FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Hecht, S Boese, BL AF Hecht, S Boese, BL TI Sensitivity of an infaunal amphipod, Eohaustorius estuarius, to acute waterborne exposures of 4-nonylphenol: Evidence of a toxic hangover SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nonylphenol; toxicity; amphipods; structure-activity relationships; narcosis ID NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SEDIMENT TOXICITY; AMPELISCA-ABDITA; SIGMA-PAH; MARINE; METABOLITES; MIXTURES; RIVER; MODEL AB Three independent trials were conducted using mortality and burial as endpoints. Amphipod mean lethal concentration to 50% (LC50) was 227 mug/L. One-hour burial as a sublethal endpoint increased the sensitivity of the toxicity test by 40%; however, most amphipods that survived exposure were able to recover within 24 to 48 h. This toxic hangover was dose-dependent. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Newport, OR 97365 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hecht, S (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, 2111 SE Marien Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 4 BP 816 EP 819 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0816:SOAIAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 584ZU UT WOS:000177499300018 PM 11951956 ER PT J AU Kuhn, A Munns, WR Serbst, J Edwards, P Cantwell, MG Gleason, T Pelletier, MC Berry, W AF Kuhn, A Munns, WR Serbst, J Edwards, P Cantwell, MG Gleason, T Pelletier, MC Berry, W TI Evaluating the ecological significance of laboratory response data to predict population-level effects for the estruarine amphipod Ampelisca abdita SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ampelisca; population model; exposure-response models; cadmium ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; LEPTOCHEIRUS-PLUMULOSUS; ELASTICITY ANALYSIS; GROWTH RATE; TOXICITY; SEDIMENTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; NORMALIZATIONS; PARAMETERS; POLYCHAETE AB Ten-day acute mortality of the benthic amphipod Ampelisca abdita is used in a number of regulatory, research, and monitoring programs to evaluate chemical contamination of marine sediments. Although this endpoint has proven to be valuable for characterizing the relative toxicities of sediments, the significance of acute mortality with respect to population viability has not yet been established. In this study, population modeling along with empirical extrapolation were used to describe a relationship between acute mortality and population-level response of A. abdita. The research involved the performance of a standard 10-d sediment toxicity bioassay and a 70-d full life-cycle chronic population (including reproduction) bioassay exposing A. abdita to sediments spiked with concentrations of the divalent metal cadmium (normalized to acid volatile sulfide) expected to produce a range of biological effects. These data provided age-specific schedules of survival and fecundity that were used to parameterize an age-classified projection matrix model for A. abdita. Measured exposure data and population growth rate estimates, obtained using the demographic information collected during the 70-d assay, were used to develop exposure-response models. These data were also used to develop an empirical relationship between population growth rate (X) and acute mortality. This relationship describes how acute data may be used to predict concentrations that produce population-level effects. Model manipulations permit extrapolation of early life-stage mortality (the acute endpoint) to changes in population growth rate. These relationships were used to evaluate a range of ecologically acceptable acute mortality for A. abdita. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. State Rhode Isl Dept Environm Management, Div Fish & Wildlife, Great Swamp Field Off, W Kingston, RI 02892 USA. RP Kuhn, A (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 29 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 4 BP 865 EP 874 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0865:ETESOL>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 584ZU UT WOS:000177499300025 PM 11951963 ER PT J AU Scavia, D Field, JC Boesch, DF Buddemeier, RW Burkett, V Cayan, DR Fogarty, M Harwell, MA Howarth, RW Mason, C Reed, DJ Royer, TC Sallenger, AH Titus, JG AF Scavia, D Field, JC Boesch, DF Buddemeier, RW Burkett, V Cayan, DR Fogarty, M Harwell, MA Howarth, RW Mason, C Reed, DJ Royer, TC Sallenger, AH Titus, JG TI Climate change impacts on US coastal and marine ecosystems SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM DYNAMICS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; CORAL-REEFS; UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; EL-NINO; HURRICANE INTENSITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE AB Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead to increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment of PotentiaI Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series of regional and sector assessments. This paper is a summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems. The assessment considered the impacts of several key drivers of climate change: sea level change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels of atmospheric CO(2). Increasing rates of sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of coastal storms and hurricanes over the next decades will increase threats to shorelines, wetlands, and coastal development. Estuarine productivity will change in response to alteration in the timing and amount of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures and changes in freshwater delivery will alter estuarine stratification, residence time, and eutrophication. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to increase coral bleaching and higher CO(2) levels may reduce coral calcification, making it more difficult for corals to recover from other disturbances, and inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming is expected to cause poleward shifts in the ranges of many other organisms, including commercial species, and these shifts may have secondary effects on their predators and prey. Although these potential impacts of climate change and variability will vary from system to system, it is important to recognize that they will be superimposed upon, and in many cases intensify, other ecosystem stresses (pollution, harvesting, habitat destruction, invasive species, land and resource use, extreme natural events), which may lead to more significant consequences. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21401 USA. Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scavia, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269 NR 141 TC 314 Z9 321 U1 47 U2 325 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.1007/BF02691304 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 554UA UT WOS:000175754500001 ER PT J AU Abdelrhman, MA AF Abdelrhman, MA TI Modeling how a hurricane barrier in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, affects the hydrodynamics and residence times SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID JETS AB Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport models were used to simulate tidal and subtidal circulation, residence times, and the longitudinal distributions of conservative constituents in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, before and after a hurricane barrier was constructed. The results indicated that the barrier altered circulation patterns in its immediate vicinity and enhanced mixing up to 1.5 km to its north and south. Although the barrier did not significantly affect the longitudinal distributions of conservative constituents, it increased their average residence times in the harbor by up to 30% and their local residence times by 5% to 180%. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Abdelrhman, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM abdelrhman.mohamed@cpa.gov NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 177 EP 196 DI 10.1007/BF02691306 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 554UA UT WOS:000175754500003 ER PT J AU Sigleo, AC Macko, SA AF Sigleo, AC Macko, SA TI Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in suspended particles and colloids, Chesapeake and San Francisco estuaries, USA SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen isotopes; carbon isotopes; colloids; suspended particles ID AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; ORGANIC-MATTER; NATURAL ABUNDANCE; STABLE-ISOTOPE; PARTICULATE MATTER; BAY; MARINE; N-15; PHYTOPLANKTON; POTOMAC AB Chesapeake and San Francisco Bays, U.S.A., are both river dominated, temperate estuaries. The organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of the suspended particles (greater than or equal to0.4 mum), however, show major differences for nitrogen and minor differences for carbon. In northern San Francisco Bay, the carbon isotope values averaged - 26.2 +/- 0.2parts per thousand. delta(13)C for suspended particles, and for Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River, the average was - 24.3 +/- 3.2parts per thousand. The nitrogen isotope ratios (delta(15)N) of suspended particles in northern San Francisco Bay in late summer were +0.9 +/- 0.4parts per thousand, probably reflecting a nitrogen component from agricultural runoff. The values for Chesapeake Bay, and its subestuary, the Potomac River averaged + 7.7 +/- 3.1parts per thousand, with the highest values occurring during summer when the primary source of nitrogen originated from remineralized organic material. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values for colloids (less than or equal to 0.4 mum) were 8.2 +/- 1.7 for nitrogen and - 26.0 +/- 1.6 for carbon (n=17) throughout both estuaries and the Potomac river. Ultrafiltrates, collected after filtration and ultrafiltration, had delta(15)N values of +7.3 +/- 0.3 and delta(13)C values of - 24.5 +/- 1.7. The similarity of isotopic values between suspended particles and colloids in winter samples suggested that these colloids were formed by desorption or dissociation from resuspended sediments and soils. Summer colloids in San Francisco Bay were uniformly heavier by 7parts per thousand than suspended particles suggesting that the lighter isotope was selectively utilized by heterotrophs, leaving an isotopically heavy colloid residual. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US EPA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sigleo, AC (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 47 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 54 IS 4 BP 701 EP 711 DI 10.1006/ecss.2001.0853 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 575LL UT WOS:000176947700005 ER PT J AU Mortimer, KM Neas, LM Dockery, DW Redline, S Tager, IB AF Mortimer, KM Neas, LM Dockery, DW Redline, S Tager, IB TI The effect of air pollution on inner-city children with asthma SO EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE air pollution; asthma; generalized estimating equations; inner-city; mixed linear models ID RESPIRATORY-FUNCTION; AMBIENT OZONE; MEXICO-CITY; PARTICULATE; ASSOCIATION; REANALYSIS; RESPONSES; HEALTH AB The effect of daily ambient air pollution was examined within a cohort of 846 asthmatic children residing in eight urban areas of the USA, using data from the National Cooperative Inner-City, Asthma Study. Daily air pollution concentrations were extracted from the Aerometric Information Retrieval System database from the Environment Protection Agency in the USA. Mixed linear models and generalized estimating equation models were used to evaluate the effects of several air pollutants (ozone, sulphur dioxide (SOD, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 mum (PM10) on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and symptoms in 846 children with a history of asthma (ages 4-9 yrs). None of the pollutants were associated with evening PEFR or symptom reports. Only ozone was associated with declines in morning %, PEFR (0.59% decline (95%, confidence interval (CI) 0.13-1.05%,) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in 5-day average ozone). In single pollutant models, each pollutant was associated with an increased incidence of morning symptoms: (odds ratio (OR)=1.16 (95%, Cl 1.02-1.30) per IQR increase in 4-day average ozone, OR=1.32 (95% CI 1.03-1.70) per IQR increase in 2-day average SO2, OR=1.48 (95% CI 1.02-2.16) per IQR increase in 6-day average NO2 and OR=1.26 (95% CI 1.0 1.59) per IQR increase in 2-day average PM10. This longitudinal analysis supports previous time-series findings that at levels below current USA air-quality standards, summer-air pollution is significantly related to symptoms and decreased pulmonary function among children with asthma. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Publ Hlth Biol & Epidemiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Mortimer, KM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 1918 Univ Ave, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-15105, AI-30752, AI-30756, AI-30772, AI-30773, AI-30777, AI-30779, AI30780, U01 AI-30751] NR 30 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 15 PU EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD PI SHEFFIELD PA 146 WEST ST, STE 2.4, HUTTONS BLDG, SHEFFIELD S1 4ES, ENGLAND SN 0903-1936 J9 EUR RESPIR J JI Eur. Resp. J. PD APR PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 699 EP 705 DI 10.1183/09031936.02.00247102 PG 7 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 541RB UT WOS:000174996600018 PM 11999000 ER PT J AU Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS Sahle-Demessie, E Pillai, UR AF Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS Sahle-Demessie, E Pillai, UR TI Selective oxidation of styrene to acetophenone in the presence of ionic liquids SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IUPAC CHEMRAWN 14th Conference on Green Chemistry: Toward Environmentally Benign Processes and Products CY JUN 09-13, 2001 CL BOULDER, COLORADO SP IUPAC CHEMRAWN ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CATALYSIS; OLEFINS AB Palladium-catalyzed oxidation of styrene (Wacker reaction) in the presence of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation based ionic liquids is described under relatively benign conditions using hydrogen peroxide. The effects of various reaction parameters and a comparison of this approach with the corresponding reactions under pressurized conditions have been made. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 19 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD APR PY 2002 VL 4 IS 2 BP 170 EP 173 DI 10.1039/b109534j PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 551FA UT WOS:000175547900022 ER PT J AU Mao, D Edwards, JR Kuznetsov, AV Srivastava, R AF Mao, D Edwards, JR Kuznetsov, AV Srivastava, R TI A model for fine particle agglomeration in circulating fluidized bed absorbers SO HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL REACTORS; COAGULATION; SIMULATION AB A model for fine particle agglomeration in circulating fluidized bed absorbers (CFBAs) has been developed. It can model the influence of different factors on agglomeration, such as the geometry of a CFBA, the superficial gas velocity, initial particle size distribution (PSD), and type of agglomeration mechanism. It is found that the Brownian agglomeration mechanism can be neglected compared to agglomeration by mean shear and turbulence. Sorbent particles are shown to capture fine particles effectively for certain conditions. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kuznetsov, AV (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Campus Box 7910, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-7411 J9 HEAT MASS TRANSFER JI Heat Mass Transf. PD APR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4-5 BP 379 EP 388 DI 10.1007/S002310100260 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 552GW UT WOS:000175612400012 ER PT J AU Estime, L O'Shea, M Borst, M Gerrity, J Liao, SL AF Estime, L O'Shea, M Borst, M Gerrity, J Liao, SL TI Suspension culture and plant regeneration of Typha latifolia SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattail; tissue culture; growth curve; wetlands; plant regeneration AB Typha latifolia L. (broadleaf cattail) callus was initiated from leaf sections, as well as from pistillate and staminate spikes. Two basal media in combination with three growth regulator regimes were tested for their capacity to induce callus from the explants. Pistillate spikes maintained in the dark on 135 medium supplemented with 5 mg.L-1 dicamba and 1 mg.L-1 BA produced the fastest growing cell line compared to other explants and media combinations. A growth curve in suspension culture was generated for this cell line on B5 medium. The mass of the callus increased by 150% by the end of the growth curve. Upon transfer of the callus to MS medium without growth regulators but with 3% sucrose and 3% phytagel, plants could be regenerated from 22% of the cultures. Chemical names used: 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba); N-6-benzyladenine (BA). C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. US Infrastruct Inc, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Estime, L (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave,MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 2002 VL 37 IS 2 BP 406 EP 408 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 543JW UT WOS:000175099700037 ER PT J AU Strickland, JA Guth, DJ AF Strickland, JA Guth, DJ TI Quantitative exposure-response assessment approaches to evaluate acute inhalation toxicity of phosgene SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE carbon dichloride oxide; categorical regression; benchmark dose; acute toxicity; risk assessment; dose-response assessment ID HIGH-LEVEL EXPOSURE; RAT LUNGS; INHALED PHOSGENE; PULMONARY; REGRESSION; INJURY AB Phosgene has been a long-term subject of toxicological research due to its widespread use, high toxicity, and status as a model of chemically induced lung injury. To take advantage of the abundant data set for the acute inhalation toxicity of phosgene, methods for exposure-response analysis that use more data than the traditional no-observed-adverse-effect level approach were used to per-form an exposure-response assessment for phosgene. Categorical regression is particularly useful for acute exposures due to the ability to combine studies of various exposure durations, and thus provide estimates of effect severity for a range of both exposure concentrations and durations. Results from the categorical regression approach were compared to those from parametric curve fitting models (i.e., benchmark concentration models) that make use of information from an entire dose-response, but only for one exposure duration. While categorical regression analysis provided results that were comparable to benchmark concentration results, categorical regression provides an improvement over that technique by accounting for the effects of both exposure concentration and duration on response. The other major advantage afforded by categorical regression is the ability to combine studies, allowing the quantitative use of a larger data set, which increases confidence in the final result. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Integrated Lab Syst Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Boeing Co, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Strickland, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 57 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 2002 VL 8 IS 3 BP 511 EP 536 PG 26 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 549VM UT WOS:000175467500005 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ Vesper, MJ AF Vesper, SJ Vesper, MJ TI Stachylysin may be a cause of hemorrhaging in humans exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI HEMOLYSIN; PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; VIRULENCE FACTORS; ASP-HEMOLYSIN; RABBIT LUNGS; ALPHA-TOXIN; HEMOSIDEROSIS; INFANTS AB Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that has been associated with human health concerns such as nasal bleeding in adults and pulmonary hemosiderosis (PH) in infants. Seven of eight strains of S. chartarum isolated from homes of infants with PH in Cleveland, Ohio, and the strain from the lung of an infant with PH in Texas produced stachylysin in tryptic soy broth (TSB), whereas only one out of eight strains isolated from control homes produced stachylysin. However, all strains produced stachylysin when grown on TSB with 0.7% sheep's blood. When stachylysin was injected into Lumbricus terrestis, the erythrocruorin hemoglobin (absorbance peaks at 280 and 415 nm) was released, resulting in a lethal effect. These results support the hypothesis that stachylysin may be one agent responsible for hemorrhaging in humans. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Dayton, Dept Biol, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 26 WML King Dr,ML 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Vesper.Stephen@EPA.gov NR 38 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 EI 1098-5522 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD APR PY 2002 VL 70 IS 4 BP 2065 EP 2069 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.4.2065-2069.2002 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 534FE UT WOS:000174573200045 PM 11895972 ER PT J AU Alexis, NE AF Alexis, NE TI Iron-binding and storage proteins in sputum SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOWER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; BRONCHIAL BIOPSIES; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; CELL COUNTS; PARTICLES; FERRITIN; INFLAMMATION; INDUCTION; INCREASE AB Induced sputum (IS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample different lung compartments, with IS obtaining secretions from the surfaces of the bronchial airways and BAL sampling secretions from the alveolar airspaces. Deposition of iron-containing particulate matter occurs preferentially in the bronchial airways compared to the distal airspaces. Iron-binding and storage proteins have been measured in BAL in healthy humans, where they act to sequester and detoxify available iron; however, their comparative levels in the airways are not well defined. Seventeen (n = 17) healthy, nonsmoking volunteers underwent sputum induction and fiber-optic bronchoscopy with lavage in order to measure and compare the levels of iron and iron-binding and storage proteins in BAL, bronchial lavage (BL), and IS. Relative to BAL and BL specimens, concentrations of total iron, ferritin, lactoferrin, and total iron binding capacity ( TIBC) were significantly increased and transferrin decreased in IS. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased ferritin, lactoferrin, and TIBC in IS. Constitutive levels of iron and iron-binding and storage proteins ( except for transferrin) are in greatest concentration in the bronchial airways relative to the alveolar airspaces in healthy humans. We speculate that these proteins reflect activated antioxidant defense mechanisms resulting from the preferential deposition of iron-containing particulate matter in the airways. The finding of decreased transferrin with increased ferritin suggests a local cellular response via iron-response elements (IRE) associated with the mRNAs for these two iron-binding proteins. C1 Univ N Carolina, Div Pulm Med & Allergy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Alexis, NE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, CENLB, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 387 EP 400 DI 10.1080/08958370252871014 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 540YK UT WOS:000174958300004 PM 12028811 ER PT J AU Ashford, NA Castleman, B Frank, AL Giannasi, F Goldman, LR Greenberg, M Huff, J Joshi, TK LaDou, J Lemen, RA Maltoni, C O'Neill, R Righter, E Silbergeld, EK Teitelbaum, DT Thebaud-Mony, A Tomatis, L Watterson, A AF Ashford, NA Castleman, B Frank, AL Giannasi, F Goldman, LR Greenberg, M Huff, J Joshi, TK LaDou, J Lemen, RA Maltoni, C O'Neill, R Righter, E Silbergeld, EK Teitelbaum, DT Thebaud-Mony, A Tomatis, L Watterson, A TI The International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) and its influence on international organizations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE ICOH; public policy AB The ICOH has played a key role in the development of some scientific documents and policy recommendations, but it has not always been scientifically objective, particularly in regard to asbestos and other fibers and some chemicals and pesticides. Many ICOH members are employees of corporations or consultants to industry, serving multinational corporate interests to influence public health policy in the guise of a professional scientific organization. ICOH members' conflicts of interest with the public health dominate the organization and damage the standing of the ICOH. Official recognition of the ICOH compromises the credibility of the WHO and the ILO. It is inappropriate for the ICOH to continue to receive WHO and ILO recognition unless the ICOH is recognized as an industry organization. C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Hlth, Tyler, TX USA. Brazilian Labor Minist, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, New Delhi, India. NIOSH, Washington, DC USA. Hazards Publicat, London, England. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Jerusalem, Israel. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res, INSERM, Val De Marne, France. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. Univ Stirling, Occupat & Environm Hlth Res Grp, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. RP Ashford, NA (reprint author), MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA SN 1077-3525 J9 INT J OCCUP ENV HEAL JI Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 156 EP 162 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 560VR UT WOS:000176102500012 PM 12019683 ER PT J AU Shanaghan, PE Beecher, JA AF Shanaghan, PE Beecher, JA TI Institutional alternatives for small systems in the 21st century SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Drinking Water Util Team, Off Ground Water & Drinkin Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Beecher Policy Res Inc, Indianapolis, IN 46236 USA. RP Shanaghan, PE (reprint author), US EPA, Drinking Water Util Team, Off Ground Water & Drinkin Water, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mail Code 4606-M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 94 IS 4 BP 59 EP 61 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 540DV UT WOS:000174914900009 ER PT J AU Ray, C Grischek, T Schubert, J Wang, JZ Speth, TF AF Ray, C Grischek, T Schubert, J Wang, JZ Speth, TF TI A perspective of riverbank filtration SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER; INFILTRATION; ELBE AB Riverbank filtration (RBF) is a process In hili pumping wells located along riverbanks induce a portion of the river water to flow toward the wells. During RBF, which has many similarities to slow-sand filtration, river water contaminants are attenuated from a combination of processes such as filtration, microbial degradation, sorption to sediments and aquifer sand, and dilution with background groundwater. RBF systems have been operating in Europe since the 1870s. In the United States, there has been renewed interest among large- to medium-sized utilities to use It as a mechanism of water production to reduce treatment costs and to meet regulations on pathogens, disinfection by-products, and other contaminants under the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Although filtrate water quality from RBF systems can vary based on river conditions, it is possible that appropriately designed systems; can serve as pretreatment for drinking water, and at the same time, the utility can receive log-removal credits for pathogens and particle,. In addition, RBF can be used as a pretreatment for membrane filtration. In the United States, a knowledge gap exists oil the benefits and limitations of using RBF. This article addresses those gaps, outlining the benefits and limitations of the process. It also illustrates that RBF can be a viable alternative to surface water at suitable sites. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Water Chem, Dresden, Germany. Stadtwerke Dusseldorf AG, Dusseldorf, Germany. Louisville Water Co, Louisville, KY USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ray, C (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil Engn, 2540 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. OI Grischek, Thomas/0000-0002-2026-0585 NR 35 TC 59 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 94 IS 4 BP 149 EP + PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 540DV UT WOS:000174914900019 ER PT J AU Wang, L Chen, ASC Sorg, TJ Fields, KA AF Wang, L Chen, ASC Sorg, TJ Fields, KA TI Field evaluation of As removal by IX and AA SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ARSENIC REMOVAL; FERRIC-CHLORIDE; DRINKING-WATER; ION-EXCHANGE; GROUND-WATER; COAGULATION; ADSORPTION AB A study was conducted at two ion-exchange (IX) and two activated alumina (AA) water treatment plants in New England to evaluate the performance of these full-scale systems for consistently removing arsenic (As) from raw water. The source water in this study contained 34-87 mug/L of total As, consisting primarily of As(V), except for one system in which 0.3-28.8 mug/L of As(III) was measured, Results of the yearlong field sampling indicated the IX and AA systems were capable of removing As to < 5 μg/L in the treated water, provided IX resins were properly regenerated and AA media were changed out at a proper frequency. Special efforts were made to examine unusual performance results observed during the study. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chen, ASC (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 94 IS 4 BP 161 EP 173 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 540DV UT WOS:000174914900020 ER PT J AU Struse, AM Siegrist, RL Dawson, HE Urynowicz, MA AF Struse, AM Siegrist, RL Dawson, HE Urynowicz, MA TI Diffusive transport of permanganate during in situ oxidation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE oxidation; soil pollution; ground-water pollution ID POTASSIUM-PERMANGANATE; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; MEDIA AB The transport of permanganate in low permeability media (LPM) and its ability to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) in situ were studied through diffusive transport experiments with intact soil cores. A transport cell was developed to measure the effective diffusion coefficient (D-eff) of a Br- tracer through intact cores of silty clay LPM obtained from a field site and enable calculation of the apparent tortuosity (T,) of the medium. Then, 5000 mg L-1 of KMnO4 was added to the cell and diffusive transport and soil matrix interactions were observed. After three months, the soil cores were dissected for morphologic examination and characterization of matrix ions, total organic carbon, MnO4, and manganese oxides (MnO2). The experiment was then repeated after 2 muL of pure phase TCE were delivered into the center of each of two intact cores. Permanganate transport was observed for one month and then an extraction of the entire soil core was made to determine the extent of TCE degradation. This research demonstrated that permanganate can migrate by diffusion and yield reactive zones that can be predicted based on the properties of the LPM and the oxidant source. Under the experimental conditions examined, permanganate had little effect on the LPM's pore structure or continuity, and appreciable soil organic matter remained even after 40-60 days of exposure to the oxidant. MnO2 solids, an oxidation by-product, were observed in the LPM, but not at levels sufficient to cause pore filling or alter the apparent matrix tortuosity, even when TCE was present. During diffusive transport of permanganate, TCE in the silty clay LPM was degraded by 97%. C1 IT Corp, Englewood, CO 80111 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Struse, AM (reprint author), IT Corp, Englewood, CO 80111 USA. NR 21 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 12 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 4 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:4(327) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 540YR UT WOS:000174958900006 ER PT J AU Gitis, V Haught, RC Clark, RM Rothenberg, G AF Gitis, V Haught, RC Clark, RM Rothenberg, G TI Assessing the removal of inorganic colloids and Cryptosporidium parvum from drinking water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PUBLIC-HEALTH; POROUS-MEDIA; FILTRATION; OOCYSTS; FLOCCULATION; PARTICLES; OUTBREAK; GIARDIA AB A new batch device that simulates the conditions in water and wastewater treatment plants and enables the study of low-concentration feeds is described. The application of this apparatus to the monitoring of the concentration of inorganic and/or biological contaminants is demonstrated, using kaolin particles and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. The rate of inorganic particle attachment to the static medium is found to be directly proportional to the initial influent concentration. On the other hand, Cryptosporidium parvum removal is found to be more effective in the presence of additional (kaolin) particles, and this is attributed to electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged layers on the absorbing medium. Accordingly. the addition of humic materials is found to inhibit the removal process, possibly by neutralizing the positive charge on the kaolin particles. The relevance of these results to existing water purification processes in general and to risk assessment of microbiological contamination in particular is discussed. C1 IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45204 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Dept Chem Engn, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Gitis, V (reprint author), IT Corp, 1600 Gest St, Cincinnati, OH 45204 USA. OI Rothenberg, Gadi/0000-0003-1286-4474 NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD APR PY 2002 VL 4 IS 2 BP 244 EP 248 DI 10.1039/b110464k PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 544EQ UT WOS:000175145600013 PM 11993763 ER PT J AU Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Stiles, DC Marolf, JL Ellenson, WD Lonneman, WA AF Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Stiles, DC Marolf, JL Ellenson, WD Lonneman, WA TI Biogenic contributions to atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Azusa, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds (VOC); radiocarbon (C-14); VOC mixing ratio; biogenic; ozone precursors; back trajectories ID RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS; EMISSIONS INVENTORY; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; AMBIENT AIR; FORMIC-ACID; CANISTERS; ATLANTA; STABILITY; AEROSOLS; OZONE AB [1] An objective of the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97) was to provide an up-to-date assessment of the importance of biogenic emissions for tropospheric ozone production in the South Coast Air Basin. To this end, ambient air samples were collected during September 1997 at the Azusa air-monitoring station for subsequent measurement of their radiocarbon (C-14) content of the atmospheric nonmethane volatile organic compound (VOC) fraction. The C-14/C-12 ratio is proportional to the fraction of a sample's carbon that is biogenic. The proportionality constant was determined from local samples of vegetation, gasoline, and ambient CO2 collected during the same period. The median fraction of biogenic VOC observed from 0600 to 0900 hours (LT) was 7% (n = 5) with a range of -8% to 24%, from 1300 to 1600 hours it was 27% (n = 4) with a range of 11% to 39%, and from 1700 to 2000 hours it was 34 +/- 7% for a single sample. On the basis of calculated 24-hour back trajectories the dominant source region for the air masses associated with periods of high biogenic VOC-C levels was a sector extending from the north to the east. Over all time and space that the samples represent, the median fraction of biogenic VOC was 18% (n = 10). Expressed as an atmospheric mixing ratio, the overall (median and 95% confidence interval) biogenic VOC-carbon contribution was 80 +/- 50 nmol mol(-1) which may be representative of the natural VOC-C background for the Los Angeles air basin. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Klouda, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.klouda@nist.gov NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4072 DI 10.1029/2001JC000758 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000002 ER PT J AU Brown, JE King, FG Mitchell, WA Squier, WC Harris, DB Kinsey, JS AF Brown, JE King, FG Mitchell, WA Squier, WC Harris, DB Kinsey, JS TI On-road facility to measure and characterize emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB In response to lingering concerns about the utility of dynamometer data for mobile source emissions modeling, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has constructed an on-road test facility to characterize the real-world emissions of heavy-duty trucks. The facility was designed to effectively demonstrate the full range of vehicle operation and to measure the emissions produced. Since it began operation, the facility has been continuously upgraded to incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Its potential uses include collecting modal emissions data, validating dynamometer test parameters and results, and demonstrating new emission control technologies. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Brown, JE (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RI Kinsey, John/A-8335-2009 NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 4 BP 388 EP 395 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 541UE UT WOS:000175002300002 PM 12008651 ER PT J AU Lemberg, B Mjelde, JW Conner, JR Griffin, RC Rosenthal, WD Stuth, JW AF Lemberg, B Mjelde, JW Conner, JR Griffin, RC Rosenthal, WD Stuth, JW TI An interdisciplinary approach to valuing water from brush control SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE economics; modeling; water demand; surface water hydrology; water policy/regulation/decision making; watershed management ID HONEY MESQUITE; RANGELAND; MODEL; GIS AB An analytic methodology utilizing models from three disciplines is developed to assess the viability of brush control for water yield in the Frio River basin, Texas. Ecological, hydrologic, and economic models are used to portray changes in forage production and water supply resulting from brush control, and to value supplemental water produced through brush control. Site-specific biophysical characteristics are used to simulate water yields from brush control across the watershed. Economic benefits from increased animal production for ranchers under-taking brush control are assessed. Benefits to Corpus Christi residential water consumers from ranchers' brush control activities are evaluated using the change in consumer surplus resulting from supplemental water produced through brush control. Results indicate an increase in water yield with brush control on 35 percent of the land area in the basin. However, the cost of brush control is more than the increase in returns it fosters on most range sites. Consumer surplus change for Corpus Christi residents over 25 years is zero under baseline conditions, implying subsidies for brush control in the Frio basin are not worthwhile at this time. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Agr Exptl Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, Dept Agr Engn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Lemberg, B (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 498, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 2 BP 409 EP 422 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04326.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 544YD UT WOS:000175188700007 ER PT J AU Ogg, CW Keith, GA AF Ogg, CW Keith, GA TI New federal support for priority watershed management needs SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE targeting; nutrients; TMDLs; EQIP; CRP ID NITRATE; POLLUTION; LOSSES AB In the past five years, USDA and EPA programs became major players in implementing watershed programs. The 1996 Farm Bill for the first time required that USDA assistance for farmers address priority environmental needs on a site-specific, or watershed, basis. USDA involves farmers and other players in locally run watershed programs and focuses cost share and incentive payments on nutrient planning, riparian protection, and other practices prioritized to most efficiently achieve watershed goals. As a result, USDA has become a funding source for environmental initiatives targeted to watersheds, as well as a technical resource that attempts to support more efficient use of federal and state environmental expenditures. Analysis identifies institutional and technical barriers to targeting the very limited, new assistance and suggests how those barriers are being addressed by some innovative programs. Since Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and other state run programs face many of the same challenges of ranking watersheds, setting goals, and finding cost effective remedies, this paper identifies a very close fit between the new federal programs and other watershed programs. C1 US EPA, Off Policy, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Tarleton State Univ, Texas Inst Appl Environm Res, Stevenville, TX 76402 USA. RP Ogg, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy, US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 2 BP 577 EP 586 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04339.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 544YD UT WOS:000175188700020 ER PT J AU Chapman, PM Ho, KT Munns, WR Solomon, K Weinstein, MP AF Chapman, PM Ho, KT Munns, WR Solomon, K Weinstein, MP TI Issues in sediment toxicity and ecological risk assessment SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Sediments; toxicity; ecological risk assessment; dredging ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; IDENTIFICATION; CONTAMINATION; POLLUTION; ABUNDANCE; AMPHIPOD; RIVER; LEVEL; WATER AB This paper is based on a facilitated Workshop and Roundtable Discussion of key issues in sediment toxicology and ecological risk assessment (ERA) as applied to sediments that was held at the Conference on Dredged Material Management: Options and Environmental Considerations. The issues addressed included how toxicity is defined and perceived, how it is measured, and how it should be used within the context of ERA to support management decisions. The following conclusions were reached regarding scientific considerations of these issues. Toxicity is a measure of hazard and not a risk per se. Thus, toxicity testing is a means but not the end to understand risks of sediments. Toxicity testing cannot presently be replaced by chemical analyses to define hazard. Toxicity test organisms need to be appropriate to the problem being addressed, and the results put into context relative to both reference and baseline comparisons to understand hazard. Use of toxicity tests in sediment ERAs requires appropriate endpoints and risk hypotheses, considering ecological not just statistical significance, and recognizing that hazard does not equate to risk. Toxicity should be linked to population and community response to support decision-making, assessing possible genotypic adaptations that can influence risk estimates, and addressing uncertainty. Additionally, several key scientific issues were identified to improve future sediment ERAs, including the need to improve basic understanding of ecological mechanisms and processes, recognition of variability in the assessment process, and an improved focus and ability to assess risks to populations and communities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 EVS Environm Consultants, N Vancouver, BC V7P 2R4, Canada. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, US Environm Protect Agcy, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Guelph, Ctr Toxicol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Sandy Hook Field Stn, New Jersey Marine Sci, Ft Hancock, NJ 07732 USA. RP EVS Environm Consultants, 195 Pemberton Ave, N Vancouver, BC V7P 2R4, Canada. EM pchapman@attglobal.net NR 35 TC 76 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 44 IS 4 BP 271 EP 278 AR PII S0025-326X(01)00329-0 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00329-0 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 571WY UT WOS:000176743200013 PM 12139316 ER PT J AU Ho, KT Burgess, RM Pelletier, MC Serbst, JR Ryba, SA Cantwell, MG Kuhn, A Raczelowski, P AF Ho, KT Burgess, RM Pelletier, MC Serbst, JR Ryba, SA Cantwell, MG Kuhn, A Raczelowski, P TI An overview of toxicant identification in sediments and dredged materials SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE sediment; toxicity; identification of toxicants; toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) ID PORE-WATER TOXICITY; MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; IDENTIFYING TOXICANTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; AMMONIA; RIVER; METALS; TRIBUTARIES; CALIFORNIA AB The identification of toxicants affecting aquatic benthic systems is critical to sound assessment and management of our nation's waterways. Identification of toxicants can be useful in designing effective sediment remediation plans and reasonable options for sediment disposal. Knowledge of which contaminants affect benthic systems allows managers to link pollution to specific dischargers and prevent further release of toxicant(s). In addition, identification of major causes of toxicity in sediments may guide programs such as those developing environmental sediment guidelines and registering pesticides, while knowledge of the causes of toxicity which drive ecological changes such as shifts in benthic community structure would be useful in performing ecological risk assessments. To this end, the US Environmental Protection Agency has developed tools (toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods) that allow investigators to characterize and identify chemicals causing acute toxicity in sediments and dredged materials. To date, most sediment TIEs have been performed on interstitial waters. Preliminary evidence from the use of interstitial water TIEs reveals certain patterns in causes of sediment toxicity. First, among all sediments tested, there is no one predominant cause of toxicity;, metals, organics, and ammonia play approximately equal roles in causing toxicity. Second, within a single sediment there are multiple causes of toxicity detected; not just one chemical class is active. Third, the role of ammonia is very prominent in these interstitial waters. Finally, if sediments are divided into marine or freshwater, TIEs performed on interstitial waters from freshwater sediments indicate a variety of toxicants in fairly equal proportions, while TIEs performed on interstitial waters from marine sediments have identified only ammonia and organics as toxicants, with metals playing a minor role. Preliminary evidence from whole sediment TIEs indicates that organic compounds play a major role in the toxicity of marine sediments, with almost no evidence for either metal or ammonia toxicity. However, interpretation of these results may be skewed because only a small number of interstitial water (n = 13) and whole sediment (n = 5) TIEs have been completed. These trends may change as more data are collected. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Kingston, RI 02892 USA. RP US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM ho.kay@epa.gov OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 61 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 44 IS 4 BP 286 EP 293 AR PII S0025-326X(01)00251-X DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00251-X PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 571WY UT WOS:000176743200015 PM 12139318 ER PT J AU Munns, WR Berry, WJ Dewitt, TH AF Munns, WR Berry, WJ Dewitt, TH TI Toxicity testing, risk assessment, and options for dredged material management SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE dredged material disposal; toxicity testing; risk assessment; risk management ID PREDICT AB Programs for evaluating proposed discharges of dredged material into waters of the United States specify a tiered testing and evaluation protocol that includes performance of acute and chronic bioassays to assess toxicity of the dredged sediments. Although these evaluations reflect the toxicological risks associated with disposal activities to some degree, analysis activities are limited to the sediments of each dredging project separately. Cumulative risks to water column and benthic organisms at and near the designated disposal site are therefore difficult to assess. An alternate approach is to focus attention on the disposal site, with the goal of understanding more directly the risks of multiple disposal events to receiving ecosystems. Here we review current US toxicity testing and evaluation protocols, and describe an application of ecological risk assessment that allows consideration of the temporal and spatial components of risk to receiving aquatic ecosystems. When expanded to include other disposal options, this approach can provide the basis for holistic management of dredged material disposal. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM munns.wayne@epa.gov NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 44 IS 4 BP 294 EP 302 AR PII S0025-326X(01)00250-8 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00250-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 571WY UT WOS:000176743200016 PM 12139319 ER PT J AU Dockins, C Jenkins, RR Owens, N Simon, NB Wiggins, LB AF Dockins, C Jenkins, RR Owens, N Simon, NB Wiggins, LB TI Valuation of childhood risk reduction: The importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE benefit-cost analysis; children; risk valuation; willingness to pay ID HEALTH; LIFE; INFORMATION; UTILITY AB This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness-to-pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects-society's, children's, adults-as-children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit-cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Simon, NB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Mail Code 1809,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 335 EP 346 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.00018 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 552PU UT WOS:000175629400012 PM 12022680 ER PT J AU Vane, LM AF Vane, LM TI Comments on 'Analysis of vapor-liquid equilibrium of ethanol-water system via headspace gas chromatography: effect of molecular sieves' SO SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, M-S 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5866 J9 SEP PURIF TECHNOL JI Sep. Purif. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 1 BP 83 EP 84 AR PII S1383-5866(01)00200-3 DI 10.1016/S1383-5866(01)00200-3 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 544QT UT WOS:000175172100010 ER PT J AU Rosen, MB Chernoff, N AF Rosen, MB Chernoff, N TI 5-Aza-2 '-deoxycytidine-induced cytotoxicity and limb reduction defects in the mouse SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DNA METHYLATION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; DEMETHYLATING AGENT; MESSENGER-RNA; GROWTH-FACTOR; CHICK LIMB; EXPRESSION; INHIBITION; SCLERAXIS AB Background: 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (dAZA), causes hindlimb phocomelia in CD-1 mice. Studies in our laboratory have examined the hypothesis that compound-induced changes in gene expression may uniquely affect hindlimb pattern formation. The present study tests the hypothesis that dAZA causes limb dysplasia by inducing cytotoxicty among rapidly proliferating cells in the limb bud mesenchyme. Methods: Pregnant CD-1 mice were given a teratogenic dose of dAZA (i.p.) at different times on GD 10 and fetuses evaluated for skeletal development in both sets of limbs by standard methods. Using general histology and BrdU immunohistochemistry, limb mesenchymal cell death and cell proliferation were then assessed in embryos at various times post dosing, shortly after initial limb bud outgrowth. The effect of dAZA on early limb chondrogenesis was also studied using Northern analysis of scleraxis and Alcian blue staining of whole mount limb buds. Results: Compound related hindlimb defects were not restricted to a specific set of skeletal elements but consisted of a range of temporally related limb anomalies. Modest defects of the radius were observed as well. These results are consistent with a general insult to the limb mesenchyme. Mesenchymal cell death and reduced cell proliferation were also observed in both sets of limbs. The timing and location of these effects indicate a role for cytotoxicity in the etiology of dAZA induced limb defects. These effects also agree with the greater teratogenicity of dAZA in the hindlimb because they were more pronounced in that limb. The expression of scleraxis, a marker of early chondrogenesis, was reduced 12 hr after dAZA exposure, a time coincident with maximal cell death, as was the subsequent emergence of Alcian blue stained long bone anlagen. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that cytotoxic changes in the limb bud mesenchyme during early limb outgrowth can induce the proximal limb truncations characteristic of phocomelia after dAZA administration. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD67, Off Res & Dev,Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rosen, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD67, Off Res & Dev,Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 54 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD APR PY 2002 VL 65 IS 4 BP 180 EP 190 DI 10.1002/tera.10029 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 532WF UT WOS:000174497500006 PM 11948564 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, G Hattis, D Sonawane, B Russ, A Banati, P Kozlak, M Smolenski, S Goble, R AF Ginsberg, G Hattis, D Sonawane, B Russ, A Banati, P Kozlak, M Smolenski, S Goble, R TI Evaluation of child/adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Biological Reactive Intermediates CY JUL 16-20, 2000 CL UNIV RENE DESCARTES, PARIS, FRANCE SP CNRS, European Commiss, US EPA, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci HO UNIV RENE DESCARTES DE children; metabolism; pharmacokinetics; risk assessment ID HUMAN LIVER-MICROSOMES; GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; CYTOCHROME-P450 ENZYMES; CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; IN-VITRO; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; CHLORAL HYDRATE; CHILDREN AB Pharmacokinetics (PK) of xenobiotics can differ widely between children and adults due to physiological differences and the immaturity of enzyme systems and clearance mechanisms. This makes extrapolation of adult dosimetry estimates to children uncertain, especially at early postnatal ages. While there is very little PK data for environmental toxicants in children, there is a wealth of such data for therapeutic drugs. Using published literature, a Children's PK Database has been compiled which compares PK parameters between children and adults for 45 drugs. This has enabled comparison of child and adult PK function across a number of cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways, as well as certain Phase II conjugation reactions and renal elimination. These comparisons indicate that premature and full-term neonates tend to have 3 to 9 times longer half-life than adults for the drugs included in the database. This difference disappears by 2-6 months of age. Beyond this age, half-life can be shorter than in adults for specific drugs and pathways. The range of neonate/adult half-life ratios exceeds the 3.16-fold factor commonly ascribed to interindividual. PK variability. Thus, this uncertainty factor may not be adequate for certain chemicals in the early postnatal period. The current findings present a PK developmental profile that is relevant to environmental toxicants metabolized and cleared by the pathways represented in the current database. The manner in which this PK information can be applied to the risk assessment of children includes several different approaches: qualitative (e.g., enhanced discussion of uncertainties), semiquantitative (age group-specific adjustment factors), and quantitative (estimation of internal dosimetry in children via physiologically based PK modeling). C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Clark Univ, Ctr Technol Environm & Dev, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ginsberg, G (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, POB 340308,Mail Stop 11CHA, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. NR 68 TC 142 Z9 147 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 185 EP 200 DI 10.1093/toxsci/66.2.185 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 534CA UT WOS:000174566000003 PM 11896285 ER PT J AU Morgan, DL Chanda, SM Price, HC Fernando, R Liu, J Brambila, E O'Connor, RW Beliles, RP Barone, S AF Morgan, DL Chanda, SM Price, HC Fernando, R Liu, J Brambila, E O'Connor, RW Beliles, RP Barone, S TI Disposition of inhaled mercury vapor in pregnant rats: Maternal toxicity and effects on developmental outcome SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Biological Reactive Intermediates CY JUL 16-20, 2000 CL UNIV RENE DESCARTES, PARIS, FRANCE SP CNRS, European Commiss, US EPA, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci HO UNIV RENE DESCARTES DE mercury vapor; elemental mercury; metallic mercury; inhalation; developmental toxicity; maternal toxicity; fetal toxicity; metallothionein; developmental neurotoxicity ID ELEMENTAL MERCURY; SQUIRREL-MONKEYS; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; EXPOSURE; BRAIN; METALLOTHIONEIN; CONSEQUENCES; TISSUES AB The disposition and toxicity of inhaled elemental mercury (Hg-0) vapor for pregnant Long-Evans rats, and potential adverse effects on reproductive outcome were investigated. Rats were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg Hg-0/m(3) for 2 h/day from gestation day (GD) 6 through GD 15. Maternal toxicity occurred primarily in rats exposed to 4 and 8 mg/m(3) and was manifested as a concentration-related decrease in body weight gain and mild nephrotoxicity. Control rats gained about 13% of their initial body weight during the 10-day exposure. Rats exposed to 4 mg/m(3) Hg-0 gained about 7% less than controls, and rats exposed to 8 mg/m(3) Hg-0 lost about 17% of their initial body weight during the 10-day exposure period. Maternal kidney weights were significantly increased in the 4 and 8 mg/m(3) concentration groups, and urinalysis revealed increased levels of protein and alkaline phosphatase activity in urine of all Hg-0-exposed rats. Dams exposed to 8 mg/m(3) were euthanized in moribund condition on postnatal day (PND) 1. There was no histopathological evidence of toxicity in maternal lung, liver, or kidney of exposed rats at GD 6, GD 15, or PND 1. The incidence of resorptions was significantly increased, litter size and PND 1 neonatal body weights were significantly decreased only in the 8-mg/m(3) group. Total Hg concentrations in maternal tissues increased with increasing number of exposure days and concentration. In general, approximately 70% of Hg was eliminated from maternal tissues during the week following the last exposure (GD 15 to PND 1). Elimination of Hg from maternal brain and kidney was slower than in other tissues, possibly due to higher levels of metallothionein. Total Hg concentrations in fetal tissues increased with increasing number of exposure days and concentration, demonstrating that a significant amount of Hg crossed the placenta. One week after the last exposure, significant amounts of Hg were still present in brain, liver, and kidney of PND 1 neonates. Metallothionein levels in neonatal tissues were not significantly increased by exposure to 4 mg/m3 Hg-0. The total amount of Hg in neonatal brain (ng/brain) continued to increase after termination of inhalation exposure, suggesting a redistribution of Hg from the dam to neonatal brain. These data demonstrate that inhaled Hg-0 vapor is distributed to all maternal and fetal tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Adverse effects of Hg on developmental outcome occurred only at a concentration that caused maternal toxicity. C1 NIEHS, NCI, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Morgan, DL (reprint author), NIEHS, NCI, Mail Stop IF-00,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 41 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 261 EP 273 DI 10.1093/toxsci/66.2.261 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 534CA UT WOS:000174566000011 PM 11896293 ER PT J AU Fisher, RL Hasal, SJ Lipscomb, JC Gandolfi, AJ Brendel, K AF Fisher, RL Hasal, SJ Lipscomb, JC Gandolfi, AJ Brendel, K TI Cold and cryopreservation of monkey liver slices SO TOXICOLOGY MECHANISMS AND METHODS LA English DT Article DE cold preservation; cryopreservation; monkey liver slices ID RAT-LIVER; ISOLATED HEPATOCYTES; BIOTRANSFORMATION ACTIVITY; HYPOTHERMIC STORAGE; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; MOUSE HEPATOCYTES; PRIMARY CULTURE; KIDNEY SLICES; WARM ISCHEMIA; PRESERVATION AB Both cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys are utilized in chemical toxicity screening and drug development studies by industry and government laboratories. Along with better utilization of their tissue for in vivo studies, it would be advantageous if the tissue could be cold-preserved or cryopreserved for future in vitro experimentation. Therefore, livers were excised from control monkeys and precision-cut tissue slices were prepared. The objective of this study was twofold: to compare cold-preservation solutions ( V-7 and Viaspan) and to compare controlled-rate and vitrification cryopreservation protocols. Monkey liver slices were cold-stored in V-7 or Viaspan preservation solutions for 7 days. V-7 maintained slice viability for 5 days whereas Viaspan maintained slice viability for 1 day. In the controlled-rate freezing procedure, slices were exposed to 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 90% fetal calf serum (FCS); cooled at the rate of 0.5degreesC, 1degreesC, or 12degreesC per min to - 70degreesC; then placed into liquid nitrogen. Vitrification was accomplished by exposing slices stepwise to increasing concentrations of 1,2-propanediol (1.2, 2.4, and 4 M) in FCS with direct submersion into liquid nitrogen. In both protocols, slices were rewarmed quickly to 37degreesC and then incubated in FCS for 4 h. Three viability parameters were used to measure slice viability-retention of potassium, leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and synthesis of protein. Liver slices cryopreserved at a rate of 0.5degrees C per min and vitrified successfully retained 80 to 90% of their viability. These results confirm the feasibility of functional cold preservation and cryopreservation protocols for monkey liver slices that would allow for a more efficient use of monkey tissue. C1 Vitron Inc, Tucson, AZ 85747 USA. Novartis Pharmaceut, Expt Technol, E Hanover, NJ USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Pharm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. RP Fisher, RL (reprint author), Vitron Inc, 8230 S Wentworth Rd, Tucson, AZ 85747 USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1537-6524 J9 TOXICOL MECH METHOD JI Toxicol. Mech. Methods PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 119 EP 133 DI 10.1080/10517230290075350 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 555MX UT WOS:000175798800002 PM 20021197 ER PT J AU Sanchez, L Seila, RL Christen, P Revah, S AF Sanchez, L Seila, RL Christen, P Revah, S TI Effect of leucine on aroma volatiles production from Ceratocystis fimbriata grown in liquid culture SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aroma; Ceratocystis fimbriata; flavouring; leucine; synthetic liquid culture; volatiles ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; FRUITY AROMA; FERMENTATION; COMPONENTS; ASPERGILLUS; ALCOHOLS; FLAVORS; LIPASE; ESTERS AB Aroma volatiles produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata on a defined liquid synthetic medium with and without the addition of leucine were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection in the liquid medium as well as in the headspace. Volatiles were extracted from the liquid by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction. Ceratocystis fimbriata produced a complex set of volatile intermediary metabolites, of which ethanol was the dominant compound (similar to92-95% of total volatiles). Low molecular weight esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, and carboxylic acids were identified in the liquid broth. Alcohols and esters were the most abundant aroma volatiles. Leucine addition effected further growth and higher volatiles production. In the headspace, ethanol and ethyl acetate accounted for 92% of total volatiles over the synthetic medium and 89% when leucine was added. Aroma perception (fruity and banana) correlated closely with liquid and headspace total volatiles. C1 Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Dept Chem Engn, Mexico City 09340, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Estudios Super Zaragoza, Dept Chem Engn, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. IRD Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev & Cooperat, Mexico City 11530, DF, Mexico. RP Sanchez, L (reprint author), Fernando Lizardi 14,Colonial Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa 09270, DF, Mexico. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1023/A:1014996800451 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 548UD UT WOS:000175407500009 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H Fath, BD AF Cabezas, H Fath, BD TI Towards a theory of sustainable systems SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Properties and Phase Equilibria for Product and Process Design CY MAY 20-25, 2001 CL KURASHIKI, JAPAN SP Commemorat Assoc Japan World Exposit (1970), Natl Sci Fdn, Inoue Fdn Sci, Iwatani Naoji Fdn, Asahi Glass Fdn, Kao Fdn Arts & Sci, Electr Technol Res Fdn Chugoku, Res Fdn Electrotechnol Chubu, Nioppon Sheet Glass Fdn Mat Sci & Engn, Mitsubishi Chem Corp, Rigaku Int Corp, KK Ohkuma, Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd, SIMSCI Japan KK, AKICO Corp, Nisshin Kikai Co Ltd, Okayama Fdn Sci & Technol, Kurashiki Univ Sci & Arts DE Fisher information; information theory; predator-prey models; sustainability; ecological models AB While there is tremendous interest in sustainability, a fundamental theory of sustainability does not exist. We present our efforts at constructing a theory from Information Theory and Ecological Models. We discuss the state of complex systems that incorporate ecological and other components in terms of dynamic behavior in a phase space defined by the system state variables. From sampling the system trajectory, a distribution function for the probability of observing the system in a given state is constructed, and an expression for the Fisher information is derived. Fisher information is the maximum amount of information available from a set of observations. in this case, states of the system. Fisher information is a function of the variability of the observations such that low variability leads to high Fisher information and high variability leads to low Fisher information. Systems in stable dynamic states have constant Fisher information. Systems losing organization migrate toward higher variability and lose Fisher information. Self-organizing systems decrease their variability and acquire Fisher information. These considerations lead us to propose a sustainability hypothesis: "sustainable systems do not lose or gain Fisher information over time." We illustrate these concepts using simulated ecological systems in stable and unstable states, and we discuss the underlying dynamics. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Sustainable Environm Bran, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Sustainable Environm Bran, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD MAR 30 PY 2002 VL 194 SI SI BP 3 EP 14 AR PII S0378-3812(01)00677-X DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(01)00677-X PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 537TL UT WOS:000174775600002 ER PT J AU Lin, S Shi, Q Nix, FB Styblo, M Beck, MA Herbin-Davis, KM Hall, LL Simeonsson, JB Thomas, DJ AF Lin, S Shi, Q Nix, FB Styblo, M Beck, MA Herbin-Davis, KM Hall, LL Simeonsson, JB Thomas, DJ TI A novel S-adenosyl-L-methionine : arsenic(III) methyltransferase from rat liver cytosol SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); THIOETHER S-METHYLTRANSFERASE; IN-VITRO METHYLATION; ARSENIC COMPOUNDS; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; RABBIT LIVER; HUMAN URINE; MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS; HUMAN HEPATOCYTES; SKIN-CANCER AB S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet):arsenic (III) methyltransferase, purified from liver cytosol of adult male Fischer 344 rats, catalyzes transfer of a methyl group from AdoMet to trivalent arsenicals producing methylated and dimethylated arsenicals. The kinetics of production of methylated arsenicals in reaction mixtures containing enzyme, AdoMet, dithiothreitol, glutathione (GSH), and arsenite are consistent with a scheme in which monomethylated arsenical produced from arsenite is the substrate for a second methylation reaction that yields dimethylated arsenical. The mRNA for this protein predicts a 369-amino acid residue protein (molecular mass 41056) that contains common methyltransferase sequence motifs. Its sequence is similar to Cyt19, a putative methyltransferase, expressed in human and mouse tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detects S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase m-RNA in rat tissues and in HepG2 cells, a human cell line that methylates arsenite and methylarsonous acid. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase mRNA is not detected in UROtsa cells, an immortalized human urothelial cell line that does not methylate arsenite. Because methylation of arsenic is a critical feature of its metabolism, characterization of this enzyme will improve our understanding of this metalloid's metabolism and its actions as a toxin and a carcinogen. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Expt Toxicol,Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Expt Toxicol,Pharmacokinet Branch, MD74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM thomas.david@epa.gov FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK56350]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09941] NR 57 TC 213 Z9 220 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAR 29 PY 2002 VL 277 IS 13 BP 10795 EP 10803 DI 10.1074/jbc.M110246200 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 534WQ UT WOS:000174613100009 PM 11790780 ER PT J AU Liu, SM Pleil, JD AF Liu, SM Pleil, JD TI Human blood and environmental media screening method for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds using liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE persistent organic pollutants; organochlorine pesticides; organophosphate pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls ID HUMAN PLASMA; PYRETHROIDS; CONGENERS; INSECTICIDES; EXPOSURE; SAMPLES; RIVER AB Screening assessment methods have been developed for semi- and non-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for human blood and solid environmental media. The specific methodology is developed for measuring the presence of "native" compounds, specifically, a variety of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The method is demonstrated on anonymous Red Cross blood samples as well as two potential environmental sources, tracked in soil and dog hair. This work is based on previously developed methods for semi-volatile hydrocarbon exposure from fuels usage and similarly employs liquid solvent extraction, evaporative volume reduction, and subsequent specialized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Standard curves, estimates of recovery efficiency, and specific GC-MS SIM quantification methods were developed for common pesticides including diazinon, aldrin, chlorpyrifos, malathion, dieldrin, DDT, permethrin, cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin, and for seven selected PCBs. Trace levels of certain PCBs and pesticides such as permethrin, dieldrin, malathion, lindane, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos were tentatively identified in anonymous blood samples as well as in two potential environmental sources, tracked in soil and dog hair. The method provides a simple screening procedure for various media and a variety of common organic pollutants without extensive sample preparation. It is meant to complement and augment data from more specific or complex methodology, to provide initial broad spectrum guidance for designing targeted experiments, and to provide confirmatory evidence for the usual metabolic biomarker measurements made to assess human exposure. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0232 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD MAR 25 PY 2002 VL 769 IS 1 BP 155 EP 167 AR PII S1570-0232(01)00640-7 DI 10.1016/S1570-0232(01)00640-7 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 529QN UT WOS:000174310200016 PM 11936688 ER PT J AU White, PA AF White, PA TI The genotoxicity of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE PAHs; complex mixtures; genotoxicity; SOS chromotest ID CARCINOGENIC POTENCY DATABASE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; SOS CHROMOTEST; BACTERIAL MUTAGENICITY; CHEMICAL-MIXTURES; ANIMAL BIOASSAYS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BINARY-MIXTURES; ASSAY; MODEL AB Risk assessment of complex environmental samples suffers from difficulty in identifying toxic components, inadequacy of available toxicity data, and a paucity of knowledge about the behavior of geno(toxic) substances in complex mixtures. Lack of information about the behavior of toxic substances in complex mixtures is often avoided by assuming that the toxicity of a mixture is simply the sum of the expected effects from each mixture component, i.e. no synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Although this assumption is supported by research investigating non-genotoxic end-points, the literature describing the behavior of genotoxic substances in complex mixtures is sparse and, occasionally, contradictory. In this study, the results of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analyses on freshwater bivalves were used to prepare realistic mixtures containing up to 16 PAHs. The SOS genotoxicity of the mixtures and each component were then assessed in an effort to evaluate the additivity of PAH genotoxicity. At nominal PAH concentrations above 1 mug/ml, observed genotoxic responses were far lower than those predicted under the assumption of additivity. At nominal concentrations below 0.75 mug/ml, differences are smaller and occasionally negligible, indicating that the genotoxicity of unsubstituted homocyclic PAHs is additive or slightly less than additive. Other researchers who have investigated the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and DNA binding activity of mixtures containing unsubstituted homocyclic PAHs have also reported additive effects. Therefore, the mutagenic risk posed by simple, well-characterized mixtures of priority PAHs can reasonably be estimated as the sum of the risks posed by the mixture components. Current data indicate that less-than-additive effects likely result from saturation of metabolic pathways needed to activate mutagenic PAHs. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP White, PA (reprint author), Hlth Canada, Safe Environm Program, Mutagenesis Sect, Tunneys Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. OI white, paul/0000-0001-5853-4759 NR 65 TC 117 Z9 119 U1 4 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD MAR 25 PY 2002 VL 515 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 98 AR PII S1383-5718(02)00017-7 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00017-7 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 536FZ UT WOS:000174691200008 PM 11909757 ER PT J AU Knuckles, TL Jaskot, R Richards, J Dreher, KL AF Knuckles, TL Jaskot, R Richards, J Dreher, KL TI In vitro cardiac cellular and molecular effects of air pollution particle constituents SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 22 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP A960 EP A960 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 534PC UT WOS:000174593901306 ER PT J AU Qiao, D Seidler, FJ Levin, ED Padilla, S Slotkin, TA AF Qiao, D Seidler, FJ Levin, ED Padilla, S Slotkin, TA TI Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: Defining the vulnerable period SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 22 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP A949 EP A949 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 534PC UT WOS:000174593901244 ER PT J AU Roberts, ES Richards, JL Dreher, KL AF Roberts, ES Richards, JL Dreher, KL TI Oxidative stress participates in particulate matter (PM) induced acute lung injury. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 22 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP A960 EP A960 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 534PC UT WOS:000174593901307 ER PT J AU Smith, EG Padnos, B Gordon, CJ AF Smith, EG Padnos, B Gordon, CJ TI Increased susceptibility of the spontaneously hypertensive rat to chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC 27707 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 22 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP A823 EP A823 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 534PC UT WOS:000174593900545 ER PT J AU Staskal, D Birnbaum, L DeVito, M AF Staskal, D Birnbaum, L DeVito, M TI Polychlorinated dibenzo-p dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls are in vitro inhibitors of human and rat CYP1A2 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 22 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP A940 EP A940 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 534PC UT WOS:000174593901195 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Marshall, R Hunter, D Becker, P Padnos, B AF Gordon, CJ Marshall, R Hunter, D Becker, P Padnos, B TI Thermoregulation in the rat during chronic, dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP A38 EP A39 PN 1 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 533MG UT WOS:000174533600214 ER PT J AU Mack, CN Gordon, CJ AF Mack, CN Gordon, CJ TI The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine attenuates chlorpyrifos induced hypothermia in the developing rat. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP A39 EP A39 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 533MG UT WOS:000174533600215 ER PT J AU Pimentel-Smith, G Misra, HP Adeshina, F Choudhury, H AF Pimentel-Smith, G Misra, HP Adeshina, F Choudhury, H TI The effect of in vivo exposure of pesticide mixtures on immune function of aged mice SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP A142 EP A142 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 533MG UT WOS:000174533600786 ER PT J AU Wang, ZY Lubin, JH Wang, LD Zhang, SZ Boice, JD Cui, HX Zhang, SR Conrath, S Xia, Y Shang, B Brenner, A Lei, SW Metayer, C Cao, JS Chen, KW Lei, SJ Kleinerman, RA AF Wang, ZY Lubin, JH Wang, LD Zhang, SZ Boice, JD Cui, HX Zhang, SR Conrath, S Xia, Y Shang, B Brenner, A Lei, SW Metayer, C Cao, JS Chen, KW Lei, SJ Kleinerman, RA TI Residential radon and lung cancer risk in a high-exposure area of Gansu Province, China SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environment and public health; lung neoplasms; radiation; radon ID INDOOR RADON; WOMEN AB In the general population, evaluation of lung cancer risk from radon in houses is hampered by low levels of exposure and by dosimetric uncertainties due to residential mobility. To address these limitations, the authors conducted a case-control study in a predominantly rural area of China with low mobility and high radon levels. Included were all lung cancer cases diagnosed between January 1994 and April 1998, aged 30-75 years, and residing in two prefectures. Randomly selected, population-based controls were matched on age, sex, and prefecture, Radon detectors were placed in all houses occupied for 2 or more years during the 5-30 years prior to enrollment. Measurements covered 77% of the possible exposure time. Mean radon concentrations were 230.4 Bq/m(3) for cases (n = 768) and 222.2 Bq/m(3) for controls (n = 1,659). Lung cancer risk increased with increasing radon level (p < 0.001). When a linear model was used, the excess odds ratios at 100 Bq/m(3) were 0.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.47) for all subjects and 0.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.10, 0.81) for subjects for whom coverage of the exposure interval was 100%. Adjusting for exposure uncertainties increased estimates by 50%. Results support increased lung cancer risks with indoor radon exposures that may equal or exceed extrapolations based on miner data. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Minist Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China. Int Epidemiol Inst, Rockville, MD USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN USA. US EPA, Indoor Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Lab Ind Hyg, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Lubin, JH (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, EPS-8042,6120 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Kleinerman, Ruth/0000-0001-7415-2478 NR 34 TC 69 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 155 IS 6 BP 554 EP 564 DI 10.1093/aje/155.6.554 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 532GE UT WOS:000174465300008 PM 11882529 ER PT J AU Lytle, DA Johnson, CH Rice, EW AF Lytle, DA Johnson, CH Rice, EW TI A systematic comparison of the electrokinetic properties of environmentally important microorganisms in water SO COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES LA English DT Article DE electrokinetics; microorganisms; water ID ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY; SURFACE-COMPOSITION; BACTERIAL ADHESION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HYDROPHOBICITY; CHARGE AB The surface charge of microorganisms is an important factor controlling their stability in aqueous environments and removal during water treatment practices. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of a number of environmentally important microorganisms in phosphate buffers was measured. The effect of pH,,ionic strength, and cation type (valence) and cation concentration on the EPM was investigated. The results show that microorganisms have significantly different charge properties in water. The surface charge of all microorganisms was impacted by pH, ionic strength and ionic make-up of the water. As a result, direct comparisons of reported surface charge values should be approached with caution. Increasing the pH increased the,EPM in the negative direction. Increasing the ionic strength of the suspension by increasing the phosphate buffer concentration or adding simple salts generally decreased the EPM. The EPM was more neutral as the valence state of the cation in the salt increased. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-7765 J9 COLLOID SURFACE B JI Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 91 EP 101 AR PII S0927-7765(01)00219-3 DI 10.1016/S0927-7765(01)00219-3 PG 11 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Materials Science GA 539EY UT WOS:000174858600002 ER PT J AU Lindberg, SE Brooks, S Lin, CJ Scott, KJ Landis, MS Stevens, RK Goodsite, M Richter, A AF Lindberg, SE Brooks, S Lin, CJ Scott, KJ Landis, MS Stevens, RK Goodsite, M Richter, A TI Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-ICE COVER; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; OZONE DEPLETION; METHYL MERCURY; EMISSIONS; BROMINE; METHYLMERCURY; DEPOSITION; SPECIATION AB Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg-0) is a globally distributed air toxin with a long atmospheric residence time. Any process that reduces its atmospheric lifetime increases its potential accumulation in the biosphere. Our data from Barrow, AK, at 71degrees N show that rapid, photochemically driven oxidation of boundary-layer Hg-0 after polar sunrise, probably by reactive halogens, creates a rapidly depositing species of oxidized gaseous mercury in the remote Arctic troposphere at concentrations in excess of 900 pg m(-3). This mercury accumulates in the snowpack during polar spring at an accelerated rate in a form that is bioavailable to bacteria and is released with snowmelt during the summer emergence of the Arctic ecosystem. Evidence suggests that this is a recent phenomenon that may be occurring throughout the earth's polar regions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Microbiol, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. US EPA, Human Exposure Anal Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. RP Lindberg, SE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Goodsite, Michael/B-7321-2012; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014; Lin, Che-Jen/K-1808-2013 OI Goodsite, Michael/0000-0002-4565-6607; Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X; Lin, Che-Jen/0000-0001-5990-3093 NR 66 TC 364 Z9 383 U1 6 U2 75 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1245 EP 1256 DI 10.1021/es0111941 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532EF UT WOS:000174458100015 PM 11944676 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Govindaraju, RS Marino, MA Zhang, ZL AF Hantush, MM Govindaraju, RS Marino, MA Zhang, ZL TI Screening model for volatile pollutants in dual porosity soils SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE solute transport; soil; vapor transport; pesticides; screening models; mobile-immobile phase; biochemical decay; adsorption; dispersion; mass transfer ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MASS-TRANSFER; POROUS-MEDIA; GROUNDWATER; PESTICIDES; CONTAMINATION; WATER; HETEROGENEITY; CONDUCTIVITY; SENSITIVITY AB This paper develops mass fraction models for transport and fate of agricultural pollutants in structured two-region soils. Mass fraction index models. based on a semi-infinite domain solution. are derived that describe leaching at depth, vapor losses through soil surface, absorption, and degradation in the dynamic- and stagnant-water soil regions. The models predict that leaching is the result of the combined effect of the upward vapor-phase transport relative to downward advection, residence time relative to half-life, dispersion, and lateral diffusive mass transfer. Simulations show, that leached fraction of volatile compounds does not always decrease monotonically with increased residence time relative to the pollutant half-life, as a result of complex interactions among the different physical and biochemical processes. The results show that leaching, volatilization, and degradation losses can be affected significantly by lateral diffusive mass transfer into immobile-water regions and advection relative to dispersion (i.e. Peclet number) in the mobile-water regions. It is shown that solute diffusion into the immobile phase and subsequent biochemical decay reduces leaching and vapor losses through soil surface. Potential use of the modified leaching index for the screening of selected pesticides is illustrated for different soil textures and infiltration rates. The analysis may be useful to the management of pesticides and the design of landfills. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Concurrent Technol Corp, Bremerton, WA 98337 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. OI Govindaraju, Rao/0000-0003-3957-3319 NR 39 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 260 IS 1-4 BP 58 EP 74 AR PII S0022-1694(01)00597-2 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00597-2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 527QM UT WOS:000174197900005 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Sex without consent: Rape and sexual coercion in America. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 99 EP 99 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 532ER UT WOS:000174459100167 ER PT J AU Plitnick, LM Loveless, SE Ladics, GS Holsapple, MP Selgrade, MJ Sailstad, DM Smialowicz, RJ AF Plitnick, LM Loveless, SE Ladics, GS Holsapple, MP Selgrade, MJ Sailstad, DM Smialowicz, RJ TI Cytokine profiling for chemical sensitizers: Application of the ribonuclease protection assay and effect of dose SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE respiratory sensitizers; contact sensitizers; ribonuclease protection assay; cytokines; Th1 and Th2 cells; hypersensitivity ID LYMPH-NODE ASSAY; DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE; CONTACT SENSITIVITY; ASTHMA; INTERLEUKIN-4; DERMATITIS; INDUCTION; ALLERGENS; WORKERS AB Exposure to chemicals in domestic and occupational settings may contribute to increases in asthma and allergy. Airway hypersensitivity (AHS) is T helper-2 (Th2) cell associated, whereas contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is T helper-1 (Th1) cell associated. The distinct cytokine profiles produced by these cells may provide a means of distinguishing respiratory sensitizers from contact sensitizers. In this study, female BALB/c mice were exposed twice on the flanks and three times on the ears using the airway sensitizer trimellitic anhydride (TMA) or the contact sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). At various times following exposure, total mRNA was extracted from draining lymph node cells and cytokine mRNA profiles analyzed using a multiprobe ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). The cytokines IL4, IL10, and IL13 were significantly increased in response to TMA compared to DNCB, with optimal detection occurring 14 days following initial exposure. To determine its effect, dose was varied in flank exposures, ear exposures, or both simultaneously. When dose was varied during flank exposures only, TMA induced higher levels of Th2 cytokines than DNCB at all doses tested. DNCB did not induce Th1 cytokines at any dose tested. Variation of TMA dose during both exposures similarly induced Th2 cytokines. Dose only appeared to be a factor when TMA concentration was varied during the ear exposures alone. Thus, these studies suggest that quantitative differences in Th2 responses between TMA and DNCB may be demonstrated over a wide range of doses and these differences may be detected by RPA following dermal exposure to these sensitizers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dupont Co Inc, Haskell Lab, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RP Plitnick, LM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 179 IS 3 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1006/taap.2002.9370 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 539KZ UT WOS:000174870400003 PM 11906244 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Hueni, SE Elfarra, AA Sicuri, AR Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Hueni, SE Elfarra, AA Sicuri, AR Parker, JC TI Renal toxicity of perchloroethylene and S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione in rats and mice: Sex- and species-dependent differences SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glutathione conjugate; acute cytotoxicity; perchloroethylene; species-dependent differences; liver; kidney; mitochondria ID GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION; KIDNEY-CELLS; IN-VITRO; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLISM; HUMANS; LIVER; CARCINOGENICITY; CYSTEINE AB Suspensions of renal cells from rats and renal mitochondria from rats and mice were used to assess the sex and species dependence of acute toxicity due to perchloroethylene (Perc) and its glutathione conjugate S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG). A marked sex dependence in the acute cytotoxicity of both Perc and TCVG was observed: Perc caused significant release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in isolated kidney cells from male but not female rats, and TCVG caused much more LDH release from male than female rat kidney cells. Assessment of toxicity in Suspensions of isolated mitochondria from kidneys of male and female rats revealed a generally similar pattern of sensitivity, with mitochondria from males exhibiting significantly more inhibition of State 3 respiration and decrease of respiratory control ratio than mitochondria from females. Respiratory function in mitochondria from male and female mice, however, was also significantly inhibited by Perc or TCVG but exhibited little sex dependence in the degree of inhibition. Comparison with results from similar studies using the congener trichloroethylene and its glutathione conjugate suggested that Perc and TCVG are more potent nephrotoxicants. Neither Perc nor TCVG produced any significant effects on cytotoxicity or mitochondrial function in isolated hepatocytes from rats or in isolated liver mitochondria from rats or mice, suggesting that the liver is not a major acute target for Perc or its glutathione conjugate. Thus, many of the species-, sex-, and tissue-dependent differences in toxicity of Perc and TCVG that are observed in vivo are also observed in these in vitro models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01-DK44295]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01-ES08828] NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR 15 PY 2002 VL 179 IS 3 BP 163 EP 171 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9358 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 539KZ UT WOS:000174870400005 PM 11906246 ER PT J AU Kapila, YL Wang, SH Dazin, P Tafolla, E Mass, MJ AF Kapila, YL Wang, SH Dazin, P Tafolla, E Mass, MJ TI The heparin-binding domain and V region of fibronectin regulate apoptosis by suppression of p53 and c-myc in human primary cells SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; RHEUMATOID SYNOVIAL-FLUID; GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; MOLECULAR-FORMS; GENE-EXPRESSION; PP125(FAK); INHIBITION; FRAGMENTS; ACTIVATION AB In apoptosis the tumor suppressor p53 and the c-myc proto-oncogene are usually up-regulated. We show a novel alternative pathway of apoptosis in human primary cells that is mediated by transcriptionally dependent decreases in p53 and c-Myc and decreases in p2l. This pathway is regulated by the alternatively spliced V region and high-affinity heparin-binding domain of fibronectin. Requirements for c-Myc, p53, and p2l signals in maintaining survival and for their decreases in inducing apoptosis were demonstrated by the ability of p53, c-Myc, and p2l ectopic expression to rescue this apoptotic phenotype, and the ability of p53-deficient an c-myc antisense conditions to trigger a faster rate of apoptosis. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Dent, Dept Stomatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kapila, YL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Dent, Dept Stomatol, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE13725] NR 34 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAR 8 PY 2002 VL 277 IS 10 BP 8482 EP 8491 DI 10.1074/jbc.M108932200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 528WR UT WOS:000174268000109 PM 11751853 ER PT J AU Dosemeci, M Alavanja, MCR Rowland, AS Mage, D Zahm, SH Rothman, N Lubin, JH Hoppin, JA Sandler, DP Blair, A AF Dosemeci, M Alavanja, MCR Rowland, AS Mage, D Zahm, SH Rothman, N Lubin, JH Hoppin, JA Sandler, DP Blair, A TI A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the Agricultural Health Study SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE exposure assessment; pesticide exposure; agricultural exposures; farmers; pesticide applicators; occupational exposures ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; AERIAL APPLICATION; URINARY-EXCRETION; DERMAL EXPOSURE; HAND EXPOSURE; INSECTICIDES; RISK; FARMERS AB We developed a quantitative method to estimate long-term chemical-specific pesticide exposures in a large prospective cohort study of more than 58000 pesticide applicators in North Carolina and Iowa. An enrollment questionnaire was administered to applicators to collect basic time- and intensity-related information on pesticide exposure such as mixing condition, duration and frequency of application, application methods and personal protective equipment used. In addition, a detailed take-home questionnaire was administered to collect further intensity-related exposure information such as maintenance or repair of mixing and application equipment, work practices and personal hygiene. More than 40% of the enrolled applicators responded to this detailed take-home questionnaire. Two algorithms were developed to identify applicators' exposure scenarios using information from the enrollment and take-home questionnaires separately in the calculation of subject-specific intensity of exposure score to individual pesticides. The 'general algorithm' used four basic variables (i.e. mixing status, application method, equipment repair status and personal protective equipment use) from the enrollment questionnaire and measurement data from the published pesticide exposure literature to calculate estimated intensity of exposure to individual pesticides for each applicator. The 'detailed' algorithm was based on variables in the general algorithm plus additional exposure information from the take-home questionnaire, including types of mixing system used (i.e. enclosed or open), having a tractor with enclosed cab and/or charcoal filter, frequency of washing equipment after application, frequency of replacing old gloves, personal hygiene and changing clothes after a spill. Weighting factors applied in both algorithms were estimated using measurement data from the published pesticide exposure literature and professional judgment. For each study subject, chemical-specific lifetime cumulative pesticide exposure levels were derived by combining intensity of pesticide exposure as calculated by the two algorithms independently and duration/frequency of pesticide use from the questionnaire. Distributions of duration, intensity and cumulative exposure levels of 2,4-D and chlorpyrifus are presented by state, gender, age group and applicator type (i.e. farmer or commercial applicator) for the entire enrollment cohort and for the sub-cohort of applicators who responded to the take-home questionnaire. The distribution patterns of all basic exposure indices (i.e. intensity, duration and cumulative exposure to 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos) by state, gender, age and applicator type were almost identical in two study populations, indicating that the take-home questionnaire sub-cohort of applicators is representative of the entire cohort in terms of exposure. C1 NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Temple Univ, Inst Survey Res, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. RP Dosemeci, M (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Execut Plaza S,Room 8002, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Mage, David/0000-0002-3880-566X; Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 NR 42 TC 127 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 23 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 46 IS 2 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.1093/annhyg/mef011 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 532ZU UT WOS:000174505600013 PM 12074034 ER PT J AU Widmer, KW Oshima, KH Pillai, SD AF Widmer, KW Oshima, KH Pillai, SD TI Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by an artificial neural network approach SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATTERN-RECOGNITION; GIARDIA; WATER AB Microscopic detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is time-consuming, requires trained analysts, and is frequently subject to significant human errors. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were developed to help identify immunofluorescently labeled C. parvum oocysts. A total of 525 digitized images of immunofluorescently labeled oocysts, fluorescent microspheres, and other miscellaneous nonoocyst images were employed in the training of the ANN. The images were cropped to a 36- by 36-pixel image, and the cropped images were placed into two categories, oocyst and nonoocyst images. The images were converted to grayscale and processed into a histogram of gray color pixel intensity. Commercially available software was used to develop and train the ANN. The networks were optimized by varying the number of training images, number of hidden neurons, and a combination of these two parameters. The network performance was then evaluated using a set of 362 unique testing images which the network had never "seen" before. Under optimized conditions, the correct identification of authentic oocyst images ranged from 81 to 97%, and the correct identification of nonoocyst images ranged from 78 to 82%, depending on the type of fluorescent antibody that was employed. The results indicate that the ANN developed were able to generalize the training images and subsequently discern previously unseen oocyst images efficiently and reproducibly. Thus, ANN can be used to reduce human errors associated with the microscopic detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Tech Support Ctr, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Pillai, SD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM spillai@poultry.tamu.edu OI Widmer, Kenneth/0000-0002-8154-5373 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 68 IS 3 BP 1115 EP 1121 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.3.1115-1121.2002 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 527UL UT WOS:000174206200014 PM 11872458 ER PT J AU Childers, JW Phillips, WJ Thompson, EL Harris, DB Kirchgessner, DA Natschke, DF Clayton, M AF Childers, JW Phillips, WJ Thompson, EL Harris, DB Kirchgessner, DA Natschke, DF Clayton, M TI Comparison of an innovative nonlinear algorithm to classical least-squares for analyzing open-path Fourier transform infrared spectra collected at a concentrated swine production facility SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry; classical least-squares; innovative nonlinear algorithm ID SPECTROMETRY; INSTRUMENT; RESOLUTION AB Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP/FT-IR) spectrometry was used to measure the concentrations of ammonia, methane, and other atmospheric gases at an integrated swine production facility. The concentration-path length products of the target gases at this site often exceeded the linear dynamic range of the OP/FT-IR spectrometer. To minimize the effect of this nonlinearity on the accuracy of the reported concentrations, a piecewise, linear classical least-squares (CLS) analysis method, which used a calibration set containing multiple reference spectra for each target gas at concentration-pathlength products that encompassed those found in the field spectra, was used to predict the path-averaged concentrations of the target gases. The predicted concentrations reported by this piecewise, linear CLS method were compared to those predicted by a conventional linear CLS method, which used a calibration set consisting of only one reference spectrum at a single concentration-pathlength product for each target gas, and an innovative nonlinear algorithm (NLA), which performs an iterative fit of the convolved spectral line data from the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption (HITRAN) database to the single-beam field spectra. The conventional, linear CLS method generally under-reported the target gas concentrations relative to those predicted by the piecewise, linear CLS method when the field spectra exhibited concentration-pathlength products larger than those of the reference spectra in the single-level calibration set. In extreme cases, for example, during measurements of methane along the waste lagoon, the concentrations predicted by the conventional CLS methods were more than 30% lower than those predicted by the piecewise, linear CLS method. In contrast, the concentrations of methane predicted by the NLA were, on average, within 4% of those predicted by the piecewise, linear CLS method. For ammonia, however, the concentrations predicted by the NLA were slightly higher than those predicted by the piecewise, linear CLS method at the lower range of observed concentration-pathlength products and slightly lower than those predicted by the piecewise, linear CLS method at the upper range of concentration-pathlength products. The NLA also consistently predicted higher concentrations of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide relative to that predicted by the piecewise, linear CLS method. Differences in the background spectra and spectral ranges over which the analyses were conducted apparently did not contribute to the differences in the path-averaged concentrations predicted by these two analysis methods. C1 ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SpectraSoft Technol Inc, Tullahoma, TN 37388 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Childers, JW (reprint author), ManTech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 56 IS 3 BP 325 EP 336 DI 10.1366/0003702021954917 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 532RH UT WOS:000174488500009 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Total gaseous mercury exchange between air and water river and sea surface in Swedish coastal regions SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Loux, NT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1403 EP 1403 AR PII S1352-2310(01)00560-X DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00560-X PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 532ZT UT WOS:000174505500014 ER PT J AU Schweiger, EW Leibowitz, SG Hyman, JB Foster, WE Downing, MC AF Schweiger, EW Leibowitz, SG Hyman, JB Foster, WE Downing, MC TI Synoptic assessment of wetland function: a planning tool for protection of wetland species biodiversity SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE ecological indicators; extirpation risk; geographic prioritization; Section 404; synoptic assessment; wetland biodiversity ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; CUMULATIVE IMPACTS; CONSERVATION; RESTORATION; HETEROGENEITY; VERTEBRATES; SELECTION; FRAMEWORK; RICHNESS; SCALES AB We present a synoptic assessment intended to maximize the benefits to wetland species biodiversity gained through Clean Water Act regulatory efforts within 225 sub-basins in Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska and Kansas (US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7), USA. Our assessment provides a method for prioritizing sub-basins potentially critical for supporting wetland species biodiversity and may assist environmental managers and conservationists constrained by limited resources. We prioritize sub-basins based on the projected increase in the risk of wetland species extirpation across Region 7 that would be avoided by applying a unit of regulatory protection effort within a sub-basin. Because the projected increase in risk avoided per unit effort has not been directly measured, we represent this quantity with an index of indicators drawn from readily available data. A conceptual model incorporating landscape and anthropogenic factors guides index development via a series of simple benefit-cost equations. We rank and map the final index scores to show the relative priority among sub-basins for protection effort. High priority sub-basins appear to be concentrated along the major river systems within the region, where sensitive wetland species and intensive agriculture tend to coincide. Protection of wetland species biodiversity is an important, but not exclusive, attribute around which priorities should be set. Nevertheless, incorporation of our results into management strategies should allow managers to cast their local decisions in the context of regional scale maintenance of wetland species biodiversity, increasing ecological benefits for a given protection effort. C1 US EPA, Reg 7, Kansas City, KS 66101 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Dynamac Corp Environm Serv, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schweiger, EW (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 999 18th St,Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 77 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 5 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 3 BP 379 EP 406 DI 10.1023/A:1014814226148 PG 28 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 534UL UT WOS:000174605900002 ER PT J AU Whittier, TR Paulsen, SG Larsen, DP Peterson, SA Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR AF Whittier, TR Paulsen, SG Larsen, DP Peterson, SA Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR TI Indicators of ecological stress and their extent in the population of northeastern lakes: A regional-scale assessment SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; SPECIES RICHNESS; SURFACE WATERS; USA LAKES; FISH; BIODIVERSITY; ACIDIFICATION; ECOREGIONS C1 Dynamac Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Aquat Monitoring & Bioassessment Branc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Whittier, TR (reprint author), Dynamac Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 52 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 235 EP 247 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0235:IOESAT]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 529QU UT WOS:000174310700015 ER PT J AU Brock, JW Caudill, SP Silva, MJ Needham, LL Hilborn, ED AF Brock, JW Caudill, SP Silva, MJ Needham, LL Hilborn, ED TI Phthalate monoesters levels in the urine of young children SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METABOLITES; DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Brock, JW (reprint author), Warren Wilson Coll, POB 9000, Asheville, NC 28815 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 12 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 68 IS 3 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1007/s00128-001-0255-z PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 523QT UT WOS:000173967000001 PM 11993803 ER PT J AU Ferrario, J Byrne, C AF Ferrario, J Byrne, C TI Dibenzo-p-dioxins in the environment from ceramics and pottery produced from ball clay mined in the United States SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Symposium on Halogenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - Dioxin 2000 CY AUG 13-17, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DE polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; processed ball clay; ceramics; sources AB Processed ball clay samples used in the production of ceramics and samples of the ceramic products were collected and analyzed for the presence and concentration of the 23,7,8-Cl substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/PCDFs). The processed ball clay had average PCDD concentrations of 3.2 ng/g toxic equivalents, a congener profile, and isomer distribution consistent with those found previously in raw ball clay. The PCDF concentrations were below the average limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 pg/g. The final fired ceramic products were found to be free of PCDDs/PCDFs at the LODs, A consideration of the conditions involved in the firing process suggests that the PCDDs, if not destroyed, may be released to the atmosphere and could represent an as yet unidentified source of dioxins to the environment. In addition, the PCDDs in clay dust generated during manufacturing operations may represent a potential occupational exposure. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Environm Chem Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Ferrario, J (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Environm Chem Lab, Bldg 1105, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 2002 VL 46 IS 9-10 SI SI BP 1297 EP 1301 AR PII S0045-6535(01)00251-X DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00251-X PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 542KN UT WOS:000175042800008 PM 12002454 ER PT J AU Chen, CY Hamm, JT Hass, JR Albro, PW Birnbaum, LS AF Chen, CY Hamm, JT Hass, JR Albro, PW Birnbaum, LS TI A mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) changed the lipid content of pregnant Long Evans rats SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Symposium on Halogenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - Dioxin 2000 CY AUG 13-17, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DE lipid content; fetus; pup; placenta; dioxins; long Evans rat ID INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; TOXICITY; TCDD; TISSUE; MICE AB Pregnant Long Evans rats received 1.0 mug/kg of dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) by oral gavage on the 15th gestational day (GD 15), using a dosing mixture that contained two polychlorinated dioxins, four polychlorinated furans and three non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Rats were sacrificed on GD 16, GD 21 and postnatal day 4 (PND 4). The lipid content of fetus, pup, placenta and maternal liver, serum and adipose tissue were determined. Treated GD 16 and GD 21 fetuses had identical lipid content to the control group, yet the lipid content of treated pups on PND 4 was 32% higher than that of the control group. On the other hand, the lipid content of placenta, liver, and serum from the treated dams was 44-50%, 24%, and 38% lower than that of the control group, respectively. Thus, a low-dose mixture of dioxin-like compounds can cause changes in lipid content. The lipid content of offspring was not affected until they were exposed via lactation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Triangle Labs Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Chen, CY (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Lab Organ Analyt Chem, Wadsworth Ctr, POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA. OI Chen, Chia-Yang/0000-0001-5301-1609 NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 2002 VL 46 IS 9-10 SI SI BP 1501 EP 1504 AR PII S0045-6535(01)00271-5 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00271-5 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 542KN UT WOS:000175042800036 PM 12002482 ER PT J AU Nadadur, SS Pinkerton, KE Kodavanti, UP AF Nadadur, SS Pinkerton, KE Kodavanti, UP TI Pulmonary gene expression profiles of spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to environmental tobacco smoke SO CHEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual Thomas L Petty Aspen Lung Conference CY JUN 06-09, 2001 CL ASPEN, COLORADO C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Effects Res Lab,Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nadadur, SS (reprint author), Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Toxicol, Mail Drop 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD MAR PY 2002 VL 121 IS 3 SU S BP 83S EP 84S DI 10.1378/chest.121.3_suppl.83S-a PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 532NH UT WOS:000174481400060 PM 11893708 ER PT J AU Usmani, KA Rose, RL Goldstein, JA Taylor, WG Brimfield, AA Hodgson, E AF Usmani, KA Rose, RL Goldstein, JA Taylor, WG Brimfield, AA Hodgson, E TI In vitro human metabolism and interactions of repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID LIVER-MICROSOMES; RAT-LIVER; DEET; N,N-DIETHYL-META-TOLUAMIDE; IDENTIFICATION; QUANTITATION; ABSORPTION; EXCRETION; TOXICITY AB Oxidative metabolism of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), rat liver microsomes (RLM), and mouse liver microsomes (MLM) was investigated. DEET is metabolized by cytochromes P450 (P450s) leading to the production of a ring methyl oxidation product, N,N-diethyl-m-hydroxymethylbenzamide (BALC), and an N-deethylated product, N-ethyl-m-toluamide (ET). Both the affinities and intrinsic clearance of HLM for ring hydroxylation are greater than those for N-deethylation. Pooled HLM show significantly lower affinities (K-m) than RLM for metabolism of DEET to either of the primary metabolites (BALC and ET). Among 15 cDNA-expressed P450 enzymes examined, CYP1A2, 2B6, 2D6*1 (Val(374)), and 2E1 metabolized DEET to the BALC metabolite, whereas CYP3A4, 3A5, 2A6, and 2C19 produced the ET metabolite. CYP2B6 is the principal cytochrome P450 involved in the metabolism of DEET to its major BALC metabolite, whereas CYP2C19 had the greatest activity for the formation of the ET metabolite. Use of phenotyped HLMs demonstrated that individuals with high levels of CYP2B6, 3A4, 2C19, and 2A6 have the greatest potential to metabolize DEET. Mice treated with DEET demonstrated induced levels of the CYP2B family, increased hydroxylation, and a 2.4-fold increase in the metabolism of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos-oxon, a potent anticholinesterase. Preincubation of human CYP2B6 with chlorpyrifos completely inhibited the metabolism of DEET. Preincubation of human or rodent microsomes with chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and pyridostigmine bromide alone or in combination can lead to either stimulation or inhibition of DEET metabolism. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Saskatoon Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. USA, Med Res Inst Chem Def, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Hodgson, E (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Goldstein, Joyce/A-6681-2012 NR 27 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 3 BP 289 EP 294 AR UNSP 577/966312 DI 10.1124/dmd.30.3.289 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 525FR UT WOS:000174058700011 PM 11854147 ER PT J AU Chough, SH Mulchandani, A Mulchandani, P Chen, W Wang, J Rogers, KR AF Chough, SH Mulchandani, A Mulchandani, P Chen, W Wang, J Rogers, KR TI Organophosphorus hydrolase-based amperometric sensor: Modulation of sensitivity and substrate selectivity SO ELECTROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE organophosphate; insecticides; enzyme electrode; organophosphorus hydrolase ID IMMOBILIZED CHOLINESTERASE; NERVE AGENTS; PESTICIDES; BIOSENSOR; ELECTRODES AB The detection of organophosphate (OP) insecticides with nitrophenyl substituents is reported using an enzyme electrode composed of organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and albumin co-immobilized to a nylon net and attached to a carbon paste electrode. The mechanism for this biosensor involves catalysis of the OP followed by the electrochemical detection of the product, p-nitrophenol. The application of small amounts of mineral oil or silicon oil to the surface of the immobilized enzyme increased the stability and response signals of these sensors. In the case of silicon oil, the response for parathion was five times higher than without oil. In addition, the application of either mineral or silicon oil to the enzyme-coated membranes increased the relative selectivity of the sensor for parathion over paraoxon, most likely reflecting the partition of the substrates between the aqueous and oil phases. The enzyme activity was stabilized for more than two months by the application of either oil to the electrode surface. Compounds evaluated using this technique included parathion, EPN, fenitrothion, and paraoxon. The detection limits for parathion and paraoxon are 15 nM and 20 nM, respectively. These detection limits are substantially lower than those reported for optical assays (e.g., muM range) and lower than those reported using several OPH electrodes (e.g., high nM range). Several characteristics that make this enzyme electrode attractive for further development as a potential field analytical method include; its simplicity and stability, as well as the relatively small amount of enzyme required (i.e., 3 International Units). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011; Chen, Wilfred/H-4335-2013; Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 15 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1040-0397 J9 ELECTROANAL JI Electroanalysis PD MAR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 273 EP 276 DI 10.1002/1521-4109(200202)14:4<273::AID-ELAN273>3.3.CO;2-X PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 534CF UT WOS:000174566500003 ER PT J AU Long, RW Smith, R Smith, S Eatough, NL Mangelson, NF Eatough, DJ Pope, CA Wilson, WE AF Long, RW Smith, R Smith, S Eatough, NL Mangelson, NF Eatough, DJ Pope, CA Wilson, WE TI Sources of fine particulate material along the Wasatch front SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID DILUTE WOOD SMOKE; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; EMISSIONS; PARTICLES; OZONE AB The concentration and composition Of PM2.5 has been measured with a variety of continuous and integrated samplers at the Hawthorne EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Awareness and Community Tracking (EMPACT) sampling site in Salt Lake City, UT, and at an EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) sampling site in Bountiful, UT. Data are considered at both sites during a 10-day winter period with high PM2.5 concentrations due to winter inversions, and at the Hawthorne site only during a fourteen day summer period when the site was impacted by smoke from wildfires in the Wasatch Mountains. The PM2.5 was dominated by organic material and ammonium nitrate in the winter and by organic material in the summer. In both cases, substantial amounts of sem-volatile material, SVM, was present which was not measured by a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) monitor but was detected by a Real-Time Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS). The PM2.5 data have been combined with concentrations of particulate soot and soil corrected potassium, and with gas-phase concentrations of NOx, CO, and SO2 to apportion the PM2.5 to primary emissions emitted by and secondary particulate material formed from emissions from mobile sources, wood smoke combustion (including the forest fire emissions), and oil refineries located near the Bountiful site on an hourly basis. Wood smoke and mobile source emissions dominated the contribution to the non-volatile fraction of the PM2.5, with about equal contributions for each, but very different diurnal patterns for the two contributions. The diurnal patterns for the attribution were consistent with the emission patterns for these two sources. In addition, the oil refineries contributed about 10% of the primary PM2.5 at Bountiful. The SVM could not be directly attributed to any source but appeared to be secondary ammonium nitrate and organic material formed from gaseous emissions from the various sources. The dominant contributors to this SVM were NOx and gas-phase organic compounds in emissions from both mobile sources and wood smoke. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Econ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eatough, NL (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 282 EP 293 DI 10.1021/ef010168l PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 533GW UT WOS:000174522000005 ER PT J AU Shoji, T Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA AF Shoji, T Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA TI XAFS spectroscopy analysis of selected elements in fine particulate matter derived from coal combustion SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID FUEL-OIL; SPECIATION; EMISSIONS; CHROMIUM; SULFUR; SIZE; ASH AB X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the valence states and molecular structures of sulfur (S), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and zinc (Zn) in fine particulate matter (PM) separated from coal fly ash produced in a laboratory combustion system. A cyclone separator was used to separate the PM into fractions <2.5 mum in mean diameter (PM2.5) and >2.5 mum in diameter (PM2.5+). Sulfate was the dominant form of S present. However, thiophene was present in many samples, and sulfite was significant in two of the PM2.5+ samples. For Cr and As, the valence states were of primary concern. Analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) regions of the spectra revealed that the toxic Cr6+ valence state accounted for approximately 10 to 30% of the Cr in PM derived from the fly ash of several coals from the western United States. However, only Cr3+ was observed in a number of PM samples from eastern U.S. bituminous coal fly ash. For As, only As5+ as arsenate was detected in all samples examined. However, subtle spectral differences were observed between the arsenate forms observed in western and eastern coal fly ash PM. Zn exhibited a rich chemistry, with significant variation in the major phases observed for eastern coal fly ash PM (principally ZnFe2O4) and western coal fly ash PM (mixed phases). These phase differences undoubtedly reflect the differences in the suites of inorganic constituents contained in the parent coals. C1 Univ Kentucky, Consortium Fossil Fuel Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Akita Univ, Akita 010, Japan. RP Huffman, GP (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Consortium Fossil Fuel Sci, 533 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009; Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 12 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 325 EP 329 DI 10.1021/ef010200b PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 533GW UT WOS:000174522000009 ER PT J AU Gido, KB Hargrave, CW Matthews, WJ Schnell, GD Pogue, DW Sewell, GW AF Gido, KB Hargrave, CW Matthews, WJ Schnell, GD Pogue, DW Sewell, GW TI Structure of littoral-zone fish communities in relation to habitat, physical, and chemical gradients in a southern reservoir SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE reservoir fishes; environmental gradients; spatial variation; littoral zone; longitudinal zonation ID OKLAHOMA-TEXAS; LAKE TEXOMA; ASSEMBLAGES; ABUNDANCES; PATTERNS AB Synopsis How the distribution and abundance of organisms vary across environmental gradients can reveal factors important in structuring aquatic communities. We sampled the littoral-zone fish community in a large reservoir (Lake Texoma) on the Texas-Oklahoma (U.S.A.) border that has pronounced environmental gradients from up- to downlake and between major tributary arms. Our objective was to evaluate the predictability of the littoral-zone fish-community structure from a suite of environmental variables. A stepwise multiple-regression model, with environmental factors at independent variables, explained 64% of the variation in fish species richness across sample sites. The number of species was positively associated with water-column productivity and total Kjedahl nitrogen, and negatively associated with Secchi depth and benthic productivity. Canonical correspondence analysis, with environmental factors as independent variables, explained 63% of the variation in fish-community structure across sites. Equal proportions of the variation in community structure were explained by variables that have strong gradients within the reservoir (e.g., Secchi depth and water-column productivity) and those that represent local habitat variables (e.g., shoreline aspect and substrate type). C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Biol Stn, Kingston, OK 73439 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Biol, Tyler, TX 75799 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Gido, KB (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Gido, Keith/B-5151-2013 NR 37 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2002 VL 63 IS 3 BP 253 EP 263 DI 10.1023/A:1014359311188 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 534FL UT WOS:000174574000002 ER PT J AU Wiester, MJ Winsett, DW Richards, JH Doerfler, DL Costa, DL AF Wiester, MJ Winsett, DW Richards, JH Doerfler, DL Costa, DL TI Partitioning of benzene in blood: Influence of hemoglobin type in humans and animals SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood; blood fractions; blood gas; in vitro exposure; partition coefficient ID COEFFICIENTS; CHEMICALS; EXPOSURE AB Earlier studies have shown that air/blood partition coefficients (PCs) for many volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are much higher in rat blood than in human blood. It has been suggested that the discrepancy could be attributed to the fact that hemoglobin (Hb) in rat blood exists in a quasi-crystalline form of hydrophobicity greater than that of normal human Hb (HbA) and thus has a higher carrying capacity for VOCs. In the present study, we used benzene as a prototypic VOC to examine its relative partitioning into human and animal blood. Additionally, we sought to ascertain whether the water-insoluble form of hemoglobin (HbS) found in subjects with homozygous sickle cell (SC) disease has a greater VOC-carrying capacity than does HbA blood. At a low-O-2 tension, HbS switches to water-insoluble polymers, which physically deforms the red blood cells (RBCs) to the sickle shape. We equilibrated HbA, HbS, Hartley guinea pig, CD1 mouse, and rat (F-344, Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley) blood and their respective fractions with benzene vapor (80 or 400 ppm) for 3 hr at 37degreesC in air-tight vials. We introduced benzene vapor into the vial head space that contained air or respiratory mixtures of venous-type (low-O-2) Or arterial-type (high-O-2) gases. The blood measurements included the PC, Hb, partial pressures of O-2 (pO(2)) and CO2 (PCO2), pH, and percentage of SCs. The benzene concentration had no effect on these parameters, and the high- and low-O-2 gas mixtures produced the expected changes in pO(2), pCO(2), and pH. At equilibrium, the low HbS blood had approximately 85% SCs compared with roughly 15% with air or high-O-2 gas. PCs for rat and mouse blood were about 100% higher than those for human and guinea pig blood, but the PC for deoxygenated HbS blood was only slightly higher than that for HbA or oxygenated HbS blood. Benzene showed higher affinities for RBCs in the deoxygenated HbS, rat, and mouse blood and higher affinity, for plasma in the guinea pig blood. There was no evidence of disproportionate partitioning of benzene into oxygenated HbS or into HbA blood forms. These data suggest that the water solubility of Hb alone appears to have little effect on the VOC-carrying capacity of blood and that the influence of species is large in comparison. These latter differences in partitioning may depend on the number of hydrophobic sites on the surface of the plasma/heme proteins and thus be unique to the species. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, ETD,Off Res & Dev, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wiester, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, ETD,Off Res & Dev, PTB, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 110 IS 3 BP 255 EP 261 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 529RA UT WOS:000174311300024 PM 11882476 ER PT J AU Hudnell, HK Shoemaker, RC AF Hudnell, HK Shoemaker, RC TI Visual contrast sensitivity: Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID WORKERS C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. McCready Outpatient Serv Ctr, Pocomoke City, MD USA. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 110 IS 3 BP A121 EP A123 DI 10.1289/ehp.110-a121 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 529RA UT WOS:000174311300003 ER PT J AU McKinney, RA Lake, JL Charpentier, MA Ryba, S AF McKinney, RA Lake, JL Charpentier, MA Ryba, S TI Using mussel isotope ratios to assess anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to freshwater ecosystems SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; isotopes; nitrogen; nitrogen source; unionid mussels ID STABLE ISOTOPES; COASTAL WATERS; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; LAND-USE; LAKES; ESTUARINE; DYNAMICS; VARIABILITY; DELTA-N-15 AB Stable nitrogen isotope ratios (delta(15)N) of freshwater mussels from a series of lakes and ponds were related to watershed land use characteristics to assess their utility in determining the source of nitrogen inputs to inland water bodies. Nitrogen isotope ratios measured in freshwater mussels from 19 lakes and ponds in Rhode Island, U.S.A., ranged from 4.9-12.6parts per thousand and were found to significantly correlate with the fraction of residential development in 100 and 200 m buffer zones around the ponds. Mussel delta(15)N values in 12 of the 19 ponds also showed significant correlation with average dissolved nitrate concentrations, which ranged from 23-327 mug L-1. These observations, in light of previous studies which link elevated delta(15)N values of nitrogen derived from septic wastewater with those seen in biota, suggest that mussel isotope ratios may reflect nitrogen source in freshwater ecosystems. We followed an iterative approach using multiple regression analysis to assess the relationship between mussel delta(15)N and the land use categories fraction residential development, fraction feedlot agriculture, fraction row-crop agriculture, and fraction natural vegetation in 100 and 200 m buffer zones and pond watersheds. From this we developed a simple regression model to predict mussel delta(15)N from the fraction of residential development in the 200 m buffer zone around the pond. Subsequent testing with data from 16 additional sites in the same ecoregion led us to refine the model by incorporating the fraction of natural vegetation. The overall average absolute difference between measured and predicted delta(15)N values using the two-parameter model was 1.6parts per thousand. Potential sources of error in the model include differences in the scale and categorization of land-use data used to generate and test the model, differences in physical characteristics, such as retention time and range of residential development, and exclusion of sources of enriched nitrogen such as runoff from feedlot operations or increased nitrogen loading from inefficient or failed septic systems. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP McKinney, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 59 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 2 BP 167 EP 192 DI 10.1023/A:1013824220299 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 514XV UT WOS:000173467100004 PM 11878641 ER PT J AU Olivas, Y Dolfing, J Smith, GB AF Olivas, Y Dolfing, J Smith, GB TI The influence of redox potential on the degradation of halogenated methanes SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dehalogenation; pathway; thermodynamics; redox ID REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION; ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENTS; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; GRANULAR SLUDGE; DECHLORINATION; BACTERIA; TRANSFORMATION; METHANOGENESIS; HYDROCARBONS; CORRINOIDS AB To determine the influence of redox potential on the reaction mechanism and to quantify kinetics of the dechlorination by digester sludge, the test compounds trichlorofluoromethane (CFCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and chloroform (CHCl3) were incubated in the presence of sludge and variable concentrations of reducing agent. Different sources of dehalogenation were examined, including live sludge and heat-killed sludge, and abiotic mechanisms were quantified in the absence of sludge. Batch incubations were done under redox conditions ranging from +534 to -348 mV. The highest rates for the dehalogenation of the three compounds were observed at - 348 mV. The dechlorination rate of all the compounds by the heat-resistant catalysts was approximately twofold higher than the live treatments. It was proposed that the higher degradation rates by heat-Killed sludge were due to the absence of physical barriers such as cell wall and cell membranes. There was,no abiotic dechlorination of CFCl3, whereas CCl4 and CHCl3 were both reduced in the absence of sludge catalyst by Ti (III) citrate at greater than or equal to2.5 mM. The degradation pathways of CFCl3 and CHCl3 appeared to be only partially reductive since the production of reduced metabolites was low in comparison with the total amount of original halogenated compounds degraded. For CFCl3, the partial reductive degradation implied that different intra- and extracellular pathways were concurrent. The Gibbs free energy and the redox potential for the dehalogenation reactions utilizing Ti (III) citrate and acetate as electron donors are reported here for the first time. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Olivas, Y (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, SPRD, POB 1198-919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Dolfing, Jan/B-1795-2009; Dolfing, Jan/B-8641-2015 OI Dolfing, Jan/0000-0002-7220-530X FU NIGMS NIH HHS [506 GM 08136-25] NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 493 EP 499 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0493:TIORPO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 524GE UT WOS:000174004100004 PM 11878461 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Bird, SL Esterly, DM Curbishley, TB Ray, SL Perry, SG AF Teske, ME Bird, SL Esterly, DM Curbishley, TB Ray, SL Perry, SG TI AgDRIFT (R): A model for estimating neear-field spray drift from aerial applications SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE spray model; Lagrangian; drift; deposition; aerial application ID DISPERSION MODEL; AIRCRAFT; SIMULATION; MINIMIZATION; EVAPORATION; VALIDATION; DEPOSITION; VORTICES; DROPLETS AB The aerial spray prediction model AgDRIFT(R) embodies the computational engine found in the near-wake Lagrangian model AGricultural DISPersal (AGDISP) but with several important features added that improve the speed and accuracy of its predictions. This article summarizes those changes, describes the overall analytical approach to the model, and details model implementation, application, limits, and computational utilities. C1 Continuum Dynam, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Environm Focus, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA. Dow AgroSci LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), Continuum Dynam, 34 Lexington Ave, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. NR 87 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 14 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 659 EP 671 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0659:AAMFEN>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 524GE UT WOS:000174004100027 PM 11878480 ER PT J AU Bird, SL Perry, SG Ray, SL Teske, ME AF Bird, SL Perry, SG Ray, SL Teske, ME TI Evaluation of the AgDISP aerial spray algorithms in the AgDRIFT model SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE spray drift; pesticides; modeling ID DISPERSION MODEL; VALIDATION; DRIFT; DEPOSITION; STABILITY; AIRCRAFT; FOREST; FSCBG AB A systematic evaluation of the A.-DISP algorithms, which simulate off-site drift and deposition of aerially applied pesticides, contained in the AgDRIFT(R) model was performed by comparing model simulations to field-trial data collected by the Spray Drift Task Force. Field-trial data used for model evaluation included 161 separate trials of typical agriculture aerial applications under a wide range of application and meteorological conditions. Input for model simulations included information on the aircraft and spray equipment, spray material, meteorology, and site geometry. The model input datasets were generated independently of the field deposition results, i.e., model inputs were in no way altered or selected to improve the fit of model output to field results. AgDRIFT shows a response similar to that of the field observations for many application variables (e.g., droplet size, application height, wind speed). However, AgDRIFT is sensitive to evaporative effects, and modeled deposition in the far-field responds to wet bulb depression whereas the field observations did not. The model tended to over-predict deposition rates relative to the field data for far-field distances, particularly under evaporative conditions. AgDRIFT was in good agreement with field results for estimating near-field buffer zones needed to manage human, crop, livestock, and ecological exposure. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab MD81, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dow AgroSci, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. Continuum Dynam, Ewing, NJ 08618 USA. RP Bird, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 28 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 672 EP 681 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0672:EOTAAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 524GE UT WOS:000174004100028 PM 11878481 ER PT J AU Hertz-Picciotto, I Dostal, M Dejmek, J Selevan, SG Wegienka, G Gomez-Caminero, A Sram, RJ AF Hertz-Picciotto, I Dostal, M Dejmek, J Selevan, SG Wegienka, G Gomez-Caminero, A Sram, RJ TI Air pollution and distributions of lymphocyte immunophenotypes in cord and maternal blood at delivery SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lymphocytes; immunology; immune status; pregnancy; air pollution; PM10; Czech Republic; T-cell; natural killer cells; cord blood ID NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; SWISS SCHOOLCHILDREN; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; PARTICULATE MATTER; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; HUMAN-PREGNANCY; NEONATAL BLOOD; DNA-ADDUCTS; SUBPOPULATIONS AB A cross-sectional study of deliveries in two districts in the Czech Republic, 1994-1996, assessed the relation between air pollution and lymphocyte immunophenotype distributions. Maternal and cord blood samples were assayed by flow cytometry within 24 hours of delivery for 303 deliveries from Teplice, a polluted district, and 215 from Prachatice, a less polluted district. Analyses focused on: CD3(+) T-lymphocytes, CD3(-)CD19(+) B-lymphocytes, and CD3(-)CD16(+)56(+) natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, as well as the subsets CD3(+)CD4(+) ("T-helper") and CD3(+)CD8(+) ("T cytotoxic/suppressor") and the ratio of these two lymphocytes. We collected reproductive, occupational, and life-style information by questionnaire, and abstracted data on labor and delivery from medical records. After adjustment for numerous risk factors in multivariate linear regression models fit for each lymphocyte subset, mothers from Teplice had lower percentages of total T-cells and of CD4(+) cells, and a lower ratio of CD4(+):CD8(+) cells. Cord bloods from Teplice had a higher percentage of NK cells and a less precise lower percentage of T-cells. Stronger differences in maternal lymphocytes were seen when analyses were limited to the central hospital in each district. Heavy air pollution may affect the immune system in pregnant women and/or fetuses, reflecting an acute and/or chronic effect, although unmeasured confounders could also play a role. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Hertz-Picciotto, I (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, TB 168, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Dostal, Miroslav/H-2832-2014; Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 58 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 2 BP 172 EP 183 DI 10.1097/00001648-200203000-00012 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 524XH UT WOS:000174037800012 PM 11880758 ER PT J AU Pagan, I Khosla, J Li, CM Sannes, PL AF Pagan, I Khosla, J Li, CM Sannes, PL TI Effect of growth factor-fibronectin matrix interaction on rat type II cell adhesion and DNA synthesis SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE alveolar repair; beta 1integrin; cell-substratum interaction; cytoskeleton; fibroblast growth factors; fibronectin; type II cells ID EPITHELIAL-CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; INTEGRIN; MAINTENANCE; MEMBRANE; INVITRO; LUNG AB Type II cells attach, migrate, and proliferate on a provisional fibronectin-rich matrix during alveolar wall repair after lung injury. The combination of cell-substratum interactions via integrin receptors and exposure to local growth factors are likely to initiate the signals required for cell proliferation, differentiation, reepithelialization, and ultimate restoration of the alveolar wall structure. Accordingly, primary cultured type II cells have been shown to bind fibronectin, in part through the alpha5beta 1 integrin, and to respond to growth factors that induce type II cell proliferation, such as fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1). The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not FGF-1 modifies type II cell attachment to fibronectin, and if together they affect DATA synthesis. Attachment assays showed that FGF-1 treatment enhanced type II cell adhesion to fibronectin. This effect correlated with an increase in beta1 integrin cell surface expression, and with the formation of cytoskeletal stabilizing structures such as lamellipodial extensions and stress fibers. FGF-1 also induced an increase in thymidine incorporation into DNA. Together FGF-1 and fibronectin appear to promote adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, and increased DNA synthesis, and in this way influence cell-substratum interactions and signaling during alveolar repair. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Pagan, I (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Mail Drop 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-44497, R01 HL044497] NR 31 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 69 EP 84 DI 10.1080/019021402753462013 PG 16 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 523QX UT WOS:000173967400001 PM 11868824 ER PT J AU Froede, CR AF Froede, CR TI Rhizolith evidence in support of a late Holocene sea-level highstand at least 0.5 m higher than present at Key Biscayne, Florida SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rhizolith; black mangrove; seagrass; sea level; Key Biscayne ID RISE; BEDS AB R. Fairbridge and F. Shepard proposed different sea-level curves for the late Holocene. South Florida, as a tectonically stable platform, provides a key locale from which late Quaternary sea-level measurements have been attempted. Previous studies supporting Holocene sea-level curves have focused on mangrove peat deposits, barrier ridges, and archaeological sites. However, in situ biological indicators provide the best evidence in support of varying sea-level positions during the late Holocene. The northeastern side of Key Biscayne, Florida, has two areas of rock reef where rhizoliths (i.e., fossilized root casts) are exposed within the intertidal zone. They have previously been interpreted as the fossilized roots of a former black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) forest. However, the morphology, size, orientation, and areal extent of the rhizoliths is best understood if they are interpreted as the former root casts of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum). This interpretation would constitute in situ biological evidence of a late Holocene sea-level position at least 0.5 m higher than at present. Previously published C-14 dating of the calcareous paste inside the rhizoliths suggests that they formed 1-2 k.y. before present. This corresponds to a higher than present sea-level highstand supported by independent evidence from other areas in south Florida. C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Froede, CR (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Region 4, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2002 VL 30 IS 3 BP 203 EP 206 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0203:REISOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 530TC UT WOS:000174374200003 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI Protecting household wells SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Drinking Water Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Drinking Water Protect Div, 1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 43 EP 44 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00310.x PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 555WB UT WOS:000175815300002 ER PT J AU Boice, R AF Boice, R TI Extraction rate problems lead to increased costs at pump-and-treat facilities: A call to improve reporting of rates SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Experiences at five pump-and-treatment (P&T) facilities provide three important lessons 1. To reduce future costs, it is important to use the best hydraulic information possible for designing P&T systems, and to incorporate flexibility to compensate for uncertainties in hydraulic conditions. A phased approach to P&T system construction and hydraulic testing has been successful. 