment caused a change in the average, local molecular bonding environment of soil Pb. Low-temperature EXAFS spectra (chi data and radial structure functions - RSFs) showed a high degree of similarity between the chemical extraction residue and synthetic pyromorphite, providing additional evidence that the change of soil Pb to pyromorphite is possible by simple amendments of hydroxyapatite to soil. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Ryan, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 29 TC 119 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 18 BP 3798 EP 3803 DI 10.1021/es010634l PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 473PW UT WOS:000171055400031 PM 11783662 ER PT J AU Porter, JW Dustan, P Jaap, WC Patterson, KL Kosmynin, V Meier, OW Patterson, ME Parsons, M AF Porter, JW Dustan, P Jaap, WC Patterson, KL Kosmynin, V Meier, OW Patterson, ME Parsons, M TI Patterns of spread of coral disease in the Florida Keys SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE coral; reef; disease; Florida Keys; long-term monitoring ID BLACK BAND DISEASE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; OCULINA-PATAGONICA; MACROALGAL BLOOMS; REEF ECOSYSTEM; VIBRIO AK-1; MORTALITY; OUTBREAK; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE AB Reefs in the Florida Keys are experiencing a dramatic increase in the number of localities and number of species with coral disease. In extensive surveys from Key Largo to Key West in 160 stations at 40 randomly chosen sites, there has been a dramatic increase in (1) the number of locations exhibiting disease (82% of all stations are now affected, a 404% increase over 1996 values), (2) the number of species affected (851,c of all species are now affected, a 218% increase over 1996 values), and (3) the rate of coral mortality (the deep fore-reef at Carysfort experienced a 60% reduction of living coral cover during the survey). Two null hypotheses (1) that the incidence of disease has remained constant through time and (2) that the apparent increase in disease is due to a lack of comparable earlier data, are both falsified. Different diseases exhibit different patterns of spread: some diseases (e.g. black band) exhibit low incidence and jump rapidly between sites; other diseases (e.g. white pox) exhibit patchy distributions and increase in frequency at affected sites from one year to the next. The central question of why so many corals are becoming simultaneously susceptible to a host of marine pathogens remains unanswered. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Western Kentucky Univ, Dept Biol, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA. Biscayne Natl Pk, Homestead, FL 33090 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Porter, JW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Patterson Sutherland, Kathryn/0000-0002-8192-1500 NR 71 TC 129 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 460 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1023/A:1013177617800 PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 511DJ UT WOS:000173249100002 ER PT J AU Santavy, DL Mueller, E Peters, EC MacLaughlin, L Porter, JW Patterson, KL Campbell, J AF Santavy, DL Mueller, E Peters, EC MacLaughlin, L Porter, JW Patterson, KL Campbell, J TI Quantitative assessment of coral diseases in the Florida Keys: strategy and methodology SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE coral disease; Florida Keys; Dry Tortugas; assessment; monitoring; coral bleaching ID BLACK-BAND DISEASE; ACROPORA-PALMATA; REEF; OUTBREAK; GROWTH AB Natural incidences of disease among scleractinian corals are unknown, since most studies have been initiated in response to specific disease outbreaks. Our ability to distinguish elevated disease incidences influenced by anthropogenic and climatic factors is limited since current estimates are probably inflated for extrapolation to larger areas. In our study, we used quantitative assessment methods to characterize the distribution and frequency of scleractinian and gorgonian coral diseases in the south Florida region. This paper is the first in a series that will detail different aspects of our studies. In this paper, we examined the strategy and methodology developed over 2 years to optimize the experimental design of our study, Pilot surveys were conducted in 1997 to develop and test methods, select and determine suitability of sites, and obtain preliminary data to assess the variance and efficiency of the sampling design. Survey periods targeted late spring, the time when coral diseases are believed to emerge, and late summer, the time when coral diseases are believed to be most prevalent, Two strata were chosen to evaluate patterns of coral disease: the first, geographic area, consisted of reefs in the vicinity of Key West, New Grounds and the Dry Tortugas; and the second, reef type, consisted of back, fore and transitional reefs, Random radial are transects (10 m diameter) were used to quantify 10 diseases affecting 18 species of stony corals and gorgonian sea fans over a large geographical region. During the pilot survey, we demonstrated that the outer 8-10 m segment (113 m 2) was an adequate sampling area. The survey implemented important quality assurance measures for data quality control. Power analysis determined that future studies should adopt alpha=0.10, beta=0.0383, and 1 - beta = 0.9617 in our experimental design. The highest prevalence of disease in our study was during the 1997 summer survey, with a mean percent coral disease (MPCD) of 28% occurring at Key West area reefs, or 55% of all back reef stations. Our results do not show a clear pattern of seasonality in coral diseases within either stratum, although differences in disease distribution between reef types and geographic areas were apparent in some of the spring and summer surveys. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Ctr Trop Res, Mote Marine Lab, Summerland Key, FL 33042 USA. FKNMS, Lower Reg, Key West, FL 33040 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Santavy, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. OI Patterson Sutherland, Kathryn/0000-0002-8192-1500 NR 38 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 460 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1023/A:1013194422440 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 511DJ UT WOS:000173249100004 ER PT J AU Pechenik, JA Gleason, T Daniels, D Champlin, D AF Pechenik, JA Gleason, T Daniels, D Champlin, D TI Influence of larval exposure to salinity and cadmium stress on juvenile performance of two marine invertebrates (Capitella sp I and Crepidula fornicata) SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Capitella; cadmium; Crepidula; larvae; metamorphosis; salinity stress ID BUGULA-NERITINA BRYOZOA; DELAYED METAMORPHOSIS; SWIMMING DURATION; GROWTH; COMPETENCE; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL; SIZE AB Delayed metamorphosis and short-term food limitation reduce juvenile or adult fitness in a number of marine invertebrate species. In this study, we tested the ability of pollutant and salinity stress to bring about similar effects on juvenile or adult performance. Larvae of the polychaete Capitella sp. I were exposed to sublethal cadmium stress (up to 2000 mug l(-1)) or salinity stress (down to 10 parts per thousand) for 24 and 48 h at 23 degreesC. Following exposure, we induced surviving larvae to metamorphose and monitored the subsequent survival, growth, and reproductive output of juveniles reared under control conditions (no added cadmium, 32 parts per thousand salinity). Similarly, larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata were exposed for 24 and 48 h to cadmium in seawater (up to a nominal concentration of 20,000 mug l(-1)). Surviving larvae were reared to metamorphic competence in the absence of cadmium, induced to metamorphose, and maintained under control conditions for an additional 5 days to monitor juvenile growth rates and survival. Exposing larvae of Capitella sp. I to low salinity (10-12 parts per thousand) for 48 h generally did not affect adult fecundity, but stressing the larvae for as little as 24 h significantly reduced post-settlement survival and juvenile growth rates (P < 0.05). In contrast, exposing larvae of this species to cadmium for even 48 h had no significant effects on post-settlement survival or fecundity, and no consistent effect on mean juvenile growth rate. Similarly, cadmium exposure did not significantly affect mean juvenile growth rates for C fornicata, even when larvae were severely stressed (i.e., when larval mortality exceeded 50% during exposures). We suggest that heavy metal stressors do not act through the same mechanism as the stresses of inadequate food supply, reduced salinity, and delayed metamorphosis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Pechenik, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 264 IS 1 BP 101 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00313-6 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 471HU UT WOS:000170924600007 ER PT J AU Regal, JF Mohrman, ME Sailstad, DM AF Regal, JF Mohrman, ME Sailstad, DM TI Trimellitic anhydride-induced eosinophilia in a mouse model of occupational asthma SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trimellitic anhydride; mouse; occupational asthma; eosinophils; lung; pulmonary allergy ID SENSITIZED GUINEA-PIGS; COMPLEMENT-SYSTEM; AIRWAY RESPONSES; INTRADERMAL SENSITIZATION; BALB/C MICE; ANTIBODY; MEDIATORS; CHEMICALS; EXPOSURE; LUNG AB Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is a low-molecular-weight chemical known to cause occupational asthma. The present study was designed to determine if TMA elicited eosinophil infiltration into lungs of sensitized mice similar to previous studies with the protein allergen ovalbumin (OA). BALB/c mice were sensitized intradermally with 0.1 ml of 3% TMA or 0.3% OA in corn oil followed by intratracheal instillation with TMA conjugated to mouse serum albumin (TMA-MSA; 30 or 400 mug) or OA (30 mug). Nonsensitized mice received corn oil vehicle intradermally and MSA (30 mug) intratracheally. The allergic response was elicited 3 weeks later by intratracheal instillation of 30 or 400 mug TMA-MSA, OA, or control MSA. Cellular infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was determined 72 h later. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung homogenates was used as an estimate of numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils, respectively, in lung tissue. In TMA-sensitized mice, TMA-MSA challenge significantly increased numbers of eosinophils in BAL and EPO in lung, indicating an increase in number of eosinophils in the airway and tissue. In nonsensitized mice, TMA-MSA challenge also caused a small but significant increase in eosinophils in BAL compared to MSA control. Total IgE in both plasma and BAL was significantly higher in TMA-sensitized compared to nonsensitized mice. The eosinophil infiltration in TMA-sensitized mice was similar in magnitude to the response in OA-sensitized mice. These studies are the first to demonstrate TMA-induced eosinophilia in mouse lung and to provide a model for comparing mechanisms and mediators responsible for the substantial eosinophilia induced by TMA and OA. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Minnesota, Toxicol Grad Program, Dept Pharmacol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Regal, JF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Toxicol Grad Program, Dept Pharmacol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 07406, R01 ES007406-04] NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 175 IS 3 BP 234 EP 242 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9251 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 479ND UT WOS:000171409700006 PM 11559022 ER PT J AU McKenna, IM Ramakrishna, G Diwan, BA Kang, Y Shiao, YH Wakefield, LM Powell, DA Anderson, LM Jakowlew, SB AF McKenna, IM Ramakrishna, G Diwan, BA Kang, Y Shiao, YH Wakefield, LM Powell, DA Anderson, LM Jakowlew, SB TI Heterozygous inactivation of TGF-beta 1 increases the susceptibility to chemically induced mouse lung tumorigenesis independently of mutational activation of K-ras SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE transforming growth factor-beta 1; lung tumorigenesis; K-ras mutations ID GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; TGF-BETA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA-1; CANCER CELLS; II RECEPTOR; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GENE-MUTATIONS; P53 MUTATIONS; TUMOR-CELLS; A/J MICE AB Mice heterozygous for deletion of the transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) gene show an enhanced rate of lung tumorigenesis following carcinogen treatment. Since the growth inhibitory activity of TGF-beta1 in epithelial cells is associated with K-ras p21, and K-ras mutations commonly occur in chemically-induced mouse lung tumors, we postulated that tumors in heterozygous TGF-beta1 mice might be more likely to have K-ras mutations compared with tumors in wildtype TGF-beta1 mice. Urethane-induced lung tumors in AJBL6 TGF-beta1 + / - and + / + mice were examined for K-ras mutations by polymerase chain reaction/single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and sequencing. Mutation frequencies were similar in both genotypes: 12/18 + / - tumors (67%) and 10/16 + / + tumors (62%). Mutations occurred in 80% + / - and 75% + / + carcinomas, but in only 50% of the adenomas of both TGF-P I genotypes. Codon 61 A --> G transition mutations were predominant, occurring in 61% + / - and 44% + / + tumors. Three + / - (17%) and three + / + (19%) tumors showed codon 12 mutations, mostly G -->A transitions. Two + tumors had both codon 61 and codon 12 mutations. Interestingly, carcinomas with mutations in codon 61 were larger than those with codon 12 changes. It appears that the mechanism of enhanced susceptibility of TGF-beta1 + / - mice to urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis does not involve selective development of tumors with K-ras mutations. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, SAIC Frederick, Intramural Res Support Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Med Branch, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, NCI, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NCI, Comp & Stat Serv, Data Management Serv, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP McKenna, IM (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Biol, Lab Cell Regulat & Carcinogenesis, 6130 Execut Blvd,EPN 5000, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00393-9 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 493NU UT WOS:000172230200006 PM 11641043 ER PT J AU Ellington, JJ Evans, JJ Prickett, KB Champion, WL AF Ellington, JJ Evans, JJ Prickett, KB Champion, WL TI High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of organophosphorus pesticides on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE enantiomer separation; chiral stationary phases, LC; organophosphorus pesticides; polysaccharides ID CELLULOSE AB High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the individual enantiomers of 12 organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) was obtained on polysaccharide enantioselective HPLC columns using alkane-alcohol mobile phase. The OP pesticides were crotoxyphos. dialifor, fonofos, fenamiphos, fensulfothion, isofenphos. malathion, methamidophos, profenofos, crufomate, prothiophos and trichloronate. The enantiomers of fenamiphos, fensulfothion. profenofos and crufomate were separated on CHIRALPAK((R)) AD((R)) the enantiomers of fenamiphos were also separated on CHIRALPAK((R)) AS((R)) the enantiomers of methamidophos. crufomate and trichloronate were separated on CHIRALCEL((R)) OD(R): the enantiomers of crotoxyphos. dialifor, fonofos, malathion, prothiophos and trichloronate were separated on CHIRALCEL((R)) OJ((R)); and the enantiomers of isofenphos were separated on CHIRALCEL((R))OG((R)). Baseline or partial separation of the enantiomers of six of these OP pesticides was obtained on CHIRALCEL((R)) OJ((R)) In continued method development, the separation of the enantiomers of the 12 OPs was investigated more extensively on CHIRALCEL((R)) OJ to determine whether the mobile phase composition, flow-rate and column temperature could be optimized to yield at least partial separation of the enantiomers. Chromatographic conditions were found that gave either baseline or near baseline separations of the enantiomers of the 12 OPs on the CHIRALCEL((R)) OJ column. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Chiral Technol, Exton, PA 19341 USA. RP Ellington, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 20 TC 67 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD SEP 14 PY 2001 VL 928 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 474GN UT WOS:000171098100003 PM 11587332 ER PT J AU Karn, BP Bauer, D AF Karn, BP Bauer, D TI Sustainability: Insight from industrial ecology SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Karn, BP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 14 PY 2001 VL 293 IS 5537 BP 1995 EP 1996 DI 10.1126/science.293.5537.1995 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 473FB UT WOS:000171028700026 PM 11558532 ER PT J AU Regan, CL Levine, R Baird, DD Ewell, MG Martz, KL Sibai, BM Rokach, J Lawson, JA FitzGerald, GA AF Regan, CL Levine, R Baird, DD Ewell, MG Martz, KL Sibai, BM Rokach, J Lawson, JA FitzGerald, GA TI No evidence for lipid peroxidation in severe preeclampsia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE preeclampsia; oxidant stress; lipid peroxidation; isoprostane; pregnancy ID PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION; IN-VIVO; OXIDATIVE STRESS; VITAMIN-E; PROSTACYCLIN; ISOPROSTANE; THROMBOXANE; TRIAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENERATION AB OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to address the role of oxidative stress in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: We measured urinary 8,12-iso-iPF(2 alpha)-VI, a chemically stable, free-radical catalyzed product, in a case control study of severe preeclampsia nested within the trial of Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention. Cases included 29 women who developed severe preeclampsia and from whom urine had been obtained 10 to 20 weeks before the diagnosis of preeclampsia, 3 to 9 weeks before, and 1 day before through delivery. Controls did not develop hypertension or proteinuria and were matched to cases by center, gestational age at each of 3 corresponding urine collections, and date of enrollment. RESULTS. Urinary 8,12-iso-iPF2 alpha -VI did not differ significantly between cases and controls before or at diagnosis of preeclampsia, nor did it vary with gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: These results call into question the importance of oxidative stress in the disease and the biochemical rationale for clinical trials of antioxidants to prevent and treat preeclampsia. C1 Univ Penn, Ctr Expt Therapeut, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NICHHD, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EMMES Corp, Potomac, MD USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Memphis, TN USA. Claude Pepper Inst, Melbourne, FL USA. Florida Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. RP FitzGerald, GA (reprint author), Univ Penn, Ctr Expt Therapeut, 811 BRB II-III,421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI FitzGerald, Garret/A-4222-2010; OI Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 57847]; NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-1-3121, N01-HD-1-3122, N01-HD-1-3123, N01-HD-1-3124, N01-HD-1-3125, N01-HD-1-3126, N01-HD-2-3154, N01-HD-5-3246]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 44730]; PHS HHS [NIH 639302] NR 25 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 185 IS 3 BP 572 EP 578 DI 10.1067/mob.2001.116754 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 475LC UT WOS:000171164600009 PM 11568780 ER PT J AU Zaroogian, G Gardner, G Horowitz, DB Gutjahr-Gobell, R Haebler, R Mills, L AF Zaroogian, G Gardner, G Horowitz, DB Gutjahr-Gobell, R Haebler, R Mills, L TI Effect of 17 beta-estradiol, o,p '-DDT, octylphenol and p,p '-DDE on gonadal development and liver and kidney pathology in juvenile male summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE liver pathology; kidney pathology; Paralichthys dentatus ID BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE EXPOSURE; SERUM TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; WHITE SUCKER; VITELLOGENIN SYNTHESIS; CYPRINUS-CARPIO; MILL EFFLUENT; INDUCTION AB The intent of this study was to compare histopathologically the effect of 17 beta -estradiol (E-2), o,p'-DDT, octylphenol and p,p'-DDE on gonadal development and liver and kidney condition in sexually immature (juvenile) summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). The dorsal sinus of 2-year-old juvenile male summer flounder was injected with the appropriate amount of chemical incorporated in coconut oil. A second identical injection was administered 2 weeks later. Fish were sampled at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the initial injection and observed histopathologically. In control fish, spermatogenesis was predominantly in mid to late maturation. In fish treated with 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg E-2 spermatogenesis regressed to primary spermatogonia or an immature functional state. Testicular atrophy and spermatogonial proliferation was also observed. An eosin-positive, hyaline material was found in the gonad, liver and kidney. This eosinophilic material also stained positive with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain. Treatment of 30 or 60 mg/kg o,p'-DDT elicited altered gonadal development similar to that observed with E-2 treated fish. Octylphenol treatment of 100 mg/kg resulted in reduced testicular size, ducts full of sperm, numerous spermatogonia and PAS positive material in the testis with no developing sperm cysts. No effect on liver or gonad tissues was observed with p,p'-DDE at the concentrations tested. All chemicals tested, with exception of p,p'-DDE, altered gonadal development, whereas only E-2 caused histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. Estrogenic activity induced the liver to produce a vitellogenin (VtG)-like substance and inhibited testicular maturation. As a result, both the lack of target cells for VtG and a continuous supply of VtG from the liver allowed the hyaline material to accumulate in the liver, testis and kidney causing histopathological changes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL,AED, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Zaroogian, G (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL,AED, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 47 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00177-6 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 465XG UT WOS:000170614800009 PM 11451429 ER PT J AU Michalek, JE Akhtar, FZ Longnecker, MP Burton, JE AF Michalek, JE Akhtar, FZ Longnecker, MP Burton, JE TI Relation of serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) level to hematological examination results in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Agent Orange; dioxin; hematology; TCDD ID HEALTH-STATUS; DIOXIN; VIETNAM; HERBICIDES; MORTALITY; "2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; THROMBOCYTOSIS; CHEMICALS; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY AB The authors studied indices of hematologic function and exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Vietnam War veterans of Operation Ranch Hand- the Air Force unit responsible for the aerial spraying of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. The herbicides were contaminated with TCDD. The authors measured TCDD serum levels in 1987 or later and extrapolated the result to the time of service in Vietnam. The authors studied serum TCDD level in relation to red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell count, platelet count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at each of 4 physical examinations. Compared with veterans not involved in Operation Ranch Hand, those with the highest TCDD levels in Operation Ranch Hand had mean corpuscular volumes that were about 1% higher and platelet counts that were about 4% higher. These small increases were unlikely to be of clinical significance and may not have been caused by TCDD. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. SpecPro, San Antonio, TX USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Michalek, JE (reprint author), 2602 Doolittle Rd, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 56 IS 5 BP 396 EP 405 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 505KP UT WOS:000172912200002 PM 11777020 ER PT J AU van der Schalie, WH Shedd, TR Knechtges, PL Widder, MW AF van der Schalie, WH Shedd, TR Knechtges, PL Widder, MW TI Using higher organisms in biological early warning systems for real-time toxicity detection SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE biological early warning systems; automated biomonitoring; fish; Lepomis macrochirus; wastewater; monitoring ID FISH BIOMONITORING SYSTEM; MONITORING-SYSTEM; DETECTION LIMITS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; WATER; BIOSENSORS; EFFLUENT; PERFORMANCE; SUBSTANCES; BEHAVIOR AB Many biological early warning systems (BEWS) have been developed in recent years that evaluate the physiological and behavioral responses of whole organisms to water quality. Using a fish ventilatory monitoring system developed at the US Army Centre for Environmental Health Research as an example, we illustrate the operation of a BEWS at a groundwater treatment facility. During a recent 12-month period, the fish ventilatory system was operational for 99%, of the time that the treatment facility was on-line. Effluent-exposed fish responded as a group about 2.8% of the time. While some events were due to equipment problems or non-toxic water quality variations, the fish system did indicate effluent anomalies that were subsequently identified and corrected. The fish monitoring BEWS increased treatment facility engineers' awareness of effluent quality and provided an extra measure of assurance to regulators and the public. Many operational and practical considerations for whole organism BEWS are similar to those for cell- or tissue-based biosensors. An effective biomonitoring system may need to integrate the responses of several biological and chemical sensors to achieve desired operational goals. Future development of an 'electronic canary', analogous to the original canary in the coal mine, could draw upon advances in signal processing and communication to establish a network of sensors in a watershed and to provide useful real-time information on water quality. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP van der Schalie, WH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM vanderschalie.william@epa.gov NR 51 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 7-8 BP 457 EP 465 DI 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00160-9 PG 9 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 476ZD UT WOS:000171257900006 PM 11544040 ER PT J AU Jameson, SC Erdmann, MV Karr, JR Potts, KW AF Jameson, SC Erdmann, MV Karr, JR Potts, KW TI Charting a course toward diagnostic monitoring: A continuing review of coral reef attributes and a research strategy for creating coral reef indexes of biotic integrity SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment Monitoring and Restoration CY APR 14-16, 1999 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA ID CLAM-ZOOXANTHELLAE SYMBIOSIS; WATER-QUALITY; BUILDING CORALS; WEST-INDIES; SEA-URCHIN; KEY-LARGO; RED-SEA; POLLUTION; EUTROPHICATION; ASSEMBLAGES AB The non-diagnostic nature of most coral reef monitoring programs limits the ability of scientists, managers, and agency staff to communicate trends in the condition of coral reef systems to the public or politicians. Moreover, monitoring programs have neither been designed to identify the specific causes of coral reef decline nor to formulate or evaluate the effectiveness of conservation or remediation plans. Efforts to protect and restore coral reef resources should explicitly track the biological condition of these ecosystems the way we track local and national economies or diagnose personal health through the application of appropriately defined indicators. The use of calibrated metrics that integrate the influence of all forms of degradation caused by human actions can improve diagnostic, curative, restorative and preventive actions. To improve this situation, we propose a framework for the definition of coral reef multimetric indexes of biotic integrity (IBI), including a discussion of how existing research advances this framework. Our research strategy recognizes the value of looking at six components of regional biotas: sessile epibenthos, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, macrophytes, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. Understanding the tolerance and intolerance of coral reef taxa to chemical contaminants or other human influences (habitat destruction, overharvest), singly or in combination, is crucial to creation of an effective IBI. The research strategy outlined here provides a starting point based on successful efforts in other environments (e.g., streams, wetlands). The biological attributes selected as metrics in an IBI as well as their specific responses to the many effects of human actions must be specified by pilot program research. Additional steps to be accomplished include development of a coral reef classification system, definition of reference condition (regional ecological expectations), and documentation of sample effort and analytical procedures needed for handling coral reef data. C1 Coral Seas Inc, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, The Plains, VA 20198 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Jameson, SC (reprint author), Coral Seas Inc, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 4254 Hungry Run Rd, The Plains, VA 20198 USA. NR 173 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 20 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 701 EP 744 PG 44 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 500CU UT WOS:000172609000038 ER PT J AU Cao, Y Larsen, DP Hughes, RM AF Cao, Y Larsen, DP Hughes, RM TI Evaluating sampling sufficiency in fish assemblage surveys: a similarity-based approach SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPECIES RICHNESS; DIVERSITY; EXTRAPOLATION; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; INTEGRITY; ACCURACY; STREAMS; LAKES AB The number and identity of fish species occurring at a site at a particular time provide basic information for assessing biological integrity, inferring fish assemblage - environment relationships, and determining biodiversity patterns. Conclusions are often dependent on how sufficiently species richness and composition of fish assemblages are characterized by sampling. The proportion of total species richness obtained in a sample is an explicit measure of sampling sufficiency. However, because total species richness (TSRtru) at a site is often unknown, sampling sufficiency cannot be determined directly. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a new approach, which is based on a relationship between the proportion of TSRtru or %TSRtru and the similarity among replicate samples (autosimilarity). With autosimilarity measured with the Jaccard coefficient (JC), a simple relationship was established: %TSRtru = 100JC. Fourteen sites where TSRtru was reached or approached during sampling were selected from four surveys to validate this relationship. We used the approach to estimate the sample sizes required for 90, 95, and 100% TSRtru, indicating that widely differing sampling efforts among sites are needed to obtain the same proportion of the local species pool. The results strongly support the use of the new approach in evaluating sampling sufficiency in stream and river fish surveys. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Cao, Y (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 9 BP 1782 EP 1793 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-9-1782 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 469JT UT WOS:000170811300009 ER PT J AU Imagawa, T Lee, CW AF Imagawa, T Lee, CW TI Correlation of polychlorinated naphthalenes with polychlorinated dibenzofurans formed from waste incineration SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PCDD; PCDF; PCN; de novo synthesis; isomer composition; incineration AB Isomer composition of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) was measured for municipal waste incinerator fly ash samples and for emission samples produced from soot and copper-deposit experiments conducted at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). Two types of PCN isomer patterns were identified. One pattern contained specific PCN isomers in which chlorine atoms are substituted as if the peri(alpha-) position were dechlorinated from the higher chlorinated PCNs one by one. In another pattern, the isomers had a tendency for the chlorine atoms to assume successive positions on the naphthalene ring, which may be caused by specifically oriented chlorination. Some of these isomers increased, together with several polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and a few polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) isomers, The ratios between some specific PCN, PCDF, and PCDD isomers measured for the fly ash samples agree with those obtained from the soot and copper-deposit experiments. The observations suggest that these isomers were formed possibly from de novo synthesis utilizing the carbon structure contained in soot under the catalytic effect of a copper compound. Typical isomers for PCNs and PCDFs produced from incineration emissions were identified. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Natl Inst Resources & Environm, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Imagawa, T (reprint author), Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Natl Inst Resources & Environm, 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. NR 14 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1511 EP 1520 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00287-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461UF UT WOS:000170381300027 PM 11513130 ER PT J AU Pennington, DW AF Pennington, DW TI An evaluation of chemical persistence screening approaches SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE overall persistence; chemical screening; persistent organic pollutants; POPs; PBTs; uncertainty ID GENERAL LIMITING LAW; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ENVIRONMENT; DECAY; RANGE AB A chemical's ability to persist in the environment is an important criterion in determining whether concern is warranted. Screening is commonly conducted based on the maximum degradation half-life of the chemical in any given medium (air, water, soil and sediment), or in terms of model-based estimates of the chemical's overall persistence (half-life or residence time) in the environment. In practice, however, both approaches are hindered by the limited availability of degradation data. Straightforward guidelines are therefore proposed in this paper to help predetermine which half-lives are likely to be pertinent, irrespective of the screening approach adopted. The guidelines are based on partitioning coefficients (Henry's Law constant and the octanol-water partitioning coefficient). The values selected for use in the guidelines result in a quantifiable trade-off between data acquisition requirements and uncertainty. Initial screening can be performed with whatever data is readily available. Overall persistence predictions will be conservative. False-negatives are not generated. The guideline values can then be adjusted iteratively to facilitate step-wise or tiered screening. Using this iterative approach in national and international screening initiatives will result in significant time and money savings. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, ORISE, Syst Anal Branch, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. RP Pennington, DW (reprint author), US EPA, ORISE, Syst Anal Branch, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2001 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1589 EP 1601 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00530-0 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466EE UT WOS:000170630700008 PM 11545525 ER PT J AU Pennington, DW AF Pennington, DW TI Relationship of approaches and a tiered methodology for screening chemicals in the context of long-range transport SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE long-range transport (LRT); chemical screening; uncertainty ID PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENT; GENERAL FORMULATION AB In many national and international initiatives, where thousands of chemicals are screened, the ability of a chemical to be transported over long distances is an important criterion in determining whether environmental concern is warranted. Preliminary screening can be conducted using: (1) effective travel distance (ETD); (2) characteristic travel distance (CTD); and/or (3) the degradation half-life in air. The CTD is the distance traveled before the concentration of a chemical in air is reduced by a factor of 50%, for example. Differences in the distance traveled associated with the environmental release medium of a chemical are taken into account the ETD measure. The ETD can be defined as the distance traveled before the concentration in a stated medium (air, water, soil or sediment) is reduced to a specified level for a given mass release rate to air, to water and/or to soil. However, despite their merits, the use of multimedia screening measures like the ETD and CTD remains inhibited by both the limited availability of degradation data (particularly for soils and sediments) and release pattern information. Preliminary screening in terms of the atmospheric degradation half-life is commonly the only practical option. In this paper, straightforward guidelines based on partitioning coefficients (Henry's law constant and octanol-water partitioning coefficient) are proposed to reduce the degradation data requirements of multimedia measures like the ETD and CTD. The values used in the guidelines reflect a quantifiable trade-off between data acquisition requirements and uncertainty. The relationship of the potential screening options (using all degradation data versus using only data identified as required in the CTD and ETD approaches; screening in terms of the degradation half-life in air versus the CTD versus the ETD) is derived and the consequences of the differences are illustrated. A three-tiered screening methodology is then proposed. This tiered methodology will result in significant savings in time and money in national and international screening initiatives. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, ORISE, Syst Anal Branch, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. RP Pennington, DW (reprint author), US EPA, ORISE, Syst Anal Branch, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2001 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1617 EP 1631 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00529-4 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466EE UT WOS:000170630700010 PM 11545527 ER PT J AU Washburn, KS Donnelly, KC Huebner, HJ Burghardt, RC Sewall, TC Claxton, LD AF Washburn, KS Donnelly, KC Huebner, HJ Burghardt, RC Sewall, TC Claxton, LD TI A study of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene uptake and activation in a microbial mutagenicity assay SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; benzo(a)pyrene; S. typhimurium TA98 ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BINARY-MIXTURES; BENZO(A)PYRENE; MODEL AB A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that binary and complex mixtures may interact to produce a toxicity that could not be predicted based on the individual chemicals. The present study was conducted with a binary mixture of model compounds to investigate possible interactions affecting their mutagenicity. The compounds included Benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is an indirect-acting mutagen of great environmental concern, and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), a nitro-aromatic compound that is a direct-acting mutagen frequently found as a soil contaminant at munitions sites. This study indicated that a binary mixture of BAP and TNT failed to induce the positive mutagenic response in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 characteristic of either compound alone. Spectrofluorometric analysis of BAP, and kinetic analyses of (3)HBAP uptake in the presence or absence of TNT using TA98 cells that were treated or untreated with activated rat liver microsomes were performed. In cells preloaded with BAP, cellular BAP fluorescence was rapidly suppressed in the presence of TNT. Mass spectroscopy of BAP and TNT mixtures revealed a. number of products, believed to be the result of complexation and nitration, that may account for the antagonistic action of TNT on BAP-induced mutagenicity in TA98 cells. Further, kinetic studies indicated that TNT inhibited the incorporation of BAP into cells. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Donnelly, KC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, Mail Stop 4458, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583; Burghardt, Robert/0000-0003-1021-8444 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2001 VL 44 IS 8 BP 1703 EP 1709 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00547-6 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466EF UT WOS:000170630800006 PM 11534902 ER PT J AU Plitnick, LM Jordan, RA Banas, JA Jelley-Gibbs, DM Walsh, MC Preissler, MT Gosselin, EJ AF Plitnick, LM Jordan, RA Banas, JA Jelley-Gibbs, DM Walsh, MC Preissler, MT Gosselin, EJ TI Lipoteichoic acid inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2) function by direct binding to IL-2 SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-MUTANS; POSITIVE BACTERIA; T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-CELLS; PROLIFERATION; CYTOKINES; RECEPTOR; RELEASE; HYDROXYAPATITE; EXPRESSION AB Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is associated with the cell envelope of most gram-positive bacteria. Although previously thought to act mainly as a virulence factor by virtue of its adhesive nature, evidence is now provided that LTA can also suppress the function of interleukin-2 (IL-2), an autocrine growth factor for T cells. LTA from four separate bacterial strains lowered the levels of detectable IL-2 during a peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to the antigen tetanus toxoid (TT). T-cell proliferation in response to TT was similarly inhibited by LTA. In contrast, levels of detectable gamma interferon increased. In addition, LTA inhibited IL-2 detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and blocked the proliferative response of an IL-2-dependent T-cell line to soluble IL-2. Further studies using ELISA demonstrated that LTA blocks IL-2 detection and function by binding directly to IL-2. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that IL-2 binding to T cells is inhibited in the presence of purified LTA but not LTA plus anti-LTA monoclonal antibody. In summary, these studies demonstrate a novel effect of LTA on the immune response through direct binding to IL-2 and inhibition of IL-2 function. Importantly, gram-positive organisms from which LTA is obtained not only play an important role in the pathology of diseases such as bacterial endocarditis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure but also comprise a significant portion of commensal populations within the human host. Inhibition of IL-2 function by LTA may represent yet another mechanism by which gram-positive bacteria dampen the host immune response and facilitate survival. Thus, LTA provides a potential target for therapeutic intervention when gram-positive organisms are involved. C1 Albany Med Coll, Ctr Immunol & Microbial Dis, Albany, NY 12208 USA. US EPA, ERC, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Trudeau Inst Inc, Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA. RP Gosselin, EJ (reprint author), Albany Med Coll, Ctr Immunol & Microbial Dis, MC-151, Albany, NY 12208 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-46968, AI-35327, AI-40442]; NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE010058, DE-10058] NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 8 IS 5 BP 972 EP 979 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.5.972-979.2001 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 471ZR UT WOS:000170959000023 PM 11527813 ER PT J AU Campbell, DE AF Campbell, DE TI Institutions, ecosystems and sustainability. SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campbell, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD SEP PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 178 EP 180 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 554HB UT WOS:000175728800008 ER PT J AU Brilis, GM van Waasbergen, RJ Stokely, PM Gerlach, CL AF Brilis, GM van Waasbergen, RJ Stokely, PM Gerlach, CL TI Remote sensing tools assist in environmental forensics: Part II - Digital tools SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article AB This is the second part of a two-part discussion, in which we will provide an overview of the use of GIS and GPS in environmental analysis and enforcement. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) describes a system which manages, analyses and displays geographic information. Environmental applications include analysis of source, extent and transport of contaminants, nonpoint runoff modeling, flood control, and emergency response support. The ability to examine spatial relationships between environmental observations and other mapped and historical information, and to communicate these relationships to others, makes GIS valuable in environmental forensics. The US Environmental Protection Agency currently requires the inclusion of locational information with all other environmental data that is collected. Geographic Information Systems is a complex tool that requires careful planning and design to be successfully implemented, Choices in hardware, software and data development must be based on evaluation of project objectives, analytical requirements, data availability and data development considerations. Data sets must be evaluated and documented with metadata. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based system which provides highly accurate, three-dimensional position information anywhere on the earth's surface. Using portable radio receivers, field analysts can easily record the positions of spill sites, sampling locations and other environmental features. Spatial accuracy of GPS ranges from 20-30 in (single receiver) to 1-5 in (differential GPS) for navigation-grade instruments, and down to millimeter level accuracy for geodetic units. Global Position Systems can be used not only to capture spatial information into a GIS system, but also to evaluate and quantify the spatial accuracy of existing digital map data, and to provide control points for existing aerial photographs and other remotely-sensed data. (C) 2001 AEHS. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Appl Environm Data Serv, Arlington, TX 76011 USA. US EPA, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Brilis, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD SEP PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1006/enfo.2000.0033 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 472PA UT WOS:000170991600009 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Gregonis, SM Waltman, SW Omernik, JM Thorson, TD Freeouf, JA Rorick, AH Keys, JE AF McMahon, G Gregonis, SM Waltman, SW Omernik, JM Thorson, TD Freeouf, JA Rorick, AH Keys, JE TI Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological region; spatial framework; ecologically oriented management; land resources; ecosystem management ID SOIL SURVEY; ECOREGIONS; CLASSIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; SCIENCE; FOREST AB In 1996, nine federal agencies with mandates to inventory and manage the nation's land, water, and biological resources signed a memorandum of understanding entitled "Developing a Spatial Framework of Ecological Units of The United States." This spatial framework is the basis for interagency coordination and collaboration in the development of ecosystem management strategies One of the objectives in this memorandum is the development of a map of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States. The regions defined in the spatial framework will be areas within which biotic, abiotic, terrestrial, and aquatic capacities and potentials are similar. The agencies agreed to begin by exploring areas of agreement and disagreement in three federal natural-resource spatial frameworks-Major Land Resource Areas of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Hierarchy of Ecological Units of the USDA Forest Service, and Level III Ecoregions of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The explicit intention is that the framework will foster an ecological understanding of the landscape, rather than an understanding based on a single resource, single discipline, or single agency perspective. This paper describes the origin, capabilities, and limitations of three major federal agency frameworks and suggests why a common ecological framework is desirable. The scientific and programmatic benefits of common ecological regions are described, and a proposed process for development of the common framework is presented. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. US Forest Serv, Golden, CO 80225 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Forest Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97055 USA. US Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 96 TC 73 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 293 EP 316 DI 10.1007/s0026702429 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462EY UT WOS:000170408800002 PM 11531234 ER PT J AU Washington, JW Cameron, BA AF Washington, JW Cameron, BA TI Evaluating degradation rates of chlorinated organics in groundwater using analytical models SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE degradation rate constants; volatile organic compounds; analytical model; sorption ID ZERO-ORDER; SOIL; SORPTION; WATER; TRANSPORT; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; ADSORPTION; POLLUTANTS; TETRACHLOROETHENE; TRANSFORMATION AB The persistence and fate of organic contaminants in the environment largely depends on their rate of degradation. Most studies of degradation rate are performed in the lab where chemical conditions can be controlled precisely. Unfortunately, literature values for lab degradation studies often are orders of magnitude higher than for field-generated studies, calling into question the relevance of lab-generated values for characterizing the persistence of organic contaminants in the environment. Complicating analysis of this ostensible disparity between lab and field degradation values, field-generated values often do not account for effects of adsorption. Modeling with a newly derived analytical solution for first-order degradation coupled with advective losses and adsorption to solve for degradation constants is insensitive to uncertainties in field properties. Application to field data shows that accounting for advection and adsorption greatly affects the value of calculated degradation constants compared to disappearance constants, which do not account for these phenomena. In fact, degradation constants, calculated using these analytical solutions and field data, are in the range reported for lab-generated data. Using these analytical solutions, for the sulfate-reducing field conditions documented for this site, perchloroethene, trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, and chloroethane all degraded with half-lives ranging from 5 to 115 d. Consistent with other studies of sulfate-reducing conditions, cis-1,2-dichloroethene did not chemically degrade at a measurable rate. When nonaqueous phase 1,1-dichloroethane is present, down-gradient concentrations vary in an annual sinusoidal pattern, apparently because of seasonal variation in dilution from groundwater recharge. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Meiser & Earl, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. RP Washington, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1909 EP 1915 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1909:EDROCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 465RF UT WOS:000170603200008 PM 11521816 ER PT J AU Lattier, DL Gordon, DA Burks, DJ Toth, GP AF Lattier, DL Gordon, DA Burks, DJ Toth, GP TI Vitellogenin gene transcription: A relative quantitative exposure indicator of environmental estrogens SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carp; estrogen; gene expression; vitellogenin ID MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; OREOCHROMIS-AUREUS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; CYPRINUS-CARPIO; MESSENGER-RNA; EXPRESSION; CHEMICALS; PROTEIN; FISH AB We report the development of a quantifiable exposure indicator for measuring the presence of environmental estrogens in aquatic systems. Synthetic oligonucleotides, designed specifically for the vitellogenin gene (Vg) transcription product, were used in a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol. This extremely sensitive and rapid method was able to detect vitellogenin gene transcription in male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) injected with 17 beta -estradiol. Sequence analysis of the induced mRNA product confirmed a vitellogenin gene transcript with homology to rainbow trout and fathead minnow vitellogenin cDNA sequences. Relative levels of vitellogenin gene induction among individuals were quantified by incorporating 18S ribosomal RNA universal primers and Competimers (R) in a PCR multiplex reaction with primers for vitellogenin. This method is more sensitive than current protocols, such as mortality, visible signs of stress, or other techniques that look for unscheduled gene expression, because it measures the appearance of primary transcripts at the nanogram level. In addition, this procedure does not sacrifice accuracy or reliability, even though the exposure to estrogen is within 1 d. This research will support the construction of regional stressor profiles, thereby providing a method for comparative environmental exposure assessment. It may also provide an in vivo screening method for potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Mol Biol Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Wilmington Coll, Dept Biol, Wilmington, OH 45177 USA. RP Lattier, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Mol Biol Res Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM lattier.david@epa.gov NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1979 EP 1985 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1979:VGTARQ>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 465RF UT WOS:000170603200016 PM 11521824 ER PT J AU McMaster, ME Jardine, JJ Ankley, GT Benson, WH Greeley, MS Gross, TS Guillette, LJ MacLatchy, DL Orlando, EF Van der Kraak, GJ Munkittrick, KR AF McMaster, ME Jardine, JJ Ankley, GT Benson, WH Greeley, MS Gross, TS Guillette, LJ MacLatchy, DL Orlando, EF Van der Kraak, GJ Munkittrick, KR TI An interlaboratory study on the use of steroid hormones in examining endocrine disruption SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE steroid hormones; interlaboratory study; endocrine disruption; pulp mill effluent; radioimmunoassay variability ID KRAFT PULP-MILL; O-DEETHYLASE ACTIVITY; WHITE SUCKER; EFFLUENT; FISH; WILDLIFE; EXPOSURE; GROWTH; STRESS AB In recent years, there has been an increased use of the measurement of sex steroid hormone levels in the blood of animals exposed to chemicals as an indicator of reproductive impairment or an alteration in endocrine function. Although levels of hormones are often compared among animals and laboratories, there has been no study to examine the between-lab oratory variability in actual steroid measurements. Therefore, we initiated a study with white sucker collected from a site receiving pulp mill effluent, previously documented as having reduced steroid levels, to address this issue. Samples of plasma and media from in vitro gonadal incubations were delivered to eight outside laboratories with the ability to measure steroid hormones. These laboratories ran-ed from well-established fish endocrine laboratories to wildlife toxicology laboratories, which have recently implemented the methods to measure steroid hormones. In this study, we have considered both the absolute measure of steroid content between laboratories as well as the ability to discriminate between reference and exposed populations as important criteria when evaluating the utility of these measures. Of the eight outside laboratories conducting the analyses, six detected identical site differences in circulating levels of testosterone and 17 beta -estradiol to those documented by our Burlington laboratory (ON, Canada). However, the absolute value of the steroid hormones measured in the plasma varied significantly (plasma testosterone 0.6-23.1 ng/ml, 17 beta -estradiol 77.6-1782.7 pg/ml) with coefficients of variation of 70.4% and 60.3% respectively. Similar results were demonstrated for the measurement of steroid hormones in media following in vitro gonadal incubation. Although there was a fair amount of variability in the absolute measure of steroid hormone levels, we would predict a far greater coherence of interlaboratory results through the sharing of reagents and the use of a common methodology between laboratories. These results are very promising, providing evidence for the inclusion of steroid hormones in monitoring endocrine disruption in wildlife species. C1 Environm Canada, Canada Ctr Inland Waters, Natl Water Res Inst, Aquat Ecosyst Protect Res Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ New Brunswick, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ New Brunswick, Environm Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. RP McMaster, ME (reprint author), Environm Canada, Canada Ctr Inland Waters, Natl Water Res Inst, Aquat Ecosyst Protect Res Branch, 867 Lakeshore Rd POB 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RI Munkittrick, Kelly/B-1462-2014; Greeley, Mark/D-2330-2016 OI Greeley, Mark/0000-0002-6088-5942 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9 BP 2081 EP 2087 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2081:AISOTU>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 465RF UT WOS:000170603200030 PM 11521838 ER PT J AU Patrizio, P Hecht, N Rockett, J Schmid, J Dix, D AF Patrizio, P Hecht, N Rockett, J Schmid, J Dix, D TI DNA microarrays to study gene expression profiles in testis of fertile and infertile men SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Penn, Med Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Div Reprod Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 76 IS 3 SU 3 MA O104 BP S40 EP S40 DI 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02136-7 PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 470HA UT WOS:000170863900105 ER PT J AU Job, C Patterson, G AF Job, C Patterson, G TI Data elements for reporting water-quality results SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Mailcode 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 36 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00640.x PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 494QW UT WOS:000172298200002 ER PT J AU DiGiulio, DC Varadhan, R AF DiGiulio, DC Varadhan, R TI Analysis of water saturation, NAPL content, degradation half-life, and lower boundary conditions on VOC transport modeling: Implications for closure of soil venting systems SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT MODEL; VOLUME-AVERAGED CONCENTRATIONS; TRACE ORGANICS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; FLUX AB Simulations using a one-dimensional, analytical, vadose zone, solute-transport screening code (VFLUX) were conducted to assess the effect of water saturation, NAPL saturation, degradation half-life, and boundary conditions at the vadose zone/ground water interface on model output. At high initial soil concentrations, model output was significantly affected by input parameters and lower boundary conditions yet still resulted in consistent decision-making to initiate or continue venting application. At lower soil concentrations, however, typical of what is observed after prolonged venting application, differences in model input and selection of lower boundary conditions resulted in inconsistent decision-making. Specifically, under conditions of low water saturation, use of a first-type, time-dependent lower boundary condition indicated that the primary direction of mass flux was from ground water to the vadose zone, suggesting little benefit from continued venting application. Use of a finite, zero-gradient lower boundary condition, though, indicated continued mass flux from the vadose zone to ground water, suggesting a continued need for venting application. In this situation, sensitivity analysis of input parameters, selection of boundary conditions, and consideration of overall objectives in vadose zone modeling become critical in regulatory decision-making. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP DiGiulio, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00644.x PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 494QW UT WOS:000172298200006 ER PT J AU Wilkin, RT McNeil, MS Adair, CJ Wilson, JT AF Wilkin, RT McNeil, MS Adair, CJ Wilson, JT TI Field measurement of dissolved oxygen: A comparison of methods SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID GROUND-WATER; REMEDIATION AB The ability to confidently measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) in ground water is a key aspect of remedy selection and assessment. Presented here is a comparison of the commonly practiced methods for determining D.O. concentrations in ground water, including colorimetric, membrane-covered electrode, and modified Winkler techniques. The Winkler titration (azide and permanganate modifications) is the most accurate and precise technique for determining D.O. and is appropriate for applications with stringent data quality objectives. In addition, excellent correlation over a wide range of D.O. concentrations was found between Winkler titrations and colorimetric tests using the rhodazine D (below 1 part per million [ppm]) and indigo carmine reagents (above 1 ppm). Electrode measurements represent the simplest method for determining D.O. concentrations on a continuous basis and electrode determinations positively correlate with Winkler results above 1 ppm. Below 1 ppm, electrodes provide only a qualitative measure of low D.O. level, apparently due to slow electrode response. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Wilkin, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 13 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 124 EP 132 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00648.x PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 494QW UT WOS:000172298200010 ER PT J AU Elliott, ED AF Elliott, ED TI The genome and the law: Should increased genetic knowledge change the law? SO HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Student Symposium on Law and Public Policy CY MAR 09-10, 2001 CL UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA SP Federalist Soc HO UNIV CALIF BERKELEY C1 Yale Univ, Sch Law, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Georgetown Univ, Ctr Law, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Paul Hastings Janofsky & Walker, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Elliott, ED (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Law, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HARVARD SOC LAW PUBLIC POLICY PI CAMBRIDGE PA HARVARD LAW SCHOOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0193-4872 J9 HARVARD J LAW PUBL P JI Harv. J. Law Public Policy PD FAL PY 2001 VL 25 IS 1 BP 61 EP 70 PG 10 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 533DU UT WOS:000174514800005 PM 12755142 ER PT J AU Smith, JH AF Smith, JH TI Land cover assessment of indigenous communities in the BOSAWAS region of Nicaragua SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Landscape Characterizat Branch MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Smith, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Landscape Characterizat Branch MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0300-7839 J9 HUM ECOL JI Hum. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 339 EP 347 DI 10.1023/A:1010958732520 PG 9 WC Anthropology; Environmental Studies; Sociology SC Anthropology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Sociology GA 465TU UT WOS:000170606700004 ER PT J AU Suarez, S Kazantseva, M Bhat, M Costa, D Hickey, AJ AF Suarez, S Kazantseva, M Bhat, M Costa, D Hickey, AJ TI The influence of suspension nebulization or instillation on particle uptake by guinea pig alveolar macrophages SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLOW CYTOMETRIC ASSAY; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION; PULMONARY RETENTION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; INHALATION; TRANSLOCATION; CLEARANCE; RATS; LUNG AB Phagocytosis represents a crucial event in the host defense against pathogens. Experimental methods are required that allow a range of particle doses to be delivered. However, it is not clear that these methods result in the same sites of deposition or mechanisms of clearance. The effect of particle administration by nebulization or instillation on the uptake by guinea pig alveolar macrophages ( AMs) has been studied. Suspensions of escalating quantities of 1-mum fluorescent polystyrene latex microspheres were delivered by 15 min of nebulization ( 1.4 x 10(7) -11.1 x 10(7) particles) or instillation (19 x 10(7) -152 x 10(7) particles) into the lungs of guinea pigs. These doses were selected to maximize delivery using each of these methods. Macrophages were collected by alveolar lavage 6 h postadministration. The total number of cells recovered was 3 x 10(6) and the cell viability was >97%, which was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Differential cell counts of lavaged cell suspensions were conducted and results showed no difference for the two methods of administration with various concentrations of latex particles and control samples. The uptake of particles was measured using epifluorescence, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. AMs showed a dose-dependent increase in associated particles measured by microscopy and flow cytometry. There was a direct correlation ( R-2 =.99) in the phagocytic indices ( PIs) measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The PI was 15 times higher after instillation than that obtained after particle nebulization. The percentage of AMs involved in phagocytosis observed after instillation was 55% and after nebulization 23%. The uptake of aerosolized particles by AMs and the number of cells involved in phagocytosis were dependent on the particle dose and the efficiency of aerosol delivery to the lungs. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Res Labs, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hickey, AJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Beard Hall CB 7360, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL55789] NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 9 BP 773 EP 788 DI 10.1080/089583701316941302 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 469JP UT WOS:000170811000003 PM 11498805 ER PT J AU Craun, GF Frost, FJ Calderon, RL Hilborn, ED Fox, KR Reasoner, DJ Poole, CL Rexing, DJ Hubbs, SA Dufour, AP AF Craun, GF Frost, FJ Calderon, RL Hilborn, ED Fox, KR Reasoner, DJ Poole, CL Rexing, DJ Hubbs, SA Dufour, AP TI Improving waterborne disease outbreak investigations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE waterborne outbreaks; recall bias; misclassification bias ID RECALL BIAS; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS OUTBREAK; DIFFERENTIAL RECALL; DRINKING-WATER; SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MILWAUKEE; MISSOURI; STATE AB This article is a summary of discussions held and recommendations made at a workshop for the investigation of waterborne disease outbreaks in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, December 7-8, 1998. Suspected waterborne outbreaks in the United States are primarily investigated by state and local public health officials who may infrequently conduct enteric disease outbreak investigations. Thus, it is important that officials have a formal plan to ensure that epidemiological studies are methodologically sound and that effective collaboration occurs among the epidemiologists, scientists, and engineers who will conduct the investigations. Laboratory support to analyze water samples and clinical specimens should be arranged well in advance of when services may be needed. Enhanced surveillance activities can help officials recognize additional outbreaks and initiate investigations in a timely manner. Epidemiologists should pay more attention early in the investigation to study design, questionnaire development, and sources of bias, especially recall bias, that may affect the interpretation of observed associations. Improved investigations can increase our knowledge about important etiological agents, water systems deficiencies, and sources of water contamination so that waterborne outbreaks can be more effectively prevented. C1 Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA USA. Lovelace Clin Fdn, Albuquerque, NM USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. So Nevada Water Author, Boulder City, NV USA. Louisville Water Co, Louisville, KY USA. RP Craun, GF (reprint author), 101 W Frederick St,Suite 205, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3123 J9 INT J ENVIRON HEAL R JI Int. J. Environ. Health Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 229 EP 243 DI 10.1080/09603120120070847 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461GR UT WOS:000170357000003 PM 11672480 ER PT J AU Craun, GE Calderon, RL AF Craun, GE Calderon, RL TI Waterborne disease outbreaks caused by distribution system deficiencies SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; TYPHIMURIUM OUTBREAK; MISSOURI; GIDEON AB PREVENTING CONTAMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IS KEY TO REDUCING THE RISK OF WATERBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS. C1 Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Craun, GE (reprint author), Gunther F Craun & Associates, 101 W Frederick St,Suite 207, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. NR 22 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 93 IS 9 BP 64 EP 75 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 472KN UT WOS:000170983100012 ER PT J AU Holmes, M Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Mole, ML Murr, AS Klinefeltert, GR AF Holmes, M Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Mole, ML Murr, AS Klinefeltert, GR TI Dibromoacetic acid, a prevalent by-product of drinking water disinfection, compromises the synthesis of specific seminiferous tubule proteins following both in vivo and in vitro exposures SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; spermatogenesis; proteomics ID ADULT-RAT; TESTICULAR TOXICITY; CELL-INTERACTIONS; GERM-CELLS; CHLORINATION; SECRETION; SPERMATOGENESIS; TESTOSTERONE; FERTILITY; 2-METHOXYETHANOL AB Dibromoacetic acid (DBA) is a by-product of drinking water disinfection that alters spermatogenesis in adult male rats. To identify a mechanism by which DBA alters spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules representing specific groups of spermatogenic stages were exposed either in vivo or in vitro, and structural and functional consequences were evaluated. Seminiferous tubules representing stages I-V, VI-VIII, and IX-XIV were isolated from testes of adult rats and cultured overnight in conditions of reduced oxygen and temperature. For in vivo exposures, seminiferous tubules were recovered from animals that had received 250 mg/kg DBA via gavage for 5 days. For in vitro exposures, 180 and 600 muM concentrations were tested; these concentrations bracket the concentration of DBA observed within the testis following in vivo exposure. Protein synthesis was evaluated by S-35-methionine labeling overnight and quantitative analysis of radiolabeled proteins in mini, 2-dimensional (2D) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. Radio-inert cultures were processed for light and electron microscopy. Morphological evaluation indicated that all spermatogenic stages of the seminiferous tubules from control animals were well maintained during the isolation and culture period. Although no treatment-related lesions were observed following in vivo exposure, histological alterations were observed at the lowest in vitro exposure. There was a significant diminution (P<.05) in the synthesis of 4 cytosolic proteins following both in vivo and in vitro exposures. Diminution in these proteins was restricted to stages I-V and IX-XIV of spermatogenesis, suggesting that proteins involved in the early stages of spermiogenesis are uniquely sensitive to DBA exposure. Because histology and protein synthesis were affected by relevant in vitro exposures, this indicates that DBA is capable of altering spermatogenesis directly. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC USA. RP Klinefeltert, GR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 22 IS 5 BP 878 EP 890 PG 13 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 464RZ UT WOS:000170546700024 PM 11545302 ER PT J AU Yan, LB Bailey, GW AF Yan, LB Bailey, GW TI Sorption and abiotic redox transformation of nitrobenzene at the smectite-water interface SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE redox; reduction; oxidation; structural Fe; solid-water interface; computational chemistry; layer silicate; smectite; nitrobenzene; aniline; sorption; transformation; molecular probe; electron transport ID SOLUTE ADSORPTION-ISOTHERM; CLAY-MINERALS; SUBSTITUTED NITROBENZENES; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; STRUCTURAL IRON; NITROAROMATIC EXPLOSIVES; MONTMORILLONITE LAYERS; DIOCTAHEDRAL SMECTITES; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE AB The effect of the redox state of structural Fe on the surface reactivity of iron-bearing phyllosilicates in aqueous suspension was investigated using a molecular probe. For this purpose the structural Fe in montmorillonite and ferruginous smectite was chemically reduced by sodium dithionite in citrate-bicarbonate (CB) buffer solution under N(2) at 70 degreesC, with the excess reactants removed by washing and centrifugation. Nitrobenzene was chosen as an electron acceptor probe to react with unaltered and chemically reduced smectites. Nitrobenzene was transformed into aniline only in the presence of the reduced smectites. This abiotic reductive transformation depended on the concentration of the electron acceptor in solution and the total accessible structural Fell in smectites. As much as 40% of the crystal layer structural Fell of the reduced smectites was oxidized to Fe(III); these electrons migrated to the surfaces/edges and then were transported into the adjacent aqueous layer. No significant effect of the oxidation state of structural Fe on the sorption of nitrobenzene on smectites was observed, but the reduced smectites sorbed less aniline than the unaltered smectites. The electronic structure and molecular geometry of the probe were modified within the smectite-water interface. Reducing structural Fe in smectites perturbed the surface reactivity. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, US Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Yan, LB (reprint author), BetzDearborn, 4636 Somerton Rd,POB 3002, Trevose, PA 19053 USA. EM lyan@herc.com NR 71 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 241 IS 1 BP 142 EP 153 DI 10.1006/jcis.2001.7735 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 467XT UT WOS:000170729600016 ER PT J AU Moschandreas, DJ Ari, H Karuchit, S Kim, Y Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Gordon, S Robertson, G AF Moschandreas, DJ Ari, H Karuchit, S Kim, Y Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Gordon, S Robertson, G TI Exposure to pesticides by medium and route: The 90th percentile and related uncertainties SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID HEALTH; RISK; CHLORPYRIFOS; VARIABILITY; ARIZONA; MODEL; SOIL AB Multiple route, multiple media distributions of exposure to chlorpyrifos and diazinon and associated uncertainties are investigated using the database generated by the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey in Arizona (NHEXAS-AZ). Exposure to pesticides and associated uncertainties may be estimated using either deterministic or probabilistic methods. This paper employs probabilistic models to estimate the 90th percentile of inhalation, dietary ingestion, dermal, and nondietary ingestion exposures to chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Questions associated with the uncertainty of exposure estimates for the two pesticides are also investigated. Probabilistic models are used to formulate distributions of exposures to each of the two pesticides for several subpopulation groups. Parameter uncertainties associated with the 90th and other percentiles of population and subpopulation groups are addressed in this paper. Highly exposed subpopulations have been defined as those with route-specific 90th percentile exposure that is higher than the population 90th percentile. All subjects exposed to levels above the 90th percentile of inhalation exposure live in dwellings with carpeting covering over 50% of their floor areas. The relative uncertainty of the 90th percentile of dermal exposure is larger than corresponding uncertainties for inhalation, dietary ingestion, and nondietary exposure. C1 IIT, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Arizona Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Moschandreas, DJ (reprint author), IIT, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, 10 W 33rd St,Ste 127, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RI ARI, Halil/E-3530-2016 OI ARI, Halil/0000-0001-6311-314X NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 2001 VL 127 IS 9 BP 857 EP 864 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:9(857) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464AZ UT WOS:000170511500015 ER PT J AU O'Connor, GA Brobst, RB Chaney, RL Kincaid, RL McDowell, LR Pierzynski, GM Rubin, A Van Riper, GG AF O'Connor, GA Brobst, RB Chaney, RL Kincaid, RL McDowell, LR Pierzynski, GM Rubin, A Van Riper, GG TI A modified risk assessment to establish molybdenum standards for land application of biosolids SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Review ID COPPER DEFICIENCY; RUMINANTS; SOILS; ADSORPTION; METABOLISM; MINERALS; TOXICITY; SULFATE; SULFUR; SHEEP AB The USEPA standards (40 CFR Part 503) for the use or disposal of sewage sludge (biosolids) derived risk-based numerical values for Mo for the biosolids --> land --> plant --> animal pathway (Pathway 6). Following legal challenge, most Mo numerical standards were withdrawn, pending additional field-generated data using modern biosolids (Mo concentrations <75 mg kg(-1)) and a reassessment of this pathway. This paper presents a reevaluation of biosolids Mo data, refinement of the risk assessment algorithms, and a reassessment of Mo-induced hypocuprosis from land application of biosolids. Forage Mo uptake coefficients (UC) are derived from field studies, many of which used modern biosolids applied to numerous soil types, with varying soil pH values, and supporting various crops. Typical cattle diet scenarios are used to calculate a diet-weighted UC value that realistically represents forage Mo exposure to cattle. Recent biosolids use data are employed to estimate the fraction of animal forage (FC) likely to be affected by biosolids applications nationally. Field data are used to estimate long-term Mo leaching and a leaching correction factor (LC) is used to adjust cumulative biosolids application limits. The modified UC and new FC and LC factors are used in a new algorithm to calculate biosolids Mo Pathway 6 risk. The resulting numerical standards for Mo are cumulative limit (RPc) = 40 kg Mo ha(-1), and alternate pollutant limit (APL) = 40 mg Mo kg(-1). We regard the modifications to algorithms and parameters and calculations as conservative, and belies e that the risk of Mo-induced hypocuprosis from biosolids Mo is small. Providing adequate Cu mineral supplements, standard procedure in proper herd management, would augment the conservatism of the new risk assessment. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Montgomery Watson, Lakewood, CO USA. RP O'Connor, GA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, POB 110510, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 89 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1490 EP 1507 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300001 PM 11577853 ER PT J AU Meyer, VF Redente, EF Barbarick, KA Brobst, R AF Meyer, VF Redente, EF Barbarick, KA Brobst, R TI Biosolids applications affect runoff water quality following forest fire SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; SOIL; VEGETATION AB Soil erosion and nutrient losses are great concerns following forest wildfires. Biosolids application might enhance revegetation efforts while reducing soil erodibility. Consequently, we applied Denver Metro Wastewater District composted biosolids at rates of 0, 40, and 80 Mg ha(-1) to a severely burned, previously forested site near Buffalo Creek, CO to increase plant cover and growth. Soils were classified as Ustorthents, Ustochrepts, and Haploborols. Simulated rainfall was applied for 30 min at a rate of 100 min h(-1) to 3- X 10-m paired plots. Biosolids application rates did not significantly affect mean total runoff (p < 0.05). Sediment concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) from the control plots compared with the plots that had received the 80 Mg biosolids ha(-1) rate. Biosolids application rate had mixed effects on water-quality constituents; however, concentrations of all runoff constituents for all treatment rates were below levels recommended for drinking water standards, except Pb. Biosolids application to this site increased plant cover, which should provide erosion control. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Barbarick, KA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM kbarbari@agsci.colostate.edu RI Barbarick, Kenneth/B-7974-2013 OI Barbarick, Kenneth/0000-0002-8779-0740 NR 24 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1528 EP 1532 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300005 PM 11577857 ER PT J AU Kahl, MD Jensen, KM Korte, JJ Ankley, GT AF Kahl, MD Jensen, KM Korte, JJ Ankley, GT TI Effects of handling on endocrinology and reproductive performance of the fathead minnow SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fathead minnow; handling; stress; reproduction; steroids ID PLASMA SEX STEROIDS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RAINBOW-TROUT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; CORTISOL IMPLANTATION; IN-VIVO; STRESS; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; VITELLOGENIN; EXPOSURE AB Anaesthesia with MS-222 followed by intra-peritoneal (ip) injection (with a 10% ethanol in corn oil carrier) of fathead minnow either as one or three (weekly) treatments did not affect survival, behaviour or secondary sexual characteristics of the fish. Fecundity of the fish, as indicated by fertility and hatching success, was also unaffected. Gonadal condition (relative gonad mass, histopathology) was not altered in either sex. Male and female plasma sex steroids (beta -ocstradiol, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone) and male vitellogenin concentrations were not significantly affected by the treatments. Females subjected to either ip treatment regime had significantly higher plasma vitellogenin concentrations than control females. However, based on previous data, this difference did not appear to be treatment-related. Overall, exposure of fathead minnows to chemicals via the ip route should not confound the interpretation of toxicity tests with potential endocrine disrupting chemicals. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 59 IS 3 BP 515 EP 523 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02357.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 481VR UT WOS:000171541600004 ER PT J AU Haines, WT Taylor, MM Crofton, KM Marshall, RS Padilla, S AF Haines, WT Taylor, MM Crofton, KM Marshall, RS Padilla, S TI The anticholinesterase insecticide, diazinon, may potentiate the toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin at low dosages SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 78 SU 1 BP 193 EP 193 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 469AF UT WOS:000170789800697 ER PT J AU Chow, JC Hoekman, SK Norbeck, JM Black, KN O'Keefe, RM Kopinski, DL Walsh, MP Suchecki, JL Altshuler, SL MacClarence, B Harley, RA Marrack, D AF Chow, JC Hoekman, SK Norbeck, JM Black, KN O'Keefe, RM Kopinski, DL Walsh, MP Suchecki, JL Altshuler, SL MacClarence, B Harley, RA Marrack, D TI Diesel engines: Environmental impact and control SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID LIFE-CYCLE DESIGN; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; CALIFORNIA; EMISSIONS C1 Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Crit Review Comm, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Mclean, VA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chow, JC (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Crit Review Comm, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RI Harley, Robert/C-9177-2016 OI Harley, Robert/0000-0002-0559-1917 NR 50 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 1258 EP 1270 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 471RV UT WOS:000170943200001 PM 11575879 ER PT J AU Rea, AW Zufall, MJ Williams, RW Sheldon, L Howard-Reed, C AF Rea, AW Zufall, MJ Williams, RW Sheldon, L Howard-Reed, C TI The influence of human activity patterns on personal PM exposure: A comparative analysis of filter-based and continuous particle measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; AIR-POLLUTION; TOBACCO-SMOKE; INDOOR; OUTDOOR; COMMUNITY; HEALTH; CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY AB Particulate matter (PM) exposure data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-sponsored 1998 Baltimore and 1999 Fresno PM exposure studies were analyzed to identify important microenvironments and activities that may lead to increased particle exposure for select elderly (> 65 years old) subjects. Integrated 24-hr filter-based PM2.5 or PM10 mass measurements [using Personal Environmental Monitors(PEMs)] included personal measurements, indoor and outdoor residential measurements, and measurements at a central indoor site and a community monitoring site. A subset of the participants in each study wore passive nephelometers that continuously measured (1-min averaging time) particles ranging in size from 0.1 to similar to 10 mum. Significant activities and locations were identified by a statistical mixed model (p < 0.01) for each study population based on the measured PM2.5 or PM10 mass and time activity data. Elevated PM concentrations were associated with traveling (car or bus), commercial locations (store, office, mall, etc.), restaurants, and working. The modeled results were compared to continuous PM concentrations determined by the nephelometers while participants were in these locations. Overall, the nephelometer data agreed within 6% of the modeled PM2.5 results for the Baltimore participants and within similar to 20% for the Fresno participants (variability was due to zero drift associated with the nephelometer). The nephelometer did not agree as well with the PM10 mass measurements, most likely because the nephelometer optimally responds to fine particles (0.3-2 mum). Approximately one-half (54 +/- 31%; mean standard deviation from both studies) of the average daily PM2.5 exposure occurred inside residences, where the participants spent an average of 83 +/- 10% of their time. These data also showed that a significant portion of PM2.5 exposure occurred in locations where participants spent only 4-13% of their time. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Reston, VA USA. RP Rea, AW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009 NR 25 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 11 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 1271 EP 1279 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 471RV UT WOS:000170943200002 PM 11575880 ER PT J AU Skelly, JM Ferdinand, JA Savage, JE Mulik, JD AF Skelly, JM Ferdinand, JA Savage, JE Mulik, JD TI A 13-week comparison of passive and continuous ozone monitors at forested sites in north-central Pennsylvania SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; FOLIAR RESPONSE; RURAL OZONE; VIRGINIA; AREAS; AMBIENT; EXPOSURE; USA; CLIMATOLOGY AB Ogawa passive O-3 samplers were used in a 13-week study (June 1-September 1, 1999) involving 11 forested and mountaintop sites in north-central Pennsylvania. Four of the sites were collocated with TECO model 49 O-3 analyzers. A significant correlation (p < 0.0001) was found for 24-hr average weekly O-3 concentrations between the two methodologies at the four sites with collocated monitors. As expected, there were positive relationships between increasing elevation of the sites and increasing O-3 concentrations. No O-3 exposure patterns were found on a west-to-east or south-to-north basis; however, the area known for lower O-3 exposures within a smaller subsection of the study area showed consistently lower O-3 exposures. Preliminary results regarding relationships of symptom responses within O-3-sensitive bioindicators are also presented with black cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.) and common milkweed (Ascleplas syriaca, L.) showing clear evidence of increasing injury with increasing O-3 exposures. Due to the extremely dry conditions encountered in north-central Pennsylvania during the 1999 growing season, O-3-induced symptoms were sporadic and quite delayed until late-season rains during the latter portion of the observation period. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Resources Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Exposure Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Skelly, JM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 1280 EP 1287 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 471RV UT WOS:000170943200003 PM 11575881 ER PT J AU Warner, KS Eatough, DJ Stockburger, L AF Warner, KS Eatough, DJ Stockburger, L TI Determination of fine particulate semi-volatile organic material at three eastern US sampling sites SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION DENUDER SAMPLER; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; NATIONAL-PARK; SYSTEM; AEROSOL; PARTICLES; ARTIFACT; CARBON AB Correct assessment of fine particulate carbonaceous material as a function of particle size is, in part, dependent on the determination of semi-volatile compounds, which can be lost from particles during sampling. This study gives results obtained for the collection of fine particulate carbonaceous material at three eastern U.S. sampling sites [Philadelphia, PA; Shenandoah National Park, VA; and Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC] using diffusion denuder technology. The diffusion denuder samplers allow for the determination of fine particulate organic material with no artifacts, due to the loss of semi-volatile organic particulate compounds, or collection of gas-phase organic compounds by the quartz filter during sampling. The results show that an average of 41, 43, and 59% of fine particulate organic material was lost as volatilized semi-volatile organic material during collection of particles on a filter at Philadelphia, RTP, and Shenandoah, respectively. The particle size distribution of carbonaceous material retained by a filter and lost from a filter during sampling was obtained for the samples collected at Philadelphia and Shenandoah. The carbonaceous material retained by the particles during sampling was found predominantly in particles smaller than 0.4 mum in aerodynamic diameter. In contrast, the semi-volatile organic material lost from the particles during sampling had a mass median diameter of similar to0.5 mum. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Eatough, DJ (reprint author), Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 1302 EP 1308 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 471RV UT WOS:000170943200005 PM 11575883 ER PT J AU Misra, C Geller, MD Shah, P Sioutas, C Solomon, PA AF Misra, C Geller, MD Shah, P Sioutas, C Solomon, PA TI Development and evaluation of a continuous coarse (PM10-PM2.5) particle monitor SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE MASS; AIR-POLLUTION; MORTALITY AB In this paper, we describe the development and laboratory and field evaluation of a continuous coarse (2.5-10 mum) particle mass (PM) monitor that can provide reliable measurements of the coarse mass (CM) concentrations in time intervals as short as 5-10 min. The operating principle of the monitor is based on enriching CM concentrations by a factor of similar to 25 by means of a 2.5-mum cut point round nozzle virtual impactor while maintaining fine mass (FM)-that is, the mass of PM2.5 at ambient concentrations. The aerosol mixture is subsequently drawn through a standard tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM), the response of which is dominated by the contributions of the CM, due to concentration enrichment. Findings from the field study ascertain that a TEOM coupled with a PM,, inlet followed by a 2.5-mum cut point round nozzle virtual impactor can be used successfully for continuous CM concentration measurements. The average concentration-enriched CM concentrations measured by the TEOM were 26-27 times higher than those measured by the time-integrated PM10 samplers [the micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and the Partisol] and were highly correlated. CM concentrations measured by the concentration-enriched TEOM were independent of the ambient FM-to-CM concentration ratio, due to the decrease in ambient coarse particle mass median diameter with an increasing FM-to-CM concentration ratio. Finally, our results illustrate one of the main problems associated with the use of real impactors to sample particles at relative humidity (RH) values less than 40%. While PM10 concentrations obtained by means of the MOUDI and Partisol were in excellent agreement, CM concentrations measured by the MOUDI were low by 20%, and FM concentrations were high by a factor of 5, together suggesting particle bounce at low RH. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Sioutas, C (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 3620 S Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 1309 EP 1317 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 471RV UT WOS:000170943200006 PM 11575884 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Yang, YL AF Gordon, CJ Yang, YL TI Reduction in open field-induced hyperthermia in the rat exposed to chlorpyrifos, an anticholinesterase pesticide SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the International Thermal Physiology Symposium CY SEP 02-06, 2001 CL WOLLONGONG, AUSTRALIA DE methyl scopolamine stress; temperature regulation; pesticide ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; STRESS; FEVER AB Rodents develop a marked elevation in core temperature (T-c) when they are placed in an open field environment (OFE). Open field-induced hyperthermia (OFH) involves activation of thermoregulatory systems that are quiescent under baseline conditions. Cholinergic stimulation arising from exposure to organophosphates (OP) is expected to modulate OFH; subtle effects of OPs may be observed during OFH that would not occur in the absence of stress. We have found that methyl scopolamine (MS), a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, attenuates stress-induced hyperthermia. To this end, we assessed if a low dose of the OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) would alter OFH with and without administration of MS. T-c and motor activity (MA) of male, Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored by telemetry while housed in their home cage at an ambient temperature of 22 degreesC. At 9 AM the rats were gavaged with corn oil or 10 mg/kg CHP that resulted in a similar to 40% inhibition in plasma cholinesterase activity. T-c and MA were the same in the control and CHP groups prior to OFE. The rats were then dosed IP with saline or 1.0 mg/kg MS at 12 noon and subjected to OFE (61 x 61 x 61 cm box) for 1 h while T-c and MA were monitored every 2 min. T-c of the corn oil/saline group increased by 1.2 degreesC during OFE, whereas T-c of the CHP/saline group was significantly attenuated. Administration of MS attenuated the OFH in rats treated with corn oil and CHP. Overall, exposure to OFE exacerbated the effects of it relatively low dose of CHP that had no effect in the unstressed animal. In addition, the OFH response to MS suggests a peripheral (i.e., outside of CNS) cholinergic pathway is operative in the control of OFH. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4-5 BP 313 EP 318 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(01)00036-5 PG 6 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 468KW UT WOS:000170757700011 ER PT J AU Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Wichers, LB Nolan, JP Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL AF Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Wichers, LB Nolan, JP Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL TI Impact of toxic agents or adverse conditions on thermoregulatory function in awake rodents SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the International Thermal Physiology Symposium CY SEP 02-06, 2001 CL WOLLONGONG, AUSTRALIA DE rat; temperature; heart rate; radiotelemetry; ozone; particulate matter ID OIL FLY-ASH; CARDIOPULMONARY-COMPROMISED RATS; AIR-POLLUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; PARTICULATE MATTER; BODY-TEMPERATURE; OZONE TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; MODEL AB (1) In response to exposure to toxic xenobiotic agents, rodents demonstrate significant acute and subacute decreases in important indices of thermoregulatory and cardiovascular function. (2) This response has been observed in a number of studies in our laboratory and appears remarkably consistent, despite the variety of agents and exposure routes tested. (3) Animals with cardiopulmonary disease exhibit a potentiated response and may be at increased risk for adverse arrhythmic events and lethality. (4) Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between human exposure to particulate matter (PM) and increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in cardiopulmonary-compromised individuals, (5) We have previously reported that various surrogate PM induce a robust hypothermia in rats, along with significant decreases in cardiac function, leading to arrhythmogenesis and lethality. (6) The present studies extend this research by assessing the contribution of the primary metallic constituents of PM towards the observed toxic effects. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch,Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch,Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4-5 BP 331 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(01)00040-7 PG 8 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 468KW UT WOS:000170757700014 ER PT J AU Work, PA Guan, J Hayter, EJ Elci, S AF Work, PA Guan, J Hayter, EJ Elci, S TI Mesoscale model for morphologic change at tidal inlets SO JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SCALE COASTAL BEHAVIOR; BAY AB A mesoscale modeling system (time step of hours, space step of 100 m) for bathymetric change at tidal inlets is described. The Mesoscale Inlet Morphology modeling system is composed of a linked two-dimensional (depth-integrated) hydrodynamic module, a wave transformation module, a shoreline change module, and a sediment transport module. A hybrid modeling scheme is employed, featuring a microscale (time steps of minutes) hydrodynamic module within a mesoscale model. Sediment transport is assumed to be as bed load outside of the surf zone, driven by the mean wave- and tide-induced flow. The Mesoscale Inlet Morphology modeling system was applied to Price Inlet, S.C. A two-year simulation of the morphologic changes at Price Inlet was performed using measured wave data and tidal stages predicted from harmonic analysis coefficients, and results compared to measured bathymetric and shoreline changes. Predicted bathymetric changes are similar in sign and location to observations, but the model tends to underpredict the magnitude of the changes. Predicted shoreline changes exhibit similar trends. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Tettemer & Associates, Costa Mesa, CA USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Work, PA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 110 Lowry Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RI Elci, Sebnem/E-3735-2010 NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-950X J9 J WATERW PORT C-ASCE JI J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 5 BP 282 EP 289 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2001)127:5(282) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 464RX UT WOS:000170546500004 ER PT J AU Mansoor, JK Eldridge, MW Yoneda, KY Schelegle, ES Wood, SC AF Mansoor, JK Eldridge, MW Yoneda, KY Schelegle, ES Wood, SC TI Role of airway receptors in altitude-induced dyspnea SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE pulmonary afferents; aerosolized tetracaine; c-fibers; hypoxia; exercise ID PULMONARY-EDEMA; BREATHLESSNESS; SENSATION; EXERCISE; ANESTHESIA; REFLEXES AB Purpose: The purpose of Us study was to examine the role of airway receptors in respiratory-related sensations after ascent to altitude. Methods: Ratings of respiratory-related sensations, perceived exertion and acute mountain sickness, heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation were recorded at rest and exercise in male and female subjects who had inhaled either aerosolized saline or saline with tetracaine after acute ascent to an altitude of 3500 m and after prolonged acclimatization of 18 d at altitudes between 4000 and 5000 m. Results: Tetracaine had no effect on respiratory-related sensations at altitude either at rest or during exercise, and male and female subjects experienced similar respiratory-related sensations. Sensations of rapid breathing were experienced at rest after acute exposure to 3500 ra as compared with sea level, but not after acclimatization to 5000 m. Sensations of rapid breathing, air hunger, and heavy breathing were experienced during exercise after acute and prolonged altitude exposure as compared with sea level, with a sensation of chest tightness experienced at 3500 m and a sensation of gasping experienced at 5000 m. Conclusion: These results suggest that airway afferents play no role in the respiratory-related sensations experienced by male and female subjects either during acute ascent to altitude or after prolonged acclimatization at altitude. C1 Univ Pacific, Sch Pharm & Hlth Sci, Phys Therapy Dept, Stockton, CA 95211 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Dept Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. VA No Calif Hlth Care Syst, Dept Vet Affairs, Martinez, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Physiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Summa Hlth Syst Fdn, Akron, OH USA. RP Mansoor, JK (reprint author), Univ Pacific, Sch Pharm & Hlth Sci, Phys Therapy Dept, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1449 EP 1455 DI 10.1097/00005768-200109000-00005 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 470CY UT WOS:000170853900005 PM 11528331 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, DT Setzer, RW DeMarini, DM AF Shaughnessy, DT Setzer, RW DeMarini, DM TI The antimutagenic effect of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde on spontaneous mutation in Salmonella TA104 is due to a reduction in mutations at GC but not AT sites SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE antimutagens; cinnamaldehyde (CIN); cinnamaldehyde; vanillin (VAN) ID CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MITOMYCIN-C; V79 CELLS; MUTAGENESIS; INHIBITION; FLAVORINGS; CHEMICALS; ALDEHYDES AB Vanillin (VAN) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are dietary antimutagens that, when added to assay plates, reduced the spontaneous mutant frequency in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA104 (hisG428, rfa, uvrB, pKM101) by 50%. To date, no study has demonstrated whether or not the antimutagenic effects of an agent are due to a reduction in all classes of mutations or to a reduction in selective classes of mutations. To explore this issue, we have determined the spontaneous mutation spectrum in TA104 as well as the mutation spectrum after treatment of cells with antimutagens at concentrations that produced approximately a 50% reduction in mutant frequency but only a 10% reduction in survival. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the mutation spectra of VAN- and CIN-treated cells. Relative to untreated cells, treatment with either VAN or CIN produced a significant reduction in mutations at GC sites, whereas neither compound produced a significant reduction in mutations at AT sites. Antimutagenesis experiments in hisG428 strains of Salmonella with varying DNA repair backgrounds showed that VAN and CIN require SOS repair genes to produce an antimutagenic effect against spontaneous mutagenesis. Studies evaluating the effect of VAN and CIN on growth rate showed that neither compound suppressed growth relative to untreated cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine if an antimutagen reduced all or just some classes of mutations that were available for reduction. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Div Expt Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, 86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 480 SI SI BP 55 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00169-5 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 467AK UT WOS:000170678200006 PM 11506799 ER PT J AU Engel, LS Checkoway, H Keifer, MC Seixas, NS Longstreth, WT Scott, KC Hudnell, K Anger, WK Camicioli, R AF Engel, LS Checkoway, H Keifer, MC Seixas, NS Longstreth, WT Scott, KC Hudnell, K Anger, WK Camicioli, R TI Parkinsonism and occupational exposure to pesticides SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE farmer; parkinsonism; pesticides ID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK-FACTORS; YOUNG-ONSET; DISEASE; PREVALENCE; SIGNS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INTOXICATION; POPULATION; REGION; ISRAEL AB Objective-To examine the risk of parkinsonism related to lifetime occupational exposure to pesticides among a cohort of men, mostly orchardists, in Washington State. Methods-All 310 subjects in this study had previously participated in a cohort study of men occupationally exposed to pesticides. Subjects were given a structured neurological examination and completed a self administered questionnaire which elicited detailed information on pesticide (insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide) use throughout their working careers. Demographic characteristics were also sought. Subjects had a mean age of 69.6 years (range 49-96, SD 8.1). There were 238 (76.8%) subjects who reported some occupational exposure to pesticides, whereas 72 (23.2%) reported none. Parkinsonism was defined by the presence of two or more of rest tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and impairment of postural reflexes in subjects not on antiparkinsonian medication, or the presence of at least one sign if they were on such medication. Parkinson's disease was not studied explicitly because of the difficulty in distinguishing it from other parkinsonian syndromes. A generalised linear model was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for parkinsonism relative to history of farming, pesticide use, and use of well water. Results-A PR of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0 to 4.2) was found for subjects in the highest tertile of years of exposure to pesticides; a similarly increased, non-significant, PR was found for the middle tertile (1.9 (95% CI 0.9 to 4.0)), although a trend test did not show a significant exposure-response relation. No increased risks were found associated with specific pesticides or pesticide classes, nor with a history of farming or use of well water. Conclusion-Parkinsonism may be associated with long term occupational exposure to pesticides, although no associations with specific pesticides could be detected. This finding is consistent with most of the publications on this topic. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Pacific NW Agr Safety & Hlth Ctr, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Neurol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Med, Occupat Med Program, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Ctr Res Occupat & Environm Toxicol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Dept Neurol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Engel, LS (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 8113,MSC 7240, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM engell@mail.nih.gov OI Camicioli, Richard/0000-0003-2977-8660 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07262]; PHS HHS [U07/CCU012926-02] NR 41 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 9 BP 582 EP 589 DI 10.1136/oem.58.9.582 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 464UQ UT WOS:000170550500005 PM 11511745 ER PT J AU Tabacova, SA Kimmel, CA AF Tabacova, SA Kimmel, CA TI Enalapril: pharmacokinetic/dynamic inferences for comparative developmental toxicity - A review SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE ACE inhibitors; enalapril; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; developmental toxicity; animal-human comparisons ID ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME; PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION; NEONATAL RENAL-FAILURE; II RECEPTOR SUBTYPES; BLOOD-FLOW; RHESUS MACAQUES; ACE-INHIBITION; MESSENGER-RNAS; PLASMA-RENIN; RAT FETUS AB Enalapril is an antihypertensive drug of the class of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) used in pregnancy for treatment of pre-existing or pregnancy-induced hypertension. The use of ACE inhibitors (drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system) during the second and third trimester of pregnancy in humans is associated with specific fetal and neonatal injury, The syndrome, termed "ACEI fetopathy" in humans, does not appear to have a similar counterpart in experimental animals. The present paper reviews pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of enalapril that are physiologically important during pregnancy and intrauterine development in humans and in experimental animal species with the aim of better understanding the comparability of the manifestations of enalapril developmental toxicity in animals and humans. The human fetus is at a disadvantage with regard to in utero enalapril exposure in comparison to some of the animal species for which gestational pharmacokinetic data are available. Important reasons for the higher vulnerability of the human fetus are its accessibility by enalapril and the earlier (relative to animal species) intrauterine development of organ systems that are specific targets of ACEI pharmacologic effect (the kidney and the renin-angiotensin system). In humans, these systems develop prior to calcarial ossification at the end of first trimester of pregnancy. The specific pharmacodynamic action of enalapril on these systems during fetal life is the chief determinant of the etiology and pathogenesis of ACEI fetopathy in humans. In contrast, in most of the studied animal species, these target systems are not developed until close to term when the fetus is relatively more mature (and therefore less vulnerable), so that the window of vulnerability is narrower in comparison to the human. Among animal species, the best concordance in fetal pharmacodynamics to the human is seen in the rhesus monkey, but further studies are necessary to determine if similar developmental pathology is induced in this animal model upon repeated administration of the drug during the relevant period of intrauterine development. Animal-human concordance of developmental toxicity is least likely in the rat because of greater disparities in enalapril availability to the fetus and the relative development of the kidney and skeletal ossification compared to that in humans. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tabacova, SA (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, 5600 Fishers Lane,Room 16-53,HFT-10, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 95 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 467 EP 478 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00161-7 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 473PY UT WOS:000171055600001 PM 11780954 ER PT J AU Keating, TJ AF Keating, TJ TI Lessons from the recent history of the health effects institute SO SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY AB Created in 1980, the Health Effects Institute (HEI) funds research relevant to air quality policy debates and performs other tasks at the boundary between the health effects research community and the air quality policy community. In a 1993 review, the HEI was harshly criticized for a lack of relevance and timeliness in its research products and for poor relationships with its sponsors. Since the review, the HEI has undergone a series of changes that have strengthened its position as a central and respected institution in both the health effects research and air quality policy communities. The apparent success of these recent changes suggests a number of lessons that can be learned about the function of boundary organizations, which bridge the worlds of science and governance. In particular, the HEI's recent history demonstrates the importance of effective leadership and the importance of maintaining independence without resorting to isolation. C1 US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Keating, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0162-2439 J9 SCI TECHNOL HUM VAL JI Sci. Technol. Hum. Values PD FAL PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 409 EP 430 PG 22 WC Social Issues SC Social Issues GA 472JG UT WOS:000170980100002 ER PT J AU Wubah, JA Setzer, RW Lau, C Charlap, JH Knudsen, TB AF Wubah, JA Setzer, RW Lau, C Charlap, JH Knudsen, TB TI Exposure-disease continuum for 2-chloro-2 '-deoxyadenosine, a prototype ocular teratogen. 1. Dose-response analysis SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL DEOXYGUANOSINE KINASE; ADENOSINE-DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY; CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC-LEUKEMIA; DEOXYCYTIDINE KINASE; MOUSE EMBRYOS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; P53-DEFICIENT MICE; CELL-DEATH; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS; EFFECTS MODELS AB Background: Treatment of pregnant mice with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) on day 8 of gestation induces microphthalmia through a mechanism coupled to the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The present study defines 2CdA dosimetry with respect to exposure (pharmacokinetics), p53 protein induction, and disease (microphthalmia). Methods: Pregnant CD-1 mice dosed with 0.5-10.0 mg/kg 2CdA on day 8 provided fetuses for teratological evaluation; 2CdA was measured by HPLC in the antimesometrium through 180 min postexposure, and p53 was assessed with immunostaining of the embryo through 270 min. 5'-/3'-RACE was used to sequence the candidate gene for 2CdA bioactivation from target cells. Results: Microphthalmia appeared first in the dose-response curve. The highest 2CdA dose having no observable adverse effect (NOAEL) was 1.5 mg/kg; the benchmark dose that produced an extra 5% risk of microphthalmia (BMD5) was 2.5 mg/kg, and the lower confidence limit (BMDL) was 2.0 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters for doses encompassing the threshold (1.5-2.5 mg/kg) were modeled at 1.0-1.8 muM (C-max) and 30-80 muM-min (AUC). The p53 response was not detected below the BMDL; however, a low-grade response appeared 4.5 hr after a teratogenic dose (5.0 mg/kg), and high-grade induction followed an embryolethal dose (10.0 mg/kg). RACE identified a novel splice variant of mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase, dGK-3, as the likely candidate for 2CdA bioactivation in the embryo. Conclusions: Microphthalmia represented the critical effect malformation of 2CdA. The findings suggest a mitochondrial mechanism for 2CdA bioactivation, leading to an embryonic p53 response only after 2CdA elimination and implying pharmacodynamic coupling to the exposure-disease continuum. C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Jefferson Med Coll, Dept Pathol Anat & Cell Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Knudsen, TB (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Univ, Jefferson Med Coll, Dept Pathol Anat & Cell Biol, 1020 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [F31 HD08167]; NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ES07282] NR 82 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 3 BP 154 EP 169 DI 10.1002/tera.1059 PG 16 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 468JK UT WOS:000170754200005 PM 11514946 ER PT J AU Williams, KD Dunnick, J Horton, J Greenwell, A Eldridge, SR Elwell, M Sills, RC AF Williams, KD Dunnick, J Horton, J Greenwell, A Eldridge, SR Elwell, M Sills, RC TI p-nitrobenzoic acid alpha(2u) nephropathy in 13-week studies is not associated with renal carcinogenesis in 2-year feed studies SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE p-nitrobenzoic acid; hyaline droplets; alpha(2u)-globulin; nephropathy; cell proliferation; renal neoplasms; kidney ID CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; MALE-RAT KIDNEY; D-LIMONENE; ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN; PROLIFERATION; MARKER AB The objective of this study was to characterize the renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of p-nitrobenzoic acid in F344 rats. Dose levels in 13-week and 2-year studies ranged from 630-10,000 ppm and 1,250-5,000 ppm, respectively. At 13 weeks, renal lesions included minimal to mild hyaline droplet accumulation in male rats and karyomegaly in male and female rats. At 2 years, renal lesions included proximal tubule epithelial cell hyperplasia in male rats and oncocytic hyperplasia in high-dose male and female rats, and a decreased severity of nephropathy in males and females. The hyaline droplets in renal tubular epithelial cells of male rats at 13 weeks were morphologically similar to those described in alpha(2u)-globulin nephropathy. Using immunohistochemical methods, alpha(2u)-globulin accumulation was associated with the hyaline droplets. In addition, at 13 weeks, cell proliferation as detected by PCNA immunohistochemistry was significantly increased in males exposed to 5,000 and 10,000 ppm when compared to controls. Cytotoxicity associated with alpha(2u)-globulin nephropathy such as single-cell necrosis of the P2 segment epithelium or accumulation of granular casts in the outer medulla did not occur in the 13-week study. In addition, chronic treatment related nephrotoxic lesions attributed to accumulation of alpha(2u)-globulin such as linear foci of mineralization within the renal papilla, hyperplasia of the renal pelvis urothelium and kidney tumors were not observed. Although there was histologic evidence of alpha(2u)-globulin accumulation in male rats at 13 weeks, the minimal severity of nephropathy suggests that the degree of cytotoxicity was below the threshold, which would contribute to the development of renal tumors at 2 years. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Pathol Assoc Int, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Pfizer Inc, Global Res & Dev, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RP Sills, RC (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, MD B3-08,111 Alexander Drive, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM sills@niehs.nih.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 29 IS 5 BP 507 EP 513 DI 10.1080/019262301317226302 PG 7 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 574KM UT WOS:000176888500002 PM 11695567 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Valencia-Salazar, G Mora-Tascareno, A Garcia, R Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Devlin, RB Van Dyke, T AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Valencia-Salazar, G Mora-Tascareno, A Garcia, R Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Devlin, RB Van Dyke, T TI Nasal biopsies of children exposed to air pollutants SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollutants; environmental; children; ozone; particulate matter; nasal carcinogenesis; protein p53; Mexico ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; NF-KAPPA-B; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA; MEXICO-CITY; P53 PROTEIN; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; URBAN POLLUTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; LUNG-CANCER AB Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) atmosphere is a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, and aldehydes. Children in SWMMC are exposed chronically and sequentially to numerous toxicants, and they exhibit significant nasal damage. The objective of this study was to assess p53 accumulation by immunohistochemistry in nasal biopsies of SWMMC children. We evaluated 111 biopsies from 107 children (83 exposed SWMMC children and 24 control children residents in a pollutant-compliant Caribbean island). Complete clinical histories and physical examinations, including an ear nose-throat (ENT) exam were done. There was a significant statistical difference in the upper and lower respiratory symptomatology and ENT findings between control and exposed children (p<0.001). Control children gave no respiratory symptomatology in the 3 months prior to the study; their biopsies exhibited normal ciliated respiratory epithelium and were p53-negative. SWMMC children complained of epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and crusting. Irregular areas of whitish-gray recessed mucosa over the inferior and middle turbinates were seen in 25% of SWMMC children, and their nasal biopsies displayed basal cell hyperplasia, decreased numbers of ciliated and goblet cells, neutrophilic epithelial infiltrates, squamous metaplasia, and mild dysplasia. Four of 21 SWMMC children with grossly abnormal mucosal changes exhibited strong transmural nuclear p53 staining in their nasal biopsies (p 0.005, odds ratio 26). In the context of lifetime exposures to toxic and potentially carcinogenic air pollutants, p53 nasal induction in children could potentially represent. a) a checkpoint response to toxic exposures, setting up a selective condition for p53 mutation, or b) a p53 mutation has already occurred as a result of such selection. Because the biological significance of p53 nuclear accumulation in the nasal biopsies of these children is not clear at this point, we strongly suggest that children with macroscopic nasal mucosal abnormalities should be closely monitored by the ENT physician. Parents should be advised to decrease the children's number of outdoor exposure hours and encourage a balanced diet with an important component of fresh fruits and vegetables. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City 14410, DF, Mexico. Soc Mex ORL & CCC, Mexico City 14410, DF, Mexico. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ESO7126] NR 52 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 29 IS 5 BP 558 EP 564 DI 10.1080/019262301317226366 PG 7 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 574KM UT WOS:000176888500008 PM 11695573 ER PT J AU Renne, R Fouillet, X Maurer, J Assaad, A Morgan, K Hahn, F Nikula, K Gillet, N Copley, M AF Renne, R Fouillet, X Maurer, J Assaad, A Morgan, K Hahn, F Nikula, K Gillet, N Copley, M TI Recommendation of optimal method for formalin fixation of rodent lungs in routine toxicology studies SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Battelle Toxicol NW, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Bracco Res SA, Geneva, Switzerland. Pathol Assoc, W Chester, OH USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Pharmacia, St Louis, MO USA. Sierra Biomed, Sparks, NV USA. RP Renne, R (reprint author), Battelle Toxicol NW, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 3 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 29 IS 5 BP 587 EP 589 DI 10.1080/019262301317226401 PG 3 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 574KM UT WOS:000176888500012 PM 11695577 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Kimm-Brinson, KL Padnos, B Ramsdell, JS AF Gordon, CJ Kimm-Brinson, KL Padnos, B Ramsdell, JS TI Acute and delayed thermoregulatory response of mice exposed to brevetoxin SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE algal toxins; dysthesia; core temperature; behavior; motor activity; telemetry ID SODIUM-CHANNELS; TEMPERATURE; RATS; GYMNODINIUM; HYPOTHERMIA; CIGUATOXIN; SITE AB Thermal dysthesia, characterized by a painful sensation of warm and cool surfaces, is one of many ailments in humans exposed to various marine algal toxins such as brevetoxin (PbTx). There is no animal model to study thermal dysthesia and little is known of the mechanism of action. There is also little known on the acute and delayed thermoregulatory effects of PbTx. In this study, we developed a behavioral system to assess the possible development of thermal dysthesia in mice exposed to PbTx. Female mice were implanted with radiotransmitters to monitor core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA). In one experiment, mice were dosed with the control vehicle or 180 mug/kg PbTx and placed on a floor temperature gradient to measure the selected foot temperature (SFT) while air temperature was kept constant. PbTx-treated mice underwent a 10 degreesC reduction in SFT concomitant with a 3 degreesC reduction in T-c within 30 min after exposure. In another study, T-c and MA were monitored in mice maintained in their home cages after dosing with 180 mug/kg PbTx. T-c but not MA increased for 2-5 days after exposure. SFT was unaffected by PbTx when tested 1-12 days after exposure. However, PbTx-treated mice underwent an increase in T-c when placed in the temperature gradient for up to 12 days after exposure. This suggests that PbTx augments the stress-induced hyperthermia from being placed in a novel environment. Overall, acute PbTx exposure leads to a regulated reduction in T-c as characterized by a preference for cooler SFTs and a reduced T-c. Thermal dysthesia was not apparent, but the exaggerated hyperthermic response with a normal SFT in the temperature gradient may suggest an altered processing of thermal stimuli in mice treated with PbTx. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD SEP PY 2001 VL 39 IS 9 BP 1367 EP 1374 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00092-7 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 446ND UT WOS:000169518600013 PM 11384725 ER PT J AU Meng, L Matern, SA AF Meng, L Matern, SA TI Native and introduced larval fishes of Suisun Marsh, California: The effects of freshwater flow SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN ESTUARY; CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; DELTA SMELT; ICHTHYOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; LIFE-HISTORY; SPLITTAIL; HYPOMESUS; NIPPONENSIS; RECRUITMENT; WAKASAGI AB We sampled ichthyoplankton weekly in Suisun Marsh in the San Francisco Estuary front February to June cacti year from 1994 to 1999. We collected approximately 227,900 fish, predominantly shimofuri goby Tridentiger bifasciatus (60%) and prickly sculpin Cottus asper (33%). Principal components analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were used to explore relationships among several environmental variables and the 13 species that made up 99.96% of the catch. A group of native fishes (prickly sculpin. Sacramento sucker Catostomus occidentalis, threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys, and Sacramento splittail [also known simply as splittail] Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) were associated with the cool temperatures and higher outflows characterizing early-season conditions in Suisun Marsh. In contrast, a group of introduced species (shimofuri goby, inland silverside Menidia beryllina, striped bass Morone saxatilis, and threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense) were associated with the warm temperatures and lower outflows that characterize late-season marsh conditions. Catch composition was similar among marsh waterways (called sloughs), except for Cordelia Slough in the western marsh, which had lower total catch, greater diversity, and most of the threespine stickleback, northern anchovy Engraulis mordax, and longfin smelt. Longfin smelt were captured mostly in February and March, whereas delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus catches were later and more evenly distributed throughout the marsh. Delta smelt catches overlapped temporally and spatially with catches of the introduced wakasagi H. nipponensis. Sacramento splittail catches were confined mostly to 1995, a year when high flows peaked during their spawning season in March and April. Our results suggest that temperature and interannual variations in freshwater flow arc important for determining habitat quality for native and introduced larval fishes. We conclude that mimicking natural flow regimes in this highly regulated system is important for early life stages of native fishes. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Meng, L (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 50 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 5 BP 750 EP 765 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0750:NAILFO>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 467UQ UT WOS:000170722500003 ER PT J AU McCormick, FH Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR Peck, DV Stoddard, JL Herlihy, AT AF McCormick, FH Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR Peck, DV Stoddard, JL Herlihy, AT TI Development of an index of biotic integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands region SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STREAM FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; COASTAL-PLAIN STREAMS; WISCONSIN STREAMS; LAND-USE; COMMUNITIES; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; QUALITY; PERSPECTIVE AB From 1993 to 1996, fish assemblage data were collected from 309 wadeable streams in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Highlands region as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. Stream sites were selected with a probabilistic sampling design that allowed regional estimates of stream condition. We examined responses of 58 fish assemblage metrics to physical, chemical, and landscape indicators of disturbance. Univariate and multivariate analyses of relationships among fish metrics, habitat integrity, and anthropogenic disturbance were used to develop a fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) for assessing stream condition in the entire region. Of 58 candidate metrics 9 were selected and scored continuously from 0 to 10; the resulting IBI was scaled so that it ranged from 0 to 100. Regional estimates of stream conditions showed that 27% of the stream length in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands had fish assemblages in good or excellent ecological condition. Of the total wadeable perennial stream length in the region 38% was fair and 14% was poor. There were insufficient data to calculate IBIs for 21% of the wadeable stream length in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands; all of these streams were small (watershed area less than or equal to2 km(2)) and lacked sufficient sample size (< 10 individuals) to calculate an IBI. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP McCormick, FH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 WML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 81 TC 115 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 5 BP 857 EP 877 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0857:DOAIOB>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 467UQ UT WOS:000170722500012 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EA Olszyk, DM Rygiewicz, PT Tingey, DT Johnson, MG AF Hobbie, EA Olszyk, DM Rygiewicz, PT Tingey, DT Johnson, MG TI Foliar nitrogen concentrations and natural abundance of N-15 suggest nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir and mycorrhizal fungi during development in elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; N dynamics; nitrogen isotopes; translocation ID PINE PINUS-SYLVESTRIS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SCOTS PINE; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; PLANT; FOREST; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL; SEEDLINGS; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS AB Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) seedlings were grown in a 2 x 2 factorial design in enclosed mesocosms at ambient temperature or 3.5 degreesC above ambient, and at ambient CO2 concentration ([CO2]) or 179 ppm above ambient. Two additional mesocosms were maintained as open controls. We measured the extent of mycorrhizal infection, foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations on both a weight basis (%N) and area basis (Narea), and foliar delta N-15 signatures (N-15/N-14 ratios) from summer 1993 through summer 1997. Mycorrhizal fungi had colonized nearly all root tips across all treatments by spring 1994. Elevated [CO2] lowered foliar %N but did not affect N-area, whereas elevated temperature increased both foliar %N and Nar, Foliar delta N-15 was initially -1 parts per thousand and dropped by the final harvest to between -4 and -5 parts per thousand in the enclosed mesocosms, probably because of transfer of isotopically depleted N from mycorrhizal. fungi. Based on the similarity in foliar delta N-15 among treatments, we conclude that mycorrhizal fungi had similar N allocation patterns across CO2 and temperature treatments. We combined isotopic and N-area data for 1993-94 to calculate fluxes of N for second- and third-year needles. Yearly N influxes were higher in second-year needles than in third-year needles (about 160 and 50% of initial leaf N, respectively), indicating greater sink strength in the younger needles. Influxes of N in second-year needles increased in response to elevated temperature, suggesting increased N supply from soil relative to plant N demands. In the elevated temperature treatments, N effluxes from third-year needles were higher in seedlings in elevated [CO2] than in ambient [CO2], probably because of increased N allocation below ground. We conclude that N allocation patterns shifted in response to the elevated temperature and [CO2] treatments in the seedlings but not in their fungal symbionts. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hobbie, EA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 16 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 15 BP 1113 EP 1122 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 478QF UT WOS:000171356300003 PM 11581018 ER PT J AU Brown, SP Opper, RG Sandquist, RL Dombrowski, LP Brickwedde, RJ Dorge, CL AF Brown, SP Opper, RG Sandquist, RL Dombrowski, LP Brickwedde, RJ Dorge, CL TI Developing issues in environmental law SO URBAN LAWYER LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Reg Support Div, Off Site Remediat Enforcement, Off Enforcement & Compliance Assurance, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Foley & Lardner, San Diego, CA USA. Baker & Hostetler, Denver, CO USA. Wildman Harrold Allen & Dixon, Chicago, IL USA. Green & Seifter Attorneys PLLC, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Brown, SP (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Support Div, Off Site Remediat Enforcement, Off Enforcement & Compliance Assurance, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BAR ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 750 N LAKE SHORE DR, ATTN:ORDER FULFILLMENT, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0042-0905 J9 URBAN LAWYER JI Urban Lawyer PD FAL PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1089 EP 1110 PG 22 WC Law; Urban Studies SC Government & Law; Urban Studies GA 507PQ UT WOS:000173037200008 ER PT J AU An, YJ Jeong, SW Carraway, ER AF An, YJ Jeong, SW Carraway, ER TI Micellar effect on the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydrogen peroxide; photolysis; surfactant; micelle; monomer; partition ID DEGRADATION; WATER AB Photolysis experiments were performed to quantify the effect of three anionic surfactants on the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the ambient laboratory temperature of 22+/-1 degreesC. H2O2 photolysis in water, methanol, and surfactant monomeric solution was also conducted to compare the photochemical reactivity of H2O2 in different media. Photolysis rates were highest for water, followed by micellar solutions, and lowest for methanol. The results show that the photochemical reactivity of H2O2 is les favorable in organic solvent than in water and surfactant micelles affect H2O2 photolysis. Retarded photolysis of H2O2 in micellar solutions implies that a fraction of H2O2 dissolved in water partitions into micellar pseudophase of surfactant. H2O2 partitioned into micelles has less photochemical reactivity and thus photolysis rate was retarded in the presence of micelles. Photolysis inhibitory level by micelles was shown to be dependent on the kinds of surfactants used in this study. In addition, the inhibitory effect by surfactant monomers was negligible due to the absence of micelles. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res Associateship Program, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 35 IS 13 BP 3276 EP 3279 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00023-9 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 458DE UT WOS:000170177300030 PM 11487127 ER PT J AU Van Hoewyk, D Wigand, C Groffman, PM AF Van Hoewyk, D Wigand, C Groffman, PM TI Endomycorrhizal colonization of Dasiphora floribunda, a native plant species of calcareous wetlands in eastern New York State, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE endomycorrhizae; calcareous wetlands; Dasiphora floribunda; fen; phosphorus ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; VASCULAR PLANTS; SOIL-MOISTURE; FUNGI; FENS; FERTILIZATION; VEGETATION; GRADIENT; ROOTS; VAM AB The extent of endomycorrhizal colonization of Dasiphora floribunda was measured in 8 calcareous wetlands in eastern New York State, USA. Environmental parameters (pH, conductivity, water-table depth, soil moisture, soil organic matter, soil NH4+, soil available P, and porewater DIP) varied among wetlands. Soil available P was relatively low and ranged from 2.52 to 15.74 mg-P gdw(-1) in all 8 wetlands. Contrary to expectation, the extent of endomycorrhizal colonization of D. floribunda did not vary among calcareous wetlands of different soil phosphorus or moisture status. Mycorrhizal colonization of D. floribunda ranged from 66.7 to 91.7%, with an average of 78.1 +/- 7.7%. Although environmental parameters were only measured once, these results suggest that soil available P and soil moisture, used to predict variation of endomycorrhizal colonization of other wetland plants, are not useful for predicting the extent of endomycorrhizal colonization of D. floribunda. We propose that calcareous wetlands in eastern New York are an endpoint on a continuum of wetland types where P availability is so low that variation of P status among calcareous wetlands is not ecologically significant in the regulation of endomycorrhizal colonization. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0431:ECODFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 477KB UT WOS:000171281800012 ER PT J AU Dykstra, CR Hays, JL Daniel, FB Simon, MM AF Dykstra, CR Hays, JL Daniel, FB Simon, MM TI Home range and habitat use of suburban Red-shouldered Hawks in southwestern Ohio SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; AVAILABILITY DATA; SOUTHERN OHIO; TAILED HAWKS; CALIFORNIA; DENSITY AB We measured the home ranges and habitat use of 11 Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) during the breeding season and 9 during the nonbreeding season in suburban Ohio, using standard telemetry techniques. Mean home ranges, calculated using the adaptive kernel method (95% isopleth), were 90 ha +/- 11 SE during the breeding season, 189 ha +/- 33 SE during the nonbreeding season. and 165 ha +/- 24 SE for the annual home range. Males and females did not differ significantly in home range size. We examined habitat use by hawks by classifying the habitat where birds were observed perching. Habitat used by hawks differed significantly from that available within home ranges for all birds tested. Most Red-shouldered Hawks used riparian zones and pond edges more than expected, based on availability of such habitats within their home ranges; residential areas and lawns were used less than expected or in proportion to their availability. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RAPTOR Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45231 USA. RP Dykstra, CR (reprint author), 7715 Mitchell Pk Dr, Cleveland, OH 45002 USA. EM cheryldykstra@juno.com NR 36 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 113 IS 3 BP 308 EP 316 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0308:HRAHUO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 545VT UT WOS:000175238800008 ER PT J AU Gilliland, A Abbitt, PJ AF Gilliland, A Abbitt, PJ TI A sensitivity study of the discrete Kalman filter (DKF) to initial condition discrepancies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 SOURCES; TRANSPORT MODEL; INVERSE METHOD; MIXING RATIOS; TRACE GASES; PART II; EMISSIONS; SINKS; ADJOINT AB In several previous studies the discrete Kalman filter (DKF) has been used in an adaptive-iterative mode to deduce time-varying air quality emissions. While it is not expressly stated in previous literature on this method, the DKF assumes that the initial modeled and observed concentrations are equal. Careful consideration of this assumption is critical for urban or regional scale air quality models because agreement of initial concentrations with observations is not always a requirement or priority when using these models. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the initial condition assumption in the DKF and to investigate potential implications when the assumption is violated. We focus on the adaptive-iterative implementation of the DKF since we arc specifically interested in deducing time-varying air quality emissions. A complete description of the adaptive-iterative DKF as implemented by other authors is provided. A case study in the form of a pseudodata test or identical twin experiment is presented to show that if the initial condition assumption is violated, the adaptive-iterative DKF can produce biased emissions to compensate for the initial modeled and observed concentration differences. The magnitude and longevity of the resulting compensating error depends on the influence of the initial concentrations, as the error is removed more quickly for highly reactive species than for less reactive species (e.g., isoprene versus CO). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gilliland, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D16 BP 17939 EP 17952 DI 10.1029/2001JD900174 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 465FR UT WOS:000170579400019 ER PT J AU Husar, RB Tratt, DM Schichtel, BA Falke, SR Li, F Jaffe, D Gasso, S Gill, T Laulainen, NS Lu, F Reheis, MC Chun, Y Westphal, D Holben, BN Gueymard, C McKendry, I Kuring, N Feldman, GC McClain, C Frouin, RJ Merrill, J DuBois, D Vignola, F Murayama, T Nickovic, S Wilson, WE Sassen, K Sugimoto, N Malm, WC AF Husar, RB Tratt, DM Schichtel, BA Falke, SR Li, F Jaffe, D Gasso, S Gill, T Laulainen, NS Lu, F Reheis, MC Chun, Y Westphal, D Holben, BN Gueymard, C McKendry, I Kuring, N Feldman, GC McClain, C Frouin, RJ Merrill, J DuBois, D Vignola, F Murayama, T Nickovic, S Wilson, WE Sassen, K Sugimoto, N Malm, WC TI Asian dust events of April 1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; CHANGING SOURCES; AIR-POLLUTION; MAUNA-LOA; TRANSPORT; AEROSOL; OCEAN; NETWORK AB On April 15 and 19, 1998, two intense dust storms were generated over the Gobi desert by springtime low-pressure systems descending from the northwest. The windblown dust was detected and its evolution followed by its yellow color on SeaWiFS satellite images, routine surface-based monitoring, and through serendipitous observations. The April 15 dust cloud was recirculating, and it was removed by a precipitating weather system over east Asia. The April 19 dust cloud crossed the Pacific Ocean in 5 days, subsided to the surface along the mountain ranges between British Columbia and California, and impacted severely the optical and the concentration environments of the region. In east Asia the dust clouds increased the albedo over the cloudless ocean and land by up to 10-20%, but it reduced the near-UNI cloud reflectance, causing a yellow coloration of all surfaces. The yellow colored backscattering by the dust eludes a plausible explanation using simple Mie theory with constant refractive index. Over the West Coast the dust layer has increased the spectrally uniform optical depth to about 0.4, reduced the direct solar radiation by 30-40%, doubled the diffuse radiation, and caused a whitish discoloration of the blue sky. On April 29 the average excess surface-level dust aerosol concentration over the valleys of the West Coast was about 20-50 mug/m(3) with local peaks > 100 mug/m(3). The dust mass mean diameter was 2-3 mum, and the dust chemical fingerprints were evident throughout the West Coast and extended to Minnesota. The April 1998 dust event has impacted the surface aerosol concentration 2-4 times more than any other dust event since 1988. The dust events were observed and interpreted by an ad hoc international web-based virtual community. It would be useful to set up a community-supported web-based infrastructure to monitor the global aerosol pattern for such extreme aerosol events, to alert and to inform the interested communities, and to facilitate collaborative analysis for improved air quality and disaster management. C1 Washington Univ, Ctr Air Pollut Impact & Trend Anal, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. China Meteorol Adm, Natl Satellite Meteorol Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul, South Korea. Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Univ San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92110 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Atmospher Chem Studies, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. New Mexico Environm Dept, Air Qual Bur, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. Univ Oregon, Solar Monitoring Lab, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Tokyo Univ Mercantile Marine, Dept Phys, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Malta, Euro Mediterranean Ctr Insular Coastal Dynam ICoD, Valletta, Malta. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsububa, Iburaki, Japan. Colorado State Univ, NPS Air Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Husar, RB (reprint author), Washington Univ, Ctr Air Pollut Impact & Trend Anal, Campus Box 1124, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RI Husar, Rudolf/A-9000-2009; Tratt, David/A-7884-2009; Sugimoto, Nobuo/C-5189-2015; DuBois, David/F-6380-2015; Gasso, Santiago/H-9571-2014; OI Tratt, David/0000-0002-3942-6848; Sugimoto, Nobuo/0000-0002-0545-1316; DuBois, David/0000-0003-2560-505X; Gasso, Santiago/0000-0002-6872-0018; Gill, Thomas E/0000-0001-9011-4105 NR 51 TC 485 Z9 519 U1 8 U2 63 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D16 BP 18317 EP 18330 DI 10.1029/2000JD900788 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 465FR UT WOS:000170579400046 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB TI Inflammatory lung injury after bronchial instillation of air pollution particles SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE air pollution; lung diseases; inflammation; neutrophils; bronchoscopy; oxidants; iron ID UTAH VALLEY; PM(10) POLLUTION; DISEASE; HEALTH; FIBRIN AB Epidemiologic investigation has established an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) and human health in the Utah Valley. Reduction of particle mass during the temporary closure of a local steel mill was associated with diminished morbidity and mortality. We tested the hypothesis that the biologic effect of PM would reflect findings of epidemiology with a greater injury after exposure to an equal mass of particles from those years in which the mill was in operation. Filters containing PM were collected prior to closure of the steel mill, during the closure, and after its reopening. Aqueous extracts of the filters were prepared. One of three extracts (500 mug) was instilled through the bronchoscope into the lungs of nonsmoking volunteers. Twenty-four hours later, the same subsegment was savaged. Exposure to aqueous extracts of PM collected before closure and after reopening of the steel mill provoked a greater inflammatory response relative to PM extract acquired during the plant shutdown. This is the first demonstration that pulmonary effects after experimental exposure of humans to PM can correlate with health outcomes observed in epidemiologic studies of the same material under normal exposure conditions. Findings suggest that mass may not be the most appropriate metric to use in assessing health effects after PM exposure but rather specific components must be identified and assessed. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Clin Res Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 16 TC 220 Z9 225 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 4 BP 704 EP 708 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 469LL UT WOS:000170816900035 PM 11520740 ER PT J AU Peter, JF Tomer, KB AF Peter, JF Tomer, KB TI A general strategy for epitope mapping by direct MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using secondary antibodies and cross-linking SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; DISCONTINUOUS EPITOPE; LIMITED PROTEOLYSIS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PEPTIDE ANTIGENS; PROTEIN ANTIGENS; COMPLEX; IDENTIFICATION; EXCISION AB The combination of limited proteolysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has become an important tool for the determination of epitopes but works best with highly purified antibodies. Here we report the use of capture antibodies to reduce the need for purification of the antibody in the mass spectrometric determination of the epitope. In this new method, a secondary Fc-specific antibody, covalently bound to Sepharose beads, is used to capture the primary antibody (the antibody of interest). After capture, the two antibodies are cross-linked. The antigen is then bound to the immobilized antibodies and subjected to proteolysis using several successive proteinases. In this study, this strategy is demonstrated with a crude mouse anti-ACTH IgG solution and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Comparing this strategy with previous methods where the antibody is bound directly to activated beads, the new method (1) results in a higher binding capacity of the bound antibody to ACM, (2) does not require purification of the antibody of interest, and (3) dramatically reduces the chemical background in the MALDI mass spectra. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tomer, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, POB 12233,MD F0-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tomer, Kenneth/E-8018-2013 NR 32 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 16 BP 4012 EP 4019 DI 10.1021/ac010258n PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 463NT UT WOS:000170482800032 PM 11534730 ER PT J AU Bayne, CK Dindal, AB Jenkins, RA Crumbling, DM Koglin, EN AF Bayne, CK Dindal, AB Jenkins, RA Crumbling, DM Koglin, EN TI Meeting data quality objectives with interval information SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Immunoassay test kits are promising technologies for measuring analytes under field conditions, Frequently, these field-test kits report the analyte concentrations as falling in an interval between minimum and maximum values. Many project managers use field-test kits only for screening purposes when characterizing waste sites because the results are presented as semiquantitative intervals. However, field-test kits that report results as intervals can also be used to make project-related decisions in compliance with false-rejection and false-acceptance decision error rates established during a quantitative data quality objective process. Sampling and analysis plans can be developed that rely on field-test kits to meet certain data needs of site remediation projects. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Bayne, CK (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 16 BP 3350 EP 3355 DI 10.1021/es001572m PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464GL UT WOS:000170524800013 PM 11529576 ER PT J AU Sulik, KK Dehart, DB Johnson, CS Ellis, SL Chen, SY Dunty, WC Zucker, RM AF Sulik, KK Dehart, DB Johnson, CS Ellis, SL Chen, SY Dunty, WC Zucker, RM TI Programmed cell death in extraocular muscle tendon/sclera recursors SO MOLECULAR VISION LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA EYES ABSENT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; NEURAL CREST; GENE-EXPRESSION; MORPHOGENESIS; EMBRYOGENESIS; AP-2-ALPHA; ANOMALIES; AP-2-BETA; LYSOSOME AB Purpose: This study was designed to examine the occurrence of natural cell death in the periocular mesenchyme of mouse embryos. Methods: Vital staining with LysoTracker Red and Nile blue sulfate as well as terminal nick end labeling (TUNEL) were utilized to identify apoptotic cell death in whole and histologicaly sectioned gestational day 10.5 to 14 mouse embryos. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to provide a three dimensional representation of the cell death pattern. Immunohistochemical staining for neural crest and myoblast populations was utilized to indicate the cell population undergoing apoptosis. Results: Programmed cell death was evident in the developing rectus muscle tendons/sclera on gestational days 11 through 12.5 (corresponding to the weeks 5-6 of human development). Although each of these peripheral periocular condensations has readily apparent amounts of apoptosis, the pattern of cell death varied among them. Cell death was most apparent in the superior rectus tendon primordium, while that for the lateral rectus had the least evidence of apoptosis. Conclusions: Although apoptosis was readily evident in the periocular mesenchyme in distinct regions located medial and distal to the developing rectus muscles, programmed cell death in these sites has not previously been reported. New imaging techniques coupled with stains that evidence apoptotic cell death have made it possible to define this tissue as a prominent region of programmed cell death. Although neuronal tissues, including particular regions of the developing eye, are well recognized as sites of programmed cell death, description of this phenomenon in the extraocular tendon/sclera precursors is novel. C1 Univ N Carolina, Bowles Ctr Alcohol Studies, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sulik, KK (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Bowles Ctr Alcohol Studies, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIAAA NIH HHS [AA11605] NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU MOLECULAR VISION PI ATLANTA PA C/O JEFF BOATRIGHT, LAB B, 5500 EMORY EYE CENTER, 1327 CLIFTON RD, N E, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA SN 1090-0535 J9 MOL VIS JI Mol. Vis. PD AUG 11 PY 2001 VL 7 IS 26 BP 184 EP 191 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ophthalmology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ophthalmology GA 462CR UT WOS:000170403600001 PM 11503002 ER PT J AU Volety, AK McCarthy, SA Tall, BD Curtis, SK Fisher, WS Genthner, FJ AF Volety, AK McCarthy, SA Tall, BD Curtis, SK Fisher, WS Genthner, FJ TI Responses of oyster Crassostrea virginica hemocytes to environmental and clinical isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oyster; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; hemocytes; capsule ID THERMOSTABLE DIRECT HEMOLYSIN; THERMOLABILE HEMOLYSIN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; COAST OYSTERS; VULNIFICUS; DEPURATION; VIRULENCE; PURIFICATION; ASSOCIATION; BACTERIA AB Ingestion of bacteria by oysters Crassostrea virginica and bactericidal activity of oyster hemocytes were studied using 4 environmental isolates (shellfish) and 3 clinical isolates (fecal) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clinical isolates (2030, 2062, 2107) were obtained from the feces of patients with gastroenteritis who became ill during the 1998 food poisoning outbreak traced to consumption of raw oysters from Galveston Bay, Texas. This outbreak was the first reported occurrence in the United States of the virulent serotype O3:K6, Environmental isolates were from oysters (1094, 1100), crab (1163) and sardines (ATCC 17802). All isolates possessed the thermolabile direct hemolysin (tlh) gene, whereas only the clinical isolates possessed the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene, a virulence determinant. On average, environmental isolates were more susceptible than clinical isolates to killing by oyster hemocytes, as determined by an in vitro dye reduction assay. Isolate 2062 was the most susceptible of the clinical isolates; it lacked identifiable capsular material present in the other clinical isolates and displayed the most diffuse colony morphology on nutrient agar plates. When oysters were exposed in vivo to mixtures of a clinical (2030) and an environmental (1163) isolate, more clinical than environmental isolates were found in the tissues and hemolymph. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Genthner, FJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM genthner.fred@epa.gov OI Tall, Ben/0000-0003-0399-3629 NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 EI 1616-1564 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 25 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.3354/ame025011 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 469LG UT WOS:000170816500002 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S AF Mukerjee, S TI Selected air quality trends and recent air pollution investigations in the US-Mexico border region SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material DE air pollution; La Paz Agreement; Maquiladora; North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); US-Mexico border region; US-Mexico Border XXI Program ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEM; RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; PROJECT MOHAVE; COMPLEX TERRAIN; TRANSPORT; TEXAS; EMISSIONS; CANYON; PARTICLES; PATTERNS C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 76 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00782-3 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464LB UT WOS:000170533100001 PM 11516131 ER PT J AU Smith, LA Mukerjee, S Monroy, GJ Keene, FE AF Smith, LA Mukerjee, S Monroy, GJ Keene, FE TI Preliminary assessments of spatial influences in the Ambos Nogales region of the US-Mexican border SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Nogales; nonparametric statistical analyses; particulate matter; US-Mexico border region; volatile organic compounds (VOC) ID AIRBORNE PARTICLES; COMPLEX TERRAIN; AEROSOL; DENVER; RATIOS AB Ambient air measurements collected from 1994 to 1995 were used in a preliminary assessment of potential source and spatial influences in the Ambos Nogales border region (Nogales, Arizona. USA and Nogales. Sonora, Mexico). In this assessment, volatile organic compounds WOO and particulate matter (PM) species were used from four sites, two on either side of the border. An examination of median levels and principal component analysis indicated the dominance of soil dusts and mobile sources. Pairwise comparisons of sites for VOCs associated with mobile sources revealed statistically significant differences between sites in the central Nogales area vs. the two sites furthest from the border. Particulate lead at Mexican sites was higher and significantly different vs. US sites. Although further analyses are necessary, findings suggest that local and immediate mobile/other anthropogenic and soil dust influences are present throughout Nogales., with particulate lead from leaded motor vehicle exhaust or soldering operations being a possible influence on the Mexican side. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Arizona Dept Environm Qual, Tucson, AZ 85701 USA. Arizona Dept Environm Qual, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1-3 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00773-2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464LB UT WOS:000170533100006 PM 11516141 ER PT J AU MacDonald, CP Roberts, PT Main, HH Dye, TS Coe, DL Yarbrough, J AF MacDonald, CP Roberts, PT Main, HH Dye, TS Coe, DL Yarbrough, J TI The 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study: analysis of meteorological and air quality data that influence local ozone concentrations SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone; ozone formation; ozone episodes; mixing depth; mixing height; El Paso; Texas; Ciudad Juarez; Mexico AB The 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study and subsequent data analyses were implemented to develop an understanding of the chemical and physical processes which lead to high concentrations of ozone in the Paso del Norte study area which includes El Paso County, Texas, Sunland Park, New Mexico, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Both the data and data analysis results are being used to support photochemical grid modeling. El Paso County and Sunland Park fail to meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, and neighboring Ciudad Juarez fails to meet the Mexican ambient standard for ozone. This paper summarizes the measurement campaigns of the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study and the findings and conclusions that arose from subsequent data analyses. Data analyses showed that high ozone concentrations resulted from a combination of conditions, including high surface temperatures, strong sunlight with few clouds. light surface winds and high concentrations of ozone precursors at ground level in the morning, and slow convective boundary layer (CBL) growth. Synoptic-scale meteorological conditions observed during high ozone episodes included an aloft high-pressure system and aloft warming. Aloft carryover of ozone and ozone precursors did not significantly contribute to high concentrations of ozone at the surface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. US EPA, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP MacDonald, CP (reprint author), Sonoma Technol Inc, 1360 Redwood Way,Suite C, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1-3 BP 93 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00774-4 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464LB UT WOS:000170533100007 PM 11516142 ER PT J AU Funk, TH Chinkin, LR Roberts, PT Saeger, M Mulligan, S Figueroa, VHP Yarbrough, J AF Funk, TH Chinkin, LR Roberts, PT Saeger, M Mulligan, S Figueroa, VHP Yarbrough, J TI Compilation and evaluation of a Paso del Norte emission inventory SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE emission inventory evaluation; NMHC/NOx; CO/NOx ID MODEL AB Emission inventories of ozone precursors are routinely used as input to comprehensive photochemical air quality models. Photochemical model performance and the development of effective control strategies rely on the accuracy and representativeness of an underlying emission inventory. This paper describes the tasks undertaken to compile and evaluate an ozone precursor emission inventory for the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez/Southern Dona Ana region. Point, area and mobile source emission data were obtained from local government agencies and were spatially and temporally allocated to a gridded domain using region-specific demographic and land-cover information. The inventory was then processed using the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended Emissions Preprocessor System 2.0 (UAM-EPS 2.0) which generates emissions files compatible with the Urban Airshed Model (UAM). A top-down evaluation of the emission inventory was performed to examine how well the inventory represented ambient pollutant compositions. The top-down evaluation methodology employed in this study compares emission inventory ratios of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC)/nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO)/NOx ratios to corresponding ambient ratios. Detailed NMHC species comparisons were made in order to investigate the relative composition of individual hydrocarbon species in the emission inventory and in the ambient data. The emission inventory compiled during this effort has since been used to model ozone in the Paso del Norte airshed (Emery et at., CANx modeling of ozone and carbon monoxide in the Paso del Norte airshed. In: Proc of Ninety-Third Annual Meeting of Air & Waste Management Association, 18-22 June 2000, Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 2000). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. Pacific Environm Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Inst Nacl Ecol, Mexico City 01040, DF, Mexico. US EPA, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP Funk, TH (reprint author), Sonoma Technol Inc, 1360 Redwood Way,Suite C, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1-3 BP 135 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00776-8 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464LB UT WOS:000170533100009 PM 11516133 ER PT J AU Seila, RL Main, HH Arriaga, JL Martinez, G Ramadan, A AF Seila, RL Main, HH Arriaga, JL Martinez, G Ramadan, A TI Atmospheric volatile organic compound measurements during the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE carbonyls; Cd. Juarez; El Paso; hydrocarbons; ozone; Paso del Norte ozone study; source profile; VOC; volatile organic compounds ID RURAL SITE; NASHVILLE AB Ambient air VOC samples were collected at surface air quality monitoring sites, near sources of interest, and aloft on the US (EI Paso) and Mexican (Ciudad Juarez) side of the border during a six-week period of the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study. Samples were collected at five sites, three on the US side and two on the Mexican side, during nine intensive operation days when high ozone levels were forecast for the area. Six other sites were sampled to characterize up-wind, down-wind and other emission sources. Samples for determining source profiles were collected for rush hour traffic, propane-powered bus exhaust. automobile paint shop emissions, propane fuels. and industrial manufacturing in Cd. Juarez and a refinery in El Paso. Most samples were collected in electro-polished stainless steel canisters for determination of C-2 to C10+ hydrocarbons by GC-FID. Carbonyl samples were collected on DNPH impregnated cartridges at three surface sites during aircraft flights and analyzed by HPLC. This paper presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of VOC species concentrations and compositions to examine the differences and similarities of the various locations and time periods, Overall surface, total non-methane hydrocarbon values ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 ppmC with the highest concentrations being recorded in the morning and evening at five vehicle-dominated sites, three in Cd. Juarez and two in El Paso. Toluene in El Paso samples and propane, which is used as a cooking and transportation fuel in Cd. Juarez, were the most abundant hydrocarbons. The most abundant carbonyls were acetaldehyde, acetone and formaldehyde. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. Inst Mexicano Petr, Mexico City 07730, DF, Mexico. Egyptian Radiat & Environm Monitoring Network, Cairo, Egypt. RP Seila, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Drop 84, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 19 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1-3 BP 153 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00777-X PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464LB UT WOS:000170533100010 PM 11523535 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Shadwick, DS Smith, LA Somerville, MC Dean, KE Bowser, JJ AF Mukerjee, S Shadwick, DS Smith, LA Somerville, MC Dean, KE Bowser, JJ TI Techniques to assess cross-border air pollution and application to a US-Mexico border region SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cross-border air pollution; nonparametric statistical analyses; principal component analysis (PCA); US-Mexico border region; wind sector analysis ID RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; SOURCE IMPACTS; QUALITY; TEXAS; PARTICLES; AEROSOLS; BROMINE; ORIGIN; LEAD; ACID AB A year-long assessment of cross-border air pollution was conducted in the eastmost section of the US-Mexico border region, known as the Lower Rio Grande Valley. in South Texas. Measurements were conducted on the US side and included fine particle mass (PM2.5) and elemental composition, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and meteorology. Wind sector analyses of chemical tracers and diagnostic ratios, in addition to principal component analysis (PCA), were initially applied to assess cross-border and overall air shed influences. Linear-angular correlation statistics [Biometrika, 63, (1976) 403-405] and nonparametric multiple comparisons between wind sectors were computed with the particle element data using principal component scores from PCA to determine the direction of source classes. Findings suggest crustal particles and salts carried or stirred by sea breeze winds from a southerly and southeasterly direction from the Gulf of Mexico heavily influenced the elemental composition of the particulate samples. Pair-wise comparisons of wind directions for the principal component scores suggest possible oil combustion influences from utilities or boilers coming from the south and possible coal combustion influences from the north and northwest. The techniques discussed can provide a methodology to assess future ambient levels and cross-border influences in the Valley as conditions change. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Texas Nat Resources Conservat Commiss, Austin, TX 78711 USA. QST Environm Inc, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1-3 BP 205 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00780-X PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 464LB UT WOS:000170533100013 PM 11516137 ER PT J AU Vass, A Dudas, J Toth, J Varma, RS AF Vass, A Dudas, J Toth, J Varma, RS TI Solvent-free reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with alumina-supported hydrazine under microwave irradiation SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article DE reduction; hydrazine hydrate; nitro compounds; aromatic amines; microwave heating ID ORGANIC-REACTIONS; CATALYZED REDUCTION; HYDRATE; IRON AB Aromatic nitro compounds are readily reduced to the corresponding amino compounds in good yield with hydrazine hydrate supported on alumina in the presence of FeCl3. 6H(2)O, Fe(III) oxide hydroxide or Fe(III) oxides. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Processes Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Kaposvar, Res Inst Chem & Proc Engn, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Processes Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 35 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD AUG 6 PY 2001 VL 42 IS 32 BP 5347 EP 5349 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)01002-4 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 457FV UT WOS:000170127200004 ER PT J AU Al-Abed, SR Bishop, PL Gong, P AF Al-Abed, SR Bishop, PL Gong, P TI Leaching of metals from mineral processing waste. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 150-ENVR BP U443 EP U443 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002271 ER PT J AU An, YJ Kampbell, DH Sewell, GW AF An, YJ Kampbell, DH Sewell, GW TI Occurrence of methyl tert-butyl ether at five marinas in Lake Texoma. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Oak Ridge Res Associateship Program, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 31-ENVR BP U423 EP U424 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002152 ER PT J AU Brown, KW Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR AF Brown, KW Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR TI Comparative docking studies of the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the estrogen receptor. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, ECD NHEERL, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 19-COMP BP U385 EP U385 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690001919 ER PT J AU Burbano, AA Dionysiou, DD Richardson, TL Suidan, MT AF Burbano, AA Dionysiou, DD Richardson, TL Suidan, MT TI MTBE remediation in contaminated groundwater: The role of selected process conditions on the degradation of MTBE and reaction intermediate products via reactions involving hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton's reagent. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 29-ENVR BP U423 EP U423 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002150 ER PT J AU Collette, TW Williams, TL AF Collette, TW Williams, TL TI Role of Raman spectroscopy in the analytical chemistry of potable water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Protect Agcy, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 98-ENVR BP U435 EP U435 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002219 ER PT J AU Collette, TW Williams, TL AF Collette, TW Williams, TL TI Determination of perchlorate in some fertilizers and plant tissue by Raman spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 91-ENVR BP U433 EP U433 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002212 ER PT J AU Crumbling, D AF Crumbling, D TI Getting to the bottom line: Decision quality vs. data quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Technol Innovat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 196-ENVR BP U450 EP U450 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002317 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, MA Becker, T AF Gonzalez, MA Becker, T TI Oxidation of cyclohexane with air catalyzed by a sterically hindered iron(II) complex. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 41-CATL BP U415 EP U416 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102340 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, MA AF Gonzalez, MA TI Homogeneous catalysts for the partial-oxygenation of saturated hydrocarbons with hydrogen peroxide. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 38-CATL BP U415 EP U415 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102337 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Genicola, FA Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Genicola, FA Sovocool, GW TI Ion Composition Elucidation: A high resolution mass spectrometric tool for identifying organic compounds in complex extracts of environmental samples. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Trenton, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 108-ENVR BP U436 EP U436 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002229 ER PT J AU Gutierrez, SC AF Gutierrez, SC TI Water quality management in the new millenium: Sheds, bugs, and best management practices. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 187-ENVR BP U449 EP U449 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002308 ER PT J AU Jeong, SW Wood, AL Lee, TR AF Jeong, SW Wood, AL Lee, TR TI Microscopic observation and quantification of enhanced DNAPL removal by cosolvent-air flooding. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 126-IEC BP U526 EP U526 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002721 ER PT J AU Lindberg, SE Brooks, S Lin, J Scott, K Goodsite, M Tilden, MS Landis, M Stevens, R AF Lindberg, SE Brooks, S Lin, J Scott, K Goodsite, M Tilden, MS Landis, M Stevens, R TI Dynamic oxidation of mercury in the arctic troposphere: Mercury speciation in air, deposition, and accumulation in snow from the Barrow, Alaska arctic mercury study. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. Lamar Univ, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Natl Environm Res Inst Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL USA. RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014; Lin, Che-Jen/K-1808-2013 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X; Lin, Che-Jen/0000-0001-5990-3093 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 66-ENVR BP U429 EP U429 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002187 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Effective acidity constant behavior near zero charge conditions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 290-COLL BP U376 EP U376 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690001877 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Owens, JH Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Owens, JH Kelty, CA TI Role of analytical chemistry in risk management research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 97-ENVR BP U434 EP U435 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002218 ER PT J AU Morrison, J Suidan, M Venosa, AT AF Morrison, J Suidan, M Venosa, AT TI MBR application for MTBE remediation in contaminated water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 12-ENVR BP U420 EP U420 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002133 ER PT J AU Orlando, R Johnson, J Vesper, S Shoemaker, J Kryak, D AF Orlando, R Johnson, J Vesper, S Shoemaker, J Kryak, D TI Identifying allergenic proteins from Penicillium chrysogenum. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UGA, CCRC, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 84-ENVR BP U432 EP U432 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002205 ER PT J AU Peltier, JM AF Peltier, JM TI How EPA, states and agriculture can partner to address emerging environmental issues. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 48-AGRO BP U60 EP U60 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000206 ER PT J AU Pierzynski, GM Hettiarachchi, G Oehme, F Sonmez, O AF Pierzynski, GM Hettiarachchi, G Oehme, F Sonmez, O TI In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and other soil amendments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/F-6895-2015 OI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/0000-0002-6669-2885 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 95-AGRO BP U67 EP U68 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000253 ER PT J AU Pruden, A Sedran, MA Wilson, GJ Suidan, MT Venosa, AT AF Pruden, A Sedran, MA Wilson, GJ Suidan, MT Venosa, AT TI Effect of BTEX on the degradation of MTBE and TBA by a mixed bacterial consortium. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Washington, DC USA. RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 10-ENVR BP U420 EP U420 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002131 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Role of GC/MS and LC/MS in the discovery of drinking water disinfection by-products. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 99-ENVR BP U435 EP U435 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002220 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Emerging contaminants: The need for elegant analytical chemistry solutions for the new environmental pollutants of concern. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 79-ENVR BP U431 EP U431 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002200 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E AF Sahle-Demessie, E TI Treatment of methyl-t-butyl ether contaminated water using photocatalysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 30-ENVR BP U423 EP U423 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002151 ER PT J AU Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW AF Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW TI Interactions between organic compounds and cyclodextrin-clay systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 38-ENVR BP U425 EP U425 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002159 ER PT J AU Schekel, KG Ryan, JA AF Schekel, KG Ryan, JA TI Influence of aging on pyromorphite formation and dissolution. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 39-GEOC BP U490 EP U490 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002517 ER PT J AU Shevade, S Ford, R Puls, R AF Shevade, S Ford, R Puls, R TI Arsenic separation from water using zeolites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Kerr Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 153-ENVR BP U443 EP U443 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002274 ER PT J AU Shoji, T Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA AF Shoji, T Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA TI XAFS spectroscopy analysis of the molecular structure of metals in fine particulate matter derived from the combustion of coal. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kentucky, CFFLS, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 126-FUEL BP U479 EP U479 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002457 ER PT J AU Sikdar, S AF Sikdar, S TI The practice of chemistry and engineering in the context of sustainability. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 1-SCHB BP U406 EP U406 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102275 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Reeves, TG Lytle, DA Feld, CM Schock, MR AF Urbansky, ET Reeves, TG Lytle, DA Feld, CM Schock, MR TI Fluoridation chemistry in potable water: Equilibria and kinetics of fluoride and fluoro-complexes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US PHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Oral Hlth, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 109-ENVR BP U436 EP U436 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002230 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Collette, TW Robarge, WP Hall, WL Skillen, JM Kane, PF AF Urbansky, ET Collette, TW Robarge, WP Hall, WL Skillen, JM Kane, PF TI Investigation of agricultural fertilizers and related materials for perchlorate. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. IMC Global Inc, Northbrook, IL 60062 USA. Fertilizer Inst, Washington, DC 20002 USA. Off Indiana State Chemist, Fertilizer Sect, Indianapolis, IN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 46-AGRO BP U60 EP U60 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000204 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM AF Van Emon, JM TI Evolution of environmental immunochemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 43-AGRO BP U59 EP U59 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000201 ER PT J AU Weitman, D Pierard, K AF Weitman, D Pierard, K TI Working together to make the EPA non-point source program effective and efficient. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 98-AGRO BP U68 EP U68 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000256 ER PT J AU Wu, WD Samet, JM Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB AF Wu, WD Samet, JM Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB TI Activation of the EGF receptor signaling pathway in airway epithelial cells exposed to Utah Valley PM SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE signal transduction; particulate matter; epidermal growth factor; mitogen-activated protein kinase; interleukin-8 ID INTERLEUKIN-8 GENE-EXPRESSION; DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION; PROTEIN-KINASES; TRANSACTIVATION; POLLUTION; ERK; PHOSPHORYLATION; ARSENITE; CASCADE; FAMILY AB Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) in the Utah Valley has previously been associated with a variety of adverse health effects. To investigate intracellular signaling mechanisms for pulmonary responses to Utah Valley PM inhalation, human primary airway epithelial cells were exposed to aqueous extracts of PM collected from the year before (Y1), during (Y2), and after (Y3) the closure of a local steel mill located in the Utah Valley in this study. Transfection with kinase-deficient extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 constructs partially blocked Utah Valley PM-induced interleukin (IL)-8 promoter reporter activity. The mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) activity inhibitor PD-98059 significantly abolished IL-8 released in response to Utah Valley PM, as did the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase inhibitor AG-1478. Western blotting showed that Utah Valley PM induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor tyrosine, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2, which could be ablated with AG-1478 or PD-98059. For all findings, the potency of Utah Valley PM collected during Y2 was found to be lower relative to that of Y1 and Y3. These data demonstrate that Utah Valley PM can induce IL-8 expression partially through the activation of the EGF receptor signaling. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Devlin, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 281 IS 2 BP L483 EP L489 PG 7 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 448QA UT WOS:000169637600024 PM 11435224 ER PT J AU Smith, RL AF Smith, RL TI Predicting evaporation rates and times for spills of chemical mixtures SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE spills; evaporation; labeling AB Spreadsheet and short-cut methods have been developed for predicting evaporation rates and evaporation times for spills and constrained baths of chemical mixtures. Steady-state and time-varying predictions of evaporation rates can be made for six-component mixtures, including liquid-phase non-idealities as expressed through the UNIFAC method for activity coefficients. A group-contribution method is also used to estimate vapor-phase diffusion coefficients, which makes the method completely predictive. The predictions are estimates that require professional judgement in their application. One application that the evaporation time calculations suggest is a method for labeling chemical containers that allows one to quickly assess the time for complete evaporation of spills of both pure components and mixtures. The labeling would take the form of an evaporation time that depends on the local environment. For instance, evaporation time depends on indoor or outdoor conditions and the amount of each chemical among other parameters. This labeling would provide rapid information and an opportunity to premeditate a response before a spill occurs. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of British Occupational Hygiene Society. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 45 IS 6 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00082-X PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 471MR UT WOS:000170933600003 PM 11513793 ER PT J AU Williams, TL Martin, RB Collette, TW AF Williams, TL Martin, RB Collette, TW TI Raman spectroscopic analysis of fertilizers and plant tissue for perchlorate SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Raman; perchlorate; fertilizers; environmental analysis; quantitative analysis; plant extracts ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DRINKING-WATER; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; THYROID-FUNCTION; AMMONIUM-PERCHLORATE; LEVEL; IDENTIFICATION; QUANTITATION; EXTRACTION; NEWBORNS AB Raman spectroscopy, without the need for prior chromatographic separation, was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 59 samples of fertilizers for perchlorate (ClO4-). These primarily lawn and garden products had no known link to Chile saltpeter, which is known to contain perchlorate. Perchlorate contamination is emerging as an important environmental issue since its discovery in water resources that are widely used for drinking, crop irrigation, and recreation in the Western U.S. Approximately 90% of the 32 fertilizer samples acquired between November 1998 and January 1999 contained perchlorate, and of these, the level was typically high (500-8000 mg/kg). However, only two of the 27 fertilizer samples acquired from June 1999 to May 2000 contained perchlorate and at a tower level than previously observed (i.e., similar to 250-350 mg/kg). Raman spectroscopy was also applied to the qualitative identification of perchlorate in extracts of lettuce that had been grown in a greenhouse using irrigation water spiked (at 10 ppm) with perchlorate. Generally, with a fertilizer extract, detection limits were similar to 50 ppm for perchlorate with short spectral acquisition times (similar to5 min). Quantitation was typically accurate to within 2 to 14%, with an average %CV (coefficient of variation) of 6.3 among replicate runs. We compare Raman spectroscopy to ion chromatography, which is the currently recommended method for perchlorate analysis. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 57 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 14 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 55 IS 8 BP 967 EP 983 DI 10.1366/0003702011953117 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 473QG UT WOS:000171056400005 ER PT J AU Collette, TW AF Collette, TW TI Prediction of molecular properties with mid-infrared spectra and interferograms SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE property prediction; partial least squares; infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transform data processing; spectral resolution ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; POLARIZABILITY; GLUCOSE; SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION; RESOLUTION; STRATEGIES; MODEL AB We have built infrared spectroscopy-based partial least-squares (PLS) models for molecular polarizabilities with the use of a 97-member training set and a 59-member independent prediction set These 156 compounds span a very wide range of chemical structures. Our goal was to use this well-defined chemical property to test the breadth of application of a method whose end use is aimed at predicting poorly defined, environmentally important properties and activity parameters (e.g., microbial transformation rate constants). Separate models were built by using gas-phase mid-infrared spectra and, alternatively, their Fourier transformations (i.e., interferograms). The optimum spectrum- and interferogram-based models produced approximately the same error (root mean square deviation divided by the parameter value range) for the independent prediction set, 9.53 and 9.92%, respectively. With spectrum-based models, we found that deresolving the spectra from a point spacing of 6 cm(-1) to about 40 cm(-1) produced much lower error (under leave-one-out cross-validation) when all 156 compounds were included, but much higher error when a model was built by using a structurally narrow subset of the compounds (namely, 38 alkanes). Qualitative interpretation of the first PLS weight-loading vector from the spectrum-based model provided important information on the relationship between chemical structure and molecular polarizability. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 55 IS 8 BP 1067 EP 1078 DI 10.1366/0003702011952974 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 473QG UT WOS:000171056400017 ER PT J AU Conner, TL Norris, GA Landis, MS Williams, RW AF Conner, TL Norris, GA Landis, MS Williams, RW TI Individual particle analysis of indoor, outdoor, and community samples from the 1998 Baltimore particulate matter study SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE scanning electron microscopy; individual particle; indoor air sources; indoor-outdoor comparison; inorganic particulate matter ID AIR-POLLUTION; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MORTALITY AB The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) recently conducted the 1998 Baltimore Particulate Matter (PM) Epidemiology-Exposure Study of the Elderly. The primary goal of that study was to establish the relationship between outdoor PM concentrations and actual human PM exposures within a susceptible (elderly) subpopulation. Personal, indoor, and outdoor sampling of particulate matter was conducted at a retirement center in the Towson area of northern Baltimore County. Concurrent sampling was conducted at a central community site. The main objective of this work was to use computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) with individual-particle X-ray analysis to measure the chemical and physical characteristics of geological and trace element particles collected at the various sampling locations in and around the retirement facility. The CCSEM results show that the relative abundances of some geological and trace element particle classes identified at the outdoor and community locations differ from each other and from the indoor location. Particle images acquired during the computer-controlled analyses played a key role in the identification of certain particle types. Review of these images was particularly useful in distinguishing spherical particles (usually indicative of combustion) from nonspherical particles of similar chemical composition. Pollens and spores were also identified through a manual review, of the particle images. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Conner, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-46, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 32 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 35 IS 23 BP 3935 EP 3946 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00191-1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 462TZ UT WOS:000170437000003 ER PT J AU Colon, M Pleil, JD Hartlage, TA Guardani, ML Martins, MH AF Colon, M Pleil, JD Hartlage, TA Guardani, ML Martins, MH TI Survey of volatile organic compounds associated with automative emissions in the urban airshed of Sao Paulo, Brazil SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE aldehydes; VOCs; aromatics; ethanol fuel; automobile emissions; summa canisters; adsorbent tubes ID MODEL EVALUATION DATA; AIR AB The Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world (population 17 million, approx.) and relies heavily on alcohol-based fuels for automobiles. It is estimated that about 40% of the total volume of fuel is ethanol with some vehicles using pure ethanol and others a gasoline/ethanol blend. As such, Sao Paulo is an excellent example of an oxygenates-dominated airshed of mobile sources and is most likely indicative of the future in heavily populated areas in the US such as Los Angeles where "oxy-fuels" are becoming an important replacement for the conventional pure petroleum-based fuels. In this work, we surveyed the ambient air to identify and quantify the organic compounds associated with the evaporative and exhaust emissions of these fuels and to begin to understand the potential for human exposure. Because this was an initial test without detailed prior knowledge of the airshed of the area, we applied two different air sampling methods for various time periods to assess the ambient concentrations of a variety of polar and nonpolar volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For quality assurance (QA), we collected all the samples in duplicate (whole-air samples in Summa canisters and adsorbent-based samples on Perkin-Elmer Air Toxics tubes) at various flow rates to test performance. All samples were collected over identical time frames, typically for 1-, 2-, and 4-h periods per day at six different locations over a period of I week. Overall Sao Paulo results demonstrate that mean concentrations of single-ring aromatics are 2-3 times higher, volatile aldehydes are 5-10 times higher, and simple alcohols 10-100 times higher as compared to results of a recent study performed by EPA in the Los Angeles basin. C-4-C-11 n-alkanes were only slightly elevated in Sao Paulo. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Co Tecnol Saneamento Ambiental, CETESB, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 35 IS 23 BP 4017 EP 4031 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00178-9 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 462TZ UT WOS:000170437000011 ER PT J AU Venkatram, A Brode, R Cimorelli, A Lee, R Paine, R Perry, S Peters, W Weil, J Wilson, R AF Venkatram, A Brode, R Cimorelli, A Lee, R Paine, R Perry, S Peters, W Weil, J Wilson, R TI A complex terrain dispersion model for regulatory applications SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE regulatory models; dispersion; air quality modeling; complex terrain; model evaluation; dividing streamline height ID TOPOGRAPHY; CTDMPLUS AB This paper demonstrates the development of a model designed to estimate concentrations associated with a source situated in complex terrain. The model is designed to provide estimates of concentration distributions and is thus primarily suitable for regulatory applications. The model assumes that the concentration at a receptor is a combination of concentrations caused by two asymptotic states: the plume remains horizontal, and the plume climbs over the hill. The factor that weights the two states is a function of the fractional mass of the plume above the dividing streamline height. The model has been evaluated against data from four complex terrain sites. The evaluation shows that the model performs at least as well as CTDMPLUS (Perry, S.G., 1992. CTDMPLUS, a dispersion model for sources near complex topography. Part I: technical formations. Journal of Applied Meteorology 31, 633-645), a more comprehensive model designed for complex terrain applications. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Coll Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Pacific Environm Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. ENSR Int, Westford, MA 01886 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Venkatram, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Coll Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 8 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4211 EP 4221 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00186-8 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 466BL UT WOS:000170624400014 ER PT J AU Thai, SF Allen, JW DeAngelo, AB George, MH Fuscoe, JC AF Thai, SF Allen, JW DeAngelo, AB George, MH Fuscoe, JC TI Detection of early gene expression changes by differential display in the livers of mice exposed to dichloroacetic acid SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE-1; MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; MESSENGER-RNA; ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; IDENTIFICATION; CLONING; METABOLISM; INDUCTION; CARCINOGENICITY; SPECIFICITY AB Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a major by-product of water disinfection by chlorination. Several studies have demonstrated the hepatocarcinogenicity of DCA in mice when administered in drinking water. The mechanism of DCA carcinogenicity is not clear and we speculate that changes in gene expression may be important. In order to analyze early changes in gene expression induced by DCA treatment we used the differential display method. Mice were treated with 2 g/l DCA in drinking water for 4 weeks. Total RNAs were obtained from livers of both control and treated mice for analysis. Of similar to 48 000 bands on the differential display gels representing an estimated 96% of RNA species, 381 showed differences in intensity. After cloning and confirmation by both reverse-northern and northern analyses, six differentially expressed genes were found. The expression of five of these genes was suppressed in the DCA-treated mice while one was induced. After sequencing, four genes were identified and two were matched to expressed sequence tags through the BLAST program. These genes are alpha-1 protease inhibitor, cytochrome b5, stearoyl-CoA desaturase and carboxylesterase. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase was induced similar to3-fold in the livers of DCA-treated mice and the other three genes were suppressed approximately 3-fold. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase, cytochrome b5 and carboxylesterase are endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. The expression pattern of four of these genes was similar in DCA-induced hepatocellular carcinomas and the 4 week DCA-treated mouse livers. The expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and one of the unidentified genes returned to control levels in the carcinomas. Understanding the roles and interactions between these genes may shed light on the mechanism of DCA carcinogenesis. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, HFT-120,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 41 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 2001 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1317 EP 1322 DI 10.1093/carcin/22.8.1317 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 463HV UT WOS:000170471800027 PM 11470764 ER PT J AU Dykstra, CR Daniel, FB Hays, JL Simon, MM AF Dykstra, CR Daniel, FB Hays, JL Simon, MM TI Correlation of Red-shouldered Hawk abundance and macrohabitat characteristics in southern Ohio SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Buteo jamaicensis; Buteo lineatus; habitat; Red-shouldered Hawk; Red-tailed Hawk; survey ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; HABITAT USE; BUTEO-LINEATUS; WOODLAND HAWKS; ONTARIO; GEORGIA; IOWA AB We measured an index of Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) abundance along streams in southern Ohio and related differences in abundance index to landscape-scale habitat characteristics within the surveyed areas. Fifteen study sites, each a 5.8-km reach of a permanent stream, were surveyed four times using broadcasts of Red-shouldered Hawk calls and Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) calls. We determined the landcover types in a corridor surrounding each surveyed area using a GIS landcover data grid, and counted the number of small ponds within each corridor. We calculated hawk response rate for each species as the mean number of visual or aural detections per survey. Red-shouldered Hawk response rate was inversely correlated to Red-tailed Hawk response rate (r = -0.52, P < 0.04), and was positively correlated to the number of small ponds within each stream corridor (r = 0.77, P < 0.01), suggesting that the number of small ponds was an important factor associated with Red-shouldered Hawk abundance. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RAPTOR Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45231 USA. RP Dykstra, CR (reprint author), 7715 Mitchell Pk Dr, Cleves, OH 45002 USA. EM cheryldykstra@juno.com NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 652 EP 656 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0652:CORSHA]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200029 ER PT J AU Zucker, RM Price, O AF Zucker, RM Price, O TI Evaluation of confocal microscopy system performance SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE confocal microscope; lasers; coefficient of variation; photo multiplier tubes; lens; field illumination; axial resolution; spectral registration; laser stability; beads; quality assurance ID STEPS AB Background: The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) has been used by scientists to visualize three-dimensional (3D) biological samples. Although this system involves lasers, electronics, optics, and microscopes, there are few published tests that can be used to assess the performance of this equipment. Usually the CLSM is assessed by subjectively evaluating a biological/histological test slide for image quality. Although there is a use for the test slide, there are many other components in the CLSM that need to be assessed. It would be useful if tests existed that produced reference values for machine performance. The aim of this research was to develop quality assurance tests to ensure that the CLSM was stable while delivering reproducible intensity measurements with excellent image quality. Methods: Our ultimate research objective was to quantify fluorescence using a CLSM. To achieve this goal, it is essential that the CLSM be stable while delivering known parameters of performance. Using Leica TCS-SP1 and TCS-4D systems, a number of tests have been devised to evaluate equipment performance. Tests measuring dichroic reflectivity, field illumination, lens performance, laser power output, spectral registration, axial resolution, laser stability, photomultiplier tube (PMT) reliability, and system noise were either incorporated from the literature or derived in our laboratory to measure performance. These tests are also applicable to other manufacturer's systems with minor modifications. Results: A preliminary report from our laboratory has addressed a number of the QA issues necessary to achieve CLSM performance. This report extends our initial work on the evaluation of CLSM system performance. Tests that were described previously have been modified and new tests involved in laser stability and sensitivity are described. The QA tests on the CLSM measured laser power, PMT function, dichroic reflection, spectral registration, axial registration, system noise and sensitivity, lens performance, and laser stability. Laser power stability varied between 3% and 30% due to various factors, which may include incompatibility of the fiber-optic polarization with laser polarization, thermal instability of the acoustical optical transmission filter (AOTF), and laser noise. The sensitivity of the system was measured using a 10-mum Spherotech bead and the PMTs were assessed with the CV concept (image noise). The maximum sensitivity obtainable on our TCS-SP1 system measured on the 10-mum Spherotech beads was approximately 4% for 488 nm, 2.5% for 568 ran, 20% for 647 nm, and 19% for 365 nm laser light. The values serve as a comparison to test machine sensitivity from the same or different manufacturers. Conclusions: QA tests are described on the CLSM to assess performance and ensure that reproducing data are obtained. It is suggested strongly that these tests be used in place of a biological/histological sample to evaluate system performance. The tests are more specific and can recognize instrument functionality and problems better than a biological/ histological sample. Utilization of this testing approach will eliminate the subjective assessment of the CLSM and may allow the data from different machines to be compared. These tests are essential if one is interested in making intensity measurements on experimental samples as well as obtaining the best signal detection resolution from a CLSM. Cytometry 44:273-294, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zucker, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 4 U2 13 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 273 EP 294 DI 10.1002/1097-0320(20010801)44:4<273::AID-CYTO1120>3.0.CO;2-N PG 22 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 460JB UT WOS:000170303500001 PM 11500845 ER PT J AU Zucker, RM Price, OT AF Zucker, RM Price, OT TI Statistical evaluation of confocal microscopy images SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE confocal microscopy; coefficient of variation; fluorescence; beads; microscope calibration; image statistics ID CYTOMETRY; SYSTEM; STEPS AB Background The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the standard deviation (sigma) of the fluorescent intensity of a population of beads or pixels expressed as a proportion or percentage of the mean (mu) intensity (CV = sigma/mu). The field of flow cytometry has used the CV of a population of bead intensities to determine if the flow cytometer is aligned correctly and performing properly. In a similar manner, the analysis of CV has been applied to the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) to determine machine performance and sensitivity. Methods: Instead of measuring 10,000 beads using a flow cytometer and determining the CV of this distribution of intensities, thousands of pixels are measured from within one homogeneous Spherotech 10-mum. bead. Similar to a typical flow cytometry population that consists of 10,000 beads, a CLSM scanned image consists of a distribution of pixel intensities representing a population of approximately 100,000 pixels. In order to perform this test properly, it is important to have a population of homogeneous particles. A biological particle usually has heterogeneous pixel intensities that correspond to the details in the biological image and thus shows more variability as a test particle. Results: The bead CV consisting of a population of pixel intensities is dependent on a number of machine variables that include frame averaging, photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage, PMT noise, and laser power. The relationship among these variables suggests that the machine should be operated with lower PMT values in order to generate superior image quality. If this cannot be achieved, frame averaging will be necessary to reduce the CV and improve image quality, There is more image noise at higher PMT settings, making it is necessary to average more frames to reduce the CV values and improve image quality. The sensitivity of a system is related to system noise, laser light efficiency, and proper system alignment. It is possible to compare different systems for system performance and sensitivity if the laser power is maintained at a constant value. Using this bead CV test, I mW of 488 mn laser light measured on the scan head yielded a CV value of 4% with a Leica TCS-SP1 (75-mW argon-krypton laser) and a CV value of 1.3% with a Zeiss 510 (25-mW argon laser). A biological particle shows the same relationship between laser power, averaging, PMT voltage, and CV as do the beads. However, because the biological particle has heterogeneous pixel intensities, there is more particle variability, which does not make as useful as a test particle. Conclusions: This CV analysis of a 10-mum Spherotech fluorescent bead can help determine the sensitivity in a confocal microscope and the system performance. The relationship among the factors that influence image quality is explained from a statistical endpoint. The data obtained from this test provides a systematic method of reducing noise and increasing image clarity. Many components of a CLSM, including laser power, laser stability, PMT functionality, and alignment, influence the CV and determine if the equipment is performing properly. Preliminary results have shown that the bead CV can be used to compare different confocal microscopy systems with regard to performance and sensitivity. The test appears to be analogous to CV tests made on the flow cytometer to assess instrument performance and sensitivity. Cytometry 44:295-308, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zucker, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 44 IS 4 BP 295 EP 308 DI 10.1002/1097-0320(20010801)44:4<295::AID-CYTO1121>3.0.CO;2-C PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 460JB UT WOS:000170303500002 PM 11500846 ER PT J AU Becker, WE Powers, JR AF Becker, WE Powers, JR TI Student performance, attrition, and class size given missing student data SO ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW LA English DT Article DE selection; education; testing; class size ID INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS; ACHIEVEMENT AB Class size is of particular interest to education researchers and administrators because it is one of the few variables that administrators can change from term to term. In studies of class size, however, little if any attention is given to the consequence of missing student records that result from "data cleaning" done by those collecting the data, student unwillingness to provide data, or students self-selecting out of the study and the implications of this selection on an appropriate measure of class size. These shortcomings are addressed here: class size and other class-specific variables that may affect student learning of economics are considered along with the hazard of attrition between the pre-course test and the post-course test and students' failure to complete questionnaires about themselves and the courses. Contrary to studies that have used an average or an end-of-term class size measure and find no class-size effect, beginning class size is found to be significant and negatively related to learning of economics, all else equal. In part, this is the result of students in larger classes being significantly more likely than students in smaller classes to withdraw from the course before taking the posttest. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Econ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ S Australia, Sch Int Business, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Becker, WE (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Econ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0272-7757 J9 ECON EDUC REV JI Econ. Educ. Rev. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 377 EP 388 DI 10.1016/S0272-7757(00)00060-1 PG 12 WC Economics; Education & Educational Research SC Business & Economics; Education & Educational Research GA 436RP UT WOS:000168949600007 ER PT J AU Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Nolan, JP Costa, DL AF Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Nolan, JP Costa, DL TI Cardiovascular and systemic responses to inhaled pollutants in rodents: Effects of ozone and particulate matter SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Inhaled Environmental/Occupational Irritants and Allergens - Mechanisms of Cardiovascular and Systemic Responses CY MAR 31-APR 02, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA SP Amer Thorac Soc DE arrhythmia; heart rate; metals; ozone; particulate matter; radiotelemetry; rat; temperature ID OIL FLY-ASH; CARDIOPULMONARY-COMPROMISED RATS; AIR-POLLUTION; PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE; LUNG INJURY; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; MODEL AB Striking similarities have been observed in a number of extrapulmonary responses of rodents to seemingly disparate ambient pollutants. These responses are often characterized by primary decreases in important indices of cardiac and thermoregulatory function, along with secondary decreases in associated parameters. For example, when rats are exposed to typical experimental concentrations of ozone (O-3), they demonstrate robust and consistent decreases in heart rate (HR) ranging from 50 to 100 beats per minute, whereas core temperature (T-infinity) often falls 1.5-2.5 degreesC. Other related indices, such as metabolism, minute ventilation, blood pressure, and cardiac output, appear to exhibit similar deficits. The magnitudes of the observed decreases may be modulated by changes in experimental conditions and appear to vary inversely with both ambient temperature and body mass. More recent studies in which both healthy and compromised rats were exposed to either particulate matter or its specific components yielded similar results. The agents studied included representative examples of ambient, combustion, and natural source particles, along with individual or combined exposures to their primary metallic constituents. In addition to the substantial decreases in HR and T-CO, similar to those seen with the O-3-exposed rats, these animals also displayed numerous adverse changes in electrocardiographic waveforms and cardiac rhythm, frequently resulting in fatal outcomes. Although there is only limited experimental evidence that addresses the underlying mechanisms of these responses, there is some indication that they may be related to stimulation of pulmonary irritant receptors and that they may be at least partially mediated via the parasympathetic nervous system. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-82,86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 109 SU 4 BP 539 EP 546 DI 10.2307/3454666 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 467KG UT WOS:000170700500011 PM 11544160 ER PT J AU Harder, SD Soukup, JM Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB Becker, S AF Harder, SD Soukup, JM Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB Becker, S TI Inhalation of PM2.5 does not modulate host defense or immune parameters in blood or lung of normal human subjects SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Inhaled Environmental/Occupational Irritants and Allergens - Mechanisms of Cardiovascular and Systemic Responses CY MAR 31-APR 02, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA SP Amer Thorac Soc DE air pollution particles; alveolar macrophages; bronchoalveolar lavage; cytokines; lymphocytes; oxidant production; phagocytosis ID DIESEL EXHAUST; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; EXPOSURE; PARTICLES; GENERATION AB We tested the hypothesis that exposure of healthy volunteers to concentrated ambient air particles (CAPS) between 0.1 and 2.5 mum in diameter is associated with modulation of human alveolar macrophage (AM) function, cytokine production, and immune phenotype in both blood and lung. Thirty-eight volunteers were exposed to either filtered air or CAPS from the immediate environment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency human studies facility in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. Particle concentrations in the chamber during the exposures ranged from 23.1 to 311.1 mug/m(3). No symptoms were noted by volunteers after the exposure. Eighteen hours after exposure, analysis of cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) showed a mild increase in neutrophils in both the bronchial (8.4 +/- 2%) and alveolar fractions (4.2 +/- 1.7%) in subjects exposed to the highest concentration of CAPS compared to neutrophils in the fluids of those exposed to filtered air (bronchial fraction 2.7 +/- 0.6 %; alveolar fraction 0.8 +/- 0.3%). There was no change in the percentage of lymphocytes or AMs recovered in the lavage after inhalation of the highest particle levels (mean 207 mug/m(3)). There was also no change in the proportion of lymphocytes in the BAL expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, nor activation markers CD25 or CD69. Particle inhalation did not affect the expression of CD11 b, CD64, CD16, CD14, CD71 on AM, nor was there an effect on phagocytosis or oxidant generation following stimulation with zymosan A. IL-6 and IL-8 levels detected by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay in the BAL were unrelated to inhaled particle levels. The distribution of lymphocyte subsets in blood obtained 18 hr after exposure to CAPS did not differ from that found before exposure. We conclude that ambient air particles are capable of inducing a mild inflammation in the lower respiratory tract but have no effect on immune phenotype or macrophage function under the conditions tested. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, CB 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 109 SU 4 BP 599 EP 604 DI 10.2307/3454676 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 467KG UT WOS:000170700500021 PM 11544170 ER PT J AU Gilmour, MI Daniels, M McCrillis, RC Winsett, D Selgrade, MK AF Gilmour, MI Daniels, M McCrillis, RC Winsett, D Selgrade, MK TI Air pollutant-enhanced respiratory disease in experimental animals SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Inhaled Environmental/Occupational Irritants and Allergens - Mechanisms of Cardiovascular and Systemic Responses CY MAR 31-APR 02, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA SP Amer Thorac Soc DE air pollution; bacteria; combustion; eosinophil; immunity; infection; lung; lymphocyte; macrophage; phagocyte allergy ID ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION; ADJUVANT ACTIVITY; HOST-DEFENSE; DUST-MITE; MICE; INHALATION; PARTICLES; INFLAMMATION; MACROPHAGES; INFECTION AB Studies in animals have shown that a wide range of airborne particulates including cigarette smoke, acid aerosols, metals, organic compounds, and combustion products can interfere with the normal defense processes of the lung to enhance susceptibility to respiratory infection or exacerbate allergic diseases. Such detrimental effects are less easy to quantify in humans because of the difficulties in obtaining comprehensive exposure history and health status in large populations and because of the inherent dangers of inducing disease in clinical studies. In this article we describe examples of how air pollutants affect lung disease in experimental animal systems. This information can be used to predict the health risk of simple and complex exposures and to lend insight into the mechanisms of air pollution toxicity. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 109 SU 4 BP 619 EP 622 DI 10.2307/3454680 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 467KG UT WOS:000170700500025 PM 11544174 ER PT J AU Kanno, J Onyon, L Haseman, J Fenner-Crisp, P Ashby, J Owens, W AF Kanno, J Onyon, L Haseman, J Fenner-Crisp, P Ashby, J Owens, W TI The OECD program to validate the rat uterotrophic bioassay to screen compounds for in vivo estrogenic responses: Phase 1 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruption; estrogen; rat uterus; uterotrophic ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; ASSAY AB The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has completed the first phase of an international validation program for the rodent uterotrophic bioassay. This uterotrophic bioassay is intended to identify the in vivo activity of compounds that are suspected agonists or antagonists of estrogen. This information could, for example, be used to help prioritize positive compounds for further testing. Using draft protocols, we tested and compared two model systems, the immature female rat and the adult ovariectomized rat. Data from 19 participating laboratories using a high-potency reference agonist, ethinyl estradiol (EE), and an antagonist, ZM 189,154, indicate no substantive performance differences between models. All laboratories and an protocols successfully detected increases in uterine weights using EE in phase 1. These significant uterine weight increases were achieved under a variety of experimental conditions (e.g., strain, diet, housing protocol, bedding, vehicle). For each protocol, there was generally good agreement among laboratories with regard to the actual EE doses both in producing the first significant increase in uterine weights and achieving the maximum uterine response. Furthermore, the Hill equation appears to model the dose response satisfactorily and indicates general agreement based on calculated effective dose (ED)(10) and ED50 within and among laboratories. The feasibility of an antagonist assay was also successfully demonstrated. Therefore, both models appear robust, reproducible, and transferable across laboratories for high-potency estrogen agonists such as EE. For the next phase of the OECD validation program, both models will be tested against a battery of weak, partial estrogen agonists. C1 Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Tokyo 158, Japan. OECD, Environm Hlth & Safety Div, Paris, France. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Syngenta Cent Toxicol Lab, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. Procter & Gamble Co, Human & Environm Safety, Cincinnati, OH 45253 USA. RP Owens, W (reprint author), Procter & Gamble Co, Human & Environm Safety, POB 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253 USA. NR 23 TC 132 Z9 140 U1 0 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 109 IS 8 BP 785 EP 794 DI 10.2307/3454820 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 470BZ UT WOS:000170851700021 PM 11564613 ER PT J AU Iino, F Tsuchiya, K Imagawa, T Gullett, BK AF Iino, F Tsuchiya, K Imagawa, T Gullett, BK TI An isomer prediction model for PCNs, PCDD/Fs, and PCBs from municipal waste incinerators SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS; POLYCHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES; FLY-ASH; COPLANAR PCBS; PCDFS; MECHANISM; PATTERNS; SAMPLES; JAPAN AB Isomer patterns of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) were predicted by a model based on symmetry numbers and preferential chlorination positions. Fly ash isomer patterns from five stoker and seven fluidized bed incinerators were compared to validate the prediction model. The isomer patterns of the highly chlorinated PCN homologues from stoker type incinerators were successfully predicted. The relative equilibrium concentrations of tetrachloronaphthalenes (TeCNs), calculated by an ab initio method, cannot explain the field isomer patterns. Formation pathways involving chlorophenol precursor condensation reactions should be examined to see whether these isomer patterns provide a better fit to the field PCDD data. The PCB isomer patterns were fit reasonably well, but this finding could merely be an artifact of the limited data and the large number of isomers. The prediction equations of PCDFs, revised from prior work to include a symmetry number for each isomer, represented the field data patterns for the higher chlorinated isomers very well. Successful prediction of isomer patterns for partial homologue ranges suggests that these patterns are determined by a mechanism governed by Cl-position-specific preferences. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Inst Resources & Environm, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, MD-65,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 15 BP 3175 EP 3181 DI 10.1021/es001857z PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 459ZK UT WOS:000170281200034 PM 11505998 ER PT J AU Ellington, JJ Wolfe, NL Garrison, AW Evans, JJ Avants, JK Teng, QC AF Ellington, JJ Wolfe, NL Garrison, AW Evans, JJ Avants, JK Teng, QC TI Determination of perchlorate in tobacco plants and tobacco products SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ION AB Previous field and laboratory studies with vascular plants have shown that perchlorate is transported from perchlorate fortified soils and is accumulated in the plant tissues and organs. This paper contains results of preliminary investigations on the occurrence of perchlorate in tobacco plants grown in soils amended with a fertilizer whose nitrogen content is derived from naturally occurring sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter). Ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) were used for quantitative analysis, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used for qualitative analysis of perchlorate. Results show that perchlorate is accumulated by tobacco plants into the leaves from soils amended with fertilizers that contain perchlorate. Also, perchlorate can persist over an extended period of time and under a variety of industrial processes as shown by its presence in off-the-shelf tobacco products including cigarettes, cigars, and pouch and plug chewing tobaccos in concentrations ranging from nd to 60.4 +/- 0.8 mg/kg on a wet weight basis. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Ellington, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 17 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 15 BP 3213 EP 3218 DI 10.1021/es0106321 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 459ZK UT WOS:000170281200040 PM 11506007 ER PT J AU Call, DJ Markee, TP Geiger, DL Brooke, LT VandeVenter, FA Cox, DA Genisot, KI Robillard, KA Gorsuch, JW Parkerton, TF Reiley, MC Ankley, GT Mount, DR AF Call, DJ Markee, TP Geiger, DL Brooke, LT VandeVenter, FA Cox, DA Genisot, KI Robillard, KA Gorsuch, JW Parkerton, TF Reiley, MC Ankley, GT Mount, DR TI An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 1. Aqueous exposures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phthalates; toxicity; freshwater; benthos ID AQUATIC TOXICITY; POLLUTANTS; GROWTH AB Tests were performed with the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus to determine the acute toxicity of six phthalate esters, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). It was possible to derive 10-d LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values only for the four lower molecular weight esters (DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP), for which toxicity increased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient (K-ow) and decreasing water solubility. The LC50 values for DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP were 28.1, 4.21, 0.63, and 0.46 mg/L for H. azteca; 68.2, 31.0, 2.64, and > 1.76 mg/L for C. tentans; and 246, 102, 2.48, and 1.23 mg/L for L. variegatus, respectively. No significant survival reductions were observed when the three species were exposed to either DHP or DEHP at concentrations approximating their water solubilities. C1 Univ Wisconsin Super, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY 14652 USA. Exxon Chem Europe, Machelen, Belgium. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Call, DJ (reprint author), Univ Dubuque, Dept Environm Sci, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 23 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1798 EP 1804 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1798:AAOTTO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 455JB UT WOS:000170022800025 PM 11491565 ER PT J AU Call, DJ Cox, DA Geiger, DL Genisot, KI Markee, TP Brooke, LT Polkinghorne, CN VandeVenter, FA Gorsuch, JW Robillard, KA Parkerton, TF Reiley, MC Ankley, GT Mount, DR AF Call, DJ Cox, DA Geiger, DL Genisot, KI Markee, TP Brooke, LT Polkinghorne, CN VandeVenter, FA Gorsuch, JW Robillard, KA Parkerton, TF Reiley, MC Ankley, GT Mount, DR TI An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 2. Sediment exposures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA Rumanian DT Article DE phthalate esters; toxicity; sediments; amphipod; chironomid ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NONIONIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; AMPHIPOD HYALELLA-AZTECA; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; HYDROPHOBIC CHEMICALS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PORE-WATER; BIOAVAILABILITY; CARBON; TESTS AB Seven phthalate esters were evaluated for their 10-d toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in sediment. The esters were diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and a commercial mixture of C-7, C-9, and C-11 isophthalate esters (711P). All seven esters were tested in a sediment containing 4.80% total organic carbon (TOC), and DBP alone was tested in two additional sediments with 2.45 and 14.1% TOC. Sediment spiking concentrations for DEP and DBP were based on LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values from water-only toxicity tests, sediment organic carbon concentration, and equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters (DHP DEHP, DINP, DIDP, 711P), two of which were tested and found to be nontoxic in water-only tests (i.e., DHP and DEHP), were tested at single concentrations between 2,100 and 3,200 mg/kg dry weight. Preliminary spiking studies were performed to assess phthalate ester stability under test conditions. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters in sediment had no effect on survival or growth of either C. tentans or H, azteca, consistent with predictions based on water-only tests and EqP theory. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and H. azteca were > 17,400, > 29,500, and > 71,900 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are more than 30x greater than predicted by EqP theory and may reflect the fact that H. azteca is an epibenthic species and not an obligative burrower The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and C. tentans were 826, 1,664, and 4,730 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are within a factor of two of the values predicted by EqP theory. Pore-water 10-d LC50 values for DBP (dissolved fraction) and C. tentans in the three sediments were 0.65, 0.89, and 0.66 of the water-only LC50 value of 2.64 mg/L, thereby agreeing with EqP theory predictions to within a factor of 1.5. The LC50 value for DEP and C. tentans was >3,100 mg/kg dry weight, which is approximately 10x that predicted by EqP theory. It is postulated that test chemical loss and reduced organism exposure to pore water may have accounted for the observed discrepancies with EqP calculations for DEP. C1 Univ Wisconsin Superior, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY 14652 USA. Exxon Chem Europe, Machelen, Belgium. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Call, DJ (reprint author), Univ Dubuque, Dept Environm Sci, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 13 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1805 EP 1815 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 455JB UT WOS:000170022800026 PM 11491566 ER PT J AU Dettmann, EH AF Dettmann, EH TI Effect of water residence time on annual export and denitrification of nitrogen in estuaries: A model analysis SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NARRAGANSETT-BAY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MASS-BALANCE; PHOSPHORUS; EUTROPHICATION; BUDGET; SEA; WESTERSCHELDE; CONSEQUENCES AB A simple model of annual average response of an estuary to mean nitrogen loading rate and freshwater residence time was developed and tested. It uses nitrogen inputs from land, deposition from the atmosphere, and first-order calculations of internal loss rate and net export to perform a steady-state analysis over a yearly cycle. The model calculates the fraction of total nitrogen input from land and the atmosphere that is exported and the fraction that is denitrified or lost to other processes within the estuary. The model was tested against data from the literature for I I North American and European estuaries having a wide range of physical characteristics, nitrogen loading rates, and geographical and climatic settings. The model shows that the fraction of nitrogen entering an estuary that is exported or denitrified can be predicted from the freshwater residence time. The first-order rate constant for nitrogen loss within an estuary, as a fraction of total nitrogen in the water column, is 0.30 mo (1). Denitrification typically accounts for 69-75% of the total annual net nitrogen removal from the water column by processes within the estuary. The model makes explicit the dependence of nitrogen concentration in the water column on the loading rate of nitrogen, water residence time, estuary volume, and the rate constant for loss within the estuary. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Dettmann, EH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 46 TC 114 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 30 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 481 EP 490 DI 10.2307/1353250 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 471VF UT WOS:000170948800001 ER PT J AU Meng, L Powell, JC Taplin, B AF Meng, L Powell, JC Taplin, B TI Using winter flounder growth rates to assess habitat quality across an anthropogenic gradient in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE SIGNATURES; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; FOOD-WEB; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; TROPHIC POSITION; JUVENILE FISHES; COASTAL LAGOONS; GEORGES BANK; ESTUARINE; RATIOS AB We used growth rates of juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus to assess anthropogenic influence on habitat quality at three sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The upper bay site, Gaspee Point, had the highest population density and concentration of total nitrogen; human inputs decreased down bay. Growth rates of individually marked fish were measured in three 15-d experiments from June 8 to July 6, 1998 in 1-m(2) cages placed at upper, middle, and lower bay sites. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and benthic food were also measured. Stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon were measured in experimental fish as possible indicators of nutrient enrichment and to identify organic carbon sources. Growth rates were 0.22-0.60 mm d (1), with the highest average at the mid-bay site. Growth was initially fastest at Gaspee Point, but dropped off as DO concentrations fell. Step-wise multiple regression indicated that location (upper, middle, or lower bay) explained most of the variability in fish growth (40%). Coefficients of other significant variables indicated that fish grew faster at lower salinities, smaller sizes, and with decreased time that DO was below 2.3 mg 1 (1). Benthic prey varied among sites and there was significantly less food and fewer species at Gaspee Point. Polydora cornuta was a favored food at all sites and was found in over half the stomachs. Values of delta N-15 in fish and sediments did not reflect differences in total nitrogen concentrations recorded near the sites. We suggest that anthropogenic influences, such as nutrients and sewage, affected habitat quality by reducing DO, which lowered fish growth rates. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Environm Management, Div Fish & Wildlife, Wickford, RI 02852 USA. RP Meng, L (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 44 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 576 EP 584 DI 10.2307/1353258 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 471VF UT WOS:000170948800009 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, G Chu, P Dolin, E Marks, F Howard, T Lytle, M McKenzie, L Altman, D AF Rhoderick, G Chu, P Dolin, E Marks, F Howard, T Lytle, M McKenzie, L Altman, D TI Development of perfluorocarbon (PFC) primary standards for monitoring of emissions from aluminum production SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB An EPA Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership (VAIP) program has been formed to help US primary producers focus on reducing the emissions of two perfluorocarbons (PFCs), tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6), during the production of aluminum. To ensure comparability of measurements over space and time, traceability to national sources was desirable. Hence, the EPA approached the NIST to develop a suite of primary standards to cover a mole fraction (concentration) range of 0.1 to 1400 mu mol mol(-1) for CF4 and 0.01 to 150 mu mol mol(-1) of C2F6. A total of eight gravimetric PFC gas standards were prepared with relative expanded uncertainties of less than or equal to 0.52% (approximate to 95% confidence level). These primary standards were ultimately used to assign values to a series of secondary gas standards at three mole-fraction levels with relative expanded uncertainties ranging from +/- 0.7% to 5.3% (approximate to 95% confidence level). This series of secondary standards was used within the aluminum industry to calibrate instruments used to make emission measurements. Assignment of values to the secondary standards was performed by use of gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Real time pot-line and stack samples from a local aluminum plant were also obtained and sub-samples sent to each participating facility for analysis. The data generated from each facility were sent to NIST for analysis. The maximum difference between the KIST and individual facilities' values for the same sub-sample was +/- 26%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ALCOA, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15069 USA. Indaco Air Qual, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. Intalco Aluminum Co, Ferndale, WA 98248 USA. Ravenswood Aluminum Corp, Ravenswood, WV 26164 USA. Kaiser Aluminum & Chem Corp, Mead, WA 99021 USA. RP Rhoderick, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 370 IS 7 BP 828 EP 833 DI 10.1007/s002160100883 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 467AM UT WOS:000170678400006 PM 11569859 ER PT J AU Nord, MA AF Nord, MA TI Perspective: Recommendations for the implementation of a national sediment quality policy in the United States SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE sediment quality; United States national policy; resource management; contaminated sediment AB Sediments provide needed habitats to valued aquatic and marine resources and are therefore an integral and valuable component of any coastal ecosystem. Studies have found that multiple anthropogenic activities have been the primary cause of sediment contamination. There is continued evidence that contaminated sediments pose adverse impacts to biological resources even when overlying water quality is acceptable. Efforts in environmental protection should therefore incorporate sediment quality management strategies. Despite a growing awareness and interest in management of contaminated sediment, no established systematic and standardized national management program has been established in the U.S. The establishment of a national sediment policy in the U.S. would reinforce the importance of integrating sediment issues with different management objectives and reiterate the importance of protecting sediments as a natural resource. A national sediment policy could also guide and direct states in developing state sediment policies that reflect national objectives while integrating local concerns. This perspective identifies and defines issues and concerns raised by 13 states' agency staff in managing contaminated sediments in the absence of a national policy. Recommendations are developed that address sociopolitical and scientific issues and concerns. The recommendations are integrated with stakeholder comments, state manager needs and the existing regulatory and institutional framework. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Nord, MA (reprint author), US EPA, ML-10C,536 S Clark St, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 641 EP 650 DI 10.1080/20018091094547 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469DJ UT WOS:000170798200002 ER PT J AU Clewell, HJ Barton, HA Maull, EA Andersen, ME AF Clewell, HJ Barton, HA Maull, EA Andersen, ME TI Under what conditions is trichloroethylene likely to be a carcinogen in humans? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Review DE trichloroethylene; cancer; risk assessment ID HEPATIC PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE; 90-DAY CHLOROFORM INHALATION; MULTIROUTE EXPOSURE MODEL; DNA STRAND BREAKS; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; MOUSE-LIVER AB Exposures to trichloroethylene (TCE) induce several types of cancer in experimental animals. TCE is metabolized in the body to multiple compounds, several of which are carcinogenic at relatively high doses in rodents. Risk assessments can be pursued with any one of the animal cancer endpoints after consideration of their relevance for humans exposed at low environmental concentrations. Among the TCE metabolites, dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), chloral hydrate (CHL), and 1,2-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC) are each considered carcinogenic in rodents. Two of these, DCA and CHL, are used therapeutically in humans, while a third, TCA, has metabolic effects similar to compounds used therapeutically in humans to reduce lipid concentrations in blood. Each of these three compounds produces biological responses that are expected in humans. However, these biological responses, although they serve as precursors for tumor formation in rodents, are not expected to lead to tumors in humans at any environmentally relevant exposure situations. 1,2-DCVC, formed by a minor pathway of TCE metabolism, is further metabolized in kidney to a reactive thioketene. Of the observed animal carcinogenic responses, only the kidney tumors from the DCVC pathway are considered relevant as predictors of human cancer. Factors that increase TCE metabolism to glutathione conjugates or predispose humans to kidney damage should increase risks posed to workers from high-concentration exposures to TCE. Based on our knowledge of the cytotoxic and mutagenic modes of action expected for these active metabolite(s), a nonlinear cancer risk assessment approach is recommended to be used with the kidney tumor data to assess the human risks of TCE. C1 KS Crump Grp, ICF Consulting, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. AFIERA, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80528 USA. Colorado State Univ, Int Ctr Risk Assessment, Ft Collins, CO 80528 USA. RP Clewell, HJ (reprint author), KS Crump Grp, ICF Consulting, 602 E Georgia Ave, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 150 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 687 EP 716 PG 30 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469DJ UT WOS:000170798200006 ER PT J AU Cogliano, VJ Scott, CS Caldwell, JC Farland, WH AF Cogliano, VJ Scott, CS Caldwell, JC Farland, WH TI Trichloroethylene: Using new information to improve the cancer characterization SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; trichloroethylene; cancer; mode of action; sensitive populations ID RENAL-CELL CARCINOMAS; SOMATIC MUTATIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; GUIDELINES; EXPOSURE; GENE AB Assessments of TCE's potential to cause cancer in humans have had to address issues concerning the strength of the human evidence and the relevance of the animal tumors to humans. The epidemiological database now includes analyses of multiple studies and molecular information. A recent analysis strongly suggests that TCE may induce cancer in humans at multiple sites, including kidney, liver, and lympho-hematopoietic cancer. Molecular analyses have found mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene in renal tumors of TCE-exposed individuals. The animal bioassays have been followed up with mechanistic studies that provide insight into TCE's possible modes of action at each tumor site. This information suggests that TCE may act through mechanisms that can be relevant to human cancers. The mechanistic information can also be used to identify risk factors that may make some people more susceptible to TCE's adverse effects, allowing a fuller characterization of TCE's cancer potential in different groups of people. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cogliano, VJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8623D, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 755 EP 766 DI 10.1080/20018091094628 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469DJ UT WOS:000170798200010 ER PT J AU Woodrow, JE Seiber, JN Dary, C AF Woodrow, JE Seiber, JN Dary, C TI Predicting pesticide emissions and downwind concentrations using correlations with estimated vapor pressures SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 220th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 19-23, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc DE pesticides; emissions; vapor pressure; chemical property estimation ID VOLATILIZATION; MOLINATE; FIELD AB Pesticide emissions to air have been shown to correlate with compound vapor pressure values taken from the published literature. In the present study, emissions correlations based on vapor pressures derived from chemical property estimation methods are formulated and compared with correlations based on the literature data. Comparison was made by using the two types of correlations to estimate emission rates for five herbicides, a fungicide, and an insecticide, for which field-measured emission rates from treated soil, foliage, and water were available. In addition, downwind concentrations were estimated for two herbicides, three fungicides, four insecticides, and two fumigants, for which concentration measurements had been made near treated sources. The comparison results demonstrated that correlations based on vapor pressures derived from chemical property estimation methods were essentially equivalent to correlations based on literature data. The estimation approach for vapor pressures is a viable alternative to the inherently more subjective process of selecting literature values. C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Woodrow, JE (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 49 IS 8 BP 3841 EP 3846 DI 10.1021/jf010358u PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 465PF UT WOS:000170598600057 PM 11513676 ER PT J AU Blundell, AG Peart, DR AF Blundell, AG Peart, DR TI Growth strategies of a shade-tolerant tropical tree: the interactive effects of canopy gaps and simulated herbivory SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE artificial defoliation; Gunung Palung National Park; Kalimantan Barat; Indonesia; meristem damage; overcompensation; plant-herbivore interactions; seedlings; south-east Asia; tropics ID RAIN-FOREST; DYNAMICS; PLANT; DEFOLIATION; ALLOCATION; SEEDLINGS; MORTALITY; PATTERNS; SURVIVAL; ECOLOGY AB 1 We hypothesized that the survival of shade-tolerant juvenile trees in the understorey depends on allocation strategies that slow their growth but enhance recovery from herbivore damage. In contrast, allocation patterns should maximize height growth in gaps where competitors grow rapidly. We tested the interactive effects of canopy gaps and simulated herbivory (by removing the apical meristem, or 10%, 50% or 90% of tissue from all leaves) on juvenile (<1 cm diameter at breast height) Shorea quadrinervis Sloot (Dipterocarpaceae), a dominant canopy tree in Borneo. 2 Damage did not diminish survival over 8 months, except for 90% foliage removal from understorey plants. Height growth in the understorey was negligible in both control and damaged plants. In gaps, height growth was stimulated by removal of either the apical meristem or 10% of leaf tissue; growth was reduced only after 90% foliage removal. 3 Higher damage levels increased subsequent net leaf loss. Leaf production was much greater, but leaf retention much lower, in gaps than in the understorey. Ninety per cent foliage removal drastically reduced production in gaps and retention in the understorey. After 10% defoliation, height growth was enhanced in gaps despite approximately 30% net leaf loss. 4 In a separate experiment. juveniles were moved from a shade house to gaps. After 8 months, gap plants had more leaves and more total biomass, but only half the root : shoot ratio of plants left in the shade. 5 Allocation patterns, together with the survival of understorey plants after all but the highest levels of damage, indicate that root : shoot allocation there tends to reduce the risk of mortality following herbivore or mechanical damage at the expense of growth. In contrast, in gaps, where interference competition for light is high, resource allocation apparently maximizes height growth. The interaction between resource availability and herbivore damage provides the basis for a more synthetic theory of resource allocation and growth strategies than one based on resource availability alone. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Blundell, AG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Amer Assoc Advancement Sci, 1200 Penn St NW,Mail Stop 8601 D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 45 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 89 IS 4 BP 608 EP 615 DI 10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00581.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466VL UT WOS:000170666800010 ER PT J AU Bachoon, DS Araujo, R Molina, M Hodson, RE AF Bachoon, DS Araujo, R Molina, M Hodson, RE TI Microbial community dynamics and evaluation of bioremediation strategies in oil-impacted salt marsh sediment microcosms SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; DNA hybridization; microbial community; oil contamination ID PETROLEUM; DNA; MICROORGANISMS; BACTERIA; PROBES; MINERALIZATION; DEGRADATION; POPULATIONS; ENVIRONMENT; CULTURE AB Microbial community dynamics in wetlands microcosms emended! with commercial products (surfactant, a biological agent, and nutrients) designed to enhance bioremediation was followed for 3 months. The effectiveness of enhanced degradation was assessed by determining residual concentrations of individual petroleum hydrocarbons by GC/MS. The size and composition of the sediment microbial community was assessed using a variety of indices, including bacterial plate counts, MPNs, and DNA hybridizations with domain- and group-specific oligonucleotide probes. The addition of inorganic nutrients was the most effective treatment for the enhancement of: oil degradation, resulting in marked degradation of petroleum alkanes and a lesser extent of degradation of aromatic oil constituents. The enhanced degradation was associated with increases in the amount of extractable microbial DNA and Streptomyces in the sediment, although not with increased viable counts (plate counts, MPN). Bacteria introduced with one of the proprietary products were still detected in, the microcosms after 3 months, but were not a major quantitative constituent of the community. The biological product enhanced oil degradation relative to the control, but to a lesser extent than the nutrient additions alone. In contrast, application of the surfactant to the oil-impacted sediment decreased oil degradation. C1 Univ Georgia, Sch Marine Programs, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Bachoon, DS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Sch Marine Programs, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 72 EP 79 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000165 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 481GD UT WOS:000171510800002 PM 11641764 ER PT J AU Nadeau, TL Milbrandt, EC Castenholz, RW AF Nadeau, TL Milbrandt, EC Castenholz, RW TI Evolutionary relationships of cultivated Antarctic oscillatorians (Cyanobacteria) SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 16S rDNA; Antarctica; oscillatorian; polar cyanobacteria; psychrophile; psychrotolerance ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MAT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ENVIRONMENT; STRAINS; ISLAND; PONDS AB The evolutionary relationships of cultivated psychrophilic and psychrotolerant polar oscillatorians were examined, based on small subunit rDNA sequences. Psychrophilic oscillatorians from the Antarctic were affiliated in one well-supported clade, which also includes two Arctic strains. Two of the Antarctic psychrophiles contain an 11-nucleotide insertion that is identical to, and previously only described in, an Arctic oscillatorian. The psychrotolerant phenotype, conversely, has arisen multiple times in the cyanobacterial lineage, and psychrotolerant strains are sometimes most closely related to organisms of temperate latitudes. These findings support the hypothesis that oscillatorians in both polar regions originated from more temperate species. Furthermore, morphological designations of these filamentous cyanobacteria often do not have phylogenetic significance. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Nadeau, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds 4502F, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 31 TC 58 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 650 EP 654 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037004650.x PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 467EX UT WOS:000170690400021 ER PT J AU Fare, R Grosskopf, S Pasurka, CA AF Fare, R Grosskopf, S Pasurka, CA TI Accounting for air pollution emissions in measures of state manufacturing productivity growth SO JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; REGULATIONS; EFFICIENCY; US AB A Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index is employed to account for both marketed output and the output of pollution abatement activities of U.S. state manufacturing sectors for 1974-1986. The index allows us to decompose the change in productivity into measures of change in efficiency and technical change. By accounting for the change in emissions, average annual productivity growth is 3.6 percent, whereas it is 1.7 percent when emissions are ignored. We also find adjusted productivity growth improved after 1977, and "Frost Belt" states with rapidly growing manufacturing sectors have significantly higher rates of productivity growth than "Sun Belt" states with slow growing manufacturing sectors. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fare, R (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM rolf.fare@orst.edu; shawna.grosskopf@orst.edu; pasurka.carl@epa.gov RI Fare, Rolf/H-5932-2013; GROSSKOPF , Shawnax/H-4031-2013; Pasurka, Carl/H-8996-2016 OI Pasurka, Carl/0000-0001-9846-1507 NR 47 TC 110 Z9 126 U1 4 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-4146 J9 J REGIONAL SCI JI J. Reg. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 41 IS 3 BP 381 EP 409 DI 10.1111/0022-4146.00223 PG 29 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA 466CJ UT WOS:000170626500001 ER PT J AU Willis, RD Ellenson, WD Conner, TL AF Willis, RD Ellenson, WD Conner, TL TI Monitoring and source apportionment of particulate matter near a large phosphorus production facility SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBON AB A source apportionment study was conducted to identify sources within a large elemental phosphorus plant that contribute to exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 24-hr PM10. Ambient data were collected at three monitoring sites from October 1996 through July 1999, and included the following: 24-hr PM10 mass, 24-hr PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 mass and chemistry, continuous PM10 and PM2.5 mass, continuous meteorological data, and wind-direction-resolved PM2.5 and PM10 mass and chemistry. Ambient-based receptor modeling and wind-directional analysis were employed to help identify major sources or source locations and source contributions. Fine-fraction phosphate was the dominant species observed during PM10 exceedances, though in general, resuspended coarse dusts from raw and processed materials at the plant were also needed to create an exceedance. Major sources that were identified included the calciners, the CO flares, process-related dust, and electric-arc furnace operations. C1 ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Willis, RD (reprint author), ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 8 BP 1142 EP 1166 PG 25 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 467AD UT WOS:000170677600003 PM 11518289 ER PT J AU Foarde, KK VanOsdell, DW Menetrez, MY AF Foarde, KK VanOsdell, DW Menetrez, MY TI Investigation of the potential antimicrobial efficacy of sealants used in HVAC systems SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMIDITY AB Recent experiments confirm field experience that duct cleaning alone may not provide adequate protection from regrowth of fungal contamination on fiberglass duct liner (FGDL). Current recommendations for remediation of fungally contaminated fiberglass duct materials specify complete removal of the materials. But removal of contaminated materials can be extremely expensive. Therefore, a common practice in the duct-cleaning industry is the postcleaning use of antimicrobial surface coatings with the implication that they may contain or limit regrowth. Little information is available on the efficacy of these treatments. This paper describes a study to evaluate whether three commercially available antimicrobial coatings, placed on a cleaned surface that 1 year previously had been actively growing microorganisms, would be able to prevent regrowth. The three coatings contained different active antimicrobial compounds. All three of the coatings were designed for use on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system components or interior surfaces of lined and unlined duct systems. Coating I was a polyacrylate copolymer containing zinc oxide and borates. Coating II was an acrylic coating containing decabromodiphenyl oxide and antimony trioxide. Coating III was an acrylic primer containing a phosphated quaternary amine complex. The study included field and laboratory assessments. The three treatments were evaluated in an uncontrolled field setting in an actual duct system. The laboratory study broadened the field study to include a range of humidities under controlled conditions. Both static and dynamic chamber laboratory experiments were performed. The results showed that two of the three antimicrobial coatings limited the regrowth of fungal contamination, at least in the short term (the 3-month time span of the study); the third did not. Before use in the field, testing of the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings under realistic use conditions is recommended because antimicrobials have different baseline activities and interact differently with the substrate that contains them and their local environment. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Environm Microbiol Lab Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Foarde, KK (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Environm Microbiol Lab Program, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 51 IS 8 BP 1219 EP 1226 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 467AD UT WOS:000170677600010 PM 11518296 ER PT J AU Smith, JH Wickham, JD Norton, D Wade, TG Jones, KB AF Smith, JH Wickham, JD Norton, D Wade, TG Jones, KB TI Utilization of landscape indicators to model potential pathogen impaired waters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Geographic Information Systems; land use planning; nonpoint source pollution; statistical analysis; water quality; watershed management ID QUALITY AB Many water bodies within the United States are contaminated by non-point source (NIPS) pollution, which is defined as those materials posing a threat to water quality arising from a number of individual sources and diffused through hydrologic processes. One such NPS pollutant that is of critical concern are pathogens derived from animal wastes, including humans. The potential presence of pathogens is identified by testing the water for fecal coliform, a bacteria also associated with animal wastes. Water contaminated by animal wastes are most often associated with urban and agricultural areas, thus it is postulated that by utilizing land cover indicators, those water bodies that may be at risk of fecal coliform contamination may be identified. This study utilizes land cover information derived from the Multi-Resolution Land Characterization (MRLC) project to analyze fecal coliform contamination in South Carolina. Also utilized are 14 digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds of the state, a digital elevation model, and test point data stating whether fecal coliform. levels exceeded State Water Quality Standards. Proportions of the various land covers are identified within the individual watersheds and then analyzed using a logistic regression. The results reveal that watersheds with large proportions of urban land cover and agriculture on steep slopes had a very high probability of being impaired. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Landscape Characterizat Branch MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Smith, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Landscape Characterizat Branch MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 805 EP 814 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05513.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 478AX UT WOS:000171321700004 ER PT J AU Tietge, JE Diamond, SA Ankley, GT DeFoe, DL Holcombe, GW Jensen, KM Degitz, SJ Elonen, GE Hammer, E AF Tietge, JE Diamond, SA Ankley, GT DeFoe, DL Holcombe, GW Jensen, KM Degitz, SJ Elonen, GE Hammer, E TI Ambient solar UV radiation causes mortality in larvae of three species of Rana under controlled exposure conditions SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; B RADIATION; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; HYLA-REGILLA; AMPHIBIANS; OZONE; SURVIVAL; WATERS; LAKES; EGGS AB Recent reports concerning the lethal effects of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) (290-320 nm) radiation on amphibians suggest that this stressor has the potential to impact some amphibian populations. In this study embryos and larvae of three anuran species, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans and Rana septentrionalis, were exposed to full-spectrum solar radiation and solar radiation filtered to attenuate UV-B radiation or UV-B and ultraviolet-A (UV-A) (290-380 nm) radiation to determine the effects of each wavelength range on embryo and larval survival. Ambient levels of solar radiation were found to be lethal to all three species under exposure conditions that eliminated shade and refuge. Lethality was ameliorated by filtration of UV-B radiation alone, demonstrating that ambient UV-B radiation is sufficient to cause mortality. Although several studies have qualitatively demonstrated the lethality of UV-B to early life stage amphibians this study demonstrates that the larval life stages of the three species tested are more sensitive than the embryonic stages. This suggests that previous reports that have not included the larval life stage may underestimate the risk posed to some anuran populations by increasing UV-B exposure. Furthermore, this study reports quantitative UV-B dosimetry data, collected in conjunction with the exposures, which can be used to begin the assessment of the impact of environmental changes which increase UV-B exposure of these anurans. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Reg 5, Chicago, IL USA. RP Tietge, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 30 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 74 IS 2 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0261:ASURCM>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 465ZJ UT WOS:000170619600022 PM 11547564 ER PT J AU Varma, RS Namboodiri, VV AF Varma, RS Namboodiri, VV TI Solvent-free preparation of ionic liquids using a household microwave oven SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IUPAC CHEMRAWN 14th Conference on Green Chemistry: Toward Environmentally Benign Processes and Products CY JUN 09-13, 2001 CL BOULDER, COLORADO SP IUPAC CHEMRAWN ID EXTRACTION AB An efficient solventless protocol for the preparation of a wide variety of ionic liquids is described, which requires a simple exposure of admixed 1-methylimidazole and alkyl halides to microwave irradiation in open glass containers. The details of this clean process using a common household microwave oven, which exploits the newer inverter technology system for better power attenuation, are described. The characterization and thermal stability data on selected ionic liquids and their potential applications are summarized. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 96 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 11 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 73 IS 8 BP 1309 EP 1313 DI 10.1351/pac200173081309 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 497NJ UT WOS:000172462000019 ER PT J AU Nelson, CB Puskin, JS Pawel, DJ AF Nelson, CB Puskin, JS Pawel, DJ TI Adjustments to the baseline lung cancer mortality for radon-induced lung cancers in the BEIR VI risk models SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID MINERS C1 US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air 6608J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Puskin, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air 6608J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 820 JORIE BOULEVARD, OAK BROOK, IL 60523 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 156 IS 2 BP 220 EP 221 DI 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0220:ATTBLC]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 458DP UT WOS:000170178200013 PM 11448245 ER PT J AU Chen, JJ Chen, YJ Rice, G Teuschler, LK Hamernik, K Protzel, A Kodell, RL AF Chen, JJ Chen, YJ Rice, G Teuschler, LK Hamernik, K Protzel, A Kodell, RL TI Using dose addition to estimate cumulative risks from exposures to multiple chemicals SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixture; low-dose extrapolation; relative potency factor (RPF); similar action; toxicity equivalence factor (TEF) ID COMMON MECHANISM; TOXICITY AB The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 requires the EPA to consider the cumulative risk from exposure to multiple chemicals that have a common mechanism of toxicity. Three methods, hazard index (HI), point-of-departure index (PODI), and toxicity equivalence factor (TEF), have commonly been considered to estimate the cumulative risk. These methods are based on estimates of ED10 (point of departure) and reference doses from the dose-response functions of individual chemicals. They do not incorporate the actual dose-response function of the mixture from multiple chemical exposures. Dose addition is considered to be an appropriate approach to cumulative risk assessment because it assumes that the chemicals of interest act in accordance with a common mode of action (a similar action). This paper proposes a formal statistical procedure to estimate the cumulative risk by fitting the dose-response model of the mixture under dose addition. The relative potency between two chemicals is estimated directly from the joint dose response model of the mixture. An example data set of four drugs representing four chemicals is used to illustrate the proposed procedure and compare it to the HI, PODI, and TEF methods. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biometry & Risk Assessment, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Div Hlth Effects, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chen, JJ (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biometry & Risk Assessment, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 8 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 35 EP 41 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1485 PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 467QC UT WOS:000170714400004 PM 11502154 ER PT J AU Benignus, VA AF Benignus, VA TI Quantitative cross-species extrapolation in noncancer risk assessment SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE extrapolation; cross-species extrapolation; risk estimation AB A procedure has been developed to extrapolate dose-effect findings across species and quantify some of the associated uncertainty via traditional statistical methods. The relationship between dose-effect curves which are known in two species can be described by a k-parameter dose equivalence equation (DEE). When a DEE is determined for as many agents of a given "family" as are. known, a h-dimensional distribution of DEE parameters would obtain. When an actual extrapolation is to be made for a new agent of the same family which has not been (or cannot be) tested in the species to which results are to be extrapolated, the best estimate of the parameters of the new DEE would be some measure of central tendency and the best estimate of the uncertainty would be the variance/covariance of the h-dimensional distribution of DEE parameters. The method of extrapolation seeks to compliment the mechanistic knowledge or be a substitute for mechanistic methods in the large majority of cases where such understanding is lacking. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Benignus, VA (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Mail Drop 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1481 PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 467QC UT WOS:000170714400007 PM 11502157 ER PT J AU Hattis, D Russ, A Goble, R Banati, P Chu, M AF Hattis, D Russ, A Goble, R Banati, P Chu, M TI Human interindividual variability in susceptibility to airborne particles SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE interindividual variability; particles; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics ID AIR-POLLUTION; BRONCHIAL RESPONSIVENESS; INHALED PARTICLES; DAILY MORTALITY; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; LUNG-FUNCTION; DEPOSITION; POPULATION; ASTHMA; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Part of the explanation for the persistent epidemiological findings of associations between mortality and morbidity with relatively modest ambient exposures to airborne particles may be that some people are much more susceptible to particle-induced responses than others. This study assembled a database of quantitative observations of interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters likely to affect particle response. The pharmacodynamic responses studied included data drawn from epidemiologic studies of doses of methacholine, flour dust, and other agents that induce acute changes in lung function. In general, the amount of interindividual variability in several of these pharmacodynamic response parameters was greater than the variability in pharmacokinetic (breathing rate, deposition, and clearance) parameters. Quantitatively the results indicated that human interindividual variability of breathing rates and major pharmacokinetic parameters-total deposition and tracheobronchial clearance-were in the region of Log(GSD) = 0.1 to 0.2 (corresponding to geometric standard deviations of 10(1)-10(2) or 1.26-1.58). Deposition to the deep lung (alveolar region) appeared to be somewhat more variable: Log(GSD) of about 0.3 (GSD of about 2). Among pharmacodynamic parameters, changes in FEV1 in response to ozone and metabisulfite (an agent that is said to act primarily on neural receptors in the lung) were in the region of Log(GSD) of 0.2 to 0.4. However, similar responses to methacholine, an agent that acts on smooth muscle, seemed to have still more variability (0.4 to somewhat over 1.0, depending on the type of population studied). Similarly high values were suggested for particulate allergens. Central estimates of this kind of variability, and the close correspondence of the data to lognormal distributions, indicate that 99.9th percentile individuals are likely to respond at doses that are 150 to 450-fold less than would be needed in median individuals. It seems plausible that acute responses with this amount of variability could form part of the mechanistic basis for epidemiological observations of enhanced mortality in relation to ambient exposures to fine particles. C1 Clark Univ, Marsh Inst, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hattis, D (reprint author), Clark Univ, Marsh Inst, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. NR 58 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 585 EP 599 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.214137 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 490PJ UT WOS:000172060000003 PM 11726014 ER PT J AU Parks, LG Lambright, CS Orlando, EF Guillette, LJ Ankley, GT Gray, LE AF Parks, LG Lambright, CS Orlando, EF Guillette, LJ Ankley, GT Gray, LE TI Masculinization of female mosquitofish in kraft mill effluent-contaminated Fenholloway River water is associated with androgen receptor agonist activity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE environmental androgens; Kraft pulp and paper mill effluent; masculinized female mosquitofish anal fin; gonopodium; androgen receptor; glucocorticoid receptor; AR binding; AR gene expression; in vitro; Fenholloway River; Florida ID BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; DEPENDENT GENE-EXPRESSION; RAINBOW-TROUT; MALE-RAT; VINCLOZOLIN; TESTOSTERONE; STEROLS; DIFFERENTIATION; ANTIANDROGEN; REPRODUCTION AB Female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki) downstream from Kraft paper mills in Florida display masculinization of the anal fin, an androgen-de pendent trait. The current investigation was designed to determine if water contaminated with pulp-mill effluent (PME) from the Fenholloway River in Florida displayed androgenic activity in vitro and to relate this activity to the reproductive status of female mosquitofish taken from this river. We tested water samples for androgenic activity from a reference site upstream of a Kraft pulp and paper mill on the Fenholloway River, from 3 sites downstream from the mill, and from another reference site on the Econfina. River, also in Florida, where there is no paper mill. We also examined anal fin ray morphology in mosquitofish from these rivers for evidence of masculinization. Eighty percent of the female mosquitofish from the Fenholloway River were partially masculinized while another 10% were completely masculinized, based upon the numbers of segments in the longest anal fin ray (18.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 28.1 +/- 0.9 [p < 0.001]) in the Econfina River vs. the Fenholloway River, respectively). In a COS whole cell-binding assay, all 3 PME samples displayed affinity for human androgen receptor (hAR) (p < 0.001). In addition, PME induced androgen-dependent gene expression in CV-1 cells (cotransfected with pCMV hAR and MMTV luciferase reporter), which was inhibited by about 50% by coadministration of hydroxyflutamide (1 muM), an AR antagonist. Water samples collected upstream of the Kraft mill or from the Econfina River did not bind hAR or induce luciferase expression. When CV-1 cells were transfected with human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) rather than hAR, PME failed to significantly induce MMTV-luciferase expression. Further evidence of the androgenicity was observed using a COS cell AR nuclear-translocalization assay. PME bound hAR and induced translocalization of AR into the nucleus. In contrast, AR remained perinuclear when treated with water from the control sites (indicating the absence of an AR ligand). Interestingly, PME also displayed "testosterone-like" immunoreactivity in a testosterone radioimmunoassay, whereas water from the reference sites did not. In summary, water collected downstream of the Kraft mill on the Fenholloway River contains unidentified androgenic substances whose presence is associated with masculinization of female mosquitofish. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. St Marys Coll, St Marys City, MD USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 176 Z9 189 U1 4 U2 43 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 62 IS 2 BP 257 EP 267 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.2.257 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 457NP UT WOS:000170143900010 PM 11452138 ER PT J AU Pitt, JA Feng, L Abbott, BD Schmid, J Batt, RE Costich, TG Koury, ST Bofinger, DP AF Pitt, JA Feng, L Abbott, BD Schmid, J Batt, RE Costich, TG Koury, ST Bofinger, DP TI Expression of AhR and ARNT mRNA in cultured human endometrial explants exposed to TCDD SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE endometrium; endometriosis; TCDD; AhR; ARNT ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; DIOXIN-RESPONSIVE GENES; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION; MACACA-MULATTA; DOSE-RESPONSE; IN-VIVO; CYP1A1 AB Endometriosis is a debilitating disease found in 10-15% of reproductive-age women and is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. The present study characterizes the expression of AhR and ARNT mRNA in a human endometrial explant culture model in the absence and presence of TCDD exposure. In a parallel, companion study using this model, TCDD exposure was shown to induce CYP1A1 mRNA, CYP1B1 mRNA, EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activity, and CYP1B1 protein in human endometrial explants. Explants were prepared from specimens obtained at laparoscopy or laparotomy from women undergoing surgery for tubal ligation, endometriosis, or pelvic pain unrelated to endometriosis. These specimens were a subset of the specimens used in the parallel study. The explants were cultured in medium containing 10 nM estradiol (E-2) or 1 nM estradiol plus 500 nM progesterone (E-2 + P-4) with or without TCDD (first 24 h). After culture, AhR and ARNT mRNA expression were quantified by RT-PCR. TCDD treatment significantly increased the expression of AhR m-RNA, but not ARNT mRNA. The expression of both genes was similar for all individual explants and the ratio of AhR:ARNT mRNA expression across all samples was 1.7 to 1.8. Constitutive AhR mRNA expression was donor age dependent (increasing with age), while ARNT mRNA expression was donor age and tissue phase dependent (increased in older and proliferative phase specimens). Similar to results in the parallel study on expression of CYP1A1 mRNA, CYPlB1 mRNA, EROD activity, and CYP1B1 protein, the presence of endometriosis did not affect the expression of AhR or ARNT mRNA, either constitutively or following TCDD exposure. However, the detection of disease-specific change was limited by small sample size and variability in tissue cycle phase. The human endometrial explant culture model will be useful for future studies of the effects of dioxin-like compounds on human endometrium in relationship to cycle phase, hormonal exposure, and donor age. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biotechnol & Clin Lab Sci, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. US EPA, RTD, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Off Associate Director Hlth Biostat & Res Support, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-67,2525 NC Highway 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Koury, Stephen/A-6861-2009 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1R03 ES08539-01] NR 93 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 62 IS 2 BP 289 EP 298 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.2.289 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 457NP UT WOS:000170143900014 PM 11452142 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Barone, S Smialowicz, RJ Harris, MW Davis, BJ Overstreet, D Mauney, M Chapin, RE AF Moser, VC Barone, S Smialowicz, RJ Harris, MW Davis, BJ Overstreet, D Mauney, M Chapin, RE TI The effects of perinatal tebuconazole exposure on adult neurological, immunological, and reproductive function in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Toxicology CY MAR 14-18, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Soc Toxicol DE tebuconazole; developmental neurotoxicity; immunotoxicity; reproductive toxicity; rats ID OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; MICE; NEUROTOXICITY; TRIADIMEFON; FUNGICIDES; EXPRESSION; IMMUNE; SYSTEM; FETAL AB Studies are under way to address concerns of potential persistent immunotoxic, reproductive, and neurotoxic effects of perinatal exposure to several pesticides. Tebuconazole, a triazole fungicide, was evaluated as part of this project. Sprague-Dawley dams were administered tebuconazole (0, 6, 20, or 60 mg/kg) by oral gavage daily from gestational day 14 to postnatal day (PND)7; the pups were then dosed daily at the same levels from PND7-42. Separate groups of rats were used for testing of immunological parameters, neurobehavioral testing using a screening battery of functional tests, and cognitive evaluations. Other groups of rats were evaluated for reproductive development and function, while yet others were sacrificed at the end of the dosing period for histological analyses of major organs systems, including neuropathological assessments. Pup viability and body weight were decreased in the highest dose group. There were no differences in the fertility indices in the exposed rats mated as adults. In the sheep RBC-immunized high-dose rats, spleen weights and cellularity were increased, and the ratio of cell types was altered compared to controls. There were, however, no biologically significant changes in the immune function of these rats. At necropsy on PND46 or 152, kidney, liver, and spleen weights were altered by tebuconazole treatment, but a dose-response relationship was not clear for most organs; only decreased kidney and increased liver weights were consistent in both sexes. Histological analyses were generally unremarkable outside of the brain. One month after the end of dosing, acquisition of learning the platform location in a water tank (i.e., Morris water maze) was impaired in the high-dose group; there were no differences in neuromuscular ability, motor activity, or swim speed to account for this finding. Furthermore, there was no effect on recall of the position during a free-swim trial. Neuropathological evaluations revealed pyknotic cells across hippocampal cell fields in animals of all tebuconazole, treatment groups, with the highest incidence in the 20 and 60 mg/kg/day dose groups, coincident with cell loss within pyramidal cell layer of CA3-4 cell fields of the hippocampus and layer V of the neocortex. Thus, perinatal exposure to tebuconazole produced neurobehavioral deficits and neuropathology in rats, but did not alter immunological or reproductive function. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Natl Toxicol Program, Reprod Toxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. ASI Inc, Durham, NC USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-55385] NR 42 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 62 IS 2 BP 339 EP 352 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.2.339 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 457NP UT WOS:000170143900019 PM 11452147 ER PT J AU Del Razo, LM Styblo, M Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Del Razo, LM Styblo, M Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Determination of trivalent methylated arsenicals in biological matrices SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; methylated arsenic; trivalent arsenic; pentavalent arsenic; hydride generation; atomic absorption spectrophotometry; analysis; stability; biological matrices; metabolism; toxicity ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; DRINKING-WATER; HUMAN URINE; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS; DIABETES-MELLITUS; CANCER MORTALITY AB The enzymatically catalyzed oxidative methylation of As yields methylated arsenicals that contain pentavalent As (As(V)). Because trivalent As (As(III)) is the favored substrate for this methyltransferase, methylated arsenicals containing As(V) are reduced to trivalency in cells. Methylated arsenicals that contain As(III) are extremely potent inhibitors of NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductases and potent cytotoxins in many cell types. Therefore, the formation of methylated arsenicals that contain As(III) may be properly regarded as an activation step, rather than a means of detoxification. Recognition of the role of methylated arsenicals that contain As(III) in the toxicity and metabolism of As emphasizes the need for analytical methods to detect and quantify these species in biological samples. Hence, a method was developed to exploit pH-dependent differences in the generation of arsines from inorganic and methylated arsenicals that contain either As(V) or As(III). Reduction with borohydride at pH 6 generated arsines from inorganic As(III), methyl As(III), and dimethyl As(III), but not from inorganic As(V), methyl As(V), and dimethyl As(V). Reduction with borohydride at pH 2 or lower generated arsines from arsenicals that contained either As(V) or As(III). Arsines are trapped in a liquid nitrogen-cooled gas chromatographic trap, which is subsequently warmed to allow separation of the hydrides by their boiling points. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is used to detect and quantify the arsines. The detection limits (ng As ml(-1)) for inorganic As(III), methyl As(III), and dimethyl As(III) are 1.1, 1.2, and 6.5, respectively. This method has been applied to the analysis of arsenicals in water, human urine, and cultured cells. Both methyl As(III). and dimethyl As(III) are detected in urine samples from individuals who chronically consumed inorganic As-contaminated water and in human cells exposed in vitro to inorganic As(III). The reliable quantitation of inorganic and methylated arsenicals that contain As(III). in biological samples will aid the study of the toxicity of these species and may provide a new biomarker of the effects of chronic exposure to As. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, Pharmacokinet Branch,Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Polytech Inst, Ctr Res & Adv Studies, Sect Toxicol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, Pharmacokinet Branch,Expt Toxicol Div, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM thomas.david@cpa.gov FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK56350] NR 67 TC 173 Z9 175 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 174 IS 3 BP 282 EP 293 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9226 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 464KT UT WOS:000170532300010 PM 11485389 ER PT J AU Jessen, BA Qin, Q Phillips, MA Phillips, DL Rice, RH AF Jessen, BA Qin, Q Phillips, MA Phillips, DL Rice, RH TI Keratinocyte differentiation marker suppression by arsenic: Mediation by AP1 response elements and antagonism by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE API; epidermis; involucrin; TGM1; TPA ID HUMAN EPIDERMAL-KERATINOCYTES; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASES; GENE-EXPRESSION; MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; SIGNALING PATHWAY; HEME OXYGENASE-1; SODIUM ARSENATE; CELLULAR UPTAKE; GROWTH-FACTOR AB Culture models of target cells are anticipated to help elucidate the mechanism by which inorganic arsenic acts as a carcinogen in humans. Present work characterizes the response of human keratinocytes, a target cell type, to arsenic suppression of their differentiation program. Four representative differentiation marker mRNAs (involucrin, keratinocyte transglutaminase, small proline-rich protein 1, and filaggrin) were suppressed by both arsenate and arsenite in normal, spontaneously immortalized (premalignant), and malignant keratinocytes with EC50 values in the low micromolar range. The suppression was almost completely reversed 9 days after removal of arsenate from the culture medium. In the case of the involucrin gene, suppression was mediated primarily by two functional AP1 response elements in the gene promoter. Both glucocorticoid and serum stimulation of differentiation occurred to a similar extent in the presence and absence of arsenic, indicating neither stimulation was a specific target of arsenic action and neither agent could overcome arsenic suppression. In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate prevented the suppression of keratinocyte transglutaminase, suggesting that arsenic acts upstream of protein kinase C. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Rice, RH (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR27130]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04699, ES05707, ES07059] NR 69 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 174 IS 3 BP 302 EP 311 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9227 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 464KT UT WOS:000170532300012 PM 11485391 ER PT J AU Benkovic, SR Kruger, J AF Benkovic, SR Kruger, J TI US sulfur dioxide emissions trading program: Results and further applications SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition CY DEC 10-16, 2000 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN DE acid rain; cap and trade; emissions trading; sulfur dioxide AB The use of emissions trading (cap and trade) is gaining worldwide recognition as an extremely effective policy tool. More than 4 million tons of SO2 have been reduced annually from sources participating in the US SO2 emissions trading program. Ambient SO2 levels and sulfate deposition have decreased by over 25 percent in the most sensitive ecosystems. By harnessing market forces, the program has led to significant cost savings. This paper discusses the results of the US SO2 emissions trading program and emerging efforts in the US and around the world to use emissions trading. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Benkovic, SR (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW 6202N, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 241 EP 246 DI 10.1023/A:1013815319308 PN 2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 489UY UT WOS:000172011900011 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Traaen, TS Skjelkvale, BL AF Stoddard, JL Traaen, TS Skjelkvale, BL TI Assessment of nitrogen leaching ICP-Waters sites (Europe and North America) SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition CY DEC 10-16, 2000 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN DE nitrogen saturation; surface water; regional assessment; ICP-Waters AB The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP-Waters) is designed to assess the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters. During the last 20 years, international emission reduction measures in Europe and North America have resulted in a decrease in atmospheric S-deposition of up to 50%, while N-deposition has stayed almost constant. Empirical relationships between N-deposition and stages of nitrogen saturation are used to assess the importance of nitrogen leaching at the ICP-Waters sites in Europe and North America. There is a clear coherence between high N saturation stages and high N deposition loads and more than 50% of the analysed ICP Waters sites show a high degree of nitrogen saturation, defined as stages 2 or 3 in Stoddard's classification system. Significant leaching of inorganic N also occurs at most sites with deposition greater than 10 kg/ha/yr. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 8 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 781 EP 786 DI 10.1023/A:1013854106471 PN 2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 489UY UT WOS:000172011900101 ER PT J AU Skjelkvale, BL Stoddard, JL Andersen, T AF Skjelkvale, BL Stoddard, JL Andersen, T TI Trends in surface water acidification in Europe and North America (1989-1998) SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition CY DEC 10-16, 2000 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN DE recovery; water chemistry; long-term trends; acidification ID NORTHEASTERN US; RECOVERY; QUALITY AB During the last 20 years, emission reductions in Europe and North America have resulted in decreased atmospheric S-deposition of up to 50%, while N-deposition has stayed almost constant. Data from 98 ICP Waters sites were tested for trends in concentrations of major chemical components for the 10-year period 1989-1998 using the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test. The sites were grouped into regions and types for meta-analysis. All of the regions had highly significant downward trends in SO42-* concentrations. Nitrate concentrations, on the other hand: show no regional patterns of change. Concentrations of base cations declined in most regions. All regions showed tendencies of increasing DOC. The low ANC sites showed the largest rates of recovery. Neither the high NO3- or low NO3- groups of sites exhibited significant trends in NO3- concentrations. Alpine (non-forested) sites show clear and consistent signals of recovery in ANC and pH, and appropriate (relative to SO42-* trends) rates of base cation decline. C1 Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Skjelkvale, BL (reprint author), Norwegian Inst Water Res, POB 173 Kjelsas, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. RI Andersen, Tom/B-1950-2008; OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 8 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 787 EP 792 DI 10.1023/A:1013806223310 PN 2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 489UY UT WOS:000172011900102 ER PT J AU Jones, KW Feng, H Stern, EA Lodge, J Clesceri, NL AF Jones, KW Feng, H Stern, EA Lodge, J Clesceri, NL TI Dredged material decontamination demonstration for the port of New York/New Jersey SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dredged material; decontamination; beneficial use; commercialization; NY/NJ harbor ID HUDSON-RIVER ESTUARY; SEDIMENTS; METAL AB Management of contaminated dredged material is a significant challenge in the Port of New York and New Jersey as a result of more stringent regional ocean placement regulations with escalating costs for upland placement. One component of an overall management plan can be the application of a decontamination technology followed by creation of a product suitable for beneficial use. This concept is the focus of a project now being carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2, the US Army Corps of Engineers, New York District, the US Department of Energy, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and regional university groups that have included Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and Stevens Institute of Technology. The project has progressed through phased testing of commercial technologies at the bench scale (15 liters) (Marcor, Metcalf & Eddy, Gas Technology Institute, Westinghouse Science & Technology, BioGenesis, International Technology, and BioSafe) and pilot-scale (1.5-500 m(3)) (BioGenesis, Gas Technology Institute, and Westinghouse Science & Technology) levels. The technologies developed by Gas Technology Institute and BioGenesis are now going forward to commercial demonstration facilities that are intended to treat from 23 000 to 60 000 m(3) of dredged material during their first operational period in 2001-2002. Beneficial use products are soils and cement. Treatment costs for the final commercial facilities are estimated at US$ 39 per m(3). Selection of the technologies was made based on the effectiveness of the treatment process, evaluation of the possible beneficial use of the treated materials, and other factors. Major elements of the project are summarized here. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US EPA, New York, NY 10007 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, New York, NY 10278 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM kwj@bnl.gov NR 20 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 EI 1873-3336 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JUL 30 PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 127 EP 143 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00225-4 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474GQ UT WOS:000171098300009 PM 11463507 ER PT J AU Bachoon, DS Hodson, RE Araujo, R AF Bachoon, DS Hodson, RE Araujo, R TI Microbial community assessment in oil-impacted salt marsh sediment microcosms by traditional and nucleic acid-based indices SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE DNA-hybridization; microbial community; oil-degradation; petroleum ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; SOIL; ENVIRONMENT; BIOREMEDIATION; DEGRADATION; EXTRACTION; DIVERSITY; BACTERIA AB The effect of oil amendment in salt marsh sediment microcosms was examined by most probable number (MPN), DNA-hybridization with domain-specific oligonucleotide probes and whole community 16S rDNA-hybridizations. Gas chromatography (GC/MS) analysis of oil residues in sediments from microcosms after 3 months of operation showed that the quantity of petroleum hydrocarbons was lower in microcosms amended with oil compared to microcosms amended with oil + plant detritus. Bacterial numbers (total-MPN) increased in all experimental microcosms (amended with plant detritus, oil, and oil + plant detritus). In comparison to the intact sediment, the proportions of oil-degrading bacteria increased > 100-fold in the oil amended microcosm and > 10-fold in the plant detritus and the oil + plant detritus amended microcosms. DNA-hybridizations with Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya oligonucleotide probes indicated few changes in the petroleum contaminated sediment community profile. In contrast, rDNA-hybridizations indicated that the bacterial community profile of the oil-impacted sediments, after 1 month of exposure, was significantly different from the control sediment. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Sch Marine Programs, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Bachoon, DS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Sch Marine Programs, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 45 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JUL 30 PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1 BP 37 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00260-3 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 443KB UT WOS:000169339400005 PM 11412912 ER PT J AU Claxton, LD Warren, S Zweidinger, R Creason, J AF Claxton, LD Warren, S Zweidinger, R Creason, J TI A comparative assessment of Boise, Idaho, ambient air fine particle samples using the plate and microsuspension Salmonella mutagenicity assays SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Boise; Idaho; air quality; airborne particles; particle-bound mutagens; wood smoke; mobile sources; automotive emissions; PM-2.5 ID COMPLEX-MIXTURES; PARTICULATE MATTER; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; BACTERIAL MUTAGENICITY; WOOD SMOKE; EXTRACTS; BIOASSAY; CHAMBER; SYSTEM AB The primary objective of this study is to characterize the genotoxic potential of the ambient air aerosols collected within an air shed impacted primarily by wood smoke and automotive emissions. The study also examines the relative merits of a microsuspension assay and the standard plate assay for monitoring the presence of airborne particle-bound mutagens. Wintertime ambient air particulate samples collected from Boise, Idaho, USA, were shown to contain extractable organic matter that is mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium microsuspension and plate-incorporation assays. Differences in the results from the primary sites, auxiliary sites and the background site demonstrate that the particle-bound mutagens are not evenly distributed within the air shed and are more associated with the location of sampling than with the time of sampling or the type of bioassay used to evaluate the samples. This study also demonstrates that the bioassay protocol used in such studies should depend upon the characteristics of the air shed's mutagens and the purpose of the study. For example, the microsuspension assay gave somewhat more variable results between samples but was approximately threefold more sensitive than the plate assay. When strain TA98 was used in the microsuspension assay, the mutagenic response was greater without an exogenous activation system. The reverse was true for the plate assay in which the use of an exogenous activation system increased the mutagenicity response. TA100 in the microsuspension assay provided results comparable to those with TA98. This is important because TA100 can also be used to bioassay semivolatile and volatile organics associated with ambient air mutagenicity. This, in turn, allows a comparison of the mutagenicity of organics collected by differing methods due to their volatility. Future studies should be directed toward correlation of mutagenicity results with other analytical results in order to further develop methods for better characterization of the genotoxicity of ambient air. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Claxton, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 46 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 25 PY 2001 VL 275 IS 1-3 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00857-3 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 454JP UT WOS:000169969700009 PM 11482407 ER PT J AU Araki, RY Dodo, GH Reimer, SH Knight, MM AF Araki, RY Dodo, GH Reimer, SH Knight, MM TI Protocol for the determination of selected neutral and acidic semi-volatile organic contaminants in fish tissue SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE fish; food analysis; phenolic compounds; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; chlorobenzenes; nitrotoluenes; chlorophenols ID PULP-MILL; KRAFT AB Progress toward the development of a protocol for the determination of a broad spectrum of organic compounds in fish tissue is reported. Finely ground and homogenized fish tissue samples were Soxhlet extracted. Phenolic compounds in the extracts were acetylated and the derivatized extract containing the acetates and neutral semi-volatiles was cleaned up with silica gel and size-exclusion column chromatography, These semi-volatile organic compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method is evaluated for recovery and precision of selected analytes during the analysis of over 300 fish tissue samples of varying species in support of contaminant determination in fish tissue from the Columbia/Snake River watershed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Manchester Environm Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. RP Knight, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Manchester Environm Lab, 4711 Beach Dr E, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 20 PY 2001 VL 923 IS 1-2 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00997-9 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 458PM UT WOS:000170203800019 PM 11510540 ER PT J AU Cantu, R Evans, O Kawahara, FK Wymer, LJ Dufour, AP AF Cantu, R Evans, O Kawahara, FK Wymer, LJ Dufour, AP TI HPCL determination of cyanuric acid in swimming pool waters using phenyl and confirmatory porous graphitic carbon columns SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 220th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 19-23, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB The chlorinated salts of cyanuric acid have found an important role in recreational swimming pool waters across the United States. Upon application to pool water, they can (1) release disinfectant chlorine or (2) stabilize the free available chlorine by acting as chlorine reservoirs in the form of cyanuric acid, preventing the photolytic destruction of residual chlorine by sunlight. Recommended levels of the cyanuric acid stabilizer are in the 10-100 mg/L concentration range according to the National Swimming Fool Foundation (San Antonio; TX). Two isocratic HPLC methods with UV detection (213 nn) employing phenyl and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns and phosphate buffer eluents (pH 6.7 and pH 9.1, respectively) were developed to accurately measure cyanuric acid in swimming pools. The two methods allowed fast separation and detection of the stabilizer in 4 (phenyl) and 8 (PGC) min. Both methods offered practical sensitivities with method detection limits of 0.07 (phenyl) and 0.02 mg/L (PGC), Neither one of the two methods required the use of sample cleanup cartridges. They exhibit chromatograms with excellent baseline stability enabling low-level quantitation, Most important, the PGC column had a useful lifetime of-five months and 500 sample analyses/column, Eleven pool water samples were fortified with 4.8-50.0 mg/L stabilizer, and the average recovery was 99.8%, Finally, statistical analysis on the relative precisions of the two methods indicated equivalence at the 0.05 critical level. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cantu, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 14 BP 3358 EP 3364 DI 10.1021/ac001412t PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 452VL UT WOS:000169880300021 PM 11476236 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Kelty, KC AF Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Kelty, KC TI Trace metal loading on water-borne soil and dust particles characterized through the use of split-flow thin cell fractionation SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SEPARATION; SIZE; SEDIMENT; SYSTEM AB The fate and transport of metallic pollutants through a watershed are related to the characteristics of;undissolved solid particles to which they ape bound. Removal of these particles and their associated pollutants via engineered structures such as settling ponds is one goal of stormwater management, Because the particles most often implicated in metal pollution have nominal diameters of < 50 mum, Split-flow thin-cell (SPLITT) fractionation was investigated to study the metal loading as a function of particle settling rate. Several diverse particle samples-soil, urban dust, and parking deck sweepings-were fractionated using this technique, and the metal loadings were quantified with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Implications for stormwater management are discussed. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 14 BP 3492 EP 3496 DI 10.1021/ac0015321 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 452VL UT WOS:000169880300038 PM 11476253 ER PT J AU Campbell, DE AF Campbell, DE TI Proposal for including what is valuable to ecosystems in environmental assessments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EMERGY ANALYSIS; STATE; ESTUARIES AB Assessment scientists and managers depend on social values to identify the goals that will be used to guide environmental assessments. These goals are commonly identified by examining the vested interests of the various social groups that are stakeholders in a region. However, knowledge about what people value represents only part of the information needed to identify comprehensive assessment goals for environmental systems that include both economic and ecological components and processes. All parties also need to understand what is valuable to ecosystems because that determines the ecological patterns and processes that prevail in the long run. The competition among alternate system designs for available energy determines the viability of the choices that people make for their environment. Ecosystems that prevail in competition use the process of self-organization to create system designs that maximize the use of ever-changing sources of available energy. The efficacy of ecosystem designs can be evaluated using the maximum empower principle, which states that ecosystems evolve toward designs that maximize empower (emergy use per unit time). Emergy is an accounting quantity that normalizes the different kinds of energy developed in a system so that they may be compared. The counter-intuitive and sometimes controversial results that come from emergy analyses are illustrated by examining three environmental problems on the interface between ecology and economics. A process for identifying and using social and ecosystem values to guide environmental assessments is proposed using a conceptual energy systems model that shows how these processes might interact within a region. The probability of realizing a given change in system empower production is suggested as a decision criterion that can be used by managers to evaluate the efficacy of alternatives. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campbell, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 42 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 14 BP 2867 EP 2873 DI 10.1021/es001818n PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 453ER UT WOS:000169904000002 PM 11478236 ER PT J AU Robbins, WA Witt, KL Haseman, JK Dunson, DB Troiani, L Cohen, MS Hamilton, CD Perreault, SD Libbus, B Beyler, SA Raburn, DJ Tedder, ST Shelby, MD Bishop, JB AF Robbins, WA Witt, KL Haseman, JK Dunson, DB Troiani, L Cohen, MS Hamilton, CD Perreault, SD Libbus, B Beyler, SA Raburn, DJ Tedder, ST Shelby, MD Bishop, JB TI Antiretroviral therapy effects on genetic and morphologic end points in lymphocytes and sperm of men with human immunodeficiency virus infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; CHROMATID EXCHANGE FREQUENCIES; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; TYPE-1 SEROPOSITIVE MEN; HUMAN-POPULATION SAMPLE; TANDEM DNA PROBES; 1CEN-1Q12 REGION; HIV-INFECTION; 3'-AZIDO-2',3'-DIDEOXYTHYMIDINE AZT; CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION AB Many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons receive prolonged treatment with DNA-reactive antiretroviral drugs. A prospective study was conducted of 26 HIV-infected men who provided samples before treatment and at multiple times after beginning treatment, to investigate effects of antiretrovirals on lymphocyte and sperm chromosomes and semen quality. Several antiretroviral regimens, all including a nucleoside component, were used. Lymphocyte metaphase analysis and sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization were used for cytogenetic studies. Semen analyses included conventional parameters (volume, concentration, viability, motility, and morphology). No significant effects on cytogenetic parameters, semen volume, or sperm concentration were detected. However, there were significant improvements in sperm motility for men with study entry CD4 cell counts > 200 cells/mm(3), sperm morphology for men with entry CD4 cell counts less than or equal to 200 cells/mm(3), and the percentage of viable sperm in both groups. These findings suggest that nucleoside-containing antiretrovirals administered via recommended protocols do not induce chromosomal changes in lymphocytes or sperm but may produce improvements in semen quality. C1 NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. ILS, Informat Sci Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NIEHS, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Genet Res, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Bishop, JB (reprint author), NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-35356, N01-ES-35357, N01-ES-65401]; PHS HHS [DM RO1, 273-97-C-0058, 273-98-C-0072] NR 53 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1086/322002 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DM UT WOS:000169554500002 PM 11424008 ER PT J AU Widholm, JJ Clarkson, GB Strupp, BJ Crofton, KM Seegal, RF Schantz, SL AF Widholm, JJ Clarkson, GB Strupp, BJ Crofton, KM Seegal, RF Schantz, SL TI Spatial reversal learning in aroclor 1254-exposed rats: Sex-specific deficits in associative ability and inhibitory control SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; EXTRADIMENSIONAL SHIFT TASKS; INTERVAL-FIXED-RATIO; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; DISCRIMINATION-REVERSAL; 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB-126; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; DRL PERFORMANCE; LEAD-EXPOSURE AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been associated with cognitive deficits in children exposed in utero. Cognitive deficits due to PCB exposure have also been documented in animal models, but the underlying behavioral mechanisms responsible for those deficits remain to be elucidated. The current study examined the effects of gestational and lactational exposure to PCBs on spatial discrimination-reversal learning (spatial RL) in rats using standard two-lever operant testing chambers. Pregnant Long-Evans rats (10/dose) received either 0 or 6 mg/kg Aroclor 1254 (A1254) po in corn oil from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21. One male and one female from each litter were tested on spatial RL beginning at 190-220 days of age. Animals were reinforced with a 45-mg food pellet for pressing the lever associated with the correct spatial location (either left or right). After reaching 85% correct performance for 2 consecutive days, the opposite spatial location was reinforced. Five of these position reversals were given. Male rats exposed to A 1254 made significantly more total errors (121.6 +/- 12.5) on the first reversal than controls (90.7 +/- 5.8). In contrast, female rats exposed to A1254 exhibited deficits on the fourth and fifth reversals (23.6 +/- 4.2, 17.0 +/- 2.8 and 36.7 +/- 4.7, 26.8 +/- 2.5 for control and exposed animals, respectively). Response-pattern analyses in the A1254-exposed male and female rats revealed fundamental differences in the underlying behavioral mechanisms responsible for the deficits. A1254-exposed males exhibited an increased tendency to incorrectly respond to the previously correct stimulus (i.e., perseverate) following a reversal while A1254-exposed females exhibited impairments in their ability to make new associations with a reinforced spatial location (i.e., associative deficit). These data provide new insights into the underlying behavioral mechanisms that may be responsible for the spatial learning deficits observed in PCB-exposed rodents and monkeys. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Psychol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Widholm, JJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES07921, F32 ES05885] NR 59 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 174 IS 2 BP 188 EP 198 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9199 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 457ZX UT WOS:000170169800011 PM 11446834 ER PT J AU Meek, ME Renwick, A Ohanian, E Dourson, M Lake, B Naumann, BD Vu, V AF Meek, ME Renwick, A Ohanian, E Dourson, M Lake, B Naumann, BD Vu, V TI Guidance for development of chemical specific adjustment/uncertainty factors in risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hlth Canada, Existing Substances Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. TERA, Cincinnati, OH USA. TNO, BIBRA Int, Carshalton, Surrey, England. Merck & Co Inc, White House Stn, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 9 EP 9 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500025 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Hotchkiss, A Wolf, C Furr, J Price, M Lambright, C Parks, L Wilson, V Bobseine, K Hartig, P Ostby, J AF Gray, LE Hotchkiss, A Wolf, C Furr, J Price, M Lambright, C Parks, L Wilson, V Bobseine, K Hartig, P Ostby, J TI Xenoendocrine disrupters - tiered screening and testing: filling key data gaps SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERI, RTD, EB, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, NCSU, Coop Program, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 28 EP 28 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500081 ER PT J AU Schonwalder, C AF Schonwalder, C TI Toxicology and epidemiology must join forces to understand the effects of environmental agents on human health SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Natl Inst Hlth, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 29 EP 29 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500084 ER PT J AU Beck, NB Sonawane, B AF Beck, NB Sonawane, B TI Children's health and air toxics: how recent risk assessments are addressing the issues SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 53 EP 53 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500161 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, GL Hattis, DB Smolenski, S Russ, A Kozlak, M Goble, RL Beck, NB Sonawane, B AF Ginsberg, GL Hattis, DB Smolenski, S Russ, A Kozlak, M Goble, RL Beck, NB Sonawane, B TI Assessing pharmacokinetic differences between children and adults: implications for chemical risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth & Addict Serv, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. Clark Univ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 53 EP 53 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500160 ER PT J AU Sonawane, B Ginsberg, GL Goldstein, DA Beck, NB AF Sonawane, B Ginsberg, GL Goldstein, DA Beck, NB TI A conceptual framework to evaluate the risks of environmental chemical exposures to children: issues for consideration SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth & Addict Serv, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 53 EP 53 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500162 ER PT J AU Sonawane, B Beck, NB AF Sonawane, B Beck, NB TI Cancer risk assessment of benzene, an international update SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 57 EP 57 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500176 ER PT J AU Thiyagarajah, A Hartley, WR Gennings, C Lipscomb, JC Teuschler, LK Cofield, S Meadows, S Conerly, O AF Thiyagarajah, A Hartley, WR Gennings, C Lipscomb, JC Teuschler, LK Cofield, S Meadows, S Conerly, O TI Bromoform-induced alterations in development of Medaka (Ovyzias latipes) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tulane Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. VCU, MCV, Richmond, VA USA. US EPA, NCEA, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 214 EP 215 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500752 ER PT J AU Choudhury, H Harvey, T Thayer, WC Lockwood, TF Stiteler, WM Goodrum, PE Hassett, JM Diamond, GL AF Choudhury, H Harvey, T Thayer, WC Lockwood, TF Stiteler, WM Goodrum, PE Hassett, JM Diamond, GL TI Urinary cadmium elimination as a biomarker of exposure for evaluating a cadmium dietary exposure-biokinetics model SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; UNITED-STATES; BODY BURDEN; POPULATION; LEAD; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS; ELEMENTS; FOOD; BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN AB The Cadmium Dietary Exposure Model (CDEM) utilizes national survey data on food cadmium concentrations and food consumption patterns to estimate dietary intakes in the U.S. population. The CDEM has been linked to a modification of the cadmium biokinetic model of Kjellstrom and Nordberg (KNM) to derive predictions of kidney and urinary cadmium that reflect U.S. dietary cadmium intake and related variability. Variability in dietary cadmium intake was propagated through the KNM using a Monte Carlo approach. The model predicts a mean peak kidney cadmium burden of approximately 3.5 mg and a 5th-95th percentile range of 2.2-5.1 mg in males. The corresponding peak renal cortex cadmium concentration in males is 15 mug/g wet cortex (10-22, 5th-95th percentile). Predicted kidney cadmium levels in females were higher than males: 5.1 (3.3-7.6) mg total kidney, 29 (19-43) mug/g wet cortex. Predicted urinary cadmium in males and females agreed with empirical estimates based on the NHANES III, with females predicted and observed to excrete approximately twice the amount of cadmium in urine than males. An explanation for the higher urinary cadmium excretion in females is proposed that is consistent with the NHANES III data as well as experimental studies in humans and animals. remakes may absorb a larger fraction of ingested dietary cadmium than males, and this difference may be the result of lower iron body stores in females compared to males. This would suggest that females may be at greater risk of developing cadmium toxicity than males. The predicted 5th-95th percentile values for peak kidney cadmium burden are approximately 60% of the peak kidney burden (8-11 mg) predicted for a chronic intake at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chronic reference dose of 1 mug/kg-d. C1 Syracuse Res Corp, N Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Diamond, GL (reprint author), Syracuse Res Corp, 6225 Running Ridge Rd, N Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. NR 63 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JUL 6 PY 2001 VL 63 IS 5 BP 321 EP 350 DI 10.1080/15287390152103643 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 456MN UT WOS:000170086400002 PM 11471865 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Becker, JY Cembrano, J Chough, SH AF Rogers, KR Becker, JY Cembrano, J Chough, SH TI Viscosity and binder composition effects on tyrosinase-based carbon paste electrode for detection of phenol and catechol SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE biosensor; tyrosinase; phenol; carbon paste electrode; viscosity ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOSENSORS; SENSORS AB The systematic study of the effect of binder viscosity on the sensitivity of a tyrosinase-based carbon paste electrode (CPE) biosensor for phenol and catechol is reported. Silicon oil binders with similar (polydimethylsiloxane) chemical composition were used to represent a wide range of viscosities (10-60 000 mPa s(-1) at 25 degreesC) while minimizing polarity effects. The highest response for both phenol and catechol was achieved using a silicon oil binder of intermediate viscosity (100 mPa s(-1)). The binder viscosity showed no appreciable effect on the direct oxidation of phenol and catechol using a plain CPE, suggesting the involvement of diffusion kinetics in the binder matrix for the enzyme-based CPE. The effect of the relative binder concentration in the carbon paste was measured over the range of 30-70%. Optimal results were obtained using 40% silicon oil. For comparison of the viscosity effects observed with the carbon paste electrode (CPE) containing silicon oil, other low and high viscosity mineral oils and paraffin waxes were also examined. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD JUL 6 PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1059 EP 1065 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00376-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 454EN UT WOS:000169959600004 PM 18968327 ER PT J AU Zhong, CXY Mass, MJ AF Zhong, CXY Mass, MJ TI Both hypomethylation and hypermethylation of DNA associated with arsenite exposure in cultures of human cells identified by methylation-sensitive arbitrarily-primed PCR SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; arsenite; DNA methylation; arbitrarily-primed PCR ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; DRINKING-WATER; CPG ISLANDS; P53; CARCINOGENESIS; EXPRESSION; CANCER; LIVER; MECHANISM; REDUCTASE AB In a previous study we reported that methylation within the promoter region of p53 was altered in human lung A549 cells exposed to arsenite over a 2-week period in culture. In the present study the methylation status of the 5 ' control region of the tumor suppressor gene, ron Hippel Lindau syndrome (VHL), a gene known to be silenced transcriptionally by CpG methylation was assessed. No changes in DNA methylation in VHL in human kidney UOK cell lines exposed to arsenite were seen after 4 weeks in culture, assessed by simple HpaII digestion followed by PCR amplification. Using methylation-sensitive arbitrarily-primed PCR we identified eight differentially methylated regions of genomic DNA of similar to 300-500 bp from three UOK cell lines and from human lung A546 cells after arsenite exposure in culture. Six fragments were hypermethylated, and two were hypomethylated, relative to untreated controls. Sequence analysis revealed two DNA fragments contained repeat sequences of mammalian-apparent LTR retrotransposons, five contained promoter-like sequences. and 13 CpG islands were identified. Three fragments had 99-100% homology to regions on human chromosomes 6, 9, and 15 but these genes have not yet been identified. Our findings are consistent with a potential role for both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of DNA that coexist after exposure to arsenite. The results, in total, could support the existence of a state of DNA methylation imbalance that could conceivably disrupt appropriate gene expression in arsenite exposed cells. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch,ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mass, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch,ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 74 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD JUL 6 PY 2001 VL 122 IS 3 BP 223 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00365-4 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 464KJ UT WOS:000170531500004 PM 11489357 ER PT J AU Kendall, M Hutton, BM Tetley, TD Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ Wigzell, E Jones, FH AF Kendall, M Hutton, BM Tetley, TD Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ Wigzell, E Jones, FH TI Investigation of fine atmospheric particle surfaces and lung lining fluid interactions using XPS SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE XPS; airborne particulates; proteins; BALF; saline ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION; CARBON; PHOTOEMISSION; POLYSTYRENE; POLLUTANTS; SAMPLES; HEALTH AB X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine surface chemical composition of atmospheric particles before and after immersion in saline and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Atmospheric particulate matter (PM(2.5)) was collected on PTFE filters from clean air, outdoor urban and smoke-filled indoor sites. Low particle loads were present from the clean air site and the particle surface consisted of carbon, Cl(-) and oxide species. An increase in particle load was observed for the outdoor urban site with C-(C, H) compounds dominating the particle surface. There was a significant contribution from C-(O, N) and C=O/COO-functionalities as well as oxides with traces of NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), amide, SiC and SO(4)(2-) present. A further increase in particle load was observed for the smoke-filled indoor site. The surface consisted of 97% C-(C, H) compounds with traces of oxide, amide and SiO(2). The particle load was reduced in all cases after immersion in saline mainly due to removal of loosely bound particles, especially for carbon. Changes in surface composition of the particles were also observed with removal of Cl(-) from the clean air site, NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), amide, So(4)(2-) and SiC from the urban air site and SiO(2) from the indoor smoke site; these species were deemed to be bio-available. Similar results were obtained after immersion in BALE However, there was evidence of interaction of constituents from BALF with particles collected from the outdoor urban and indoor smoke sites. A strong amide signal was observed on particles remaining on the filter after immersion in BALF suggesting that possibly proteins or other N-containing biomolecular species from BALF were adsorbed on the surface of these particles. The surface concentrations of amide, oxide, C-(O, N) and C=O/COO(-) varied between outdoor urban and indoor smoke particles after immersion in BALE This infers that a different interaction is occurring between BALF constituents and outdoor urban and indoor smoke particles, respectively. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UCL, Christopher Ingold Labs, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. NYU, Sch Med, US EPA, PM Hlth Ctr,Nelson Inst Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Sch Med, Natl Heart & Lung Inst, London SW3 6NP, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm, Royal Sch Mines, London SW7 2BP, England. UCL, Dept Biomat, Eastman Dent Inst Oral Healthcare Sci, London WC1X 8LD, England. RP Hutton, BM (reprint author), UCL, Christopher Ingold Labs, Dept Chem, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, England. EM b.hutton@ucl.ac.uk RI Tetley, Teresa/B-3288-2016; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark/C-3914-2017 OI Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark/0000-0001-9461-7981 NR 39 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 178 IS 1-4 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00248-3 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 445TU UT WOS:000169475300003 ER PT J AU Euling, SY Kimmel, CA AF Euling, SY Kimmel, CA TI Developmental stage sensitivity and mode of action information for androgen agonists and antagonists SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment Approaches for the 21st Century CY APR 10-13, 2000 CL KINGS ISL, OHIO SP Tri Serv USAF, USA, USN Toxicol, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE critical windows; mode of toxicity; mechanism of action; developmental toxicity; vinclozolin; androgens; antiandrogenic; mode of action; male sexual development; risk assessment; androgen receptor ID MALE-RAT; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; TESTOSTERONE LEVELS; INHIBIN-B; IN-VIVO; VINCLOZOLIN; FUNGICIDE; EXPRESSION; HORMONE AB The response from exposure to a toxic agent during development may vary depending on the dose, time of exposure and the mode of action. The mode of action and developmental stage sensitivity are established only for a limited number of chemical classes. Some aspects of developmental stage sensitivity that appear to affect the response to androgen agonists and antagonists are the levels and distribution of endogenous androgens and the androgen receptor at particular times during development. This information is summarized and discussed as it relates to two critical windows of development: the period of male reproductive tract differentiation, and the peripubertal period when male sexual maturation occurs. Developmental stage sensitivity and mode of action data for the androgen antagonist vinclozolin are reviewed. Vinclozolin acts by binding to and activating the androgen receptor and affects a number of endpoints of reproductive tract differentiation as well as pubertal maturation. Approaches to incorporating mode of action, developmental stage sensitivity, and dose/potency information into risk assessment, as well as the additional data needed for using mode of action information, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in risk assessment are discussed. These issues are also considered in the context of combining the risks of exposure to two or more chemicals with similar modes of action. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Euling, SY (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 274 IS 1-3 BP 103 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00736-7 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450EH UT WOS:000169728200009 PM 11453286 ER PT J AU Chick, SE Koopman, JS Soorapanth, S Brown, ME AF Chick, SE Koopman, JS Soorapanth, S Brown, ME TI Infection transmission system models for microbial risk assessment SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment Approaches for the 21st Century CY APR 10-13, 2000 CL KINGS ISL, OHIO SP Tri Serv USAF, USA, USN Toxicol, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE microbial risk; infection transmission system; epidemic model; population risk ID CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; OUTBREAK; HELICOBACTER; FRAMEWORK; MILWAUKEE; WISCONSIN; WATER AB Chemical risk assessments often focus on measuring exposure as if individuals were subject only to exogenous environmental sources of risk. For infectious diseases, exposure might not only depend on exogenous sources of microbes, but also on the infection status of other individuals in the population. For example, waterborne infections from agents such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli: O157:H7 might be transmitted from contaminated water to humans through drinking water; from interpersonal contact; or from infected individuals to the environment, and back to other susceptible individuals. These multiple pathways and the dependency of exposure on the prevalence of infection in a population suggest that epidemiological models are required to complement standard risk assessments in order to quantify the risk of infection. This paper presents new models of infection transmission systems that are being developed for the US Environmental Protection Agency as part of a project to quantify the risk of microbial infection. The models are designed to help inform water treatment system design decisions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Ind & Operat Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chick, SE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Ind & Operat Engn, 1205 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Soorapanth, Sada/0000-0002-0644-9082 NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 274 IS 1-3 BP 197 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00749-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450EH UT WOS:000169728200018 PM 11453296 ER PT J AU Efroymson, RA Murphy, DL AF Efroymson, RA Murphy, DL TI Ecological risk assessment of multimedia hazardous air pollutants: estimating exposure and effects SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment Approaches for the 21st Century CY APR 10-13, 2000 CL KINGS ISL, OHIO SP Tri Serv USAF, USA, USN Toxicol, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE air pollution; multimedia model; ecological risk assessment; exposure ID MODEL; CHEMICALS AB Hazardous air pollutants, some of which have the potential far multimedia distribution, raise several hurdles for ecological risk assessment including: (1) the development of an adequate transport, fate and exposure model; and (2) the selection of exposure-response models that can accommodate multiple exposure routes for ecological receptors. To address the first issue, the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has developed TRIM.FaTE, a mass-balance, fate, transport, and ecological exposure model that is a component of the Total Risk Integrated Methodology (TRIM) for air pollutants. In addition to abiotic transfers and transformations, TRIM.FaTE estimates the uptake of a chemical by terrestrial and aquatic organisms with time. Measures of exposure that TRIM.FaTE can provide include: (1) body burdens or tissue concentrations; (2) doses averaged over any time period; or (3) concentrations of chemicals in abiotic media. The model provides the user with the flexibility to choose the exposure-response thresholds or dose-response relationships that are best suited to data availability, routes of exposure, and the mechanism of toxicity of the chemical to an ecological receptor. One of the challenges of incorporating TRIM.FaTE into a risk assessment methodology lies in defining a streamlined model simulation scenario for initial screening-level risk assessments. These assessments may encompass multiple facilities that emit a variety of pollutants near diverse ecosystems. The information on ecological risk assessment methodology that is described is applicable to the EPA Residual Risk Program with emphasis on multimedia pollutants and the role of TRIM.FaTE. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Efroymson, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Efroymson, Rebecca/0000-0002-3190-880X NR 23 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 274 IS 1-3 BP 219 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00745-8 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450EH UT WOS:000169728200020 PM 11453299 ER PT J AU Schakenbach, JT AF Schakenbach, JT TI Use of calibration gases in the US acid rain program SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article DE gas analysis; calibration; acid rain AB The United States Acid Rain Program continuous emission monitors (CEMs) have been successful in producing quality-assured data 95% of the time, and in meeting a relative accuracy standard of less than or equal to 10.0% at over 99% of the CEMs in the program. One key reason for this high accuracy is the required use of high quality calibration gases in certification and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) tests. An annual QA audit helps ensure high quality calibration gases. A third party purchases gases from gas vendors. An Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) laboratory analyzes the gases and compares the results with the tag value on the cylinder. The results are posted on an EPA website. This allows purchasers of calibration gases to buy gases from vendors producing the most accurate gases. Over time, we believe it also results in better accuracy from all gas vendors. Because of a change in SO2 quantification methodology, SO2 emissions were underreported by approximately 2% between 1989 and 1996. EPA, the National Institute for Standards and Technology and calibration gas vendors collaborated to produce a correction policy and a standard correction form to be used by affected electric utility plants. Calibration gas cylinder tag values were required to be corrected by 1 January, 1997. In the future, it is possible that cleaner, more varied sources will be regulated for greenhouse effect, ozone and toxic emissions control. This will probably require more accurate CEMs, lower calibration gas concentrations, and a broader menu of gas mixtures. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schakenbach, JT (reprint author), US EPA, 401M St,SW 6204 N, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 6 IS 7 BP 297 EP 301 DI 10.1007/s007690100350 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 454BM UT WOS:000169952600004 ER PT J AU Lallas, PL AF Lallas, PL TI The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Int Environm Law Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lallas, PL (reprint author), US EPA, Int Environm Law Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 6 U2 22 PU AMER SOC INT LAW PI WASHINGTON PA 2223 MASSACHUSETTS AVE N W, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-2864 USA SN 0002-9300 J9 AM J INT LAW JI Am. J. Int. Law PD JUL PY 2001 VL 95 IS 3 BP 692 EP 708 DI 10.2307/2668517 PG 17 WC International Relations; Law SC International Relations; Government & Law GA 487BC UT WOS:000171853000015 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Scali, R Weis, JS AF Zhou, T Scali, R Weis, JS TI Effects of methylmercury on ontogeny of prey capture ability and growth in three populations of larval Fundulus heteroclitus SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; EMBRYONIC EXPOSURE; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; COHO SALMON; BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENT; MUMMICHOG AB We used three populations of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), one from a polluted site (Piles Creek [PC], New Jersey) and two from cleaner sites (Tuckerton [TK], New Jersey, and East Hampton [EH], New York), to study (1) whether embryonic, embryonic plus larval, or larval exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) altered larval prey capture ability and growth; and (2) whether there were differences in tolerance to MeHg-induced behavioral changes among the three populations. Eggs and sperm were obtained from mummichogs captured in the field, and their embryos and larvae were kept in clean sea water or MeHg solution (5, 10 mug/L). Larvae were then tested regularly for prey capture rates and prey capture efficiencies, and their lengths were measured. Embryonic exposure to MeHg induced transitory and recoverable impairments in larval prey capture ability, whereas larval exposure alone was relatively ineffective. When both embryos and larvae were treated, larval prey capture ability was affected at a lower concentration and a wider range of larval ages. In terms of growth and prey capture ability, response of larvae to embryonic or larval or exposure to both stages to MeHg Varied with populations. TK fish were the most tolerant with respect to behavioral changes but were the most sensitive to MeHg in reduction of growth. EH fish were the most sensitive whenever embryos were treated, and PC fish were the most vulnerable after larval exposure. The population differences in response to MeHg intoxication may be due to pollution related factors or differences in behavioral-related genetic factors. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RP Zhou, T (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 439VH UT WOS:000169137900005 PM 11385589 ER PT J AU Geron, C Harley, P Guenther, A AF Geron, C Harley, P Guenther, A TI Isoprene emission capacity for US tree species SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Liquidambar; Nyssa; Populus; Quercus; Robinia; Salix; oak; emission factor; isoprene capacity; leaf temperature; photosynthetically active radiation ID BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; TROPICAL FOREST CANOPY; DECIDUOUS FOREST; UNITED-STATES; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; REGIONAL OZONE; GAS-EXCHANGE; FLUXES; MODEL AB Isoprene emission capacity measurements are presented from 18 North American oak (Quercus) species and species from six other genera previously found to emit significant quantities of isoprene. Sampling was conducted at physiographically diverse locations in North Carolina, Central California, and Northern Oregon. Emissions from several sun leaves of each species were measured at or near standard conditions (leaf temperature of 30 degreesC and photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) using environmentally controlled cuvette systems and gas chromatography with reduction gas detectors. Species mean emission capacity ranged from 39 to 158 mug C g(-1) h(-1) (mean of 86), or 22 to 79 nmol m(-2) s(-1) (mean of 44). These rates are 2-28 times higher than those previously reported from the same species, which were summarized in a recent study where isoprene emission rates were assigned based on published data and taxonomy. These discrepancies were attributed to differences in leaf environment during development, measurement technique (branch or plant enclosure versus leaf enclosure), and lack of environmental measurements associated with some of the earlier branch enclosure measurements. Mass-based emission capacities for 15 of 18 oak species. sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and poplars (Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides) were within ranges used in current biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission models, while measured rates for the remaining three oak species, Nyssa sylvatica, Platanus occidentalis. Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix nigra, and Populus hybrids (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) were considerably higher. In addition, mean specific leaf mass of the oak species was 30% higher than assumed in current emission models. Emission rates reported here and in other recent studies support recent conclusions that isoprene emission capacities for sun leaves of high emitting species may be better represented by a value of 100 +/- 50 mug C g(-1) h(-1) during hot summer conditions. We also find that intermediate isoprene emission rates previously suggested for some tree species may not represent their true emission capacities, and that broadleaf plant species may have either low (< 1.0 mug C g(-1) h(-1)) or very high (similar to 100 mug C g(-1) h(-1)) genetic capacity to emit isoprene when mature foliage is exposed to a high ambient temperature and light environment. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geron, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; OI Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 66 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 35 IS 19 BP 3341 EP 3352 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00407-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 446WV UT WOS:000169537900011 ER PT J AU Rea, AW Lindberg, SE Keeler, GJ AF Rea, AW Lindberg, SE Keeler, GJ TI Dry deposition and foliar leaching of mercury and selected trace elements in deciduous forest throughfall SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biogeochemical cycling; atmospheric deposition; foliar leaching; throughfall; mercury; trace elements ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; PLANT UPTAKE; EXCHANGE; VAPOR; TRANSPORT; CANOPY; METHYLMERCURY; CALCIUM; LEAVES; SOILS AB The estimated annual throughfall deposition flux of Hg in a northern mixed-hardwood forest in the Lake Huron Watershed was 10.5 +/- 1.0 mug m(-2) compared to an annual precipitation Hg flux of 8.7 +/- 0.5 mug m(-2) (June 1999-June 1997). The source of this additional Hg in throughfall is often attributed to wash-off of dry deposition, but foliar leaching of Hg may also be important. To determine the influence of both dry deposition and foliar leaching of Hg and other elements in throughfall, we measured a suite of trace elements (Hg, Al, Mg, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Ba, La, Ce, and Pb) in throughfall, precipitation, and ambient air samples from a northern mixed-hardwood forest. Based on a multiple linear regression model, dry deposition had the most important influence on Hg, Al, La, Ce, V, As, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb fluxes while foliar leaching strongly influenced Mg, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Ba fluxes in net: throughfall. The Hg dry deposition flux was estimated using gaseous and aerosol Hg measurements and modeled deposition velocities. The calculated dry deposition flux (similar to 12-14 mug m(-2)) of Hg to the canopy indicated that atmospheric deposition of Hg could easily account for all of the Hg deposited in net throughfall (1.9 +/- 0.1 mug m(-2)). Although there is a large uncertainty associated with these techniques, the modeling estimates indicate that atmospheric Hg may account for all of the Hg deposited in litterfall (11.4 d +/- 2.8 mug m(-2)). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Rea, AW (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rea.anne@epa.gov NR 38 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 4 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 35 IS 20 BP 3453 EP 3462 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00133-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 453VX UT WOS:000169938100009 ER PT J AU Bell, SS Brooks, RA Robbins, BD Fonseca, MS Hall, MO AF Bell, SS Brooks, RA Robbins, BD Fonseca, MS Hall, MO TI Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: implications for seagrass conservation SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE faunal response; fragmentation; seagrass; conservation ID ZOSTERA-MARINA L; PATCH SIZE; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; INFAUNAL BIVALVE; BOAT MOORINGS; BAY SCALLOPS; GROWTH; BEDS; COMMUNITIES AB Fragmentation in seagrass systems results in changes to landscape features that may have implications for fauna. We examine published studies to identify whether faunal abundance shows any relationship with patch size of seagrass beds, suggesting preferential use of the edge or interior by seagrass associated taxa. In a series of studies in Tampa Bay, FL, we also examined: (1) the relationship between abundance of both fish and amphipod fauna and seagrass patch size in 24 seagrass (Halodule wrightii) beds (5-93 m(2)) in 1994 and 1995; (2) whether abundance of the infaunal polychaete, Kinbergonuphis simoni, was significantly different within the 1 m edge versus interior of two seagrass (Halodule wrightii) beds of similar size and age; and (3) compared the spatial distribution of the tube-building polychaete, Spirorbis spirillum, in Thalassia testudinum seagrass beds in two sites in Tampa Bay. Neither review of the published literature on fauna and seagrass patch size nor the data presented from our Tampa Bay studies suggest that habitat fragmentation has any consistent impact on fauna over the spatial scales that have been investigated. Likewise, little evidence exists that identifies any taxonomic group to be fragmentation sensitive in that they differentially utilized edge or core areas of seagrass patches. While we did detect a reduction of both infaunal and epibenthic polychaetes at the 1 m edges of seagrass beds relative to interior areas, the reduction was not similar along all edges. Events such as seagrass die off or a high incidence of boat propeller-damage over an extensive area may be required to detect effects of habitat fragmentation on fauna. Given that patch size alone does not appear to adequately account for variation in faunal abundance, we suggest that restoration efforts might best focus upon locating areas with similarity of landscape context or patch characteristics other than patch size. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. US EPA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Commiss, Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Bell, SS (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 56 TC 122 Z9 126 U1 17 U2 78 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 100 IS 1 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00212-3 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445WJ UT WOS:000169481300012 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Mapp, FL Garges, JB Luft, JC Mori, C Dix, DJ AF Rockett, JC Mapp, FL Garges, JB Luft, JC Mori, C Dix, DJ TI Effects of hyperthermia on spermatogenesis, apoptosis, gene expression, and fertility in adult male mice SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; gamete biology; gene regulation; spermatogenesis; testis ID GERM-CELL APOPTOSIS; NORMAL FEMALE MICE; SERTOLI CELLS; MOUSE TESTIS; SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM; HSP70 EXPRESSION; MALE-INFERTILITY; DNA ARRAYS; HEAT; LAMININ AB Testicular heat shock was used to characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in male fertility. This model is relevant because heat shock proteins (HSPs) are required for spermatogenesis and also protect cells from environmental hazards such as heat, radiation, and chemicals. Cellular and molecular methods were used to characterize effects of testicular heat shock (43 degreesC for 20 min) at different times posttreatment. Mating studies confirmed conclusions, based on histopathology, that spermatocytes are the most susceptible cell type. Apoptosis in spermatocytes was confirmed by TUNEL, and was temporally correlated with the expression of stress-inducible Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-3 proteins in spermatocytes. To further characterize gene expression networks associated with heat shock-induced effects, we used DNA microarrays to interrogate the expression of 2208 genes and thousands more expression sequence tags expressed in mouse testis. Of these genes, 27 were up-regulated and 151 were down-regulated after heat shock. Array data were concordant with the disruption of meiotic spermatogenesis, the heat-induced expression of HSPs, and an increase in apoptotic spermatocytes. Furthermore, array data indicated increased expression of four additional non-HSP stress response genes, and eight cell-adhesion, signaling, and signal-transduction genes. Decreased expression was recorded for 10 DNA repair and recombination genes; 9 protein synthesis, folding, and targeting genes; 9 cell cycle genes; 5 apoptosis genes; and 4 glutathione metabolism genes. Thus, the array data identify numerous candidate genes for further analysis in the heat-shocked testis model, and suggest multiple possible mechanisms for heat shock-induced infertility. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 72, Hlth Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Chiba Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Chiba 2608670, Japan. CREST, Kawaguchi City, Saitama 3320012, Japan. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 72, Hlth Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 157 Z9 179 U1 5 U2 26 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.1.229 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 446LY UT WOS:000169515800029 PM 11420244 ER PT J AU Zahalka, EA Ellis, DH Goldey, ES Stanton, ME Lau, C AF Zahalka, EA Ellis, DH Goldey, ES Stanton, ME Lau, C TI Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls Aroclor 1016 or 1254 did not alter brain catecholamines nor delayed alternation performance in Long-Evans rats SO BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; CNS development; behaviors ID PROPYLTHIOURACIL-INDUCED HYPOTHYROIDISM; THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; SUBSTITUTED PCB CONGENERS; NONHUMAN PRIMATE BRAIN; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; ADULT-RATS; NOREPINEPHRINE CONCENTRATIONS; DOPAMINE CONCENTRATIONS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE AB Several reports have indicated that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) altered development of biogenic amine systems in the brain, impaired behavioral performances, and disrupted maturation of the thyroid axis. The current study examines whether these developmental effects of PCB are correlated. Timed-pregnant Long-Evans rats were gavaged with the PCB mixture Aroclor 1016 (A-1016, 10 mg/kg)from gestation day (GD) 6 to parturition. Some pups continued to receive daily oral administration of PCB (10 mg/kg) until weaning at postnatal day (PD) 21. Another group of pregnant rats was given Aroclor 1254 (A-1254, 8 mg/kg) daily from GD 6 to weaning. At various age intervals, rats were sacrificed and six brain regions (prefrontal cortex, striatum hippocampus, diencephalon, cerebellum, midbrain + brain stem) were removed and analyzed for dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, transmitter turnover rates were determined after an acute treatment of a-methyl-p-tyrosine. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) by radioimmunoassay. Behaviorally, rats were evaluated for spatial learning and memory by means of T-maze delayed alternation and Morris maze tasks on PD 23 and PD 70, respectively. A-1016 treatment produced only small and transient reductions in body weight gain, and generally did not alter the thyroid status of the developing rats. It did not cause any significant changes in DA or NE level, or turnover rate in any of the brain regions examined, nor did it affect behavioral measures of cognitive development. In contrast, perinatal exposure to A-1254 led to marked deficits of growth, and sharply reduced serum T(4), although T(3) remained largely unaffected. Accompanying this hormonal imbalance, brain NE contents in the A-1254-exposed pups were reduced, although brain DA was not significantly affected; no demonstrable neurobehavioral deficits were seen in the T-maze or Morris maze tests. These results indicated that development of central noradrenergic neurons was compromised by perinatal exposure to A-1254 but not A-1016, and both PCB mixtures failed to alter behavioral performances. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Toxicol Curriculum, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Mantech Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Lau, C (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Mail Drop 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lau.christopher@epa.gov NR 62 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0361-9230 J9 BRAIN RES BULL JI Brain Res. Bull. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 55 IS 4 BP 487 EP 500 DI 10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00548-2 PG 14 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 470YP UT WOS:000170900300007 PM 11543949 ER PT J AU Prahalad, AK Inmon, J Dailey, LA Madden, MC Ghio, AJ Gallagher, JE AF Prahalad, AK Inmon, J Dailey, LA Madden, MC Ghio, AJ Gallagher, JE TI Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA base damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OIL FLY-ASH; 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE HYDROXYLATION; OXIDANT GENERATION; RADICAL GENERATION; FENTON REACTIONS; IN-VITRO; IRON; LUNG; COAL; EXPOSURE AB Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between increased human morbidity and mortality with exposure to air pollution particulate matter. We hypothesized that such effects may be associated with the ability of the particles to mediate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), either directly, via interaction with ambient oxygen or indirectly through initiation of an oxidative burst in phagocytes. To test this hypothesis, we determined 8-oxo-dG formation as a measure of direct generation of ROS, in response to particulate exposures to 2 ' -deoxyguanosine (dG), free and in calf thymus DNA in aerated solutions as the target molecule and cell culture, to assess the relationship between induction of oxidative damage, particulate metal content and metal bioreactivity. The HPLC-ECD technique was employed for separation and quantification of 8-oxo-dG, the most widely recognized marker of DNA oxidation. Particles used in this study include: Arizona desert dust (AZDD), coal fly ash (CFA and ECFA), oil fly ash (OFA and ROFA), and ambient air [SRM 1649 and Dusseldorf(DUSS), Germany]. The major difference between these particles is the concentration of water-soluble metals. The fly ash particulates OFA and ROFA showed a significant dose-dependent increase in dG hydroxylation to 8-oxo-dG formation over the control dG (p < 0.05), with yields 0.03 and 1.25% at the highest particulate concentration (1 mg/mL). Metal ion chelators and DMSO, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, inhibited this hydroxylation. In contrast, desert dust, coal fly ash and urban air particles induced 8-oxo-dG with yields ranging from 0.003 to 0.006%, respectively, with levels unaffected by pretreatment of the particles with metal ion chelators or addition of DMSO to the incubation mixture. When calf thymus DNA was used as a substrate, all the particles induced 8-oxo-dG in a pattern similar to that observed for dG hydroxylation, but with relatively less yield. Treatment of the particles with metal ion chelator before reacting with DNA or addition of catalase in the incubation mixture, suppressed 8-oxo-dG formation significantly(p < 0.05) in oil-derived fly ash particles only. To determine whether the oxidative responses of these particulates as shown in cell-free systems were consistent with responses using a more biologically relevant environment, human airway epithelial cells were treated with the particulates and induction of 8-oxo-dG was determined. Al particles induced 8-oxo-dG in the DNA of cells above culture control, except CFA. Cells exposed to 10-400 mg/mL of ROFA for 2 h induced a dose-dependent increase in 8-oxo-dG formation. Treatment of ROFA with metal ion chelator attenuated these effects. Overall, damage enhancement by particulates in dG, calf thymus, and cellular DNA as determined by 8-oxo-dG formation under aerobic conditions is consistent with the concentration of water-soluble, not the total metal content of the particle. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Gallagher, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gallagher.jane@epamail.epa.gov NR 30 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 14 IS 7 BP 879 EP 887 DI 10.1021/tx010022e PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 454YP UT WOS:000169999600013 PM 11453735 ER PT J AU Tsiros, IX AF Tsiros, IX TI A screening model-based study of transport fluxes and fate of airborne mercury deposited onto catchment areas SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE biogeochemical cycling; air toxics; trace metals; atmospheric deposition; emission; modeling ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; METHYLMERCURY; AIR; ATMOSPHERE; WISCONSIN; EXCHANGE; WETLANDS; TESTS; VAPOR; WATER AB Dynamics of airborne mercury deposited onto catchment areas is investigated within the framework of a simulation model. Model results show that, for a particular atmospheric deposition rate, significant interannual variability in mercury transport flux in catchments is caused by climatology and corresponding differences in catchment soil loss rates; in comparison to the normal year, runoff flux increased by a factor of 2-3 for the wet year (rainfall 35% above normal) while for the dry year (rainfall 18% below normal) runoff flux decreased by factors of 5-7. The interaction of parameters describing soil type, topography and vegetation cover causes variability in both transport and emission fluxes among catchments; as soil loss rate increases by a factor of 5 due to variations in these parameters among the examined catchments, annual average transport flux increases by a factor of 3; and annual average emission flux of mercury (as Hg-0) from soil to the atmosphere decreases by a factor of 2 due to the decreased levels of soil mercury associated with catchment soil loss increases. Seasonal variability of transport flux is associated with seasonal changes in precipitation and soil loss rates while seasonal changes of emission flux are primarily due to changes in soil moisture regime and temperature. Although modeled results are consistent with observational data from previous studies, they must be interpreted in a relative sense due to the screening-level character of this study. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, IX (reprint author), Agr Univ Athens, Dept Gen Sci, 75 Iera Odos Str, Athens 11855, Greece. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 99 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00212-5 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 446WU UT WOS:000169537800002 PM 11444316 ER PT J AU Jayaraman, S Pruell, RJ McKinney, R AF Jayaraman, S Pruell, RJ McKinney, R TI Extraction of organic contaminants from marine sediments and tissues using microwave energy SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE microwave extraction; PCBs; PAHs; chlorinated pesticides ID ASSISTED EXTRACTION; POLLUTANTS; SOILS AB In this study, we compared microwave solvent extraction (MSE) to conventional methods for extracting organic contaminants from marine sediments and tissues with high and varying moisture content. The organic contaminants measured were polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, chlorinated pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Initial experiments were conducted on dry standard reference materials (SRMs) and field collected marine sediments. Moisture content in samples greatly influenced the recovery of the analytes of interest. When wet sediments were included in a sample batch, low recoveries were often encountered in other samples in the batch, including the dry SRM. Experiments were conducted to test the: effect of standardizing the moisture content in all samples in a batch prior to extraction, SRM1941a (marine sediment), SRM1974a (mussel tissue), as well as QA96SED6 (marine sediment), and QA96TIS7 (marine tissue), both from 1996 NIST Intercalibration Exercise were extracted using microwave and conventional methods. Moisture levels were adjusted in SRMs to match those of marine sediment and tissue samples before microwave extraction. The results demonstrated that it is crucial to standardize the moisture content in all samples, including dry reference material to ensure good recovery of organic contaminants. MSE yielded equivalent or superior recoveries compared to conventional methods for the majority of the compounds evaluated. The advantages of MSE over conventional methods are reduced solvent usage, higher sample throughput and the elimination of halogenated solvent usage. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Jayaraman, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 11 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 181 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00201-0 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 446WU UT WOS:000169537800010 PM 11444299 ER PT J AU Kagan, E Iwagaki, A Choe, N Zhang, P Wang, YZ Bonner, JC AF Kagan, E Iwagaki, A Choe, N Zhang, P Wang, YZ Bonner, JC TI Tyrosine nitration and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in asbestosis-induced pulmonary fibrosis SO CHEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Annual Thomas L Petty Aspen Lung Conference: Mechanisms of Pulmonary Fribrosis CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 2000 CL ASPEN, COLORADO C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Kagan, E (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD JUL PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1 SU S BP 26S EP 27S DI 10.1378/chest.120.1_suppl.S26 PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 453LM UT WOS:000169917400029 ER PT J AU Rush, AN Robinette, BL Stanton, ME AF Rush, AN Robinette, BL Stanton, ME TI Ontogenetic differences in the effects of unpaired stimulus preexposure on eyeblink conditioning in the rat SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neural plasticity; brain development; associative learning; memory; entorhinal cortex; cerebellum; development psychobiology ID ENTORHINAL CORTEX; RESPONSES; LESIONS; MEMORY; US AB Learned irrelevance (LIr) is a Pavlovian conditioning phenomenon in which random or unpaired preexposure to a conditional stimulus (CS) and to an unconditional stimulus (US) retards subsequent paired conditioning involving these stimuli. A previous development study of eyeblink conditioning in the rat suggested that LIr is not present on postnatal Day 20. Stanton, Fox, and Carter (1998) showed that unpaired preexposure to a CS and a US on postnatal Day 17 failed to retard (and, in fact, facilitated) subsequent paired conditioning involving these stimuli on postnatal Day 20. The present experiment 1, LIr was observed when rat pups were tested for eyeblink conditioning as described in Stanton et al. (1998), except that preexposure occurred on postnatal Day 27, and acquisition testing occurred on postnatal Day 30, and four types of preexposure were compared: chamber only, CS alone, US alone, or unpaired presentation of CS and US. Unpaired preexposure impaired acquisition relative to that of the remaining three groups, which did not differ. Experiment 3, showed that under the conditions of Experiment 2, LIr failed to appear on postnatal Day 20, but was observed on postnatal Days 25 and 30. These findings suggest that learning that events are unrelated emerges between postnatal Days 20 and 25 in the rat. Possible behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying this effects are discussed. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stanton, ME (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, CB 3270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0012-1630 J9 DEV PSYCHOBIOL JI Dev. Psychobiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 IS 1 BP 8 EP 18 DI 10.1002/dev.1023 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Psychology SC Developmental Biology; Psychology GA 449VZ UT WOS:000169709000002 PM 11507705 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW Fitzsimmons, PN Whiteman, FW Kuehl, DW Butterworth, BC Jenson, CT AF Nichols, JW Fitzsimmons, PN Whiteman, FW Kuehl, DW Butterworth, BC Jenson, CT TI Dietary uptake kinetics of 2,2 ',5,5 '-tetrachlorobiphenyl in rainbow trout SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; AQUATIC FOOD-WEBS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; LAKE-ONTARIO; GASTRIC EVACUATION; FISH; BIOACCUMULATION; ABSORPTION; BIOMAGNIFICATION AB The disposition of [UL-C-14]2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied in acute dietary exposures using TCB-contaminated fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Trout were sampled at several postfeeding time points and TCB-derived radioactivity was measured in gut contents and selected tissues. Gastric evacuation was exponential with time and was 95% complete within 36 h of feeding. The ratio of activity in upper intestinal tissue to that in blood declined between 6 and 48 h, as did the lumenal contents/tissue ratio, Stomach content lipid declined between 0 and 24 h, while the lipid content of chyme remained relatively constant, These observations are consistent with liquid phase emptying of lipid and TCB to the upper intestine followed by rapid coassimilation. Tissue/blood activity ratios for the stomach, lower intestine, muscle, liver, and kidney were constant and probably represented near equilibrium conditions. The fat/blood activity ratio increased through 96 h, indicating that TCB was redistributing to fat. The lower intestinal tissue/feces activity ratio increased between 6 and 24 h and then declined rapidly. Fecal lipid content also increased between 6 and 24 h, but the amount of this increase was insufficient to explain observed changes in the distribution of TCB-derived activity. A small amount of 3-hydroxy TCB was detected in feces. Generally, however, metabolism had little or no impact on the uptake, distribution or elimination of TCB. Measured assimilation efficiencies exceeded 90% and are the highest ever reported in fish feeding studies with TCB. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1013 EP 1022 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 446HA UT WOS:000169506200013 PM 11408368 ER PT J AU Rupp, HR AF Rupp, HR TI Integrated mosquito management: No new thing SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Reg 2, Edison, NJ USA. RP Rupp, HR (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 2, Edison, NJ USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 761 EP 761 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300034 PM 11585548 ER PT J AU Buznikov, GA Nikitina, LA Bezuglov, VV Lauder, JM Padilla, S Slotkin, TA AF Buznikov, GA Nikitina, LA Bezuglov, VV Lauder, JM Padilla, S Slotkin, TA TI An invertebrate model of the developmental neurotoxicity of insecticides: Effects of chlorpyrifos and dieldrin in sea urchin embryos and larvae SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID CYCLASE SIGNALING CASCADE; RAT BRAIN-STEM; IN-VITRO; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE; CELLULAR MECHANISMS; CLEAVAGE DIVISIONS; HEALTH RISKS; PC12 CELLS AB Chlorpyrifos targets mammalian bra-in development through a combination of effects directed at cholinergic receptors and intracellular signaling cascades that are involved in cell differentiation. We used sea urchin embryos as an invertebrate model system to explore the cellular mechanisms underlying the actions of chlorpyrifos and to delineate the critical period of developmental vulnerability. Sea urchin embryos and larvae were exposed to chlorpyrifos at different stages of development ranging from early cell cleavages through the prism stage. Although early cleavages were unaffected even at high chlorpyrifos concentrations, micromolar concentrations added at the midblastula stage evoked a prominent change in cell phenotype and overall larval structure, with appearance of pigmented cells followed by their accumulation in an extralarval cap that was extruded from the animal pole. At higher concentrations (20-40 muM), these abnormal cells constituted over 90% of the total cell number. Studies with cholinergic receptor blocking agents and protein kinase C inhibitors indicated two distinct types of effects, one mediated through stimulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors and the other targeting intracellular signaling. The effects of chlorpyrifos were not mimicked by chlorpyrifos oxon, the active metabolite that inhibits cholinesterase, nor by nonorganophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors. Dieldrin, an organochlorine that targets GABAA receptors, was similarly ineffective. The effects of chlorpyrifos and its underlying cholinergic and signaling-related mechanisms parallel prior findings in mammalian embryonic central nervous system. Invertebrate test systems may thus provide both a screening procedure for potential neuroteratogenesis by organophosphate-related compounds, as well as a system with which to uncover novel mechanisms underlying developmental vulnerability. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Russian Acad Sci, NK Koltzov Inst Dev Biol, Moscow, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Shemyakin Ovchinnikov Inst Bioorgan Chem, Moscow, Russia. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Slotkin, TA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Box 3813 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RI Bezuglov, Vladimir/H-8255-2013 OI Bezuglov, Vladimir/0000-0001-8439-8607 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10356, ES10387, ES10159] NR 65 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 109 IS 7 BP 651 EP 661 DI 10.2307/3454780 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 459PP UT WOS:000170260100021 PM 11485862 ER PT J AU Ferguson, D Chen, ASC Stencel, N AF Ferguson, D Chen, ASC Stencel, N TI Recycling a nonionic aqueous-based metal-cleaning solution with a ceramic membrane: Pilot-scale evaluation SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB The effectiveness of a zirconium dioxide (ZrO(2)) membrane filter was evaluated for recycling a nonionic aqueous metal cleaning bath under real-world conditions. The pilot-scale study consisted of four 7- to 16-day filtration runs, Each processed a portion of the cleaning bath during immersion cleaning of aircraft engine and motor parts. The results indicated that the filter aas effective in removing contaminants such as oil and grease and suspended solids from the process solution, thus extending the life-span of the bath up to three times. The process bath, however, bad to be replenished with, surfactant additives to compensate for those removed by the filter. The fouled membrane could be effectively cleaned with its permeability fully restored for reuse. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. USN, Facil Engn Serv Ctr, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. RP Ferguson, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1002/ep.670200216 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 457JC UT WOS:000170132800011 ER PT J AU Chomitz, KM Griffiths, C AF Chomitz, KM Griffiths, C TI An economic analysis and simulation of woodfuel management in the Sahel SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Africa; biomass; Chad; charcoal; fuelwood; Sahel; simulation; woodfuel AB This paper presents an economic framework and a computational methodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costs and the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodland setting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs of transport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuel to a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specified demand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction, regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is applied to evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios for woodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad. C1 World Bank, Dev Res Grp, Washington, DC 20433 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chomitz, KM (reprint author), World Bank, Dev Res Grp, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 19 IS 3 BP 285 EP 304 DI 10.1023/A:1011184808319 PG 20 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 448GJ UT WOS:000169618800005 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Foss, SS Harris, PS Stanley, RS Moore, JC AF Lewis, MA Foss, SS Harris, PS Stanley, RS Moore, JC TI Sediment chemical contamination and toxicity associated with a coastal golf course complex SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE coastal golf course; sediment; contaminants; toxicity ID COURSE RUNOFF; PESTICIDES; QUALITY; WATERS AB The increasing density of golf courses represents a potential source of sediment contamination to nearby coastal areas, the chemical and biological magnitude of which is almost unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of contaminants and toxicities of sediments impacted by a coastal golf course complex. Sediment contaminant concentrations were determined at least twice during the two-year study period at 14 sampling stations. In addition, a combination of acute and chronic bioassays were conducted exposing four invertebrate test species to whole sediments and associated pore waters. Overall, the Florida, USA, golf course complex had a measurable impact on sediment chemical quality, particularly in near-field areas. Higher concentrations of several trace metals and organochlorine pesticides were detected in many golf course-associated sediments compared with reference areas; however, concentrations decreased seaward and only a few, primarily chlorinated pesticides, exceeded proposed sediment quality guidelines. Chromium, zinc, and mercury were detected more frequently than other trace metals. The DDT and associated metabolites, dieldrin and chlordane, were the more commonly detected organic contaminants. Acute toxicity was uncommon and occurred consistently for sediment collected from one coastal location. In contrast, chronic toxicity occurred at several study sites based on the response of Mysidopris bahia. It was concluded that the impact of golf course runoff on sediment quality may be subtle and sensitive biological assessment methods, such as chronic toxicity tests, will be needed to detect adverse effects. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 42 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1390 EP 1398 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1390:SCCATA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 446TC UT WOS:000169527700002 PM 11434280 ER PT J AU Dosemeci, M Alavanje, M Rowland, A Mage, D Zahm, S Thoms, K Lubin, J Hoppin, J Sandler, D Blair, A AF Dosemeci, M Alavanje, M Rowland, A Mage, D Zahm, S Thoms, K Lubin, J Hoppin, J Sandler, D Blair, A TI A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the agricultural health study SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 80 BP S25 EP S25 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500075 ER PT J AU Hopenhayn-Rich, C Browning, SR Ferreccio, C Huang, B Peralta, C Hertz-Picciotto, I Gomez-Caminero, A Gibb, H AF Hopenhayn-Rich, C Browning, SR Ferreccio, C Huang, B Peralta, C Hertz-Picciotto, I Gomez-Caminero, A Gibb, H TI The effects of arsenic in drinking water on birth weight SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Prevent Med & Environm Hlth, Lexington, KY USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Catholic Univ Chile, GREDIS, Santiago, Chile. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 444 BP S82 EP S82 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500403 ER PT J AU London, S Gauderman, W Avol, E Rappaport, E Peters, J AF London, S Gauderman, W Avol, E Rappaport, E Peters, J TI Family history and the risk of early onset persistent, early onset transient and late onset asthma SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 529 BP S95 EP S95 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500480 ER PT J AU Mendola, P AF Mendola, P TI Consideration of children's distinctive susceptibility in environmental health studies. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Carty, Cara/B-8683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 272 BP S55 EP S55 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500245 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Welsh, D Barr, D Needham, L Hilborn, E Hern, S Gonzales, M Robertson, G Rhoney, S Royster, M Carty, C Creason, J AF Mendola, P Welsh, D Barr, D Needham, L Hilborn, E Hern, S Gonzales, M Robertson, G Rhoney, S Royster, M Carty, C Creason, J TI Organophosphate pesticide metabolites in urine from preschool children with flu-like illnesses. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Carty, Cara/B-8683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 275 BP S55 EP S55 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500247 ER PT J AU Noble, CA Rodes, CE Ozkaynak, HA Mukerjee, S Gonzales, M Neas, LM AF Noble, CA Rodes, CE Ozkaynak, HA Mukerjee, S Gonzales, M Neas, LM TI Continuous measurement of ultrafine particulate matter in El Paso, Texas, USA, during winter 1999 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 458 BP S84 EP S84 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500417 ER PT J AU Osorio, AM Mines, R Gabbard, S Carroll, D AF Osorio, AM Mines, R Gabbard, S Carroll, D TI Profile of agricultural workers and pesticide use patterns within the United States, 1988-1998 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US Dept Labor, Washington, DC 20210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 160 BP S37 EP S37 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500144 ER PT J AU Pinto, J Ramadan, Z Hopke, P AF Pinto, J Ramadan, Z Hopke, P TI Source apportionment studies of PM-2.5 in two Czech cities: Possible uses in health studies SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Potsdam, NY USA. RI Hopke, Philip/C-6020-2008 OI Hopke, Philip/0000-0003-2367-9661 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 350 BP S67 EP S67 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500319 ER PT J AU Salo, PM Xia, J Avol, E Li, Y Johnson, CA Yang, J London, SJ AF Salo, PM Xia, J Avol, E Li, Y Johnson, CA Yang, J London, SJ TI Respiratory symptoms in relation to coal burning and smoking in the home among early adolescents in Wuhan, China SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Wuhan Publ Hlth & Antiepidem Stn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 528 BP S95 EP S95 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500479 ER PT J AU Schreinemachers, D AF Schreinemachers, D TI Perinatal exposures to chlorophenoxy herbicides in four US wheat-producing states SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 79 BP S25 EP S25 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500074 ER PT J AU Selevan, SG Mendola, P Rice, D AF Selevan, SG Mendola, P Rice, D TI Neurodevelopmental effects of environmental exposures SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment ORD, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 422 BP S79 EP S79 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500385 ER PT J AU Wilson, W AF Wilson, W TI The exposure paradox in particulate matter community time-series epidemiology: Can ambient concentrations of PM be used as a surrogate for personal exposure to PM? SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 348 BP S67 EP S67 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500317 ER PT J AU Wilson, W Mar, T Koenig, J AF Wilson, W Mar, T Koenig, J TI Air pollution epidemiology: Can information be obtained from the variations in significance and risk as a function of days after exposure (lag structure)? SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 345 BP S66 EP S66 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500314 ER PT J AU Yeargin-Allsopp, M AF Yeargin-Allsopp, M CA Longitudinal Cohort Study Interage TI The longitudinal cohort study of environmental effects on child health and development SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 232 BP S49 EP S49 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500209 ER PT J AU Bryant, PL Reid, LM Diala, ES Abbott, BD Buckalew, AR AF Bryant, PL Reid, LM Diala, ES Abbott, BD Buckalew, AR TI An in vitro model for murine ureteric epithelial cells SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Letter ID CULTURE C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, ACT Core Ctr Gastrointestinal & Biliary Dis Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 7 BP 395 EP 398 PG 4 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 472VU UT WOS:000171006300001 ER PT J AU Casteel, S Evans, T Turk, J Basta, N Weis, C Henningsen, G Hoffman, E AF Casteel, S Evans, T Turk, J Basta, N Weis, C Henningsen, G Hoffman, E TI Refining the risk assessment of metal-contaminated soils SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE lead, arsenic; cadmium; bioavailability; soil; fetus AB Determining the bioavailability of toxic metals (Pb, As, and Cd) in a diverse range of soils, allows scientifically derived data to dictate site-specific remedies to reduce the risk for sensitive human populations. Based on a series of dosing trials in a juvenile swine model, site-specific estimates of relative bioavailability of Pb in soil ranged from 3 % to 86 % compared to soluble lead acetate. Another experiment using a pregnant swine model revealed: 1) Pb accumulation in fetal tissues was 50 % or more of maternal and; 2) pregnant females accumulated 2-to-4 times more lead in tissues than unbred females. Relative bioavailability results for arsenic- and cadmium-contaminated soils further support the view that soil metals are not always as well absorbed as soluble forms, therefore use of default toxicity factors for assessing human health risk may overestimate the hazard. C1 Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Columbia, MO USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Reg 8, Denver, CO USA. RP Casteel, S (reprint author), VMDL, 1600 E Rollins, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 2 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 203 IS 5-6 BP 473 EP 474 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00049 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 465WL UT WOS:000170612900012 PM 11556152 ER PT J AU Marra, MC Hubbell, BJ Carlson, GA AF Marra, MC Hubbell, BJ Carlson, GA TI Information quality, technology depreciation, and Bt cotton adoption in the Southeast SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Bt cotton; information; technology adoption; transgenic crops ID FARM SIZE; AGRICULTURE AB In 1996, Bt cotton became one of the first genetically engineered crops to be available commercially. This study focuses on the various sources and quality of information about Bt cotton profitability available to farmers in the Southeast and assesses the relative importance of such information in the farmers' adoption decisions. A model of the individual decision to adopt is developed to incorporate two recent theories of the role of information quality (the "effective information" hypothesis and the "popularity" hypothesis), as well as the effect of current technology depreciation. The data show some support for all three factors as determinants of adoption. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Marra, MC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 158 EP 175 PG 18 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 462QG UT WOS:000170430800010 ER PT J AU Salva, A Klinefelter, GR Hardy, MP AF Salva, A Klinefelter, GR Hardy, MP TI Purification of rat Leydig cells: Increased yields after unit-gravity sedimentation of collagenase-dispersed interstitial cells SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE clusters; gap junctions; macrophages ID MACROPHAGES; CONNEXIN43; STEROIDOGENESIS; RECEPTORS; TESTIS AB Procedures for purification of Leydig cells have facilitated studies of their regulatory biology. A multistep procedure that includes a filtration with nylon mesh (100-micron pore size) to separate interstitial cells from the seminiferous tubules, combining centrifugal elutriation and Percoll density gradient sedimentation, has been used to obtain a 95% enrichment of rat Leydig cells, However, the number of recovered Leydig cells by this procedure represents only a small fraction of the 25 million, on average, that exist in the adult rat testis. The objective of this study was to test whether the yield of purified Leydig cells might be enhanced by substitution of unit-gravity sedimentation (S method) for the filter step (F method). We also asked whether a greater number of Leydig cell clusters, macrophages, or both would be recovered by this new method, and if the presence of Leydig cell clusters is associated with increased capacity for testosterone production in vitro. The number of purified Leydig cells was 1.9-fold higher for the S method than for the F method. with no differences in purity assessed by SP-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase histochemical staining. Leydig cell clusters were also found in greater numbers with the S method both after collagenase dispersion and at the end of the purification. No differences were seen in testosterone production or in the number of macrophages present in the Leydig cells that were prepared by the 2 methods. These results indicate that the new method recovers greater numbers of Leydig cells by collecting clustered Leydig cells that are systematically eliminated when a filtration step is used. C1 Populat Council, New York, NY 10021 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Salva, A (reprint author), Populat Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD32588] NR 18 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 22 IS 4 BP 665 EP 671 PG 7 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 449XQ UT WOS:000169712800019 PM 11451364 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Don't be tricked by your integrated rate plot! SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 78 IS 7 BP 921 EP 923 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 442CR UT WOS:000169268100019 ER PT J AU Hettiarachchi, GM Pierzynski, GM Ransom, MD AF Hettiarachchi, GM Pierzynski, GM Ransom, MD TI In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; HYDROXYAPATITE; IMMOBILIZATION; PB; APATITE; PH; CHLOROPYROMORPHITE; PYROMORPHITE; PHOSPHATES AB In situ stabilization of Pb-contaminated soils can be accomplished by adding phosphorus. The standard remediation procedure of soil removal and replacement currently used in residential areas is costly and disruptive. This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of P and other soil amendments on five metal-contaminated soils and mine wastes. Seven treatments were used: unamended control; 2500 mg of P/kg as triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphate rock (PR), acetic acid followed by TSP, and phosphoric acid (PA); and 5000 mg of P/kg as TSP or PR. A significant reduction in bioavailable Pb, as determined by the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), compared with the control upon addition of P was observed in all materials tested. Increasing the amount of P added from 2500 to 5000 mg/kg also resulted in a significantly greater reduction in bioavailable Pb. Phosphate rock was equally or more effective than TSP or PA in reducing bioavailable Pb in four out of five soils tested. Preacidification produced significantly lower bioavailable Pb compared with the same amount of P from TSP or PR in only one material. Reductions in Pb bioavailability as measured by PBET were evident 3 d after treatment, and it may indicate that the reactions between soil Pb and P occurred in situ or during the PBET. No further reductions were noted over 365 d. X-ray diffraction data suggested the formation of pyromorphite-like minerals induced by P additions. This study suggests that P addition reduced bioavailable Pb by PBET and has potential for in situ remediation of Pb-contaminated soils. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Remediat & Containment Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Kansas State Univ, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hettiarachchi, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Remediat & Containment Branch, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/F-6895-2015 OI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/0000-0002-6669-2885 NR 35 TC 133 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1214 EP 1221 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000012 PM 11476498 ER PT J AU Yurista, PM O'Brien, WJ AF Yurista, PM O'Brien, WJ TI Growth, survivorship and reproduction of Daphnia middendorffiana in several Arctic lakes and ponds SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BODY-LENGTH; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; PREDATION; PULEX; FERTILIZATION; CONSEQUENCES; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITIES; CLADOCERAN AB The growth, survivorship and reproduction of Arctic region Daphnia middendorffiana was investigated in several lakes and ponds on the tundra in northern Alaska and additionally in a laboratory study. Growth rate equations, reproduction rates and survivorship under natural conditions were determined. The natural environments differed in the available resources; investigations were made in undisturbed oligotrophic lakes, lakes undergoing nutrient manipulations, takes recovering from nutrient manipulation, and a small human-created pond. The lakes also differed in the presence or absence of fish. The results indicated that resource availability affected the growth, survivorship and reproduction of D. middendorffiana. The take with the highest resources produced the greatest reproduction and growth. The environments with the lowest resources had the least reproduction. Secondly, resource level was observed to influence life history choices. Under low resource conditions D. middendorffiana produced ephippia at first reproduction rather than neonates. Third, the results also indicated that refuge from predation significantly affects the distribution of D. middendorffiana. Lakes that contain fish do not support significant populations of D. middendorffiana, although the growth and survivorship studies indicate they could do well in those environments. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Yurista, PM (reprint author), US EPA, MED, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 59 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 23 IS 7 BP 733 EP 744 DI 10.1093/plankt/23.7.733 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 484MC UT WOS:000171693300006 ER PT J AU Emison, GA AF Emison, GA TI Civil engineers and future environmental policies SO JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB The nation has achieved substantial progress over the past 30 years in improving environmental conditions throughout the United States. Civil engineers have played leadership roles in achieving this progress. Today, there is considerable discussion about the direction and means of achieving further environmental protection. Civil engineers have both an obligation and a right to participate in these discussions. But obligations and rights will not ensure that engineers exert leadership and a positive influence on these key policy discussions. The profession must take a close look at how it can most effectively participate in the policy debates that will shape the future of environmental policy. This paper examines the roles that civil engineers can play in formulation of environmental policy. It suggests that civil engineers build on their strengths of design of the environment grounded in physical science, by analyzing the entire environmental management system, thinking in terms of outcomes, and considering a broad range of alternatives. The paper suggests that civil engineers need to attend more closely to sustainable development and pollution prevention as substantive areas for engagement beyond the traditional design of waste treatment systems. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Emison, GA (reprint author), US EPA, MD-35, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1052-3928 J9 J PROF ISS ENG ED PR JI J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 130 EP 138 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2001)127:3(130) PG 9 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA 444GR UT WOS:000169392200008 ER PT J AU Singh, RB Huber, AH AF Singh, RB Huber, AH TI Sensitivity analysis and evaluation of MicroFacCO: A microscale motor vehicle emission factor model for CO emissions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of a microscale emission factor model (MicroFacCO) for predicting realtime site-specific motor vehicle CO emissions to input variables, as well as a limited field study evaluation of the model. The sensitivity analysis has shown that MicroFacCO emission estimates are very sensitive to vehicle fleet composition, speed, and ambient temperature. For the present U.S. traffic fleet, the CO emission rate (g/mi) is increased by more than 500% at 5 mph in comparison with a speed greater than 40 mph and by similar to 67% at ambient temperatures of 45 degreesF and greater than or equal to 95 degreesF in comparison with an ambient temperature of 75 degreesF. The input variable "emission failure standard rate" is more sensitive to estimating emission rates in the 1990s than in the 2000s. The estimation of emission rates is not very sensitive to relative humidity. MicroFacCO can also be applied to examine the contribution of emission rates per vehicle class and model year. The model evaluation is presented for tunnel studies at five locations. In general, this evaluation study found good agreement between the measured and the modeled emissions. These analyses and evaluations have identified the need for additional studies to update the highspeed (>35 mph) air conditioning (A/C) correction factor and to add effects due to road grades. MicroFacCO emission estimates are very sensitive to the emission standard Failure rate. Therefore, the model performance can be greatly improved by using a local emission standard failure rate. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Huber, AH (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 51 IS 7 BP 1087 EP 1099 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 451YA UT WOS:000169829300013 PM 15658226 ER PT J AU Hunter, ES Dix, DJ AF Hunter, ES Dix, DJ TI Heat shock proteins hsp70-1 and hsp70-3 are necessary and sufficient to prevent arsenite-induced dysmorphology in mouse embryos SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE antisense; arsenic; embryo; heat shock; Hsp70; oligonucleotide; neural tube defect ID POSTIMPLANTATION RAT EMBRYOS; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; CELL-CYCLE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE TERATOGENESIS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; STRESS PROTEINS; GENE-EXPRESSION; HYPERTHERMIA; INDUCTION AB Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) represent a variety of protein families that are induced by stressors such as heat and toxicants, and the induction of HSPs in the organogenesis stage rodent embryo is well established. It has been proposed that thermotolerance and chemotolerance result from expression of the HSPs. However, whether these proteins function to prevent dysmorphogenesis and which family members serve this function are unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the specific ability of stress-inducible Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-3 to prevent arsenite-induced dysmorphology in the cultured mouse embryo using gain- and loss-of-function models. Loss of HSP function was accomplished by injecting antisense oligonucleotides directed against hsp70-1 and hsp 70-3 mRNAs into the amniotic cavity of cultured Day 9 mouse embryos. Suppression of hsp70-1 and hsp70-3 expression resulted in an up to six-fold increase in the incidence of arsenite-induced neural tube defects. Gain of HSP function was accomplished by microinjecting a transgene with a constitutive promotor driving expression of the hsp70-1 coding region, and resulted in a decreased incidence of arsenite-induced neural tube defects. These results indicate that Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-3 are both necessary and sufficient for preventing arsenite-induced dysmorphology in early-somite staged mouse embryos. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, RTP, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, RTP, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 59 IS 3 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1002/mrd.1033 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 438EN UT WOS:000169040900006 PM 11424214 ER PT J AU Schildkraut, JM Cooper, GS Halabi, S Calingaert, B Hartge, P Whittemore, AS AF Schildkraut, JM Cooper, GS Halabi, S Calingaert, B Hartge, P Whittemore, AS TI Age at natural menopause and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STATES CASE-CONTROL; COLLABORATIVE ANALYSIS; REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS; INCESSANT OVULATION; DETERMINANTS AB Objective: To investigate the relationship between age at natural menopause and risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: Using data from six population-based, case-control studies conducted in the United States, age at natural menopause among 1411 women with epithelial ovarian cancer and 6380 control subjects were analyzed using survival analysis methods, including Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazards models. Subjects ranged from 20 to 81 years of age. Results: The median age at natural menopause was 50 years among cases compared with 51 years among controls, a difference of borderline statistical significance (P = .06), The hazard ratio for the relationship between case-control status and age at natural menopause was 1.09 (95% confidence interval 0.99, 1.20). Controlling for potential confounders including parity, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, smoking, and body mass index did not appreciably change this association. There was little evidence of an association between early age at natural menopause and early onset ovarian cancer (diagnosis age under 48 years). Conclusion: We observed a weak association between ovarian cancer risk and age at natural menopause and, among women with early onset disease, there was little evidence to suggest that early menopause is related to ovarian cancer, Thus, there seems little need for increased surveillance or screening for ovarian cancer among women with early natural menopause. (C) 2001 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 Duke Comprehens Canc Ctr, Program Prevent Detect & Control Res, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Canc Ctr Biostat,Duke Comprehens Canc Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Stanford, CA USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Schildkraut, JM (reprint author), Duke Comprehens Canc Ctr, Program Prevent Detect & Control Res, Room 238,Hanes House,POB 2949, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 76016-01A1] NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 98 IS 1 BP 85 EP 90 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01388-6 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 447VF UT WOS:000169592600016 PM 11430962 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Gregg, JW AF Phillips, DL Gregg, JW TI Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes (vol 172, pg 171, 2001) SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Correction C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environ Effect Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environ Effect Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 1 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 53 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 2001 VL 128 IS 2 BP 304 EP 304 DI 10.1007/s004420100723 PG 1 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461YY UT WOS:000170392500018 ER PT J AU Smith, EG Padnos, B Gordon, CJ AF Smith, EG Padnos, B Gordon, CJ TI Peripheral versus central muscarinic effects on blood pressure, cardiac contractility, heart rate, and body temperature in the rat monitored by radiotelemetry SO PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORPYRIFOS; HYPERTENSION AB Our laboratory has found that the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos elicits an elevation in blood pressure that persists for similar to 24 hr after exposure. Since organophosphate pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and cause cholinergic stimulation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, we suspect that the hypertensive response from chlorpyrifos is elicited by activation of presser areas in the brain stem, specifically muscarinic receptors which are known to mediate hypertensive responses. Oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, should elicit a blood pressure response similar to organophosphate pesticides. This study used radiotelemetry to assess the effects of oxotremorine on blood pressure, heart rate, core temperature, QA interval (a measure of cardiac contractility), and motor activity in the male, Long-Evans rat. Subcutaneous co-administration of 0.2 mg/kg oxotremorine with 1.0 mg/kg methyl scopolamine (i.e., to block oxotremorine's peripheral effects) caused a marked elevation in blood pressure that developed concomitantly with a 2 degrees decrease in core temperature, 60 beats/min. increase in heart rate, increase in cardiac contractility but no change in motor activity. Overall, blood pressure increased by 19 mmHg from baseline and the response persisted for similar to 12 hr after injection. Methyl scopolamine alone increased heart rate but had no effect on blood pressure, core temperature, and motor activity. Oxotremorine injected without methyl scopolamine led to a relatively minor increase in blood pressure and hypothermia. Overall, central muscarinic stimulation with oxotremorine and methyl scopolamine leads to a vigorous hypertensive response that is associated with increased cardiac contractility, suggesting an increase in cardiac output. Combined central and peripheral cholinergic stimulation following oxotremorine without methyl scopolamine, as would also occur with exposure to chlorpyrifos and other organophosphate pesticides, did not elicit as much of a hypertensive response. This would suggest pathways other than those controlled directly with muscarinic receptors are operative in the development of chlorpyrifos-induced hypertension. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, NHEER, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Norfolk State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. RP Smith, EG (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, NHEER, MD-74B,86 Alexandra Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0901-9928 J9 PHARMACOL TOXICOL JI Pharmacol. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 89 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2001.d01-133.x PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 454PY UT WOS:000169982000006 PM 11484908 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MK Smith, MV Oberhelman-Bragg, LJ LeVee, GJ Koren, HS Cooper, KD AF Selgrade, MK Smith, MV Oberhelman-Bragg, LJ LeVee, GJ Koren, HS Cooper, KD TI Dose response for UV-induced immune suppression in people of color: Differences based on erythemal reactivity rather than skin pigmentation SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSES; DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; RADIATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IRRADIATION; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; LIGHT; MICE AB Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to suppress immune responses in human subjects. The purpose of this study was to develop dose responses across a broad range of skin pigmentation in order to facilitate risk assessment. UVR was administered using FS 20 bulbs. Skin pigmentation and UVR sensitivity were evaluated using Fitzpatrick classifications, minimal erythemal dose (MED). slope of the erythemal dose response curve (sED), baseline pigmentation and tanning response, To assess immune responses dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was applied to irradiated buttock skin 72 h after irradiation, Two weeks later (DNCB) was applied to the inside upper arm, Skin thickness was measured before and after challenge, Dose response was modeled (to obtain a regression line) for the entire group of 185 subjects. With the exception of sED none of the above-mentioned pigmentation indicators contributed significantly to variability around the regression line. Thus, differences in sensitivity for multiple skin types based on Fitzpatrick classification or MED were not observed, However, differences in immune sensitivity to UVR were detected between subjects with steep erythemal dose response curves and those with moderate or flat responses. For subjects with steep erythemal responses the dose calculated to suppress the immune response by 50% was 114 mJ/cm(2), This group included individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types I-V, MED for these subjects ranged from 30 to 80 mJ/cm(2), The 50% suppression dose for subjects with weak or no erythemal response could not be computed (the dose response was flat). This resistant group included subjects with skin types IV-VI and MED for these subjects ranged from 41 to > 105 mJ/cm(2), This study provides a human dose response for UVR suppression of contact sensitivity that will he useful in risk assessment. It is the first study to provide this information using the FS sun lamp and is the first study to include people of color. The sED appears to be a new variable for identifying sensitive subjects at risk of UVR-induced immune suppression. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Analyt Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Dermatol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Dermatol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Cooper, KD (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Univ Hosp Cleveland, Dept Dermatol, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 41 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 74 IS 1 BP 88 EP 95 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0088:DRFUII>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 449UJ UT WOS:000169705300013 PM 11460543 ER PT J AU George, JD Price, CJ Marr, MC Myers, CB Jahnke, GD AF George, JD Price, CJ Marr, MC Myers, CB Jahnke, GD TI Developmental toxicity evaluation of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid in Sprague Dawley (CD (R)) rats SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acids developmental toxicity; teratogenicity; rats; morphologic development ID POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; CITRIC-ACID; COTTON; FORMALDEHYDE; BTCA; ADDITIVES; PERFORMANCE; CATALYST; FABRICS; AGENTS AB 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), proposed as a formaldehyde substitute in the treatment of permanent press fabrics, was evaluated for developmental toxicity. Timed-mated CD rats (25 per group) received BTCA 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day or vehicle (deionized/distilled water) by gavage on gestational days (gd) 6 through 19. Maternal feed and water consumption, body weight, and clinical signs were monitored throughout gestation. At termination (gd 20), confirmed-pregnant females (21 to 25 per group) were evaluated for clinical status and gestational outcome; live fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. One maternal death, reduced body weight, and reduced weight gain were noted at the high dose; confirmed pregnancy rates were 84 to 100% for each group. There were no treatment-related effects on fetal growth, survival, or morphologic development. The maternal toxicity NOAEL and LOAEL are 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. The developmental toxicity NOAEL is 1000 mg/kg/day, and the LOAEL was not established in this study. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Life Sci & Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Toxicol Program, Dev & Reprod Toxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP George, JD (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Life Sci & Toxicol, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-65405] NR 57 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 413 EP 420 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00142-3 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 462YL UT WOS:000170447900007 PM 11489597 ER PT J AU Huang, YS Held, GA Andrews, JE Rogers, JM AF Huang, YS Held, GA Andrews, JE Rogers, JM TI C-14 methanol incorporation into DNA and proteins of organogenesis stage mouse embryos in vitro SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; INHALED METHANOL; CD-1 MOUSE; INHALATION; FORMATE; MICE; RAT AB Methanol (MeOH), a widely used industrial solvent and alternative motor fuel, has been shown to be mutagenic and teratogenic. We have demonstrated that methanol is teratogenic in mice in vivo and causes dysmorphogenesis in cultured organogenesis stage mouse embryos. Although MeOH is a product of endogenous metabolism in the gut and can be found in humans following consumption of various foods, elevated levels of methanol could lead to methylation of cellular macromolecules. DNA methylation has been demonstrated to suppress transcription of fetal genes and may also play an important role in genetic imprinting. Embryonal proteins are also potential targets for methanol- induced methylation. We investigated the potential of administered methanol to incorporate into and/or alter the methylation of embryonal DNA or to affect specific protein methylation. Gestational day 8 CD-1 mouse embryos were grown for 24 h in culture medium (CM) with 0, 4, or 8 mg MeOH + 20 mu Ci C-14-MeOH/mL. At the end of the culture period, yolk sacs and embryos were separated for each treatment group. The DNA was purified by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation in the presence of ethidium bromide and C-14 incorporation was determined. Methylation of a selected gene, Hoxc-8, was assessed by using methylation-specific restriction enzymes. The C-14 activity was found superimposed over the DNA-containing fraction, indicating incorporation. DNA from embryos treated with 4 mg MeOH/mL CM gave the highest incorporation of C-14-MeOH (8 mg/mL was growth inhibiting). Methylation of Hoxc-8 appeared to be increased in embryos treated with 4 mg MeOH/mL CM, but not in embryos treated with 8 mg MeOH/mL. Lack of incorporation of methylation at the higher concentration may be due to the failure of embryos to grow at this concentration of MeOH. The incorporation of C-14-MeOH into embryo proteins was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and autoradiography. Incorporation of C-14-MeOH into specific proteins was observed but the labeling specificity was not methanol dose-related. These results indicate that methyl groups from C-14-MeOH are incorporated into mouse embryo DNA and protein. Our results further suggest that methanol exposure may increase genomic methylation under certain conditions which could lead to altered gene expression. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Expt Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Andrews, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 429 EP 435 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00144-7 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 462YL UT WOS:000170447900009 PM 11489599 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM Hunter, ES AF Rogers, JM Hunter, ES TI Redox redux: A closer look at conceptal low molecular weight thiols SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; EMBRYO CULTURE; OXYGEN-TENSION; 2-CELL BLOCK; GLUTATHIONE OXIDATION; HAMSTER OOCYTES; MOUSE EMBRYOS; INVITRO; GLUCOSE; ACETAMINOPHEN C1 US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.1.1 PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 444KQ UT WOS:000169399000001 PM 11399785 ER PT J AU Tharappel, JC Cunningham, ML Spear, BT Glauert, HP AF Tharappel, JC Cunningham, ML Spear, BT Glauert, HP TI Differential activation of hepatic NF-kappa B in rats and hamsters by the peroxisome proliferators Wy-14,643, gemfibrozil, and dibutyl phthalate SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE NF-kappa B activation; rats; hamsters; Wy-14,643; gemfibrozil; dibutyl phthalate ID SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; DNA-SYNTHESIS; AGENT GEMFIBROZIL; SYRIAN-HAMSTER; GUINEA-PIG; VITAMIN-E; LIVER; NAFENOPIN; MICE; CIPROFIBRATE AB Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is an oxidative stress-activated transcription factor involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. We found previously that the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate activates NF-kappaB in the livers of rats and mice. These species are sensitive to the hepatocarcinogenic effects of peroxisome proliferators, whereas other species such as Syrian hamsters are not. In the present study we examined the effects of 3 different peroxisome proliferators on NF-kappaB activation in rats and Syrian hamsters, The peroxisome proliferators Wy-14,643, gemfibrozil, and dibutyl phthalate were administered to animals for 6, 34, or 90 days. NF-kappaB activity was determined using electrophoretic mobility-shift assays and confirmed using supershift assays. Wy-14,643 increased the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB at all 3 time points in rats and produced the highest activation of the 3 chemicals tested. Gemfibrozil and dibutyl phthalate increased NF-kappaB activation to a Lesser extent in rats and not at all times. There were no differences in hepatic NF-kappaB levels between control hamsters and hamsters treated with any of the peroxisome proliferators. This study demonstrates species-specific differences in hepatic NF-kappaB activation by peroxisome proliferators. C1 Univ Kentucky, Grad Ctr Nutr Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Kentucky, Grad Ctr Toxicol, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. RP Glauert, HP (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Grad Ctr Nutr Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. OI Spear, Brett/0000-0002-4343-9393 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-01688, CA-74147]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-07266] NR 37 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1 BP 20 EP 27 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.1.20 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 444KQ UT WOS:000169399000005 PM 11399789 ER PT J AU Luebke, RW Copeland, CB Daniels, M Lambert, AL Gilmour, MI AF Luebke, RW Copeland, CB Daniels, M Lambert, AL Gilmour, MI TI Suppression of allergic immune responses to house dust mite (HDM) in rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dioxin; dust mite; allergy; immunosuppression; IgE; lung; rats ID TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS INFECTION; HOST-RESISTANCE; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; DIESEL EXHAUST; MICE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; SENSITIZATION; PESTICIDES; IGE AB Exposure to various xenobiotics, including oxidant gases, diesel exhaust, and certain pesticides, has been reported to exacerbate pulmonary allergic hypersensitivity responses. Increased lymphocyte proliferative responses to parasite antigens or increased antibody responses to sheep erythrocyte have also been reported in rats exposed to TCDD before infection or immunization. As a result, these studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that TCDD exposure exacerbates the allergic response to house dust mite antigen. Brown Norway rats were injected, ip, with 0, 1, 10, or 30 mug TCDD/kg 7 days before intratracheal tit) sensitization to semipurified house dust mite allergen (HDM). Fourteen days later, rats were challenged with HDM and immediate bronchospasm was measured. At this time point, plus 2 and 7 days later, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), HDM-specific IgE levels in serum, and HDM-driven cell proliferation in bronchial lymph nodes and spleen were evaluated. TCDD exposure decreased both immediate bronchoconstriction and specific IgE synthesis after the HDM challenge; 7 days later, HDM-specific IgE responses remained suppressed. Total serum IgE levels were similar in all groups. HDM challenge alone significantly increased cellular and biochemical indicators of lung injury, both of which were suppressed by TCDD exposure. The proliferative response of lymph node cells, but not of spleen cells, to HDM was also suppressed at the highest TCDD dose, although the splenic response to Concanavalin A was elevated. It appears that early events in the response to HDM are affected by TCDD exposure, since message for IL5 was dramatically reduced 2 days after sensitization, but not after challenge, We therefore conclude that TCDD exposure suppressed, rather than enhanced the development of allergic immune responses and the expression of immune-mediated lung disease. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, NHEERL, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. RP Luebke, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, NHEERL, ORD, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.1.71 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 444KQ UT WOS:000169399000011 PM 11399795 ER PT J AU Bryant, PL Schmid, JE Fenton, SE Buckalew, AR Abbott, BD AF Bryant, PL Schmid, JE Fenton, SE Buckalew, AR Abbott, BD TI Teratogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the expression of EGF and/or TGF-alpha SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE TCDD; hydronephrosis; cleft palate; EGF; TGF-alpha; EGF receptor ID EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; CLEFT-PALATE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; RETINOIC ACID; MOUSE; HYDRONEPHROSIS; DIOXINS; BINDING AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure produces hydronephrosis and cleft palate in mice. These responses are correlated with disruption of expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands, primarily EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and altered epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. This research examined the role of these growth factors in TCDD-induced teratogenicity by using wild type (WT) and knockout (-/-) mice that do not express EGF, TGF-alpha, or both EGF and TGF-alpha. Pregnant females were weighed on GD 12 acid dosed by gavage with either corn oil or TCDD at 24 mug/kg, 5 ml/kg, On GD 17.5, the maternal parameters evaluated included body weight, body weight gain, liver weight (absolute and adjusted for body weight). The number of implantations, live and dead fetuses, early or late resorptions, the proportion of males, fetal body weight, fetal absolute and relative liver weight, placenta weight, incidence of cleft palate, and the severity and incidence of hydronephrosis were recorded. TCDD did not affect maternal weight gain, fetal weight, or survival, but maternal and fetal liver weights and liver-to-body weight ratios were increased in all genotypes, The WT and TGF-alpha (-/-), but not the EGF (-/-) and EGF + TGF-alpha (-/-) fetuses, developed cleft palate after exposure to 24 mug TCDD/kg. Hydronephrosis was induced by TCDD in all genotypes, with the incidence in EGF + TGF-alpha (-/-) fetuses comparable to that of the WT. The incidence and severity of this defect was substantially increased in EGF (-/-) and TGF-alpha (-/-). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that expression of EGF influences the induction of cleft palate by TCDD. Also, EGF and TGF-cu are not required for the induction of hydronephrosis, but when either is absent the response of the fetal urinary tract to TCDD is enhanced. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biostat & Res Support Staff, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R25-GM55336] NR 58 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1 BP 103 EP 114 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.1.103 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 444KQ UT WOS:000169399000014 PM 11399798 ER PT J AU Tamura, H Gaido, KW Dorman, DC Gray, LE AF Tamura, H Gaido, KW Dorman, DC Gray, LE TI Untitled - Reply SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Letter C1 Meijo Univ, Dept Appl Biochem, Nagoya, Aichi 4688502, Japan. CIIT, Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tamura, H (reprint author), Meijo Univ, Dept Appl Biochem, Nagoya, Aichi 4688502, Japan. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1 BP 183 EP 183 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 444KQ UT WOS:000169399000023 ER PT J AU Manning, CS Hawkins, WE Barnes, DH Burke, WD Barnes, CS Overstreet, RM Walker, WW AF Manning, CS Hawkins, WE Barnes, DH Burke, WD Barnes, CS Overstreet, RM Walker, WW TI Survival and growth of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to trichlorethylene at multiple life stages: Implications of establishing the maximum tolerated dose for chronic aquatic carcinogenicity bioassays SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE dose; growth; medaka; survival; trichloroethylene ID AQUARIUM FISH MODELS; ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS; TOXICITY; TESTS AB To evaluate the most sensitive life stage of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) at which to determine the maximum tolerated dose for chronic carcinogenicity bioassays, the effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) on growth and survival of the medaka were examined at several life stages. A series of 7-day flow-through exposures was conducted with medaka at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 28, 42, and approximately 180 days posthatch. Growth, measured as standard length and area, was more sensitive than survival in fish that were 4 to 13 days old at the start of the tests. Medaka 7, 10, and 13 days posthatch established the lowest observed effect concentration for all life stages, based on growth at 8.8 to 10.1 mg/L. There were no significant effects on growth of fish more than 16 days old at the study's initiation. Values of lethal concentration to 50% of the test organism calculated for the various life stages ranged from 23.0 mg/L for 16-day-old fry to 37.0 mg/L for 4-day-old fry. Survival was most affected by TCE in fish more than 10 days old at the initiation of exposure. The sensitivity of the medaka to TCE, as determined by both survival and growth, changed with age. Growth is a sensitive indicator of adverse effect and can be accurately evaluated in as few as 7 days; according to the data presented here, it is best demonstrated in medaka 13 days or fewer posthatch. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. RP Manning, CS (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 147 EP 159 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 487MM UT WOS:000171879000002 ER PT J AU Koran, KM Suidan, MT Khodadoust, AP Sorial, GA Brenner, RC AF Koran, KM Suidan, MT Khodadoust, AP Sorial, GA Brenner, RC TI Effectiveness of an anaerobic granular activated carbon fluidized-bed bioreactor to treat soil wash fluids: A proposed strategy for remediating PCP/PAH contaminated soils SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE anerobic; chlorinated phenol; fluidized bed; expanded bed; PAHs ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CRUDE-OIL; NAPHTHALENE; DEGRADATION; AQUIFER; BIODEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; PERSISTENCE; REDUCTION; OXIDATION AB An integrated system has been developed to remediate soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAI-Is). This system involves the coupling of two treatment technologies, soil-solvent washing and anaerobic biotreatment of the extract. Specifically, this study evaluated the effectiveness of a granular activated carbon (GAC) fluidized-bed reactor to treat a synthetic-waste stream of PCP and four PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene) under anaerobic conditions. This waste stream was intended to simulate the wash fluids from a soil washing process treating soils from a wood-preserving site. The reactor achieved a removal efficiency of greater than 99.8% for PCP with conversion to its dechlorination intermediates averaging 46.5%. Effluent, carbon extraction, and isotherm data also indicate that naphthalene and acenaphthene were removed from the liquid phase with efficiencies of 86 and 93%, respectively. Effluent levels of pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were extremely low due to the high-adsorptive capacity of GAC for these compounds. Experimental evidence does not suggest that the latter two compounds were biochemically transformed within the reactor. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Agcy Natl Risk Management, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Koran, KM (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Baldwin Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 35 IS 10 BP 2363 EP 2370 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00475-9 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 436UJ UT WOS:000168954000004 PM 11394769 ER PT J AU Tennant, AH Peng, BC Kligerman, AD AF Tennant, AH Peng, BC Kligerman, AD TI Genotoxicity studies of three triazine herbicides: in vivo studies using the alkaline single cell gel (SCG) assay SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE triazines; DNA damage; herbicide; mouse; alkaline labile sites; electrophoresis ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; MOUSE BONE-MARROW; COMET ASSAY; IN-VITRO; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; DNA-DAMAGE; ELECTROPHORESIS; MICRONUCLEUS; CYTOTOXICITY; INDUCTION AB Triazine herbicides are prevalent contaminants of groundwater in the agricultural regions of the United States. The literature on the genotoxicity of triazines is rife with conflicting data, though the general tendency is for most studies to report negative results. In order to investigate further the genotoxicity of triazines, we exposed mice to triazines by intraperitoneal injection up to the maximum tolerated doses. About 24h later, blood was removed, and the leukocytes subjected to DNA damage analysis using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCG), one of the most sensitive DNA damage assays available. Our results indicate that atrazine induced a small dose-related increase in DNA damage. Simazine did not induce any dose-related increase in DNA damage. Cyanazine induced a marginal increase in DNA damage with dose, but no individual dose was significantly increased compared to the control. These results indicate that these triazines, even at extremely high concentrations, have only marginal DNA-damaging activity in vivo in mouse leukocytes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JUN 27 PY 2001 VL 493 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(01)00145-0 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 451GJ UT WOS:000169792500001 PM 11516710 ER PT J AU Hautman, DP Munch, DJ Frebis, C Wagner, HP Pepich, BV AF Hautman, DP Munch, DJ Frebis, C Wagner, HP Pepich, BV TI Review of the methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency for bromate determination and validation of Method 317.0 for disinfection by-product anions and low-level bromate SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Ion Chromatography Symposium (IICS 2000) CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL NICE, FRANCE DE water analysis; disinfection by-products; interlaboratory studies; validation; bromate; inorganic anions ID MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRINKING-WATER; POTASSIUM BROMATE; CARCINOGENICITY AB In recent years several methods have been published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which specify bromate as a target analyte. The first of these was EPA Method 300.0. As technological improvements in ion chromatographic hardware have evolved and new detection techniques have been designed, method detection Limits for bromate have been reduced and additional procedures have been written, including EPA Method 300.1, 321.8 and, most recently, EPA Method 317.0. An overview of the evolution of these bromate methods since 1989 is presented. The focus is specific to each of these respective procedures, highlighting method strengths, weaknesses, and addressing how these methods fit into EPA's regulatory agenda. In addition, performance data are presented detailing the joint EPA/American Society for Testing and Materials multilaboratory validation of EPA Method 317.0 for disinfection by-product anions and low-level bromate. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RP Hautman, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 22 PY 2001 VL 920 IS 1-2 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00892-5 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 447PD UT WOS:000169580900027 PM 11453002 ER PT J AU George, SE Nelson, GM Kohan, MJ Warren, SH Eischen, BT Brooks, LR AF George, SE Nelson, GM Kohan, MJ Warren, SH Eischen, BT Brooks, LR TI Oral treatment of Fischer 344 rats with weathered crude oil and a dispersant influences intestinal metabolism and microbiota SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE GENOTOXICITY; MARINE MICROORGANISMS; TOXICITY; MUTAGENICITY; POTENTIATION; PRETREATMENT; CARCINOGENS; POPULATIONS; FRESH; ASSAY AB When oil is spilled into aquatic systems, chemical dispersants frequently are applied to enhance emulsification and biological availability. In this study, a mammalian model system was used to determine the effect of Bonnie Light Nigerian crude oil, weathered for 2 d with continuous spraying and recirculation, and a widely used dispersant, Corexit (Cx) 9527, on intestinal microbial metabolism and associated populations. To determine the subchronic dose, concentrated or diluted (1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20) Cx9527 or oil was administered by gavage to Fischer 344 rats and the effect on body weight was determined. Next, rats were treated for 5 wk with oil, dispersant, or dispersant + oil. Body and tissue weights, urine mutagenicity, and the impact on the intestinal microflora and three microbial intestinal enzymes linked to bioactivation were determined in the small and large intestines and cecum. Two tested dispersants, Cx9527 and Cx9500, were toxic in vitro (1:1000 dilution), and oil was not mutagenic in strains TA98 and TA100(+/-S9). None of the treated rats produced urine mutagens detected by TA98 or TA100. Undiluted dispersant was lethal to rats, and weight changes were observed depending on the dilution, whereas oil generally was not toxic. In the 5-wk study, body and tissue weights were unaffected at the doses administered. Small-intestinal levels of azoreductase (AR), beta -glucuronidase (BG), and nitroreductase (NR) were considerably lower than cecal and large-intestinal activities at the same time point. A temporal increase in AR activity was observed in control animals in the 3 tissues examined, and large-intestinal BG activity was elevated in 3-wk controls. No significant changes in cecal BG activity were observed. Oil- or dispersant-treated rats had mixed results with reduced activity at 3 wk and elevated activity at 5 wk compared to controls. However, when the dispersant was combined with oil at 3 wk, a reduction in activity was observed that was similar to that of dispersant alone. One-week nitroreductase activity in the small intestine and cecum was unaffected in the three treatment groups, but elevated activity was observed in the large intestines of animals treated with oil or dispersant. The effect of the combination dose was not significantly different from the control value. Due to experimental error, no 3- or 5-wk NR data were available. By 5 wk of treatment, enterobacteria and enterococci were eliminated from ceca of oil-treated rats. When oil was administered in combination with dispersant, an apparent protective effect was observed on the enterococci and lactose-fermenting and nonfermenting enterobacteria. A more detailed analysis at the species level revealed qualitative differences dependent on the treatment. This study suggests that prolonged exposure of mammals to oil, dispersant, or in combination impacts intestinal metabolism, which ultimately could lead to altered detoxification of oil constituents and coexposed toxicants. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JUN 22 PY 2001 VL 63 IS 4 BP 297 EP 316 DI 10.1080/15287390151143686 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 446YZ UT WOS:000169542900006 PM 11437062 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Water analysis SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONISATION; MICROEXTRACTION-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; TRACE-LEVEL DETERMINATION; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 181 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 12 BP 2719 EP 2734 DI 10.1021/ac010376a PG 16 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 443HP UT WOS:000169336000004 PM 11432700 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW Smith, PD Foreman, WT AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW Smith, PD Foreman, WT TI Enantiomeric composition of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers in aquatic and riparian biota SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PCBS; METABOLISM; INDUCTION; RATIOS; BIOMAGNIFICATION; CYTOCHROME-P-450; ACCUMULATION AB The enantiomeric composition of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) atropisomers was measured in river and riparian biota (fish, bivalves, crayfish, water snakes, barn swallows) from selected sites throughout the United States by using chiral gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Nonracemic enantiomeric fractions (EFs) were observed for PCBs 91, 95, 136, and 149 for aquatic and riparian biota from Lake Hartwell, SC, a reservoir heavily contaminated with PCBs, and for these congeners and PCBs 132, 174, 176, and 183 in river fish and bivalves nationwide. Fish and bivalves showed marked differences in EFs as compared to sediment found at the same sampling sites, thus suggesting that PCBs are bioprocessed in biota in a different manner from those found in sediment (e.g., reductive dechlorination). Species-dependent patterns in PCB EFs were observed, which suggest differences in the ability of different species to bioprocess PCBs enantioselectively, most likely by metabolism. The presence of nonracemic PCBs in fish and bivalves suggests greater metabolic degradation of PCBs in these organisms than indicated from previous achiral studies and underscores the powerful potential of chiral analysis as a tracer of environmental bioprocesses. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Wong, Charles/B-4215-2012 OI Wong, Charles/0000-0002-5743-2942 NR 42 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 12 BP 2448 EP 2454 DI 10.1021/es0018872 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 443LY UT WOS:000169343700008 PM 11432547 ER PT J AU Weber, EJ Colon, D Baughman, GL AF Weber, EJ Colon, D Baughman, GL TI Sediment-associated reactions of aromatic amines. 1. Elucidation of sorption mechanisms SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COVALENT BINDING; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NUCLEOPHILIC-ADDITION; ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE; ORGANIC-MATTER; SURFACE SOILS; N-15 NMR; ANILINE; TRANSFORMATION; NONEQUILIBRIUM AB Sorption of aromatic amines to sediments and soils can occur by both reversible physical processes and irreversible chemical processes. To elucidate the significance of these sorption pathways, the sorption kinetics of aniline and pyridine were studied in resaturated pond sediment. Ani line and pyridine behaved quite differently in the sediment-water systems. The sorption kinetics of pyridine were quite fast, reaching equilibrium within 1-2 h. in contrast, the sorption kinetics of aniline were characterized by a rapid initial loss of aniline from the aqueous phase followed by a much slower rate of disappearance. The rapid initial sorption of aniline upon respiking after an equilibration period of 200 h, and results of sorption kinetic studies as a function of substrate concentration, demonstrated that sorptive sites were not being saturated at the nominal concentration of aniline. Sequential extraction of a sediment treated with C-14-labeled pyridine and aniline suggested that pyridine was bound primarily through a reversible cation-exchange process, whereas aniline sorbed through bath cation-exchange and covalent binding processes. At longer reaction periods sorption became increasingly dominated by covalent binding. The reaction kinetics for the slow, irreversible sorption of aniline appeared to be limited by the reactivity and/or availability of covalent binding sites. The initial rate and extent of aniline sorption was pH dependent (sorption increased with decreasing pH). At pH values above the pK(a) of aniline, sorption kinetics for the slower, irreversible loss of aniline were independent of pH. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Text Merchandising & Interiors, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 12 BP 2470 EP 2475 DI 10.1021/es001759d PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 443LY UT WOS:000169343700011 PM 11432550 ER PT J AU Opsahl, SP Zepp, RG AF Opsahl, SP Zepp, RG TI Photochemically-induced alteration of stable carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13) in terrigenous dissolved organic carbon SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; MATTER; OCEAN; SEA; RIVER; SEAWATER; PACIFIC; LIGNIN; WATERS AB Exposure of riverine waters to natural sunlight initiated alterations in stable carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13) of the associated dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Water samples were collected from two compositionally distinct coastal river systems in the southeastern United States-the Satilla River which has high DOC concentrations (10-35 mg/l), and the Altamaha River which has relatively low DOC concentrations (3-9 mg/l). Approximately 21-26% of the DOC was remineralized to DIC. The delta C-13 of remineralized DIC was isotopically "light" (delta C-13 = -28.8 to -33.2 parts per thousand) relative to the initial DOC (delta C-13 = -27.4 parts per thousand), leaving a residual fraction of isotopically "heavy" (delta C-13 = -25.8 to -26.6 parts per thousand) DOC. Photochemically-induced fractionation of C-13 results from selective degradation of certain biochemical constituents including lignin phenols. These results are consistent with shifts in VC of DOC observed during mixing of river and marine waters, suggesting that photochemically-induced alterations are a factor in determining these changes. C1 JW Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Opsahl, SP (reprint author), JW Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Route 2 Box 2324, Newton, GA 31770 USA. NR 24 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 12 BP 2417 EP 2420 DI 10.1029/2000GL012686 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 472WT UT WOS:000171008500032 ER PT J AU Geoghegan, J Villar, SC Klepeis, P Mendoza, PM Ogneva-Himmelberger, Y Chowdhury, RR Turner, BL Vance, C AF Geoghegan, J Villar, SC Klepeis, P Mendoza, PM Ogneva-Himmelberger, Y Chowdhury, RR Turner, BL Vance, C TI Modeling tropical deforestation in the southern Yucatan peninsular region: comparing survey and satellite data SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE land-use/cover change; econometric models; survey and satellite data; tropical deforestation; Mexico ID LAND-USE; ROADS AB This paper presents some initial modeling results from a large, interdisciplinary research project underway in the southern Yucatan peninsular region. The aims of the project are: to understand, through individual household survey work, the behavioral and structural dynamics that influence land managers' decisions to deforest and intensify land use; model these dynamics and link their outcomes directly to satellite imagery; model from the imagery itself; and, determine the robustness of modeling to and from the satellite imagery. Two complementary datasets, one from household survey data on agricultural practices including information on socio-economic factors and the second from satellite imagery Linked with aggregate government census data, are used in two econometric modeling approaches. Both models test hypotheses concerning deforestation during different time periods in the recent past in the region. The first uses the satellite data, other spatial environmental variables, and aggregate socio-economic data (e.g., census data) in a discrete-choice (logit) model to estimate the probability that any particular pixel in the landscape will be deforested, as a function of explanatory variables. The second model uses the survey data in a cross-sectional regression (OLS) model to ask questions about the amount of deforestation associated with each individual farmer and to explain these choices as a function of individual socio-demographic, market, environmental, and geographic variables, in both cases, however, the choices of explanatory variables are informed by social science theory as to what are hypothesized to affect the deforestation decision (e.g., in a von Thunen model, accessibility is hypothesized to affect choice; in a Ricardian model, land quality; in a Chayanovian model, consumer-labor ratio). The models ask different questions using different data, but several broad comparisons seem useful. While most variables are statistically significant in the discrete choice model, none of the location variables are statistically significant in the continuous model. Therefore, while location affects the overall probability of deforestation, it does not appear to explain the total amount of deforestation on a given location by an individual. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Clark Univ, Dept Econ, Marsh Inst, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Colgate Univ, Dept Geog, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA. Clark Univ, Marsh Inst, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC USA. Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico. RP Geoghegan, J (reprint author), Clark Univ, Dept Econ, Marsh Inst, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. RI Roy Chowdhury, Rinku/A-5424-2009 OI Roy Chowdhury, Rinku/0000-0003-0762-226X NR 28 TC 120 Z9 136 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1-3 BP 25 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00201-8 PG 22 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 438PN UT WOS:000169062400003 ER PT J AU Allen, RH Conomos, MG Suero, M Powers, ME AF Allen, RH Conomos, MG Suero, M Powers, ME TI Schools, GIS & TRI. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 628 BP S174 EP S174 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400614 ER PT J AU David-Beabes, G London, SJ AF David-Beabes, G London, SJ TI Genetic polymorphism of XRCC1 and lung cancer risk among African-Americans and Caucasians. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27516 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 97 BP S42 EP S42 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400094 ER PT J AU Kwok, RK Wu, KG Xia, YJ Ma, HZ Mumford, JL AF Kwok, RK Wu, KG Xia, YJ Ma, HZ Mumford, JL TI Neural effects due to chronic exposure to arsenic via drinking water. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1026 BP S274 EP S274 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400996 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Craun, GF Craun, MF Rice, GE Rheingans, RD Heberling, MT AF Murphy, PA Craun, GF Craun, MF Rice, GE Rheingans, RD Heberling, MT TI Utility of a waterborne disease outbreak (WBDO) surveillance system for public health research. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 837 BP S227 EP S227 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400812 ER PT J AU Werner, EM Allen, RH AF Werner, EM Allen, RH TI The NHANES III pesticide epidemiology study: High exposure levels in relation to blood and biochemical, parameters. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20004 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 995 BP S266 EP S266 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400963 ER PT J AU Borthwick, DW Shahbazian, M Krantz, QT Dorin, JR Randell, SH AF Borthwick, DW Shahbazian, M Krantz, QT Dorin, JR Randell, SH TI Evidence for stem-cell niches in the tracheal epithelium SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBMUCOSAL GLAND DEVELOPMENT; LABEL-RETAINING CELLS; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS GENE; ADULT HUMAN-LUNG; PROGENITOR CELLS; AIRWAY EPITHELIUM; BASAL CELLS; NEUROEPITHELIAL BODIES; LINEAGE ANALYSIS; RAT TRACHEA AB It is generally important to elucidate airway epithelial cell lineages and to identify multipotent progenitors as targets for gene therapy. Stem (S) cells are typically present in specialized compartments spatially proximal to their differentiated progeny, but an equivalent paradigm has not been demonstrated in the airway. We discovered a distinct population of cells displaying high levels of keratin expression in murine tracheal submucosal gland ducts, and tested the hypothesis that bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) label-retaining cells (LRCs), thought to represent the S-cells, were present in this compartment. Mice received weekly epithelial damage by intratracheal detergent or SO2 inhalation for 4 wk and received intraperitoneal injections of BrdU every 48 h during the injury and repair period. At 3 and 6 d after injury, BrdU-positive epithelial cells were noted along the entire tracheal length in both basal and lumenal cell positions. At later time points (20 and 95 d) LRCs were localized to gland ducts in the upper trachea and to systematically arrayed foci in the lower trachea, typically near the cartilage-intercartilage junction. LRCs were not pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, Heterotopic tracheal grafts after surface epithelial removal demonstrated reconstitution of a surface-like epithelium from gland remnants, These results suggest that airway epithelial S cells are localized to specific niches. C1 Univ N Carolina, CF Ctr, Cyst Fibrosis Pulm Res & Treatment Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, University Pk, PA USA. MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Randell, SH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, CF Ctr, Cyst Fibrosis Pulm Res & Treatment Ctr, CB 7248,Rm 4011 Thurston Bowles, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL58345] NR 55 TC 226 Z9 247 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 662 EP 670 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 447XR UT WOS:000169598200004 PM 11415930 ER PT J AU Jaspers, I Zhang, WL Fraser, A Samet, JM Reed, W AF Jaspers, I Zhang, WL Fraser, A Samet, JM Reed, W TI Hydrogen peroxide has opposing effects on IKK activity and I kappa B alpha breakdown in airway epithelial cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION; ADHESION MOLECULE-1; TNF-ALPHA; PHOSPHORYLATION AB Recent studies have advanced our knowledge about the signal transduction cascade involved in the activation of nuclear factor (NF) kappaB, including the identification and characterization of I kappaB kinases (IKKs). Although exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro can activate NF-kappaB, this response is not universal and depends on the cell type and transformation state. In this study, we examined the effects of H2O2 on IKKs and activation of NF-kappaB in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Our results demonstrate that treatment with H2O2 increased IKK activity, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of I kappaB alpha in NHBE cells. However, there was no significant proteolytic degradation of I kappaB alpha, nuclear translocation of p65, or NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in cells treated with H2O2. Treatment with H2O2 also inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha -induced I kappaB alpha breakdown, NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, and NF-kappaB-dependent transcription but had no effect on TNF-alpha -induced I kappaB alpha phosphorylation or ubiquitination. Furthermore, treatment with H2O2 alone or in combination with TNF-alpha increased the levels of other ubiquitinated proteins in NHBE cells, suggesting general inhibition of proteasomal activity by H2O2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in airway epithelial cells treatment with H2O2 has opposing effects on IKK activity and proteasomal degradation of I kappaB alpha, and suggest that H2O2 may suppress TNF-alpha -induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lund Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Jaspers, I (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lund Biol, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 58 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 769 EP 777 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 447XR UT WOS:000169598200018 PM 11415944 ER PT J AU Collette, TW Williams, TL D'Angelo, JC AF Collette, TW Williams, TL D'Angelo, JC TI Optimization of Raman spectroscopy for speciation of organics in water SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Raman spectroscopy; frequency correction; intensity correction; temperature dependence; speciation; tautomers ID TAUTOMERIC EQUILIBRIA; 3-HYDROXYPYRIDINE; PERFORMANCE; CONSTANTS; MOTIONS; BANDS AB We describe herein a method for determining constants for simultaneously occurring, site-specific "microequilibria" (as with tautomers) for organics in water. The method is based in part on modeling temperature-variant Raman spectra according to the van't Hoff equation. Spectra are measured with a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based, dispersive Raman spectrometer. The success of the method depends on accurate quantification of small spectral changes that are monotonic with temperature due to changes in relative concentration of equilibrium components. The method assumes that we can neglect intensity and frequency fluctuations in spectra collected over a period of days that are not due to chemical compositional changes (e.g., frequency shifts due to ambient instrument temperature fluctuations). Also, the method assumes that we can neglect the temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of an individual conformer. We have investigated these assumptions and found that we can typically reduce frequency and intensity fluctuations to tolerable levels by normalizing all spectra on the basis of the atmospheric N-2 stretching band at 2331 cm(-1), which is observed in all of our spectra. Further, we have found that we can typically neglect the temperature dependence of Raman spectra if areas of depolarized bands are used in the modeling. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 55 IS 6 BP 750 EP 766 DI 10.1366/0003702011952451 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 452DK UT WOS:000169841700015 ER PT J AU Munthe, J Wangberg, I Pirrone, N Iverfeldt, A Ferrara, R Ebinghaus, R Feng, X Gardfeldt, K Keeler, G Lanzillotta, E Lindberg, SE Lu, J Mamane, Y Prestbo, E Schmolke, S Schroeder, WH Sommar, J Sprovieri, F Stevens, RK Stratton, W Tuncel, G Urba, A AF Munthe, J Wangberg, I Pirrone, N Iverfeldt, A Ferrara, R Ebinghaus, R Feng, X Gardfeldt, K Keeler, G Lanzillotta, E Lindberg, SE Lu, J Mamane, Y Prestbo, E Schmolke, S Schroeder, WH Sommar, J Sprovieri, F Stevens, RK Stratton, W Tuncel, G Urba, A TI Intercomparison of methods for sampling and analysis of atmospheric mercury species SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Land-Ocean Interaction Studies (ELOISE) Conference CY DEC 01-04, 1999 CL NORTHWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS DE mercury; measurement; atmosphere; speciation ID AMBIENT AIR; PARTICULATE MERCURY; DIVALENT MERCURY; GASEOUS MERCURY; CENTRAL-EUROPE; DENUDER; METHYLMERCURY; PRECIPITATION AB An intercomparison for sampling and analysis of atmospheric mercury species was held in Tuscany, June 1998. Methods for sampling and analysis of total gaseous mercury (TGM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and total particulate mercury (TPM) were used in parallel sampling over a period of 4 days. The results show that the different methods employed for TGM compared well whereas RGM and TPM showed a somewhat higher variability. Measurement results of RGM and TPM improved over the time period indicating that activities at the sampling site during set-up and initial sampling affected the results. Especially the TPM measurement results were affected. Additional parallel sampling was performed for two of the TPM methods under more controlled conditions which yielded more comparable results. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Swedish Environm Res Inst, IVL, S-40258 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Calabria, CNR, Inst Atmospher Pollut, IIA, I-87036 Rende, Italy. CNR, Inst Biophys, I-57127 Pisa, Italy. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Inst Phys & Chem Anal, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Environm Canada, Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Technion Israel Inst Technol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Frontier Geosci Ltd, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. US EPA, FL Dept Environm Protect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Earlham Coll, Dept Chem, Richmond, IN 47374 USA. Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Environm Engn, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. Inst Phys, Environm Res Dept, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania. RP Munthe, J (reprint author), Swedish Environm Res Inst, IVL, POB 47086, S-40258 Gothenburg, Sweden. RI Feng, Xinbin/F-4512-2011; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Feng, Xinbin/0000-0002-7462-8998; /0000-0002-5161-9597 NR 39 TC 115 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 17 BP 3007 EP 3017 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00104-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 443VR UT WOS:000169363100005 ER PT J AU Steffen, M Sarkela, TM Gybina, AA Steele, TW Trasseth, NJ Kuehl, D Giulivi, C AF Steffen, M Sarkela, TM Gybina, AA Steele, TW Trasseth, NJ Kuehl, D Giulivi, C TI Metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione in intact mitochondria SO BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase; nitrosothiols; oxygen radicals; transnitrosation ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; SERUM-ALBUMIN; GLUTATHIONE; NITROSOTHIOLS; DERIVATIVES; GENERATION; CHEMISTRY; CYSTEINE; OXYGEN; THIOLS AB S-nitrosation of protein thiol groups by nitric oxide (NO.) is a widely recognized protein modification. Only few intracellular S-nitrosated proteins have been identified and it has been reported that S-nitrosation/denitrosation can serve as a regulatory process in si,anal-transduction pathways. Given the potential physiological importance of S-nitrosothiols, and considering that mitochondria are endowed with high levels of thiols and the biochemical requisites for synthesizing NO., we examined the occurrence of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in intact, coupled rat liver mitochondria. These organelles contained 0.34 nmol of GSNO/mg of protein, detected by HPLC with UV-visible and electrochemical detections. This concentration was dynamically modulated by the availability of NO.; its decay was affected mainly by GSH and superoxide dismutase in a reaction that entailed the generation of GSSG. On the basis of the relatively long half-life of GSNO and the negligible recovery of NO. during its decay, roles for GSNO as a storage and transport molecule for NO. are discussed. Moreover, the formation of GSNO and its reaction with GSH can be considered to be partly responsible for the catabolism of NO. via a complex mechanism that might result in the formation of hydroxylamine, nitrite or nitrous oxide depending upon the availability of oxygen, superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Finally, the high concentrations of GSH in the cytosol and mitochondria might favour the formation of GSNO by reacting with NO. 'in excess', thereby avoiding damaging side reactions (such as peroxynitrite formation), and facilitate the inactivation of NO. by generating other nitrogen-related species without the chemical properties characteristic of NO.. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Giulivi, C (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, 10 Univ Dr, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RI Traaseth, Nathaniel/B-4751-2010; Steele, Terry/B-7162-2012; Giulivi, Cecilia/C-4015-2012 OI Steele, Terry/0000-0001-8596-9619; Giulivi, Cecilia/0000-0003-1033-7435 NR 42 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 4 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0264-6021 J9 BIOCHEM J JI Biochem. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 356 BP 395 EP 402 DI 10.1042/0264-6021:3560395 PN 2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 442QE UT WOS:000169295800012 PM 11368766 ER PT J AU Jones, WJ Ananyeva, ND AF Jones, WJ Ananyeva, ND TI Correlations between pesticide transformation rate and microbial respiration activity in soil of different ecosystems SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE soil; respiration; pesticide; metabolic quotient; microbial community ID FOREST SOILS; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; HERBICIDE DEGRADATION; METABOLIC QUOTIENT; HEAVY-METALS; BIOMASS; ATRAZINE; MICROORGANISMS; MINERALIZATION; COMMUNITIES AB Cecil sandy loam soils (ultisol) from forest (coniferous and deciduous), pasture, and arable ecosystems were sampled (0-10 cm) in the vicinity of Athens, Georgia, USA. Soil from each site was subdivided into three portions, consisting of untreated soil (control) as well as live and sterile samples treated with the fungicide metalaxyl and the herbicide propachlor at 10 mg kg(-1) soil. Pesticide transformation rate, basal respiration (basal) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) rates, and microbial metabolic quotient (qCO(2)) were measured for the initial application of metalaxyl [methyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(metoxyacetyl)-DL-alaninate] or propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-acetanilide) at 22 degreesC and 60% water holding capacity. Positive correlations were found for the following: metalaxyl transformation rate constant (K-met) and basal(r=0.73); K-met and SIR (r=0.83); propachlor transformation rate constant (Kp,) and basal (r=0.89); and K-pr and SIR (r=0.91). Regression analysis of pesticide transformation rate and soil respiration activity, coupled with specific soil properties (pH, C-org, and clay content), revealed a positive correlation between K-met and SIR for C-org (r=0.88 and 0.98, for metalaxyl and propachlor, respectively). qCO(2)s were not significantly different (P=0.05) in propachlor-amended and pesticide-free soils. Metalaxyl amendment resulted in a change in the ecophysiological status of the soil microbial community as expressed by qCO(2). The qCO(2) values in metalaxyl-amended soils were significantly greater (P=0.05) in pine forest (by 25%) and arable and pasture (by 20%) soils compared to unamended soils. Differences in qCO(2) values may represent the magnitude of pesticide-induced disturbance. The duration of this disturbance was greater in the pine forest soil (48 days) compared to arable and pasture soils (21 and 15 days, respectively). C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Physicochem & Biol Problems Soil Sci, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Ananyeva, ND (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Physicochem & Biol Problems Soil Sci, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 6 BP 477 EP 483 DI 10.1007/s003740100365 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 455HR UT WOS:000170021900006 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Values, policy, and ecosystem health SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; SCIENTISTS; INTEGRITY; ECOLOGY; SCIENCE C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 41 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 6 BP 437 EP 443 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0437:VPAEH]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 453UQ UT WOS:000169935200005 ER PT J AU Mulchandani, A Chen, W Mulchandani, P Wang, J Rogers, KR AF Mulchandani, A Chen, W Mulchandani, P Wang, J Rogers, KR TI Biosensors for direct determination of organophosphate pesticides SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Review DE nerve agents; organophosphorus hydrolase; enzyme electrode; enzyme optrode; screen-printed carbon electrode; remote sensor ID NERVE AGENTS; PSEUDOMONAS-DIMINUTA; CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES; ENZYME ELECTRODE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE; HYDROLASE; HYDROLYSIS; WATER AB Direct, selective, rapid and simple determination of organophosphate pesticides has been achieved by integrating organophosphorus hydrolase with electrochemical and opitical transducers. Organophosphorus hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide range of organophosphate compounds, releasing an acid and an alcohol that can be detected directly. This article reviews development, characterization and applications of organophosphorus hydrolase-based potentiometric, amperometric and optical biosensors. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Mulchandani, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM adani@engr.ucr.edu RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011; Chen, Wilfred/H-4335-2013; Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 40 TC 225 Z9 236 U1 8 U2 82 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4-5 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00126-9 PG 6 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 449XP UT WOS:000169712700001 PM 11390208 ER PT J AU Larned, ST Chong, CT Punewai, N AF Larned, ST Chong, CT Punewai, N TI Detrital fruit processing in a Hawaiian stream ecosystem SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE detritivore; detritus; fruit; guava; Hawaii; invertebrate; mango; tropical stream ID MANGO MANGIFERA-INDICA; SEED DISPERSAL; RAIN-FOREST; PHENOLOGY; TROPICS; ROT AB In temperate forested streams, fruit from riparian trees is generally a minor and seasonal component of the allochthonous detritus. In contrast, riparian fruit input to tropical streams is often high and continuous. Detrital fruit is abundant in some forested Hawaiian streams compared to other forms of riparian detritus, and rates of leaf litter processing by macroscopic invertebrates are very low. These observations suggested that fruit is an important food resource for detritivores. A microcosm system was used to measure the rates at which two common detrital fruits, guava and mango, were processed by two common detritivores, the prawn Macrobrachium lar and the gastropod Tarebia granifera. Comparisons of fruit weight loss rates normalized by detritivore weight indicated that M. lar processed guavas at significantly higher rates than T. granifera; differences in rates of mango processing by M. lar and T. granifera were not significant. Microcosms containing both M, lar and T. granifera were used to test for interactions between the invertebrates that affected rates of mango processing. No interspecific interactions were detected. A field study was conducted in Kaiwiki Stream, Island of Hawaii, to determine rates of detrital fruit input and export. Detrital fruit was supplied to the study area year-round, with peaks corresponding to summer and autumn fruiting seasons. Guavas and mangos accounted for 85 percent of the fruit biomass entering the stream and 92 percent of the fruit exported from the stream. Mean daily export rates of guava were 7 percent of input, and export rates of mango were 5 percent of input. These measurements suggested that most of the fruit entering the stream is retained and comprises a substantial food resource for detritivores. Comparisons of the biomass-specific rates at which M. lar and T. granifera processed mangos and guavas with the rates at which mangos and guavas entered Kaiwiki Stream suggested that these invertebrates can process most of the detrital fruit in the stream. C1 Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Biol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Larned, ST (reprint author), US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 241 EP 248 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00175.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450YG UT WOS:000169772000003 ER PT J AU King, LC Kohan, MJ Brooks, L Nelson, GB Ross, JA Allison, J Adams, L Desai, D Amin, S Padgett, W Lambert, GR Richard, AM Nesnow, S AF King, LC Kohan, MJ Brooks, L Nelson, GB Ross, JA Allison, J Adams, L Desai, D Amin, S Padgett, W Lambert, GR Richard, AM Nesnow, S TI An evaluation of the mutagenicity, metabolism, and DNA adduct formation of 5-nitrobenzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NITRO-DERIVATIVES; 6-NITROCHRYSENE; IDENTIFICATION; CHRYSENE; BINDING; DEOXYGUANOSINE; SEPARATION AB Thioarenes, sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds, are environmental contaminants suspected of posing human health risks. In this study, 5-nitrobenzo [b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene (5-nitro-BNT), a nitrated-thioarene, was examined for its mutagenicity, metabolism and subsequent formation of DNA adducts. 5-Nitro-BNT was weakly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 without Aroclor-1254-induced rat liver S9 (S9), and its activity was increased in the presence of S9. Anaerobic metabolism of 5-nitro-BNT by S9 or xanthine oxidase (XO) produced one major metabolite, identified as 5-amino-BNT by NMR, MS, and W spectroscopy and by comparison with an authentic standard. Aerobic S9 metabolism of 5-nitro-BNT produced a major metabolite, identified as trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9, 10-dihydro-5-nitro-BNT (5-nitro-BNT-9,10-diol). Also present was a minor amount of 5-amino-BNT and trans-9,10-dihydroxy 9,10-dihydro-5-amino-BNT (5-amino-BNT-9,10-diol). DNA adduct analyses were performed using the P-32-postlabeling assay and reversed-phase HPLC. Three major XO-derived calf thymus DNA adducts were detected. On the basis of their chromatographic mobilities, two adducts were identified as reaction products of 5-nitro-BNT with 2 ' -deoxyguanosine and one adduct with 2 ' -deoxyadenosine. Incorporation of allopurinol (a specific XO inhibitor) in the incubation mixture resulted in loss of all three adducts, confirming enzymatic mediation by XO. Aerobic S9 activation of 5-nitro-BNT with calf thymus DNA produced three adducts. On the basis of their chromatographic mobilities, two were identified as reaction products of 5-nitro-BNT with 2 ' -deoxyguanosine and one with 2 ' -deoxyadenosine. Incorporation of 1-aminobenzotriazole (a P450 inhibitor) in the incubation mixture resulted in a loss of these adducts, confirming enzymatic mediation by P450. Aerobic S9-catalyzed metabolism of 5-nitro-BNT-9, 10-diol produced the same DNA adducts as observed with 5-nitro-BNT. Aerobic S9-catalyzed metabolism of 5-amino-BNT-9,10-diol produced the same deoxyadenosine-derived DNA adducts as observed with 5-nitro-BNT and 5-nitro-BNT-9,10-diol. These results provide additional information that both ring oxidation and nitroreduction are involved in the metabolism, DNA adduct formation and mutagenicity of 5-nitro-BNT. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Amer Hlth Fdn, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP King, LC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 14 IS 6 BP 661 EP 671 DI 10.1021/tx0001373 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 445TK UT WOS:000169474500004 PM 11409936 ER PT J AU Koppikar, AM AF Koppikar, AM TI Future research needs for the health assessment of 1,3-butadiene SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th European Congress of Toxicology CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL LONDON, ENGLAND DE 1,3-butadiene; leukemia; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; dialkyl dithiocarbamates; health assessment ID WORKERS; BUTADIENE; MORTALITY; FACILITY; STYRENE; UPDATE AB In recent years, several organizations have evaluated the health effects of 1,3-butadiene. Dissimilar conclusions about the carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene have been reached, due to differences in interpretation of the same data. Although 1,3-butadiene has been extensively studied, various uncertainties and data gaps remain which will require further clarification to reduce the uncertainties in future health assessments. This paper discusses future research needs respective of cancer and non-cancer effects that would be useful for future assessments as to how 1,3-butadiene affects health. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington Off 8623D, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Koppikar, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington Off 8623D, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 135 SI SI BP 629 EP 636 DI 10.1016/S0009-2797(01)00200-9 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 470PU UT WOS:000170881000041 PM 11397417 ER PT J AU Ginsburg, EO AF Ginsburg, EO TI Further thoughts on the politics of the environment: Ecosystem health and the political process SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div MD14, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ginsburg, EO (reprint author), US EPA, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div MD14, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 2 BP 74 EP 76 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.007002074.x PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 470ZV UT WOS:000170903100002 ER PT J AU Nussbaum, BD Gilbert, RO AF Nussbaum, BD Gilbert, RO TI Editorial: Special issue on composite sampling SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Environm Anal Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Nussbaum, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Anal Div, Mail Code 2842,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 89 EP 90 DI 10.1023/A:1011337029268 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 437BY UT WOS:000168971400001 ER PT J AU Johnson, MG Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Storm, MJ AF Johnson, MG Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Storm, MJ TI Advancing fine root research with minirhizotrons SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Review DE data quality; image collection; root biomass; root lifespan; tube installation ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; PONDEROSA PINE; GROWTH DYNAMICS; LENGTH DENSITY; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; WALL MINIRHIZOTRON; N-FERTILIZATION; SPRUCE FORESTS AB Minirhizotrons provide a nondestructive, in situ method for directly viewing and studying fine roots. Although many insights into fine roots have been gained using minirhizotrons, a review of the literature indicates a wide variation in how minirhizotrons and minirhizotron data are used. Tube installation is critical, and steps must be taken to insure good soil/tube contact without compacting the soil. Ideally, soil adjacent to minirhizotrons a ill mimic bulk soil. Tube installation causes some degree of soil disturbance and has the potential to create artifacts in subsequent root data and analysis. We therefore recommend a waiting period between tube installation and image collection of 6-12 months to allow roots to recolonize the space around the tubes and to permit nutrients to return to pre-disturbance levels. To make repeated observations of individual roots for the purposes of quantifying their dynamic properties (e.g. root production, turnover or lifespan), tubes should be secured to prevent movement. The frequency of image collection depends upon the root parameters being measured or calculated and the time and resources available for collecting images and extracting data. However, long sampling intervals of 8 weeks or more can result in large underestimates of root dynamic properties because more fine roots will be born and die unobserved between sampling events. A sampling interval of 2 weeks or less reduces these underestimates to acceptable levels. While short sample intervals are desirable, they can lead to a potential trade-off between the number of minirhizotron tubes used and the number of frames analyzed per tube. Analyzing fewer frames per minirhizotron tube is one way to reduce costs with only miner effects on data variation. The quality of minirhizotron data should be assessed and reported; procedures for quantifying the quality of minirhizotron data are presented here. Root length is a more sensitive metric for dynamic root properties than the root number. To make minirhizotron data from separate experiments more easily comparable, idiosyncratic units should be avoided. Volumetric units compatible with aboveground plant measures make minirhizotron-based estimates of root standing crop, production and turnover more useful. Methods for calculating the volumetric root data are discussed and an example presented. Procedures for estimating fine root lifespan are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Johnson, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 93 TC 168 Z9 213 U1 9 U2 73 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 45 IS 3 BP 263 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00077-6 PG 27 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427JB UT WOS:000168400100004 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Dearry, A Eggleston, PA Ford, J Froines, J Gelobter, M Gong, H Kinney, PL Leikauf, GD Lipsett, M Lwebuga-Mukasa, JS Mannino, D McDonnell, W Morandi, MT Neas, LM Porras, C Prasad, S Redd, S Schwab, M Servin, T Shepard, P Spengler, JD Sugerman-Brozan, J Targ, N Wallace, D Wallace, R White, RH Woodruff, T AF Samet, JM Dearry, A Eggleston, PA Ford, J Froines, J Gelobter, M Gong, H Kinney, PL Leikauf, GD Lipsett, M Lwebuga-Mukasa, JS Mannino, D McDonnell, W Morandi, MT Neas, LM Porras, C Prasad, S Redd, S Schwab, M Servin, T Shepard, P Spengler, JD Sugerman-Brozan, J Targ, N Wallace, D Wallace, R White, RH Woodruff, T CA Amer Lung Assoc TI Urban air pollution and health inequities: A workshop report SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE air pollution; community intervention; environmental justice; environmental monitoring; genetic susceptibility; health status susceptibility; population surveillance; public policy; urban health ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; DAILY ASTHMA SEVERITY; PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW; INNER-CITY CHILDREN; SMALL-AREA ANALYSIS; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT AB Over the past three decades, an array of legislation with attendant regulations has been implemented to enhance the quality of the environment and thereby improve the public's health. Despite the many beneficial changes that have followed, there remains a disproportionately higher prevalence of harmful environmental exposures, particularly air pollution, for certain populations. These populations most often reside in urban settings, have low socioeconomic status, and include a large proportion of ethnic minorities. The disparities between racial/ethnic minority and/or low-income populations in cities and the general population in terms of environmental exposures and related health risks have prompted the "environmental justice" or "environmental equity" movement, which strives to create cleaner environments for the most polluted communities. Achieving cleaner environments will require interventions based on scientific data specific to the populations at risk; however, research in this area has been relatively limited. To assess the current scientific information on urban air pollution and its health impacts and to help set the agenda for immediate intervention and future research, the American Lung Association organized an invited workshop on Urban Air Pollution and Health Inequities held 22-24 October 1999 in Washington, DC. This report builds on literature reviews and summarizes the discussions of working groups charged with addressing key areas relevant to air pollution and health effects in urban environments. An overview was provided of the state of the science for health impacts of air pollution and technologies available for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment. The working groups then prioritized research needs to address the knowledge gaps and developed recommendations for community interventions and public policy to begin to remedy the exposure and health inequities. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Johns Hopkins Hosp, Dept Pediat, Div Immunol & Allergy, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Harlem Hosp Ctr, Div Pulm Med, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Grad Dept Publ Adm, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ So Calif, Rancho Los Amigos Med Ctr, Environm Hlth Serv, Downey, CA 90242 USA. Columbia Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, New York, NY USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol Biophys, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Buffalo Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Communities Better Environm, Los Angeles, CA USA. Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Sacramento, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Publ Hlth, Risk Sci & Publ Policy Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Calif Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA USA. W Harlem Environm Act, New York, NY USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Alternat Community & Environm, Roxbury, MA USA. US EPA, Off Environm Justice, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Childrens Environm Hlth, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Sociomed Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. New York State Psychiat Inst, Epidemiol Mental Disorders Res Dept, New York, NY 10032 USA. Amer Lung Assoc, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Policy Econ & Innovat, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 615 N Wolfe St,Suite 6041, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 155 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 SU 3 BP 357 EP 374 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 448FU UT WOS:000169616900003 ER PT J AU Dye, JA Lehmann, JR McGee, JK Winsett, DW Ledbetter, AD Everitt, JI Ghio, AJ Costa, DL AF Dye, JA Lehmann, JR McGee, JK Winsett, DW Ledbetter, AD Everitt, JI Ghio, AJ Costa, DL TI Acute pulmonary toxicity of particulate matter filter extracts in rats: Coherence with epidemiologic studies in Utah Valley residents SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE filter extraction; lung inflammation; lung injury; metals; particulate matter (PM); pulmonary toxicity; rats; steel mill; total suspended particulates (TSP); Utah Valley ID AIR-POLLUTION; RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; PM(10) POLLUTION; IN-VITRO; PARTICLES; HEALTH; METALS AB Epidemiologic reports by C.A. Pope III et. al. demonstrated that in the Utah Valley, closure of an open-hearth steel mill over the winter of 1987 was associated with reductions in respiratory disease and related hospital admissions in valley residents. To better examine the relationship between plant-associated changes in ambient particulate matter (PM) and respiratory health effects, we obtained total suspended particulate filters originally collected near the steel mill during the winter of 1986 (before closure), 1987 (during closure), and 1988 (after plant reopening). PM subcomponents were water-extracted from these filters and Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with equivalent masses of extract. Data indicated that 24 hr later, rats exposed to 1986 or 1988 extracts developed significant pulmonary injury and neutrophilic inflammation. Additionally, 50% of rats exposed to 1986 or 1988 extracts had increased airway responsiveness to acetylcholine, compared to 17 and 25% of rats exposed to saline or the 1987 extract, respectively. By 96 hr, these effects were largely resolved except for increases in lung lavage fluid neutrophils and lymphocytes in 1986 extract-exposed rats. Analogous effects were observed with lung histologic assessment. Extract analysis using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy demonstrated in all three extracts nearly 70% of the mass appeared to be sodium-based salts derived from the glass filter matrix. Interestingly, relative to the 1987 extract, the 1986/1988 extracts contained more sulfate, cationic salts (i.e., calcium, potassium, magnesium), and certain metals (i.e., copper, zinc, iron, lead, strontium, arsenic, manganese, nickel). Although total metal content was less than or equal to 1% of the extracts by mass, the greater quantity detected in the 1986 and 1988 extracts suggests metals may be important determinants of the pulmonary toxicity observed. In conclusion, the pulmonary effects induced by exposure of rats to water-based extracts of local ambient PM filters were in good accord with the cross-sectional epidemiologic reports of adverse respiratory health effects in Utah Valley residents. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Costa, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Everitt, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0273-6284 NR 30 TC 133 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 SU 3 BP 395 EP 403 DI 10.2307/3434787 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 448FU UT WOS:000169616900007 PM 11427389 ER PT J AU Adgate, JL Barr, DB Clayton, CA Eberly, LE Freeman, NCG Lioy, PJ Needham, LL Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ Roy, A Sexton, K AF Adgate, JL Barr, DB Clayton, CA Eberly, LE Freeman, NCG Lioy, PJ Needham, LL Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ Roy, A Sexton, K TI Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: Analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children's health; exposure assessment; Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); National Human Exposure Assessment Survey; (NHEXAS); organophosphate pesticides; urinary biomarkers ID UNITED-STATES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHARACTERIZE; CHLORPYRIFOS; POPULATION; RESIDUES; ADULTS; HEALTH; RISKS AB The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study is a probability-based sample of 102 children 3-13 years old who were monitored for commonly used pesticides. During the summer of 1997, first-morning-void urine samples (1-3 per child) were obtained for 88% of study children and analyzed for metabolites of insecticides and herbicides: carbamates and related compounds (1-NAP), atrazine (Ah?), malathion (MDA), and chlorpyrifos and related compounds (TCPy). TCPy was present in 93% of the samples, whereas 1-NAP, MDA, and AM were detected in 45%, 37%, and 2% of samples, respectively. Measured intrachild means ranged from 1.4 mug/L for MDA to 9.2 mug/L for TCPy, and there was considerable intrachild variability. For children providing three urine samples, geometric mean TCPy levels were greater than the detection limit in 98% of the samples, and nearly half the children had geometric mean 1-NAP and MDA levels greater than the detection limit. Interchild variability was significantly greater than intrachild variability for 1-NAP (p = 0.0037) and TCPy (p < 0.0001). The four metabolites measured were not correlated within urine samples, and children's metabolite levels did not vary systematically by sex, age, race, household income, or putative household pesticide use. On a log scale, mean TCPy levels were significantly higher in urban than in nonurban children (7.2 vs. 4.7 mug/L; p = 0.036). Weighted population mean concentrations were 3.9 [standard error (SE) = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5, 5.3] mug/L for 1-NAP, 1.7 (SE = 0.3; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.3) mug/L for MDA, and 9.6 (SE = 0.9; 95% CI, 7.8, 11) mug/L for TCPy. The weighted population results estimate the overall mean and variability of metabolite levels for more than 84,000 children in the census tracts sampled. Levels of 1-NAP were lower than reported adult reference range concentrations, whereas TCPy concentrations were substantially higher. Concentrations of MDA were detected more frequently and found at higher levels in children than in a recent nonprobability-based sample of adults. Overall, Minnesota children's TCPy and MDA levels were higher than in recent population-based studies of adults in the United States, but the relative magnitude of intraindividual variability was similar for adults and children. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Adgate, JL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, MMC 807,Room 1260,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 30 TC 134 Z9 138 U1 2 U2 20 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 6 BP 583 EP 590 DI 10.2307/3455032 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 450DP UT WOS:000169726500027 PM 11445512 ER PT J AU Lynberg, M Nuckols, JR Langlois, P Ashley, D Singer, P Mendola, P Wilkes, C Krapfl, H Miles, E Speight, V Lin, B Small, L Miles, A Bonin, M Zeitz, P Tadkod, A Henry, J Forrester, MB AF Lynberg, M Nuckols, JR Langlois, P Ashley, D Singer, P Mendola, P Wilkes, C Krapfl, H Miles, E Speight, V Lin, B Small, L Miles, A Bonin, M Zeitz, P Tadkod, A Henry, J Forrester, MB TI Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia: Descriptive results and methods SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; disinfection by-products; epidemiology; exposure assessment; exposure modeling; tap water; trihalomethanes ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DRINKING-WATER; HUMAN BLOOD; TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS; HOUSEHOLD WATER; NORTH-CAROLINA; CHLOROFORM; INHALATION; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CONTAMINANTS AB We conducted a field study in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia, ro evaluate exposure measures for disinfection by-products, with special emphasis on trihalomethanes (THMs). Participants were mothers living in either geographic area who had given birth to healthy infants from June 1998 through May 1999. We assessed exposure by sampling blood and water and obtaining information about water use habits and tap water characteristics. Two 10-mL whole blood samples were collected from each participant before and immediately after her shower. Levels of individual THM species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) were measured in whole blood [parts per trillion (pptr)] and in water samples (parts per billion). In the Corpus Christi water samples, brominated compounds accounted for 71% of the total THM concentration by weight; in Cobb County, chloroform accounted for 88%. Significant differences in blood THM levels were observed between study locations. For example, the median baseline blood level of bromoform was 0.3 pptr and 3.5 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). Differences were most striking in blood obtained after showering. For bromoform, the median blood levels were 0.5 pptr and 17 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that blood levels of THM species vary substantially across populations, depending on both water quality characteristics and water use activities. Such variation has important implications for epidemiologic studies of the potential health effects of disinfection byproducts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Enivornm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. Div Environm Hlth Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Wilkes Technol Inc, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Lynberg, M (reprint author), CDC, NCEH, EHHE, HSB, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-23, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. OI Speight, Vanessa/0000-0001-7780-7863; Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU613232] NR 48 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 6 BP 597 EP 604 DI 10.2307/3455034 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 450DP UT WOS:000169726500029 PM 11445514 ER PT J AU Poole, GC Berman, CH AF Poole, GC Berman, CH TI An ecological perspective on in-stream temperature: Natural heat dynamics and mechanisms of human-caused thermal degradation SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE stream temperature management; shade; hyporheic zone; groundwater; channel morphology; riparian vegetation; anthropogenic influences ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE; CHINOOK SALMON; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; RIVER ECOSYSTEMS; FLOW REGULATION; HYPORHEIC ZONE; SURFACE-WATER; HABITAT AB While external factors (drivers) determine the net heat energy and water delivered to a stream, the internal structure of a stream determines how heat and water will be distributed within and exchanged among a stream's components (channel, alluvial aquifer, and riparian zone/floodplain). Therefore, the interaction between external drivers of stream temperature and the internal structure of integrated stream systems ultimately determines channel water temperature. This paper presents a synoptic, ecologically based discussion of the external drivers of stream temperature, the internal structures and processes that insulate and buffer stream temperatures, and the mechanisms of human influence on stream temperature. It provides a holistic perspective on the diversity of natural dynamics and human activities that influence stream temperature, including discussions of the role of the hyporheic zone. Key management implications include: (1) Protecting or reestablishing in-stream flow is critical for restoring desirable thermal regimes in streams. (2) Modified riparian vegetation, groundwater dynamics, and channel morphology are all important pathways of human influence on channel-water temperature and each pathway should be addressed in management plans. (3) Stream temperature research and monitoring programs will be jeopardized by an inaccurate or incomplete conceptual understanding of complex temporal and spatial stream temperature response patterns to anthropogenic influences. (4) Analyses of land-use history and the historical vs contemporary structure of the stream channel, riparian zone, and alluvial aquifer are important prerequisites for applying mechanistic temperature models to develop management prescriptions to meet in-channel temperature goals. C1 US EPA, Off Environm Assessment, OEA 095, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. US EPA, Off Ecosyst & Communities, ECO 086, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Poole, GC (reprint author), Ecometr, 4051 Wildflower Lane, Tucker, GA 30084 USA. OI Poole, Geoffrey/0000-0002-8458-0203 NR 97 TC 309 Z9 315 U1 16 U2 118 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 27 IS 6 BP 787 EP 802 DI 10.1007/s002670010188 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 433ML UT WOS:000168763300002 PM 11393314 ER PT J AU Hashmonay, RA Natschke, DF Wagoner, K Harris, DB Thompson, EL Yost, MG AF Hashmonay, RA Natschke, DF Wagoner, K Harris, DB Thompson, EL Yost, MG TI Field evaluation of a method for estimating gaseous fluxes from area sources using open path Fourier transform infrared SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FTIR SPECTROSCOPY; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; MODELING TECHNIQUES; EMISSION RATES; AIR AB This paper describes results from the first field experiment designed to evaluate a new approach for quantifying gaseous fugitive emissions of area air pollution sources. The approach combines path-integrated concentration data acquired with any path-integrated optical remote sensing (PI-ORS) technique and computed tomography (CT) technique. In this study, an open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) instrument sampled path-integrated concentrations along five radial beam paths in a vertical plane downwind from the source. A meteorological station collected measurements of wind direction and wind speed. Nitrous oxide (N2O) was released from a controlled area source simulator. The innovative CT technique, which applies the smooth basis function minimization method to the beam data in conjunction with measured wind data, was used to estimate the total flux from the simulated area source. The new approach estimates consistently underestimated the true emission rates in unstable atmospheric conditions and agreed with the true emission rate in neutral atmospheric conditions. This approach is applicable to many types of industrial areas or volume sources, given the use of an adequate PI-ORS system. C1 ARCADIS G&M Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hashmonay, RA (reprint author), ARCADIS G&M Inc, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 11 BP 2309 EP 2313 DI 10.1021/es0017108 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 438KQ UT WOS:000169052800045 PM 11414037 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Jensen, KM Kahl, MD Korte, JJ Makynen, EA AF Ankley, GT Jensen, KM Kahl, MD Korte, JJ Makynen, EA TI Description and evaluation of a short-term reproduction test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fathead minnow; reproduction; endocrine function; toxicity ID CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; EARLY-LIFE STAGES; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SCREENING METHODS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; ACUTE TOXICITY; METHOXYCHLOR; FISH; EXPOSURE AB Due to the time and expense associated with full life-cycle testing, most current toxicity tests with fish do not explicitly consider reproductive output as an endpoint but, rather, focus on early life-stage survival and development. However, some classes of chemicals could adversely impact reproduction at concentrations below those that affect development, Further, estimates of the effects of toxic compounds on reproductive output can be critical to the ecological risk assessment process. In this manuscript, we describe a short-term reproduction test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and evaluate the test using two model reproductive toxicants, methoxychlor (an estrogenic compound) and methyltestosterone (an androgenic chemical). The test is initiated with reproductively mature animals and is comprised of a pre-exposure phase of 14 to 21 d, followed by a chemical exposure of up to 21 d. During and at completion of the test, several endpoints related to reproductive fitness and endocrine function are assessed, Both chemicals evaluated in our study caused a significant decrease in fecundity of the fish at nominal concentrations of 5.0 mug/L (methoxychlor) and 0.2 mg/L (methyltestosterone). Methoxychlor decreased plasma concentrations of one or more steroids (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, beta -estradiol) in both sexes and caused a significant induction of plasma vitellogenin in males. a response consistent with activation of the estrogen receptor by the pesticide (or its metabolites). Methyltebtosterone decreased plasma concentrations of sex steroids and adversely affected gonadal status (as evaluated by relative weight and histopathology) in both sexes. The androgenic nature of methyltestosterone was clearly expressed as masculinization of exposed females via formation of nuptial tubercles, structures normally present only in reproductively active males. The chemical also caused a significant induction of plasma vitellogenin in both males and females; this unexpected estrogenic response was most likely due to aromatization of the androgen to a form capable of binding to the estrogen receptor. These studies demonstrate the utility of this short-term assay for identifying chemicals that exert reproductive toxicity through alterations in endocrine systems controlled by estrogens and androgens. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM ankley.gerald@epamail.epa.gov NR 73 TC 276 Z9 285 U1 7 U2 59 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1276 EP 1290 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1276:DAEOAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YL UT WOS:000170166000016 PM 11392137 ER PT J AU Sibley, PK Ankley, GT Benoit, DA AF Sibley, PK Ankley, GT Benoit, DA TI Factors affecting reproduction and the importance of adult size on reproductive output of the midge Chironomus tentans SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; life-cycle test; adult size; mating frequency; fecundity ID SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS; LIFETIME MATING SUCCESS; BODY-SIZE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; DIPTERA-CHIRONOMIDAE; PESTIFEROUS MIDGE; END-POINTS; CYCLE TEST AB We conducted two separate tests to evaluate the influence of several factors, that could affect estimation and interpretation of effects on reproductive output of Chironomus tentans in sediment toxicity tests. Specifically, the influence of adult size, mating frequency in males (male), and age of both males and females (female) at first mating on mating success (number of successful matings), fecundity (number of eggs/female), percentage hatch, and number of offspring (number of hatched eggs) was assessed. In the first experiment, the influence of adult size on reproductive output was determined by growing midges fed a low (0.29 mg/individual/d) and a high (0.42 mg/individual/d) a-mount of food to produce small (S) and large (L) adults, respectively. The adults were then mated in one of four scenarios: S male X S female, S male X L female, L male X S female, and L male X L female. An increase in male weight at a constant female weight had no significant effect on fecundity, whereas an increase in female weight yielded 49.5 and 60.7% increases in fecundity when mated with low- and high-fed males, respectively. Similarly, mean number of offspring (fecundity X percent hatch) increased by 19.8 and 48.3% when male weight was increased and female weight was held constant and by 141.9 and 180.4% when female weight was increased and male weight was held constant. In the second experiment, conducted at a single feeding rate, fecundity increased significantly with an increase in female weight but not male weight. The number of offspring was not significantly influenced by adult weight. The age of males or females at first mating, the frequency with which males were mated (up to seven consecutive days), and the proportion of males successfully mating had no effect on fecundity or number of offspring; however, large increases in variability about mean estimates were observed in some endpoints for older males. These results suggest that adult female size is the most important factor affecting reproductive output in C. tentans, and that enhanced performance of the life-cycle test with respect to all reproductive endpoints might be achieved if males are not mated for more than five consecutive days. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Sibley, PK (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM psibley@tox.uoguelph.ca NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1296 EP 1303 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1296:FARATI>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YL UT WOS:000170166000018 PM 11392139 ER PT J AU Hughes, MR Bailer, AJ Denton, DL AF Hughes, MR Bailer, AJ Denton, DL TI Toxicant- and response-specific comparisons of statistical methods for estimating effective concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE relative inhibition estimation; inhibition concentration estimation; Pimephales promelas; Haliotis rufescens; regression modeling ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS; TOXICITY AB Standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) statistical analyses of whole effluent toxicity tests involve the estimation of the concentration associated with a specified level of inhibition relative to control responses. Current U.S. EPA estimation methods (linear interpolation or probit-based methods) are compared to a recently developed parametric regression-based estimator, the relative inhibition concentration estimator RIp. The RIp estimation technique. with level of inhibition p = 25%, is applied to a series of chronic toxicity test data from a U.S. EPA Region 9 database of reference toxicity tests. Tests on marine species are conducted with one reference toxicant, while the freshwater tests are conducted with several reference toxicants. While the U.S. EPA estimators and the RIP estimator are highly correlated for red abalone larval shell development, the degree of correlation for fathead minnow responses varies with reference toxicant tested. The strength of the relationship between the RIP and the standard U.S. EPA estimators varies as a function of the reference toxicant. Correlations range between 0.67 and 0.99. For all biological responses included in this evaluation (fathead minnow growth or survival and red abalone larval development), experiments occurred where the RIp is estimable, while the standard U.S. EPA estimators are not. Nonestimability of the standard EPA methods appears to be related, in part, to the failure of models to account for enhanced responses, such as a hormesis effect prior to toxicity being manifest. The ability to account for such enhanced responses is a strength of the RIP method. Finally, a variance component analysis suggests that lab-to-lab variability is relatively low for the red abalone but relatively high for the fathead minnow. C1 Miami Univ, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Hughes, MR (reprint author), Miami Univ, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1374 EP 1380 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1374:TARSCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YL UT WOS:000170166000029 PM 11392150 ER PT J AU Wigand, C Finn, M Findlay, S Fischer, D AF Wigand, C Finn, M Findlay, S Fischer, D TI Submersed macrophyte effects on nutrient exchanges in riverine sediments SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID HUDSON RIVER; MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM; WATER; PHOSPHORUS; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; ESTUARY; GROWTH; PHYTOPLANKTON; SEAGRASSES AB Submersed macrophytes are important in nutrient cycling in marine and lacustrine systems, although their role in nutrient exchange in tidally-influenced riverine systems is not well studied. In the laboratory, plants significantly lowered porewater nutrient pools of riverine sediments compared with bare controls. Deep-rooted Vallisneria americana lowered the porewater nutrients to a greater extent than the shallow-rooted Potamogeton pectinatus. V. americana showed significantly higher tissue nutrient content (N in roots, P in leaves) than P. pectinatus. Porewater nutrients in the river increased from spring to summer (1995) when vegetation was at its peak (for porewater PO4-P, p < 0.05). In 1996, porewater nutrients were higher during peak plant biomass in the summer than in the fall (for porewater PO4-P, p < 0.05). In the summer (1995) vegetated patches had significantly greater porewater PO4-P than bare patches. We hypothesize that the concentrating of particulates in riverine grassbeds and subsequent microbial processing may provide an indirect source of nutrients for submersed macrophytes. In tidally-influenced riverine systems, biological mechanisms such as root uptake of nutrients and lateral oxygen release may be masked by the interaction of physical forces (i.e., tides, currents) with the structure of the grassbeds. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 398 EP 406 DI 10.2307/1353241 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 457AV UT WOS:000170115700008 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Defending reality SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUN PY 2001 VL 26 IS 6 BP 26 EP 27 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439LZ UT WOS:000169119500004 ER PT J AU Hennessey, MK Schnell, RJ AF Hennessey, MK Schnell, RJ TI Resistance of immature mango fruits to Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hennessey, MK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, 12000 Penn Ave NW,Mailbox 7503C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 2 BP 318 EP 319 DI 10.2307/3496192 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 451HD UT WOS:000169794700030 ER PT J AU Laurence, JA Retzlaff, WA Kern, JS Lee, EH Hogsett, WE Weinstein, DA AF Laurence, JA Retzlaff, WA Kern, JS Lee, EH Hogsett, WE Weinstein, DA TI Predicting the regional impact of ozone and precipitation on the growth of loblolly pine and yellow-poplar using linked TREGRO and ZELIG models SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone; forest growth and productivity; spatial extrapolation; risk assessment ID SEEDLINGS; EXPOSURE; ALLOCATION; STRESSES; FORESTS; TREES AB To simulate the long-term effects of ozone on forests in the US, we linked TREGRO, a mechanistic model of an individual tree, to ZELIG, a forest stand model, to examine the response of forests to five ozone exposure regimes (0 to similar to 100 ppm h SUM06 per year) in 100-year simulations. TREGRO and ZELIG were parameterized using biological and meteorological data from three climate sites in the southeastern US. TREGRO was used to generate 3-year exposure-response relationships between ozone and growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Ratios (response at ozone exposure: response at base case) of total tree mass, leaf mass, and line root/leaf mass were calculated and used to modify growth functions in ZELIG. At the end of the ZELIG simulation, the change in basal area of loblolly pine ranged from an increase of 44% to a decrease of 87%, depending on precipitation and ozone exposure. The basal area of yellow-poplar, simulated in competition with loblolly pine was not affected over most of its range. Over the range of the two species, the simulated changes in basal area due to ozone exposure were generally within +/- 10% of the base case. Competitive interactions between the species were not altered. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Laurence, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 146 IS 1-3 BP 247 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00462-X PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 431NE UT WOS:000168636800020 ER PT J AU Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS AF Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS TI Microwave-accelerated Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in polyethylene glycol (PEG) SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BROMIDE INTERCALATED CLAY; ARYLBORONIC ACIDS; ORGANIC ELECTROPHILES; PALLADIUM-CHLORIDE; CATALYST AB Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is found to be an inexpensive and non-toxic reaction medium for the microwave-assisted Suzuki cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with aryl halides. This environmentally friendly microwave protocol offers ease of operation and enables recyclability of catalyst and synthesis of a variety of substituted biaryls employing palladium chloride as catalyst and potassium fluoride as the base. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 157 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 3 IS 3 BP 146 EP 148 DI 10.1039/b102337n PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 444NW UT WOS:000169407100013 ER PT J AU Wireman, M AF Wireman, M TI Potential water-quality impact, of hard-rock mining SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Denver, CO USA. RP Wireman, M (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 8, Denver, CO USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 40 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00743.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 467AZ UT WOS:000170679500003 ER PT J AU Azadpour-Keeley, A Keeley, JW Russell, HH Sewell, GW AF Azadpour-Keeley, A Keeley, JW Russell, HH Sewell, GW TI Monitored natural attenuation of contaminants in the subsurface: Applications SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID MASS BALANCE EVALUATION; IN-GROUND WATER; RATE CONSTANTS; WELLS; FIELD; BIODEGRADATION; SEDIMENTS; CLEANUP AB In recent years there has been increasing interest in the application of passive technologies to reduce or remove contaminants from the subsurface environment including soil and ground water. In most cases, the impetus for this interest lies in a perceived savings compared with more traditional remedial alternatives. In a few cases, the infrastructure at contaminated sites, such as buildings, paved areas, and utilities, makes the use of conventional remedial measures difficult and expensive. To demonstrate that natural processes are effective in reaching established goals, it is necessary to determine that transformation processes are taking place at a rate that is protective of human health and the environment and that these processes will continue for an acceptable period of time. The basic conditions that must be present to confirm natural attenuation processes are taking place are discussed along with the behavior of contaminated plumes, monitoring requirements, data analysis, rates of degradation, and mathematical modeling. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Gen Dynam Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Azadpour-Keeley, A (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 71 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 136 EP 143 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00750.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 467AZ UT WOS:000170679500011 ER PT J AU Costa, DL Gordon, T AF Costa, DL Gordon, T TI Dr. Mary Amdur Memorial Lecture SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NYU Med Ctr, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo, NY USA. RP Costa, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 6 BP 557 EP 558 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 433HC UT WOS:000168753300006 ER PT J AU Fournie, JW Summers, JK Courtney, LA Engle, VD Blazer, VS AF Fournie, JW Summers, JK Courtney, LA Engle, VD Blazer, VS TI Utility of splenic macrophage aggregates as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; HEALTH MONITORS; PAPER-MILL; CENTERS; ESTUARIES; VALIDATION; QUALITY; INDEX; PULP; AGE AB The utility of splenic macrophage aggregates (MAs) as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments was evaluated in several species of estuarine fishes as part of the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Estuaries (EMAP-E). Using image analysis, we measured the number and mean size of MAs per square millimeter on tissue sections of spleen from 983 fishes representing seven species from 266 stations scattered across coastal estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico. At 16 stations, at least one fish exhibited a high density of MAs (> 40 MAs/mm(2)). Densities of MAs that exceeded 40/mm(2) correlated with exposure to either hypoxic conditions or sediment contamination. Fisher's exact test showed that the observed frequencies of joint occurrence between high numbers of MAs and both high sediment contaminants and low dissolved oxygen were significantly greater than the expected background frequencies. For all 16 sites where MAs were greater than 40/mm(2), sediments displayed at least one contaminant at a concentration in the highest 5% of those observed for all Gulf of Mexico stations. Additionally, comparison of subjective visual analyses with the image analysis measurements showed a strong correlation, indicating that similar analyses can be performed without computer image analysis. This study demonstrates that splenic MAs are effective biotic indicators for discriminating between fish exposed to degraded and nondegraded environments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Fournie, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 31 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 105 EP 116 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0105:UOSMAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 444HL UT WOS:000169394000004 ER PT J AU Eaton, RW AF Eaton, RW TI Plasmid-encoded phthalate catabolic pathway in Arthrobacter keyseri 12B SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROCOCCUS SP STRAIN-12B; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; 4-HYDROXY-4-METHYL-2-OXOGLUTARATE ALDOLASE; 2-PYRONE-4,6-DICARBOXYLIC ACID; PSEUDOMONAS-TESTOSTERONI; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DEGRADING BACTERIA; CLONING AB Several 2-substituted benzoates (including 2-trifluoromethyl-, 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, 2-iodo-, 2-nitro-, 2-methoxy-, and 2-acetyl-benzoates) were converted by phthalate-grown Arthrobacter keyseri (formerly Micrococcus sp,) 12B to the corresponding 2-substituted 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (protocatechuates). Because these products lack a carboxyl group at the 2 position, they were not substrates for the next enzyme of the phthalate catabolic pathway, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate 2-decarboxylase, and accumulated. When these incubations were carried out in iron-containing minimal medium, the products formed colored chelates, This chromogenic response was subsequently used to identify recombinant Escherichia coli strains carrying genes encoding the responsible enzymes, phthalate 3,4-dioxygenase and 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophthalate dehydrogenase, from the 130-kbp plasmid pRE1 of strain 12B. Beginning with the initially cloned 8.14-kbp PstI fragment of pRE824 as a probe to identify recombinant plasmids carrying overlapping fragments, a DNA segment of 33.5 kbp was cloned from pRE1 on several plasmids and mapped using restriction endonucleases. From these plasmids, the sequence of 26,274 contiguous bp was determined. Sequenced DNA included several genetic units: tnpR, pent operon, ptr genes, pehA, norA fragment, and pht operon, encoding a transposon resolvase, catabolism of protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate), a putative ATP-binding cassette transporter, a possible phthalate ester hydrolase, a fragment of a norfloxacin resistance-like transporter, and the conversion of phthalate to protocatechuate, respectively. Activities of the eight enzymes involved in the catabolism of phthalate through protocatechuate to pyruvate and oxaloacetate were demonstrated in cells or cell extracts of recombinant E. coli strains. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Eaton, RW (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 92 TC 116 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 183 IS 12 BP 3689 EP 3703 DI 10.1128/JB.183.12.3689-3703.2001 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 437KG UT WOS:000168990400018 PM 11371533 ER PT J AU Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Frebis, CP Hautman, DP Munch, DJ Jackson, PE AF Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Frebis, CP Hautman, DP Munch, DJ Jackson, PE TI Collaborative study of EPA method 317.0 for the determination of inorganic oxyhalide disinfection by-products in drinking water using ion chromatography with the addition of a postcolumn reagent for trace bromate analysis SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Dionex Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. RP Wagner, HP (reprint author), IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 255 EP 259 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 437LQ UT WOS:000168993500008 PM 11396691 ER PT J AU Smith, WL Langenbach, R AF Smith, WL Langenbach, R TI Why there are two cyclooxygenase isozymes SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PROSTAGLANDIN E-2 BIOSYNTHESIS; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; H SYNTHASE-1; GENE DISRUPTION; MICE; MOUSE; INHIBITION; RATS; IDENTIFICATION; INFLAMMATION C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Smith, WL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 513 Biochem Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK22042]; NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM57323] NR 38 TC 417 Z9 439 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC PI ANN ARBOR PA ROOM 4570 KRESGE I, 200 ZINA PITCHER PLACE, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-0560 USA SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 107 IS 12 BP 1491 EP 1495 DI 10.1172/JCI13271 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 445TN UT WOS:000169474800002 PM 11413152 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Thurnau, RC Sivaganesan, M Ringhand, P AF Clark, RM Thurnau, RC Sivaganesan, M Ringhand, P TI Predicting the formation of chlorinated and brominated by-products SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID TRIHALOMETHANE FORMATION; BROMIDE ION; KINETICS; MODEL; DEMAND; ACID AB Although disinfection was one of the major public health advances in the last century and continues to be so in the twenty-first century, the disinfectants themselves may react with naturally occurring materials in treated water to form unintended by-products, which may themselves pose risks. This is of particular concern with regard to the use of chlorine. Generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) has been shown to be a function of various factors including total organic carbon concentration, type of organic precursor, chlorination level, pH, temperature, reaction time, and UV-254 absorbance. Another factor affecting DBP formation is the presence and concentration of the bromide ion in the raw or finished water. Bromine substitutes for chlorine to produce bromine-containing homologues of the more familiar chlorine species. The current list of by-products targeted for regulation contains brominated and mixed bromine-chlorine species of total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. These are known to form in bromide-containing waters when chlorinated. To control chlorination DBPs therefore requires an understanding of the factors that influence their formation. This paper presents a model that can be used to predict the formation of chlorinated, brominated, and mixed species compounds based on initial chlorine concentration, chlorine consumption, bromide ion concentration, and pH. The model clearly shows that higher levels of bromide in the water favor the formation of brominated compounds. Brominated compounds also form faster than chlorinated compounds. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Council Aging Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 24 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 20 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 2001 VL 127 IS 6 BP 493 EP 501 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:6(493) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 434XE UT WOS:000168840500004 ER PT J AU DiDonato, GT Stiven, AE AF DiDonato, GT Stiven, AE TI Experimental studies of interactions between two unionids, Elliptio waccamawensis and Leptodea ochracea: Variation in negative and positive effects SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; BIVALVES; POPULATION; GROWTH; PHYTOPLANKTON; ORGANIZATION; COMMUNITIES; PARTICLES; BRYOZOAN AB We conducted a field experiment in Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, to elucidate the responses of two unionids (Elliptio waccamawensis and Leptodea ochracea) to varying population densities. Field enclosures at two depths maintained each species in low, mixed culture, and high densities; intra- and interspecific interactions were inferred from changes in growth, tissue mass, and shell mass. The experiment lasted one year (May, 1995-1996), with interim data collected in September, 1995. E. waccamawensis did not respond to density manipulations over the annual experimental period; however, its growth was significantly reduced in the presence of L. ochracea during summer at the deeper site. This negative effect on E. waccamawensis is consistent with competition for resources, and a laboratory experiment estimating mussel grazing rates provided supporting evidence. For L. ochracea, density had no effect on annual growth at the deeper site; at the shallow site, however, high density significantly increased growth. Winter data revealed both negative and positive density-dependence. L. ochracea in high density treatments grew significantly less at the deep site but demonstrated increased growth at the shallow location. Thus, both negative and positive interactions occur in this mussel assemblage and vary with season and depth. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Ecol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP DiDonato, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 48 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 2 BP 303 EP 316 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663815 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 438CE UT WOS:000169035500016 ER PT J AU Trenham, PC AF Trenham, PC TI Terrestrial habitat use by adult California tiger salamanders SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMBYSTOMA-CALIFORNIENSE; EMIGRATION C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Trenham, PC (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 23 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 2 BP 343 EP 346 DI 10.2307/1566130 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 440XU UT WOS:000169202600025 ER PT J AU Horowitz, DB Haebler, R AF Horowitz, DB Haebler, R TI Demonstration of Aspergillus sp. in tissues of the common loon, Gavier immer: Incidence, progression, and severity SO JOURNAL OF HISTOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fuel oil; fungus infections; histology; histopathology AB By studying a large group of loons affected by an oil spill, much can be learned about the toxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in exposed birds, their ability to handle these environmental stressors, and their ability to combat natural pathogens. On January 19, 1996 the North Cape oil barge ran aground off the coast of Rhode Island, releasing 800,000 gallons of #2 fuel oil into the marine environment. Several hundred sea birds overwintering in near shore waters were exposed to the chemical stressors found in this highly refined oil. One hundred and fourteen oiled birds were captured alive, and the most abundant of these birds was the common loon, Gavia immer. As a result of oil toxicity, which caused stress and weakened the immune system in the loons, all efforts of treatment and rehabilitation were unsuccessful. Gross necropsies and histopathological examinations were performed on the loons lost in captivity. At necropsy, lesions of various sizes were observed covering many organs in the most severely affected birds. Histochemical techniques revealed dramatic growths of Aspergillus sp., showing the morphology, mode of reproduction, and spread of this fungus. Over time, the Aspergillus infection became more prevalent, correlating to the increased physiological stress. By using histopathology to trace the incidence, progression, and severity of the fungal infections throughout organ systems, we could assess the health impacts. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Horowitz, DB (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tatzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 9 PU NATL SOC HISTOTECHNOLOGY PI BOWIE PA 4201 NORTHVIEW DR, STE 502, BOWIE, MD 20716-1073 USA SN 0147-8885 J9 J HISTOTECHNOL JI J. Histotechnol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 445VW UT WOS:000169480100005 ER PT J AU Mitra, S Feng, C Zhu, N McAllister, G AF Mitra, S Feng, C Zhu, N McAllister, G TI Application and field validation of a continuous nonmethane organic carbon analyzer SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AIR EMISSIONS; MICROTRAP AB Nonmethane organic carbon (NMOC) is a measure of total organic carbon except for that from CH4. We recently reported the development of online instrumentation for continuous NMOC monitoring. This instrument, referred to as C-NMOC, uses a microsorbent trap in combination with a gas-sampling valve as the sampling interface. A conventional oxidation/reduction NMOC detector is used for quantitation. In addition to being an online concentrator and an injector, the microtrap serves as a separator that isolates NMOC from H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, and other background gases. Therefore, the C-NMOC is able to handle high concentrations of background gases commonly found in stack emissions and has detection limits in the ppb levels. This paper reports the results of field validation and testing of a C-NMOC analyzer at a coatings facility in the eastern United States. The instrument was able to monitor the process transients in real time, based on which corrective actions could be taken. It demonstrated good accuracy, high precision, and long-term stability. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mitra, S (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 6 BP 861 EP 868 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 440ZY UT WOS:000169207600007 PM 11417677 ER PT J AU Edwards, JR Srivastava, RK Kilgroe, JD AF Edwards, JR Srivastava, RK Kilgroe, JD TI A study of gas-phase mercury speciation using detailed chemical kinetics SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Mercury speciation in combustion-generated flue gas was modeled using a detailed chemical mechanism consisting of 60 reactions and 21 species. This speciation model accounts for the chlorination and oxidation of key flue-gas components, including elemental mercury (Hg-0). Results indicated that the performance of the model is very sensitive to temperature. Starting with pure HCl, for lower reactor temperatures (less than similar to 630 degreesC), the model produced only trace amounts of atomic and molecular chlorine (Cl and Cl-2), leading to a drastic underprediction of Hg chlorination compared with experimental data. For higher reactor temperatures, model predictions were in good accord with experimental data. For conditions that produce an excess of Cl and Cl-2, relative to Hg, chlorination of Hg is determined by the competing influences of the initiation step, Hg + Cl = HgCl, and the Cl recombination reaction, 2Cl = Cl-2. If the Cl recombination reaction is faster, Hg chlorination will eventually be dictated by the slower pathway Hg + CI2 = HgCl2. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Edwards, JR (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 18 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 16 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 6 BP 869 EP 877 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 440ZY UT WOS:000169207600008 PM 11417678 ER PT J AU Maniccia, D Tweed, A Bierman, A Von Neida, B AF Maniccia, D Tweed, A Bierman, A Von Neida, B TI The effects of changing occupancy sensor time-out setting on energy savings, lamp cycling and maintenance costs SO JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Most commercial lighting installations utilize occupancy sensors as an energy and cost-effective lighting control strategy. Despite their widespread use, minimal independent information exists about the effect of changing time-out settings on switching frequency, lamp life, lamp calendar life and energy and relamping costs. Consequently, this leads to confusion in the industry about the appropriate time-out setting for applications. To garner information about these effects, 180 spaces, representing five applications (offices, restrooms, break rooms, conference rooms and classrooms), were monitored for occupancy and lighting operation for a two-week period between February and September 1997. Baseline occupant switching behavior and occupancy patterns were established, and the effects of installing occupancy sensors with 5-, 10- 15- and 20-minute time-out periods were modeled using data for 158 rooms. Lamp cycling and time-on and time-off frequencies were examined to determine the tradeoffs between time-out setting and annual energy costs and savings, lamp life, and lamp calendar life for each application. The following conclusions were reached from this analysis: The percentage of time spaces are occupied varies by application and will impact potential savings from occupancy sensors. Despite increased relamping costs and decreased lamp life due to frequent switching, installing occupancy sensors saves lighting energy and reduces overall costs. For classrooms, private offices and restrooms, installing occupancy sensors provides a reasonable payback for the analyzed time-out settings. Because the cost differences are minimally different for classrooms, private offices and restrooms, the longest time-out setting should be considered to minimize false offs and assure occupant satisfaction. For break rooms, installing occupancy sensors provides a reasonable payback if the five-minute time-out setting is used; however, shorter time-out settings increase the likelihood of false offs and increases the possibility of user dissatisfaction. For conference rooms, installing occupancy sensors provides a reasonable payback if the 5-, 10- or 15-minute time-out settings are used. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Sch Architecture, Lighting Res Ctr, Troy, NY 12181 USA. US EPA, ENERGY STAR Bldg Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Maniccia, D (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Sch Architecture, Lighting Res Ctr, Troy, NY 12181 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU ILLUMINAT ENG SOC NORTH AMER PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL ST, 17TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10005-4001 USA SN 0099-4480 J9 J ILLUM ENG SOC JI J. Illum. Eng. Soc. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2 BP 97 EP + PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 750TX UT WOS:000187015400008 ER PT J AU Von Neida, B Maniccia, D Tweed, A AF Von Neida, B Maniccia, D Tweed, A TI An analysis of the energy and cost savings potential of occupancy sensors for commercial lighting systems SO JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Occupancy sensors are promoted as one of the most energy-efficient and cost-effective lighting control technologies. Despite widespread promotion, however, minimal independent information exists about their comparative energy savings potential in different spaces, the coincidence of savings with peak demand, or the impact of sensor delay periods on energy savings. This lack of information leads to end-user uncertainty and specification risk, which has hampered market penetration. To garner information about energy and cost savings potential, 180 spaces representing five applications (offices, restrooms, break rooms, conference rooms and classrooms) were monitored for occupancy conditions and lighting operation for a two-week period between February and September 1997. Baseline occupant switching and occupancy patterns were established, and the effects of installing occupancy sensors with 5-, 10-, 15- and 20- minute timeout periods were modeled using data for 158 rooms. The results of this analysis support the following conclusions: Energy savings were significant for all room types ranging from 17-60 percent. This is due to the findings that most spaces are infrequently occupied (averaging 18 percent of the time) and that occupants in both public and private spaces are not diligent about turning off the lights, leaving lights on 11-48 percent of the time. The majority of energy use, and the predominant energy savings potential was found during normal business hours, not after hours or on weekends. These findings clarify the role of sensors vs. time-based controls to capture potential savings. Although the majority of energy use and waste occurs during the weekday, the sensor's largest contribution to savings is generally not coincident with a typical building's peak load period, or with typical electric utility peak billing periods. Sensor tuning for time-out periods from 5-20 minutes accounts for between 6-13 percent of the total savings potential. These findings have significant implications for understanding the trade-offs between savings and occupant complaints when commissioning sensors. C1 US EPA, ENERGY STAR Bldg Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Sch Architecture, Lighting Res Ctr, Troy, NY USA. RP Von Neida, B (reprint author), US EPA, ENERGY STAR Bldg Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU ILLUMINAT ENG SOC NORTH AMER PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL ST, 17TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10005-4001 USA SN 0099-4480 J9 J ILLUM ENG SOC JI J. Illum. Eng. Soc. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2 BP 111 EP + PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 750TX UT WOS:000187015400009 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Stevenson, RJ Pan, YD Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR Johnson, CB AF Hill, BH Stevenson, RJ Pan, YD Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR Johnson, CB TI Comparison of correlations between environmental characteristics and stream diatom assemblages characterized at genus and species levels SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; RIVER BASIN; POLLUTION; PERIPHYTON; INDEX; INDICATORS; ECOREGIONS; DIVERSITY; LAKES C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Oregon State Univ, US EPA, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 45 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 299 EP 310 DI 10.2307/1468324 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 433JN UT WOS:000168756400012 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Rezvani, AH AF Gordon, CJ Rezvani, AH TI Genetic selection of rats with high and low body temperatures SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic selection; body temperature; hyperthermia; hypothermia ID 24-HOUR CONTROL; FEMALE RATS; STRAIN; MICE; HOT AB Body (core) temperature (T,) directly affects all biological processes, including sensitivity to toxic chemicals, development, aging, and drug metabolism. To understand how T-c affects these processes it is necessary to alter T-c independently of other physiological processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether selective breeding techniques can be used to develop lines of rats with hyperthermic and hypothermic T-c's. T-c and motor activity of 24 female and 23 male rats (parental line) of the NIH heterogenous stock were monitored by telemetry for 96 h at a T-a of 22 degreesC. The mean 24 h T-c of the male and female rats was 37.3 degreesC with a range of 37-38.2 degreesC. T-c was not correlated with motor activity or body weight. Pairs with the lowest and highest Tc's were selected for breeding. The Fl generation consisted of 10 offspring from the hyperthermic group and 20 from the hypothermic group. They were implanted with transmitters at 60 d of age. T-c of rats derived from the hyperthermic parental line had a significantly warmer T-c than the rats derived from the hypothermic parental line. Motor activity was significantly higher in the hyperthermic Fl males and hypothermic Fl females. Breeding of hyperthermic and hypothermic rats has shown that adult offspring of the fourth generation maintain significantly different core temperatures but have similar patterns of motor activity. The results demonstrate that T-c is heritable and that it should be feasible to develop lines of rats that regulate T-c above or below normal. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 26 IS 3 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(00)00046-2 PG 7 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 432RU UT WOS:000168710100010 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Law and order and school: Daily life in an educational program for juvenile delinquents. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 126 IS 10 BP 194 EP 194 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 440AF UT WOS:000169150200188 ER PT J AU Juhl, AR Trainer, VL Latz, MI AF Juhl, AR Trainer, VL Latz, MI TI Effect of fluid shear and irradiance on population growth and cellular toxin content of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE; FLOW; SAXITOXIN; NITROGEN; PHYTOPLANKTON; LAMINAR; LIGHT; CYCLE AB The potential for in situ turbulence to inhibit dinoflagellate population growth has been demonstrated by experimentally exposing dinoflagellate cultures to quantified shear flow. However, despite interest in understanding environmental factors that affect the growth of toxic dinoflagellates, little is known of the effect of shear on the growth of toxin-producing dinoflagellate species. Cultures of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense, a producer of toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, were exposed to quantified laminar shear generated in Couette flow for 1-23 h d(-1) over 6-8 d. Shear stress in all experiments was 0.003 N m(-2) similar to levels expected in near-surface waters on a windy day. Net population growth decreased with shear exposures >1 h d(-1) and became negative with exposures > 12 h d(-1). Cellular toxin content at the end of each experiment was measured by a receptor-binding assay that used [H-3]saxitoxin. Toxin cell(-1) of cultures sheared for >1 h d(-1) increased up to three times that of control cultures. Cellular toxin content increased significantly as growth rate of sheared cultures decreased. However, varying culture growth rate using irradiance had no significant effect on toxin cell(-1). Because shear stress levels used in this study were plausible for near-surface turbulent flows, oceanic turbulence may inhibit population growth and increase cellular toxin content of A. fundyense. However, in natural populations it would be difficult to distinguish the effect of turbulence on toxin content from other influences on toxin variability, particularly if volume-or mass-specific, rather than cell-specific, measures of toxin are used. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Juhl, AR (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. OI Juhl, Andrew/0000-0002-1575-3756 NR 37 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 46 IS 4 BP 758 EP 764 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 441CZ UT WOS:000169214600002 ER PT J AU Tan, WY Chen, CW Wang, W AF Tan, WY Chen, CW Wang, W TI Stochastic modeling of carcinogenesis by state space models: A new approach SO MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING LA English DT Article DE multievent model of carcinogenesis; multiple pathways model of carcinogenesis; observation model; stochastic differential equations; stochastic system model ID 2-STAGE CARCINOGENESIS; 2-MUTATION MODEL; MOOLGAVKAR; KNUDSON; VENZON; MICE AB In this paper, we have developed some state space models for carcinogenesis involving multievent models and multiple pathways models. In these state space models, the stochastic system models are stochastic models of carcinogenesis expressed in terms of stochastic differential equations, whereas the observation models are statistical models based on the observed number of detectable preneoplastic lesions per individual over time and the observed number of detectable cancer tumors per individual over time. In this paper, we have applied some of the theories to some animal papillomas data from some initiation-promotion experiments on skin cancer in mice to estimate some unknown parameters. For this data set we have obtained excellent fit by a model with three piece-wise intervals. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tan, WY (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-7177 J9 MATH COMPUT MODEL JI Math. Comput. Model. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 12-13 BP 1323 EP 1345 DI 10.1016/S0895-7177(00)00319-8 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 431DE UT WOS:000168615900012 ER PT J AU Katz, AJ Chiu, A Beaubier, J Shi, XL AF Katz, AJ Chiu, A Beaubier, J Shi, XL TI Combining Drosophila melanogaster somatic-mutation-recombination and electron-spin-resonance-spectroscopy data to interpret epidemiologic observations on chromium carcinogenicity SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenesis CY SEP 10-12, 2000 CL MORGANTOWN, VIRGINIA DE fruit fly; somatic-mutation-recombination test; electron-spin-resonance-spectroscopy; epidemiolog; chromium carcinogenicity ID CHROMIUM(VI)-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE; HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATION; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; MITOTIC RECOMBINATION; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MUTAGENICITY TEST; CR(V) COMPLEXES; LIVE MICE AB Lung cancers are significantly increased among workers exposed to chromate (Crc(6+), Cr3+), chromium pigments (Cr6+) and chromium plating (Cr6+). Chromiun lung burdens and cancer risk increase proportionately with duration of employment at long latencies. However, this epidemiologic information alone is insufficient in determining whether Cr6+ or Cr3+ are equally important in causing cancer. We have attempted to combine epidemiologic data with data from the Drosophila melanogaster somatic-mutation-recombination-test and from the in vitro electron-spin-resonance spectroscopy study to demonstrate that following somatic recombination plays a more important role than somatic mutation in chromium carcinogenesis. Cr4+ is more important than Cr(5+)or Cr6+ in inducing somatic recombination while Cr6+ produces more and bigger clones than Cr4+ in somatic mutation. Cr3+ produces negative results in this fruit-fly wing-spot-assay. When the larvae and flies exposed to Cr6+ and Cr4+ are examined by ESR, only Cr5+ and Cr3+ are found. Thermodynamic parameters DeltaE, DeltaH, and DeltaS are also estimated from these latter experiments to explain the relative importance of Cr6+, Cr4+, Cr3+ in chromium carcinogenesis among exposed industrial workers. C1 Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Normal, IL USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Morgantown, WV USA. RP Chiu, A (reprint author), Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Shi, Xianglin/B-8588-2012 NR 61 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 222 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1023/A:1017959222379 PG 8 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 471UR UT WOS:000170947500009 PM 11678612 ER PT J AU Claxton, LD Houk, VS Warren, S AF Claxton, LD Houk, VS Warren, S TI Methods for the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay including specialized applications SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Salmonella; mutagenicity; assay; alternative methods; interactions; mixtures; guidelines; screening ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DIETARY CASEIN LEVELS; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; AMES TEST; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; ENVIRONMENTAL MIXTURES; ACTIVATION SYSTEM; MUTATION SPECTRA; AROCLOR 1254 AB An automated approach to bacterial mutagenicity testing - the spiral Salmonella assay - was developed to simplify testing and to reduce the labor and materials required to generate dose-responsive mutagenicity information. This document provides the reader with an overview of the spiral assay and a discussion of its application for examining the mutagenic potential of pure compounds, complex environmental mixtures, and interactive effects. Guidelines for performing a routine spiral assay are presented, and alternative test methods intended to overcome a variety of technical difficulties (such as restricted sample availability, sample viscosity or volatility, etc.) are recommended. Methods for the computerized analysis of data and the interpretation of results are discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Claxton, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 101 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 488 IS 3 BP 241 EP 257 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(01)00060-6 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 444UK UT WOS:000169418300004 PM 11397652 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EA Weber, NS Trappe, JM AF Hobbie, EA Weber, NS Trappe, JM TI Mycorrhizal vs saprotrophic status of fungi: the isotopic evidence SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE mycorrhizal fungi; saprotrophic fungi; stable isotopes; carbon dynamics; nitrogen dynamics; molecular phylogeny; fungal evolution ID N-15 NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; FRUIT BODIES; NITROGEN; PLANT; C-13; CARBON; FRACTIONATION; FORESTS; OREGON AB Relative abundances of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in fungal sporocarps are useful in assessing mycorrhizal or saprotrophic status, and might provide insights into the evolutionary history of these traits. Sporocarps of known mycorrhizal or saprotrophic genera were collected at Woods Creek, OR, USA, and isotopically compared with foliage, litter, soils and wood collected from the same site. Possible trophic strategies were then isotopically assessed in archived specimens of the Pezizales of known molecular phylogeny from the western United States. At Woods Creek, mycorrhizal fungi were 3.5 parts per thousand +/- 0.6 parts per thousand depleted in sigma C-13 and 5.7 parts per thousand +/- 0.4 parts per thousand enriched in sigma N-15 compared with saprotrophic fungi. By contrast, fungi from four genera of uncertain mycorrhizal status (Clavulina, Helvella, Otidia, and Ramaria) were only 0.4 parts per thousand +/- 0.4 parts per thousand enriched in sigma C-13 and 1.2 parts per thousand +/- 1.1 parts per thousand depleted in sigma N-15 relative to mycorrhizal fungi. In archived samples, the sigma C-13 measurements appeared to be a better indicator of trophic strategy than sigma N-15 measurements. The sigma C-13 measurements suggested that mycorrhizal or saprotrophic status was conserved within families of the Pezizales (as determined by molecular phylogeny), with the Helvellaceae and Tuberaceae mycorrhizal and Discinaceae and Morchellaceae being largely saprotrophic. (C) New Phytologist (2001). C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hobbie, EA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Postfach 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. NR 35 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 6 U2 33 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 150 IS 3 BP 601 EP 610 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00134.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 442VT UT WOS:000169306200013 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Parker, JC TI Hepatic and renal toxicities associated with perchloroethylene SO PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; GLUTAMINE TRANSAMINASE-K; FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE; TISSUE-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES; BASAL-LATERAL MEMBRANE; FORMIC-ACID EXCRETION; RAT-KIDNEY CYTOSOL; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; DICHLOROACETIC-ACID AB Metabolism of perchloroethylene (Perc) occurs by cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation and glutathione (GSH) conjugation. The cytochrome P450 pathway generates tri- and dichloroacetate as metabolites of Perc, and these are associated with hepatic toxicity and carcinogenicity. The GSH conjugation pathway is associated with generation of reactive metabolites selectively in the kidneys and with Perc-induced renal toxicity and carcinogenicity. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have been developed for Perc in rodents and in humans. We propose the addition of a submodel that incorporates the GSH conjugation pathway and the kidneys as a target organ. Long-term bioassays of Perc exposure in laboratory animals have identified liver tumors in male and female mice, kidney tumors in male rats, and mononuclear cell leukemia in male and female rats, increases in incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and of cervical, esophageal, and urinary bladder cancer have been observed for workers exposed to Perc. Limited, and not always consistent, evidence is available concerning the kidneys as a target organ for Perc in humans. Three potential modes of action for Perc-induced liver tumorigenesis are: 1) modification of signaling pathways; 2) cytotoxicity, cell death, and reparative hyperplasia; and 3) direct DNA damage. Four potential modes of action for Perc-induced renal tumorigenesis are: 1) peroxisome proliferation, 2) alpha -2u-globulin nephropathy, 3) genotoxicity leading to somatic mutation, and 4) acute cytotoxicity and necrosis leading to cell proliferation. Finally, the epidemiological and experimental data are assessed and use of toxicity information in the development of a reference dose and a reference concentration for human Perc exposure are presented. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01-ES08828] NR 202 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0031-6997 J9 PHARMACOL REV JI Pharmacol. Rev. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 2 BP 177 EP 208 PG 32 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 434ZV UT WOS:000168846500002 PM 11356983 ER PT J AU Godar, DE Wengraitis, SP Shreffler, J Sliney, DH AF Godar, DE Wengraitis, SP Shreffler, J Sliney, DH TI UV doses of Americans SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES; WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; ACTION SPECTRUM; SKIN-CANCER; HAIRLESS MICE; B TREATMENT; EXPOSURE; PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS; DOSIMETER AB The UV doses of Americans were never measured, but are needed for assessing the risks of UV-related health effects. We calculated these doses using a novel approach, The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) recorded the activity profiles of 9386 Americans over 24 months to assess their exposure to environmental pollutants, one of which is UV radiation. NHAPS used randomized telephone interviews to get their previous day's minute-by-minute activities. From NHAPS we extracted only the outdoor-daylight data of the northern and southern indoor workers (95%), stratifying by season, sex and age (0-21, 22-40, 41-59 and 60+ years) to find the average time Americans spend outdoors. Knowing the total daylight time and that while outdoors Americans are exposed to about 30% of the available solar UV (on a horizontal plane), we calculated their percent ambients, The average American's percent ambients are 2.6 and 2.5% for northern and southern females, respectively, and 3.5 and 3.6% for northern and southern males, respectively. Men over 40 years of age have the highest ambients (4%). From their ambients we calculated their annual doses using seasonal averages of UV measurements taken daily for over 2 years by EPA Brewer spectrophotometers located in four quadrants of the United States: Atlanta, GA; Boston, MA; Bozeman, MT and Riverside, CA. The average erythemal UV doses of Americans are about 25 000 J/m(2)/year, 22 000 for females and 28 000 for males, or 33 000 J/m(2)/year including a conservative continental U.S. vacation (7800 J/m(2)). Thus, we can now assess the risks of UV-related health effects for Americans. C1 US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Godar, DE (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, 12709 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 44 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 6 BP 621 EP 629 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0621:UDOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 441TY UT WOS:000169246700007 PM 11421067 ER PT J AU Lunetta, RS Iiames, J Knight, J Congalton, RG Mace, TH AF Lunetta, RS Iiames, J Knight, J Congalton, RG Mace, TH TI An assessment of reference data variability using a "virtual field reference database" SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID COVER; MAPS AB A "Virtual Field Reference Database (VFRDB)" was dea eloped using field measurement and digital imagery (camera) data collected at 999 sites in the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina. The VFRDB was designed to support detailed assessments of remote-sensor-derived land-cover/land-use (LCLU) products by providing a robust database characterizing representative cover types throughout the study area. The sampling frame incorporated both systematic unaligned and stratified random design elements, to provide both an er cn distribution of points and sufficient intensification to account for rare classes. Numerous quality assurance procedures were developed and incorporated to ensure both data consistency and repeatability. Two independent interpreters assigned class labels corresponding to a hierarchical classification system based on field measurement and imagery data interpretation. Correspondence between interpreters rt as analyzed at multiple classification levels. The relatively high 91 percent overall correspondence of interpretations was attributable to the application of the VFRDB, providing a high quality source of measurement and imagery data to guide class assignments. Confusion documented for rangeland and for cst classes was consistent with reported results for studies conducted in diverse biological locations. Results demonstrate the requirement for reference data with known variability: to support the quantitative assessments of remote-sensor-derived LCLU products. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Earth Observat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Lunetta, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 67 IS 6 BP 707 EP 715 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 436XL UT WOS:000168961100007 ER PT J AU Yoshida, LC Gamon, JA Andersen, CP AF Yoshida, LC Gamon, JA Andersen, CP TI Differences in above- and below-ground responses to ozone between two populations of a perennial grass SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizae; Elymus glaucus (blue wildrye); Glomus intraradices; ozone; perennial grass ID TAEDA L SEEDLINGS; CARBON ALLOCATION; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SOIL RESPIRATION; GROWTH; ROOTS; STRESS; COLONIZATION; RHIZOSPHERE; DEPOSITION AB Our study examined the influence of elevated ozone levels on the growth and mycorrhizal colonization of two populations of Elymus glaucus L. (blue wildrye). We hypothesized that ozone would reduce carbon availability to the plants, particularly below ground, and would affect mycorrhizal colonization. Because of the wide geographic range of E. glaucus, two populations of plants were selected from areas of contrasting ozone histories to examine intraspecies variation in response to ozone. Two populations of E. glaucus (southern California versus northern California) exposed in a factorial experiment involving ozone, mycorrhizal inoculation with Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith, and plant source population. Ozone had a subtle effect on leaf area and number of tillers but did not affect overall root:shoot ratio in either population. The impact of ozone on above-ground growth characteristics was most pronounced in the southern population that came from a high-ozone environment, while below-ground responses such as reduced arbuscular colonization was most pronounced in the northern population which originated in a low-ozone environment. Further analysis of soil characteristics from the northern population of plants revealed a significant reduction in active soil bacterial biomass and an increase in total fungi per gram dry weight soil, suggesting a possible role for ozone in altering soil processes. Whether or not population differences in response to ozone were due to genetic shifts resulting from prior ozone remains to be determined. However, these subtle but important differences in population response to ozone above- and below-ground have significant implications in any attempt to generalize plant response, even within a species. Future research efforts need to include better characterization of intraspecific variation in response to ozone as well as possible adaptive strategies that may result from chronic ozone exposure. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. RP Yoshida, LC (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Biol Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Gamon, John/A-2641-2014 OI Gamon, John/0000-0002-8269-7723 NR 59 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 2001 VL 233 IS 2 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1023/A:1010321509628 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 448UB UT WOS:000169647400006 ER PT J AU Lovell, SJ Sunding, DL AF Lovell, SJ Sunding, DL TI Voluntary development restrictions and the cost of habitat conservation SO REAL ESTATE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE; URBAN FRINGE; PRICES AB The management of economic activity on private land plays an important role in the effort to maintain and im prove environmental quality in the United States. The paper develops a conceptual framework and an econometric model of the value of undeveloped land to show how preexisting development restrictions affect the cost of protecting habitat. The model is applied to the case of preserving vernal pools in;California's Sacramento County by prohibiting development on agricultural land. Ignoring the existence of California's program of differential property tax assessment of farmland is shown to result in a large overestimate of the cost of habitat protection. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Giannini Fdn Agr Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lovell, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1080-8620 J9 REAL ESTATE ECON JI Real Estate Econ. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 191 EP 206 DI 10.1111/1080-8620.00007 PG 16 WC Business, Finance; Economics; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Urban Studies GA 441DJ UT WOS:000169215500001 ER PT J AU Torgersen, CE Faux, RN McIntosh, BA Poage, NJ Norton, DJ AF Torgersen, CE Faux, RN McIntosh, BA Poage, NJ Norton, DJ TI Airborne thermal remote sensing for water temperature assessment in rivers and streams SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; FORESTED RIPARIAN AREAS; LASER ALTIMETER; EMISSIVITY; OREGON; SALMON; WASHINGTON; SIMULATION; CALIFORNIA; IMAGERY AB Airborne remote sensing methods are needed to assess spatial patterns of stream temperature at scales relevant to issues in water quality and fisheries management. In this study, we developed an airborne remote sensing method to measure spatially continuous patterns of stream temperature and evaluated the physical factors that influence the accuracy of thermal remote sensing of Bowing waters. The airborne thermal infrared (TIR) system incorporated an internally calibrated thermal imager (8-12 mum) aligned with a visible band camera in a vertically mounted, gimbaled pad attached to the underside of a helicopter High-resolution imagery (0.2-0.4 m) covering the entire channel and adjacent floodplains was recorded digitally and georeferenced in-flight along 50- to 60-km river sections ranging from 2 to 110 m in width. Radiant water temperature corresponded to kinetic water temperature (5-27 degreesC) in a range of stream environments within +/-0.5 degreesC. Longitudinal profiles of radiant water temperature ti-om downstream to headwater reaches provided a spatial context for assessing large-scale patterns of thermal heterogeneity and fine-scale thermal features such as tributaries and groundwater inputs. Potential sources of error in remote measurements of stream temperature included reflected longwave radiation, thermal boundary layer effects at the water surface, and vertical thermal stratification. After taking into account the radiative properties of the surrounding environment and the physical qualities of the stream, thermal remote sensing proved highly effective for examining spatial patterns of stream temperature at a resolution and extent previously unattainable through conventional methods of stream temperature measurement using in-stream data recorders. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Forestry Sci Lab, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC USA. RP Torgersen, CE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM ctorgersen@orst.edu NR 54 TC 118 Z9 120 U1 9 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 76 IS 3 BP 386 EP 398 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00186-9 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 439FL UT WOS:000169100100009 ER PT J AU Ying, LM Stehman, SV Smith, JH Wickham, JD AF Ying, LM Stehman, SV Smith, JH Wickham, JD TI Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID BIAS AB One objective of the MultiResolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) consortium is to map general land-cover categories for the conterminous United States using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Land-cover mapping and classification accuracy assessment are complete for the eastern United States. The accuracy assessment was based on photo-interpreted reference data obtained from a stratified probability sample of pixels. Agreement was defined as a match between primary or alternate reference Land-cover labels assigned to each sample pixel and the mode (most common class) of the map's land-cover labels within a 3 x 3-pixel neighborhood surrounding the sampled point. At 30-m resolution, overall accuracy was 59.7% at an Anderson Level II thematic detail, and 80.5% at Anderson Level I. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Raytheon ITSS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Smith, JH (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM smith.jonathanh@epa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 76 IS 3 BP 418 EP 422 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 439FL UT WOS:000169100100012 ER PT J AU Read, AD Hudgins, M Harper, S Phillips, P Morris, J AF Read, AD Hudgins, M Harper, S Phillips, P Morris, J TI The successful demonstration of aerobic landfilling - The potential for a more sustainable solid waste management approach? SO RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING LA English DT Article DE aerobic processing; environmental performance and monitoring; in-situ composting; landfill; sustainable or perpetual sites AB Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills worldwide are experiencing the consequences of conventional landfilling techniques, whereby anaerobic conditions are created within the landfilled waste. Under anaerobic conditions within a landfill site slow stabilization of the waste mass occurs, producing methane, (an explosive 'green house' gas) and leachate (which can pollute groundwater) over long periods of time. As a potential solution, it was demonstrated that the aerobic degradation of MSW within a landfill can significantly increase the rate of waste decomposition and settlement, decrease the methane production and leachate leaving the system, and potentially increase the operational life of the site. Readily integrated into the existing landfill infrastructure, this approach can safely and cost-effectively convert a MSW landfill from anaerobic to aerobic degradation processes, thereby effectively composting much of the organic portions (one of the potentially polluting elements in a conventional landfill site) of the waste. This paper summarizes the successful results of two separate aerobic landfill projects located in Georgia (USA) and discusses the potential, economic and environmental impacts to worldwide solid waste management practices. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kingston Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Geog, Ctr Environm & Earth Sci Res, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. Environm Control Syst Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Coll Northampton, Sch Environm Sci, Northampton, England. Univ Coll Northampton, Sch Law & Accountancy, Northampton, England. RP Read, AD (reprint author), Kingston Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Geog, Ctr Environm & Earth Sci Res, Penrhyn Rd, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. NR 45 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-3449 J9 RESOUR CONSERV RECY JI Resour. Conserv. Recycl. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 2 BP 115 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00053-2 PG 32 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 436WH UT WOS:000168958500003 ER PT J AU Subramaniam, RP Turim, J Golden, SL Kral, P Anderson, EL AF Subramaniam, RP Turim, J Golden, SL Kral, P Anderson, EL TI An exploratory study of variations in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE ETS; exposure; variability; socioeconomic; lifestyle; regression ID PASSIVE SMOKING; LUNG-CANCER; RISK; NONSMOKERS; WOMEN; CONSTITUENTS; WORKPLACE; NICOTINE; PATTERNS; MARKERS AB There is considerable interest in assessing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and in understanding the factors that affect exposure at various venues. The impact of these complex factors can be researched only if monitoring studies are carefully designed. Prior work by Jenkins et A gathered personal monitor and diary data from 1,564 nonsmokers in 16 metropolitan areas of the United States and compared workplace exposures to ETS with exposures away from work. In. this study, these data were probed further to examine (1) the correspondence between work, and away-from-work exposure concentrations of ETS; (2) the variability in exposure concentration levels across cities and (3) the association of ETS exposure concentrations with select socioeconomic, occupation, and lifestyle variables. The results indicate (1) at the population level, there was a positive association between ETS concentrations at the work and away-from-work environments; (2) exposure concentration levels across the 16 cities under consideration were highly variable; and (3) exposure concentration levels were significantly associated with occupation, education, household income, age, and dietary factors. Workplace smoking restrictions were associated with low ETS concentration levels at work as well as away from work. Generally, the same cities that exhibited either lower or higher away-from-work exposure concentration levels also showed lower or higher work exposure concentration levels. The observations suggest that similar avoidance characteristics as well as socioeconomic and other lifestyle factors that affect exposure to ETS may have been in operation in both away-from-work and work settings. C1 Sci Int Inc, Alexandria, VA USA. RP Subramaniam, RP (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 8623-D,1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20006 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 561 EP 574 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.213132 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 468DB UT WOS:000170741900015 PM 11572433 ER PT J AU Hitchens, L Vane, LM Alvarez, FR AF Hitchens, L Vane, LM Alvarez, FR TI VOC removal from water and surfactant solutions by pervaporation: a pilot study SO SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE VOC removal; pervaporation; soil remediation; surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation surfactant solutions ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ENHANCED SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; MASS-TRANSFER RESISTANCES; MEMBRANE PROCESSES; SEPARATION; CONTAMINANTS; SCALE AB The removal of VOCs from aqueous solutions via pervaporation is an established technology that has been successfully demonstrated at the full scale. The purpose of this research was to measure the effect of an anionic surfactant (DOWFAX 8390) on pervaporation system performance and mass transfer of 1.1.1 trichloroethane (TCA) and toluene. This aqueous surfactant application of pervaporation targets the recovery and reuse of surfactant from SEAR (surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation) process fluids. In this Study. a pilot scale pervaporation unit with 4 spiral wound modules was used to conduct 75 eight hour runs. Process variables included temperature (30, 40. 50, 60 degreesC), permeate pressure (15, 25. 55 Torr), flow rate (0.25-2.0 gpm). and VOC feed concentration (17-265 mg/l TCA and 5-200 mg/l toluene). Surfactant addition reduced the removal of VOCs 0.7-29% depending on the system flowrate, feed temperature, and VOC. The reduced VOC flux resulting from the addition of surfactant was found to be attributed to an increase in the liquid viscosity due to the addition of the surfactant (10-13%, increase) and partitioning of the VOC into the surfactant micellar phase (63-68%, of TCA and 73-78%, of toluene was in micellar form) under experimental conditions. Though the addition of surfactant causes a decrease in the VOC removal efficiency, this study demonstrates that pervaporation can be used to remove VOCs from surfactant solutions without affecting the surfactant. permitting surfactant recycle. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5866 J9 SEP PURIF TECHNOL JI Sep. Purif. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 24 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S1383-5866(00)00214-8 PG 18 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 462WH UT WOS:000170442400006 ER PT J AU Kisselle, KW Garrett, CJ Fu, S Hendrix, PF Crossley, DA Coleman, DC Potter, RL AF Kisselle, KW Garrett, CJ Fu, S Hendrix, PF Crossley, DA Coleman, DC Potter, RL TI Budgets for root-derived C and litter-derived C: comparison between conventional tillage and no tillage soils SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE no tillage; root exudate; rhizosphere; soil organic matter; microbial biomass; carbon allocation ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ORGANIC-MATTER; PLANT-ROOTS; CARBON; AGROECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN; RHIZOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; RESPIRATION; METABOLISM AB Placement of plant residues in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) soils affects organic matter accumulation and the organization of the associated soil food webs. Root-derived C inputs can be considerable and may also influence soil organic matter dynamics and soil food web organization. In order to differentiate and quantify C contributions from either roots or litter in CT and NT soils, a C-14 tracer method was used. To follow root-derived C, maize plants growing in the field were C-14 pulse-labeled, while the plant litter in those plots remained unlabeled. The C-14 was measured in NT and CT soils for the different C pools (shoots, roots, soil, soil respiration. microbial biomass). Litter-derived C was followed by applying C-14 labeled maize litter to plots which had previously grown unlabeled maize plants. The C-14 pools measured for the litter-derived CT and NT plots included organic matter, microbial biomass, soil respiration, and soil organic C. Of the applied label in the root-derived C plots, 35-55, 6-8, 3, 1.6, and 0.4-2.4% was recovered in the shoots, roots, soil, cumulative soil respiration, and microbial biomass, respectively. The C-14 recovered in these pools did not differ between CT and NT treatments, supporting the hypothesis that the rhizosphere microbial biomass in NT and CT may be similar in utilization of root-derived C. Root exudates were estimated to be 8-13% of the applied label. In litter-derived C plots, the percentage of applied label recovered in the particulate organic matter (3.2-82%), microbial biomass (4-6%), or cumulative soil respiration (12.5-14.7%) was the same for CT and NT soils. But the percentage of C-14 recovered in CT soil organic C (18-69%) was higher than that in NT (12-43%), suggesting that particulate organic matter (POM) leaching and decomposition occurred at a higher rate in CT than in NT. Results indicate faster turnover of litter-derived C in the CT plots. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Kisselle, KW (reprint author), US EPA, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Fu, Shenglei/B-2729-2012 NR 38 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 7-8 BP 1067 EP 1075 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00012-8 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 441YU UT WOS:000169257800022 ER PT J AU Davis, MJ Farland, WH AF Davis, MJ Farland, WH TI The paradoxes of MTBE SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE MTBE; methyl tertiary butyl ether; risk assessment; health effects; inhalation; water contamination; odor; taste; animal models; review; public policy ID TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER; CONTROLLED HUMAN EXPOSURE; MALE FISCHER-344 RATS; GASOLINE; WATER; RESPONSES; MODEL; MICE AB A widely used gasoline additive, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), has been controversial, in part because of concerns about potential inhalation health effects and more recently because of added concerns about water contamination. Although many of the issues related to MTBE have not been fully resolved, several apparent paradoxes can be discerned, including the fact that something intended to improve air quality is now seen as a threat to water quality. Among the lessons that can be derived from the MTBE experience is the value of a comprehensive understanding of the potential risk-benefit tradeoffs of different fuels and fuel additives. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Davis, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300004 ER PT J AU Diliberto, JJ DeVito, MJ Ross, GD Birnbaum, LS AF Diliberto, JJ DeVito, MJ Ross, GD Birnbaum, LS TI Subchronic exposure of [(3)H]-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female B6C3F1 mice: Relationship of steady-state levels to disposition and metabolism SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE TCDD; dioxin; subchronic dosing; disposition; CYP1A1; CYP1A2; dosimetry; body burden ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; MULTICOMPARTMENT GEOMETRIC MODEL; CYP1A2 ENZYME-ACTIVITY; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; RISK ASSESSMENT; AH RECEPTOR AB The present study of subchronic low exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at or near steady-state levels tries to emulate the most probable mode for human exposure, dietary consumption. This study is the first and most intensive pharmacokinetic study to be reported with repeated dosing, multiple times, and multiple doses examining disposition of TCDD-derived radioactivity and CYP1A activities in mice. For time-course relationships, animals were dosed (daily, Monday-Friday) with 0, 1.5, or 150 ng [(3)H]TCDD/kg for 4, 8, 13, or 17 weeks and also for 13 weeks followed by 4 weeks with no dosing. For dose-response relationships, animals were dosed for 13 weeks (daily, Monday-Friday) with 0, 0.15, 0.45, 1.5, 4.5, 15, 45, 150, or 450 ng [(3)H]TCDD/kg. Additional animals dosed for 13 weeks (daily, Monday-Friday) with 1.5 or 150 ng [(3)H]TCDD/kg were housed in metabolism cages. Time- and dose-dependencies of TCDD were confirmed in all measured tissues. Liver/fat (LIF) concentration ratios ranged from 0.2-3.4 (low to high dose). Hepatic CYP1A1 enzymatic activity increased (p < 0.05) starting at 0.15 ng/kg/day with L/F of 0.2 and body burden of 2.8 ng TCDD/kg body weight. By examining TCDD exposures at or near steady state, this study reports for the first time and provides direct evidence of low-dose effects on a measured reversible response at body burdens that are within background levels of the general human population. In addition, this study emphasizes cumulative effects of daily dosing and suggests the importance of tissue dosimetry or body burden for a persistent chemical such as TCDD. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, ETD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Diliberto, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM diliberto.janet@epa.gov NR 72 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 241 EP 255 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.241 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300008 PM 11353133 ER PT J AU Altmann, L Mundy, WR Ward, TR Fastabend, A Lilienthal, H AF Altmann, L Mundy, WR Ward, TR Fastabend, A Lilienthal, H TI Developmental exposure of rats to a reconstituted PCB mixture or aroclor 1254: Effects on long-term potentiation and [H-3]MK-801 binding in occipital cortex and hippocampus SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; NMDA receptor; longterm potentiation; visual cortex; hippocampus; brain slices ID CONGENER-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS; GYRUS IN-VIVO; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; VISUAL-CORTEX; DENTATE GYRUS; NMDA RECEPTORS; LEAD-EXPOSURE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; MATERNAL EXPOSURE AB The central nervous system is one of the target organs for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), We measured the effects of maternal exposure of Long-Evans rats to a mixture of PCB congeners reconstituted according to the pattern found in human breast milk (reconstituted mixture, RM) on long-term potentiation (LTP) in two brain regions. Exposure of the dams via food started 50 days prior to mating and was terminated at birth, In the first experiment, adult male and female offspring were exposed maternally to 40 mg/kg of the RM or the commercial mixture Aroclor 1254 (A1254), LTP and paired-pulse inhibition were measured in slices of the visual cortex. In addition, the binding of [H-3]MK-801 to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ion channel as well as the [H-3]muscimol binding to the GABA-A receptor in membrane preparations from the occipital cortex and hippocampus were determined. LTP as well as [H-3]MK-801 binding were significantly reduced in the cortex following PCB exposure, while [H-3]MK-801 binding in the hippocampus was not affected. In a succeeding experiment, LTP was determined in cortical and hippocampal slices from rats at postnatal days 10 to 20, following exposure to 0, 5, or 40 mg/kg of the RM, Cortical LTP was significantly affected by the RM while no effects were seen in hippocampal LTP, Taking the two experiments together, PCB exposure significantly reduced LTP, as well as [H-3]MK-801 binding, in the cortex and had no effect in the hippocampus. The LTP deficits can only partly be related to the reduction of binding sites to the NMDA receptor; other PCB-induced neurochemical changes have to be assumed. C1 Univ Dusseldorf, Med Inst Environm Hyg, Dept Neurobehav Toxicol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. Dept Neurobehav Toxicol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. Dept Analyt Chem, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth Environm Effectr Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Altmann, L (reprint author), Univ Dusseldorf, Med Inst Environm Hyg, Dept Neurobehav Toxicol, Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. NR 66 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 321 EP 330 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.321 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300016 PM 11353141 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Mora-Tiscareno, A Fordham, LA Chung, CJ Garcia, R Osnaya, N Hernandez, J Acuna, H Gambling, TM Villarreal-Calderon, A Carson, J Koren, HS Devlin, B AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Mora-Tiscareno, A Fordham, LA Chung, CJ Garcia, R Osnaya, N Hernandez, J Acuna, H Gambling, TM Villarreal-Calderon, A Carson, J Koren, HS Devlin, B TI Canines as sentinel species for assessing chronic exposures to air pollutants: Part 1. Respiratory pathology SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dogs; air pollution; lungs; particulate matter; ultrafine; particulate matter; ozone; endothelial and epithelial lung dysfunction; chronic lung inflammation; lung remodeling ID MEXICO-CITY AIR; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION; INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; INHALABLE PARTICLES; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; LUNG INFLAMMATION; INFANT-MORTALITY; FINE PARTICLES AB A complex mixture of air pollutants is present in the ambient air in urban areas. People, animals, and vegetation are chronically and sequentially exposed to outdoor pollutants, The objective of this first of 2 studies is to evaluate by light and electron microscopy the lungs of Mexico City dogs and compare the results to those of 3 less polluted cities in Mexico. One hundred fifty-two clinically healthy stray mongrel dogs (91 males/61 females), including 43 dogs from 3 less polluted cities, and 109 from southwest and northeast metropolitian Mexico City (SWMMC, NEMMC) were studied. Lungs of dogs living in Mexico City and Cuernavaca exhibited patchy chronic mononuclear cell infiltrates along with macrophages loaded with particulate matter (PM) surrounding the bronchiolar walls and extending into adjacent vascular structures; bronchiolar epithelial and smooth muscle hyperplasia, peribronchiolar fibrosis, microthrombi, and capillary and venule polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) margination, Ultrafine PM was seen in alveolar type I and II cells, endothelial cells, interstitial macrophages (M theta), and intravascular MB-like cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed significant numbers of alveolar macrophages undergoing proliferation, Exposure to complex mixtures of pollutants-predominantly particulate matter and ozone-is causing lung structural changes induced by the sustained inflammatory process and resulting in airway and vascular remodeling and altered repair, Cytokines released from both, circulating inflammatory and resident lung cells in response to endothelial and epithelial injury may be playing a role in the pathology described here. Deep concern exists for the potential of an increasing rise in lung diseases in child populations exposed to Mexico City's environment. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Radiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City 14410, DF, Mexico. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ESO7126]; PHS HHS [8L56395] NR 77 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 342 EP 355 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.342 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300018 PM 11353143 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Gambling, TM Acuna, H Garcia, R Osnaya, N Monroy, S Villarreal-Calderon, A Carson, J Koren, HS Devlin, RB AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Gambling, TM Acuna, H Garcia, R Osnaya, N Monroy, S Villarreal-Calderon, A Carson, J Koren, HS Devlin, RB TI Canines as sentinel species for assessing chronic exposures to air pollutants: Part 2. cardiac pathology SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ambient air pollution; dogs; myocardium; mast cells; particulate matter; ozone; apoptotic myocytes and endothelial cells; endothelial injury; Mexico City ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MAST-CELLS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HEART-DISEASE; MEXICO-CITY; INFLAMMATION; POLLUTION; ISCHEMIA; DEATH AB The principal objective of this study is to evaluate by light and electron microscopy (LM, EM) the heart tissues in stray southwest and northeast metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC, NEMMC) dogs and compare their findings to those from 3 less polluted cities (Cuernavaca, Tlaxcala, and Tuxpam), Clinically healthy mongrel dogs, including 109 from highly polluted SWMMC and NEMMC, and 43 dogs from less polluted cities were studied. Dogs residing in cities with lower levels of pollutants showed little or no cardiac abnormalities. Mexico City and Cuernavaca dogs exhibited LM myocardial alterations including apoptotic myocytes, endothelial and immune effector cells, degranulated mast cells associated with scattered foci of mononuclear cells in left and right ventricles and interventricular septum, and clusters of adipocytes interspersed with mononuclear cells. Vascular changes included scattered polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) margination and microthrombi in capillaries, and small venous and arteriolar blood vessels. Small veins exhibited smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and arteriolar blood vessels showed deposition of particulate matter (PM) in the media and adventitia. Unmyelinated nerve fibers showed endoneural and epineural degranulated mast cells. EM examination of myocardial mast cells showed distended and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum with few secretory granules. Myocardial capillaries exhibited fibrin deposition and their endothelial cells displayed increased luminal and abluminal pinocytic activity and the formation of anemone-like protrusions of the endothelium into the lumen. A close association between myocardial findings, lung epithelial and endothelial pathology, and chronic inflammatory lung changes was noted. The myocardial changes described in dogs exposed to ambient air pollutants may form the basis for developing hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies that might explain the epidemiological data of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people exposed to air pollutants. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Facil, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City 14410, DF, Mexico. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ESO7126]; PHS HHS [8L56395] NR 62 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 356 EP 367 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.356 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300019 PM 11353144 ER PT J AU Rigas, ML Okino, MS Quackenboss, JJ AF Rigas, ML Okino, MS Quackenboss, JJ TI Use of a pharmacokinetic model to assess chlorpyrifos exposure and dose in children, based on urinary biomarker measurements SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; exposure; PK modeling; dose; 3-5-6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; biomarker ID HUMANS AB Chlorpyrifos is a common agricultural insecticide and has been used residentially in the United States until the year 2000 when this use was restricted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). A chlorpyrifos metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) has been found in urine samples collected during exposure field studies. In this work, we use urinary biomarker data and the inverse solution of a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model for chlorpyrifos to estimate the magnitude and timing of doses. Three urine samples were collected on separate days from each of 15 children (ages 3-12) who were participants in the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES). The total volume of urine was noted and samples analyzed for TCPy. The urinary data was used along with constraints imposed on dose timing, based on responses of the individuals to pesticide-use surveys. We predicted the time and magnitude of multiple "event" exposures characterized by short-term, relatively high doses superimposed over a continuous background exposure. The average dose of chlorpyrifos predicted by the model was 1.61 mug/kg per reported event. Average background dose rate for these children that reported exposure events was 0.0062 mug/kg/h, or 0.15 mug/kg/day. In addition to predicting the total dose of chlorpyrifos received by an individual from urinary biomarker measurements, the model can then be run in a forward manner once the exposure regime is determined. This will allow the prediction of the total amount of TCPy eliminated in the urine over any time period of interest. C1 US EPA, HERB, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Rigas, ML (reprint author), US EPA, HERB, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RI Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 18 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 374 EP 381 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.374 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300021 PM 11353146 ER PT J AU Chen, CY Hamm, JT Hass, JR Birnbaum, LS AF Chen, CY Hamm, JT Hass, JR Birnbaum, LS TI Disposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in pregnant long evans rats and the transfer to offspring SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disposition; fetus; pup; placenta; dioxins; Long Evans rat ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; RISK ASSESSMENT; NEONATAL RATS; BLOOD; METABOLISM; EXCRETION; PCDFS; MICE; TISSUE; 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN AB Pharmacokinetic properties of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho biphenyls (PCBs) play a critical role in their relative toxicity. The present study examined the transfer of these chemicals to offspring and placenta. Pregnant Long Evans rats received 0.0 (control), 0.05, 0.2, 0.8, and 1.0 mug/kg of dioxin toxic equivalence (TEQ) by oral gavage on the 15th gestational day (GD 15), using a dosing mixture that contained 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) in ratios approximating that in food. Rats were euthanized on GD 16, GD 21, and postnatal day 4 (PND 4). The chemical concentrations in fetus, pup, placenta, and maternal liver, serum, and adipose tissue were determined using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. A dose-dependent increase in hepatic sequestration was seen with TCDD, PeCDD, 4-PeCDF, OCDF, PCB 126, and PCB 169, and the transfer to offspring was reduced at higher doses. 4-PeCDF, PeCDD and PCB 126 showed higher liver affinity than TCDD. TCDF, 1-PeCDF, and PCB 77 were metabolized rapidly. On GD 16, TCDD and the three PCBs reached equilibration between the fetus and placenta, but this did not occur with PeCDD and 4-PeCDF until GD 21, according to the lipid-based concentrations. Offspring compartments received more of the dosed compounds lactationally than transplacentally (7-28% versus 0.5-3%). The behavior of each congener was dose-dependent; therefore, extrapolation of high-dose experimental data should be used with caution. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Triangle Labs Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Chen, CY (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Chen, Chia-Yang/0000-0001-5301-1609 NR 48 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 173 IS 2 BP 65 EP 88 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9143 PG 24 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 441QQ UT WOS:000169241400001 PM 11384209 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, D Mattie, D Dodd, DE AF Mukerjee, D Mattie, D Dodd, DE TI Untitled - Introduction SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Operat Toxicol Res, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Mukerjee, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 144 EP 144 DI 10.1191/0748233701th102xx PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500001 ER PT J AU Lorber, M AF Lorber, M TI Indirect exposure assessment at the United States Environmental Protection Agency SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE dioxins; indirect exposure ID MILK; BEEF AB In the early 1980s, exposures and subsequent health impact assessments from contaminants emitted into the air from stationary sources focused on the inhalation pathway. This 'direct' pathway of exposure was thought to be the most critical pathway, as it is for many contaminants. However, by the latter 1980s, the focus at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shifted to contaminants that would persist in the environment and could bioaccumulate up the food chain. Consumption of impacted food products, and other 'indirect' pathways of exposure, such as soil-related exposures, were shown to result in exposures that exceeded inhalation exposures by two to up to four orders of magnitude. A historical background of indirect exposure assessment at EPA is provided in this paper, followed by an overview of modeling methodologies commonly used in indirect exposure assessments. These methodologies are demonstrated on a contaminant of primary focus for indirect exposure impact, dioxins. Two examples are provided. In the first, an air-to-beef model validation exercise is described. In the second, an indirect exposure assessment on a municipal solid waste incinerator in Ohio conducted by the EPA is summarized. This incinerator emitted very large amounts of dioxin, more than any single source known to EPA. Models were used to predict the movement of dioxins from the stack to a nearby hypothetical farm, where individuals in the farm family were exposed to dioxins from consumption of home-produced beef and milk. The predicted lifetime cancer risk of 2.8x10(-4) based on these food pathways was used by EPA's Region 5 to initiate regulatory activity on this incinerator. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lorber, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 145 EP 156 DI 10.1191/0748233701th113oa PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500002 PM 12539859 ER PT J AU Birak, P Yurk, J Adeshina, F Lorber, M Pollard, K Choudhury, H Kroner, S AF Birak, P Yurk, J Adeshina, F Lorber, M Pollard, K Choudhury, H Kroner, S TI Travis and Arms revisited: a second look at a widely used bioconcentration algorithm SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE biotransfer; biouptake; cattle ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; FEEDING LOW LEVELS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; INSECTICIDE RESIDUES; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE; LAYING HENS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; METABOLIC-FATE; BODY TISSUES AB In 1988, Travis and Arms reviewed the literature and collected data to develop a relationship between the octanol-water partition coefficient (K-ow) and the uptake of organic compounds into milk and beef (Travis and Arms, 1988). These equations have been utilized for predicting biotransfer factors for organic chemicals when empirical data are lacking. During the external peer review of the draft US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance entitled Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities (US EPA, 1998) and the development of Superfund's Ecological Soil Screening Levels (US EPA, 2000b), questions challenging the derivation and use of these equations were raised. The primary questions raised were: 1) Are the equations presented in Travis and Arms (1988) for the estimation of transfer of organic compounds from contaminated feed to beef and milk technically valid and reproducible? If so, (2) are the equations appropriate across the entire log K-ow range? For these reasons, this study was undertaken to validate the original Travis and Arms equations, to review more recent literature, and, if appropriate, to add to the original Travis and Arms data set to obtain updated equations. This paper presents an evaluation of the original Travis and Arms equations, limitations to their use, and steps to reduce uncertainties associated with their use by updating with more current literature. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Reg 6, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Washington, DC USA. RP Birak, P (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, 3040 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 84 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 EI 1477-0393 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 163 EP 175 DI 10.1191/0748233701th110oa PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500004 PM 12539861 ER PT J AU Hatch, GE Kodavanti, U Crissman, K Slade, R Costa, D AF Hatch, GE Kodavanti, U Crissman, K Slade, R Costa, D TI An 'injury-time integral' model for extrapolating from acute to chronic effects of phosgene SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE chronic lung injury; dose response models; extrapolation; phosgene toxicity; risk assessment ID PULMONARY HOST DEFENSES; EXPOSURE; OZONE; RATS; INHALATION; RESISTANCE; TOLERANCE; INFECTION; TOXICITY AB The present study compares acute and subchronic episodic exposures to phosgene to test the applicability of the 'concentrationxtime' (CxT) product as a measure of exposure dose, and to relate acute toxicity and adaptive responses to chronic toxicity. Rats (male Fischer 344) were exposed (six hours/day) to air or 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of phosgene one time or on a repeated regimen for up to 12 weeks as follows: 0.1 ppm (five days/week), 0.2 ppm (five days/week), 0.5 ppm (two days/week), or 1.0 ppm (one day/week) (note that the CxT for the three highest exposures was the same). Animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks during the exposure and after four weeks recovery. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 18 hours after the last exposure for each time period and the BAL supernatant assayed for protein. Elevated BAL fluid protein was defined as 'acute injury', diminished response after repeated exposure was defined as 'adaptation', and increased lung hydroxyproline or trichrome staining for collagen was defined as 'chronic injury'. Results indicated that exposures that cause maxims chronic injury involve high exposure concentrations and longer times between exposures, not high CxT products. A conceptual model is presented that explains the lack of CxT correlation by the fact that adaptation reduces an 'injury-time integral' as phosgene exposure is lengthened from acute to subchronic. At high exposure concentrations, the adaptive response appears to be overwhelmed, causing a continued injury-time integral, which appears to be related to appearance of chronic injury. The adaptive response is predicted to disappear if the time between exposures is lengthened, leading to a continued high injury-time integral and chronic injury. It has generally been assumed that long, continuous exposures of rodents is a conservative approach for detecting possible chronic effects. The present study suggests that such an approach my not be conservative but might actually mask effects that could occur under intermittent exposure conditions. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hatch, GE (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1191/074823370123oa PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500017 PM 12539874 ER PT J AU Furtaw, EJ AF Furtaw, EJ TI An overview of human exposure modeling activities at the USEPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE exposure assessment; exposure models; environmental modeling; human exposure; risk assessment; stochastic model; USEPA NERL AB The computational modeling of human exposure to environmental pollutants is one of the primary activities of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)'s National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL). Assessment of human exposures is a critical part of the overall risk assessment paradigm. In exposure assessment, we analyze the source-to-dose sequence of processes, in which pollutants are released from sources into the environment, where they may move through multiple environmental media, and to human receptors via multiple pathways. Exposure occurs at the environment-human interface, where pollutants are contacted in the course of human activities. Exposure may result in a dose, by which chemicals enter the body through multiple portals of entry, primarily inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Within the body, absorbed pollutants are distributed to, metabolized within, and eliminated from various organs and tissues, where they may cause toxicologic responses or adverse health effects. The NERL's modeling efforts are directed at improving our understanding of this sequence of processes, by characterizing the various factors influencing exposures and dose, and their associated variabilities and uncertainties. Modeling at the NERL is one of three essential programmatic elements, along with measurements and methods development. These are pursued interactively to advance our understanding of exposure-related processes. Exposure models are developed and run using the best currently available measurement data to simulate and predict population exposure and dose distributions, and to identify the most important factors and their variabilities and uncertainties. This knowledge is then used to guide the development of improved methods and measurements needed to obtain better data to improve the assessment and reduce critical uncertainties. These models and measurement results are tools that can be used in risk assessments and in risk management decisions in order to reduce harmful exposures. Current areas of the NERL's exposure modeling emphasis include: Pollutant concentrations in ambient (outdoor) air using the Third Generation Air Quality Modeling System's Community Multiscale Air Quality model (Models-3/CMAQ); Air flow and pollutant concentrations at local and microenvironmental scales using computational fluid dynamics (CFD); Human inhalation exposure to airborne particulate matter, air toxics, and multipathway exposure to pesticides, using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) model; Human and ecological exposure and risk assessments of hazardous waste sites using Framework for Risk Analysis in Multimedia Environmental Systems - Multimedia, Multipathway, Multireceptor Risk Assessment (FRAMES-3MRA), one of many software programs available from the NERL's Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM); Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of pesticides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Exposure-Related Dose-Estimating Model (ERDEM). A brief historical overview of the NERL's evolution of human exposure models is presented, with examples of the present state-of-the-science represented by SHEDS and FRAMES-3MRA. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Exposure & Dose Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Furtaw, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Exposure & Dose Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 19 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 302 EP 314 DI 10.1191/0748233701th107oa PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500020 PM 12539877 ER PT J AU Kedderis, GL Lipscomb, JC AF Kedderis, GL Lipscomb, JC TI Application of in vitro biotransformation data and pharmacokinetic modeling to risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE biotransformation; in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; pharmacokinetics; physiology; risk assessment ID IN-VIVO; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; DRUG-METABOLISM; HUMANS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; CYTOCHROME-P450; LIVER; BIOACTIVATION; EXTRAPOLATION AB The adverse biological effects of toxic substances are dependent upon the exposure concentration and the duration of exposure. Pharmacokinetic models can quantitatively relate the external concentration of a toxicant in the environment to the internal dose of the toxicant in the target tissues of an exposed organism. The exposure concentration of a toxic substance is usually not the same as the concentration of the active form of the toxicant that reaches the target tissues following absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of the parent toxicant. Biotransformation modulates the biological activity of chemicals through bioactivation and detoxication pathways. Many toxicants require biotransformation to exert their adverse biological effects. Considerable species differences in biotransformation and other pharmacokinetic processes can make extrapolation of toxicity data from laboratory animals to humans problematic. Additionally, interindividual differences in biotransformation among human populations with diverse genetics and lifestyles can lead to considerable variability in the bioactivation of toxic chemicals. Compartmental pharmacokinetic models of animals and humans are needed to understand the quantitative relationships between chemical exposure and target tissue dose as well as animal to human differences and interindividual differences in human populations. The data-based compartmental pharmacokinetic models widely used in clinical pharmacology have little utility for human health risk assessment because they cannot extrapolate across dose route or species. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models allow such extrapolations because they are based on anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. In PBPK models, the compartments represent organs or groups of organs and the flows between compartments are actual blood flows. The concentration of a toxicant in a target tissue is a function of the solubility of the toxicant in blood and tissues (partition coefficients), blood flow into the tissue, metabolism of the toxicant in the tissue, and blood flow out of the tissue. The appropriate degree of biochemical detail can be added to the PBPK models as needed. Comparison of model simulations with experimental data provides a means of hypothesis testing and model refinement. In vitro biotransformation data from studies with isolated liver cells or subcellular fractions from animals or humans can be extrapolated to the intact organism based upon protein content or cell number. In vitro biotransformation studies with human liver preparations can provide quantitative data on human interindividual differences in chemical bioactivation. These in vitro data must be integrated into physiological models to understand the true impact of interindividual differences in chemical biotransformation on the target organ bioactivation of chemical contaminants in air and drinking water. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Kedderis, GL (reprint author), 1803 Jones Ferry Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 3 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 315 EP 321 DI 10.1191/0748233701th119oa PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500021 PM 12539878 ER PT J AU Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW AF Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW TI Modeling the interaction of agrochemicals with environmental surfaces: pesticides on rutile and organo-rutile surfaces SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE environmental surface; molecular dynamics simulation; beta-cyclodextrin; metal oxide; pesticides ID SORPTION; CHEMISTRY AB Non-bonded interactions between model pesticides and organo-mineral surfaces have been studied using molecular mechanical conformational calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The minimum energy conformations and relative binding energies for the interaction of atrazine, ametryn, prometone, 2,4-D and DDT with rutile, beta -cyclodextrin, and a beta -cyclodextrin-rutile aggregate, respectively, were obtained. Relative binding energies for the pesticides on the mineral surface were generally in the order 2,4-D > prometone > ametryn > atrazine > DDT. The favored binding conformation for 2,4-D and DDT was usually one in which the aromatic rings lay parallel to the surface. S-triazines adopted conformations in which the triazine ring was oblique to the surface. On a composite beta -cyclodextrin-rutile surface, the binding energies did not decrease appreciably although most of the organic contaminants showed a strong preference for the pristine mineral surface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Sawunyama, P (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD MAY 31 PY 2001 VL 541 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(00)00754-5 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 427CJ UT WOS:000168387000013 ER PT J AU Moskalik, AJ Brei, D AF Moskalik, AJ Brei, D TI Dynamic performance of C-block array architectures SO JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION LA English DT Article ID PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS; BEHAVIOR; FORCE AB The lack of adequate actuators has often been cited as the limiting factor in practical applications of smart structures. C-blocks are a building block actuation architecture that addresses the stroke limitations of stack architectures and the force limitations of bender architectures. Because these actuators are based upon piezoelectric materials, they are well suited for high bandwidth dynamic applications. This paper presents an investigation of the dynamic behavior of a generic C-block array architecture using analytical models derived front a unique transfer matrix method and experiments using four distinctly different types of prototypes. To gain insight into the dynamic behavior of the actuation architecture, a parameter analysis based upon both the models and experiments is given. The behavior of lone series is found to display both bending and extensional type of behaviors, which can be well approximated with an appropriate equivalent straight bender model. For shorter series, the performance is more complex and the full analytical model is required. From the analytical models derived in this paper along with the insight gained from the straight bender and parameter analysis, it is possible to design and predict the dynamic performance of a generic C-block actuator for a given application which requires a midrange piezoelectric actuator. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Engn Mech, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Moskalik, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-460X J9 J SOUND VIB JI J. Sound Vibr. PD MAY 31 PY 2001 VL 243 IS 2 BP 317 EP 346 DI 10.1006/jsvi.2000.3418 PG 30 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 438JJ UT WOS:000169049600007 ER PT J AU Chen, JL Al-Abed, SR Ryan, JA Li, ZB AF Chen, JL Al-Abed, SR Ryan, JA Li, ZB TI Effects of pH on dechlorination of trichloroethylene by zero-valent iron SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE zero-valent iron (ZVI); trichloroethylene (TCE); iron corrosion; chlorinated organics ID RAPID DECHLORINATION; ZEROVALENT IRON; WATER; PERFORMANCE; REDUCTION; KINETICS; SYSTEM; METAL AB The surface normalized reaction rate constants (k(sa)) of trichloroethylene (TCE) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) were quantified in batch reactors at pH values between 1.7 and 10. The k(sa) of TCE linearly decreased from 0.044 to 0.009 l/h m(2) between pH 3.8 and 8.0, whereas the k(sa) at pH 1.7 was more than an order higher than that at pH 3.8. The degradation of TCE was not observed at pH values of 9 and 10. The k(sa) of iron corrosion linearly decreased from 0.092 to 0.018 l/h m(2) between pH 4.9 and 9.8, whereas it is significantly higher at pH 1.7 and 3.8. The k(sa) of TCE was 30-300 times higher than those reported in literature. The difference can be attributed to the pH effects and precipitation of iron hydroxide. The k(sa) of TCE degradation and iron corrosion at a head space of 6 and 10 mi were about twice of those at zero head space. The effect was attributed to the formation of hydrogen bubbles on ZVI, which hindered the transport the TCE between the solution and reaction sites on ZVI. The optimal TCE degradation rate was achieved at a pH of 4.9. This suggests that lowering solution pH might not expedite the degradation rate of TCE by ZVI as it also caused faster disappearance of ZVI, and hence decreased the ZVI surface concentration. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina Agr & Technol State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chen, JL (reprint author), N Carolina Agr & Technol State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 1601 E Market St, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NR 15 TC 140 Z9 157 U1 12 U2 65 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY 30 PY 2001 VL 83 IS 3 BP 243 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00193-5 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 433JQ UT WOS:000168756600006 PM 11348735 ER PT J AU Comer, JK Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS AF Comer, JK Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS TI Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double-bifurcation airway models. Part 2. Aerosol transport and deposition SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID INSPIRATORY FLOW AB The flow theory and air flow structures in symmetric double-bifurcation airway models assuming steady laminar, incompressible flow, unaffected by the presence of aerosols, has been described in a companion paper (Part 1). The validated computer simulation results showed highly vortical flow fields, especially around the second bifurcations, indicating potentially complex particle distributions and deposition patterns. In this paper (Part 2), assuming spherical non-interacting aerosols that stick to the wall when touching the surface, the history of depositing particles is described. Specifically, the finite-volume code CFX (AEA Technology) with user-enhanced FORTRAN programs were validated with experimental data of particle deposition efficiencies as a function of the Stokes number for planar single and double bifurcations. The resulting deposition patterns, particle distributions, trajectories and time evolution were analysed in the light of the air flow structures for relatively low (Re-D1 = 500) and high (Re-D1 = 2000) Reynolds numbers and representative Stokes numbers, i.e. St(D1) = 0.04 and St(D1) = 0.12. Particle deposition patterns and surface concentrations are largely a function of the local Stokes number, but they also depend on the fluid-particle inlet conditions as well as airway geometry factors. While particles introduced at low inlet Reynolds numbers (e.g. Re-D1 = 500) follow the axial air flow, secondary and vortical flows become important at higher Reynolds numbers, causing the formation of particle-free zones near the tube centres and subsequently elevated particle concentrations near the walls. Sharp or mildly rounded carinal ridges have little effect on the deposition efficiencies but may influence local deposition patterns. In contrast, more drastic geometric changes to the basic double-bifurcation model, e.g. the 90 degrees -non-planar configuration, alter both the aerosol wall distributions and surface concentrations considerably. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM ck@eos.ncsu.edu NR 28 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 EI 1469-7645 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD MAY 25 PY 2001 VL 435 BP 55 EP 80 PG 26 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 445CR UT WOS:000169441000003 ER PT J AU Henderson, C Panek, J Picard, D Smith, M AF Henderson, C Panek, J Picard, D Smith, M TI Gas-plant tests reveal cost-effective inspection, maintenance practices SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Inst Gas Technol, Des Plaines, IL USA. Clearstone Engn Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada. RP Henderson, C (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD MAY 21 PY 2001 VL 99 IS 21 BP 73 EP 80 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 434FD UT WOS:000168803700017 ER PT J AU Herrick, JE Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM Seybold, CA Walton, M AF Herrick, JE Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM Seybold, CA Walton, M TI Field soil aggregate stability kit for soil quality and rangeland health evaluations SO CATENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Soil Aggregation in Semi-Arid and Arid Lands CY MAY 08-10, 1997 CL LAS CRUCES, NM SP IGU GERTEC DE soil structure; soil aggregation; methods; soil properties; soil quality; rangeland health ID WATER AB Soil aggregate stability is widely recognized as a key indicator of soil quality and rangeland health. However, few standard methods exist for quantifying soil stability in the field. A stability kit is described which can be inexpensively and easily assembled with minimal tools. It permits up to Is samples to be evaluated in less than 10 min and eliminates the need for transportation, minimizing damage to soil structure. The kit consists of two 21 x 10.5 x 3.5 cm plastic boxes divided into eighteen 3.5 X 3.5 cm sections, eighteen 2.5-cm diameter sieves with 1.5-mm distance openings and a small spatula used for soil sampling. Soil samples are rated on a scale from one to six based on a combination of ocular observations of slaking during the first 5 min following immersion in distilled water, and the percent remaining on a 1.5-mm sieve after five dipping cycles at the end of the 5-min period. A laboratory comparison yielded a correlation between the stability class and percent aggregate stability based on oven dry weight remaining after treatment using a mechanical sieve. We have applied the method in a wide variety of agricultural and natural ecosystems throughout western North America, including northern Mexico, and have found that it is highly sensitive to differences in management and plant community composition. Although the field kit cannot replace the careful laboratory-based measurements of soil aggregate stability, it can clearly provide valuable information when these more intensive procedures are not possible. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B,V. All rights reserved. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Environm Sci Div Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89113 USA. Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Soil Qual Inst, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Herrick, JE (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM jherrick@nmsu.edu NR 15 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 5 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD MAY 18 PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00173-9 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 419UP UT WOS:000167967300004 ER PT J AU Laden, F Collman, G Iwamoto, K Alberg, AJ Berkowitz, GS Freudenheim, JL Hankinson, SE Helzlsouer, KJ Holford, TR Huang, HY Moysich, KB Tessari, JD Wolff, MS Zheng, TZ Hunter, DJ AF Laden, F Collman, G Iwamoto, K Alberg, AJ Berkowitz, GS Freudenheim, JL Hankinson, SE Helzlsouer, KJ Holford, TR Huang, HY Moysich, KB Tessari, JD Wolff, MS Zheng, TZ Hunter, DJ TI 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: Combined analysis of five US studies SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS; ORGANOCHLORINE EXPOSURE; BLOOD-LEVELS; SERUM ORGANOCHLORINES; RISK; WOMEN; DDE; PESTICIDES; LACTATION; RESIDUES AB Background: Environmental exposure to organochlorines has been examined as a potential risk factor for breast cancer, in 1993, five large U.S. studies of women located mainly in the northeastern United States were funded to evaluate the association of levels of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood plasma or serum with breast cancer risk. We present a combined analysis of these results to increase precision and to maximize statistical power to detect effect modification by other breast cancer risk factors, Methods: We reanalyzed the data from these five studies, consisting of 1400 case patients with breast cancer and 1642 control subjects, by use of a standardized approach to control for confounding and assess effect modification. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by use of the random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided, Results: When we compared women in the fifth quintile of lipid-adjusted values with those in the first quintile, the multivariate pooled OR for breast cancer associated with PCBs was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.73 to 1.21), and that associated with DDE was 0.99 (95% CI = 0.77 to 1.27). Although in the original studies there were suggestions of elevated breast cancer risk associated with PCBs in certain groups of women stratified by parity and lactation, these observations were not evident in the pooled analysis. No statistically significant associations were observed in any other stratified analyses, except for an increased risk with higher levels of PCBs among women in the middle tertile of body mass index (25-29.9 kg/m(2)); however, the risk was statistically nonsignificantly decreased among heavier women. Conclusions: Combined evidence does not support an association of breast cancer risk with plasma/serum concentrations of PCBs or DDE. Exposure to these compounds, as measured in adult women, is unlikely to explain the high rates of breast cancer experienced in the northeastern United States. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Div Environm & Occupat Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Canc Prevent, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Laden, F (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CAES62951, CA/ES62988, CA/ES62995, CA40356, CA49449, CAES62984, CAES62986, U10CA11535]; NHLBI NIH HHS [T32HL07427] NR 49 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 93 IS 10 BP 768 EP 776 DI 10.1093/jnci/93.10.768 PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 432TF UT WOS:000168711200011 PM 11353787 ER PT J AU Farfel, MR Orlova, AO Lees, PSJ Bowen, C Elias, R Ashley, PJ Chisolm, JJ AF Farfel, MR Orlova, AO Lees, PSJ Bowen, C Elias, R Ashley, PJ Chisolm, JJ TI Comparison of two floor mat head dust collection methods and their application in pre-1950 anal new urban houses SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAD AB This study investigated commercial floor mats as an alternative method to assess lead in residential dust in inner-city houses. Mats were placed for 3 weeks in interior entryways of 34 row houses built before 1950 and 17 new row houses in Baltimore City. A high volume sampler (an HVS3 floor model cyclone-based vacuum) and a hand-held portable cyclone sampler were used in the laboratory to collect side-by-side samples of mat dust. Both devices yielded comparable estimates of lead dust deposition, dust lead concentration, and dust deposition on field mat samples and had similar sampling efficiencies on mats spiked with various types of standard reference materials. The older houses had significantly higher daily lead dust deposition (GM = 130 mug/ft(2)/day by HVS3) than the newer houses (GM = 9 mug/ft(2)/day by HVS3), due to higher dust lead concentrations (GM = 1149 ppm vs GM = 107 ppm by HVS3) and not to differences in daily dust deposition (GM = 118 mg/ft(2)/day vs GM = 87 mg/ft(2)/day by HVS3). Mats were found to be a feasible method for the collection of dust that has accumulated for a known amount of time. Current wipe and vacuum methods do not allow far the estimation of dust deposition rates. Further research is needed to understand the role of floor mars as a risk assessment tool. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. US EPA, NCEA MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Dept Housing & Urban Dev, Washington, DC 20410 USA. RP Farfel, MR (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 10 BP 2078 EP 2083 DI 10.1021/es0013071 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 433LA UT WOS:000168759800025 PM 11393990 ER PT J AU Sawunyama, P Jackson, M Bailey, GW AF Sawunyama, P Jackson, M Bailey, GW TI Interactions of methyl orange with cyclodextrin/sodium-montmorillonite systems probed by UV-visible spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adsorption; clay; competition; complexation; cyclodextrin; methyl orange; montmorillonite; protonation; UV-visible spectroscopy ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; SOIL AB Clay mineral colloids play important roles in the adsorption of polar organic contaminants in the environment. Similarly, cyclodextrins (CD) can entrap poorly water-soluble organic compounds. A combination of CDs and clay minerals affords great opportunities to investigate simultaneously complexation and adsorption processes involving organic contaminants. In this work, we investigated in situ the extent of adsorption and/or complexation of a molecular probe, methyl orange (MO), in CD/sodium montmorillonite systems using UV-visible spectroscopy. The anion form of MO interacts with the clay surface via cationic bridges, whereas the cation form is weakly adsorbed by a cation-exchange mechanism. Further, in acidic media, there is a local competition between MO and the montmorillonite surface for H+ ions. This inhibits protonation of MO in the immediate vicinity of the clay. The presence of CDs, however, perturbs the favored process of proton scavenging by the clay. In particular, in beta CD-clay systems, beta CD-complexed MO can compete successfully with the clay for H+ ions. The shielding effect of beta CD appears to play a key role in preventing the deprotonation of complexed MO. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, NAFEO, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Sawunyama, P (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 237 IS 2 BP 153 EP 157 DI 10.1006/jcis.2001.7530 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 431HT UT WOS:000168626300001 ER PT J AU Singhvi, R Turpin, R Kalnicky, DJ Patel, J AF Singhvi, R Turpin, R Kalnicky, DJ Patel, J TI Comparison of field and laboratory methods for monitoring metallic mercury vapor in indoor air SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE mercury; indoor air; field monitoring; laboratory analysis; statistical evaluation AB Real-time metallic mercury vapor levels of the indoor air were monitored at several mercury spill sites around the US in order to evaluate the effectiveness of site cleanup operations. Mercury readings taken in the field with a Jerome 431 (TM) Mercury Vapor Analyzer were compared with laboratory analysis using a modified National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 6009 method. Statistical evaluation showed that the data were highly comparable except at low concentrations, due to the large degree of uncertainty associated with measuring low levels of mercury with the Jerome analyzer. Regression analysis indicated that Jerome measurements of 10 mug/m(3) or greater are comparable for field analysis of mercury vapor in air. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. REAC, Environm Serv, Lockheed Martin Technol Serv Grp, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Singhvi, R (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 6 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY 7 PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00334-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 416UZ UT WOS:000167799700002 PM 11267741 ER PT J AU Kalnicky, DJ Singhvi, R AF Kalnicky, DJ Singhvi, R TI Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE XRF; field portable XRF; environmental; in situ; soil contamination; on-site ID X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; METALS; LEAD AB One of the critical factors for successfully conducting contamination characterization, removal, and remedial operations at hazardous waste sites is rapid and appropriate response to analyze samples in a timely fashion. Turnaround time associated with off-site analysis is often too slow to support efficient utilization of the data. Field portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) techniques provide viable and effective analytical approaches to meet on-site analysis needs for many types of environmental samples. Applications include the in situ analysis of metals in soils and sediments, thin films/particulates, and lead in paint. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. REAC, Environm Serv, Lockheed Martin Technol Serv Grp, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Singhvi, R (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 56 TC 145 Z9 148 U1 5 U2 70 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY 7 PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00330-7 PG 30 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 416UZ UT WOS:000167799700009 PM 11267748 ER PT J AU Wartenberg, D Calle, EE Thun, MJ Heath, CW Lally, C Woodruff, T AF Wartenberg, D Calle, EE Thun, MJ Heath, CW Lally, C Woodruff, T TI Re: Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality - Response SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Letter ID WOMEN C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wartenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 170 Frelinghuysen R, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD MAY 2 PY 2001 VL 93 IS 9 BP 720 EP 721 DI 10.1093/jnci/93.9.720 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 428KJ UT WOS:000168460600020 ER PT J AU Peters, TM Vanderpool, RW Wiener, RW AF Peters, TM Vanderpool, RW Wiener, RW TI Design and calibration of the EPA PM2.5 well impactor ninety-six (WINS) SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING CYCLONES; SURFACES; BOUNCE; AIR AB The EPA well impactor ninety-six (WINS) was designed and calibrated to serve as a particle size separation device for the EPA reference method sampler for particulate matter under 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter. The WINS was designed to operate downstream of a PM10 inlet at a volumetric flow rate of 16.7 Lpm. For design simplicity and ease of construction, fractionation of the aerosol in the WINS is provided by a single-stage, single-jet, round-hole impactor, Particles >2.5 mum (aerodynamic diameter) have sufficient inertia to be impacted upon a circular 37 mm diameter glass fiber filter immersed in 1 mL of a low volatility oil. The relatively large amount of oil is intended to minimize substrate overloading and subsequent particle bounce experienced by some conventional impactors and to represent an easily field dispensable quantity of defined tolerance. The novel geometry of the impaction reservoir (or well) is designed to capture any reentrained material from the impaction surface and to prevent loss of oil should the unit be inadvertently turned over or onto its side. The penetration curve of the final WINS design has a 50% cutpoint diameter equal to 2.48 mum and a geometric standard deviation of 1.18., During development, several nozzle designs and well geometries were evaluated to optimize the performance of the WINS. Additionally, two candidate oils (Neovac and Dow Coming 704 diffusion pump oils) and three types of tilters (glass fiber filters, drain discs, and polycarbonate membrane filters) were evaluated for use as impaction substrates in the WINS. The performance of the WINS was similar for the two oils in combination with a glass fiber filter and a drain disc; however, a polycarbonate filter demonstrated elevated penetration values, Based on these tests, a Gelman Type A/E glass fiber filter immersed in Dow Corning 704 diffusion pump oil was selected as the best impaction substrate. Further testing showed that the penetration curve was essentially the same when operated with quantities of oil ranging from 0.75 to 3 mL. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Vanderpool, RW (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 389 EP 397 DI 10.1080/02786820120352 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700001 ER PT J AU Tolocka, MP Peters, TM Vanderpool, RW Chen, FL Wiener, RW AF Tolocka, MP Peters, TM Vanderpool, RW Chen, FL Wiener, RW TI On the modification of the low flow-rate PM10 dichotomous sampler inlet SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOLS AB A popular flat-topped inlet used for the collection of atmospheric particulate matter was modified to reduce water intrusion during rain and snow events. Simple alterations in the intake region of this inlet were made, including a larger drain hole, a one piece top plate, and louvers.Wind tunnel tests were performed at 24 km/h for fine particle aspiration and at 2, 8, and 24 km/h for coarse particle sampling characteristics of the modified design. The laboratory evaluations of this inlet for line (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particle sampling demonstrated that the aspiration characteristics of this inlet were identical to those of the original inlet. This inlet should greatly reduce, if not totally prevent, the intrusion of precipitation. Further, sampling effectiveness test results suggest that the modified inlet could be substituted for the original inlet where the original inlet is part of a designated reference or equivalent method sampler for PM10. C1 US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tolocka, MP (reprint author), US EPA, AMMB, MD-46,79 RW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Tolocka, Michael/C-7800-2011 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.1080/02786820119350 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700003 ER PT J AU Tolocka, MP Tseng, PT Wiener, RW AF Tolocka, MP Tseng, PT Wiener, RW TI Optimization of the wash-off method for measuring aerosol concentrations SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING EFFICIENCY; CALIBRATION; IMPACTORS AB Using the fluorescence-washing technique, oleic acid particles tagged with uranine were extracted and analyzed fluorometrically. The possible sources of errors in the technique were evaluated in this study. First, the sensitivity of uranine fluorescence in different solutions was compared. The results indicated that uranine in distilled water with pH 10 buffer and in sodium hydroxide have high sensitivity, Second, the interference of oleic acid with uranine quantification in a variety of media was investigated. It was found that there is no interference from oleic acid in distilled water and sodium hydroxide solutions under our operating conditions. However, oleic acid did significantly quench the uranine fluorescence signal in ethanol. Third, the ability of different solutions to extract uranine from glass fiber and Teflon filters was tested. The results indicated that distilled water and sodium hydroxide solutions have the highest extraction ability of the media evaluated. Based on the results above, distilled water, 0.001 N sodium hydroxide, and 0,01N sodium hydroxide solutions were the optimal washing solutions in the fluorescence-washing technique. It was also found that, for inlet washes, distilled water would not be reactive and have high extraction efficiency. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Method & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tolocka, MP (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Method & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Tolocka, Michael/C-7800-2011 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 416 EP 421 DI 10.1080/02786820118333 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700004 ER PT J AU Heist, DK Tolocka, MP Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM Chen, FL Wiener, RW AF Heist, DK Tolocka, MP Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM Chen, FL Wiener, RW TI Changes in operating procedures for achieving aerosol concentration uniformity for PM2.5 and PM10 sampler testing SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Heist, DK (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tolocka, Michael/C-7800-2011 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 430 EP 432 PG 3 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700006 ER PT J AU Peters, TM Norris, GA Vanderpool, RW Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW Murdoch, RW McElroy, FF Pitchford, M AF Peters, TM Norris, GA Vanderpool, RW Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW Murdoch, RW McElroy, FF Pitchford, M TI Field performance of PM2.5 Federal Reference Method samplers SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR; IMPACTORS; SIZE AB The results of several research field studies were evaluated to estimate the precision and bias of various designated PM2,5 Federal Reference Method (FRM) samplers. Precision was favorable in these carefully conducted research studies where all operational activities were strictly controlled, with an average coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 2 to 6%. No significant bias was found between the method designations, Comparisons between the designated reference method samplers meet the EPA Equivalent Method Criteria for comparability except for one pair of samplers, In this instance, the y-intercept of the Andersen RAAS2.5-300 versus the Rupprecht & Patashnick Partisol-Plus 2025 was 1.07 mug/m(3), slightly exceeding they-intercept 1.0 mug/m(3) limit. Non-designated PM2.5 samplers demonstrated strong linear relationships when compared to reference method samplers; however, the comparisons presented in this analysis did not meet the EPA Subpart C criteria. These results indicate that the currently designated reference method samplers should allow precision and bias objectives to be achieved for the National PM2.5 Network. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Vanderpool, RW (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 433 EP 443 DI 10.1080/02786820116873 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700007 ER PT J AU Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM Natarajan, S Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW AF Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM Natarajan, S Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW TI Evaluation of the loading characteristics of the EPA WINSPM2.5 separator SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMPACTION SURFACES; COLLECTION CHARACTERISTICS; PARTICLES; AEROSOL; SAMPLERS; BOUNCE; DESIGN AB The loading characteristics of the USEPA Well Impactor Ninety Six (WINS) PM2.5 separator was an important design consideration during the separator's development. In recognition that all inertial separators eventually overload, the loading surface of the WINS was designed to be easily accessible, replaceable, and cleanable. Prior to promulgation of the method, the loading capacity of the WINS separator was evaluated by measuring its performance after repeated loading with laboratory-generated. high concentration, coarse-mode aerosol. For this purpose, a low flow rate loading wind tunnel was designed and constructed to artificially create coarse mode aerosols composed of Arizona Test Dust. This controlled test atmosphere was sampled by the PM2.5 reference method sampling train, as specified in 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix L, at total aerosol mass concentrations averaging 332 mug/m(3) for three 24 h periods. The particle size fractionation characteristics of the WINS was evaluated in the laboratory after each 24 h sampling event. These performance curves were integrated with three idealized ambient distributions to yield estimates of bias in measured mass concentration with respect to a clean WINS. Test results served as the basis for establishing the required cleaning frequency of the sampler during field use. Following the method's promulgation, characterization of the WINS performance under conditions of actual field use at five U.S. cities showed that a maximum mass concentration bias of -2.1% was estimated for 13 wells after the 5 day sampling period. Overall study results supported the current regulation (USEPA 1998) that WINS wells be replaced after every 5 days of 24 h operation. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vanderpool, RW (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, POB 12194,Bay 4,Bldg 11, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 444 EP 456 DI 10.1080/02786820117739 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700008 ER PT J AU Noble, CA Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM McElroy, FF Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW AF Noble, CA Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM McElroy, FF Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW TI Federal reference and equivalent methods for measuring fine particulate matter SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In the national ambient air quality standards specified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the Code of Federal Regulations, new standards were established for particulate matter on July 18, 1997. The new particulate matter standards specify mass concentration as the indicator for fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mum or less). Ambient measurements for the new particulate standard must be performed by a new federal reference method as specified in the Code of Federal Regulations or by an alternative measurement method that has been designated by the Environmental Protection Agency as an equivalent method. The new particulate reference method is a 24 h integrated sample collected from the ambient air and analyzed gravimetrically. The reference method is explicitly specified using a combination of design- and performance-based criteria. Additional requirements listed in the Code of Federal Regulations address conditioning, handling, and weighing of the sample filter, which are performed manually. For alternative measurement techniques that do not meet the qualifications of the reference method, the Environmental Protection Agency defines three classes of candidate PM2.5 equivalent methods based on the measurement technique used and its degree of similarity to the reference method specifications. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Noble, CA (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 457 EP 464 DI 10.1080/02786820121582 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700009 ER PT J AU Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM Natarajan, S Tolocka, MP Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW AF Vanderpool, RW Peters, TM Natarajan, S Tolocka, MP Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW TI Sensitivity analysis of the USEPA WINSPM2.5 separator SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMPACTION SURFACES; BOUNCE; DESIGN AB Factors affecting the performance of the USEPA WINS PM2.5 separator have been systematically evaluated. In conjunction with the separator's laboratory calibrated penetration curve, analysis of the governing equation that describes conventional impactor performance was used to predict changes in cutpoint as a function of impactor dimensions, flow rate, uncertainties in ambient temperature and pressure measurement, and the temperature and pressure of the sampled air volume. By integrating the resulting performance curves with three idealized ambient aerosol size distributions, the effect of these parameters on measured PM2.5 concentration was predicted. Results showed that allowable variations in impactor jet width, flow rate, diffusion oil volumes, and ambient temperature and pressure measurement result in relatively minimal PM2.5 mass concentration measurement biases. Loading of the WINS well with previously collected particles slightly reduces the separator's cutpoint and thus slightly reduces expected PM2.5 mass concentrations. Variations in ambient pressure produce negligible changes in the performance of the WINS. While not causing a true measurement bias as defined by the regulations, low ambient temperatures naturally affect the airstream's properties and inherently shifts the WINS' cutpoint to slightly lower values. Laboratory-induced crystallization of the DOW 704 diffusion oil produced no appreciable changes in either the position or shape of the WINS separation curve. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vanderpool, RW (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, POB 12194,Bay 4,Bldg 11, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tolocka, Michael/C-7800-2011 NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 465 EP 476 DI 10.1080/02786820120868 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427AC UT WOS:000168381700010 ER PT J AU Faulkner, BR Guitjens, JC AF Faulkner, BR Guitjens, JC TI Water quality effects of irrigation with drain water SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; wetlands; salinity; drainage; isotopes ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; VALLEY AB Wetlands that receive drainage from irrigated agriculture are often adversely affected by elevated salinity. Management of drain water salinity from irrigated areas requires an understanding of the thermodynamic effects of evapoconcentration and the subsurface geochemical and hydrodynamic setting. This article presents results from a demonstration of a Lahontan Valley field irrigated conjunctively with drain water and canal water and an evaluation of the potential effects of irrigating with drain water on the existing aqueous environment. Major ions of soil saturation paste measurements during an irrigation season provide insight into the geochemical and hydrodynamic processes that control the salinity of drain water Data demonstrate that use of drain water for irrigation is a viable alternative to conventional irrigation solely with canal water, that should produce few adverse effects in well-drained soils of the Lahontan Valley while providing water quality mitigation of wetlands receiving saline outflows front the shallow aquifer recharged by irrigation drainage. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Faulkner, BR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 293 EP 301 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 496KX UT WOS:000172395700006 ER PT J AU Nacci, D Jayaraman, S Specker, J AF Nacci, D Jayaraman, S Specker, J TI Stored retinoids in populations of the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus indigenous to PCB-contaminated and reference sites SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STURGEON ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; VITAMIN-A STORES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; METABOLISM; ACID; TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL; TERATOGENESIS AB Concentrations of retinoids, derivatives of vitamin A, were measured in populations of the nonmigratory estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus, indigenous to a reference site and a site highly contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to address the hypothesis that contaminant exposure causes depletion of stored retinoids in native fish populations. To assess differences related to chemical exposure, as well as season and diet, hepatic retinoid analyses were conducted using fish collected early and late in the natural spawning season and after laboratory holding. Though hepatic retinoid composition was generally similar among groups, hepatic retinoid concentrations differed. Laboratory-held fish had higher hepatic retinyl ester concentrations than field-collected fish. Among field-collected fish, those collected early in the spawning season had higher hepatic retinyl ester concentrations than those collected later in the spawning season. Although there was no evidence of the dramatic retinoid depletions that have been reported in highly exposed populations of other fish species, hepatic retinoid stores were consistently lower in F. heteroclitus indigenous to the highly PCB-contaminated site. These results are consistent with prior findings that fish from this contaminated site are relatively insensitive to some of the toxic effects of PCB exposures, including retinoid depletion. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Nacci, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 40 IS 4 BP 511 EP 518 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 426PL UT WOS:000168357500009 PM 11525494 ER PT J AU McGuinness, BM Buck, GM Mendola, P Sever, LE Vena, JE AF McGuinness, BM Buck, GM Mendola, P Sever, LE Vena, JE TI Infecundity and consumption of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated fish SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE fecundability; polychlorinated biphenyls; reproduction; sportfish; time to pregnancy ID TIME-TO-PREGNANCY; STATE-ANGLER-COHORT; LAKE ONTARIO; PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AB Biologic capacity for reproduction, or fecundity, may be threatened by environmental contaminants, especially compounds capable of disrupting endocrine pathways. Telephone interviews that focused on reproductive events were conducted with female members of the New York State Angler Cohort Study who became pregnant between 1991 and 1993 and who reported known time to pregnancy (N = 895; 73%). Consumption of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated Lake Ontario sportfish and other factors were ascertained in 1991. The authors classified the women as follows: (a) fecund (time to pregnancy less than or equal to 12 cycles; n = 723); (b) having resolved infecundity (time to pregnancy > 12 cycles; n = 81); or (C) having unresolved infecundity (time to pregnancy > 12 cycles without pregnancy; n = 94). Adjusted odds ratios for duration of fish consumption for both resolved and unresolved infecundity were elevated (1.46 and 1.19, respectively), although confidence intervals included unity. Frequency of recent fish consumption was associated with an increased risk for select categories, although confidence intervals included one. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. NICHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, Rockville, MD USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. RP McGuinness, BM (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, 270 Farber Hall,3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844; Buck Louis, Germaine/0000-0002-1774-4490 NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 250 EP 253 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 455DX UT WOS:000170013200007 PM 11480501 ER PT J AU Estime, L Rier, JP AF Estime, L Rier, JP TI Disappearance of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) when incubated with tissue cultures of different plant species SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PAULS SCARLET ROSE; METABOLISM; CELLS C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Estime, L (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS-104,2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 66 IS 5 BP 671 EP 677 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 425KT UT WOS:000168290300019 PM 11443340 ER PT J AU Lake, JL McKinney, RA Osterman, FA Pruell, RJ Kiddon, J Ryba, SA Libby, AD AF Lake, JL McKinney, RA Osterman, FA Pruell, RJ Kiddon, J Ryba, SA Libby, AD TI Stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of anthropogenic activities in small freshwater systems SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FOOD-CHAIN LENGTH; TROPHIC POSITION; CONTAMINANT BIOACCUMULATION; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-N-15; NITRATE; AMMONIUM; MARINE; LAKES; FISH AB Stable nitrogen isotope ratios (delta N-15) were measured in fish, mussel, and sediment samples taken from 17 small freshwater sites to examine food chain length and trophic position across sites affected by differing levels of anthropogenic activity. Both shoreline development and fish species composition varied greatly among sites, and a range of up to 11.2% was found for the delta N-15 values of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish delta N-15 values were baseline corrected using unionid mussel (Elliptio complanata) delta N-15 values. Predators, such as largemouth bass and chain pickerel (Esox niger), exhibited normalized delta N-15 values that were less variable than those of benthic-feeding fishes. Relationships between delta N-15 and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations indicated that delta N-15 was a valid descriptor of eutrophication at sites with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations. The fraction of residential land in buffer zones surrounding sites was correlated with fish delta N-15, indicating that urban development, and presumably human wastewater, resulted in elevated delta N-15 values in these small freshwater systems. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Rhode Isl Div Fish & Wildlife, W Kingston, RI 02892 USA. RP Lake, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 28 TC 94 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 25 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 58 IS 5 BP 870 EP 878 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-5-870 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429QH UT WOS:000168528100004 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Ryan, JV Tabor, D AF Gullett, BK Ryan, JV Tabor, D TI Inclusion of C-13(12)-labelled mono-, di-, and tri-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran standards in US EPA methods 0023A/8290 SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Symposium on Halgenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - DIOXIN '99 CY SEP 12-17, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY DE dioxin; isotopes; standards; analytical methods; halogenated organics; air pollution AB C-13(12)-Labelled mono-, di-, and tri-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (CDD) and chlorinated dibenzofuran (CDF) standards have been tested for their applicability to standard EPA sampling and analytical Methods 0023A/8290. These methods target for analysis only the tetra- through octa-CDD/CDF homologues. Extension of the isotope dilution method to include those lower chlorinated homologues is important toward obtaining reliable species concentration data on the complete, mono- to octa-chlorinated homologue profile. These data will improve our ability to model poly CDD/CDF concentrations through understanding mechanisms of poly-CDD/CDF formation, chlorination, and dechlorination. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4-7 BP 403 EP 406 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00387-8 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430VU UT WOS:000168596800002 PM 11372819 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Lemieux, PM Lutes, CC Winterrowd, CK Winters, DL AF Gullett, BK Lemieux, PM Lutes, CC Winterrowd, CK Winters, DL TI Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Symposium on Halgenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - DIOXIN '99 CY SEP 12-17, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY DE dioxin; household waste; barrel burns; combustion; air pollution; persistent organic pollutants AB Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) result from inefficiencies of combustion processes, most typically waste combustion. Uncontrolled combustion, such as occurs during so-called "backyard burning" of domestic waste; may therefore produce optimal conditions for formation and emission of PCDD/F. However, few assessments of PCDD/F emissions are available from these sources. This work describes the first known comprehensive assessment of PCDD/F emissions from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning. Emissions were copious, but highly variable, ranging over several orders of magnitude. The potential for emissions appears to be related primarily to combustion parameters and concentrations of various gas-phase species, the latter which may be affected by changes in waste composition, waste orientation, and/or combustion conditions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD 65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 6 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4-7 BP 721 EP 725 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00425-2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430VU UT WOS:000168596800040 PM 11372857 ER PT J AU Jaeger, JR Riddle, BR Jennings, RD Bradford, DF AF Jaeger, JR Riddle, BR Jennings, RD Bradford, DF TI Rediscovering Rana onca: Evidence for phylogenetically distinct leopard frogs from the border region of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; PIPIENS COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-B; CONSERVATION; STATISTICS; AMPHIBIANS; CONFIDENCE; PRIMERS; HUMANS AB Remnant populations of leopard frogs within the Virgin River drainage and adjacent portions of the Colorado River (Black Canyon) in northwestern Arizona and southern Nevada either represent the reportedly extinct taxon Rana aca or northern, disjunct Rana yavapaiensis. To determine the evolutionary distinctiveness of these leopard frogs, we evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site variation (RFLP), mtDNA control region sequences, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, and morphological characters, Individuals from the Virgin River drainage and Black Canyon represented a single RFLP haplotype and were identical for nucleotides along a portion of control region sequence. Evaluations of RAPD data demonstrated high levels of similarity among individuals and populations from this region. Leopard frogs from the virgin River drainage and Black Canyon differed from R. yavapaiensis from west-central Arizona and northern Mexico in maximum parsimony and distance analyses of RFLP and control region sequence data and in maximum-likelihood analysis of the sequence data. Multidimensional scaling of RAPD data provided a similar and congruent indication of this separation. Analysis of principal component scores demonstrated significant morphological differentiation between leopard frog specimens from the Virgin River drainage and R yavapaiensis. Parallel patterns of divergence observed in the mtDNA, RAPD, and morphological analyses indicate that leopard frogs from the Virgin River drainage and adjacent portions of the Colorado River are phylogenetically distinct. These leopard frogs should be recognized as a lineage separate from southern populations of R. yavapaiensis and classified as the species R, onca. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Nevada, Barrick Museum Nat Hist, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Jaeger, JR (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, 4505 Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM jaeger@ccmail.nevada.edu NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 1 PY 2001 IS 2 BP 339 EP 354 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 432AJ UT WOS:000168663700003 ER PT J AU Stimson, J Larned, ST Conklin, E AF Stimson, J Larned, ST Conklin, E TI Effects of herbivory, nutrient levels, and introduced algae on the distribution and abundance of the invasive macroalga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE coral reef; Dictyosphaeria cavernosa; herbivory; macroalgae; nutrients; non-native; phase shift ID CORAL-REEF COMMUNITIES; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; LIMITED GROWTH; DIADEMA-ANTILLARUM; MASS MORTALITY; FRINGING-REEF; PHASE-SHIFTS; SEA-URCHIN; NITROGEN; FISH AB Since the 1960s, and possibly earlier, the macroalga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa has overgrown and displaced corals on reef slopes and outer reef flats in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. This shift in reef community composition is generally attributed to nutrient enrichment resulting from sewage discharge. Following the diversion of most of the sewage effluent in 1977-1978, it was expected that D. cavernosa growth would become nutrient-limited and its abundance would consequently decline, but the alga remains abundant in much of the bay. One explanation for its persistence is that nutrients are once again high enough to support the alga's growth. An alternative explanation is that there has been a reduction in grazing intensity in the bay. In this study we resurveyed the distribution and abundance of D. cavernosa at 120 reef slope sites originally surveyed in 1969. We conducted additional surveys to estimate the biomass of herbivores and the areal coverage of D. cavernosa and other macroalgae on reef slopes and flats. Field experiments were used to determine spatial and temporal patterns of grazing intensity on and growth rates of D. cavernosa and the introduced macroalga Acanthophora spicifera. Laboratory experiments were used to examine preferences among herbivores for some of the most abundant macroalgae on Kaneohe Bay reefs. Twenty years after sewage diversion, D. cavernosa cover on reef slopes has decreased substantially in southern Kaneohe Bay, the site of most of the historical sewage discharge. D. cavernosa cover has changed less in other regions, remaining high in the central bay and low in the north bay. D, cavernosa thalli protected by grazer exclusion cages sustained positive growth rates on reef slopes and flats throughout the bay. Reduced nutrient concentrations may have caused a reduction in D. cavernosa growth rates, and a consequent reduction in D. cavernosa abundance in the south bay shortly after sewage diversion, Measurements of grazing intensity and surveys of herbivorous fish abundance suggest that the continued abundance of D. cavernosa is the result of a reduction in grazing intensity. Reduced grazing intensity on D. cavernosa may in turn be the result of a historical reduction in herbivore biomass or the establishment of several introduced macroalgae on reef flats. The introduced species are preferred by herbivorous fishes over D. cavernosa, as indicated by preference tests. The hypothesis that reduced grazing pressure on D. cavernosa is related to the establishment of introduced species is supported by the observation that D. cavernosa cover is highest on reef slopes where the cover of preferred introduced macroalgae on the adjacent outer reef flat is also high. Conversely, D. cavernosa cover is low or zero on reef slopes where the cover of introduced macroalgae on the adjacent reef flat is low or zero. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stimson, J (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 46 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 48 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAY PY 2001 VL 19 IS 4 BP 343 EP 357 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 437XV UT WOS:000169025400007 ER PT J AU Scheraga, JD AF Scheraga, JD TI Human health consequences of climate variability and change for the United States - Preface SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheraga, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 109 SU 2 BP 175 EP 176 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 434PF UT WOS:000168824500001 ER PT J AU Bernard, SM Samet, JM Grambsch, A Ebi, KL Romieu, I AF Bernard, SM Samet, JM Grambsch, A Ebi, KL Romieu, I TI The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; climate change; criteria air pollutants; global warming; ozone; particulate matter ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; 0.12 PPM OZONE; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY; EXERCISING CHILDREN; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; DIFFERING LEVELS; UCLA POPULATION AB Climate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by affecting weather, anthropogenic emissions, and biogenic emissions and by changing the distribution and types of airborne allergens. Local temperature, precipitation, clouds, atmospheric water vapor. wind speed, and wind direction influence atmospheric chemical processes, and interactions occur between local and global-scale environments. If the climate becomes warmer and more variable, air quality is likely to be affected. However, the specific types of change (i.e., local, regional, or global), the direction of change in a particular location (i.e., positive or negative), and the magnitude of change in air quality that may be attributable to climate change are a matter of speculation, based on extrapolating present understanding to future scenarios. There is already extensive evidence on the health effects of air pollution. Ground-level ozone can exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases and cause short-term reductions in lung function. Exposure to particulate matter can aggravate chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, alter host defenses, damage lung tissue, lead to premature death, and possibly contribute to cancer. Health effects of exposures to carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide can include reduced work capacity, aggravation of existing cardiovascular diseases, effects on pulmonary function, respiratory illnesses, lung irritation, and alterations in the lung's defense systems. Adaptations to climate change should include ensuring responsiveness of air quality protection programs to changing pollution levels. Research needs include basic atmospheric science work on the association between weather and air pollutants; improving air pollution models and their linkage with climate change scenarios; and closing gaps in the understanding of exposure patterns and health effects. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bernard, SM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, 615 N Wolfe St,Room 7041, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 81 TC 143 Z9 149 U1 10 U2 76 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 109 SU 2 BP 199 EP 209 DI 10.2307/3435010 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 434PF UT WOS:000168824500005 PM 11359687 ER PT J AU Allaben, WT Bucher, JR Howard, PC AF Allaben, WT Bucher, JR Howard, PC TI International conference on the toxicology of fumonisin: Introduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Allaben, WT (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 109 SU 2 BP 237 EP 237 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 434PF UT WOS:000168824500008 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, RC Hudnell, HK AF Shoemaker, RC Hudnell, HK TI Possible estuary-associated syndrome: Symptoms, vision, and treatment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cholestyramine; chronic neurotoxic illness; harmful algal blooms; Pfiesteria; possible estuary-associated syndrome; visual contrast sensitivity ID CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; CLOSTRIDIUM-DIFFICILE; CHOLESTYRAMINE; DINOFLAGELLATE; TOXIN; FISH; COLITIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; PURIFICATION AB The human illness designated as possible estuarine-associated syndrome (PEAS) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been associated with exposure to estuaries inhabited by toxin-forming dinoflagellates, including members of the fish-killing toxic Pfiesteria complex (TPC), Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae. Humans may be exposed through direct contact with estuarine water or by inhalation of aerosolized or volatilized toxin(s). The five cases reported here demonstrate the full spectrum of symptoms experienced during acute and chronic stages of this suspected neurotoxin-mediated illness. The nonspecific symptoms most commonly reported are cough, secretory diarrhea, headache, fatigue, memory impairment, rash, difficulty in concentrating, light sensitivity, burning skin upon water contact, muscle ache, and abdominal pain. Less frequently encountered symptoms are upper airway obstruction, shortness of breath, confusion, red or tearing eyes, weakness, and vertigo. Some patients experience as few as four of these symptoms. The discovery that an indicator of visual pattern-detection ability, visual contrast sensitivity (VCS), is sharply reduced in affected individuals has provided an objective indicator that is useful in diagnosing and monitoring PEAS. VCS deficits are present in both acute and chronic PEAS, and VCS recovers during cholestyramine treatment coincident with symptom abatement, Although PEAS cannot yet be definitively associated with TPC exposure, resolution with cholestyramine treatment suggests a neurotoxin-mediated illness. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. McCready Outpatient Serv Ctr, Pocomoke City, MD USA. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM hudnell.ken@epamail.epa.gov NR 52 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 109 IS 5 BP 539 EP 545 DI 10.2307/3454715 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 438YA UT WOS:000169080800036 ER PT J AU Winslow, SD Prakash, B Domino, MM Pepich, BV AF Winslow, SD Prakash, B Domino, MM Pepich, BV TI Considerations necessary in gathering occurrence data for selected unstable compounds in the USEPA unregulated contaminant candidate list in USEPA method 526 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER SAMPLES; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; EXTRACTION; PESTICIDES; HYDROLYSIS AB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 526 was developed for the analysis of target analytes that are subject to degradation by hydrolysis. Two technical hurdles that had to be overcome were preservation of the target analytes and selection of a suitable solid-phase extraction material. The target analytes were diazinon, disulfoton, fonofos, terbufos, prometon, 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, nitrobenzene, acetochlor, 2,4,6-trichlorophenoI, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and cyanazine. Diazolidinyl urea was used for the first time as a microbial inhibitor in an EPA drinking water method. Experiment confirmed antimicrobial agents containing copper or mercury salts increased hydrolysis degradation rates. Trisodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid salt was added to chelate metal ions that may increase hydrolysis rates. A pH 7 buffer of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) and Tris hydrochloride was used to minimize rates of hydrolysis. The use of ascorbic acid prevented degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol, terbufos, fonofos, diazinon, and disulfoton due to residual chlorine. Samples were extracted using a styrene divinylbenzene solid-phase material and analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A 21-day storage stability study, together with precision and accuracy studies, showed that this method has suitable sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness for use in the EPA's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule drinking water occurrence survey. C1 IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Groundwater & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RP Winslow, SD (reprint author), IT Corp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1851 EP 1858 DI 10.1021/es001683l PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429HD UT WOS:000168509600038 PM 11355204 ER PT J AU Childers, JW Thompson, EL Harris, DB Kirchgessner, DA Clayton, M Natschke, DF Phillips, WJ AF Childers, JW Thompson, EL Harris, DB Kirchgessner, DA Clayton, M Natschke, DF Phillips, WJ TI Application of standardized quality control procedures to open-path fourier transform infrared data collected at a concentrated swine production facility SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP/FT-IR) spectrometry was used to measure the concentrations of ammonia, methane, and other atmospheric gases at a concentrated swine production facility. A total of 2200 OP/FT-IR spectra were acquired along nine different monitoring paths during an 8-day period between January 11 and 22, 1999. Standardized quality control (QC) procedures were applied to the archived OP/FT-IR spectra to verify that the instrument was set up and operating properly during the field study and to identify outliers in the concentration data. These QC procedures included measuring the random baseline noise, the signal strength, and the relative single-beam intensity in selected wavenumber regions; inspecting the archived spectra for wavenumber shifts, changes in resolution, and evidence of detector saturation; and examining time series plots of the target gas concentrations and the uncertainty values reported by the classical least-squares (CLS) analysis. Application of these QC procedures to the archived spectra identified 252 potential outliers. After a careful review of the original spectra, 41 of the 252 suspected outliers were designated as actual outliers. Of the QC criteria used during this study, the uncertainty values reported by the CLS analysis were the most reliable indicators of actual outliers. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SpectraSoft Technol, Tullahoma, TN 37388 USA. RP Childers, JW (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1859 EP 1866 DI 10.1021/es001744f PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429HD UT WOS:000168509600039 PM 11355205 ER PT J AU Henry, TR Nesbit, DJ Heideman, W Peterson, RE AF Henry, TR Nesbit, DJ Heideman, W Peterson, RE TI Relative potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners to induce cytochrome P4501A mRNA in a zebrafish liver cell line SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dioxin; toxicity equivalence factors; zebrafish; liver; cytochrome P4501A ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; HALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; LIFE-STAGE DEVELOPMENT; CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO; RAINBOW-TROUT; RECEPTOR AGONISTS; FACTORS TEFS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PCBS AB Induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) mRNA by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was measured in a zebrafish liver (ZF-L) cell line. The ZF-L cells were far less sensitive to PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners than were other fish cell lines. The 2,3,7,8-PCDDs, 2,3,7,8-PCDFs, and PCB 126 caused dose-related induction. All other PCBs tested, including other coplanar as well as ortho-substituted congeners, were ineffective at inducing CYP1A. The potency of each congener that gave a response, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was determined. The ZF-L cell-derived relative potency values (REPs) are similar to other in vitro REPs in that the ZF-L cell-derived REPs are generally higher than those derived from in vivo models. Furthermore, the ZF-L cell-derived REPs are generally within fivefold of REPs determined in a variety of rainbow trout systems when the same endpoint in the same tissue are compared. Analysis of these data indicates that REPs based on molecular and biochemical responses in sensitive and insensitive species are similar, but overestimate relative in vivo toxicity in the rainbow trout. The ZF-L cell-derived REPs expand the database of REPs, providing additional information that will be useful in quantifying the uncertainty associated with applying consensus fish-specific toxic equivalency factors in ecological risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Henry, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM henry.tala@epa.gov NR 27 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1053 EP 1058 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1053:RPOPDP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YK UT WOS:000170165800016 PM 11337868 ER PT J AU West, CW Kosian, PA Mount, DR Makynen, EA Pasha, MS Sibley, PK Ankley, GT AF West, CW Kosian, PA Mount, DR Makynen, EA Pasha, MS Sibley, PK Ankley, GT TI Amendment of sediments with a carbonaceous resin reduces bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; bioavailability; remediation ID OLIGOCHAETE LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; SYNTHETIC ADSORBENTS; ACTIVATED CARBONS; QUALITY CRITERIA; TECHNICAL BASIS; WATER-TREATMENT; PORE-WATER; TOXICITY AB We evaluated the effectiveness of Ambersorb((R)), a carbonaceous resin, in reducing bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated sediments collected from the field. In laboratory studies, sediment pore-water concentrations of eight unsubstituted PAHs were significantly decreased after resin addition. Reduced PAH concentrations in oligochaete tissues from a laboratory bioaccumulation test, along with increased survival/reproduction and reduced photo-enhanced toxicity and sediment avoidance, also resulted from sediment treatment with Ambersorb. Resin amendment also decreased pore-water PAH concentrations in field deployed sediments but did not improve benthic invertebrate colonization. Prediction of partitioning of PAHs between solid and aqueous phases in the test sediments was complicated by the presence of coal and soot. However, accurate predictions of bioavailability were achieved based on pore-water chemistry. Overall, these studies show that the addition of high affinity sorbents effectively reduces pore-water PAH concentrations and bioavailability and suggests that sorbent addition may serve as an option for in situ remediation of some contaminated sediments. C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Spectrum Labs Inc, St Paul, MN 55112 USA. Univ Guelph, Ctr Toxicol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP West, CW (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1104 EP 1111 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1104:AOSWAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YK UT WOS:000170165800023 PM 11337875 ER PT J AU Wilkin, RT Arthur, MA AF Wilkin, RT Arthur, MA TI Variations in pyrite texture, sulfur isotope composition, and iron systematics in the Black Sea: Evidence for Late Pleistocene to Holocene excursions of the O-2-H2S redox transition SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SEMI-EUXINIC SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-CARBON; FRAMBOIDAL PYRITE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; STABLE-ISOTOPE; WATER-COLUMN; SULFIDE; ENVIRONMENTS; KINETICS; ANOXIA AB Time-dependent variations in the physicochemical properties of pyrite were investigated in four sediment cores from the Black Sea. In the laminated, deep-basin sediments of Unit I and Unit II, >86% of pyrite particles are present as fine-grained framboidal aggregates. In these sediments, the dominance of pyrite framboids, with a narrow size distribution and maximum size < 18 mum, is evidence of syngenetic (water column) pyrite formation subjacent to the O-2-H2S boundary. Sediments from the basin margin collected below the impingement of the O-2-H2S boundary contain an increased proportion of fine-grained euhedral grains of pyrite relative to framboidal aggregates, suggesting increased additions of diagenetic pyrite below the sediment-water interface. The more efficient reduction and sulfidation of iron in the water column of the central region of the basin implies a more reactive source of iron there compared to the basin margins, and is tied to increasing %pyrite as framboids and greater degrees of pyritization (DOP) in the basin center relative to the basin margins. An evaluation of Fe-S-C relations indicates that pyrite formation was limited by sulfate availability during deposition of the oldest lacustrine sediments of Unit III, C-limited for upper Unit III due to the input of sulfate-rich Mediterranean seawater, and Fe-limited in the laminated, organic carbon-rich sediments of Units I and II. These changes in pyrite-limiting factors occurred within 4 m of compacted burial representing < 15 ka. Sediment fabric and framboid size distributions at a shallow, basin-margin site suggest that during two extended periods of Unit II deposition, the O-2-H2S transition retreated to depths below 200 m. However, during these same intervals, the delta S-34 Of pyrite remains uniform compared to overlying and underlying laminated sediments, implying that this chemical signature may not be uniquely tied to the position of the O-2-H2S boundary relative to the sediment-water interface, but rather is likely related to biogeochemical processes. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Penn State Astrobiol Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Wilkin, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Arthur, Michael/E-2872-2014 OI Arthur, Michael/0000-0002-3028-6279 NR 71 TC 84 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY PY 2001 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1399 EP 1416 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00552-X PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425XK UT WOS:000168316800005 ER PT J AU Thayer, KA Ruhlen, RL Howdeshell, KL Buchanan, DL Cooke, PS Preziosi, D Welshons, WV Haseman, J vom Saal, FS AF Thayer, KA Ruhlen, RL Howdeshell, KL Buchanan, DL Cooke, PS Preziosi, D Welshons, WV Haseman, J vom Saal, FS TI Altered prostate growth and daily sperm production in male mice exposed prenatally to subclinical doses of 17 alpha-ethinyl oestradiol SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Hormones and Endocrine Disrupters in Food and Water CY MAY 27-30, 2000 CL COPENHAGEN UNIV HOSP, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP European Commiss, Danish Minist Hlth, Danish Minist Food, Agr & Fisheries HO COPENHAGEN UNIV HOSP DE endocrine disruption; fetus; oral contraceptive; prostate; testes ID ETHINYL ESTRADIOL; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DES; SEX-HORMONES; ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; REPRODUCTIVE-ORGANS; CELL HYPERPLASIA; SERTOLI CELLS; TESTIS SIZE; HUMAN-SERUM; ADULT-RATS AB Approximately 2 million women in the USA and Europe continue taking oral contraceptives each year during undetected pregnancy due primarily to non-compliance and also to individual variation in sensitivity to hormones in the contraceptives, Prenatal exposure to oral contraceptives containing 17 alpha -ethinyl oestradiol (EE) has generally not been associated with an increased incidence of externally observable malformations at birth. The purpose of this study was to assess effects on reproductive organs in adult male mice that had been exposed during gestation day 0 through 17 (equivalent to gestation week 16 in humans) to clinically relevant (similar to0.5 mug/kg/day) and lower doses of EE. Doses used in this study ranged from 0.002 to 2 mug/kg/day, By 5 months of age, prostate weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than controls in most treatment groups of EE (0.02-2 mug/kg). Prostatic androgen receptor populations were significantly elevated only in the 0.02 mug/kg group, suggesting different mechanisms for the increase in prostate weight at different doses. Daily sperm production (DSP) and DSP per gramme of testis were reduced in all treatment groups during adolescence, hut not later in adulthood. These findings are consistent with prior studies showing that prenatal exposure of mice to very low doses of a number of oestrogenic chemicals can alter the adult male reproductive system without causing gross external malformations. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Thayer, KA (reprint author), Wildlife & Contaminant World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St,NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. EM kristina.thayer@wwfus.org FU NCI NIH HHS [CA50354]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES08293] NR 62 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 16 IS 5 BP 988 EP 996 DI 10.1093/humrep/16.5.988 PG 9 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 431TK UT WOS:000168646500029 PM 11331650 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Wolf, CJ Lambright, C Parks, L Veeramachaneni, DN Wilson, V Price, M Hotchkiss, A Orlando, E Guillette, L AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Wolf, CJ Lambright, C Parks, L Veeramachaneni, DN Wilson, V Price, M Hotchkiss, A Orlando, E Guillette, L TI Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Hormones and Endocrine Disrupters in Food and Water CY MAY 27-30, 2000 CL COPENHAGEN UNIV HOSP, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP European Commiss, Danish Minist Hlth, Danish Minist Food, Agr & Fisheries HO COPENHAGEN UNIV HOSP DE antiandrogens; pesticides; phthalates; pulp mill effluent; sexual differentiation ID ANDROGEN-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; ALLIGATORS ALLIGATOR-MISSISSIPPIENSIS; ALTERS SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; EGGSHELL GLAND MUCOSA; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; N-BUTYL PHTHALATE; LONG-EVANS RATS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE AB Chemicals that act as androgen receptor (AR) agonists and antagonists or inhibit fetal steroidogenesis can induce reproductive malformations in humans and laboratory animals. Several environmental chemicals disrupt development in: rats and/or rabbits at fetal concentrations at, or near, exposure levels seen in some segments of the human population. In rats, fetal tissues concentrations of 10-20 p,p,m. of the DDT metabolite, p,p ' -DDE, are correlated with reproductive abnormalities in male offspring. These concentrations are similar to those measured in first-trimester human fetal tissues in the late 1960s. The pesticides vinclozolin, procymidone, linuron and DDT are AR antagonists;: They reduce male rat anogenital distance, and induce areolas at relatively low dosages, Hypospadias, agenesis of the sex accessory tissues and retained nipples are seen in the middle dosages, while undescended testes and epididymal agenesis are seen in the highest doses. Phthalate esters (PE) inhibit testosterone synthesis during fetal life, but do not appear to be AR antagonists. Prenatal administration of a single low dose of dioxin (50-1000 ng TCDD/kg) alters the differentiation of androgen-dependent tissues at p.p.t. concentrations, but the mechanism of action likely involves interaction with a hormone-like nuclear transcription factor, the hormone-like receptor AhR, rather than AW, p,p ' -DDT and p,p ' -DDE, vinclozolin and di-n-butyl phthalate affect reproductive function in rabbits when administered during prenatal and/or neonatal life. Cryptorchidism and carcinoma in situ-like (CIS) testicular lesions were seen in male rabbits treated during development with p,p ' -DDT or p,p ' -DDE, Extrapolation of effects from rodents to humans would be enhanced if future studies incorporate determination of tissue concentrations of the active metabolites. Knowledge of the tissue concentrations of the active toxicants also would provide an important link to in-vitro studies, which provide more useful mechanistic information when they are executed at relevant concentrations. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, RTD,Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Reprod & Biotechnol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, NCSU, Cooperat Res Program, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, RTD,Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov NR 182 TC 296 Z9 311 U1 4 U2 37 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1355-4786 EI 1460-2369 J9 HUM REPROD UPDATE JI Hum. Reprod. Update PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 248 EP 264 DI 10.1093/humupd/7.3.248 PG 17 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 434BW UT WOS:000168796100004 PM 11392371 ER PT J AU Kimbell, JS Subramaniam, RP AF Kimbell, JS Subramaniam, RP TI Use of computational fluid dynamics models for dosimetry of inhaled gases in the nasal passages SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSPIRATORY AIR-FLOW; F344 RAT; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; RHESUS-MONKEY; FORMALDEHYDE; NOSE; DNA; PREDICTIONS; DEPOSITION AB Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the nasal passages of a rat, monkey, and human are being used (1) to determine important factors affecting nasal uptake, (2) to make interspecies dosimetric comparisons, (3) to provide detailed anatomical information for the rat, monkey, and human nasal passages, and (4) to provide estimates of regional air-phase mass transport coefficients (a measure of the resistance to gas transport from inhaled air to airway walls) in the nasal passages of all three species. For many inhaled materials, lesion location in the nose follows patterns that are both site and species specific. For reactive, water-soluble (Category 1) gases, regional uptake can be a major factor in determining lesion location. Since direct measurement of airflow and uptake is experimentally difficult, CFD models are used here to predict uptake patterns quantitatively in three-dimensional reconstructions of the F344 rat, rhesus monkey, and human nasal passages. In formaldehyde uptake simulations, absorption processes were assumed to be as rapid as possible, and regional flux (transport rate) of inhaled formaldehyde to airway walls was calculated for rats, primates, and humans. For uptake of gases like vinyl acetate and acrylic acid vapors, physiologically based pharmacokinetic uptake models incorporating anatomical and physical information from the CFD models were developed to estimate nasal tissue dose in animals and humans. The use of biologically based models in risk assessment makes sources of uncertainty explicit and, in doing so, allows quantification of uncertainty through sensitivity analyses. Limited resources can then be focused on reduction of important sources of uncertainty to make risk estimates more accurate. C1 CIIT, Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kimbell, JS (reprint author), CIIT, Ctr Hlth Res, 6 Davis Dr,POB 12137, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 27 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 325 EP 334 DI 10.1080/08958370151126185 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 431WM UT WOS:000168654800001 PM 11295865 ER PT J AU Overton, JH AF Overton, JH TI Dosimetry modeling of highly soluble reactive gases in the respiratory tract SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-LUNG; DEPOSITION; REGION; CAST; DOG; RAT C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Overton, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 347 EP 357 DI 10.1080/08958370117721 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 431WM UT WOS:000168654800003 PM 11295867 ER PT J AU Andersen, ME Jarabek, AM AF Andersen, ME Jarabek, AM TI Nasal tissue dosimetry - Issues and approaches for "category 1" gases: A report on a meeting held in Research Triangle Park, NC, February 11-12, 1998 SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPUTATIONAL FLUID-DYNAMICS; UPPER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; INSPIRATORY AIR-FLOW; LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION; OZONE ABSORPTION; INHALED VAPORS; CHLORINE ABSORPTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; REGIONAL UPTAKE; RHESUS-MONKEYS AB Three organizations, the Basic Acrylic Monomer Manufacturers (BAMM), Methacrylate Producers Association (MPA), and Vinyl Acetate Toxicology Group (VATG), have sponsored development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for nasal tissue dosimetry with, respectively, acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate (VA). These compounds cause lesions in nasal epithelial tissues and are classified as "Category 1" gases within the U.S. EPA (1994) classification scheme. The National Center for Environmental Assessment in the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development also has continuing interests in refining its methods for dosimetry adjustments when data on mode of action are available for Category 1 gases. A round-table discussion was held in Research Triangle Park, NC, on 11-12 February 1998, to develop a broader appreciation of the key processes and parameters required in developing nasal tissue dosimetry models. The discussions at the round table drew on these three case studies and several background presentations to assess the manner in which chemical-specific and mode-of-action data can be incorporated into nasal dosimetry models. The round table had representation from the U.S. EPA, academia, and industry. This article outlines the presentations and topical areas discussed at the round table and notes recommendations made by participants to ext end models for nasal dosimetry and to develop improved data for modeling. The contributions of several disciplines-toxicology, engineering, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic ( PBPK) modeling-were evident in the discussions. The integration of these disciplines in creating opportunities for dosimetry model applications in risk assessments has several advantages in the breadth of skills upon which to draw in model development. A disadvantage is in the need to provide venues and develop cross-discipline dialogue necessary to ensure the understanding of cultural attitudes, terminology, and methods. The round-table discussions were fruitful in achieving such enhanced understanding and communication. Subsequent elaboration of these models will benefit from the interactions of these groups at the round table. The round-table discussions have already led to model improvements-as noted in several recently published articles. Participants emphasized several generic data needs in relation to nasal vapor uptake studies in human subjects, to broader discussion of tissue diffusion models, and to extensions to other classes of gases. The round-table articles that are published separately in this issue and the discussions, captured in this overview, provide a glimpse of the state of the science in nasal dosimetry modeling and a clear indication of the growth of and continuing opportunities in this important research area. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 58 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 415 EP 435 DI 10.1080/08958370151126301 PG 21 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 431WM UT WOS:000168654800007 PM 11295871 ER PT J AU Hanna, LM Lou, SR Su, S Jarabek, AM AF Hanna, LM Lou, SR Su, S Jarabek, AM TI Mass transport analysis: Inhalation RfC methods framework for interspecies dosimetric adjustment SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASEOUS-POLLUTANTS; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; REGIONAL UPTAKE; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; PARAMETERS; EXERCISE; OZONE; NOSE; LUNG AB In 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency introduced dosimetry modeling into the methods used to derive an inhalation reference concentration (RfC). The type of dosimetric adjustment factor (DAF) applied had to span the range of physicochemical characteristics of the gases listed on the Clean Air Act Amendments in 1991 as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and accommodate differences in available data with respect to their toxicokinetic properties. A framework was proposed that allowed for a hierarchy of dosimetry model structures, from optimal to rudimentary, and a category scheme that provided for limiting model structures based on physicochemical and toxicokinetic properties. These limiting cases were developed from restricting consideration to specific properties relying on an understanding of the generalized system based on mass transport theory. Physiochemical characteristics included the solubility and reactivity (e.g., propensity to dissociate, oxidize, or serve as a metabolic substrate) of the gas and were used as major determinants of absorption. Dosimetric adjustments were developed to evaluate portal of entry (POE) effects as well as remote (systemic) effects relevant to the toxicokinetic properties of the gas of interest. The gas categorization scheme consisted of defining three gas categories: (1) gases that are highly soluble and/or reactive, absorbing primarily in the extrathoracic airways; (2) gases that are moderately soluble and/or reactive, absorbing throughout the airways, as well as accumulating in the bloodstream; and (3) gases that have a low water solubility and are lipid soluble such that they are primarily absorbed in the pulmonary region and likely to act systemically. This article presents the framework and the mass transport theory behind the RfC method. Comparison to compartmental approaches and considerations for future development are also discussed. C1 HAI Integrated Risk Management, Philadelphia, PA 19144 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hanna, LM (reprint author), HAI Integrated Risk Management, 424 W Sch House Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19144 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 437 EP 463 DI 10.1080/08958370151126329 PG 27 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 431WM UT WOS:000168654800008 PM 11295872 ER PT J AU Podhorniak, LV Negron, JF Griffith, FD AF Podhorniak, LV Negron, JF Griffith, FD TI Gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection multiresidue method for organophosphate pesticide and metabolite residues at the parts-per-billion level in representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ENHANCEMENT; SPLITLESS; INJECTION; CLEANUP AB A gas chromatographic method with a pulsed flame photometric detector (P-FPD) is presented for the analysis of 28 parent organophosphate (OP) pesticides and their OP metabolites, A total of 57 organophosphates were analyzed in 10 representative fruit and vegetable crop groups, The method is based on a judicious selection of known procedures from FDA sources such as the Pesticide Analytical Manual and Laboratory Information Bulletins, combined in a manner to recover the OPs and their metabolite(s) at the part-per-billion (ppb) level, The method uses an acetone extraction with either miniaturized Hydromatrix column partitioning or alternately a miniaturized methylene dichloride liquid-liquid partitioning, followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup with graphitized carbon black (GCB) and PSA cartridges, Determination of residues is by programmed temperature capillary column gas chromatography fitted with a P-FPD set in the phosphorus mode, The method is designed so that a set of samples can be prepared in I working day for overnight instrumental analysis, The recovery data indicates that a daily column-cutting procedure used in combination with the SPE extract cleanup effectively reduces matrix enhancement at the ppb level for many organophosphates, The OPs most susceptible to elevated recoveries around or greater than 150%, based on peak area calculations, were trichlorfon, phosmet, and the metabolites of dimethoate, fenamiphos, fenthion, and phorate. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biol & Econ Anal Div, Analyt Chem Branch, Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Podhorniak, LV (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biol & Econ Anal Div, Analyt Chem Branch, 701 Mapes Rd,Ft George G, Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 9 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 873 EP 890 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 442DY UT WOS:000169271000031 PM 11417651 ER PT J AU Rosenblum, L Hieber, T Morgan, J AF Rosenblum, L Hieber, T Morgan, J TI Determination of pesticides in composite dietary samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode by using a temperature-programmable large volume injector with preseparation column SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; CLEANUP; RESIDUES; ENHANCEMENT; PARTITION AB Use of a temperature-programmable preseparation column in the gas chromatographic (GC) injection port permits determination of a wide range of semi-volatile pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, triazines, and anilines in fatty composite dietary samples while reducing sample preparation time and solvent consumption, Dietary samples are mixed with diatomaceous earth and are Soxhlet-extracted with an azeotropic solution of hexane and acetone, Sample preparation uses liquid-liquid partitioning over diatomaceous earth followed by normal phase chromatography over partially deactivated alumina, The final cleanup step occurs in a preseparation column in the GC injector, which is able to perform splitless transfer of the analytes to the analytical column and purge 99% of the high molecular weight residue, Detection is performed by GC/mass spectrometry (MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode, Method detection limits were at or below 2 ng/g for 24 of 35 pesticides studied, with recovery between 70 and 125% for 27 pesticides in samples fortified at 10 ng/g. Recovery was not dependent on fat content when measured in laboratory fortified samples containing 1, 5, and 10% fat by weight, Precision over multiple injections was acceptable, with a relative standard deviation of 2.6-15% for 25 analytes. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Council Aging, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Morgan, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Council Aging, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 891 EP 900 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 442DY UT WOS:000169271000032 PM 11417652 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS AF Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS TI Effects of curved inlet tubes on air flow and particle deposition in bifurcating lung models SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE double airway bifurcations; bent parent tubes; uniform and parabolic inlet velocity profiles; aerosol transport and deposition; computational parametric sensitivity analyses ID AEROSOL-PARTICLES; INSPIRATORY FLOW; TREE AB In vivo bifurcating airways are complex and the airway segments leading to the bifurcations are not always straight, but curved to various degrees. How do such curved inlet tubes influence the motion as well as local deposition and hence the biological responses of inhaled particulate matter in lung airways? In this paper steady laminar dilute suspension flows of micron-particles are simulated in realistic double bifurcations with curved inlet tubes, i.e., 0 degrees less than or equal to theta less than or equal to 90 degrees, using a commercial finite-volume code with user-enhanced programs. The resulting air-flow patterns as well as particle transport and wall depositions were analyzed for different flow inlet conditions, i.e., uniform and parabolic velocity profiles, and geometric configurations. The curved inlet segments have quite pronounced effects on air-flow, particle motion and wall deposition in the downstream bifurcating airways. In contrast to straight double bifurcations, those with bent parent tubes also exhibit irregular variations in particle deposition efficiencies as a function of Stokes number and Reynolds number. There are fewer particles deposited at mildly curved inlet segments, but the particle deposition efficiencies at the downstream sequential bifurcations vary much when compared to those with straight inlets. Under certain flow conditions in sharply curved lung airways, relatively high, localized particle depositions may take place. The findings provide necessary information for toxicologic or therapeutic impact assessments and for global lung dosimetry models of inhaled particulate matter. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleinstreuer, C (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Campus Box 7910,3211 Broughton Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Zhang, Zhe/B-3769-2012 NR 32 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-9290 J9 J BIOMECH JI J. Biomech. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 659 EP 669 DI 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00233-5 PG 11 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 425MJ UT WOS:000168294300011 PM 11311707 ER PT J AU Li, ZB Ryan, JA Chen, JL Al-Abed, SR AF Li, ZB Ryan, JA Chen, JL Al-Abed, SR TI Adsorption of cadmium on biosolids-amended soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE APPLICATIONS; METAL MOVEMENT; HEAVY-METALS; PHYTOAVAILABILITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; AVAILABILITY; MOBILITY; SORPTION; ZINC; CD AB Debate exists over the biosolid phase (organic or inorganic) responsible for the reduction in phytoavailable Cd in soils amended dth biosolids as compared with soils amended with inorganic salts. To test the importance of these two phases, adsorption isotherms were developed for soil samples (nine biosolids-amended soils and their five companion controls) and two biosolids samples from five experimental sites with documented histories of biosolids application. Subsamples were treated with 0.7 M NaClO to remove organic carbon. Cadmium nitrate was added to both moist soil samples and their soil inorganic fractions (SIF) in a 0.01 M Ca(NO3)(2) solution at three pH levels (6.5, 5.5, and 4.5), and equilibrated at 22 +/- 1 degreesC for at least 48 h. Isotherms of Cd adsorption for biosolids amended soil were intermediate to the control soil and biosolids. Decreasing pH did not remove the difference between these isotherms, although adsorption of Cd decreased with decreasing pH level. Organic matter removal reduced Cd adsorption on all soils but had little influence on the observed difference between biosolids-amended and control soils. Thus, increased adsorption associated,vith biosolids application was not limited to the organic matter addition from biosolids; rather, the biosolids application also altered the adsorptive properties of the SIF. The greater affinity of the inorganic fraction of biosolids-amended soils to adsorb Cd suggests that the increased retention of Cd on biosolids-amended soils is independent of the added organic matter and of a persistent nature. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ryan, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 55 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 3 BP 903 EP 911 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445KA UT WOS:000169455600022 PM 11401279 ER PT J AU Buck, RJ Ozkaynak, H Xue, JP Zartarian, VG Hammerstrom, K AF Buck, RJ Ozkaynak, H Xue, JP Zartarian, VG Hammerstrom, K TI Modeled estimates of chlorpyrifos exposure and dose for the Minnesota and Arizona NHEXAS populations SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aggregate exposure; chlorpyrifos; exposure; model; NHEXAS ID POTENTIAL EXPOSURE; TERMITE CONTROL; SOIL INGESTION; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE-AREA; BODY-WEIGHT; DISTRIBUTIONS; PESTICIDES; CHILDREN; RISK AB This paper presents a probabilistic, multimedia, multipathway exposure model and assessment for chlorpyrifos developed as part of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS). The model was constructed using available information prior to completion of the NHEXAS study. It simulates the distribution of daily aggregate and pathway-specific chlorpyrifos absorbed dose in the general population of the State of Arizona (AZ) and in children aged 3-12 years residing in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota (MSP). Pathways included were inhalation of indoor and outdoor air, dietary ingestion, non-dietary ingestion of dust and soil, and dermal contact with dust and soil. Probability distributions for model input parameters were derived from the available literature, and input values were chosen to represent chlorpyrifos concentrations and demographics in AZ and MSP to the extent possible. When the NHEXAS AZ and MSP data become available, they can be compared to the distributions derived in this and other prototype modeling assessments to test the adequacy of this pre-NHEXAS model assessment. Although pathway- specific absorbed dose estimates differed between AZ and MSP due to differences in model inputs between simulated adults and children, the aggregate model results and general findings for simulated AZ and MSP populations were similar. The major route of chlorpyrifos intake was food ingestion, followed by indoor air inhalation. Two-stage Monte Carlo simulation was used to derive estimates of both interindividual variability and uncertainty in the estimated distributions. The variability in the model results reflects the difference in activity patterns, exposure factors, and concentrations contacted by individuals during their daily activities. Based on the coefficient of variation, indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion were most variable relative to the mean, primarily because of variability in concentrations due to use or no-use of pesticides. Uncertainty analyses indicated a factor of 10-30 for uncertainty of model predictions of 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles. The greatest source of uncertainty in the model stems from the definition of no household pesticide use as no use in the past year. Because chlorpyrifos persists in the residential environment for longer than a year, the modeled estimates are likely to be low. More information on pesticide usage and environmental concentrations measured at different post-application times is needed to refine and evaluate this and other pesticide exposure models. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ozkaynak, H (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 60 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 253 EP 268 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500164 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 456HM UT WOS:000170077100009 PM 11477522 ER PT J AU Martonen, T AF Martonen, T TI 'Effects of asymmetric branch flow rates on aerosol deposition in bifurcating airways', by Z. Zhang, C. Kleinstreuer and C. S. Kim - Commentary SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PARTICLE DIFFUSION; TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AIRWAYS; HUMAN LARYNX; LUNG C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Martonen, T (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0309-1902 J9 J MED ENG TECHNOL JI J. Med. Eng. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 25 IS 3 BP 124 EP 126 DI 10.1080/03091900110046943 PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Engineering; Medical Informatics; Medical Laboratory Technology GA 464WV UT WOS:000170557100006 PM 11530827 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ AF Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ TI Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor-sensitive Ca2+ release, store-operated Ca2+ entry, and cAMP responsive element binding protein phosphorylation in developing cortical cells following exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; PCB MIXTURE AROCLOR-1242; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; UTERINE CONTRACTION; RYANODINE RECEPTORS; NEOCORTICAL CELLS; KINASE-C; ACTIVATION AB The present study assessed intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways sensitive to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), xenobiotics that perturb neural development and plasticity. Mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores after acute exposure to a PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254), as well as selected PCB congeners, was studied in P0 rat cortical neuronal culture using fluorescence microscopy. Ca2+ responses to A1254 progressed from a transient intracellular Ca2+ increase (lasting 3-5 min) at 1 to 2 muM (0.3-0.6 ppm) to a Ca2+ transient with store-operated Ca2+ influx and later disturbances of basal Ca2+ concentration; this latter pattern occurred more often with 10 to 20 muM (3-6 ppm) A1254. Thapsigargin, xestospongin C, and carbachol/Ca2+-free buffer blocked significantly the PCB-induced Ca2+ transient, whereas both ryanodine (to deplete ryanodine-sensitive stores) and the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine were without effect on the A1254 initial Ca2+ transient. Both thapsigargin and xestospongin also blocked latent elevations (at 0.5 h) in Ca2+, disturbances that depend upon extracellular Ca2+ entry via ion channels. Two possible consequences were explored. Phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein, a Ca2+-activated nuclear transcription factor (CREB), occurred in an A1254 concentration-dependent manner and persisted at least 1 h. Cell viability following a 24-h exposure to A1254 (2-20 muM) was decreased at 20 muM, but only in cells cultured >6 days. This cell death did not occur via an apoptotic mechanism. These results indicate that Ca2+ disturbances following PCB exposure are associated with 1) discrete alterations in IP3 receptor-mediated signals and 2) activation of downstream events that impact developing cortical cells. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Shafer, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 40 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 297 IS 2 BP 762 EP 773 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 422FM UT WOS:000168107900038 PM 11303068 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Ryan, JV Ghorishi, BS Wendt, JOL AF Linak, WP Ryan, JV Ghorishi, BS Wendt, JOL TI Issues related to solution chemistry in mercury sampling impingers SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-BASED SORBENTS; FLUE-GASES; WASTE INCINERATION; COMBUSTION SOURCES; ACTIVATED CARBONS; COAL COMBUSTION; SORPTION; SPECIATION; CAPTURE; ADSORPTION AB Analysis of Hg speciation in combustion flue gases is often accomplished in standardized sampling trains in which the sample is passed sequentially through a series of aqueous solutions to capture and separate oxidized Hg (Hg2+) and elemental Hg (Hg-0). Such methods include the Ontario Hydro (OH) and the Alkaline Mercury Speciation (AMS) methods, which were investigated in the laboratory to determine whether the presence of Cl-2 and other common flue gas species can bias the partitioning of Hg-0 to front impingers intended to isolate Hg2+ species. Using only a single impinger to represent the front three impingers for each method, it was found that as little as 1-ppm Cl-2 in a simulated flue gas mixture led to a bias of approximately 10-20% of Hg-0 misreported as Hg2+ for both the OH and the AMS methods. Experiments using 100-ppm Cl-2 led to a similar bias in the OH method, but to a 30-60% bias in the AMS method. These false readings are shown to be due to liquid-phase chemistry in the impinger solutions, and not necessarily to the gas-phase reactions between Cl-2 and Hg as previously proposed. The pertinent solution chemistry causing the interference involves the hypochlorite ion (OCl-), which oxidizes Hg-0 to soluble Hg2+. Addition of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to the front impinger solutions eliminates this false positive measurement of Hg2+ by selectively reacting with the OCl- ion. In general, the presence of SO(2)also mitigates this interference in the same way, and so this bias is not likely to be a factor for Hg speciation measurements from actual coal combustion flue gases. It might, however, be a problem for those few combustor flue gas measurements and research studies where Cl-2 is present without appreciable amounts of SO2. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev,Air Pollut Technol Branch MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev,Air Pollut Technol Branch MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 51 IS 5 BP 688 EP 698 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427VR UT WOS:000168426600005 PM 11355456 ER PT J AU Henschel, DB Fortmann, RC Roache, NF Liu, XY AF Henschel, DB Fortmann, RC Roache, NF Liu, XY TI Variations in the emissions of volatile organic compounds from the toner for a specific photocopier SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DRY-PROCESS PHOTOCOPIERS AB A laboratory thermal desorption apparatus was used to measure emissions from a number of nominally identical photocopier toners-manufactured to meet the specifications of one specific model copier-when these toners were heated to fuser temperature (180-200 degreesC). The objective was to assess how potential volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the toner for a given copier can vary, depending upon the production run and the supplier. Tests were performed on a series of toner (and associated raw polymer feedstock) samples obtained directly from a toner manufacturer, representing two production runs using a nonvented extrusion process, and on toner cartridges purchased from two local retailers, representing three different production lots (histories unknown). The results showed that the retailer toners consistently had up to 350% higher emissions of some major compounds (expressed as mug of compound emitted/g of toner), and up to 100% lower emissions of others, relative to the manufacturer toners (p less than or equal to 0.01). The manufacturer toners from one production run had emissions of certain compounds, and of total VOCs, that were modestly higher (13-18%) than those from the other run (p less than or equal to 0.01). The emission differences between the retailer and manufacturer toners are probably due to differences in the manufacturing processes and/or feedstocks used to produce the toners from these different sources. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Henschel, DB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 51 IS 5 BP 708 EP 717 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427VR UT WOS:000168426600007 PM 11355458 ER PT J AU Serre, SD Gullett, BK Ghorishi, SB AF Serre, SD Gullett, BK Ghorishi, SB TI Entrained-flow adsorption of mercury using activated carbon SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL MERCURY; INJECTION; SORPTION AB Bench-scale experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to simulate entrained-flow capture of elemental mercury (Hg-0) by activated carbon. Adsorption of Hg-0 by several commercial activated carbons was examined at different C:Hg ratios (by weight) (350:1-29,000:1), particle sizes (4-44 mum), Hg-0 concentrations (44, 86, and 124 ppb), and temperatures (23-250 degreesC). Increasing the C:Hg ratio from 2100:1 to 11,000:1 resulted in an increase in removal from 11 to 30% for particle sizes of 4-8 Irm and a residence time of 6.5 sec. Mercury capture increased with a decrease in particle size. At 100 degreesC and an Hg-0 concentration of 86 ppb, a 20% Hg-0 reduction was obtained with 4- to 8-mum particles, compared with only a 7% reduction for 24- to 44-mum particles. Mercury uptake decreased with an increase in temperature over a range of 21-150 degreesC. Only a small amount of the Hg-0 uptake capacity is being utilized (less than 1%) at such short residence times. Increasing the residence time over a range of 3.8-13 sec did not increase adsorption for a lignite-based carbon; however, increasing the time from 3.6 to 12 sec resulted in higher Hg-0 removal for a bituminous-based carbon. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS GEraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 51 IS 5 BP 733 EP 741 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427VR UT WOS:000168426600010 PM 11355461 ER PT J AU Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Brenner, RC AF Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Brenner, RC TI Removal of ammonia from contaminated air by trickle bed air biofilters SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS CONTROL; BIOFILTRATION; PERFORMANCE; TOLUENE; GASES AB A trickle bed air biofilter (TBAB) was evaluated for the oxidation of NH3 from an airstream. Six-millimeter Celite pellets (R-635) were used for the biological attachment medium. The efficiency of the biofilter in oxidizing NH3 was evaluated using NH3 loading rates as high as 48 mol NH3/m(3) hr and empty-bed residence times (EBRTs) as low as 1 min. Excess biomass was controlled through periodic backwashing of the biofilter with water at a rate sufficient to fluidize the medium. The main goal was to demonstrate that high removal efficiencies could be sustained over long periods of operation. Ammonia oxidation efficiencies in excess of 99%, were consistently achieved when the pH of the liquid nutrient feed was maintained at 8.5. Quick recovery of the biofilter after backwashing was observed after only 20 min. Evaluation of biofilter performance with depth revealed that NH3 did not persist in the gas phase beyond 0.3 m into the depth of the medium (26% of total medium depth). C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sorial, GA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 51 IS 5 BP 756 EP 765 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 427VR UT WOS:000168426600013 PM 11355464 ER PT J AU Field, R Tafuri, AN Fan, CY AF Field, R Tafuri, AN Fan, CY TI Special issue: Mini-symposium on urban drainage SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Field, R (reprint author), US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 143 EP 143 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 425ME UT WOS:000168293800001 ER PT J AU Sample, DJ Heaney, JP Wright, LT Koustas, R AF Sample, DJ Heaney, JP Wright, LT Koustas, R TI Geographic information systems, decision support systems, and urban storm-water management SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Water Resources Planning and Management Conference CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL TEMPE, ARIZONA AB The application of geometric information system (GIS) technology to the field of urban stormwater modeling is reviewed. Then a GIS application in urban storm-water management is presented at a neighborhood scale. The neighborhood scale application includes a GIS, a database, a storm-water system design template, and an optimization capability for screening alternatives. The area and soil-type based Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method is used for calculating runoff from GIS information. Using economic analysis to compare the cost of controls, including the opportunity cost of land for land intensive controls, the optimal mix of best management practice (BMP) controls was found using linear programming. Finally, a single site example is presented illustrating the value of GIS tools to provide more complex on-site hydrologic analysis. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US EPA, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Sample, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 30 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:3(155) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 425ME UT WOS:000168293800004 ER PT J AU Carr, RW Esposito, C Walesh, SG AF Carr, RW Esposito, C Walesh, SG TI Street-surface storage for control of combined sewer surcharge SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Water Resources Planning and Management Conference CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL TEMPE, ARIZONA AB This paper describes the use of street storage systems to prevent combined sewer surcharging and mitigate basement flooding. A case study approach, based primarily on two largely implemented street storage systems, is used to explain the concept through construction and operation aspects of street storage systems. Street storage refers to the technology of temporarily storing storm water (in densely urban areas) on the surface -off-street and on-street-and, as needed, below the surface close to the source. Close to the source means where the water falls as precipitation and prior to its entry into the combined, sanitary, or storm sewer system. The idea is to accept the full volume of storm-water runoff into the sewer system but greatly reduce the peak rate of entry of storm water into the system. System components include street berms, flow regulators, and surface and subsurface storm-water storage facilities. By eliminating surcharging in combined sewer systems, street storage has the potential to cost-effectively and simultaneousy mitigate basement flooding and combined sewer overflows (CSO). Other possible benefits of street storage are mitigating sanitary sewer overflows (SSO), eliminating surface flooding, reducing peak flows at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), and controlling nonpoint source pollution. C1 Engr Earth Tech Inc, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. US EPA, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Carr, RW (reprint author), Engr Earth Tech Inc, 1020 N Broadway Ste 400, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 162 EP 167 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:3(162) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 425ME UT WOS:000168293800005 ER PT J AU Fan, CY Field, R Pisano, WC Barsanti, J Joyce, JJ Sorenson, H AF Fan, CY Field, R Pisano, WC Barsanti, J Joyce, JJ Sorenson, H TI Sewer and tank flushing for sediment, corrosion, and pollution control SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Water Resources Planning and Management Conference CY JUN 06-09, 1999 CL TEMPE, ARIZONA ID TRANSPORT; CONCRETE AB This paper presents an overview of causes of sewer deterioration together with a discussion of control methods that can prevent or arrest this deterioration. In particular, this paper covers inline and combined sewer overflow storage tank flushing systems for removal of sediments and minimization of hydrogen sulfide production resulting in the reduction of associated pollution and sewerline corrosion. During low-flow dry-weather periods, sanitary wastewater solids deposited in combined sewer systems can generate hydrogen sulfide and methane gases due to anaerobic conditions. Sulfates are reduced to hydrogen sulfide gas that can then be oxidized to sulfuric acid on pipes and structure walls by further biochemical transformation. Furthermore, these solids deposits or sediments are discharged to the urban streams during storm events that can cause degradation of receiving-water quality. Thus, dry-weather sewer sedimentation not only creates hazardous conditions and sewer degradation but contributes significant pollutant loads to the urban receiving waters during wet-weather high-flow periods. Performance of two technologies [i.e., the tipping flusher and the flushing gate (FG)] was evaluated by a detailed examination of 18 facilities in Germany, Canada, and United States. As a result, both the tipping flusher and FG technology appear to be the most cost-effective means for flushing solids and debris from combined sewer overflow-storage tanks, while the FG is considered to be the most efficient method for flushing large diameter, flat sewers. In addition, capsulated reviews of several cost-effectiveness analyses are reported demonstrating the comparative benefits of flushing technology. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resour Div, Urban Wateshed Mgmt Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Montgomery Watson, Boston, MA 02109 USA. Odor & Corros Technol Consultants Inc, Houston, TX 77065 USA. RP Fan, CY (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resour Div, Urban Wateshed Mgmt Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 194 EP 201 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:3(194) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 425ME UT WOS:000168293800010 ER PT J AU Cropper, M Puri, J Griffiths, C AF Cropper, M Puri, J Griffiths, C TI Predicting the location of deforestation: The role of roads and protected areas in North Thailand SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE AB Using plot level data, we estimate a bivariate probit model to explain land clearing and the siting of protected areas in North Thailand in 1986. The model suggests that protected areas (national parks and wildlife sanctuaries together) did not reduce the likelihood of forest clearing; however, wildlife sanctuaries may have reduced the probability of deforestation. Road building, by reducing impedance-weighted distance to market, has promoted clearing, especially near the forest fringe. We simulate the impact of further road building to show where road building is likely to have greatest impact and where it is likely to threaten protected areas. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cropper, M (reprint author), World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 6 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 9 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 77 IS 2 BP 172 EP 186 DI 10.2307/3147088 PG 15 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 446BY UT WOS:000169494100002 ER PT J AU Jones, KB Neale, AC Nash, MS Van Remortel, RD Wickham, JD Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV AF Jones, KB Neale, AC Nash, MS Van Remortel, RD Wickham, JD Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV TI Predicting nutrient and sediment loadings to streams from landscape metrics: A multiple watershed study from the United States Mid-Atlantic Region SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landscape metrics; nutrients in streams; nutrient loadings; watershed assessments ID QUALITY; BASIN; US; CALIFORNIA; WETLANDS; FILTERS; SCALE AB There has been an increasing interest in evaluating the relative condition or health of water resources at regional and national scales. Of particular interest is an ability to identify those areas where surface and ground waters have the greatest potential for high levels of nutrient and sediment loadings. High levels of nutrient and sediment loadings can have adverse effects on both humans and aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed the ability of landscape metrics generated from readily available, spatial data to predict nutrient and sediment yield to streams in the Mid-Atlantic Region in the United States. We used landscape metric coverages generated from a previous assessment of the entire Mid-Atlantic Region, and a set of stream sample data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Landscape metrics consistently explained high amounts of variation in nitrogen yields to streams (65 to 86% of the total variation). They also explained 73 and 79% of the variability in dissolved phosphorus and suspended sediment. Although there were differences in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment models, the amount of agriculture, riparian forests, and atmospheric nitrate deposition (nitrogen only) consistently explained a high proportion of the variation in these models. Differences in the models also suggest potential differences in landscape-stream relationships between ecoregions or biophysical settings. The results of the study suggest that readily available, spatial data can be used to assess potential nutrient and sediment loadings to streams, but that it will be important to develop and test landscape models in different biophysical settings. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 39 TC 209 Z9 223 U1 14 U2 106 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 16 IS 4 BP 301 EP 312 DI 10.1023/A:1011175013278 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 446MD UT WOS:000169516300002 ER PT J AU Pesch, CE Garber, J AF Pesch, CE Garber, J TI Historical analysis, a valuable tool in community-based environmental protection SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE ecological history; PCB; new Bedford harbor ID CONTAMINATION; BEDFORD; WASTES AB A historical analysis of the ecological consequences of development can be a valuable tool in community-based environmental protection. These studies can engage the public in environmental issues and lead to informed decision making. Historical studies provide an understanding of how current ecological conditions arose, provide information to identify past pollutant inputs, identify: modification or loss of habitat, help identify changes in species composition and abundance, and help in planning remediation projects. We chose New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, as a case study for a historical analysis. New Bedford Harbor gained attention when it was named a Superfund site because of PCB contamination, but current conditions in the harbor are the cumulative result of over 250 years of agricultural, commercial and industrial activities, Analysis of historical information about New Bedford revealed four sequential developmental periods, agriculture, whaling, textile, and post-textile, each with a distinct effect on estuarine conditions. This historical analysis illustrates how impacts to New Bedford Harbor have occurred throughout the development period, not just in recent years. It provides valuable insight in formulating remediation strategies, and is a useful tool to engage the public in environmental issues. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM pesch.carol@epa.gov NR 58 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 42 IS 5 BP 339 EP 349 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00153-3 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 444LR UT WOS:000169401400013 PM 11436814 ER PT J AU Geller, AM AF Geller, AM TI A table of color distance scores for quantitative scoring of the Lanthony Desaturate color vision test SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE color vision; human neurotoxicology; neurobehavioral test battery ID PANEL D-15 AB The Lanthony Desaturate Panel D-15 (D-15d) color vision test is used in neurotoxicological testing to assess acquired color vision deficits. The original test design included a qualitative scoring method. Quantitative scoring requires mapping the colored objects used in the test into a color space describing perceptual distances. A table of these distances has previously been published for the saturated version of this color vision test, but not the desaturate test. This communication includes a table of color distances for the calculation of Bowman's Total Color Distance Score (TCDS) for the D-15d. This table should be useful for non-computerized scoring under field test conditions or for devising one's own computerized scoring methods using the tabulated color distances for a look-up table. Data analysis programs using SAS or Matlab are available from the author. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Enivironm Effect Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Geller, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Enivironm Effect Res Lab, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 23 IS 3 BP 265 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00139-8 PG 3 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 445NK UT WOS:000169463800005 PM 11418268 ER PT J AU Lewis, JD Lucash, M Olszyk, D Tingey, DT AF Lewis, JD Lucash, M Olszyk, D Tingey, DT TI Seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir seedlings during the third and fourth year of exposure to elevated CO2 and temperature SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; acclimation; global climate change; seasonal patterns ID PINUS-TAEDA SEEDLINGS; CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; LIGHT RESPONSE; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FOREST ECOSYSTEM AB The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers controlled to track either ambient (similar to 400 p.p.m.) CO2 or ambient +200 p.p.m. CO2, and either ambient temperature or ambient +4 degreesC. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were measured approximately monthly over a 21 month period. Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 21% across temperature treatments during both the 1996 hydrologic year, the third year of exposure, and the 1997 hydrologic year. Elevated mean annual temperature increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 33% across CO2 treatments during both years. Seasonal temperature changes also affected net photosynthetic rates. Across treatments, net photosynthetic rates were highest in the spring and autumn, and lowest in July, August and December-January. Seasonal increases in temperature were not correlated with increases in the relative photosynthetic response to elevated CO2. Seasonal shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum reduced temperature effects on the relative response to elevated CO2. These results suggest that the effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rates in Douglas fir are largely independent of temperature. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lewis, JD (reprint author), Fordham Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Louis Calder Ctr, POB K,53 Whippoorwill Rd, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. RI Lucash, Melissa /I-8677-2012 OI Lucash, Melissa /0000-0003-1509-3273 NR 76 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 24 IS 5 BP 539 EP 548 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00700.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 432JG UT WOS:000168688000006 ER PT J AU Fiorino, DJ AF Fiorino, DJ TI Environmental policy as learning: A new view of an old landscape SO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW LA English DT Article ID REGULATORY REFORM; MANAGEMENT AB Environmental policy in the United States has always been characterized by high levels of political conflict. At the same time, however, policy makers have shown a capacity to learn from their own and others' experience. This article examines U.S. environmental policy since 1970 as a learning process and, more specifically, as an effort to develop three kinds of capacities for policy learning. The first decade and a half may be seen in terms of technical learning, characterized by a high degree of technical and legal proficiency, but also narrow problem definitions, institutional fragmentation, and adversarial relations among actors. In the 1980s, growing recognition of deficiencies in technical learning led to a search for new goals, strategies, and policy instruments, in what may be termed conceptual learning. By the early 1990s, policy makers also recognized a need for a new set of capacities at social learning, reflecting trends in European environmental policy, international interest in the concept of sustainability, and dissatisfaction with the U.S. experience. Social learning stresses communication and interaction among actors. Most industrial nations, including the United States, are working to develop and integrate capacities For all three kinds of learning. Efforts to integrate capacities for conceptual and social learning in the United States have had mixed success, however, because the institutional and legal framework for environmental policy still is founded on technical learning. C1 US EPA, Performance Incent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Div Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fiorino, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Performance Incent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 71 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0033-3352 J9 PUBLIC ADMIN REV JI Public Adm. Rev. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 3 BP 322 EP 334 DI 10.1111/0033-3352.00033 PG 13 WC Public Administration SC Public Administration GA 436BN UT WOS:000168916800006 ER PT J AU Scheckel, KG Sparks, DL AF Scheckel, KG Sparks, DL TI Dissolution kinetics of nickel surface precipitates on clay mineral and oxide surfaces SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RAY-ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; HYDROUS FERRIC-OXIDE; ADSORPTION; METAL; PYROPHYLLITE; COMPLEXES; EDTA; SORPTION; AL; MECHANISMS AB The formation of Ni surface precipitates on natural soil materials may occur during sorption under ambient environmental conditions. In this study, we examined proton- and ligand-promoted dissolution of Ni surface precipitates on pyrophyllite, talc, gibbsite, amorphous silica, and a mixture of gibbsite and amorphous silica aged from 1 h to 2 yr, by employing an array of dissolution agents (ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid [EDTA], oxalate, acetylacetone, and HNO3). Ligand-promoted dissolution was more effective in removing Ni than the protolysis by HNO3. In all cases, as residence time increased from 1 h to 2 yr, the amount of Ni released from the precipitates decreased from 98 to 0%, indicating an increase in stability with aging time regardless of sorbent and dissolution agent. For example, as residence time increased from 1 h to 2 yr, Ni release from pyrophyllite, as a percentage of total Ni sorption, decreased from 96 to 30% and 23 to 0%, respectively, when EDTA (pH 4.0) and HNO3 (pH 6.0) were employed as dissolution agents for 14 d. Dissolution via oxalate of 1-yr-aged Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) on pyrophyllite saw 19% Ni removal, in comparison with 52% Ni release from alpha -Ni(OH)(2) precipitates on talc, suggesting that alpha -Ni(OH)(2) is less stable than Ni-Al LDH, The increase in stability of the Ni surface precipitates in this study with residence time was attributed to three aging mechanisms: (i) Al-for-Ni substitution in the octahedral sheets of the brucite-like hydroxide layers, (ii) Si-for-NO3 exchange in the interlayers of the precipitates, and (iii) Ostwald ripening of the precipitate phases. It appeared that the second factor, Si-for-NO3 exchange in the interlayers, was a major mechanism for the increase in stability of the precipitates. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Scheckel, KG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241 NR 37 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 685 EP 694 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NT UT WOS:000169464500009 ER PT J AU Scheckel, KG Sparks, DL AF Scheckel, KG Sparks, DL TI Temperature effects on nickel sorption kinetics at the mineral-water interface SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SURFACE PRECIPITATION; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; METAL SORPTION; OXIDE MINERALS; PYROPHYLLITE; ADSORPTION; CLAY; SPECTROSCOPY AB In recent years, innovative studies have shown that sorption of metals onto natural materials results in the formation of new mineral-like precipitate phases that increase in stability with aging time. While these findings have demonstrated the usefulness of current state-of-the-art molecular-scale methods for confirming macroscopic data and elucidating mechanisms, basic kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the formation of the metal precipitates have not been examined. This study examined Ni-sorption kinetics on pyrophyllite, talc, gibbsite, amorphous silica, and a mixture of gibbsite and amorphous silica over a temperature range of 9 to 35 degreesC. Using the Arrhenius and Eyring equations, we calculated the energy of activation (E-a) and enthalpy (DeltaH(double dagger)), entropy (DeltaS(double dagger)), and free energy of activation (DeltaG(double dagger)), related to the formation of the Ni precipitates. Based on values of E-a (93.05 to 123.71 kJ mol(-1)) and DeltaS(double dagger) (-27.51 to -38.70 J mol(-1)), Ni sorption on these sorbents was surface-controlled and an associative mechanism, The DeltaH(double dagger) values (90.60 to 121.26 kJ mol(-1)) suggest, as indicated by E-a values, that an energy barrier was present for the system to overcome in order for the reaction to occur, Additionally, the large, positive DeltaG(double dagger) values suggest there is an energy barrier for product formation. Although metal precipitation reactions often occur in the natural environment, this study shows that the rate of these reactions depends strongly on temperature. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Scheckel, KG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241 NR 46 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 4 U2 31 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 719 EP 728 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NT UT WOS:000169464500013 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA AF Kimmel, CA TI 1999 Warkany Lecture: Improving the science for predicting risks to children's health SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; MECHANISMS; MALFORMATIONS; RATS AB A number of major activities have occurred over the past 5 years at the national level to bring a greater focus on children's health and safety issues. This article reviews those activities, and discusses approaches to improving the science for predicting risks to children's health. Congressional actions, including passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act in 1997, as well as Presidential Executive Order 13045, have directed the attention of federal agencies to focus in more detail on evaluating the toxicity and exposure potential of children, both pre- and postnatally, to health risks and safety risks. Implementation of the FQPA by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA with respect to children's health and exposure issues are reviewed here. Recommendations concerning improved testing and risk assessment for children are discussed in terms of how they can improve the scientific basis for risk assessment. These recommendations focus on a more thorough evaluation of potential risks to children's health from pesticide exposures, in particular, both through additional testing, development of pharmacokinetic and mechanistic data, as well as development of new testing guidelines in several areas developmental immunotoxicity, developmental carcinogenesis, specialized developmental neurotoxicity testing, direct dosing of neonates for situations in which direct exposure may be an issue, and endocrine disrupter screening and testing). A more integrated approach to testing is emphasized, including pharmacokinetic evaluation both in adults and during development, and better understanding of mechanisms of development and toxicity. Finally, the role of the Teratology Society is discussed in light of these activities, with a call for the Society to take a stand in the public arena on issues of surveillance, prevention, testing, and risk assessment. Teralology 63:202-209, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss. Inc.dagger. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD MAY PY 2001 VL 63 IS 5 BP 202 EP 209 DI 10.1002/tera.1035 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 429UU UT WOS:000168536600006 PM 11320531 ER PT J AU Bogdanffy, MS Daston, G Faustman, EM Kimmel, CA Kimmel, GL Seed, J Vu, V AF Bogdanffy, MS Daston, G Faustman, EM Kimmel, CA Kimmel, GL Seed, J Vu, V TI Harmonization of cancer and noncancer risk assessment: Proceedings of a consensus-building workshop SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; harmonization; cancer; noncancer; mode of action; dose response; uncertainty factors; interspecies extrapolation ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; SAFETY FACTORS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; EXTRAPOLATION; TOXICOLOGY; DURATION; EXPOSURE; RATS AB Significant advancements have been made toward the use of all relevant scientific information in health risk assessments, This principle has been set forth in risk-assessment guidance documents of international agencies including those of the World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety, the U.S, Environmental Protection Agency, and Health Canada. Improving the scientific basis of risk assessment is a leading strategic goal of the Society of Toxicology. In recent years, there has been a plethora of mechanistic research on modes of chemical toxicity that establishes mechanistic links between noncancer responses to toxic agents and subsequent overt manifestations of toxicity such as cancer. The research suggests that differences in approaches to assessing risk of cancer and noncancer toxicity need to be resolved and a common broad paradigm for dose-response assessments developed for all toxicity endpoints. In November 1999, a workshop entitled "Harmonization of Cancer and Noncancer Risk Assessment" was held to discuss the most critical issues involved in developing a more consistent acid unified approach to risk assessment for all endpoints. Invited participants from government, industry, and academia discussed focus questions in the areas of mode of action as the basis for harmonization, common levels of adverse effect across toxicities for use in dose-response assessments, and scaling and uncertainty factors. This report summarizes the results of those discussions. There was broad agreement, albeit not unanimous, that current science supports the development of a harmonized set of principles that guide risk assessments for all toxic endpoints. There was an acceptance among the participants that understanding the mode of action of a chemical is ultimately critical for nondefault risk assessments, that common modes of action for different toxicities can be defined, and that our approach to assessing toxicity should be biologically consistent. C1 Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45253 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bogdanffy, MS (reprint author), Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, POB 50, Newark, DE 19714 USA. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1 BP 18 EP 31 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.18 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423YD UT WOS:000168204600004 PM 11294970 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Ross, DG DeVito, MJ Crofton, KM AF Zhou, T Ross, DG DeVito, MJ Crofton, KM TI Effects of short-term in vivo exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers on thyroid hormones and hepatic enzyme activities in weanling rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE polybrominated diphenyl ether; thyroid hormone; hepatic enzyme activity; rat; benchmark dose ID SWEDISH HUMAN-MILK; FLAME RETARDANTS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; INDUCTION; METABOLISM; GLAND AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs act as endocrine disrupters via alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis. We examined thyroid hormone concentrations and hepatic enzyme activity in weanling rats exposed to three commercial PBDE mixtures: DE-71, DE-79, and BE-83R. Female Long-Evans rats, 28 days old, were orally administered various doses of DE-71, DE-79, or DE-83R for 4 days, Serum and liver samples were collected 24 h after the last dose and analyzed for serum total thyroxine (T-4), triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hepatic microsomal ethoxy- and pentosy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD), and uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activities. The PBDE-treated groups did not exhibit significant changes in body weight; however increased liver weights, as well as 10- to 20-fold induction in EROD and 30- to 40-fold induction in PROD were found in the DE-71- and DE-79-treated animals, DE-71 and DE-79 caused dose-dependent depletion of T-4, accompanied by up to 3- to 4-fold induction in UDPGT activities. Serum total T-4 was decreased a maximum of 80% for DE-71 and 70% for DE-79 in the highest dose, with benchmark doses (BMDs) of approximately 12.74 mg/kg/day for DE-71 and 9.25 mg/kg/day for DE-79, Dose-related effects in serum T-3 levels were less apparent, with maximal reductions of 25-30% at the highest dose for both DE-71 and DE-79, The two mixtures showed no effect on serum TSH levels. Benchmark dose analysis revealed that the two mixtures were comparable in altering thyroid hormone levels and hepatic enzyme activity. DE-83R was not effective in altering any of the measured parameters. The present study suggests that short-term exposure to some commercial PBDE mixtures interferes with the thyroid hormone system via upregulation of UDPGTs. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 41 TC 319 Z9 343 U1 5 U2 48 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.76 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423YD UT WOS:000168204600011 PM 11294977 ER PT J AU Norwood, J Ledbetter, AD Doerfler, DL Hatch, GE AF Norwood, J Ledbetter, AD Doerfler, DL Hatch, GE TI Residual oil fly ash inhalation in guinea pigs: Influence of absorbate and glutathione depletion SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE inhalation; nose-only; guinea pigs; bronchoalveolar lavage; nasal lavage; ascorbic acid; uric acid; residual oil fly ash; glutathione particulate matter ID ASCORBIC-ACID; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; CO-SUPPLEMENTATION; AIR-POLLUTION; HUMAN-PLASMA; LUNG INJURY; VITAMIN-C; ANTIOXIDANT; IRON AB Inhaled urban particulate matter (PM) often contains metals that appear to contribute to its toxicity, These particles first make contact with a thin layer of epithelial lining fluid in the respiratory tract. Antioxidants present in this fluid and in cells might be important susceptibility factors in PM toxicity. We investigated the role of ascorbic acid (C) and glutathione (GSH) as determinants of susceptibility to inhaled residual oil fly ash (ROFA) in guinea pigs (male, Hartley). Guinea pigs mere divided into four groups, +C+GSH, +C-GSH, -C+GSH, and -C-GSH, and exposed to clean air or ROFA (< 2.5 micron diameter, 19-25 mg/m(3) nose-only for 2.0 h). C and/or GSH were lowered by either feeding C-depleted diet (1 g C/kg diet, 2 weeks) and/or by ip injection of a mixture of buthionine-S,R-sulfosimine (2.7 mmol/kg body weight) and diethylmaleate (1.2 mmol/kg, 2 h prior). Nasal lavage (NL) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells were. examined at 0 h and 24 h postexposure to ROFA, The C-deficient diet lowered C concentrations in BAL fluid and cells and in NL fluid by 90%, and the GSH-depletion regimen lowered both GSH and C in the BAL fluid and cells by 50%. ROFA deposition was calculated at time 0 from lung Ni levels to be 46 mug/g wet lung. In unexposed animals, the combined deficiency of C and GSH modified the cellular composition of cells recovered in lavage fluid, i.e., the increased number of eosinophils and macrophages in BAL fluid. ROFA inhalation increased lung injury in the -C-GSH group only (evidenced by increased BAL protein, LDH and neutrophils, and decreased BAL macrophages). ROFA exposure decreased C in BAL, and NL at 0 h, and increased BAL C and GSH (2- to 4-fold above normal) at 24 h in nondepleted guinea pigs, but had no effect on C and GSH in depleted guinea pigs, Combined deficiency of C and GSH resulted in the highest macrophage and eosinophil counts of any group. GSH depletion was associated with increased BAL protein and LDH, increased numbers of BAL macrophages and eosinophils, and decreased rectal body temperatures. We conclude that combined deficiency of C and GSH increased susceptibility to inhaled ROFA; caused unusual BAL cellular changes; resulted in lower antioxidant concentrations in BAL than were observed with single deficiencies. Antioxidant deficiency may explain increased susceptibility to PM in elderly or diseased populations and may have important implications for extrapolating animal toxicity data to humans. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hatch, GE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1 BP 144 EP 153 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.144 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423YD UT WOS:000168204600019 PM 11294985 ER PT J AU Smialowicz, RJ Williams, WC Copeland, CB Harris, MW Overstreet, D Davis, BJ Chapin, RE AF Smialowicz, RJ Williams, WC Copeland, CB Harris, MW Overstreet, D Davis, BJ Chapin, RE TI The effects of perinatal/juvenile heptachlor exposure on adult immune and reproductive system function in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE heptachlor; heptachlor epoxide; developmental immunotoxicity; reproductive toxicity; rats; pesticide; persistent immune suppression ID DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; SUBACUTE EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; MICE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; METHOXYCHLOR; MODEL; IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY; MECHANISMS AB This study was performed to determine if developmental exposure of rats to heptachlor (H) during the last half of gestation through puberty adversely affects adult functioning of the immune and reproductive systems,Time-bred pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by gavage with H (0, 30, 300, or 3000 mug/kg/day) from gestation day (GD) 12 to postnatal day (PND) 7, followed by direct dosing of the pups with H through PND 42. Separate groups of rats were evaluated with a battery of immune function tests, while other groups of rats were evaluated for reproductive development and function, Additional groups of rats wore euthanized at the end of the dosing period for histological analyses of major organ systems, Some dams and PND 7 pups were euthanized; milk, plasma, fat and/or tissues were assayed for H and heptachlor epoxide B (HEB, a major metabolite of H, The amount of H and HEB found in milk, blood, fat, and tissues was proportional to the dose of H administered. There mere no effects on the number or survival of pups born to H-exposed dams nor to pups exposed postnatally, There were no effects on the number of treated dams delivering litters or on litter size, nor were there any effects on any of the reproductive end points examined in the F-o or F-1 rats. There were no effects of H exposure on lymphoid organ weights, splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity, and splenic lymphoproliferative (LP) responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells in a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) assay at 8 weeks of age, Ii exposure did not alter delayed or contact hypersensitivity at 10 or 17 weeks of age, respectively. However, the primary IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner in males, but not females, at 8 weeks of age. The percentage of B lymphocytes (OX12(+)OX19(-)) in spleen was also reduced in the high-dose males, The anti-SRBC IgM response was reduced only in males er;posed to 30 mug H/kg/day in a separate group of rats I weeks of age. In these same rats, at 26 weeks of age, the secondary IgG antibody response to SRBCs was suppressed in all of the H-exposed males, but not females. These data indicate that perinatal exposure of male rats to H results in suppression of the primary IgM and secondary Ige anti-SRBC responses, Suppression of these antibody responses persisted for up to 20 weeks after the last exposure to H, at a total exposure of approximately 1500 mug H/kg/rat. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Reprod Toxicol Grp, Natl Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Pharmaceut, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ETD MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM smialowicz.ralph@epa.gov OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 54 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1 BP 164 EP 175 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.164 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423YD UT WOS:000168204600021 PM 11294987 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT AF Kitchin, KT TI Recent advances in arsenic carcinogenesis: Modes of action, animal model systems, and methylated arsenic metabolites SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Review DE arsenic; monomethylarsonic acid; dimethylarsinic acid; carcinogenesis; K6/ODC transgenic mice; p53(+/-) mice ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; INORGANIC ARSENICS; DNA-DAMAGE; POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE; BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; CHRONIC STIMULATION; TRANSGENIC MICE AB Recent advances in our knowledge of arsenic carcinogenesis include the development of rat or mouse models for all human organs in which inorganic arsenic is known to cause cancer-skin, lung, urinary bladder, liver, and kidney. Tumors can be produced from either promotion of carcinogenesis protocols (mouse skin and lungs, rat bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid) or from complete carcinogenesis protocols (rat bladder and mouse lung). Experiments with p53(+/-) and K6/ODC transgenic mice administered dimethylarsinic acid or arsenite have shown some degree of carcinogenic, cocarcinogenic, or promotional activity in skin or bladder. At present, with the possible exception of skin, the arsenic carcinogenesis models in wild-type animals are more highly developed than in transgenic mice. Recent advances in arsenic metabolism have suggested that methylation of inorganic arsenic may be a toxification, rather than a detoxification, pathway and that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid, have a great deal of biological activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that these trivalent, methylated, and relatively less ionizable arsenic metabolites may be unusually capable of interacting with cellular targets such as proteins and even DNA. In risk assessment of environmental arsenic, it is important to know and to utilize both the mode of carcinogenic action and the shape of the dose-response curve at low environmental arsenic concentrations. Although much progress has been recently made in the area of arsenic's possible mode(s) of carcinogenic action, a scientific concensus has not yet been reached. In this review, nine different possible modes of action of arsenic carcinogenesis are presented and discussed-induced chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, altered DNA repair, altered DNA methylation patterns, altered growth factors, enhanced cell proliferation, promotion/progression, gene amplification, and suppression of p53. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 78 TC 530 Z9 553 U1 6 U2 71 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 172 IS 3 BP 249 EP 261 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9157 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 429DQ UT WOS:000168501100012 PM 11312654 ER PT J AU Stefan, HG Fang, X Eaton, JG AF Stefan, HG Fang, X Eaton, JG TI Simulated fish habitat changes in North American lakes in response to projected climate warming SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL HABITAT; WATER-QUALITY; TEMPERATURE SIMULATION; MODEL; VALIDATION; SCENARIOS; ICE AB Fish habitat is strongly constrained by water temperature and the available dissolved oxygen (DO). Fish habitat in small lakes of the contiguous United States was therefore determined from simulated daily water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. Twenty-seven types of lakes were simulated under past (1962-1979) climate conditions and a projected doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (2xCO(2) climate scenario) at 209 locations in the contiguous United States. The 2xCO(2) climate scenario was derived from the output of the Canadian Climate Centre's General Circulation Model for a doubling of atmospheric CO,. A verified, process-oriented, dynamic, one dimensional (vertical) lake water quality model (MINLAKE96) was used for the temperature and DO simulations, which were run in a continuous mode over a 19-year simulation period. Water temperature and DO criteria for the survival and good growth of three fish guilds (cold-, cool-, and warmwater fish) were provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Winterkill, which occurs in the eutrophic and mesotrophic shallow lakes of the northcentral and northeastern states under present climate conditions, is projected to disappear under the 2xCO(2) climate scenario due to a shortening of the ice cover period. While coldwater fish habitat is projected to persist in deep lakes near the northern border of the United States, it is likely to be eliminated from almost all shallow lakes in the contiguous states. Climate warming is projected to reduce the number of locations in the contiguous United States where lakes have suitable coldwater and coolwater fish habitat by up to 45% and 30%, respectively. Summerkill under the 2xCO(2) climate scenario is projected to have a significant negative influence on northern lakes and on coolwater fish in southern lakes where suitable habitat existed under historical conditions. The largest negative impact of climate warming on coldwater fish habitat occurs in medium-depth lakes (maximum depth of 13 m); the largest negative impact on coolwater fish habitat occurs in shallow lakes (maximum depth of 4 m). Warmwater fish habitat is projected to be extended in all lakes investigated. Under the 2xCO(2) climate scenario, good-growth periods are projected to increase by 37 d (average of 209 locations) for coolwater fishes (with a standard deviation of 30 d depending on lake type) and by 40 d for warmwater fishes (with a standard deviation of 34 d). C1 Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Stefan, HG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 46 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 459 EP 477 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0459:SFHCIN>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439EJ UT WOS:000169097600012 ER PT J AU Borgwardt, RH AF Borgwardt, RH TI Platinum, fuel cells, and future US road transport SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE platinum; fuel cell vehicles; emissions abatement AB The rate at which fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) might displace the conventional fleet is examined under constraints imposed by the limited availability of platinum. It concludes that a transition period as short as 31 years is not feasible. Under the most favorable circumstances.. a complete transition of the US fleet to this new technology would require about 66 years and 10,800 net tonnes of platinum. Platinum demand for the US auto industry alone would amount to 48% of world production during much of that transition period. The effect of that demand on the price of platinum would add to the problem of reducing vehicle cost to a competitive range. If US platinum consumption were to remain at its current level of 16% of annual world production, fleet conversion would require 146 years. These results imply that. without alternative catalysts, fuel cells alone cannot adequately address the issues facing the current system of road transport. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Borgwardt, RH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1361-9209 J9 TRANSPORT RES D-TR E JI Transport. Res. Part D-Transport. Environ. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 6 IS 3 BP 199 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00023-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Transportation GA 414WV UT WOS:000167689900003 ER PT J AU Dong, SF Scagel, CF Cheng, LL Fuchigami, LH Rygiewicz, PT AF Dong, SF Scagel, CF Cheng, LL Fuchigami, LH Rygiewicz, PT TI Soil temperature and plant growth stage influence nitrogen uptake and amino acid concentration of apple during early spring growth SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE developmental stage; N-15; Malus domestica; roots ID ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE; FERTILIZER N-15; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; UREA SPRAYS; TREES; ACCUMULATION; SEEDLINGS; WHEAT; EFFICIENCY; FORM AB In spring, nitrogen (N) uptake by apple roots begins about 3 weeks after bud break. We used 1-year-old 'Fuji' Malus domestica Borkh on M26 bare-root apple trees to determine whether the onset of N uptake in spring is dependent solely on the growth stage of the plant or is a function of soil temperature. Five times during early season growth, N uptake and total amino acid concentration were measured in trees growing at aboveground day/night temperatures of 23/15 degreesC and belowground temperatures of 8, 12, 16 or 20 degreesC. We used (NH4NO3)-N-15-N-15 to measure total N uptake and rate of uptake and found that both were significantly influenced by both soil temperature and plant growth stage. Rate of uptake of N-15, increased creased with increasing soil temperature and changed with plant growth stage, Before bud break, N-15 was not detected in trees growing in the 8 degreesC soil treatment, whereas N-15 uptake increased with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degreesC. Ten days after bud break, N-15 was still not detected in trees growing in the 8 degreesC soil treatment, although total N-15 uptake and uptake rate continued to increase with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degreesC, Twenty-one days after bud break, trees in all temperature treatments were able to acquire N-15 from the soil, although the amount of uptake increased with increasing soil temperature. Distribution of N-15 in trees changed as plants grew. Most of the N-15 absorbed by trees before bud break (similar to5% of N-15 supplied per tree) remained in the roots. Forty-six days after bud break, approximately one-third of the N-15 absorbed by the trees in the 12-20 degreesC soil temperature treatments remained in the roots, whereas the shank, stem and new growth contained about two-thirds of the N-15 taken up by the roots. Total amino acid concentration and distribution of amino acids in trees changed with plant growth stage, but only the amino acid concentration in new growth and roots was affected by soil temperature. We conclude that a combination of low soil temperature and plant developmental stage influences the ability of apple trees to take up and use N from the soil in the spring. Thus, early fertilizer application in the spring when soil temperatures are low or when the aboveground portion of the tree is not actively growing may be ineffective in promoting N uptake. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Fruit & Vegetable Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Fuchigami, LH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 48 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 23 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 21 IS 8 BP 541 EP 547 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 439KU UT WOS:000169116700007 PM 11359712 ER PT J AU Huling, SG Arnold, RG Sierka, RA Miller, MR AF Huling, SG Arnold, RG Sierka, RA Miller, MR TI Influence of peat on Fenton oxidation SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fenton oxidation; goethite; 4POBN; peat; scavenging ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; DEGRADATION; REAGENT AB A diagnostic probe was used to estimate the activity of Fenton-derived hydroxyl radicals (. OH), reaction kinetics, and oxidation efficiency in batch suspensions comprised of silica sand, crushed goethite (alpha -FeOOH) ore, peat, and H2O2 (0.13 mM). A simple method of kinetic analysis is presented and used to estimate the rate of . OH production (P-OH) and scavenging term (k(s)), which were used to establish the influence of organic matter (Pahokee peat) in Fenton systems. P-OH was greater in the peal-amended systems than in the unamended control, and ics was approximately the same. Any increase in scavenging of . OH that resulted from the addition of peat was insignificant in comparison to radical scavenging by reaction with H2O2. Also, treatment efficiency, defined as the ratio of probe conversion to H2O2 consumption over the same period was greater in the peat-amended system. Results suggest that OH production is enhanced in the presence of peat by one or more pear-dependent mechanisms. Fe concentration and availability in the pear, reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by the organic matter, and reduction of organic-complexed Fe(III) to Fe(II) are discussed in the context of the Fenton mechanism. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. SW Labs, Broken Arrow, OK USA. RP Huling, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 7 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1687 EP 1694 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00443-7 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 420CW UT WOS:000167987200008 PM 11329670 ER PT J AU Wolfenbarger, LL Phifer, PR AF Wolfenbarger, LL Phifer, PR TI GM crops and patterns of pesticide use - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Dept State, Bur Oceans Environm & Sci, Arlington, VA 22206 USA. RP Wolfenbarger, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 27 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5517 BP 637 EP 638 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 428TX UT WOS:000168478300017 ER PT J AU Wolfenbarger, LL Phifer, PR AF Wolfenbarger, LL Phifer, PR TI Risk assessment data for GM crops - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nat Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Dept State, Bur Oceans Environm & Sci, Arlington, VA 22206 USA. RP Wolfenbarger, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nat Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 27 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5517 BP 638 EP 639 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 428TX UT WOS:000168478300019 ER PT J AU Gundersen, JL AF Gundersen, JL TI Separation of isomers of nonylphenol and select nonylphenol polyethoxylates by high-performance liquid chromatography on a graphitic carbon column SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques (HPLC 2000) CY JUN 24-30, 2000 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON DE nonylphenol; nonylphenol polyethoxylates; ethoxylates; surfactants ID ETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; PHASE; 4-NONYLPHENOL; EXTRACTION; RESOLUTION; SLUDGE; WATER AB p-Nonylphenol (NP) is a ubiquitous degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPE) surfactants and has been reported to be an endocrine disrupter. It is composed of numerous structural isomers resulting from the various branching patterns of the C-9 group. Twenty-two isomers in a technical mix of NP have been identified with high-resolution capillary GC-MS. In most HPLC analyses, nonylphenol elutes as a single, broad peak. In the method described here, HPLC using a graphite carbon column resulted in the resolution of a technical mixture of NP into 12 peaks or groups of isomers. This method was also applied to select NPEs with one to 10 ethoxy units with similar results. Separation was achieved by gradient elution with 1% acetic acid in water and acetonitrile. Elution of individual isomers 4-butylphenol and 4-propylphenol under the same gradient conditions indicate that increased branching of an alkyl group results in shorter retention times than for the less substituted alkyl groups. This method can be used to fractionate NP based on structure and assess the potential for different isomers (or groups of structurally similar isomers) to act as endocrine disrupters. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Gundersen, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Analyt Serv 7 Qual Assurance, Reg 3,701 Mapes Rd, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 27 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD APR 20 PY 2001 VL 914 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)01235-8 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 423XD UT WOS:000168202300020 PM 11358209 ER PT J AU Hudnell, HK House, D Schmid, J Koltai, D Stopford, W Wilkins, J Savitz, DA Swinker, M Music, S AF Hudnell, HK House, D Schmid, J Koltai, D Stopford, W Wilkins, J Savitz, DA Swinker, M Music, S TI Human visual function in the North Carolina Clinical Study on possible estuary-associated syndrome SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID FORMER MICROELECTRONICS WORKERS; SPATIAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; NUCLEAR CATARACTS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; OPTIC NEUROPATHY; DEFICITS; VISION; FISH; DINOFLAGELLATE AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency assisted the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services in conducting a study to investigate the potential for an association between fish kills in the North Carolina estuary system and the risk for persistent health effects. Impetus for the study was recent evidence suggesting that estuarine dinoflagellates, including members of the toxic Pfiesteria complex (TPC), P. piscicida and P. schumwayae, may release a toxin(s) that kills fish and adversely affects human health. This report describes one component of the study in which visual system function was assessed. Participants working primarily in estuaries inhabited by TPC or in offshore waters thought not to contain TPC were studied. The potentially exposed estuary (n = 22) and unexposed offshore (n = 20) workers were matched for age, gender, and education. Visual acuity did not differ significantly between the cohorts, but visual contrast sensitivity (VCS), an indicator of visual pattern-detection ability for stimuli of various sizes, was significantly reduced by about 30% in the estuary relative to the offshore cohort. A further analysis that excluded participants having a history possibly predictive of neuropsychological impairment showed a similar VCS reduction. Additional analyses indicated that differences between the cohorts in age, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and total time spent on anywater did not account for the difference in VCS. Exploratory analyses suggested a possible association between the magnitude of VCS reduction and hours spent in contact with a fish kill. The profile of VCS deficit across stimulus sizes resembled that seen in organic solvent-exposed workers, but an assess ment of occupational solvent and other neurotoxicant, exposures did not indicate differences between the cohorts. These results suggest that factor(s) associated with the North Carolina estuaries, including the possibility of exposure to TPC toxin(s), may impair visual system function. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Biostat & Res Support Staff, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Med, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. E Carolina Sch Med, Greenville, NC USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 56 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD APR 20 PY 2001 VL 62 IS 8 BP 575 EP 594 DI 10.1080/15287390151079633 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 426ZR UT WOS:000168380700001 PM 11339332 ER PT J AU Reeves, WR McDonald, TJ Bordelon, NR George, SE Donnelly, KC AF Reeves, WR McDonald, TJ Bordelon, NR George, SE Donnelly, KC TI Impacts of aging on in vivo and in vitro measurements of soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon availability SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TAR-CONTAMINATED SOILS; BIOAVAILABILITY; METABOLITES; RAT; PHARMACOKINETICS; KINETICS; PYRENE; URINE; PAH AB Ingestion of contaminated soil is an exposure pathway at approximately one-half of the Superfund sites in the United States. This study was designed to evaluate the impacts of aging in soil on the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Two coal tar (CT)-amended soils were prepared. One was aged for 270 days and the other was not aged. Both of these treatments were incorporated into pellets and fed to male Fischer 344 rats. Excretion of l-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine and PAH concentrations in the liver were monitored as end points. Additionally, soil:water partitioning and desorption were measured as comparisons to the in vivo results. After 5 days of ingesting their respective treatments, rats in the aged soil group excreted 4.41 +/- 1.67 ppm 1-OHP/mg of pyrene ingested while rats in the unaged soil group excreted 5.27 +/- 1.37 ppm/mg of pyrene ingested. Animals fed aged CT soil had 0.051 +/- 0.011 ppm carcinogenic PAHs in livers/mg ingested while rats fed unaged CT soil had 0.063 +/- 0.037 ppm carcinogenic PAHs in livers/mg ingested. Partitioning and desorption results revealed a similar results. These results indicate that, at high application rates, soil contact time may not play as significant a role in determining availability as simple dispersion and sorption on soil. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Donnelly, KC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04917] NR 15 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 8 BP 1637 EP 1643 DI 10.1021/es0017110 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 422BX UT WOS:000168099000013 PM 11329714 ER PT J AU Sagui, C Darden, T AF Sagui, C Darden, T TI Multigrid methods for classical molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; PARTICLE-MESH EWALD; FAST MULTIPOLE ALGORITHM; SYSTEMS; SUMS; EQUATIONS; FORCES AB We present an O(N) multigrid-based method for the efficient calculation of the long-range electrostatic forces needed for biomolecular simulations, that is suitable for implementation on massively parallel architectures. Along general lines, the method consists of: (i) a charge assignment scheme, which both interpolates and smoothly assigns the charges onto a grid; (ii) the solution of Poisson's equation on the grid via multigrid methods; and (iii) the back interpolation of the forces and energy from the grid to the particle space. Careful approaches for the charge assignment and the force interpolation, and a Hermitian approximation of Poisson's equation on the grid allow for the generation of the high-accuracy solutions required for high-quality molecular dynamics simulations. Parallel versions of the method scale linearly with the number of particles for a fixed number of processors, and with the number of processors, for a fixed number of particles. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sagui, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 40 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2001 VL 114 IS 15 BP 6578 EP 6591 DI 10.1063/1.1352646 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 418VG UT WOS:000167914400012 ER PT J AU Bryant, PL Reid, LM Schmidt, JE Buckalew, AR Abbott, BD AF Bryant, PL Reid, LM Schmidt, JE Buckalew, AR Abbott, BD TI Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on fetal mouse urinary tract epithelium in vitro SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ureter; epithelial; fetal; urinary tract; in vitro ID EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; EGF RECEPTOR; FACTOR-ALPHA; HEPATOMA-CELLS; AH RECEPTOR; TGF-ALPHA; DIOXINS; PALATE; ARNT AB 2,3.7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), produces hydronephrosis by altering the differentiation and proliferation of ureteric epithelial cells in the fetal C57BL/6N mouse urinary tract. This study tests the hypothesis that the late fetal urinary tract epithelial cells respond to TCDD with increased proliferation and that the responses do not require contributions from other maternal or fetal tissues. This was achieved by exposing late gestation fetal urinary tract cells to TCDD in an in vitro model. Isolated ureteric cells from gestation day (GD) 18 fetal ureters were plated in medium supplemented with trace elements, a complex mixture of lipids, a defined mixture of purified hormones acid growth factors. Both epithelial and mesenchymal cells remain viable under these conditions. The cultures were exposed to 0.1%, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1 x 10(-8), 1 x 10(-9) or 1 x 10(-10) M TCDD. Exposure to 1 x 10(-10) M TCDD did not affect the cultures, while 1 x 10(-8) and 1 x 10(-9) M TCDD supported epithelial, but not mesenchymal, cell survival and stimulated epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. The TCDD-exposed cells expressed high levels of keratin and little or no vimentin, confirming that the cells, which survive and differentiate are epithelial. However, after continuous exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF), the TCDD-induced stimulation of ureteric epithelial growth could not be detected. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that late gestational ureteric cells respond to TCDD in vitro with the stimulation of epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NHEERL, Biostat & Res Support Staff, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R25-GM55336] NR 37 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD APR 12 PY 2001 VL 162 IS 1 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00362-6 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 427RE UT WOS:000168418600003 PM 11311455 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Prediction of the genotoxicity of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines using electrotopological state indices SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE mutagenicity; aromatic amines; electrotopological state indices; QSAR ID QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE; QSAR MODELS; MUTAGENICITY; CHEMICALS AB In the past decade, electrotopological state (E-state) indices have come into their own as useful descriptors for correlating a variety of physicochemical and biological properties of chemical compounds. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity, however, appear not to have been previously considered. In the present study, the genotoxicity of a set of 95 aromatic and heteroaromatic amines, which has been modeled previously using several sets of parameters, is modeled using E-state indices, both with and without principal components analysis. Parallels are drawn between E-state indices that were important in these models and other types of descriptors found significant in previous studies, thus, shedding light on connections to the molecular mechanism of activity. The best result had a correlation coefficient r = 0.876 and a standard error s less than or equal to 1 log unit. These values are comparable to those in previously published models that were based on topological/geometric or on physicochemical parameters. They are not as good as those for a model based on descriptors derived from extensive quantum mechanical analysis, but E-state indices are much easier to compute. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD APR 5 PY 2001 VL 491 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00167-4 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 422BY UT WOS:000168099100005 PM 11287295 ER PT J AU Al-Abed, SR Chen, JL Kukainis, VR Liang, SJ Koran, KM AF Al-Abed, SR Chen, JL Kukainis, VR Liang, SJ Koran, KM TI Effect of voltage on electrochemical degradation of trichoroethylene. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Greensboro, NC USA. EM al-abed.souhail@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 230-ENVR BP U481 EP U481 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703247 ER PT J AU Bailey, GW Sawunyama, P AF Bailey, GW Sawunyama, P TI The integrated use of computational chemistry, scanning probe microscopy, and virtual reality to predict the chemical reactivity of environmental surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. EM Bailey.George@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 133-ENVR BP U465 EP U466 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703150 ER PT J AU Betowski, D Enlow, M Riddick, L AF Betowski, D Enlow, M Riddick, L TI Phototoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL ESD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque High Performance Comp Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM betowski.don@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 110-ENVR BP U461 EP U461 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703127 ER PT J AU Brown, KW Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR AF Brown, KW Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR TI Comparative docking studies of the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the estrogen receptor. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ECD NHEERL, MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Washington, DC USA. EM brown.katrina@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 178-COMP BP U428 EP U428 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824702942 ER PT J AU Budde, WL Wang, N Maizels, M AF Budde, WL Wang, N Maizels, M TI LC/MS using a bench-top time-of-flight mass spectrometer. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM budde.william@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 57-ENVR BP U453 EP U453 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703076 ER PT J AU Burke, RA AF Burke, RA TI Use of GC-MS/combustion/IRMS to identify and determine the stable carbon isotopic ratio of individual lipids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM burke.roger@epa.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 132-ENVR BP U465 EP U465 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703149 ER PT J AU Cantu, R Evans, O Behymer, TD Shoemaker, JA Kawahara, FK Dufour, AP AF Cantu, R Evans, O Behymer, TD Shoemaker, JA Kawahara, FK Dufour, AP TI Simple sample clean up procedure and high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of cyanuric acid in human urine. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH USA. EM Cantu.Ricardo@epa.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 216-ENVR BP U479 EP U479 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703233 ER PT J AU Cash, GG Nabholz, JV AF Cash, GG Nabholz, JV TI Minimum cross-sectional diameter: When molecules cannot fit through a membrane. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM cash.gordon@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 187-ENVR BP U474 EP U474 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703204 ER PT J AU Cleverly, DH AF Cleverly, DH TI Time-trends of the presence and occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in the US environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM cleverly.david@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 51-ENVR BP U452 EP U452 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703070 ER PT J AU D'Andrea, AF DeWitt, TH Eldridge, PM AF D'Andrea, AF DeWitt, TH Eldridge, PM TI Enhanced organic matter remineralization and nutrient turnover by populations of burrowing shrimp in Yaquina Bay, OR. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM dandrea.tony@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 139-GEOC BP U538 EP U539 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703552 ER PT J AU Fiet, KJ Long, RW Eatough, NL Eatough, DJ Wilson, WE AF Fiet, KJ Long, RW Eatough, NL Eatough, DJ Wilson, WE TI Composition of PM2.5 in the Salt Lake City EPA EMPACT Program. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM kjf22@email.byu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 475-CHED BP U173 EP U173 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824701443 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW Ellington, JJ AF Garrison, AW Ellington, JJ TI Analysis and fate of enantiomers of pesticides and other environmental pollutants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM garrison.wayne@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 6-ANYL BP U70 EP U70 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700268 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW AF Garrison, AW TI Separation of enantiomers of environmental pollutants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM garrison.wayne@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 307-IEC BP U615 EP U615 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703920 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW AF Garrison, AW TI Capillary electrophoresis for enantiomer separation and measurement of enantioselectivity of chiral pollutants in the environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM garrison.wayne@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 151-ENVR BP U468 EP U468 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703168 ER PT J AU Gomez-Taylor, M Telliard, W Riddick, L Schofield, J AF Gomez-Taylor, M Telliard, W Riddick, L Schofield, J TI Results of the interlaboratory validation study of EPA method 1638: Trace elements in ambient waters by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Engn & Anal Div, Analyt Methods Staff, MC 4303, Washington, DC 20460 USA. DynCorp, I&ET, Sci & Engn Grp, Rockville, MD USA. EM gomez-taylor.maria@epamail.epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 205-ENVR BP U477 EP U477 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703222 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW TI Ion composition elucidation: A high resolution mass spectrometric technique for characterization and identification of organic compounds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM grange.andrew@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 154-ENVR BP U469 EP U469 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703171 ER PT J AU Harper, SL Antley, JT Giglio, JJ Vanderpool, RW AF Harper, SL Antley, JT Giglio, JJ Vanderpool, RW TI Use of metal- and fluorescein-tagged materials to study settled particles exposure pathwaysexposure pathways. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. IBM Corp, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM harper.sharon@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 254-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703271 ER PT J AU Hedrick, E Biswas, P AF Hedrick, E Biswas, P TI The capture and determination of mercury species from coal combustion emissions using iodine based impingers and direct injection nebulization - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Elizabeth.Hedrick@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 255-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703272 ER PT J AU Knight, MM Araki, RY Dodo, GH Reimer, S AF Knight, MM Araki, RY Dodo, GH Reimer, S TI A protocol for the determination of selected neutral and acidic semivolatile organic contaminants in fish tissue. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Manchester Environm Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. EM knight.peggy@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 256-ENVR BP U486 EP U486 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703273 ER EF