2. In practice, downtimes and maintenance problems result in significant reductions in the average ground water extraction rates. This indicates that operation and maintenance were more difficult than expected and warrant more attention. Furthermore, P&T systems are generally designed to attain the model optimized extraction rates only when the system is in full operation. Designers must recognize that P&T systems have downtimes, and, therefore, the uptime pumping must be sufficient to maintain capture. Generally, P&T systems should achieve model-optimized extraction rates on an average basis rather than only when the system is in full operation. 3. During operation of P&T systems, the average extraction rates should be routinely correlated to capture zone evaluations and included in monitoring reports. The average extraction rates should be compared to the model-derived extraction rates to assess whether the design objectives are being met and should be included in routine monitoring reports to confirm maintenance of pumping rates under which capture has been demonstrated. C1 US EPA, Superfund Program, Chicago, IL USA. RP Boice, R (reprint author), US EPA, Superfund Program, Reg 5,77 W Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 76 EP 81 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00315.x PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 555WB UT WOS:000175815300007 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Guo, ZS Fortmann, R Lao, HC AF Chang, JCS Guo, ZS Fortmann, R Lao, HC TI Characterization and reduction of formaldehyde emissions from a low-VOC latex paint SO INDOOR AIR LA English DT Article DE formaldehyde; emission; model; latex paint; biocide; reformulation AB The patterns of formaldehyde emission from a low volatile organic compound (VOC) latex paint applied to gypsum board were measured and analyzed by small environmental chamber tests. It was found that the formaldehyde emissions resulted in a sharp increase of chamber air formaldehyde concentration to a peak followed by transition to a long-term slow decay. A semi-empirical first-order decay in-series model was developed to interpret the chamber data. The model characterized the formaldehyde emissions from the paint in three stages: an initial "puff" of instant release, a fast decay, and a final stage of slow decay controlled by a solid-phase diffusion process that can last for more than a month. The model was also used to estimate the peak concentration and the amount of formaldehyde emitted during each stage. The formaldehyde sources were investigated by comparing emission patterns and modeling outcomes of different paint formulations. The biocide used to preserve the paint was found to be a major source of the formaldehyde. Chamber test results demonstrated that replacing the preservative with a different biocide for the particular paint tested resulted in an approximate reduction of 55% of formaldehyde emissions. But the reduction affected only the third-stage long-term emissions. C1 US EPA, Nalt Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Nalt Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air PD MAR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 10 EP 16 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.120103.x PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 531WK UT WOS:000174440100004 PM 11951706 ER PT J AU Spengler, RF Anderson, BE Zenick, H AF Spengler, RF Anderson, BE Zenick, H TI Collaboration and importance of federally sponsored Superfund research programs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material DE research; environmental health; Superfund; hazardous substances C1 ATSDR, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIEHS, Div Extramural Res & Training, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Spengler, RF (reprint author), ATSDR, Mail Stop E-28,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 205 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00124 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 541KM UT WOS:000174983800001 PM 12018001 ER PT J AU Kowalski, L Denne, J Dyer, R Garrahan, K Wentsel, RS AF Kowalski, L Denne, J Dyer, R Garrahan, K Wentsel, RS TI Overview of EPA Superfund human health research program SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Superfund; human health; research; risk assessment; risk characterization AB This paper presents major research needs for the Superfund program, and provides an overview of the EPA Office of Research and Development's (ORDs) current human health research program designed to fill some of those data gaps. Research is presented in terms of the risk paradigm and covers exposure, effects, and assessment activities directly funded by Superfund, as well as research not funded by Superfund but directly applicable to Superfund research needs. Research on risk management is not covered. Current research activities conducted by the Superfund program office are also included to provide a full picture of Superfund human health research activities being conducted by EPA. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kowalski, L (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, MC8104R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Francisco, Suely/D-9065-2014 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 205 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 148 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00140 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 541KM UT WOS:000174983800017 PM 12018008 ER PT J AU Dyer, RS AF Dyer, RS TI Chemical mixtures and health effects at Superfund sites SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; synergism; additivity; mixture risk assessment; antagonism ID RATS AUDITORY-SYSTEM; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; SOLVENTS; DESIGN AB Between 1991 and 1993, EPAs Office of Research and Development conducted a small health effects research program dedicated to the problem of chemical mixtures at Superfund sites. This paper summarizes key findings from the program. The studies covered a wide range of endpoints, several chemical classes, and mixture complexities ranging from two to five chemicals. Additivity and antagonism were far more common than synergy. Departures from additivity seemed to be on the order of a factor of two or less, an observation that may provide some bounds for concern. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dyer, RS (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, MD-87, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 205 IS 1-2 BP 149 EP 153 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00141 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 541KM UT WOS:000174983800018 PM 12018009 ER PT J AU Wentsel, RS Blaney, B Kowalski, L Bennett, DA Grevatt, P Frey, S AF Wentsel, RS Blaney, B Kowalski, L Bennett, DA Grevatt, P Frey, S TI Future directions for EPA Superfund research SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Superfund; risk assessment; exposure factors; biokinetic modeling; dermal absorption; bioavailability AB The EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) identifies and prioritizes future research areas through a Waste Research Coordination Team. The team works together to plan the ORD Superfund research program, and it has members from each of the ORD laboratories as well as representatives from the Superfund office. Superfund scientists have identified several research topics in applied research areas to improve risk assessment methods and reduce uncertainty in site-specific risk assessments. Research areas include: dermal exposure models and toxicity values, improved methods for exposure factors, pharmaco-kinetic dose-response models, bioavailability and statistical methods. This paper presents ORD future research plans in response to these identified research areas. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wentsel, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, MC8104R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Francisco, Suely/D-9065-2014 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 205 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 163 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00143 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 541KM UT WOS:000174983800020 PM 12018011 ER PT J AU Keith, DJ Walker, HA Paul, JF AF Keith, DJ Walker, HA Paul, JF TI Terrestrial vegetation greenness of the Lower Galveston Bay watershed from satellite remote sensing and its relation to water use and the salinity regime of the Galveston Bay estuary (USA) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Spatial and temporal variability of vegetation greenness have been determined for coastal Texas using biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Results are presented on relationships between ground cover vegetation characteristics, surface freshwater flow, and NDVI within the Lower Galveston Bay (Texas) watershed as they relate to salinity changes in Galveston Bay during 1985-1991. Variance in NDVI occurred in response to cyclical changes in climate and water management practices and is shown to be a strong indicator of non-gauged freshwater flow which affects the salinity regime of the Galveston Bay estuary. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Keith, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM keith.darryl@epa.gov; walker.henry@epa.gov; paul.john@epa.gov NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 5 BP 905 EP 916 DI 10.1080/01431160110040486 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 526GR UT WOS:000174122400006 ER PT J AU Bell, RG Russell, C AF Bell, RG Russell, C TI Environmental policy for developing countries SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Inst Publ Policy Studies, Nashville, TN USA. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD SPR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 63 EP 70 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA 543ED UT WOS:000175087700032 ER PT J AU Schock, MR Holldber, J Lovejoy, TR Lowry, J AF Schock, MR Holldber, J Lovejoy, TR Lowry, J TI California's first aeration plants for corrosion control SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The Idyllwild Water District and Pine Cove Water District are small groundwater systems with multiple wells. Both systems have soft, mildly acidic waters with high carbon dioxide content and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations of approximately 18 mg/LC, and both systems exceeded one or both of the lead and copper action levels in 1993 and 1994. In 1997, aeration was investigated to increase pH and replace inhibitor or other chemical additions. Four designs were evaluated, and a deep bubble aeration system was pilot-tested. Full-scale systems were designed and built and became operation in October 1998. Aeration raised the pH from 6.1-6.3 to 7.1-7.6, and by January 1999, both systems easily met both the lead and copper action levels. Radon (Rn) samples taken at Pine Cove showed a 99% reduction to 33+/-8 pCi/L, assuring compliance with the proposed Rn regulation. Using aeration for corrosion control has considerably simplified treatment and improved water quality in most respects. Treatment was integrated with system designs, enabling the use of one treatment plant for the multiple wells at each system, locating the treatment plants above storage to eliminate repumping, and maximizing electricity savings by increasing operation at off-peak times. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. Pine Cove Water Dist, Idyllwild, CA USA. Idyllwild Water Dist, Idyllwild, CA USA. Lowry Engn, Blue Hill, ME USA. RP Schock, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 94 IS 3 BP 88 EP 100 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 530ET UT WOS:000174343600021 ER PT J AU Romualdo, GS Klinefelter, GR Kempinas, WD AF Romualdo, GS Klinefelter, GR Kempinas, WD TI Postweaning exposure to gossypol results in epididymis-specific effects throughout puberty and adulthood in rats SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE male reproduction; sexual development; sperm maturation; male contraception ID BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; SPERM MATURATION; 4E9 ANTIGEN; PROTEIN-E; SPERMATOZOA; EXPRESSION; FERTILITY; TESTIS; CELLS; FLUID AB Gossypol, a yellow pigment found in cottonseeds, well known for its antifertility properties in animals, has been used as a contraceptive by men. The aims of this work were to evaluate the effects of gossypol throughout sexual development of male rats and to provide additional data to clarify the target site or sites of this compound in the male reproductive system, Gossypol (15 mg/kg per day) was given to animals from weaning through prepuberty (41 days), early puberty (51 days), puberty (61 days), and sexual maturity (91 days). Ventral prostate weight and fructose levels were similar in control and treated rats, suggesting that androgen levels were normal. No histological effects on the testis were detected, but there was a significant decrease in the sperm concentration in the cauda epididymidis of gossypol-treated animals killed at 61 and 91 days, as well as a significant increase in abnormal sperm in the vas deferens of treated animals. Moreover, the histology of the cauda epididymidis of the rats treated throughout puberty (ie, until days 51 and 61) showed a great number of round bodies in the lumen of the epididymis. These structures stained for the epididymis-specific protein E. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the epididymis is a target of gossypol when postweaning exposure extends throughout pubertal development, and that whereas more subtle histological effects commence around puberty, indicators reproductive competence are compromised in adulthood. C1 State Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biosci, Dept Anat, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. State Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biosci, Dept Morphol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kempinas, WD (reprint author), Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, Caixa Postal 510, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. RI Kempinas, Wilma/E-4671-2012 OI Kempinas, Wilma/0000-0002-2112-5123 NR 51 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 220 EP 228 PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 523GZ UT WOS:000173946800011 PM 11868815 ER PT J AU Ong, TD Lin, X Perreault, SD Robbins, WA AF Ong, TD Lin, X Perreault, SD Robbins, WA TI Aneuploidy and chromosome breakage in swim-up versus unprocessed semen from twenty healthy men SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE sperm; ICSI; FISH; toxicology; fertility; epidemiology ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION; HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; INFERTILE MEN; MOTILE SPERM; INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION; CHROMATIN CONDENSATION; ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES; SWELLING TEST; HUMAN OOCYTES AB Toxicological and epidemiological studies have investigated several factors that are believed to induce cytogenetic damage in human sperm cells in an effort to estimate heritable risk to future generations. Most of these studies have not differentiated damage based on cell fertility or motility. In the clinical setting, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) bypasses the natural process of sperm selection, Although practitioners attempt to select motile sperm for ICSI, the sperm may not always demonstrate motility, maturity, or even viability. Knowing whether cytogenetic damage differs in motile versus unselected sperm would improve our ability to estimate heritable risk and lead to improved ICSI procedures, and would expand the body of toxicology and epidemiology research. We divided semen samples from 20 healthy donors and compared aneuploidy and chromosome breakage in sperm cells gathered directly from the ejaculate (unprocessed semen) with cells enriched for motility using the swim-up assay. Sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect aneuploidy for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y. Tandem labeling probes were used to detect breakage in the 1cen-1q12 region of chromosome 1. The occurrence of disomy 18-18 and XY18 was significantly lower in specimens enriched for motility (P =.004 and P =.001, respectively). Sperm that carried duplication errors and diploid sperm were also seen less frequently in semen analyzed by the swim-up assay (P <.008). Chromosome 1 breakage did not differ between swim up-assayed and unprocessed specimens, Findings suggest that unprocessed semen may overestimate heritable aneuploidy risk in sperm biomarker studies, and may be biologically relevant to ICSI in disomy categories 18-18 and XY18, demonstrating 1.4-fold to 1.8-fold differences. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Robbins, WA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 70 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 270 EP 277 PG 8 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 523GZ UT WOS:000173946800017 PM 11868821 ER PT J AU Huling, SG Pivetz, B Stransky, R AF Huling, SG Pivetz, B Stransky, R TI Terminal electron acceptor mass balance: Light nonaqueous phase liquids and natural attenuation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE nonaqueous phase liquids; ground water; attenuation; abatement and removal ID CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; BIOREMEDIATION; IRON; BIODEGRADATION; CAPACITY; SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB Light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) in subsurface systems may contain a relatively large amount of biodegradable organic material. During the biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds in the LNAPL, electrons are transferred to terminal electron acceptors (TEA) [i.e., O-2, NO3-, Mn(IV), Fe(III), SO4-2, CO2] via coupled redox reactions. A mass balance between the TEA required for mineralization of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds contained in the subsurface (ground water, soil, LNAPL) and the total TEA available from the ground water and aquifer sediments is proposed and evaluated. The total TEA available is predominantly attributed to the solid phase material; the aqueous phase TEA constitutes a minor amount and the TEA required for BTEX mineralization is predominantly from the LNAPL. Consequently, a TEA deficit exists in the LNAPL source area. Under these conditions, it may be invalid to assume an infinite supply of TEA and sustained bioattenuation rates. LNAPL removal is one remedial option to reduce the TEA deficit in the source area. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Golder Associates, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Huling, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 3 BP 246 EP 252 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:3(246) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525BF UT WOS:000174046800007 ER PT J AU Vallero, DA Peirce, JJ AF Vallero, DA Peirce, JJ TI Transformation and transport of vinclozolin from soil to air SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE organic chemicals; North Carolina; soil treatment; chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides ID FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN; ENHANCED DEGRADATION; MECHANISMS; HYDROLYSIS; IPRODIONE; KINETICS AB A laboratory chamber was designed and used to determine the headspace flux of the fungicide vinclozolin 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-5-vinyl-oxzoli-dine-2,4-dione) and its three degradation products from chamber surfaces, 20-30 mesh Ottawa sand, and sterilized and nonsterile North Carolina Piedmont aquic hapludult soils following fungicide spray applications. Results indicate that vinclozolin and its degradation products are influenced by the presence of soil particles, fluid-filled pore space, soil organic matter and clay content, and microbes. The formation of 2-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid ("M1"), was highest in pore water with elevated pH levels, and the degradation is enhanced by the presence of microbes. M1 was also released from lower pH soil pore water, especially when the fungicide was incorporated into the soil. Unlike prior studies of vinclozolin degradation in solutions, this study found that, in soil, both M1 and 3,5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide ("M2") can be produced in the same soil column. These results indicate that engineering controls and agricultural practices following application can affect the amount and pathway of vinclozolin's degradation. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Vallero, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 3 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:3(261) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 525BF UT WOS:000174046800009 ER PT J AU Hettiarachchi, GM Pierzynski, GM AF Hettiarachchi, GM Pierzynski, GM TI In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide: Influence of plant growth SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; METAL-CATIONS; SWISS-CHARD; APATITE; PB; IMMOBILIZATION; ADSORPTION; PHOSPHATE; CADMIUM AB In situ stabilization of Pb contaminated soils can be accomplished by adding P and Mn(IV) oxide. However, the long-term efficacy of in situ stabilization under continual P removal through plant growth is unknown. Moreover, the effects these treatments have on phytoavailability of other metals (Cd and Zn) commonly associated with Pb in soil are not well understood. Greenhouse experiments using sudax [Sorghum vulgare (L.) Moench] and Swiss chard [Beta vulgaris (L.) Koch] were carried out to evaluate the effects of plant growth on soil Pb bioavailability to humans after addition of P and other amendments. and the effects of these treatments on Pb, Cd, and Zn phytoavailability, in three metal-contaminated soils. Eight treatments were used: zero P; 2500 mg of P as triple superphosphate (TSP); 5000 mg of P as TSP or phosphate rock (PR); 5000 mg of Mn oxide/kg; and combinations of Mn oxide and P as TSP or PR. The addition of P and/or Mn oxide significantly reduced bioavailable Pb, as measured by the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), in soils compared with the control even after extensive cropping. The PBET data also suggested that removal of P from soluble P sources by plants could negate the beneficial effects of P on bioavailable Pb, unless sufficient soluble P was added or soluble P was combined with Mn oxide. In general, Pb, Cd, and Zn concentrations in shoot tissues of sudax and Swiss chard were reduced significantly by TSP and did not change with the addition of PR. The combination of PR and Mn oxide significantly reduced Ph concentrations in plants compared with the control. C1 US EPA, Remediat & Containment Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hettiarachchi, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Remediat & Containment Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Av, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/F-6895-2015 OI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/0000-0002-6669-2885 NR 35 TC 75 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 564 EP 572 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529ZF UT WOS:000174330600025 PM 11931448 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Puckett, E Padnos, B AF Gordon, CJ Puckett, E Padnos, B TI Rat tail skin temperature monitored noninvasively by radiotelemetry: characterization by examination of vasomotor responses to thermomodulatory agents SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE telemetry; unrestrained; core temperature; fever; methods; organophosphate; endotoxin; ambient temperature ID CHLORPYRIFOS; FEVER; HYPOTHERMIA; RESTRAINT; ESTROGEN AB Introduction: Measurement of tail skin temperature (T(sk)) of the rat can provide important information on mechanisms pertaining to physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology. T(sk) is largely under control of peripheral vascular tone, which is also sensitive to most experimental manipulations such as handling and restraint. Hence, it is extremely difficult to acquire long-term measurements of T(sk) that are free of artifacts from experimental manipulation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of a radiotelemetric probe to provide continuous, long-term measurements of T(sk) in undisturbed rats. Methods: A telemetry probe is placed on the base of the tail and secured with a protective guard to prevent the rat from chewing on the probe. T(sk) is continuously monitored with standard radiotelemetric software and computer technology. Core temperature (T(c)) is monitored in duplicate sets of rats at the same time but the current system does not allow for simultaneous measurement of T(sk) and T(c) from the same animal. Rats were subjected to a variety of experimental manipulations to demonstrate the utility of the probe. Results/Discussion: A marked increase in T(sk) was seen during the transition from light to dark phase, reflecting an increase in heat loss to lower T(c); a decrease in T(sk) during the development of endotoxin-induced fever, reflecting a reduction in heat loss to facilitate an elevation in T(c); an increase in T(sk) following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, reflecting an increase in heat loss to facilitate a hypothermia response; and a direct effect of increasing ambient temperature on T(sk). The probe is relatively inexpensive and is used with no surgery and provides long-term measurement (e.g., >24 h) of T(sk) in unrestrained rats. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Informat Management & Site Support Staff, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gordon.christopher@epa.gov NR 20 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1056-8719 J9 J PHARMACOL TOX MET JI J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2 BP 107 EP 114 AR PII S1056-8719(02)00219-8 DI 10.1016/S1056-8719(02)00219-8 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 628UX UT WOS:000180015900007 PM 12459150 ER PT J AU Krupnick, A Alberini, A Cropper, M Simon, N O'Brien, B Goeree, R Heintzelman, M AF Krupnick, A Alberini, A Cropper, M Simon, N O'Brien, B Goeree, R Heintzelman, M TI Age, health and the willingness to pay for mortality risk reductions: A contingent valuation survey of Ontario residents SO JOURNAL OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY LA English DT Article DE value of a statistical life; mortality risks; benefit-cost analysis ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; STATISTICAL LIFE; DIFFERENTIALS; ALTRUISM; SAFETY AB We present the results of a contingent valuation survey eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions. The survey was self-administered using a computer by 930 persons in Hamilton Ontario aged 40 to 75. Visual and audio aides were used to enhance risk comprehension. Mean WTP figures for a contemporaneous risk reduction imply a value of a statistical life of approximately C$l.2 to C$3.8 million (1999 C$). Mean WTP is constant with age up to 70 years, and is about 30 percent lower for persons aged 70 and older. WTP is unaffected by physical health status, but is affected by mental health. C1 Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Cropper, M (reprint author), World Bank, MSN MC 2-205,1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 31 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0895-5646 J9 J RISK UNCERTAINTY JI J. Risk Uncertain. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 161 EP 186 DI 10.1023/A:1014020027011 PG 26 WC Business, Finance; Economics SC Business & Economics GA 517FQ UT WOS:000173600800004 ER PT J AU Kleindienst, TE Corse, EW Li, W McIver, CD Conver, TS Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Speer, RE Weathers, WS Tejada, SB AF Kleindienst, TE Corse, EW Li, W McIver, CD Conver, TS Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Speer, RE Weathers, WS Tejada, SB TI Secondary organic aerosol formation from the irradiation of simulated automobile exhaust SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ABSORPTION-MODEL; AIR-POLLUTION; LIQUID WATER; PHOTOOXIDATION; 1,3,5-TRIMETHYLBENZENE; DISTRIBUTIONS; OXIDATION; ARTIFACT; GASOLINE AB A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the potential for secondary organic aerosol formation from emissions from automotive exhaust. The goal was to determine to what extent photochemical oxidation products of these hydrocarbons contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and how well their formation is described by recently developed models for SOA formation. The quality of a surrogate was tested by comparing its reactivity with that from irradiations of authentic automobile exhaust. Experiments for secondary particle formation using the surrogate were conducted in a fixed volume reactor operated in a dynamic mode. The mass concentration of the aerosol was determined from measurements of organic carbon collected on quartz filters and was corrected for the presence of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in the organic species. A functional group analysis of the aerosol made by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that carbonyl groups dominated the aerosol with relatively little aliphatic or aromatic C-H functionality. This result is consistent with the presence of polycarbonyl compounds measured in the aerosol. The hygroscopic potential of the aerosol was determined with the use of a liquid water content analyzer, and the analysis indicated that the aerosol uptake of water was minor at relative humidities less than 70%. The yield for the formation of SOA was found to be 1.8% when measured for an aerosol mass of 7.38 mug/m(3). These results were compared to an aerosol model developed by Odum and coworkers and suggested that 75-85% of the fine particulate matter was due to reaction products of aromatic precursors. Organic analysis of the collected aerosol from this complex system indicates that the identified oxidation products were identical to those found in the toluene oxidation system. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 26 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 259 EP 272 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 529YZ UT WOS:000174330000003 PM 11924857 ER PT J AU Ghorishi, SB Singer, CF Jozewicz, WS Sedman, CB Srivastava, RK AF Ghorishi, SB Singer, CF Jozewicz, WS Sedman, CB Srivastava, RK TI Simultaneous control of Hg-0, SO2, and NOx by novel oxidized calcium-based sorbents SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED CARBONS; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; SORPTION; VAPORS; GASES AB Efforts to develop multipollutant control strategies have demonstrated that adding certain oxidants to different classes of Ca-based sorbents leads to a significant improvement in elemental Hg vapor (Hg-0), SO2, and NOx removal from simulated flue gases. In the study presented here, two classes of Ca-based sorbents (hydrated limes and silicate compounds) were investigated. A number of oxidizing additives at different concentrations were used in the Ca-based sorbent production process. The Hg-0, SO2, and NOx, capture capacities of these oxidant-enriched sorbents were evaluated and compared to those of a commercially available activated carbon in bench-scale, fixed-bed, and fluid-bed systems. Calcium-based sorbents prepared with two oxidants, designated C and M, exhibited Hg-0 sorption capacities (-100 mug/g) comparable to that of the activated carbon; they showed far superior SO2 and NOx sorption capacities. Preliminary cost estimates for the process utilizing these novel sorbents indicate potential for substantial lowering of control costs, as compared with other processes currently used or considered for control of Hf-0 SO2, and NOx emissions from coal-fired boilers. The implications of these findings toward development of multipollutant control technologies and planned pilot and field evaluations of more promising multipollutant sorbents are summarily discussed. C1 ARCADIS G&M, Durham, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghorishi, SB (reprint author), ARCADIS G&M, 4915 Prospectus Dr, Durham, NC 27713 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 23 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 273 EP 278 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 529YZ UT WOS:000174330000004 PM 11924858 ER PT J AU Grimm, AC Fout, GS AF Grimm, AC Fout, GS TI Development of a molecular method to identify hepatitis E virus in water SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE hepatitis E virus (HEV); reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); environmental water; waterborne pathogen ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; UNITED-STATES; WASTE-WATER; VIRAL-RNA; STRAIN; SWINE; HEV; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION AB Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an infectious form of hepatitis associated with contaminated water. By analyzing the sequence of several HEV isolates, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method was developed and optimized that should be able to identify all of the known HEV strains. When tested under laboratory conditions, this method was able to detect low levels of five diverse HEV variants. In addition, internal controls were constructed so that any PCR inhibition could be detected. Finally, virus-spiked environmental water samples were analyzed successfully with these assays. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Biohazard Assessment Res Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Grimm, AC (reprint author), US EPA, Biohazard Assessment Res Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD MAR PY 2002 VL 101 IS 1-2 BP 175 EP 188 AR PII S0166-0934(01)00436-0 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00436-0 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 531VG UT WOS:000174437500019 PM 11849696 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Sivaganesan, M AF Clark, RM Sivaganesan, M TI Predicting chlorine residuals in drinking water: Second order model SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article DE pottable water; chlorine; mathematical models; prediction ID KINETICS; DEMAND AB A major objective of drinking water treatment is to provide water that is both microbiologically and chemically safe for human consumption. Drinking water chlorination. therefore, poses a dilemma. Chemical disinfection reduces the risk of infectious disease. but the interaction between chemical disinfectants and precursor materials in source water may result in potentially harmful by-products. Chlorine consumption results in the formation of by-products, and the loss of chlorine residual reduces protection against potentially pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, much effort has been invested in characterizing the loss of chlorine residuals in raw and treated water. This paper presents a mathematical model based on the use of two second-order terms for predicting this loss or decay. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Off Director, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 57 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 22 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 128 IS 2 BP 152 EP 161 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2002)128:2(152) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 525AX UT WOS:000174046000008 ER PT J AU Miller, WL Moran, MA Sheldon, WM Zepp, RG Opsahl, S AF Miller, WL Moran, MA Sheldon, WM Zepp, RG Opsahl, S TI Determination of apparent quantum yield spectra for the formation of biologically labile photoproducts SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NATURAL-WATERS; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; UV-RADIATION AB Quantum yield spectra for the photochemical formation of biologically labile photoproducts from dissolved organic matter (DOM) have not been available previously, although they Would greatly facilitate attempts to model photoproduct formation rates across latitudinal, seasonal, and depth-related changes in spectral irradiance. Apparent quantum yield spectra were calculated for two coastal environments from the southeastern United States using postirradiation bacterial respiration as a measure of total labile photoproduct formation and a cutoff filter method to model spectral dependence. As has been the case for previously studied classes of DOM photoproducts (i.e., dissolved inorganic carbon, CO, and H(2)O(2)), ultraviolet (UV)-B irradiance was significantly more efficient at forming labile photoproducts (i.e., compounds readily assimilated by marine bacterioplankton) than UV-A and visible irradiance. Calculations of DOM photoproduct formation in southeastern U.S. coastal surface waters indicate a formation ratio for biologically labile photoproducts: CO of 13:1. The slope of a natural log plot of the apparent quantum yield spectrum obtained for biologically labile photoproducts was similar to that for CO (0.028 nm (1) vs. 0.034 nm(-1)). Modeled kinetic rates therefore indicate that the production ratio of these photoproduct classes is approximately maintained despite variations in the solar spectrum that occur with depth in a water column or distance from shore. Application of the apparent quantum yield to coastal regions worldwide predicts an annual formation rate of biologically labile photoproducts in coastal waters of 206 x 10(12) g C. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Moran, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Moran, Mary Ann/0000-0002-0702-8167 NR 58 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2 BP 343 EP 352 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 537GT UT WOS:000174751100002 ER PT J AU Gutman, I Cash, GG AF Gutman, I Cash, GG TI Relations between the permanental and characteristic polynomials of fullerenes and benzenoid hydrocarbons SO MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BORON-NITROGEN ANALOGS; ADJACENCY MATRICES; 4-MEMBERED RINGS; GRAPH-THEORY AB In earlier computer-aided studies the permanental polynomials of numerous fullerenes and benzenoid hydrocarbons were determined. Several relations between the coefficients of the permanental and characteristic polynomials were then observed. We now demonstrate the general validity of these empirically discovered regularities and establish a few more. C1 Univ Kragujevac, Fac Sci, YU-34000 Kragujevac, Yugoslavia. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assesment Div 7403M, New chem Screening & Assesment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gutman, I (reprint author), Univ Kragujevac, Fac Sci, POB 60, YU-34000 Kragujevac, Yugoslavia. RI Gutman, Ivan/B-6092-2013 OI Gutman, Ivan/0000-0001-9681-1550 NR 41 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV BAYREUTH, DEPT MATHEMATICS PI BAYREUTH PA C/O PROF DR A KERBER, D-95440 BAYREUTH, GERMANY SN 0340-6253 J9 MATCH-COMMUN MATH CO JI Match-Commun. Math. Cmput. Chem. PD MAR PY 2002 IS 45 BP 55 EP 70 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Mathematics GA 570ED UT WOS:000176645000005 ER PT J AU Hall, JM McDonnell, DP Korach, KS AF Hall, JM McDonnell, DP Korach, KS TI Allosteric regulation of estrogen receptor structure, function, and coactivator recruitment by different estrogen response elements SO MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BETA ER-BETA; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR; PEPTIDE ANTAGONISTS; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; ACTIVATION FUNCTION-1; PROMOTER-CONTEXT; ALPHA; BINDING; IDENTIFICATION AB Hormone-activated ERs (ERalpha and ERbeta) bind with high affinity to specific DNA sequences, estrogen response elements (EREs), located within the regulatory regions of target genes. Once considered to function solely as receptor tethers, there is an increasing amount of recent evidence to suggest that the sequence of the ERE can influence receptor activity. In this study, we have performed a systematic analysis of the role of different EREs in ER pharmacology. Specifically, by measuring ER activity on the vitellogenin A2, complement 3 gene, pS2, and lactoferrin EREs, we demonstrate that the activities of E2 and xenoestrogen ligands through ERalpha and ERbeta are significantly influenced by the nature of the response element. Using a series of ERalpha and ERbeta interacting peptides that contain the coactivator-binding motif LXXLL, we show that the type of ERE with which the receptor associates regulates the structure of the coactivator pocket on ER. Furthermore, using a novel ELISA developed to measure ER-coactivator interactions revealed that these different conformational states of ERalpha and ERbeta are functionally relevant, as they dictate receptor coactivator binding preference. Together, these results indicate that the DNA response element is a key regulator of receptor structure and biological activity and suggest the ERE sequence influences the recruitment of coactivators to the ER at target gene promoters. We propose that DNA-induced alteration of protein structure and coregulator recruitment may serve as a universal regulatory component for differential gene expression by other nuclear hormone receptors and unrelated transcription factors. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Receptor Biol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Korach, KS (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Receptor Biol Sect, POB 12233,MD B3-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-48807] NR 56 TC 179 Z9 183 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 USA SN 0888-8809 J9 MOL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 469 EP 486 DI 10.1210/me.16.3.469 PG 18 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 527CB UT WOS:000174167200005 PM 11875105 ER PT J AU Chen, T Harrington-Brock, K Moore, MM AF Chen, T Harrington-Brock, K Moore, MM TI Mutant frequencies and loss of heterozygosity induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in the thymidine kinase gene of L5178Y/TK+-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; TK-/ MUTANTS; MUTATIONS; AGENTS; DNA; MUTAGENICITY; GENOTOXICITY; ABERRATIONS; INDUCTION; REPAIR AB N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is a potent monofunctional ethylating agent that has been found to be mutagenic in a wide variety of organisms from viruses to mammalian germ cells. To elucidate the mutagenicity of ENU at the Tk(+/-) locus of mouse lymphoma cells and to confirm the ability of the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) to detect both point mutations and large DNA alterations, Tk(+/-) L5178Y cells were exposed to different doses of ENU. Treatment of the cells with ENU resulted in a linear dose response with mutant frequencies of up to 16-fold over control. Evaluation of mutant clone size showed that 36% of the 100 mug/ml ENU-induced clones (66% in control) were small colony mutants and 64% (34% in control) were large colony mutants. DNA isolated from mutants in the control culture and the 100 mug/ml ENU treatment group was analyzed for loss of heterozygesity (LOH) using allele-specific PCR. The majority of the small colony mutants, both ENU-treated (97%) and spontaneous (91%), lost the Tk1b allele. The percentage of allele loss in ENU-Induced large colony mutants was distinctly different from that of the control. Twenty-three percent of ENU-induced large colony mutants lost their Tk1b alleles, whereas 73% of the large colony mutants from the control culture lost the allele (P < 0.001). Overall, 50% of the Tk mutants from the 100 μg/ml ENU-treated cultures (86% in control) showed LOH. Our data indicate that ENU is a potent mutagen in mouse lymphoma cells and that 100 μg/ml ENU induces equal numbers of point mutations and chromosomal mutations. This study serves to verify that the MLA detects both point mutations and chromosomal mutations. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Technol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Chen, T (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Technol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD MAR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 105 EP 109 DI 10.1093/mutage/17.2.105 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 531QC UT WOS:000174426000003 PM 11880538 ER PT J AU Bolger, PT Szlag, DC AF Bolger, PT Szlag, DC TI Analysis of electroless nickel solutions by anion chromatography SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article AB The principal appeal of ion chromatography (IC) as an analytical technique lies in the ability to rapidly analyze a mixture of ions of widely varying concentrations and properties in a single elution. it is therefore not surprising that IC has been considered as a potentially powerful technique for the complete analysis of all electroless nickel (EN) solution anions. However, the use of the technique has been hampered by the similar ion exchange selectivity coefficients of many of the EN solution anions, making it difficult to achieve effective separation of all the EN bath anions on an ion chromatography column. This article addresses the separation issue and describes a method that has been developed for separating the organic acid anions commonly found in an electroless nickel bath from the inorganic anions. By using a high-capacity anion exchange column and carefully selecting a mixed isocratic-gradient elution with sodium hydroxide, the separation and quantification of all the component anions in a surrogate electroless nickel solution (hypophosphite, orthophosphite, sulfate, propanoic and succinic acid) were achieved. The analysis of trivalent anions such as citrate and orthophosphate was also shown to be possible. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bolger, PT (reprint author), Bord Na Mona Environm Ltd, Main St, Newbridge, Kildare, Ireland. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 89 IS 3 BP 52 EP 55 PG 4 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA 529MQ UT WOS:000174303600009 ER PT J AU Leazer, TM Barbee, B Ebron-McCoy, M Henry-Sam, GA Rogers, JM AF Leazer, TM Barbee, B Ebron-McCoy, M Henry-Sam, GA Rogers, JM TI Role of the maternal acute phase response and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the developmental toxicity of lipopolysaccharide in the CD-1 mouse SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE maternal acute phase response; LPS; embryo death; maternally mediated developmental toxicity tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha; CD-1 mouse; ELISA ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; AMNIOTIC-FLUID; BACTERIAL-ENDOTOXIN; HUMAN-PREGNANCY; PRETERM LABOR; FETAL DEATH; ENDOTHELIN-1; PLASMA; MICE; DECIDUA AB The acute phase response (APR) functions to reset metabolic homeostasis following infectious, toxic, or traumatic insult. TNF-alpha, a putative mediator of the APR, has been associated with fetal death in rodents and preterm labor and delivery in humans. We hypothesized that physiologic changes associated with the maternal APR may play a role in adverse embryo/fetal outcome. Pregnant CD-I mice injected i.p. with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a model inducer of the APR, on gestation day (gd) 9 showed a dose-related increase in embryo death on gd 10. Histology indicated placental infarct and necrosis. Maternal serum TNF-alpha levels, measured by ELISA following administration of 0.05 mg/kg LPS on gd 9, were found to increase significantly and peak within 1 to 1.5 h. Pretreatment with 0.01 mg/kg LPS on gd 8 ameliorated embryotoxicity of the 0.05 mg/kg LPS treatment on gd 9 and also eliminated the increase in serum TNF-alpha, Direct LPS exposure in whole embryo culture was nontoxic. These data support a maternally mediated mechanism of LPS embryolethality, and suggest that TNF-alpha may be an important mediator of this developmental toxicity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Xavier Univ, Coll Pharm, Div Basic Pharmaceut Sci, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. RP Leazer, TM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 173 EP 179 AR PII S0890-6238(02)00011-4 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00011-4 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 548BJ UT WOS:000175368100009 PM 11955948 ER PT J AU Richard, AM Benigni, R AF Richard, AM Benigni, R TI AI and SAR approaches for predicting chemical carcinogenicity: Survey and status report SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences (QSAR 2000) CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE carcinogenicity; prediction; artificial intelligence; SAR; potency ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; AROMATIC-AMINES; DEREK SYSTEM; BIOASSAYS; TOXICITY AB A wide variety of artificial intelligence (AI) and structure-activity relationship (SAR) approaches have been applied to tackling the general problem of predicting rodent chemical carcinogenicity. Given the diversity of chemical structures and mechanisms relative to this endpoint, the shared challenge of these approaches is to accurately delineate classes of active chemicals representing distinct biological and chemical mechanism domains, and within those classes determine the structural features and proper-ties responsible for modulating activity. In the following discussion, we present a survey of AI and SAR approaches that have been applied to the prediction of rodent carcinogenicity, and discuss these in general terms and in the context of the results of two organized prediction exercises (PTE-1 and PTE-2) sponsored by the US National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program. Most models participating in these exercises were successful in identifying major structural-alerting classes of active carcinogens, but failed in modeling the more subtle modifiers to activity within those classes. In addition, methods that incorporated mechanism-based reasoning or biological data along with structural information outperformed models limited to structural information exclusively. Finally, a few recent carcinogenicity-modeling efforts are presented illustrating progress in tackling some aspects of the carcinogenicity prediction problem. The first example, a QSAR model for predicting carcinogenic potency of aromatic amines, illustrates that success is possible within well-represented classes of carcinogens. From the second example, a newly developed FDA/OTR MultiCASE model for predicting the carcinogenicity of pharmaceuticals, we conclude that the definitions of biological activity and nature of chemicals in the training set are important determinants of the predictive success and specificity/sensitivity characteristics of a derived model. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ist Super Sanita, Comparat Toxicol & Ecotoxicol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM richard.ann@epa.gov NR 55 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X EI 1029-046X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1080/1062936026002055 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 536TM UT WOS:000174718000002 PM 12074379 ER PT J AU MacDonald, D Breton, R Sutcliffe, R Walker, J AF MacDonald, D Breton, R Sutcliffe, R Walker, J TI Uses and limitations of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to categorize substances on the canadian domestic substance list as persistent and/or bioaccumulative, and inherently toxic to non-human organisms SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences (QSAR 2000) CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE PbiTs; QSAR; risk assessment; Canada; DSL ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RELATIVE TOXICITY; METAL-IONS; PREDICTION; DIVALENT AB Under sections 73 and 74 of the revised Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA 1999), Environment Canada and Health Canada must "categorize" and "screen" about 23,000 substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL) for persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), and inherently toxic (iT) properties. Since experimental data for P, B and iT are only available for a few DSL substances, a workshop was held to address issues associated with the use of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) to categorize these substances. This paper describes the results of an 11-12 November 1999 International Workshop sponsored by Environment Canada to discuss potential uses and limitations of QSARs to categorize DSL substances as either persistent or bioaccumulative and iT to non-human organisms and to recommend future research needed to develop methods for predicting the P, B and iT of difficult-to-model substances. C1 Environm Canada, Chem Evaluat Div, Commercial Chem Evaluat Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US EPA, TSCA Interagency Testing Comm, Washington, DC USA. RP Breton, R (reprint author), Environm Canada, Chem Evaluat Div, Commercial Chem Evaluat Branch, 14th Floor,Pl Vincent Massey,351 St Joseph Blvd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 DI 10.1080/10629360290002082 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 536TM UT WOS:000174718000005 PM 12074391 ER PT J AU Shi, L Tong, W Fang, H Xie, Q Hong, H Perkins, R Wu, J Tu, M Blair, RM Branham, WS Waller, C Walker, J Sheehan, DM AF Shi, L Tong, W Fang, H Xie, Q Hong, H Perkins, R Wu, J Tu, M Blair, RM Branham, WS Waller, C Walker, J Sheehan, DM TI An integrated "4-phase" approach for setting endocrine disruption screening priorities - Phase I and II predictions of estrogen receptor binding affinity SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences (QSAR 2000) CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE endocrine disrupting chemicals; estrogens; priority setting; estrogen receptor binding; QSAR ID CONFORMATIONAL COVERAGE; ANTAGONISM; DISCOVERY; MODELS AB Recent legislation mandates the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop a screening and testing program for potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), of which xenoestrogens figure prominently. Under the legislation, a large number of chemicals will undergo various in vitro and in vivo assays for their potential estrogenicity, as well as other hormonal activities. There is a crucial need for priority setting before this strategy can be effectively implemented. Here we report an integrated computational approach to priority setting using estrogen receptor (ER) binding as an example. This approach rationally integrates different predictive computational models into a "Four-Phase" scheme so that it can effectively identify potential estrogenic EDCs based on their predicted ER relative binding affinity (RBA). The system has been validated using an in-house ER binding assay dataset for 232 chemicals that was designed to have both broad structural diversity and a wide range of binding affinities. When applied to 58,000 chemicals identified by Walker et at. as candidates for endocrine disruption screening, some 9 100 chemicals were predicted to bind to ER. Of these, only 3600 were expected to bind to ER at RBA values up to 100,000-fold less than that of 17beta-estradiol. The method ruled out 83% of the chemicals as non-binders with a very low rate of false negatives. We believe that the same integrated scheme will be equally applicable to endpoints of other endocrine disrupting mechanisms, e.g, androgen receptor binding. C1 ROW Sci Inc, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Sphinz Pharmaceut, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, TSCA Interagency Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Shi, L (reprint author), ROW Sci Inc, 3900 NCTR Rd,MC910, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 36 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 69 EP 88 DI 10.1080/10629360290002235 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 536TM UT WOS:000174718000007 PM 12074393 ER PT J AU Serafimova, R Walker, J Mekenyan, O AF Serafimova, R Walker, J Mekenyan, O TI Androgen receptor binding affinity of pesticide "active" formulation ingredients. QSAR evaluation by COREPA method SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences (QSAR 2000) CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE androgen receptor; affinity pattern; endocrine disruption; 3D QSAR model ID HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; LIGAND FLEXIBILITY; DYNAMIC QSAR; CONFORMATIONS; ESTROGEN AB The COREPA approach for identifying the COmmon REactivity PAttern of biologically similar chemicals was employed to upgrade the recently derived affinity pattern for high androgen receptor (AR) binding affinity. The training set consisted of 28 steroidal and nonsteroidal ligands whose AR binding affinity was determined in competitive binding assays (in terms of pK(i)). The interatomic distances between nucleophilic sites and their charges providing distinct and non-overlapping integral patterns for active and inactive chemicals were assumed that it was related with the endpoint, which was under study. These stereoelectronic characteristics were used to predict pKi values of pesticide "active" formulation ingredients in an attempt to identify chemicals with potential AR binding affinity. C1 Univ As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. US EPA, TSCA Interagency Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mekenyan, O (reprint author), Univ As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1080/1062936029000209 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 536TM UT WOS:000174718000010 PM 12074381 ER PT J AU Dimitrov, SD Mekenyan, OG Walker, JD AF Dimitrov, SD Mekenyan, OG Walker, JD TI Non-linear modeling of bioconcentration using partition coefficients for narcotic chemicals SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences (QSAR 2000) CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE bioconcentration factor; toxicity; QSAR; hydrophilic compounds ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; SYSTEM; FISH; BIOACCUMULATION; TOXICITY AB Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) have traditionally been used to describe the tendency of chemicals to concentrate in aquatic organisms. A reexamination of the log-log QSAR between the BCF and K-OW for non-congener narcotic chemicals is presented on the basis of recommended data for fish. The model is extended to give a simple correlation between BCF and the toxicity of highly, moderately and weakly hydrophilic chemicals. For the first time, in this study an equation for calculating BCF was applied in a QSAR model for predicting the acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms. C1 Univ Prov As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. US EPA, TSCA Interagency Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dimitrov, SD (reprint author), Univ Prov As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. NR 38 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 177 EP 184 DI 10.1080/10629360290002299 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 536TM UT WOS:000174718000015 PM 12074386 ER PT J AU Schwartz, SE AF Schwartz, SE TI Challenges in EPA's coastal and ocean programs SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Ocean & Coastal Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schwartz, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Ocean & Coastal Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 43 IS 3 BP 33 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 534JM UT WOS:000174582200007 ER PT J AU Wilson, VS Bobseine, K Lambright, CR Gray, LE AF Wilson, VS Bobseine, K Lambright, CR Gray, LE TI A novel cell line, MDA-kb2, that stably expresses an androgen- and glucocorticoid-responsive reporter for the detection of hormone receptor agonists and antagonists SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE stable cell line; androgen receptor; glucocorticoid receptor; endocrine screening; antiandrogen; vinclozolin; p ',p-DDE; linuron; procymidone; HPTE ID BREAST-CANCER CELLS; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; REPRODUCTIVE MALFORMATIONS; ESTROGEN; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTINS; HYDROXYFLUTAMIDE; PHARMACOLOGY; ACTIVATION; MECHANISMS AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed that in vitro assays for estrogen receptor (ER)- and androgen receptor (AR)-mediated actions be included in a Tier-I screening battery to detect hormonally active chemicals. Herein we describe the development of a novel stable cell line, MDA-kb2, for screening of androgen agonist and antagonists and to characterize its specificity and sensitivity to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-453, was stably transformed with the MMTV.luciferase.neo reporter gene construct. Since both GR and AR are present in the MDA-MB-453 cells, and both receptors can act through the MMTV promoter, compounds that act through either AR or GR activate the MMTV luciferase reporter. As expected, AR agonists such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and GR agonists such as dexamethasone (DEX), corticosterone, and aldosterone induce luciferase expression at appropriate concentrations. DHT consistently produced 3-9-fold induction at concentrations from 0.1 to 10 nM. At 1 to 1000 nM, DEX induced luciferase activity 1.3-19.5-fold. To distinguish AR- from GR-mediated ligands, chemicals were assayed concurrently with the antiandrogen, hydroxyflutamide (OHF), which blocks AR- but not GR-mediated responses. In addition, known AR antagonists, including hydroxyflutamide, vinclozolin, vinclozolin metabolites M1 and M2, p,p'-DDE, and linuron inhibited DHT-induced luciferase gene expression at appropriate concentrations in this system. We have found that these cells are relatively easy to culture and maintain. Responsiveness was monitored over time and was stable for more than 80 passages. Some advantages of this assay are that it is relatively rapid (2 days), eliminates the need for transfection, can be conducted in a 96-well plate format, and produces consistent reproducible results. In summary, we have developed a cell line that can be used to screen chemicals, not just for AR- but for GR-mediated activities as well. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, VS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 184 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 31 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 BP 69 EP 81 DI 10.1093/toxsci/66.1.69 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 524LG UT WOS:000174014300009 PM 11861974 ER PT J AU Hartig, PC Bobseine, KL Britt, BH Cardon, MC Lambright, CR Wilson, VS Gray, LE AF Hartig, PC Bobseine, KL Britt, BH Cardon, MC Lambright, CR Wilson, VS Gray, LE TI Development of two androgen receptor assays using adenoviral transduction of MMTV-Luc reporter and/or hAR for endocrine screening SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE adenovirus; transduction; screening; assay; androgen receptor; human; MDA; CV-1 ID MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; VECTORS; PROGESTIN; PROSTATE; CANCER AB The discovery of xenobiotics that interfere with androgen activity has highlighted the need to assess chemicals for their ability to modulate dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-receptor binding. Previous test systems have used cells transfected with plasmid containing a reporter gene. Here we report the use of transduction for gene delivery and assessment of the modulation of DHT-induced gene activation. Transduction, the ability of replication-defective viruses to deliver biologically competent genes, is a well understood biological process, which has been utilized to repair defective genes in humans as well as to express exogenous genes in rodent models. Human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-453) containing endogenous copies of the androgen (hAR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors were transduced with replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 containing the luciferase (Luc) reporter gene driven by the AR- and GR-responsive glucocorticoid-inducible hormone response element found with the mammary tumor virus LTR (Ad/MLUC7). In a second set of experiments, CV-1 cells were transduced as above with MMTV-luc and also hAR. Cells were subcultured in 96-well plates, transduced with virus, exposed to chemicals, incubated for 48 h, lysed, and assayed for luciferase. Luc gene expression was induced in a dose-dependent manner by DHT, estradiol, and dexamethasone (MDA only) and inhibited by AR antagonist hydroxyflutamide (OHF), hydroxy-DDE, HPTE (2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1, 1-trichloroethane), a methoxychlor metabolite, and M1 and M2 (vinclozolin metabolites). The transduced cells responded to AR agonists and antagonists as predicted from our other studies, with a very robust and reproducible response. Over all replicates, 0.1 nM DHT induced luc expression by about 45-fold in CV-1 cells (intra-assay CV = 20%) and 1micromolar OHF inhibited DHT by about 80%. In the transduced MDA cells, 0.1 nM DHT induced luc by about 24-fold (intra-assay CV = 33%), which was inhibited by OHF by about 85%. DHT-induced luciferase activity peaked in both cell lines between I and 100 nM, displaying about 64- and 115-fold maximal induction in the CV-1 and MDA 453 cells, respectively. For agonists, a two-fold induction of luc over media control was statistically significant. For AR antagonists, a 25-30% inhibition of DHT-induced luc expression was typically statistically significant. Comparing the two assays, the transduced CV-1 cells were slightly more sensitive to AR-mediated responses, but the transduced MDA 453 cells were more responsive to GR agonists. In summary, these assays correctly identified the endocrine activity of all chemicals examined and displayed sensitivity with a relatively low variability and a high-fold induction over background. Adenovirus transduction for EDC screening has the potential to be employed in a high-throughput mode, and could easily be applied to other cell lines and utilized to deliver other receptors and reporter genes. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hartig, PC (reprint author), NHEERL, ORD, MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 BP 82 EP 90 DI 10.1093/toxsci/66.1.82 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 524LG UT WOS:000174014300010 PM 11861975 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Taylor, MM DeVito, MJ Crofton, KA AF Zhou, T Taylor, MM DeVito, MJ Crofton, KA TI Developmental exposure to brominated diphenyl ethers results in thyroid hormone disruption SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE brominated diphenyl ether; development; thyroid hormone; hepatic enzyme activity; endocrine disrupter; rat ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; IN-VITRO; RATS; MICE; TRANSTHYRETIN; INDUCTION; DEFICITS; FETUSES AB The objective of the current study was to characterize the effects of DE-71 (a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture containing mostly tetra- and penta-bromodiphenyl ethers) on thyroid hormones and hepatic enzyme activity in offspring, following perinatal maternal exposure. Primiparous Long-Evans rats were orally administered DE-71 (0, 1, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day) in corn oil from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver samples obtained from dams (GD 20 and PND 22), fetuses (GD 20), and offspring (PNDs 4, 14, 36, and 90) were analyzed for circulating total serum thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3), or hepatic microsomal ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD), and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) activity. There were no significant effects of treatment on maternal body weight gain, litter size, or sex ratio, nor were there any effects on any measures of offspring viability or growth. Serum T, was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in fetuses on GD 20 (at least 15%) and offspring on PND 4 and PND 14 (50 and 64% maximal in the 10 and 30 mg/kg/day groups, respectively), but recovered to control levels by PND 36. Reduction in serum T, was also noted in GD 20 dams (48% at highest dose), as well as PND 22 dams (44% at highest dose). There was no significant effect of DE 71 on T-3 concentrations at any time in the dams or the offspring. Increased liver to body weight ratios in offspring were consistent with induction of EROD (maximal 95-fold), PROD (maximal 26-fold) or UDPGT (maximal 4.7-fold). Induction of PROD was similar in both dams and offspring; however, EROD and UDPGT induction were much greater in offspring compared to dams (EROD = 3.8-fold; UDPGT = 0.5-fold). These data support the conclusion that DE-71 is an endocrine disrupter in rats during development. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Crofton, KA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 55 TC 334 Z9 359 U1 7 U2 40 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 BP 105 EP 116 DI 10.1093/toxsci/66.1.105 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 524LG UT WOS:000174014300012 PM 11861977 ER PT J AU Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME AF Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME TI Rat hippocampal glutamate and GABA release exhibit biphasic effects as a function of chronic lead exposure level SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE lead; glutamate; GABA; hippocampus; biphasic; long-term potentiation; microdialysis; calcium ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; GYRUS IN-VIVO; INORGANIC LEAD; CHROMAFFIN CELLS; D-ASPARTATE; CALCIUM; BRAIN; MICRODIALYSIS; DOPAMINE AB Previous work has suggested that the lead (Pb) exposure-induced decrease in K+-evoked hippocampal glutamate (GLU) release is an important factor in the elevated threshold and diminished magnitude reported for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in exposed animals. In addition, complex dose-effect relationships between Pb exposure level and LTP have been reported. This investigation was conducted to determine the effects of Pb on hippocampal GLU and GABA release as a function of exposure level. Rats were continuously exposed to 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0% Pb in the drinking water beginning at gestational day 15-16. Hippocampal transmitter release was induced in adult males by perfusion of 150 mM K+ in the presence of Ca+2 (total release) through a microdialysis probe in one test session, followed by perfusion through a contralateral. probe in the absence of Ca+2 (Ca+2-independent release) in the second session. Chronic exposure produced decreases in total K+-stimulated hippocampal GLU and GABA release at exposure levels of 0.1-0.5% Pb. Maximal effects were seen in the 0.2% group (blood Pb = 40 mug/100 ml), and changes in total release could be directly traced to alterations in the Ca+2-dependent component. However, these effects were less evident in the 0.5% group and were no longer present in the 1.0% Pb group, thus defining U-shaped dose-effect relationships. Moreover, in the absence of Ca+2 in the dialysis perfusate, K+-induced release was elevated in the 2 highest exposure groups, suggesting a Pb+2-induced enhancement in evoked release. This pattern of results indicates the presence of 2 actions of Pb on in vivo transmitter release: a more potent suppression of stimulated release seen at lower exposure levels (27-62 mug/100 ml) combined with Ca+2-mimetic actions to independently induce exocytosis that is exhibited at higher exposure levels (greater than or equal to62 mug/100 ml). Furthermore, significant similarities in the dose-effect relationships uncovered in measures of evoked GLU release and hippocampal LTP (M. E. Gilbert et al, 1999b, Neurotoxicology 20, 71-82) reinforce the conclusion that exposure-related changes in GLU release play a significant role in the Pb-induced effects seen in this model of synaptic plasticity. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Lasley, SM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, POB 1649, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06253] NR 43 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1093/toxsci/66.1.139 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 524LG UT WOS:000174014300016 PM 11861981 ER PT J AU Ciereszko, A Dabrowski, K Toth, GP Christ, SA Glogowski, J AF Ciereszko, A Dabrowski, K Toth, GP Christ, SA Glogowski, J TI Factors affecting motility characteristics and fertilizing ability of sea lamprey Spermatozoa SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SPERM MOTILITY; ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; LAMPETRA-JAPONICA; LAKE STURGEON; EGGS; STORAGE AB This study was conducted to determine the basic motility characteristics of the spermatozoa (hereafter, sperm) of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus using computer-assisted motility analysis. We determined the effects of NaCl, KCl, and pH on semen motility. We also tested the effects of time after activation and sterilization on sperm motility and fertilizing ability. Sperm motility was inhibited by high osmolality (80 mM NaCl or KCl). There were inverse relationships between the NaCl concentration and straight-line velocity (VSL; r(2) = 0.97, P < 0.01) and linearity (LIN; r(2) = 0.81, P < 0.05). The duration of sperm motility decreased with increases in pH. Positive linear relationships were obtained between pH and VSL (r(2) = 0.79, P < 0.01) and LIN (r(2) = 0.78, P < 0.01). Sperm motility decreased with time; a 50% decrease in motile cells was observed 4 min after activation; after 10 min, only 7% of the sperm were still motile. Fertilizing ability declined to 27% after a 2-min exposure and to 0.4% after 4 min. Sperm motility was prolonged in the presence of substances produced by females, either coelomic fluid or egg water. Semen from males treated with bisazir (a sterilant) was similar to that of the control treatment in sperm concentration, motility, and fertilization rate; however, almost no hatched larvae were observed. Our results indicate that sea lamprey sperm are kept immotile by rather high osmolality. The duration of sea lamprey sperm movement is among the longest of freshwater fish. Motility characteristics may be modulated by sodium and potassium ions and pH. A peculiar characteristic of sea lamprey sperm is the presence of oval-shaped blebs on the tail. These results provide a basis for future evaluation and control of the reproductive function in sea lampreys. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mol Ecol Res Branch, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Inst Anim Reprod & Food Res, Mol Androl Grp, PL-10747 Olsztyn, Poland. RP Dabrowski, K (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. OI CIERESZKO, Andrzej/0000-0002-1103-624X NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 131 IS 2 BP 193 EP 202 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0193:FAMCAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 533MZ UT WOS:000174535400001 ER PT J AU Mitro, MG Zale, AV AF Mitro, MG Zale, AV TI Seasonal survival, movement, and habitat use of age-0 rainbow trout in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; WINTER SURVIVAL; BROOK-TROUT; POPULATION AB We quantified seasonal abundances, apparent survival rates, movements, and habitat use of age-0 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a 25-km reach of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, to determine what factors limit recruitment to the population. Natural production of rainbow trout occurred in each year of the study (1995-1997) and ranged from 158,000 to 306,000 age-0 fish each summer. No significant loss of age-0 rainbow trout occurred between summer and autumn; suitable habitat was present throughout the channel in all reaches and supported large abundances of age-0 rainbow trout through this period. The greatest losses (77-100%) occurred during winter and primarily involved fish from center-channel macrophyte beds. Most river sections, which had only simple bank habitat, did not support any age-0 rainbow trout through the entire winter. Overwinter survival was greatest (18-23%) in Box Canyon, a river section characterized by complex bank habitat, high gradient, and large substrate. Fish that were marked in river sections with simple bank habitat in autumn had moved to sections with complex bank habitat by the following spring. Winter habitat limits rainbow trout recruitment in the Henrys Fork. C1 Montana State Univ, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Dept Ecol,US Geol Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Mitro, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM mitro.matt@epa.gov RI Ebersole, Joseph/A-8371-2009 NR 30 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 131 IS 2 BP 271 EP 286 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0271:SSMAHU>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 533MZ UT WOS:000174535400008 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, JV Hinners, TA Heithmar, EM AF Cizdziel, JV Hinners, TA Heithmar, EM TI Determination of total mercury in fish tissues using combustion atomic absorption spectrometry with gold amalgamation SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE atomic absorption spectrometry; combustion; fish; gold amalgamation; mercury ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; METHYLMERCURY; SELENIUM; TOXICITY; MUSCLE; WATER AB A simple and rapid procedure for measuring total mercury in fish tissues is evaluated and compared with conventional techniques. Using an automated instrument incorporating combustion, preconcentration by amalgamation with gold, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), milligram quantities of wet fish tissue were analyzed directly for mercury (i.e., without acid digestion). Seven tissue types (skeletal muscle, liver, blood, gonad, brain, gill, and heart) from five species (340 fish) were analyzed. Because of the small quantities of tissue needed for analysis, we document the homogeneity of mercury within the tissues and determine a preferred sampling technique and location for skeletal muscle. The precision was found to be generally > 10% (rsd), and the accuracy was determined by using certified reference materials (dogfish muscle, dogfish liver, and oyster tissue). Comparisons to conventional cold-vapor AAS (CV-AAS) and isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry found that the methods give statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) results. Because the combustion-AAS method is faster than conventional CV-AAS and produces no waste reagents, it should be particularly useful for laboratories that analyze large numbers of fish for mercury. The method detection limit for fish-muscle homogenate was estimated at 0.9 ng g(-1). C1 Univ Nevada, Harry Reid Ctr Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Cizdziel, JV (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Harry Reid Ctr Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 355 EP 370 DI 10.1023/A:1014798012212 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 532UH UT WOS:000174493100023 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Enriquez, J Gupta, G AF Sahle-Demessie, E Enriquez, J Gupta, G TI Attenuation of methyl tert-butyl ether in water using sunlight and a photocatalyst SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE methyl tert-butyl ether; photocatalysis; titanium dioxide; solar treatment; tertiary butyl alcohol; tertiary butyl formate; groundwater ID TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; TIO2 SLURRIES; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION; MTBE; DETOXIFICATION; DESTRUCTION; PRINCIPLES; MECHANISMS AB The use of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as a gasoline additive has resulted in increasing pollution of groundwater. Most of the conventional treatment technologies are inefficient or costly when the initial concentration of MTBE is low (< 200 mug/L). To find an ecology friendly and inexpensive method for MTBE remediation, we used solar radiation with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst. For synthetic samples, almost complete degradation (99(+)%) of MTBE was observed at the end of 5-hour test run with 0.05 g/L of slurry TiO2. Intermediate products detected were tertiary butyl formate, tertiary butyl alcohol, and trace amounts of acetone. Studies conducted using contaminated groundwater samples with TiO2 and sunlight showed that aromatic organic species benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were degraded up to a factor of 10 times faster than MTBE. However, dissolved metals (Fe2+) and chloride ions in contaminated waters decreased the photo-activity of TiO2 for the degradation of MTBE. Reducing the pH of the groundwater samples increased the MTBE degradation rate threefold. Photocatalysis accelerates the solar degradation of MTBE and reduces its half-life by more than 3 orders of magnitude. The study indicated that solar degradation is a low-cost and effective alternative to attenuate MTBE in drinking water supplies. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management, Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45269 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Nat Sci, Princess Anne, MD USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management, Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45269 USA. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAR-APR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 2 BP 122 EP 130 DI 10.2175/106143002X139820 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 553GA UT WOS:000175666400003 PM 12043968 ER PT J AU Goldman, JM Murr, AS AF Goldman, JM Murr, AS TI Alterations in ovarian follicular progesterone secretion by elevated exposures to the drinking water disinfection by-product dibromoacetic acid: examination of the potential site(s) of impact along the steroidogenic pathway SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dibromoacetic acid; progesterone; ovarian follicles ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; LUTEAL CELLS; RAT; PROTEIN; PROSTAGLANDIN-F2-ALPHA; INVITRO; GENE; TRANSCRIPTION; GENOTOXICITY AB Previous data from our laboratory indicated that the drinking water disinfection by-product, dibromoacetic acid (DBA), when applied in vitro to rat preovulatory follicles at a concentration consistent with blood levels found to disrupt estrous cyclicity, was able to block the stimulated secretion of progesterone. The present experiments focused on establishing a dose-response for such an effect and identifying the point(s)of impact of this compound along the steroidogenic pathway that underlie this suppression. Immature Sprague-Dawley rats were primed with PMSG on day 26 and killed 48 h later. Preovulatory follicles were removed and paired in culture with or without DBA (2-50 mug/ml) to reassess progesterone secretion under hCG-stimulated or baseline conditions. In addition, media supplemented with pregnenolone or 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22R-HC) were used to determine the effects of 50 mug/ml DBA on the initial steps leading to progesterone synthesis. Samples taken over the course of 24 h reaffirmed a significant DBA-associated suppression in baseline and stimulated progesterone release, while estradiol secretion was unaffected. This effect was mirrored by a reduction in follicular progesterone content in these DBA groups. The addition of pregnenolone eliminated this decrease, with the DBA-exposed follicles exhibiting a linear increase in progesterone release over the sampling period. The follicular progesterone content at 24 h showed that DBA treatment under pregnenolone supplementation caused marked elevations under both the hCG stimulated and non-stimulated conditions, something not reflected in the release data. Substitution of 22R-HC for pregnenolone eliminated the effect on baseline progesterone release, although the attenuation in stimulated secretion was still present. This suggests both an effect of DBA exposure on mitochondrial cholesterol transport by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (SCAR) and a possible impact on the receptor or postreceptor events triggered by hCG. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div,Endocrinol Branch MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div,Endocrinol Branch MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 28 PY 2002 VL 171 IS 2-3 BP 83 EP 93 AR PII S0300-483X(01)00565-0 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00565-0 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 524GP UT WOS:000174005100003 PM 11836015 ER PT J AU Hester, SD Benavides, GB Sartor, M Yoon, L Wolf, DC Morgan, KT AF Hester, SD Benavides, GB Sartor, M Yoon, L Wolf, DC Morgan, KT TI Normal gene expression in male F344 rat nasal transitional and respiratory epithelium SO GENE LA English DT Article DE gene expression; normal; F344 rat; cDNA array; nasal epithelium; respiratory; transitional ID FORMALDEHYDE TOXICITY; INHALATION; METABOLISM; RELEVANCE; EXPOSURE; CAVITY; MICE; LOCALIZATION; ACTIVATION; MICROARRAY AB The nasal epithelium is an important target site for chemically-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity in rodents. Gone expression profiles were determined in order to provide normal baseline data for nasal transitional/respiratory epithelium from healthy rats. Cells lining the rat nasal passages were collected and gene expression analysis was performed using Clontech(TM) cDNA Rat Atlas 1.2 arrays (1185 genes). The percentages of genes within specific average expression ranges were 4.2% at 45,000-1000, 14.8% at 1000-200, 25.0% at 200-68, and 56.0% below 68. Nine out of a subset of ten genes were confirmed for relative signal intensity using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The most highly expressed genes included those involved in phase I (e.g. cytochrome P450s) and phase 11 (e.g. glutathione S-transferases) xenobiotic metabolism, bioenergetics (e.g. cytochrome oxidase), osmotic balance (e.g. Na+/K+ ATPase) and epithelial ionic homeostasis (e.g. ion channels). Such baseline data will contribute to further understanding the normal physiology of these cells and facilitate the interpretation of responses by the nasal epithelial cells to xenobiotic treatment or disease. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Pathol Dept, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Hester, SD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Pathol Dept, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD FEB 20 PY 2002 VL 285 IS 1-2 BP 301 EP 310 AR PII S0378-1119(02)00419-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00419-5 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 542WH UT WOS:000175066900031 PM 12039058 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG AF Daughton, CG TI Literature forensics: Navigating through flotsam, jetsam, and lagan SO SCIENTIST LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Daughton, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. OI Daughton, Christian/0000-0002-0302-7730 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3535 MARKET ST, SUITE 200, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-3385 USA SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD FEB 18 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 12 EP 13 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 522ZH UT WOS:000173926500008 ER PT J AU Apel, EC Riemer, DD Hills, A Baugh, W Orlando, J Faloona, I Tan, D Brune, W Lamb, B Westberg, H Carroll, MA Thornberry, T Geron, CD AF Apel, EC Riemer, DD Hills, A Baugh, W Orlando, J Faloona, I Tan, D Brune, W Lamb, B Westberg, H Carroll, MA Thornberry, T Geron, CD TI Measurement and interpretation of isoprene fluxes and isoprene, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone mixing ratios at the PROPHET site during the 1998 Intensive SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE isoprene; photochemistry; emissions; transport; methacrolein; methyl vinyl ketone ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; EMISSION RATE; RURAL SITE; CHEMISTRY; OZONE; OXIDANTS AB [1] Mixing ratios of isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), and methacrolein (MACR) were determined continuously during an 8-day period in the summer of 1998 at a rural forested site located within the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS). The measurements were obtained as part of the Program for Research on Oxidants: Photochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) study. Fluxes of isoprene were concurrently measured at a nearby tower (AmeriFlux, located 132 m north-northeast of the PROPHET tower). Following the study, 1-km-resolution emission estimates were derived for isoprene within a 60-km radius of the tower using forest density estimates (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS3) model). Measured isoprene fluxes at the site compared well with modeled isoprene fluxes when using BEIS3 and a detailed leaf litter-fall data set by tree species from the UMBS site. Mean midday (1000-1400 LT) mixing ratios for isoprene, MACR, and MVK were 1.90 +/- 0.43, 0.07 +/- 0.01, and 0.14 +/- 0.04 ppbv, respectively. Median midday mixing ratios of these compounds were 1.96 +/- 0.26, 0.06 +/- 0.02, and 0.10 +/- 0.02 ppbv, respectively. Ratios of the isoprene oxidation products to isoprene are understood in the context of previous laboratory and field measurement studies of these compounds and a simple consecutive reaction scheme model. Results of the model indicate that the air masses studied represented relatively fresh emissions with a photochemical age of measured isoprene between 3.6 and 18 min, which is significantly less than the photochemical ;lifetime of isoprene (tau = 45 min at [OH] = 3.35 x 10(6) molecules cm(-3)). Thus a large portion of the isoprene that reaches the manifold has not had time to react completely with OH, yielding lower than expected ratios based on model calculations that do not explicitly take this into account. A rapid decrease in isoprene mixing ratios was observed soon after sunset, followed by a slower decay throughout the rest of the night. Emission maps were generated indicating that isoprene fluxes are highest in the immediate vicinity of the tower compared to the surrounding area of the site. Thus vertical diffusion and advection from the surrounding region are postulated to cause the observed initial rapid decrease in isoprene at the site. The second isoprene decay may be due to chemistry and/or dynamics, but the effects cannot be separated with the available data. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Apel, EC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM apel@acd.ucar.edu; riemer@rsmas.Miami.edu; Hills@ucar.edu; Baugh@ucar.edu; Faloona@ucar.edu; tan@easlidar.gtri.gatech.edu; brune@essc.psu.edu; blamb@wsu.edu; hwestberg@wsu.edu; mcarroll@umich.edu; thornber@srvr5.engin.umich.edu; cgeron@engineer.aeerl.epa.gov RI Thornberry, Troy/H-7106-2013 NR 47 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 16 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D3 AR 4034 DI 10.1029/2000JD000225 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609EF UT WOS:000178890100001 ER PT J AU Hager-Braun, C Tomer, KB AF Hager-Braun, C Tomer, KB TI Characterization of the tertiary structure of soluble CD4 bound to glycosylated full-length HIVgp120 by chemical modification of arginine residues and mass spectrometric analysis SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN GP120; PROTEIN SURFACE-TOPOLOGY; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; BINDING-SITE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VIRUS; RETROVIRUS; RECEPTOR; PEPTIDE; AIDS AB The initial step of infection of blood cells with the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is the formation of a complex of the viral envelope protein gp120 and its human receptor CD4. We have examined structural features of recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4) by chemical modification of arginine residues with hydroxyphenylglyoxal and subsequent analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. As R58, R59, R131, R134, R219, R240, R293, and R329 could be derivatized free in solution, these arginine residues were exposed on the surface of the protein. In the noncovalent complex of sCD4 with HIV(SF2)gp120, only R58, R131, R 134, R219, R240, R293, and R329 were accessible for the derivatizing agent. R59 was shielded from hydroxyphenylglyoxal and was, therefore, considered to be part of the interaction site with gp120. This indicates that the carbohydrate moieties and the flexible variable loops of the glycosylated full-length gp120 from HIV strain SF2 do not induce a reorganization of CD4 in its binding to gp120 and, therefore, do not appear to significantly affect the structural orientation of the primary receptor in complex with the HIV envelope protein as compared to the binding observed in the crystal structure of CD4 with truncated deglycosylated gp120. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tomer, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tomer, Kenneth/E-8018-2013 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 12 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1759 EP 1766 DI 10.1021/bi011626k PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 520NF UT WOS:000173787400008 PM 11827520 ER PT J AU Varma, RS AF Varma, RS TI Clay and clay-supported reagents in organic synthesis SO TETRAHEDRON LA English DT Review DE clay; clay-supported reagents; organic synthesis; microwave irradiation ID BROMIDE INTERCALATED CLAY; SOLVENT-FREE SYNTHESIS; CARBONYL GROUP TRANSFORMATION; SURFACTANT PILLARED CLAYS; CROSS-COUPLING REACTIONS; MICROWAVE IRRADIATION; EXCHANGED MONTMORILLONITE; REDUCTIVE AMINATION; SELECTIVE NITRATION; TRIPHASE CATALYSIS C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Processed Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Processed Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 212 TC 373 Z9 379 U1 5 U2 52 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4020 J9 TETRAHEDRON JI Tetrahedron PD FEB 11 PY 2002 VL 58 IS 7 BP 1235 EP 1255 AR PII S0040-4020(01)01216-9 DI 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)01216-9 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 530DD UT WOS:000174339600001 ER PT J AU Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS AF Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS TI Solvent-free tetrahydropyranylation (THP) of alcohols and phenols and their regeneration by catalytic aluminum chloride hexahydrate SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article DE tetrahydropyranylation; aluminum chloride; solvent-free ID EFFICIENT TETRAHYDROPYRANYLATION; SILICA-GEL; DEPROTECTION; MILD; PROTECTION; CLAY AB A catalytic amount of aluminum chloride hexahydrate enables solvent-free tetrahydropyranlation (THP) of alcohols and phenols at moderate temperatures. A simple addition of methanol helps, to regenerate the corresponding alcohols and phenols, thus rendering these protection and deprotection sequences as very efficient transformations at high substrate to catalyst ratios. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD FEB 11 PY 2002 VL 43 IS 7 BP 1143 EP 1146 AR PII S0040-4039(01)02372-3 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)02372-3 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 526ED UT WOS:000174115800004 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ DeMarini, D Nesnow, S AF Preston, RJ DeMarini, D Nesnow, S TI Marc J. Mass - Obituary SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD FEB 7 PY 2002 VL 126 IS 3 BP 143 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00524-0 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 521DE UT WOS:000173822900001 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Scott, GI Bearden, DW Quarles, RL Moore, J Strozier, ED Sivertsen, SK Dias, AR Sanders, M AF Lewis, MA Scott, GI Bearden, DW Quarles, RL Moore, J Strozier, ED Sivertsen, SK Dias, AR Sanders, M TI Fish tissue quality in near-coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico receiving point source discharges SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fish tissue; contaminants; wastewaters; Gulf of Mexico ID OF-MEXICO; SEDIMENT AB The objective of this study was to determine inorganic and organic contaminant concentrations in edible tissue of fish collected from eight coastal areas receiving wastewater discharges and from two reference locations. Trace metal residues were statistically similar regardless of the collection site. Zinc (100% detection in all samples), total mercury (100%), total arsenic (92%), copper (92%), and selenium (88%) were the more commonly detected trace metals. Mercury concentrations exceeded the Florida health-based standard of 0.5 mug/g for limited fish consumption in 30% of the total samples and averaged 0.40 (+/-1 S.D. = 0.22, range less than or equal to 0.08 to 0.85) mug/g wet weight. The average total PAH concentrations were 1.79 (+/-1.60) ng/g (reference areas) and 2.17 (+/-3.29) ng/g (wastewater-impacted areas). Pyrene was detected most frequently (63% of the total samples) and averaged 0.74 (+/-0.35) ng/g wet wt. The average total PCB concentrations were 4.8 (+/-7.1) ng/g (reference areas) and 31.6 (+/-31.3) ng/g (wastewater-impacted areas) Concentrations of dieldrin and cis-chlordane were approximately eight times greater, respectively, in fish collected from wastewater receiving waters, whereas total DDT and total pesticide concentrations were not elevated in the same areas. Concentrations of total PCBs and all chlorinated pesticides were below US health-based standards. The lack of a published reference data base for fish tissue quality in near-coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico restricts an assessment of the environmental significance of results from this and similar studies investigating the fate of point source contaminants. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 25 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD FEB 4 PY 2002 VL 284 IS 1-3 BP 249 EP 261 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00891-9 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 518AU UT WOS:000173644500022 PM 11846169 ER PT J AU Cardello, N Volckens, J Tolocka, MP Wiener, R Buckley, TJ AF Cardello, N Volckens, J Tolocka, MP Wiener, R Buckley, TJ TI Technical note: Performance of a personal electrostatic precipitator particle sampler SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OZONE GENERATION; ORGANIC AEROSOL; INDOOR C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biochem, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Methods & Monitoring Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tolocka, MP (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biochem, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Tolocka, Michael/C-7800-2011 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 162 EP 165 DI 10.1080/027868202753504029 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 521WW UT WOS:000173865200006 ER PT J AU Heberling, M AF Heberling, M TI Economic policy and climate change: Tradable permits for reducing carbon emissions. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, NCEA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Heberling, M (reprint author), US EPA, NCEA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 84 IS 1 BP 256 EP 257 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 519LG UT WOS:000173727300026 ER PT J AU Moysich, KB Ambrosone, CB Mendola, P Kostyniak, PJ Greizerstein, HB Vena, JE Menezes, RJ Swede, H Shields, PG Freudenheim, JL AF Moysich, KB Ambrosone, CB Mendola, P Kostyniak, PJ Greizerstein, HB Vena, JE Menezes, RJ Swede, H Shields, PG Freudenheim, JL TI Exposures associated with serum organochlorine levels among postmenopausal women from western New York State SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE organochlorines; DDE; PCBs; HCB; dietary factors; reproductive factors ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; FISH CONSUMPTION; BREAST-CANCER; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; RISK; PREDICTORS; PESTICIDES; DDT; TRICHLOROETHANE; POPULATION AB Background Organochlorines, such as 2,2-bis (4-chloropherzyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are lipophilic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment and may cause adverse health effects in humans. Methods We examined the correlation. between epidemiological exposure variables and serum DDE, PCB, and HCB levels in a sample of 192 healthy, female postmenopausal western New York residents; a subset of the control group front a case-control study on breast cancer risk. Usual diet, reproductive and medical histories, and other lifestyle information were obtained by an extensive in person interview. Serum levels (ng/g) of DDE, HCB, and 69 PCB congeners were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Statistical analyses included computations of crude and age and lipid adjusted correlation coefficients, as well as multiple linear regression analysis. Results Results indicated that the strongest predictors for serum DDE levels were age, serum lipids, parity, and fruit and dairy consumption. Statistically significant predictors of PCB levels included age, serum lipids, parity, and fish consumption. Serum HCB levels were related to age, serum lipids, and fruit and red meat consumption. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with previous investigations that reported strong associations between organochlorine levels and age and serum lipids. The absence of other data showing an association between fruit intake and organochlorine levels make the importance of this finding unclear. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:102-110, 2002. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Dept Canc Prevent Epidemiol & Biostat, Buffalo, NY 14226 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC USA. RP Moysich, KB (reprint author), Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Dept Canc Prevent Epidemiol & Biostat, A-320 Carlton House,Elm & Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14226 USA. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 11535, CA/ES 62995] NR 32 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 41 IS 2 BP 102 EP 110 DI 10.1002/ajim.10043 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 513WN UT WOS:000173403700004 PM 11813215 ER PT J AU Simon, R Tietge, JE Michalke, B Degitz, S Schramm, KW AF Simon, R Tietge, JE Michalke, B Degitz, S Schramm, KW TI Iodine species and the endocrine system: thyroid hormone levels in adult Danio rerio and developing Xenopus laevis SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Trace Element Speciation in Biomedical, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences CY MAY 07-11, 2001 CL NEUHERBERG, GERMANY DE thyroid; zebrafish; iodine species ID LARVAE OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; ICP-MASS SPECTROMETRY; GROWTH-HORMONE; 5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ZEBRAFISH; METAMORPHOSIS; VERTEBRATE; SPECIATION AB Recently a new approach for the analysis of iodinated organic species in human serum has been developed using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). This method enables quantification of iodide, T-4 and T-3, as well as reverse T-3 (rT(3)) and the synthetic precursors of TH, monoiodotyrosine (MIT), and diiodotyrosine (DIT) in a single injection. In this work, the LC-ICP-MS approach was used to analyze whole-body homogenates of adult male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tadpoles of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) at two different developmental stages (NF58 and 61) according to Nieuwkoop and Faber. The data demonstrate that the LC-ICP-MS method was successful at measuring I-, MIT, DIT, T-4, T-3, and rT(3) in these two species. Furthermore, the method also detected five additional iodinated compounds which are currently unidentified. C1 GSF, Inst Ecol Chem, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, NHEERL, ORD, Duluth, MN 55805 USA. RP Simon, R (reprint author), GSF, Inst Ecol Chem, Ingolstadter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. RI Schramm, Karl-Werner/C-7438-2013 OI Schramm, Karl-Werner/0000-0002-8945-4062 NR 28 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 372 IS 3 BP 481 EP 485 DI 10.1007/s00216-001-1211-9 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 562ER UT WOS:000176184900015 PM 11939537 ER PT J AU Middaugh, DP Chapman, PJ Shelton, ME McKenney, CL Courtney, LA AF Middaugh, DP Chapman, PJ Shelton, ME McKenney, CL Courtney, LA TI Effects of fractions from biodegraded Alaska north slope crude oil on embryonic inland silversides, Menidia beryllina SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; HERRING CLUPEA-PALLASI; WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION; BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; FISH EMBRYOS; GROUND-WATER; SPILL; CREOSOTE; PENTACHLOROPHENOL AB xEmbryonic inland silversides, Meinida beryllina, were exposed to neutral, water-soluble fractions (WSFs) resulting from microbial degradation of artificially weathered Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil. Three individual microbes obtained from Prince William Sound, Alaska, and designated Phe#6 (enriched on phenanthrene), Hexaco#2 (enriched on the straight-chain alkane, hexacosane), and EI2V (grown by enrichment on Bushnell-Haas medium containing 0.2% pristane, a branched alkane) were used to individually biodegrade weathered ANS crude oil for 14 days in darkness in 20-L glass carboys containing nutrient enriched, sterilized 20parts per thousand salinity sea water at 20 +/- degreesC. Neutral WSFs resulting from biodegradation of ANS (lot 521) by each microbe were recovered and weighted. Neutral WSFs recovered were: 1.76 mg/L for Phe#6, 1.85 mg/L for Hexaco#2, and 13.02 mg/L for the EI2V microbe. Embryo toxicity and teratogenicity tests revealed that exposure of embryos to the WSFs from the EI2V incubation (with a total recovered neutral fraction approximately seven times greater than the Phe#6 and Hexaco#2 incubations) resulted in the most severe responses in craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal organ systems. The total neutral WSFs recovered from the EI2V biodegradation of weathered ANS 521 were subfractionated into saturated (eluted with hexane), aromatic (eluted with CH2Cl2), polar (eluted with ethyl ether), and recombined (saturated + aromatic + polar) fractions. Developing fish embryos were then exposed to each subfraction and the recombined subfractions. The polar subfraction and recombined subfractions proved to be the most embryo toxic and teratogenic. They resulted in statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) responses (compared to controls) for craniofacial, cardiovascular, skeletal, and total severity effects in one or both tests with these subfractions. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Weeks Bay Natl Reserve, Fairhope, AL 36532 USA. RP Middaugh, DP (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Sci & Coastal Res, 7052 Maybank Highway, Wadmalaw Isl, SC 29487 USA. NR 41 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 42 IS 2 BP 236 EP 243 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 514DB UT WOS:000173421800013 PM 11815816 ER PT J AU Hamadeh, HK Bushel, P Tucker, CJ Martin, K Paules, R Afshari, CA AF Hamadeh, HK Bushel, P Tucker, CJ Martin, K Paules, R Afshari, CA TI Detection of diluted gene expression alterations using cDNA microarrays SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; LOCALIZATION; TISSUE; CELLS AB The use of DNA microarrays has spanned numerous disciplines of life science research. Despite the volume of studies utilizing this technology, no consensus exists on basic issues such as the determination of significantly altered genes in a given experiment, often leading to either false-negative or false-positive data. In this report, we study the effect of dilution of biological alterations on the detection level of gene expression differences using cDNA microarrays. We propose that subtle alterations in transcript levels of genes below the 2-fold level should be considered when replicate hybridizations are performed, because these subtle gene expression changes may be due to a robust response in few cells. We measured the effect of dilution of gene expression and found that differences in gene expression between the two cell lines assayed (HaCaT and MCF-7) were detected even after a 20-fold dilution factor These results better our understanding of biological alterations that comprise a relatively small percentage of an assayed organ and help in the interpretation of gene expression data. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Afshari, CA (reprint author), POB 12233 MD2-04 111 Alexander Dr Bldg 101, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD FEB PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 BP 322 EP + PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 520EK UT WOS:000173767500017 PM 11848409 ER PT J AU Lee, CR Pieper, JA Frye, RF Hinderliter, AL Blaisdell, JA Goldstein, JA AF Lee, CR Pieper, JA Frye, RF Hinderliter, AL Blaisdell, JA Goldstein, JA TI Consequences of CYP2C9 polymorphisms on flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics. SO CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0009-9236 J9 CLIN PHARMACOL THER JI Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 71 IS 2 BP P62 EP P62 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 527GP UT WOS:000174178600226 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Riitters, KH Smith, ER Wade, TG Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Riitters, KH Smith, ER Wade, TG Jones, KB TI Geographic targeting of increases in nutrient export due to future urbanization SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE export of N and P, vulnerability; geographic modeling; GIS, land-cover change; land cover; mid-Atlantic states (USA); modeling, empirical and risk based; nitrogen; phosphorus; regional-seale analysis; risk assessment; urbanization ID WATER-QUALITY; LAND-COVER; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; MULTIPLE; SCALES; RIVER; MODEL; BAY AB Urbanization replaces the extant natural resource base (e.g., forests, wetlands) with an infrastructure that is capable of supporting humans. One ecological consequence of urbanization is higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in streams, lakes, and estuaries. When received in excess, N and P are considered pollutants. Continuing urbanization will change the relative distribution of extant natural resources. Characteristics of the landscape can shape its response to disturbances such as urbanization. Changes in landscape characteristics across a region create a geographic pattern of vulnerability to increased N and P as a result of urbanization. We linked nutrient-export risk and urbanization models in order to identify areas most vulnerable to increases in nutrient-export risk due to projected urbanization. A risk-based model of N and P export exceeding specified thresholds was developed based on the extant distribution of forest, agriculture, and urban land cover. An empirical model of urbanization was used to increase urban land cover at the expense of forest and agriculture. The modeled (future) land cover was input into the N and P export risk model, and the "before" and "after" estimates of N and P export were compared to identify the areas most vulnerable to change. Increase in N and P export had to be equal to or greater than the accumulated uncertainties in the nutrient-export risk and urbanization models for an area to be considered vulnerable. The areas most vulnerable to increased N and P export were not spatially coincident with the areas of greatest urbanization. Vulnerability also depended on the geographic distribution of forest and agriculture. In general, the areas most vulnerable to increased N exports were where the modeled urbanization rate was at least 20% and the amount of forest was about 6 times greater than the amount of agriculture. For P, the most vulnerable areas were where the modeled urbanization rate was at least 20% and the amount of forest was about 2 times greater than the amount of agriculture. Vulnerability to increased N and P export was the result of two interacting spatial patterns, urbanization and the extant distribution of land cover. It could not be predicted from either alone. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 93 EP 106 DI 10.2307/3061139 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 516JF UT WOS:000173549600009 ER PT J AU Cao, Y Williams, DD Larsen, DP AF Cao, Y Williams, DD Larsen, DP TI Comparison of ecological communities: The problem of sample representativeness SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE autosimilarity; community comparison; community composition; community heterogeneity; macroinvertebrates; sample representativeness; sample size; sampling standardization; scale dependence; taxon richness ID SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP; STREAM-FISH COMMUNITIES; SIMILARITY INDEXES; HABITAT STRUCTURE; SELF-SIMILARITY; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; RICHNESS; SCALE; SIZE AB Obtaining an adequate, representative sample of ecological communities to make taxon richness (TR) or compositional comparisons among sites is a continuing challenge. Although randomization in the collection of sample units is often used to assure that sampling is representative, randomization does not convey the concept of how well samples represent the community or site from which they are drawn. In ecological surveys, how well a sample represents a community or site literally means the similarity in taxon composition and relative abundance between a sample and the community from which it is drawn. Using both field and simulated data, we show that the proportion of the total taxon richness at a site (%TTR) achieved with a fixed sample size varies across sites, which in turn causes changes in site-to-site differences in observed TR with sample size. This means that equal-sized samples may differentially represent the communities from which they are drawn. However. the similarity of a sample to the community from which it is drawn cannot be measured directly because the taxon composition and relative abundance of the community is usually unknown. We propose to estimate it by measuring the average similarity among replicate samples randomly drawn from a community. i.e., autosimilarity, which is measured with Jaccard Coefficient in this study. Using the same data sets, we found that: ( 1) samples of equal size from different sites or communities achieved different levels of autosimilarity. with lower levels achieved in taxon richer sites, indicating variation in how well samples of equal size represent their respective communities; (2) %TTR was positively and almost linearly correlated with autosimilarity, indicating that autosimilarity might be a good predictor of TTR: and (3) when samples were compared at the same level of autosimilarity, similar %TTRs across different sites were achieved (i.e., the relative differences in taxon richness among sites became independent of sample size). We conclude that standardization on autosimilarity, rather than on sample size, can improve the accuracy of taxon richness comparisons. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Toronto, Div Life Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. RP Cao, Y (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM Yong.Cao@cnr.usu.edu NR 94 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 72 IS 1 BP 41 EP 56 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0041:COECTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 514JK UT WOS:000173435500003 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Weber, DE AF Lewis, MA Weber, DE TI Effects of substrate salinity on early seedling survival and growth of Scirpus robustus Pursh and Spartina alterniflora Loisel SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NaCl; sediment; toxicity; Scirpus robustus; Spartina alterniflora ID FRESH-WATER; TOXICITY; MACROPHYTES; SEDIMENT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES AB Rooted aquatic plants are being used increasingly to test the toxicity of sediments. However, effects of naturally occurring substrate constituents on most potential test species are not well understood even though their effects could affect the test results. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of substrate salinity (NaCl) on early seedling survival and growth of the emergent macrophytes, Scirpus robustus Pursh and Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Results of four 21- and 28-day toxicity tests, conducted in an artificial sediment, indicated interspecific differences in NaCl sensitivity when based on changes in shoot, root and whole plant dry-weight biomass. Concentrations of 7.8 g NaCl/l and 19.2 g NaCl/l first reduced early seedling biomass of S. robustus and S. alterniflora (P < 0.05), respectively, when compared to plants grown in sediment containing no measurable salinity. Seedling survival was not affected at average concentrations of 17.5 g NaCl/l or less for S. robustus and 22.3 g NaCl/l or less for S. alterniflora. The results indicate that substrate salinity is an important consideration in the selection of test species for laboratory phytotoxicity tests conducted with estuarine sediments, particularly if determination of chronic toxicity attributable to anthropogenic contamination is the primary objective. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB PY 2002 VL 11 IS 1 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1023/A:1013788928922 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 511NG UT WOS:000173269700005 PM 11895013 ER PT J AU Sanders, JM Cunningham, ML AF Sanders, JM Cunningham, ML TI Determination of tamoxifen and metabolites in mouse fetal tissue using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE antiestrogen; metabolism; nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis; tamoxifen ID BREAST-CANCER; BUFFER SYSTEM; CHEMOPREVENTION; INDUCTION; RAT AB Tamoxifen (TAM), an antiestrogen, has been approved for use by women at risk for developing hormone-dependent breast cancer. Administration of TAM to pregnant CD-1 mice apparently results in reproductive tract toxicity in female offspring. However, there is little or no data describing potential TAM-induced fetal toxicity to women who may become pregnant while receiving prophylactic TAM treatment. In support of the National Toxicology Program's characterization of reproductive and developmental effects of TAM, the present work describes a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based analytical technique used for detection of TAM and two major metabolites, N-desmethyltarnoxifen (DMT), and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) in CD-1 mouse fetal tissue. TAM-derived material was extracted from CD-1 mouse fetuses 2-12 h following TAM administration (100 mg/kg) to dams on gestation day 16. The presence of TAM, DMT, and 4-HT was confirmed in the solvent extracts by nonaqueous CE. The limit of detection of TAM by UV absorption was approximately 675 amol at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1. This work demonstrates both transplacental transport of TAM in CD-1 mice and a sensitive analytical technique for detecting low concentrations of TAM and similar compounds in biological tissues. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Toxicol Program, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sanders, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Toxicol Program, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, MD C3-02 POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM sandersm@niehs.nih.gov NR 15 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD FEB PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 502 EP 505 DI 10.1002/1522-2683(200202)23:3<502::AID-ELPS502>3.0.CO;2-S PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 527EQ UT WOS:000174174100020 PM 11870753 ER PT J AU Arbuckle, TE Hrudey, SE Krasner, SW Nuckols, JR Richardson, SD Singer, P Mendola, P Dodds, L Weisel, C Ashley, DL Froese, KL Pegram, RA Schultz, IR Reif, J Bachand, AM Benoit, FM Lynberg, M Poole, C Waller, K AF Arbuckle, TE Hrudey, SE Krasner, SW Nuckols, JR Richardson, SD Singer, P Mendola, P Dodds, L Weisel, C Ashley, DL Froese, KL Pegram, RA Schultz, IR Reif, J Bachand, AM Benoit, FM Lynberg, M Poole, C Waller, K TI Assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies to disinfection by-products in drinking water: Report from an international workshop SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE disinfection by-products; epidemiologic methods; exposure assessment; haloacetic acids; trihalomethanes ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HALOACETIC ACIDS; BLADDER-CANCER; TREATED WATER; HUMAN BLOOD; CHLORINATION; TRIHALOMETHANES; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; ASSOCIATION AB The inability to accurately assess exposure has been one of the major shortcomings of epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. A number of contributing factors include a) limited information on the identity, occurrence, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of the many DBPs that can be formed from chlorine, chloramine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide disinfection; b) the complex chemical interrelationships between DBPs and other parameters within a municipal water distribution system; and c) difficulties obtaining accurate and reliable information on personal activity and water consumption patterns. In May 2000, an international workshop was held to bring together various disciplines to develop better approaches for measuring DBP exposure for epidemiologic studies. The workshop reached consensus about the clear need to involve relevant disciplines (e.g., chemists, engineers, toxicologists, biostatisticians and epidemiologists) as partners in developing epidemiologic studies of DBPs in drinking water. The workshop concluded that greater collaboration of epidemiologists with water utilities and regulators should be encouraged in order to make regulatory monitoring data more useful for epidemiologic studies. Similarly, exposure classification categories in epidemiologic studies should be chosen to make results useful for regulatory or policy decision making. C1 Hlth Canada, Bur Reprod & Child Hlth, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Metropolitan Water Dist So Calif, La Verne, CA USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Obstet, Halifax, NS, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Gynecol & Pediat, Halifax, NS, Canada. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Dept Pediat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Air Toxicants Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Hlth Canada, Environm Hlth Sci Bur, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Sequoia Fdn, Frederick, MD USA. RP Arbuckle, TE (reprint author), Hlth Canada, Bur Reprod & Child Hlth, AL 0701D, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 49 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 33 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 110 SU 1 BP 53 EP 60 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 538BV UT WOS:000174794900006 PM 11834463 ER PT J AU Woo, YT Lai, D McLain, JL Manibusan, MK Dellarco, V AF Woo, YT Lai, D McLain, JL Manibusan, MK Dellarco, V TI Use of mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE DBPs; disinfection by-products; carcinogenic potential; drinking water; mechanism-based SAR analysis; prioritization; structure-activity relationship ID AMES-FLUCTUATION TEST; RELATIONSHIP SAR ANALYSIS; NEWT MICRONUCLEUS TEST; ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12; BLADDER-CANCER; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; NONGENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS; GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; MUTAGEN 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE AB Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, and ozone react with organic and inorganic matter in water. The observations that some DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs), di-/trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (NIX are carcinogenic in animal studies have raised public concern over the possible adverse health effects of DBPs. To date, several hundred DBPs have been identified. To prioritize research efforts, an in-depth, mechanism-based structure-activity relationship analysis, supplemented by extensive literature search for genotoxicity and other data, was conducted for ranking the carcinogenic potential of DBPs that met the following criteria: a) detected in actual drinking water samples, b) have insufficient cancer bioassay data for risk assessment, and C) have structural features/alerts or short-term predictive assays indicative of carcinogenic potential. A serniquantitative concern rating scale of low, marginal, low-moderate, moderate, high-moderate, and high was used along with delineation of scientific rationale. Of the 209 DBPs analyzed, 20 were of priority concern with a moderate or high-moderate rating. Of these, four were structural analogs of MX and five were haloalkanes that presumably will be controlled by existing and future THM regulations. The other eleven DBPs, which included halonitriles (6), haloketones (2), haloaldehyde (1), halonitroalkane (1), and dialdehyde (1), are suitable priority candidates for future carcinogenicity testing and/or mechanistic studies. C1 US EPA, Off Water, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Div Hlth Assessment, Off Pesticide Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Risk Assessment Div, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Manibusan, MK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 1200 Penn Ave NW,MC-4607M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 82 TC 129 Z9 138 U1 8 U2 49 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 110 SU 1 BP 75 EP 87 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 538BV UT WOS:000174794900008 PM 11834465 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Silbajoris, R Carson, JL Samet, JM AF Ghio, AJ Silbajoris, R Carson, JL Samet, JM TI Biologic effects of oil fly ash SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE air pollution; lung diseases; oxidative stress; vanadium ID RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; LUNG INJURY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; PARTICULATE MATTER; IN-VITRO; PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION; POLLUTION PARTICLE AB Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated increased human morbidity and mortality with elevations in the concentration of ambient air particulate matter (PM). Fugitive fly ash from the combustion of oil and residual fuel oil significantly contributes to the ambient air particle burden. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is remarkable in the capacity to provoke injury in experimental systems. The unique composition of this emission source particle makes it particularly useful as a surrogate for ambient air PM in studies of biologic effects testing the hypothesis that metals mediate the biologic effects of air pollution particles. A majority of the in vitro and animal model investigations support the postulate that transition metals present in ROFA (especially vanadium) participate in Fenton-like chemical reactions to produce reactive oxygen species. This is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear factor kappa B and other transcription factor activation, induction of inflammatory mediator expression, and inflammatory lung injury. It is also evident that vanadium accounts for a significant portion of the biologic activity of ROFA. The extrapolation of this body of investigation on ROFA to the field of ambient air PM is difficult, as particles in numerous environments have such small amounts of vanadium. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Campus Box 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 55 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 110 SU 1 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 538BV UT WOS:000174794900009 PM 11834466 ER PT J AU Kyle, AD Woodruff, TJ Buffler, PA Davis, DL AF Kyle, AD Woodruff, TJ Buffler, PA Davis, DL TI Use of an index to reflect the aggregate burden of long-term exposure to criteria air pollutants in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE air pollution health effects; air pollution index; air pollution policy; criteria pollutants; cumulative exposure to air pollution; environmental indicators; long-term air pollution exposure ID EMERGENCY ROOM VISITS; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; RESPIRATORY HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE; AMBIENT CARBON-MONOXIDE; NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; DAILY MORTALITY; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CANADIAN CITIES; ACID AEROSOLS AB Air pollution control in the United States for five common pollutants-particulate matter, ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide-is based partly on the attainment of ambient air quality standards that represent a level of air pollution regarded as safe. Regulatory and health agencies often focus on whether standards for short periods are attained; the number of days that standards are exceeded is used to track progress. Efforts to explain air pollution to the public often incorporate an air quality index that represents daily concentrations of pollutants. While effects of short-term exposures have been emphasized, research shows that long-term exposures to lower concentrations of air pollutants can also result in adverse health effects. We developed an aggregate index that represents long-term exposure to these pollutants, using 1995 monitoring data for metropolitan areas obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System. We compared the ranking of metropolitan areas under the proposed aggregate index with the ranking of areas by the number of days that short-term standards were exceeded. The geographic areas with the highest burden of long-term exposures are not, in all cases, the same as those with the most days that exceeded a short-term standard. We believe that an aggregate index of long-term air pollution offers an informative addition to the principal approaches currently used to describe air pollution exposures; farther work on an aggregate index representing long-term exposure to air pollutants is warranted. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Heinz Sch, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Kyle, AD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 140 Warren Hall,MC 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 74 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 5 U2 16 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 110 SU 1 BP 95 EP 102 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 538BV UT WOS:000174794900010 PM 11834467 ER PT J AU Serveiss, VB AF Serveiss, VB TI Applying ecological risk principles to watershed assessment and management SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE watershed management; ecological risk assessment; watershed assessment; water quality managemant; environmental assessment; environmental decision making ID QUALITY; FRAMEWORK AB Considerable progress in addressing point source (end of pipe) pollution problems has been made, but it is now recognized that further substantial environmental improvements depend on controlling nonpoint source pollution. A watershed approach is being used more frequently to address these problems because traditional regulatory approaches do not focus on nonpoint sources, The watershed approach is organized around the guiding principles of partnerships, geographic focus, and management based on sound science and data. This helps to focus efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined geographic areas. Ecological risk assessment is a process to collect, organize, analyze, and present scientific information to improve decision making. The U,S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored three watershed assessments and found that integrating the watershed approach with ecological risk assessment increases the use of environmental monitoring and assessment data in decision making. This paper describes the basics of the watershed approach, the ecological risk assessment process, and how these two frameworks can be integrated. The three major principles of watershed ecological risk assessment found to be most useful for increasing the use of science in decision making are (1) using assessment end-points and conceptual models, (2) holding regular interactions between scientists and managers, and (3) developing a focus for multiple stressor analysis. Examples are provided illustrating how these principles were implemented in these assessments. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Serveiss, VB (reprint author), US EPA, 8623-D,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 29 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-0025-z PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 519ZQ UT WOS:000173755700001 PM 11815819 ER PT J AU Utgikar, VP Harmon, SM Chaudhary, N Tabak, HH Govind, R Haines, JR AF Utgikar, VP Harmon, SM Chaudhary, N Tabak, HH Govind, R Haines, JR TI Inhibition of sulfate-reducing bacteria by metal sulfide formation in bioremediation of acid mine drainage SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sulfate-reducing bacteria; metal toxicity; metal inhibition; sulfide inhibition ID DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; REDUCTION; TOXICITY AB Acid mine drainage (AMD) containing high concentrations of sulfate and heavy metal ions can be treated by biological sulfate reduction. It has been reported that the effect of heavy metals on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can be stimulatory at lower concentrations and toxic/inhibitory at higher concentrations. The quantification of the toxic/inhibitory effect of dissolved heavy metals is critical for the design and operation of an effective AMD bioremediation process. Serum bottle and batch reactor studies on metal toxicity to SRB indicate that insoluble metal sulfides can inhibit the SRB activity as well. The mechanism of inhibition is postulated to be external to the bacterial cell. The experimental data indicate that the metal sulfides formed due to the reaction between the dissolved metal and biogenic sulfide act as barriers preventing the access of the reactants (sulfate, organic matter) to the necessary enzymes. Scanning electron micrographs of the SRB cultures exposed to copper and zinc provide supporting evidence for this hypothesis. The SRB cultures retained their ability to effect sulfate reduction indicating that the metal sulfides were not lethally toxic to the SRB. This phenomenon of metal sulfide inhibition of the SRB has to be taken into account while designing a sulfate-reducing bioreator, and subsequently an efficient biotreatment strategy for AMD. Any metal sulfide formed in the bioreactor needs to be removed immediately from the system to maintain the efficiency of the process of sulfate reduction. (C) 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. CNR, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 26 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 41 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 40 EP 48 DI 10.1002/tox.10031 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 519RT UT WOS:000173739800006 PM 11847973 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Daniels, CB Moore, JC Chen, T AF Lewis, MA Daniels, CB Moore, JC Chen, T TI Potential genotoxicity of wastewater-contaminated pore waters with comparison to sediment toxicity and macrobenthic community composition SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediments; pore waters; wastewaters; mutagenicity; acute toxicity; benthic diversity ID INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS; COASTAL AREAS; MUTAGENICITY; QUALITY; POTENCY; ASSAYS; TESTS AB The objectives of this survey were to determine the genotoxic potential of sediment pore waters above and below 10 wastewater outfalls and to compare the results to sediment chemical quality guidelines, acute toxicity, and macrobenthic community composition. The focus of the study was on genotoxicity since its occurrence in environmental media below wastewater discharges in the Gulf of Mexico region has not been reported in the scientific literature. Pore waters from 43 sediment samples were assayed using a microbial mutagenicity assay before and after activation with a rat liver microsome mix (S-9). A combination of either direct or activated responses was observed for 40% of the pore waters. Direct, activated, and both direct and activated responses were observed in 5, 26, and 9% of the total samples, respectively. Mutagenic effects were observed below 7 of the 10 outfall areas and in 4 of 6 control areas associated with 6 outfalls. The lowest pore water concentrations causing an activated mutagenic response were statistically similar above and below the outfalls. Mutagenicity occurred more frequently than acute toxicity to estuarine and freshwater invertebrates and there was no consistent relationship between its occurrence and the exceedance of sediment chemical quality guidelines. In contrast, there was some indication that mutagenic activity paralleled low benthic community diversity. (C) 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Avanti Corp, Annandale, VA 22003 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 47 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 63 EP 73 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 519RT UT WOS:000173739800008 PM 11847975 ER PT J AU Monarca, S Richardson, SD Feretti, D Grottolo, M Thruston, AD Zani, C Navazio, G Ragazzo, P Zerbini, I Alberti, A AF Monarca, S Richardson, SD Feretti, D Grottolo, M Thruston, AD Zani, C Navazio, G Ragazzo, P Zerbini, I Alberti, A TI Mutagenicity and disinfection by-products in surface drinking water disinfected with peracetic acid SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE drinking water; disinfection; peracetic acid; disinfection by-products; mutagenicity ID IDENTIFICATION; CANCER; BACTERIAL; EFFLUENT; PANCREAS; EXTRACTS AB The aims of this research were to study the influence of peracetic acid (PAA) on the formation of mutagens in surface waters used for human consumption and to assess its potential application for the disinfection of drinking water. The results obtained using PAA were compared to those found with sodium hypochlorite (NaC1O) and chlorine dioxide (C1O(2)). The Ames test, root anaphase aberration assay, and root/micronuclei assay in Allium cepa and Tradescantia/micronuclei test were used to evaluate the mutagenicity of disinfected samples. Micro biological tests were also performed, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A slight bacterial mutagenicity was found in raw lake and river water, and similar activity was detected in disinfected samples. A plant test revealed genotoxicity in raw river water,and microbiological analysis showed that PAA has bactericidal activity but lower than that of the other disinfectants. The DBPs produced by PAA were mainly carboxylic acids, which are not recognized as mutagenic, whereas the waters treated with the other disinfectants showed the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic halogenated DBPs. However, additional experiments should be performed with higher concentrations of PAA and using water with higher organic carbon content to better evaluate this disinfectant. C1 Univ Brescia, Dept Expt & Appl Med, Hyg Sect, I-25123 Brescia, Italy. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Local Hlth Unit Brescia, I-25128 Brescia, Italy. Univ Padua, Dept Chem Proc Engn, I-35100 Padua, Italy. RP Monarca, S (reprint author), Univ Brescia, Dept Expt & Appl Med, Hyg Sect, I-25123 Brescia, Italy. RI Alberti, Adriana/E-7142-2017 OI Alberti, Adriana/0000-0003-3372-9423 NR 40 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 4 U2 24 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 309 EP 318 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0309:MADBPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 514JY UT WOS:000173436800012 PM 11833799 ER PT J AU Gutjahr-Gobell, RE Huber, M Horowitz, DJB Zaroogian, GE Mills, LJ AF Gutjahr-Gobell, RE Huber, M Horowitz, DJB Zaroogian, GE Mills, LJ TI A temperate reef fish, Tautogolabrus adspersus, (Walbaum) as a potential model species for laboratory studies evaluating reproductive effects of chemical exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Tautogolabrus adspersus; experimental system; reproductive function; vitellogenin; fish ID UNITED-KINGDOM; EFFLUENT; IDENTIFICATION; BEHAVIOR; CUNNER; MILL AB In ecotoxicological testing. there are few studies that report on reproductive output (egg production) of marine or estuarine fish. Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) were studied as a potential model species to evaluate the impact of pollutants with estrogenic activity on reproduction in estuarine fish populations. Cunner inhabit marine and estuarine areas where contaminant discharges are likely. Baseline values for runner gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and plasma vitellogenin (VTG) were determined in a field reference site (April 1999-December 1999). Male and female GSI indicated that runner spawning is synchronized. Female HSI and VTG increased prior to GSI. From our laboratory observations, runner are suitable for conducting experiments with reproductive endpoints indicative of both exposure (vitellogenin levels) and effects (egg production). However, cunner are not sexually dimorphic and stripping ripe fish is the only method to distinguish sex. In preparation for laboratory exposure studies with cunner, we designed a laboratory experimental holding system to accommodate cunner's reproductive behavior, a vertical spawning run to the water surface. Cunner were successfully acclimated from overwintering torpor to spawning condition in the laboratory by gradually changing the environmental conditions of fish held at winter conditions (4degreesC and 9:15-h light:dark photoperiod) to spawning condition (18degreesC and 15:9-h light:dark photoperiod). Our results show that cunner successfully spawned daily in the laboratory. They produced fertile eggs in our experimental system designed to accommodate cunner's vertical spawning runs, demonstrating that male and female reproductive behavior was synchronized in the laboratory. Our observations indicate that runner would be a useful model species for evaluating reproductive effects of ervironmental contaminants in laboratory studies. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Gutjahr-Gobell, RE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 380 EP 389 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0380:ATRFTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 514JY UT WOS:000173436800022 PM 11833809 ER PT J AU Murrell, MC Stanley, RS Lores, EM DiDonato, GT Flemer, DA AF Murrell, MC Stanley, RS Lores, EM DiDonato, GT Flemer, DA TI Linkage between microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth in a Gulf of Mexico estuary SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SUBTROPICAL CONVERGENCE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; ATLANTIC SECTOR; ECOLOGICAL ROLE; COASTAL WATERS; FOOD-CHAIN; IMPACT; HERBIVORY AB Microzooplankton dilution grazing experiments were conducted with water collected from Pensacola Bay, Florida (USA) on 12 dates at 2 sites. Statistically significant grazing rates were observed in 22 of 24 experiments. Grazing rates in Upper Bay and Lower Bay were similar averaging 0.54 and 0.51 d(-1), respectively. Phytoplankton growth rates were also similar at the two sites, averaging 1.02 and 1.00 d(-1) at Upper Bay and Lower Bay, respectively. Phytoplankton growth rates usually exceeded grazing rates by about a factor of two, though microzooplankton grazing represented a significant mortality for phytoplankton. The literature suggests a linkage between phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing that spans a wide variety of aquatic environments. While individual growth and grazing rates were variable, growth frequently exceeded grazing by about two-fold. This implies that the role of microzooplankton is similar across a wide variety of aquatic systems. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div 1, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Murrell, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div 1, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 52 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD FEB PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1007/BF02696046 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 544FM UT WOS:000175147600003 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR AF Hill, BH Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR TI Benthic microbial respiration in Appalachian Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal Plains streams of the eastern USA SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dehydrogenase; Oxygen consumption; Environmental Monitoring and Assessment; Program; microbial respiration; regional scale; streams ID TRANSPORT SYSTEM ACTIVITY; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; COMMUNITY METABOLISM; RIVER CONTINUUM; HUDSON RIVER; SEDIMENT; CARBON; METALS; RATES; SOIL AB 1. Benthic microbial respiration was measured in 214 streams in the Appalachian Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal Plains regions of the eastern United States in summer 1997 and 1998. 2. Respiration was measured as both O-2 consumption in sealed microcosms and as dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the sediments contained within the microcosms. 3. Benthic microbial respiration in streams of the eastern U.S., as O-2 consumption, was 0.37 +/- 0.03 mg O-2 m(-2) day(-1). Respiration as DHA averaged 1.21 +/- 0.08 mg O-2 m(-2) day(-1). 4. No significant differences in O-2 consumption or DHA were found among geographical provinces or stream size classes, nor among catchment basins for O-2 consumption, but DHA was significantly higher in the other Atlantic (non-Chesapeake Bay) catchment basins. 5. Canonical correlation analyses generated two environmental axes. The stronger canonical axis (W-1) represented a chemical disturbance gradient that was negatively correlated with signatures of anthropogenic impacts (ANC, Cl-, pH, SO42), and positively correlated with riparian canopy cover and stream water dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC). A weaker canonical axis (W-2) was postively correlated with pH, riparian zone agriculture, and stream depth, and negatively correlated with DOC and elevation of the stream. Oxygen consumption was significantly correlated with W-2 whereas DHA was significantly correlated with W-1. 6. The strengths of the correlations of DHA with environmental variables, particularly those that are proven indicators of catchment disturbances and with the canonical axis, suggest that DHA is a more responsive measure of benthic microbial activity than is O-2 consumption. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 41 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00791.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 521EB UT WOS:000173825000002 ER PT J AU Buchmann, N Brooks, JR Ehleringer, JR AF Buchmann, N Brooks, JR Ehleringer, JR TI Predicting daytime carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 within forest canopies SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope discrimination; CO2; delta C-13; foliage; forest canopy; leaf area index ID LEAF DELTA-C-13; RESPIRED CO2; DISCRIMINATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS; IRRADIANCE; GRADIENTS; DYNAMICS; C-13 AB 1. While measurements of leaf carbon isotope ratios (C-13/C-12) in terrestrial ecosystems have become more frequent, interpreting these data can remain a challenge in well developed canopies: the variation in leaf delta(13)C (delta(13)C(p)) values is influenced by both the variation in delta(13)C of source air (delta(13)C(a)) and by photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination (Delta). However, source air information is often unavailable, limiting the interpretation of delta(13)C(p), particularly in dense stands. 2. In this synthesis we found that about 70% of the observed variation in delta(13)C(p) values within the canopy was influenced by changes in Delta, and that about 30% was determined by source air effects. Significant shifts in delta(13)C(a) occur in canopies with high leaf area, predominantly within 1 m above the forest floor. In complex canopies, particularly in the understorey, source air effects cannot be neglected if delta(13)C(p) measurements are used to calculate Delta and c(i)/c(a) ratios [ratio of internal CO2 concentration in the mesophyll air-spaces (c(i)) to the ambient atmospheric concentration of CO2 (c(a))]. 3. We modelled delta(13)C(a) of daytime source air for deciduous and coniferous forests in boreal, temperate and tropical biomes. An inverse regression model with easily available input variables accounted for about 90% of the variation in daytime delta(13)C(a) values throughout the canopy. 4. In open canopies with leaf area index (L) of <2.5 or at canopy heights &GE;1 m, the within-canopy daytime δC-13(a) differences are negligible, and variations in δC-13(p) are associated primarily with changes in &UDelta;. Then, one can use the easily available carbon isotope ratio of the troposphere (δC-13(trop)) as a substitute for δC-13(a) to calculate &UDelta; to within &PLUSMN;0.4%. 5. In canopies with L values >2.5, and at canopy heights <1 in, our model is recommended for calculating canopy δC-13(a) values when direct measurements are not feasible. Although δC-13(a) is highly variable near the forest floor in those dense forests, our model is more accurate and precise for estimating δC-13(a) within 1 in above the forest floor than using δC-13(trop) throughout the canopy (-0.2% &PLUSMN;1.5 versus -1.4% &PLUSMN; 1.1). C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Buchmann, N (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany. RI Buchmann, Nina/E-6095-2011 NR 30 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00591.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 529PR UT WOS:000174295500006 ER PT J AU Swope, DL Castranio, T Harrell, JC Mishina, Y Korach, KS AF Swope, DL Castranio, T Harrell, JC Mishina, Y Korach, KS TI AF-2 knock-in mutation of estrogen receptor alpha: Cre-LoxP excision of a PGK-neo cassette from the 3 ' UTR SO GENESIS LA English DT Article ID MOUSE; GENE C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Swope, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol, 111 T W Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1526-954X J9 GENESIS JI Genesis PD FEB PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 SI SI BP 99 EP 101 DI 10.1002/gene.10075 PG 3 WC Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 527DB UT WOS:000174169900013 PM 11857789 ER PT J AU Jeselnik, M Varma, RS Polanc, S Kocevar, M AF Jeselnik, M Varma, RS Polanc, S Kocevar, M TI Solid-state synthesis of heterocyclic hydrazones using microwaves under catalyst-free conditions SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FREE ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; SOLVENT-FREE SYNTHESIS; IRRADIATION; TRANSFORMATION; 5-HYDRAZONO-5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRO-2H-1-BENZOPYRAN-2-ONES; DERIVATIVES; HYDRAZINES; ACID AB The reactions of neat 5- or 8-oxobenzopyran-2-ones, 1-3, with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrazines, 4, are accelerated upon irradiation in a household microwave oven in the absence of any catalyst, solid support or solvent. The approach provides an attractive and environmentally friendly pathway to several synthetically useful heterocyclic hydrazones. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Ljubljana, Fac Chem & Chem Technol, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 39 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 35 EP 38 DI 10.1039/b108029f PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 530MV UT WOS:000174362200009 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest: Framing the risk question SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the North Pacific International Chapter of the American-Fisheries-Society CY APR 10-12, 2000 CL MT VERNON, WASHINGTON SP Amer Fisheries Soc, N Pacific Int Chapter DE salmon; ecological restoration; Pacific Northwest; ecological risk assessment; risk question AB In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, it is urgent to assess accurately the various options proposed to restore wild salmon. For the past 150 years, a variety of analytic approaches have been employed to assess the ecological consequences of salmon management options. Each approach provided useful information to decision makers, but each also suffered from limitations, some relatively minor, others sufficient to undermine any potential utility. Risk assessment has become the most widely used analytic approach to evaluate environmental policy options. To date its use in ecological policy has been largely constrained to evaluating relatively simple technical questions (e.g., regulatory actions associated with specific chemicals or hazardous waste sites). Recently, however, there has been interest in applying risk assessment to more complex ecological policy problems (e.g., the decline of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest). Although its use has become commonplace and widely accepted, especially among regulatory and land management agencies, risk assessment remains contentious. The most heated debates revolve around delineating the specific meaning of risk; that is, framing the risk "question" to be answered. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ No British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, Canada. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 223 EP 232 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 527ZQ UT WOS:000174218600002 ER PT J AU Luebke, B AF Luebke, B TI Pesticide-induced immunotoxicity: Are humans at risk? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE pesticides; human health effects; immunotoxicity; immunosuppression; host resistance; autoimmunity ID ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; EXPOSURE; MICE; MALATHION; CHLORDANE; RESPONSES; RATS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; HYPERSENSITIVITY AB One of the first immunotoxicology studies determined that exposure of ducks to DDT reduced their resistance to a virus infection. The immunotoxic potential of insecticides and herbicides has subsequently been studied extensively in laboratory animals, driven by the global distribution and use of these chemicals. (Ten of the twelve persistent organic pollutants, identified by the United Nations Environmental Program as posing the greatest threat to humans and wildlife, are pesticides; all have been reported to alter immune function under laboratory conditions.) Nevertheless, our knowledge of the human health risks associated with pesticide use and exposure is far from complete. This paper provides a brief overview of the potential effects of chemicals on the immune system, and host factors that mitigate or exacerbate immunotoxic effects. Examples of rodent studies that exemplify categories of pesticide-induced immune system effects are then provided as an introduction to a discussion of pesticide immunotoxicity in humans. C1 US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch,Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Luebke, B (reprint author), US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch,Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1080/20028091056926 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 527ZQ UT WOS:000174218600008 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT AF Kitchin, KT TI Defining, explaining and understanding hormesis SO HUMAN & EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dose-response; hormesis; risk assessment AB A problem that hormesis has in being more scientifically accepted is (1) proving that only one mechanism accounts for both the 'beneficial' and 'toxic' parts of the biphasic dose-response curve and (2) giving substantial evidence against the interpretation that 'hormesis' is the sum of many different mechanisms which add up to either 'beneficial' or 'toxic' in two different parts of the dose-response curve. Hormesis may consist of a initial beneficial dose region where several mechanisms are operating (just for the sake of argument let us say 3 mechanisms) and the overall sum of these 3 mechanisms is 'beneficial' to the organism. At higher, toxic, doses, many more mechanisms are operating (just for the sake of argument let us say 8 mechanisms) and the sum of all these 8 mechanisms puts the organism in the 'toxic' part of the biphasic dose-response curve. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0960-3271 J9 HUM EXP TOXICOL JI Hum. Exp. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 105 EP 106 DI 10.1191/0960327102ht220oa PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 560UB UT WOS:000176098800012 PM 12102493 ER PT J AU Whittier, TR Larsen, DP Peterson, SA Kincaid, TM AF Whittier, TR Larsen, DP Peterson, SA Kincaid, TM TI A comparison of impoundments and natural drainage lakes in the Northeast USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE natural lakes; impoundments; trophic state; regional survey; probability design; fish assemblages ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; SCALE; PATTERNS AB We classified 235 randomly selected lentic waterbodies (>1 ha) in the Northeast USA as human created, or natural. We compared geographic extent and distribution, morphology and hydrology, trophic state, and fish assemblage metrics of impoundments and natural drainage lakes. We estimated that 46% of the 10 608 (+/-1695; 95% CI) lentic waterbodies in the region were impoundments or quarries; 68% of Uplands lakes and 26% of Lowlands lakes were natural. Impoundments were smaller, shallower, had shorter water residence times, and were in watersheds with greater human activity than were natural drainage lakes. More than half (55%) of Lowlands impoundments were eutrophic, accounting for 67% of eutrophic or hypereutrophic lentic waterbodies in the Northeast. An estimated 90% of eutrophic lakes and impoundments were <23 ha. Impoundments had greater proportions of fish species and individuals tolerant of human disturbance, and greater proportions of non-native species and individuals than did natural drainage lakes. We discuss some management implications of the differences between impoundments and natural drainage lakes. C1 US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Whittier, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD FEB PY 2002 VL 470 IS 1-3 BP 157 EP 171 DI 10.1023/A:1015688407915 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 556NA UT WOS:000175854800016 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B de Haar, C Roy, J Oortgiesen, M AF Veronesi, B de Haar, C Roy, J Oortgiesen, M TI Particulate matter inflammation and receptor sensitivity are target cell specific SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OIL FLY-ASH; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; RAT SENSORY NEURONS; NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; GUINEA-PIG; IN-VITRO; CAPSAICIN-RECEPTOR; SUBSTANCE-P; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AB The complexity of primary source particulate matter (PM) and the various cell types encountered by its inhalation raise the possibility that target cells are differentially activated. Since epithelial cells, which line the nasal-tracheal-bronchial airways, and sensory C fibers, which terminate throughout this epithelial layer, are initially targeted by inhaled PM, we compared their relative biological response in vitro to PM originating from volcanic (MSH), anthropogenic (diesel), residential (woodstove), urban ambient (St. Louis, Ottawa), and industrial emission (coal fly ash, CFA; residual oil fly ash, ROFA; oil fly ash, OFA) sources. Increases in intracellular calcium (i.e., [Ca2+](i)) are a second-messenger event that indicates cellular activation and signal transduction, in both nerve and epithelial cells. Single-cell calcium imaging recordings were taken of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to selected PM (50 mug/ml or 30 mug/cm(2)). These cells responded with variable increases in [Ca2+](i) ranging from abrupt increases, which returned to baseline upon washing of the cells, to oscillations of the [Ca2+](i) that did not wash out. Increases in [Ca2+](i) and inflammatory cytokine (i.e., interleukin 6, IL-6) release were measured in populations of BEAS-2B cells exposed to PM (50 mug/ml) and were shown to significantly correlate (r(2) =.80). BEAS-2B cells, stained histochemically with cobalt, displayed a concentration-dependent precipitation in response to acid pH and capsaicin, indicating the presence of acid-sensitive pathways (e.g., VR1 and acid-sensitive receptors). To demonstrate the relevance of these pathways to inflammatory cytokine (i e., IL-6) release, BEAS-2B cells were pretreated (15 min) with antagonists to the vanilloid (VR1) receptor (i.e., capsazepine, CPZ) or acid-sensitive pathways (i.e., amiloride) before their exposure to the selected PM. A significant reduction of IL-6 release occurred in response to all PM, except for MSH and diesel exhaust. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which innervate the tracheal airways, were dissociated from fetal mice and pretreated with CPZ or amiloride before exposure (4 h) to the selected PM (50 mug/ml). Overall, significantly higher release occurred in PM-exposed sensory neurons relative to that of BEAS-2B epithelial cells. Although both CPZ and amiloride significantly reduced IL-6 release for all PM, the degree of inhibition was less for the PM-exposed DRG relative to BEAS-2B cells. These data show that differential increases in [Ca2+](i) and IL-6 release occur in BEAS-2B epithelial cells and DRG sensory neurons, when exposed to PM derived from different sources. The degree of this activation, however, depends not only on the source of the PM, but also on its cellular target. This differential sensitivity of target cells may contribute to the organism's overall inflammatory response to PM exposure. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utrecht, RITOX, Utrecht, Netherlands. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol & Neurobiol, Durham, NC USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, NTD MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 91 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 14 IS 2 BP 159 EP 183 DI 10.1080/089583701753403971 PG 25 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 515MD UT WOS:000173498900004 PM 12122578 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS AF Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS TI Cyclic micron-size particle inhalation and deposition in a triple bifurcation lung airway model SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cyclic inhalation; particle deposition; symmetric triple bifurcation; computational fluid-particle dynamics; simulations ID FLOW AB Laminar oscillatory inhalation flow as well as micron-particle transport and wall deposition in a representative triple bifurcation airway model have been simulated using a commercial finite-volume code with user-enhanced programs. The computer model has been validated with experimental particle deposition data and deposition patterns for double bifurcations. The transient air flow, particle transport, and wall deposition patterns were analyzed and summarized in terms of particle deposition efficiencies (DEs) and surface density maps. Particle deposition may increase under cyclic flow conditions, i.e., DE-values are typically larger for cyclic flow than for steady flow at the mean flow rate of a given inhalation pulse. The maximal relative difference between these two DE-values may be as high as 50% for 0.02 less than or equal to St(mean) less than or equal to 0.12 during normal inspiration (Q(in) = 30 l/min). However, matching inlet Reynolds and Stokes numbers are proposed, which generate under quasi-steady flow conditions very similar DE-values and deposition patterns as in equivalent pulsatile flow. The relative differences between DE-values for cyclic and matching steady cases are less than 5%. The quantitative results of this work are of interest to researchers either conducting health risk assessment studies for inhaled particulate pollutants or analyzing drug aerosol deposition at desired lung target sites. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleinstreuer, C (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Campus Box 7910,3211 Broughton Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Zhang, Zhe/B-3769-2012 NR 27 TC 102 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 33 IS 2 BP 257 EP 281 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(01)00170-7 PG 25 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 512HK UT WOS:000173318800004 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Yang, YL Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Yang, YL Gordon, CJ TI Peripheral cholinergic pathway modulates hyperthermia induced by stress in rats exposed to open-field stress SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body temperature; fever; chlorpyrifos; circadian rhythm; handling ID SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC VAGOTOMY; PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS; VAGUS NERVE; FEVER; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MEDIATION; BRAIN AB Exposure to an open field is psychologically stressful and leads to an elevation in core temperature (T(c)). Methyl scopolamine (MS), a muscarinic antagonist, and pyridostigmine (PYR), a carbamate that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, do not cross the blood-brain barrier and have little effect on T(c) in resting, nonstressed animals. However, we have found that MS has an antipyretic effect on Tc that is caused by handling and cage-switch stress. PYR should act pharmacologically to reverse the effects of MS. To this end, we assessed the effects of MS and PYR on stress-induced hyperthermia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 90 days of age were housed individually at an ambient temperature of 22degreesC. T(c) and motor activity were monitored by radiotelemetry in an open-field chamber. Rats were dosed intraperitoneally at 1200 with 1.0 mg/kg MS, 0.1 mg/kg PYR, a combination of MS and PYR, or saline and placed immediately inside the open-field chamber for 60 min. Stress-induced hyperthermia was suppressed immediately by MS and enhanced by PYR. T(c) only increased by 0.3degreesC in the MS-treated animals. The hyperthermic response in the PYR group was nearly 0.6degreesC above that of rats dosed with saline. Coadministration of PYR and MS led to a stress-induced hyperthermia response nearly identical to that of rats injected with saline. Overall, open-field stress exacerbated the effects of MS and PYR on body T(c) and provides support for a peripheral cholinergic mechanism that mediates stress-induced hyperthermia. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Peoples Liberat Army, Lanzhou Mil Med Coll, Lanzhou 730020, Peoples R China. RP Rowsey, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rowsey.pamela@epa.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2 BP 789 EP 794 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 511YB UT WOS:000173293400047 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI The role of GC-MS and LC-MS in the discovery of drinking water disinfection by-products SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Review ID STRONG MUTAGEN 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE; ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION; KRAFT CHLORINATION EFFLUENTS; CHEMICAL-IONIZATION REAGENT; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AQUATIC FULVIC-ACID; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ION-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BLADDER-CANCER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has played a pivotal role in the discovery of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. DBPs are formed when disinfectants, such as chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide or chloramine, react with natural organic matter in the water. The first DBP known-chloroform-was identified by Rook in 1974 using GC-MS. So-on thereafter, chloroform and other trihalomethanes were found. to be ubiquitous in chlorinated drinking water. In 1976, the National Cancer Institute published results linking chloroform to cancer in laboratory animals, and an important public health issue was born. Mass spectrometry and, specifically, GC-MS became the key tool used for measuring these DBPs in water and for discovering other DBPs that were formed. Over the last 25 years, hundreds of DBPs have been identified, mostly through the use of GC-MS, which has spawned additional health effects Studies and regulations. Early on, GC with low resolution electron ionization (EI)-MS was used, together with confirmation with chemical standards, for identification work. Later, researchers utilized chemical ionization (CI)-MS to provide molecular weight information and high resolution EI-MS to aid in the determination of empirical formulae for the molecular ions and fragments. More recently, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with either electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has been used to try to uncover highly polar DBPs that most experts believe have been missed by earlier GC-MS studies. Despite 25 years of research in the identification of new DBPs, new ones are being discovered every year, even for chlorine which has been the most extensively studied. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM richardson.susan@epa.gov NR 108 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 7 U2 58 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 EI 1464-0333 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1039/b105578j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 530NM UT WOS:000174364600006 PM 11871687 ER PT J AU Collette, TW Williams, TL AF Collette, TW Williams, TL TI The role of Raman spectroscopy in the analytical chemistry of potable water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID DETECTOR; FILTER; FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE; REJECTION; MOLECULES; SPECTRA; DYES AB Advances in instrumentation are making Raman spectroscopy the tool of choice for an increasing number of chemical applications. For example, many recalcitrant industrial process monitoring problems have been solved in recent years with in-line Raman spectrometers. Raman is attractive for these applications for many reasons, including remote non-invasive sampling, minimal sample preparation and tolerance of water. To a lesser extent, Raman spectroscopy is beginning to play a significant role in environmental analysis for the same reasons. At present, the environmental applications typically apply only to the most contaminated situations due to the still relatively high limits of detection. However, some emerging sampling technologies hold out the promise that Raman may soon be more widely applicable to the analytical chemistry of potable water. Herein we discuss these recent advances, summarize some examples of environmental applications to aqueous systems and suggest avenues of future developments that we expect to be most useful for potable water analysis. Also, a simplified, but detailed, theory of normal Raman scattering is presented. While resonance-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and non-linear Raman techniques are briefly discussed, their theories,. and instrumental configurations are not addressed. Also, this article deals primarily with the modern dispersive Raman experiment (as opposed to the Fourier transform Raman experiment), because it seems most suited for potable water analysis. The goal of this article is to give the environmental scientist with no specialized knowledge of the topic just enough theory and background to evaluate the utility of this rapidly developing analytical tool. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 22 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1039/b107274a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 530NM UT WOS:000174364600010 PM 11871705 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Urbansky, ET Owens, JH Kelty, KC Speth, TF AF Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Urbansky, ET Owens, JH Kelty, KC Speth, TF TI Examples of the role of analytical chemistry in environmental risk management research SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STABLE ASSOCIATION COMPLEXES; DRINKING-WATER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; ESI-MS; ELECTROSPRAY; PERCHLORATE; ION; EXTRACTION; ACIDS AB Analytical chemistry is an important tier or environmental protection and has been traditionally linked to compliance and/or exposure monitoring activities for environmental contaminants. The adoption or the risk management paradigm has led to special challenges for analytical chemistry applied to environmental risk analysis. Namely. methods developed for regulated contaminants may not be appropriate and/or applicable to risk management scenarios. This paper contains examples of analytical chemistry applied to risk management challenges broken down by the analytical approach and analyte for some selected work in our laboratory. Specific techniques discussed include stable association complex electrospray mass spectrometry (cESI-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), split-flow thin cell (SPLITT) fractionation and matrix-assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS). Specific analytes include haloacetic acids (HAA9), perchlorate. bromate. triazine degradation products. metal-contaminated colloids and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, 26 W Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 102 EP 108 DI 10.1039/b106904g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 530NM UT WOS:000174364600020 PM 11871689 ER PT J AU De Borba, BM Urbansky, ET AF De Borba, BM Urbansky, ET TI Performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) gel columns on the ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in fertilizers SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION AB Interest in possible sources of perchlorate (ClO4-) that could lead to environmental release has been heightened since the Environmental Protection Agency placed this anion on its. Contaminant Candidate List for drinking water. Although recent investigations have suggested that fertilizers are minor contributors to environmental perchlorate contamination overall, there is still interest in screening commercial products for possible contamination and quantitating perchlorate when it is found. Ion chromatography (IC) has been used for this application owing to its speed, low detection limits, widespread availability, and moderate ruggedness relative to other techniques. However, fertilizer matrixes complicate the IC analysis relative to potable water matrixes. In this study, the performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) gel resin IC columns (100 mm and 150 mm) was evaluated for fertilizer matrixes using method EPA/600/R-01/026. The NaOH eluent included an organic salt, sodium 4-cyanophenoxide. Detection was by suppressed conductivity. A set of 55 different field samples representing 48 products and previously used by the EPA to assess occurrence of perchlorate in fertilizers (EPA/600/R-01/049) was reanalyzed on the 150 mm column. The 100 mm column was used to further investigate the positive hits. Both columns gave satisfactory performance in fertilizer matrixes, with spike recoveries (+/-15%), assured reporting levels (0.5-225 mug g(-1) except for one at 1000 mug g(-1)), accuracy (relative error < 30% always and most < 15%), and precision [injection-to-injection reproducibility < 3% relative standard deviation (RSD)] comparable to those reported in other studies. Performance did not vary substantially between column lengths. Lastly, the results of this investigation provided further evidence in support of the conclusions that had been reached previously by the EPA on the occurrence of perchlorate in fertilizers. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Metrohm Peak Inc, Houston, TX 77034 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 149 EP 155 DI 10.1039/b109120b PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 530NM UT WOS:000174364600028 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Hill, BH Herlihy, A Kaufmann, PR AF Griffith, MB Hill, BH Herlihy, A Kaufmann, PR TI Multivariate analysis of periphyton assemblages in relation to environmental gradients in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE algal species; biotic indices; canonical analyses; community metrics; environmental stressors; microphytobenthos; periphyton; Southern Rockies ecoregion ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES; BIOTIC INDEXES; HEAVY-METALS; CANADA LAKES; RIVER BASIN; LAND-USE; RESPONSES; DETERMINANTS; ECOREGIONS AB We assessed relationships between chemical and physical characteristics and periphyton assemblages in stream reaches of the mineral belt in the Southern Rockies ecoregion of Colorado, United States. using canonical ordination analyses, we contrasted results wherein assemblage structure was assessed using community metrics or species abundances. Our objectives were to identify community metrics or individual species diagnostic of the primary environmental stressors in these streams, to compare the sensitivity of these two approaches to determining the primary stressors, and to determine how these approaches may be used to differentiate the effects of these environmental stressors from other gradients. For periphyton metrics, the first axis extracted by redundancy analysis correlated with total phosphorus, substrate coarseness and embeddedness, and riparian vegetation condition, whereas the second axis correlated with dissolved metals. For species abundances, the three axes extracted by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were correlated with (1) stream size and types of in-stream habitats; (2) total phosphorus, dissolved ions, and riparian disturbance by agriculture; and (3) sediment coarseness and embeddedness and riparian vegetation condition. Concentrations of dissolved metals were not correlated with the CCA axes. Analyses of species abundances were sensitive to effects associated with nutrients, substrates, and riparian vegetation, whereas analyses of periphyton metrics were sensitive not only to these nutrient and physical habitat effects but also to toxicological effects associated with metals. As a result, the analyses of periphyton metrics may be used to identify which metrics would be useful for a periphyton index of biotic integrity and would also be individually diagnostic of the larger scale stressors in these streams, nutrient, substrate, and riparian vegetation effects of livestock grazing and increased metal concentrations associated with metal mining. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, US Environm Protect Agcy, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Oregon State Univ, US EPA, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), NCEA, USEPA, MS 119 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 85 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01117.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 525EJ UT WOS:000174055500007 ER PT J AU Howard-Reed, C Wallace, LA Ott, WR AF Howard-Reed, C Wallace, LA Ott, WR TI The effect of opening windows on air change rates in two homes SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INDOOR PARTICLE SOURCES; EXCHANGE-RATES; VENTILATION AB More than 300 air change rate experiments were completed in two occupied residences: a two-story detached house in Redwood City, CA, and a three-story townhouse in Reston, VA. A continuous monitor was used to measure the decay of SF, tracer gas over periods of 1-18 hr. Each experiment first included a measurement of the air change rate with all exterior doors and windows closed (State 0), then a measurement with the single change from State 0 conditions of opening one or more windows. The overall average State 0 air change rate was 0.37 air changes per hour (hr(-1)) (SD = 0.10 hr(-1); n = 112) for the California house and 0.41 hr(-1) (SD = 0.19 hr(-1); n = 203) for the Virginia house. Indoor/outdoor temperature differences appeared to be responsible for the variation at the Virginia house of 0.15-0.85 hr(-1) when windows were closed. Opening a single window increased the State 0 air change rate by an amount roughly proportional to the width of the opening, reaching increments as high as 0.80 hr(-1) in the California house and 1.3 hr(-1) in the Virginia house. Multiple window openings increased the air change rate by amounts ranging from 0.10 to 2.8 hr(-1) in the California house and from 0.49 to 1.7 hr(-1) in the Virginia house. Compared with temperature differences and wind effects, opening windows produced the greatest increase in the air change rates measured in both homes. Results of this study indicate the importance of occupant window-opening behavior on a home's air change rate and the consequent need to incorporate this factor when estimating human exposure to indoor air pollutants. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Reston, VA USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Howard-Reed, C (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 36 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 16 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 147 EP 159 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 520HJ UT WOS:000173775300005 PM 15143789 ER PT J AU Smith, FL Sorial, GA Suidan, MT Biswas, P Brenner, RC AF Smith, FL Sorial, GA Suidan, MT Biswas, P Brenner, RC TI Development and demonstration of an explicit lumped-parameter biofilter model and design equation incorporating Monod kinetics SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DILUTION ACTIVITY-COEFFICIENTS; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; BIODEGRADATION KINETICS; SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION; RESPIROMETRIC DATA; BIOMASS CONTROL; PERFORMANCE; WATER; POLLUTANTS; REMOVAL AB Biofiltration is an economical air pollution control (APC) technology, particularly suitable for the treatment of airstreams having high flow rates and low concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This technology utilizes enzymatic catalysis at ambient conditions to mineralize such pollutants to CO2, H2O, and salts. A pilot-scale study conducted for more than 4 years investigated the development of a new biofiltration technology employing trickle bed air biofilters (TBABs). Following the completion of this experimental study, additional data analysis was performed to develop a simple lumped-parameter biofilter model, assuming first-order kinetics. This model related the observed biofilter performance to the principle independent physical, thermodynamic, and biochemical parameters. The initial model has subsequently been expanded to incorporate Monod kinetics. In this paper, the development and use of the final explicit lumped-parameter biofilter model and design equation, incorporating Monod kinetics, are presented. To facilitate the application of this model, practical procedures are also presented for the determination of VOC solubility, VOC biokinetic Monod parameters, and the maximum practical biofilter inlet VOC concentration. C1 Kellogg Brown & Root, Proc Engn Dept, Houston, TX USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO USA. Washington Univ, Dept Civil Engn, St Louis, MO USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Smith, FL (reprint author), Kellogg Brown & Root, Proc Engn Dept, Houston, TX USA. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 208 EP 219 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 520HJ UT WOS:000173775300012 PM 15143796 ER PT J AU Rohm, CM Omernik, JM Woods, AJ Stoddard, JL AF Rohm, CM Omernik, JM Woods, AJ Stoddard, JL TI Regional characteristics of nutrient concentrations in streams and their application to nutrient criteria development SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrient criteria; ecoregions; water management; reference streams; regionalization; total phosphorus; total nitrogen ID UNITED-STATES; WATER-QUALITY; ECOREGIONS; LAKES; PHOSPHORUS; BASINS; NITROGEN; MAP AB In order to establish meaningful nutrient criteria, consideration must be given to the spatial variations in geographic phenomena that cause or reflect differences in nutrient concentrations in streams, Regional differences in stream nutrient concentrations were illustrated using stream data collected from 928 nonpoint-source watersheds distributed throughout the country and sampled as part of the U.S. EPA National Eutrophication Survey (NES). Spatial patterns in the differences were compared and found to correspond with an a priori regional classification system based on regional patterns in landscape attributes associated with variation in nutrient concentrations. The classification consists of 14 regions composed of aggregations of the 84 U.S. EPA Level III Ecoregions. The primary distinguishing characteristics of each region and the factors associated with variability in water quality characteristics are presented. The use of the NES and many other extant monitoring data sets to develop regional reference conditions for nutrient concentrations in streams is discouraged on the basis of sample representation. The necessity that all sites used in such an effort be regionally representative and consistently screened for least possible impact is emphasized. These sampling issues are rigorously addressed by the U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). A case-study, using EMAP data collected from the Central and Eastern Forested Uplands, demonstrates how regional reference conditions and draft nutrient criteria could be developed. C1 Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Rohm, CM (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 79 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 213 EP 239 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01547.x PG 27 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 531JC UT WOS:000174411400019 ER PT J AU Miller, DC Poucher, SL Coiro, L AF Miller, DC Poucher, SL Coiro, L TI Determination of lethal dissolved oxygen levels for selected marine and estuarine fishes, crustaceans, and a bivalve SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZERO DOSE CONTROL; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; HYPOXIA; ANOXIA AB The objective of this study was to provide a database of the incipient lethal concentrations for reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) for selected marine and estuarine species including 12 species of fish, 9 crustaceans, and I bivalve. All species occur in the Virginian Province, USA, which is a cold temperate region. The study period was August 1987 to September 1995. Standard bioassay procedures were employed, with most tests being of 4-day duration. Up to eight lethal concentrations (LCs) between LC05 and LC95 were estimated. The study provides four general conclusions about determining lethal thresholds of low DO for these organisms. First, the concentration response curve of most species did not change greatly beyond day I of the exposure with the exception of crustacean larvae, which were usually more sensitive on day 4, possibly due to molting. Second, acute LC50 values (1- to 4-day) for low DO were influenced by life-stage and. habitat, with pelagic larvae generally being the most sensitive and benthic juveniles the least. Species mean LC50 values ranged from 1.4 to 3.3 mg l(-1) for larvae, 1.0 to 2.2 mg l(-1) for postlarvae, and 0.5 to 1.6 mg l(1) for juveniles. No intraspecific differences in LC50 were detected between larval stages in crustaceans or with age in larval fishes. The response range between LC05 and LC95 was narrowest for the least sensitive organisms (0.6 mg l(-1)), and broadened with sensitivity. The mean LC10:LC50 ratio for all species was 1.32 for larvae and juveniles, and 1.36 for postlarvae. The ratio for postlarvae represents only four species, and hence is not considered different from the other life stages. Third, variability increased with increased species and life stage sensitivity to low DO, and with endpoints of LC15 and below, which reduces the certainty of some of these results. Lastly, no influence of temperatures between 20degreesC and 30degreesC was detected in a small set of tests with thermally acclimated crustacean larvae. This data set has been used to describe protection limits for juvenile and adult survival, and for larval recruitment for the case of persistent (greater than or equal to24 h) low DO for estuarine and coastal waters of the Virginian Province, USA. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Environm Testing Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Coiro, L (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 31 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 34 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 140 IS 2 BP 287 EP 296 DI 10.1007/s002270100702 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 535XX UT WOS:000174672600008 ER PT J AU Mitro, MG Zale, AV AF Mitro, MG Zale, AV TI Estimating abundances of age-0 rainbow trout by mark-recapture in a medium-sized river SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING ANIMAL ABUNDANCE; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; CUTTHROAT TROUT; COLORADO RIVER; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; SALMONIDS; SURVIVAL; STREAMS AB We developed and evaluated a sampling methodology to obtain mark-recapture data to estimate abundances of age-0 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in 70 125-m-wide reaches of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho. Sampling by electrofishing, was concentrated in sample areas that were 100 m long and extended from bank to bank: these areas were electrofished 3-5 times within periods of 3-17 d. Adjacent 50-m-long areas upstream and downstream were sampled to quantify movements out of the 100-m sampleareas. We evaluated assumptions-closed population and equal catchability-using the field data, and we used simulation to identify the most appropriate abundance estimator for sparse data. Both closed and open population abundance estimators were evaluated. Most trout (84%) were recaptured in the area where they were marked. but about 10% had moved downstream and about 61% were recaptured upstream, Multistrata model analyses confirmed that apparent mortality rates. and hence movement rates. were low. The Chao M, estimator, which assumes that capture probabilities vary with capture occasion. performed best for simulated closed populations bias was minimal and interval coverage was near or at the nominal level. This estimator was also robust to minor violations of the closure assumption, performance was better for larger closure violations when capture probabilities were smaller. Application of the Chao M, estimator to our field data resulted in a median capture probability of 0.036, a median capture efficiency of 16.7%, and a median recapture rate of 5.4%. Average abundance estimates in the sample areas provided indices of abundance and extrapolated estimates provided total abundance estimates for river sections 1-4 kin long, Small capture probabilities and large confidence intervals made it possible to detect only relatively large changes in abundance, but this level of discrimination was sufficient to satisfy management needs. C1 Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Ecol, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Mitro, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM mitro.matt@epa.gov NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 188 EP 203 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0188:EAOART>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529LC UT WOS:000174300100016 ER PT J AU Mebust, M Crawford-Brown, D Hofmann, W Schollnberger, H AF Mebust, M Crawford-Brown, D Hofmann, W Schollnberger, H TI Testing extrapolation of a biologically based exposure-response model from in vitro to in vivo conditions SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE radiobiology; carcinogenicity; extrapolation; scientific rationality; alpha particles; transformation; rats ID STATE-VECTOR MODEL; TRANSFORMATION; CARCINOGENESIS; COMMUNICATION AB Models of carcinogenesis may become so flexible as to preclude the possibility of being falsified by data. This problem is removed in part by stronger biophysical specification of processes and parameters within the model prior to fitting to in vivo data on the relationship between exposure and cancer incidence. This paper explores the use of a biophysical model of chromosomal damage, cellular transformation, repair, mitosis, initiation, promotion, progression, and cytotoxicity in developing exposure-response models for radiation-induced cancer. Many of the aspects of model form and parameter values are developed from in vitro data, and the model then is extrapolated to the in vivo setting using a dosimetric model to account for dose inhomogeneity within the lung tissue of rats exposed to radon progeny in air. The ability of the model to predict cancer incidence in the rats is assessed and is shown to be problematic at higher doses. This calls into question whether a full claim may be made about the ability of first-principle models to fully constrain models applied to in vivo data at present. Possible explanations for the discrepancy, and implications for extrapolation, are provided. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Salzburg Univ, Inst Phys & Biophys, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. RP Mebust, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Schollnberger, Helmut/K-1446-2016 OI Schollnberger, Helmut/0000-0002-4398-6565 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 35 IS 1 BP 72 EP 79 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1516 PG 8 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 525BC UT WOS:000174046500007 PM 11846637 ER PT J AU Kentula, ME AF Kentula, ME TI Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and ecosystem in New England. SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Kentula, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 15 IS 2 BP 194 EP 196 PG 3 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 515MG UT WOS:000173499200008 ER PT J AU Striz, EA Wiggins, ML AF Striz, EA Wiggins, ML TI A coupled model to predict interformation flow through an abandoned well SO SPE PRODUCTION & FACILITIES LA English DT Article ID BOREHOLES AB This paper presents a novel approach for predicting flow between two formations coupled by an abandoned well. A steady-state, abandoned-well model is derived analytically and applied with a "series of steady states" to create the transient flow response. The model is verified by comparison to the results of a transient, analytical, interformation well model for a single injector given by Avci. This model is the first to include true pressure losses in the abandoned wellbore calculated from established equations for turbulent or laminar pipe flow, plugs, and a casing perforation. The model can also predict flow behind pipe through an open or plugged annulus or a fracture in the annular plug. Finally, the model is the first to incorporate the effect of pressure variations on well flow caused by production or injection in the overlying formation. Application of the model in a single-phase simulation demonstrates the impact of location and condition, rock and fluid properties, initial pressures, and well operations in the coupled formations on the abandoned-well flow. Evolving pressure distributions in the coupled formations may move flow up or down the hole. Pressure losses in the wellbore or behind pipe (through plugs) are shown to preclude flow. The model is also applied to a field case to demonstrate its use as a prediction tool for abandoned-well flow. As opposed to the limited analytical solutions or complex numerical-simulation methods currently available, the new abandoned-well model provides a simple means to determine flow for realistic field conditions. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Striz, EA (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC PETROLEUM ENG PI RICHARDSON PA 222 PALISADES CREEK DR,, RICHARDSON, TX 75080 USA SN 1064-668X J9 SPE PROD FACIL JI SPE Prod. Fac. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 11 EP 22 PG 12 WC Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 524GL UT WOS:000174004800002 ER PT J AU Sharma, R Kodavanti, PRS AF Sharma, R Kodavanti, PRS TI In vitro effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and hydroxy metabolites on nitric oxide synthases in rat brain SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Toxicology CY MAR 14-18, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Soc Toxicol DE age-dependent effects; brain region-specific effects; neurotoxicity; nitric oxide synthases; polychlorinated biphenyls; hydroxy metabolites; structure-activity relationship ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; PCB CONGENERS; ADULT-RATS; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY; ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; NADPH DIAPHORASE; DENTATE GYRUS; TREATED RATS AB In Vitro Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Hydroxy Metabolites on Nitric Oxide Synthases in Rat Brain. Sharma, R., and Kodavanti, P. R. S. (2002). Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) play a key role in motor activity in the cerebellum, hormonal regulation in the hypothalamus, and long-term potentiation (LTP), learning, and memory processes in the hippocampus. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been shown to affect psychomotor functions, learning and memory processes, and to inhibit LTP. We hypothesized that PCBs may disrupt the regulation of such neurological functions by altering NOSs. We have studied the in vitro effects of several PCB congeners and some hydroxy PCBs on NOS activity in cytosolic (presumably neuronal NOS [nNOS]) and membrane (presumably endothelial NOS [eNOS]) fractions in different brain regions of young and adult rats. Among the two selected dichloro PCBs, the ortho-PCB, 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB), inhibited both cytosolic and membrane NOS activity at low micromolar concentrations (3-10 muM) in the selected brain regions of all age groups while the non-ortho-PCB, 4,4'-DCB, did not. 2,2'-DCB inhibited cytosolic NOS to a greater extent than membrane NOS. Pentachloro-PCBs (PeCBs) and hexachloro-PCBs (HCBs) did not have a significant effect on adult cerebellar cytosolic or membrane NOS. However, mono- and dihydroxy derivatives of HCBs significantly decreased cytosolic NOS (IC50s: 16.33 +/- 0.47 and 33.65 +/- 4.33 muM, respectively) but resulted in a marginal effect on membrane NOS in the cerebellum. Among three adult rat brain regions, the hypothalamic cytosolic NOS was the most sensitive to 2,2'-DCB. Also, cytosolic NOS in the cerebellum and hypothalamus of young rats was less sensitive than in the older rats. In summary, these results indicate that only di-ortho-PCB inhibited both NOS and hydroxy substitution of one or more chlorine molecules significantly increased the potency of both ortho- and non-ortho-HCBs. The selective sensitivity of NOS to dichloro- ortho-PCB and hydroxy metabolites suggests that the inhibition of NOS could play a role in the neuroendocrine effects as well as learning and memory deficits caused by exposure to PCBs. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Mail Drop 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 78 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 1 PY 2002 VL 178 IS 3 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9328 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 531MG UT WOS:000174418700001 PM 11858728 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B de Haar, C Lee, L Oortgiesen, M AF Veronesi, B de Haar, C Lee, L Oortgiesen, M TI The surface charge of visible particulate matter predicts biological activation in human bronchial epithelial cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; surface charge; zeta potential; neurogenic inflammation; airway inflammation; tracheal-bronchial epithelial cells; BEAS-2B; VR1 receptor ID OIL FLY-ASH; DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION PARTICLE; SULFURIC-ACID; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; AMBIENT AIR; GUINEA-PIGS; LUNG INJURY AB The Surface Charge of Visible Particulate Matter Predicts Biological Activation in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Veronesi, B., de Haar, C., Lee, L., and Oortgiesen, M. (2002). The physicochemical complexity of airborne particulate matter (PM) has hampered identifying a specific mechanism(s) for its toxicity. In this study, selected physicochemical characteristics (i.e., size, particle number, acidity, and surface charge) were measured on various field PM, derived from urban ambient (St. Louis, Ottawa, Canada), residential (Woodstove), volcanic dust from Mt. St. Helen (MSH), and industrial [oil fly ash (OFA) coal fly ash (CFA)l sources. Morphometric analysis of visible (less than or equal to2.0 to > 10 mum) field particles indicated that the industrial PM (OFA, CFA) had the smallest diameter and lowest total number of particles per weight while Woodstove and Ottawa had the largest diameter and highest number of particles. All PM lowered the pH of an unbuffered 10 mM NaCl solution from pH 7.4 to pH 4.7-6.8 but did not change the neutral pH of the cell culture medium, keratinocyte growth media (KGM). The surface charge (i.e., zeta potential) of microscopically visible (greater than or equal to2.0 mum) field particles, suspended in either a Hepes-buffered KCl solution or in KGM, was measured by microelectrophoresis. In KCl solution, the mean zeta potential of all tested PM ranged from -36 +/- 2 (Woodstove) to -27 +/- 4.3 mV (MSH). When measured in KGM medium, the mean zeta potential value of each PM was significantly less (p > 0.001) than those measured in KCl solution, with values ranging from - 17 +/- 0.3 mV (St. Louis) to -9 +/- 0.6 mV (MSH). Suspensions of field PM, its soluble and washed particulate fractions, were next prepared from each PM. The biological effects (i.e., increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)), cytokine release) of their exposure were measured in human, immortalized, tracheal- bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to each fraction produced an immediate, but differential increase in [Ca2+](i) and the subsequent release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, 4 and 16 h later. Increases in [Ca2+](i) by field PM significantly correlated with the IL-6 released by each fraction (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.76) after both 4 and 16 h exposures. The biological effects of each PM were compared with their physicochemical characteristics. No correlation was found between increases in [Ca2+](i) or cytokine release and a PM's acidity or the number or size of its visible (greater than or equal to2.0 mum) particles. However, the surface charge of PM field particles, when measured in the KGM exposure medium, showed a high correlation (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.94) with the IL-6 release by field PM after both 4 and 16 h exposure. increases in [Ca2+](i), also correlated (r(2) = 0.85) with the surface charge of PM field particles when measured in KGM. These data indicate that the surface charge (i.e., zeta potential) carried on PM's visible field particles predicts their differential release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in cultures of human respiratory epithelial cells. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utrecht, RITOX, Utrecht, Netherlands. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 56 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 1 PY 2002 VL 178 IS 3 BP 144 EP 154 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9341 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 531MG UT WOS:000174418700003 PM 11858730 ER PT J AU Apple, M Tiekotter, K Snow, M Young, J Soeldner, A Phillips, D Tingey, D Bond, BJ AF Apple, M Tiekotter, K Snow, M Young, J Soeldner, A Phillips, D Tingey, D Bond, BJ TI Needle anatomy changes with increasing tree age in Douglas-fir SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aging in Pacific Northwest Forests CY OCT 19, 2000 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Western Regional Ctr, Nat Inst Global Environm Change HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE astrosclereids; cells; lignin; needles; structure ID SECONDARY METABOLITES; GROWTH; BEHAVIOR; EXCHANGE; PINE AB Morphological differences between old-growth trees and saplings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) may extend to differences in needle anatomy. We used microscopy with image analysis to compare and quantify anatomical parameters in cross sections of previous-year needles of old-growth Douglas-fir trees and saplings at the Wind River Canopy Crane site in Washington and at three sites in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. We also compared needle anatomy across a chronosequence of 10-, 20-, 40- and 450-year-old Douglas-fir trees from the Wind River site. Anatomy differed significantly between needles of old-growth trees and saplings at all sites, suggesting a developmental change in needle anatomy with increasing tree age. Compared with needles of old-growth trees, needles of saplings were longer and had proportionately smaller vascular cylinders, larger resin canals and few hypodermal cells. Astrosclereids, which sequester lignin in their secondary cell walls and occupy space otherwise filled by photosynthetic cells, were scarce in needles of saplings but abundant in needles of old-growth trees. Needles of old-growth trees had an average of 11% less photosynthetic mesophyll area than needles of saplings. The percentage of non-photosynthetic area in needles increased significantly with increasing tree age from the chronosequence of 10-, 20-, 40- and 450-year-old trees at the Wind River site. This reduction in photosynthetic area may contribute to decreased growth rates in old trees. C1 Univ Portland, Portland, OR 97203 USA. US DOE, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Apple, M (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 34 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 10 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 129 EP 136 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 522TN UT WOS:000173913200007 PM 11830409 ER PT J AU Richard, AM Williams, CR AF Richard, AM Williams, CR TI Distributed structure-searchable toxicity (DSSTox) public database network: a proposal SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE toxicity database; structure-searchable; SAR; DSSTox; mutagenicity; carcinogenicity ID CARCINOGENIC POTENCY DATABASE; NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; ANIMAL BIOASSAYS; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; GENERAL LITERATURE; CHEMICAL TOXICITY; MUTAGENICITY; CANCER; IDENTIFICATION; SUPPLEMENT AB The ability to assess the potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other toxicity of pharmaceutical or industrial chemicals based on chemical structure information is a highly coveted and shared goal of varied academic, commercial, and government regulatory groups. These diverse interests often employ different approaches and have different criteria and use for toxicity assessments, but they share a need for unrestricted access to existing public toxicity data linked with chemical structure information. Currently, there exists no central repository of toxicity information, commercial or public, that adequately meets the data requirements for flexible analogue searching, Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) model development, or building of chemical relational databases (CRD). The distributed structure-searchable toxicity (DSSTox) public database network is being proposed as a community-supported, web-based effort to address these shared needs of the SAR and toxicology communities. The DSSTox project has the following major elements: (1) to adopt and encourage the use of a common standard file format (structure data file (SDF)) for public toxicity databases that includes chemical structure, text and property information, and that can easily be imported into available CRD applications; (2) to implement a distributed source approach, managed by a DSSTox Central Website, that will enable decentralized, free public access to structure-toxicity data files, and that will effectively link knowledgeable toxicity data sources with potential users of these data from other disciplines (such as chemistry, modeling, and computer science); and (3) to engage public/commercial/academic/industry groups in contributing to and expanding this community-wide, public data sharing and distribution effort. The DSSTox project's overall aims are to effect the closer association of chemical structure information with existing toxicity data, and to promote and facilitate structure-based exploration of these data within a common chemistry-based framework that spans toxicological disciplines. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, US EPA, Durham, NC 27707 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JAN 29 PY 2002 VL 499 IS 1 BP 27 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00289-5 PG 26 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 517TM UT WOS:000173626000004 PM 11804603 ER PT J AU Nocerino, J Singh, A Spiegelman, C AF Nocerino, J Singh, A Spiegelman, C TI Special issue - Papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Environmetrics and Chemometrics - held in Las Vegas, NV, USA - 18-20 September 2000 - Preface SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Syst & Technol Co, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Nocerino, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD JAN 28 PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA 514UJ UT WOS:000173459200001 ER PT J AU Singh, A Nocerino, J AF Singh, A Nocerino, J TI Robust estimation of mean and variance using environmental data sets with below detection limit observations SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Environmetrics and Chemometrics CY SEP 08-20, 2000 CL LAS VEGAS, NV DE type I censoring; type II censoring; left-censored (truncated) data; detection limit; robust statistics; Monte Carlo simulation; mean square error (MSE); PROP influence function; unbiased maximum likelihood estimation (UMLE); Cohen's maximum likelihood estimation; Perrson and Rootzen's restricted maximum likelihood estimation (RMLE); expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms regression methods ID WATER-QUALITY DATA; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; SAMPLES; PARAMETERS AB Scientists, especially environmental scientists, often encounter traced level concentrations that are typically reported as less than a certain limit of detection, L. Type I left-censored data arises when certain low values lying below L are ignored or unknown as they cannot be measured accurately. In many environmental quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), and groundwater monitoring applications of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), values smaller than L are not required to be reported. However, practitioners still need to obtain reliable estimates of the population meart mu, and the standard deviation (S.D.) sigma. The problem gets complex when a small number of high concentrations are observed with a substantial number of concentrations below the detection limit. The high-outlying values contaminate the underlying censored sample, leading to distorted estimates of mu and sigma. The USEPA, through the National Exposure Research Laboratory-Las Vegas (NERL-LV), under the Office of Research and Development (ORD), has research interests in developing statistically rigorous robust estimation procedures for contaminated left-censored data sets. Robust estimation procedures based upon a proposed (PROP) influence function are shown to result in reliable estimates of population parameters of mean and S.D. using contaminated left-censored samples. It is also observed that the robust estimates thus obtained with or without the outliers are in close agreement with the corresponding classical estimates after the removal of outliers. Several classical and robust methods for the estimation of mu and sigma using left-censored (truncated) data sets with potential outliers have been reviewed and evaluated. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lockheed Martin Environm Syst & Technol Co, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Singh, A (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Environm Syst & Technol Co, 980 Kelly Johnson Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 30 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD JAN 28 PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 86 DI 10.1016/S0169-7439(01)00186-1 PG 18 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA 514UJ UT WOS:000173459200007 ER PT J AU Mancini, ER Steen, A Rausina, GA Wong, DCL Arnold, WR Gostomski, FE Davies, T Hockett, JR Stubblefield, WA Drottar, KR Springer, TA Errico, P AF Mancini, ER Steen, A Rausina, GA Wong, DCL Arnold, WR Gostomski, FE Davies, T Hockett, JR Stubblefield, WA Drottar, KR Springer, TA Errico, P TI MTBE ambient water quality criteria development: A public/private partnership SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; TOXICITY AB A public/private partnership was established in 1997, under the administrative oversight of the American Petroleum Institute (API), to develop aquatic toxicity data sufficient to calculate ambient water quality criteria for methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline oxygenate. The MTBE Water Quality Criteria Work Group consisted of representatives from private companies, trade associations, and USEPA. Funding was provided by the private entities, while aquatic biological/toxicological expertise was provided by industry and USEPA scientists. This public/private partnership constituted a nonadversarial, cost-effective, and efficient process for generating the toxicity data necessary for deriving freshwater and marine ambient water quality criteria. Existing aquatic toxicity data were evaluated for acceptability, consistent with USEPA guidance, and nineteen freshwater and marine tests were conducted by commercial laboratories as part of this effort to satisfy the federal criteria database requirements. Definitive test data were developed and reported under the oversight of industry study monitors and Good Laboratory Practice standards auditors, and with USEPA scientists participating in advisory and critical review roles. Calculated, preliminary freshwater criteria for acute (Criterion Maximum Concentration) and chronic (Criterion Continuous Concentration) exposure effect protection are 151 and 51 mg MTBE/L, respectively. Calculated, preliminary marine criteria for acute and chronic exposure effect protection are 53 and 18 mg MTBE/L, respectively. These criteria values may be used for surface water quality management purposes, and they indicate that ambient MTBE concentrations documented in U. S. surface waters to date do not constitute a risk to aquatic organisms. C1 ARCO, Los Angeles, CA 90071 USA. Amer Petr Inst, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Chevron, Richmond, CA 94802 USA. Shell Westhollow Technol Ctr, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Exxon Biomed Sci, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ENSR Corp, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Wildlife Int Ltd, Easton, MD 21601 USA. Qualtech Inc, New Market, MD 21774 USA. RP Mancini, ER (reprint author), ARCO, 333 S Hope St, Los Angeles, CA 90071 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 125 EP 129 DI 10.1021/es002059b PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 512EP UT WOS:000173308400002 PM 11831214 ER PT J AU Meyerson, LA Reaser, JK AF Meyerson, LA Reaser, JK TI A unified definition of biosecurity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Natl Invas Species Council, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP Meyerson, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Amer Assoc Advancement Sci Fellow, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Meyerson, Laura/K-9013-2012; Meyerson, Laura/D-4487-2013 NR 3 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 4 PY 2002 VL 295 IS 5552 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 509HV UT WOS:000173143100017 PM 11780645 ER PT J AU McKane, RB Johnson, LC Shaver, GR Nadelhoffer, KJ Rastetter, EB Fry, B Giblin, AE Kielland, K Kwiatkowski, BL Laundre, JA Murray, G AF McKane, RB Johnson, LC Shaver, GR Nadelhoffer, KJ Rastetter, EB Fry, B Giblin, AE Kielland, K Kwiatkowski, BL Laundre, JA Murray, G TI Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ALASKAN TUNDRA; COMMUNITIES; NITROGEN; GROWTH; SHRUBS; TREES AB Ecologists have long been intrigued by the ways co-occurring species divide limiting resources. Such resource partitioning, or niche differentiation, may promote species diversity by reducing competition(1,2). Although resource partitioning is an important determinant of species diversity and composition in animal communities(3), its importance in structuring plant communities has been difficult to resolve(4). This is due mainly to difficulties in studying how plants compete for belowground resources(5). Here we provide evidence from a N-15-tracer field experiment showing that plant species in a nitrogen-limited, arctic tundra community were differentiated in timing, depth and chemical form of nitrogen uptake, and that species dominance was strongly correlated with uptake of the most available soil nitrogen forms. That is, the most productive species used the most abundant nitrogen forms, and less productive species used less abundant forms. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation that the composition of a plant community is related to partitioning of differentially available forms of a single limiting resource. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Appalachian Mt Club, Gorham, NH 03581 USA. RP McKane, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Laundre, James/P-1968-2016 OI Laundre, James/0000-0002-2061-8655 NR 26 TC 396 Z9 421 U1 20 U2 199 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 3 PY 2002 VL 415 IS 6867 BP 68 EP 71 DI 10.1038/415068a PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 507KZ UT WOS:000173028800040 PM 11780117 ER PT B AU Samenow, JP AF Samenow, JP GP AMS AMS TI Overview of EPA's SunWise School Program SO 11TH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Symposium on Education CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Samenow, JP (reprint author), 1200 Penn Ave NW,6205J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 75 EP 76 PG 2 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV55C UT WOS:000179335400029 ER PT S AU Perreault, SD AF Perreault, SD BE Robaire, B Hales, BF TI Distinguishing between fertilization failure and early pregnancy loss when identifying male-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes SO ADVANCES IN MALE MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Male Mediated Developmental Toxicity CY JUN, 2001 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP NIH, NICHD, NIEHS, NCI ID CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ASSAY; MOUSE GERM-CELLS; DOMINANT LETHAL; HERITABLE TRANSLOCATIONS; ACRYLAMIDE TREATMENT; HUMAN-FERTILITY; MALE-MICE; SPERM; RATS; DNA C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-47480-8 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2002 VL 518 BP 189 EP 198 PG 10 WC Andrology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Research & Experimental Medicine; Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA BW88Y UT WOS:000183490600016 ER PT S AU Perreault, SD Aitken, RJ Baker, HWG Evenson, DP Huszar, G Irvine, DS Morris, ID Morris, RA Robbins, WA Sakkas, D Spano, M Wyrobek, AJ AF Perreault, SD Aitken, RJ Baker, HWG Evenson, DP Huszar, G Irvine, DS Morris, ID Morris, RA Robbins, WA Sakkas, D Spano, M Wyrobek, AJ BE Robaire, B Hales, BF TI Integrating new tests of sperm genetic integrity into semen analysis: Breakout group discussion SO ADVANCES IN MALE MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY SE Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Male Mediated Developmental Toxicity CY JUN, 2001 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP NIH, NICHD, NIEHS, NCI ID CHROMATIN-STRUCTURE ASSAY; EJACULATED HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; DNA STRAND BREAKS; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID FRAGMENTATION; MULTICOLOR FISH; INFERTILE MEN; CREATINE-PHOSPHOKINASE; DAMAGED SPERMATOZOA; ANEUPLOID SPERM C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM jaitken@mail.newcastle.edu.au; g.baker@unimelb.edu.au; donald_evenson@sdstate.edu; gabor.huszar@yale.edu; d.s.irvine@hrsu.mrc.ac.uk; i.morris@man.ac.uk; morris.rebecca@epa.gov; wrobbins@sonnet.ucla.edu; denny.sakkas@yale.edu; spanomrc@casaccia.enea.it; wyrobek1@llnl.gov NR 70 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-47480-8 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2002 VL 518 BP 253 EP 268 PG 16 WC Andrology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Research & Experimental Medicine; Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA BW88Y UT WOS:000183490600023 ER PT S AU Anastas, PT Lankey, RL AF Anastas, PT Lankey, RL BE Lankey, RL Anastas, PT TI Sustainability through green chemistry and engineering SO ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference CY JUN 27-29, 2000 CL NATL ACAD SCI, WASHINGTON, D.C. HO NATL ACAD SCI AB The words "sustainability" and "sustainable development" are virtually omnipresent now. But how do we actually achieve the goals of sustainability, and what actions can we take? Green Chemistry and Engineering technologies are providing innovative solutions for today and tomorrow in many areas of product and process research and application. These technologies are helping to address some of the world's most pressing environmental issues, which include global climate change, sustainable energy production, food production and the associated agricultural practices, depletion of non-renewable resources, and the dissipation of toxic and hazardous materials in the environment. We describe the essential nature of Green Chemistry and Engineering in meeting these challenges and describe the specific examples and case studies that are presented in this book. C1 Execut Off President, White House Off Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC 20502 USA. US EPA, Ind Chem Branch, OPPT 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3778-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 823 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1021/bk-2002-0823.ch001 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15X UT WOS:000181025100001 ER PT J AU Romine, JD Barth, EF AF Romine, JD Barth, EF TI Preliminary assessment of worker and ambient air exposures during soil remediation technology demonstration SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE dust; lead; particulates; soil remediation AB Hazardous waste site remediation workers or neighboring residents may be exposed to particulates during the remediation of lead-contaminated soil sites. Industrial hygiene surveys and air monitoring programs for both lead and dust were performed during initial soil sampling activities and during pilot scale technology demonstration activities at two lead-contaminated soil sites to assess whether worker protection or temporary resident relocation would be suggested during any subsequent remediation technology activities. The concentrations of lead and dust in the air during pilot scale technology demonstration studies were within applicable exposure guidelines, including Occupational Health and Safety Administration permissible exposure limits, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limits, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene threshold limit values, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standards program limits. C1 Tetra Tech EM Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Romine, JD (reprint author), Tetra Tech EM Inc, 250 W Court St, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 63 IS 1 BP 76 EP 80 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2002)063<0076:PAOWAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 519UA UT WOS:000173742800013 PM 11843431 ER PT S AU Thomas, MJ Lewis, PE Kroutil, RT Combs, RJ Small, GW Zywicki, RW Stageberg, DL Chaffin, CT Marshall, TL AF Thomas, MJ Lewis, PE Kroutil, RT Combs, RJ Small, GW Zywicki, RW Stageberg, DL Chaffin, CT Marshall, TL BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Infrared detection and analysis of vapor plumes using an airborne sensor SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery VIII CY APR 01-04, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE infrared chemical imaging; airborne remote sensing; interferogram analysis ID AUTOMATED DETECTION; FT-IR; SPECTROMETRY; INTERFEROGRAMS AB An airborne infrared (IR) line-scanner and a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer operating in the 3-5mum and 8-12mum spectral regions provide a rapid wide-area surveillance capability. The IR scene containing target vapors is mapped remotely with the wide field of view (FOV) multi-spectral IR line-scanner using 14 bands. The narrow FOV FT-IR spectrometer permits remote verification of target vapor plume contents within the IR scene. The IR image and FT-IR interferogram analysis supply a near real-time detection that provides visual monitoring of potential downwind vapor hazards. This capability is demonstrated using the target vapor of methanol. An active mono-static FT-IR configuration furnishes ground-truth monitoring for methanol released from an industrial stack and a nearby ground-level area. The airborne and ground-truth results demonstrate the usefulness of this approach in alerting first responders to potential downwind vapor hazards from an accidental release. C1 US EPA, Kansas City, KS USA. RP Thomas, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Region 7, Kansas City, KS USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4475-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4725 BP 47 EP 64 DI 10.1117/12.478784 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BV33B UT WOS:000178612100006 ER PT J AU Weetall, HH Rogers, KR AF Weetall, HH Rogers, KR TI A simple assay for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using coated test-strips SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE immunoassay test strips; lateral flow immunoassay; 2,4-D; environmental monitoring ID IMMUNOASSAYS AB Immunoassay test strips utilizing ascending chromatography have been devised for the detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). This test is inexpensive, requires no instrumentation, and relies on the application of antibodies to 2,4-D adsorbed onto colloidal gold particles. The assay, although not completely optimized is capable of detecting 0.02 mug/mL.. The format for this assay involves addition of the unknown sample to a small test tube that contains 0.25 mL buffer and anti-2,4-D colloidal gold conjugate followed by addition of the test strip. The anti-2,4-D gold conjugate co-migrates with the sample past pre-adsorbed bovine albumin labeled with 2,4-D (BSA-2,4-D). If 2,4-D is present in the unknown sample at concentrations above the threshold value, then the colloidal gold-labeled anti-2,4-D antibody will not bind to the BSA-2,4-D adsorbed to the nitrocellulose strip but will continue to migrate toward the top of the strip. To determine the presence of the analyte, the colloidal gold labeled antibody that binds to the BSA-2,4-D zone (as determined by a visible purple band) is compared to positive (containing concentrations of 2,4-D above 0.02 mug/mL) and negative controls (containing no analyte). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 2002 VL 35 IS 8 BP 1341 EP 1348 DI 10.1081/AL-120006670 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 582GW UT WOS:000177342300005 ER PT J AU Levine, KE Fernando, RA Ross, GT Lang, M Morgan, DL Collins, BJ AF Levine, KE Fernando, RA Ross, GT Lang, M Morgan, DL Collins, BJ TI Development and validation of a method for the determination of mercury in small rat brain tissue samples by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE mercury; cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry; brain tissue; neonatal brain; fetal brain; small sample size ID GUINEA-PIGS; LONG-TERM; EXPOSURE; METHYLMERCURY; CHLORIDE; PLASMA; LEVEL AB A rugged, sensitive, semi-automated method for the determination of trace-level mercury in small rat brain tissue samples by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) is described. Small tissue aliquots (100 mg) are digested for 6-8 h at an elevated temperature in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. Following digestion, samples are oxidized with potassium bromate/bromide at room temperature and treated with a continuous flow of stannous chloride to generate mercury vapor. The experimentally determined method quantitation limit (MQL) in the rat brain matrix is 10 pg Hg/mL, which corresponds to 1.5 ng Hg/g brain tissue. Replicate matrix spike preparations (n=4) at this level were determined with a high level of accuracy (89.8%) and precision (6.9% RSD). Replicates (n=36) of a certified reference material (DOLT-2, trace metals in dogfish liver) were prepared and analyzed over a four year period in order to assess the ruggedness and accuracy of the method. The average recovery for mercury in this material was 99.9% of the certified level. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Levine, KE (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, 3040 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 2002 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1505 EP 1517 DI 10.1081/AL-120006726 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 588TL UT WOS:000177716700005 ER PT J AU Koomey, JG Calwell, C Laitner, S Thornton, J Brown, RE Eto, JH Webber, C Cullicott, C AF Koomey, JG Calwell, C Laitner, S Thornton, J Brown, RE Eto, JH Webber, C Cullicott, C TI Sorry, wrong number: The use and misuse of numerical facts in analysis and media reporting of energy issues SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review AB Students of public policy sometimes envision an idealized policy process where competent data collection and incisive analysis on both sides of a debate lead to reasoned judgments and sound decisions. Unfortunately, numbers that prove decisive in policy debates are not always carefully developed, credibly documented, or correct. This paper presents four widely cited examples of numbers in the energy field that are either misleading or wrong. It explores the origins of these numbers, how they missed the mark, and how they have been misused by both analysts and the media. In addition, it describes and uses a three-stage analytical process for evaluating such statistics that involves defining terms and boundaries, assessing underlying data, and critically analyzing arguments. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ecos Consulting, Durango, CO 81301 USA. US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. IBM Corp, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Koomey, JG (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,Bldg 90-4000, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 119 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 2002 VL 27 BP 119 EP 158 DI 10.1164/annurev.energy.27.122001.083458 PG 40 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 619ZC UT WOS:000179507000005 ER PT J AU Mottaleb, MA Yang, JS Kim, HJ AF Mottaleb, MA Yang, JS Kim, HJ TI Electrolyte-as-cathode glow discharge (ELCAD)/glow discharge electrolysis at the gas-solution interface SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE electrolyte as cathode glow discharge; atomic emission spectrometry (ELCAD-AES) ID ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; TRACE-METALS; WATER AB Electrolysis glow discharge (ELCAD), wherein an electrolyte serves as the cathode, is a potential new analytical source for on-line determination of trace heavy metals in waste and drinking waters, in addition to other liquid samples. The use of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) with ELCAD enhances the efficiency of the technique. Although possible applications of ELCAD-AES are widespread. the technique is currently unsuitable for the detection of toxic elements, such as mercury, at concentrations as low as the World Health Organization guideline level in drinking water (I ng/mL). The aim of this contribution is to provide an overview of the brief history, development of instrumentation, fundamental mechanistic studies and applications of ELCAD. This review suggests that, whereas the scope of ELCAD-AES is diverse, it would benefit greatly from the involvement of more researchers to enhance the capabilities of the system, as otherwise this goal will not be achieved. C1 Dongduk Womens Univ, Dept Pharm, Seoul 136714, South Korea. Kyung Hee Univ, Grad Sch EW Med Sci, Seoul, South Korea. RP Mottaleb, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 41 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0570-4928 J9 APPL SPECTROSC REV JI Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. PY 2002 VL 37 IS 3 BP 247 EP 273 DI 10.1081/ASR-120014276 PG 27 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 605FC UT WOS:000178665900001 ER PT B AU Johnson, GL AF Johnson, GL GP ASQ ASQ ASQ TI Iso 19011 : 2002: A new auditing standard for QMS and EMS SO ASQ'S 56TH ANNUAL QUALITY CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Quality Congress CY MAY 20-22, 2002 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Soc Qual, George Grp, Air Acad Associated, iGrafx, Achiever, Hertzler Syst Inc, InfinityQS Int Com, Juran Inst, MINITAB, Act Workout DE audit; audit program; environmental management system; quality management system AB In a precedent-setting decision in 1998, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) directed ISO Technical Committee (TC) 176 on Quality Management and ISO TC 207 on Environmental Management to develop jointly a single guideline standard for auditing quality and environmental management systems. When issued in summer 2002 as an International Standard, this standard, ISO 19011:2002, Guidelines on Quality and/or Environmental Management Systems Auditing, will replace six existing standards: ISO 10011-1, ISO 10011-2, and ISO 10011-3 on quality auditing and ISO 14010, ISO 14011, and ISO 14012 on environmental auditing. Moreover, unlike the current standards, it is intended to address the full rage of auditing activities, including internal and external audits. ISO 19011 provides guidance on establishing an audit program for organizations, implementing audits of management systems, and determining and evaluating the competence of auditors. The guidance includes a description of the standard and its principal elements and some discussion of its applicability to internal and external audits of quality and environmental management systems. ISO 19011 was intended to apply to the full range of auditing situations, but the current document emphasizes external certification audits and may not be as effective for internal and supplier audit applications. Currently, the U.S. is proposing to develop supplemental guidance on ISO 19011 to assist users in internal and supplier audit programs, and for use by small to medium enterprises. C1 US EPA, Qual Staff N27601, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Johnson, GL (reprint author), US EPA, Qual Staff N27601, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC QUALITY CONTROL PI MILWAUKEE PA 611 E WISCONSIN AVENUE, MILWAUKEE, WI 53202 USA PY 2002 BP 783 EP 789 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BX68K UT WOS:000186111600090 ER PT J AU Lewandoski, M Wilson, C Anderson, R Mishina, Y Williams, T AF Lewandoski, M Wilson, C Anderson, R Mishina, Y Williams, T TI Using conditional gene inactivation to study signaling pathways during limb development. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Canc & Dev Biol Lab, NIH, Frederick, MD USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA M19 BP 83 EP 83 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900033 ER PT J AU Couse, JF Yates, MM Walker, VR Korach, KS AF Couse, JF Yates, MM Walker, VR Korach, KS TI Characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in female estrogen receptor knockout mice. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 1 BP 98 EP 98 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900061 ER PT J AU Burns, KH Chen, L Haupt, B Korach, KS Matzuk, MM AF Burns, KH Chen, L Haupt, B Korach, KS Matzuk, MM TI Growth control in the mammalian gonads and adrenal glands. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol, Houston, TX USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RI Burns, Kathleen/A-3360-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 5 BP 99 EP 100 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900065 ER PT J AU Morris, RA Strader, LF Jeffay, SC Perreault, SD AF Morris, RA Strader, LF Jeffay, SC Perreault, SD TI Patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation and hyperactivation in rat spermatozoa: Modulation by caffeine. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, GEEBB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 192 BP 175 EP 175 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900251 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ Thompson, KE Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Goodrich, RJ Miller, D Ostermeier, GC Krawetz, SA AF Dix, DJ Thompson, KE Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Goodrich, RJ Miller, D Ostermeier, GC Krawetz, SA TI Testis and spermatozoal RNA profiles of normal fertile men. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Leeds, Reprod Biol Grp, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Wayne State Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Ctr Mol Med & Genet, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 239 BP 194 EP 195 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900298 ER PT J AU Fenton, SE Greiner, SN Youngblood, GL Davis, CC AF Fenton, SE Greiner, SN Youngblood, GL Davis, CC TI Effects from gestational exposure to a mixture of atrazine and its biological metabolites in male long-evans rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 253 BP 199 EP 200 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900312 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Best, DS Bielmeier, SR Spangler, SA Cooper, RL AF Narotsky, MG Best, DS Bielmeier, SR Spangler, SA Cooper, RL TI Pregnancy loss and delayed parturition caused by atrazine and its metabolites in F344 rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reproduct Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 292 BP 215 EP 216 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900351 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Ostby, J Furr, J LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Ostby, J Furr, J LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE TI Antiandrogenic effects of vinclozolin on male rats are partially attenuated by testosterone propionate. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 293 BP 216 EP 216 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900352 ER PT J AU Thompson, KE Christian, PJ Sipes, IG Hoyer, PB AF Thompson, KE Christian, PJ Sipes, IG Hoyer, PB TI CO-LOCALIZATION of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ER beta, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and heat shock protein 90 in rat ovarian small preantral follicles. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Reproduct Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 311 BP 223 EP 224 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900370 ER PT J AU Tully, DB Luft, JC Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Dix, DJ AF Tully, DB Luft, JC Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Dix, DJ TI Effects on gene expression in testes from adult male mice exposed to the water disinfectant byproduct bromochloroacetic acid. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Off Res & Dev, Reproduct Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 310 BP 223 EP 223 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900369 ER PT J AU Newbold, RR Padilla-Banks, E Jefferson, WN AF Newbold, RR Padilla-Banks, E Jefferson, WN TI Low doses of estrogenic chemicals like diethylstilbestrol (DES) during development result in permanent alterations in the reproductive tract. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Toxicol Lab, Dev Endocrinol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2002 VL 66 SU 1 MA 543 BP 318 EP 318 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 568UD UT WOS:000176561900602 ER PT J AU Driscoll, CT Lawrence, GB Bulger, AJ Butler, TJ Cronan, CS Eagar, C Lambert, KF Likens, GE Stoddard, JL Weathers, KC AF Driscoll, CT Lawrence, GB Bulger, AJ Butler, TJ Cronan, CS Eagar, C Lambert, KF Likens, GE Stoddard, JL Weathers, KC TI Acid deposition explains sugar maple decline in the east - Response from Driscoll and colleagues SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Hubbard Brook Res Fdn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US EPA, Corvallis Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Driscoll, CT (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JAN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 1 BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 514TG UT WOS:000173456700004 ER PT B AU Wentz, A Lynnes, K AF Wentz, A Lynnes, K BE Brebbia, CA Almorza, D Klapperich, H TI The city of Muskegon Heights, Michigan SO BROWNFIELD SITES: ASSESSMENT, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Brownfields Sites: Assessment, Rehabilitation and Development CY SEP 02-04, 2002 CL CADIZ, SPAIN SP Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Cadiz AB The city of Muskegon Heights, Michigan is a classic example of the inextricable link between environmental justice and brownfields. Muskegon Heights is a small, predominantly African-American city near the shores of Lake Michigan. The City had a thriving industrial job base from the early 1900's until the early 1970's, when many plants closed their doors and moved to the southern United States or other countries. The economic devastation caused by the City's high unemployment rate, the loss of high paying manufacturing jobs, and environmental degradation cannot be overestimated. Despite these significant obstacles, the City is deeply committed to urban revitalization. Muskegon Heights' brownfields program is a key part of this community-based revitalization process. A decades-old wastewater treatment plant caught a national spotlight in the United States through the efforts of the City. The City operated the plant from the 1920's until the early 1970's when it connected to a regional treatment system. The plant was then leased to a succession of hazardous waste treatment companies that used it to treat electroplating and oil wastes until 1990. The current corporate successor of the lessee, the Safety-Kleen Corporation, is in bankruptcy. The site has been unused for the last decade due to concerns about heavy metal and solvent contamination and cleanup liability. Instead of being discouraged by the regulatory and financial hurdles, the City has approached the project as an opportunity to create both needed housing and a prototype for other low-income, minority, urban communities that want to attract middle-income families back to their community. In 2001 this project was selected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) as one of five national Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Brownfields pilots. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Wentz, A (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 5, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-918-6 PY 2002 BP 251 EP 254 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA BV57Q UT WOS:000179397500024 ER PT B AU Johnson, B Kroner, S Cozzie, D Saleem, Z AF Johnson, B Kroner, S Cozzie, D Saleem, Z BE Brebbia, CA Almorza, D Klapperich, H TI An overview of USEPA's integrated multimedia, multi-pathway, and multi-receptor exposure and risk assessment tool - The 3MRA model SO BROWNFIELD SITES: ASSESSMENT, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Brownfields Sites: Assessment, Rehabilitation and Development CY SEP 02-04, 2002 CL CADIZ, SPAIN SP Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Cadiz AB Risk based tools are often useful for making quick yet informed decisions regarding the threats posed by a waste, an emission, or a remedial setting. Such tools may prove useful in Brownfields settings where the primary objective is returning properties to productive use in the most efficient manner possible. This paper chronicles the development of a state-of-the-art risk based standard setting tool, USEPA's Multi-media, multi-pathway, multi-receptor exposure and risk assessment tool - the 3MRA model. The history of its development, nature of the data, the establishment of a site-based approach, the underlying Monte Carlo scheme, the unique software design, and the potential future applications are summarized. C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Johnson, B (reprint author), US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-918-6 PY 2002 BP 343 EP 351 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA BV57Q UT WOS:000179397500034 ER PT J AU Nishioka, MG Lewis, RG Brinkman, MC Burkholder, HM AF Nishioka, MG Lewis, RG Brinkman, MC Burkholder, HM TI Foot transfer of lawn-applied pesticides from turf to carpet: Comparison of semivolatile chlorpyrifos with nonvolatile chlorothalonil SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUST; EXPOSURE C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. RP Lewis, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 1 BP 64 EP 71 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 502PE UT WOS:000172751300010 PM 11731833 ER PT J AU Murrell, MC Stanley, RS Lores, EM DiDonato, GT Smith, LM Flemer, DA AF Murrell, MC Stanley, RS Lores, EM DiDonato, GT Smith, LM Flemer, DA TI Evidence that phosphorus limits phytoplankton growth in a Gulf of Mexico estuary: Pensacola Bay, Florida, USA SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN ESTUARY; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; NUTRIENT-LIMITATION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SILICA DEPLETION; FRESH-WATER; EUTROPHICATION; PRODUCTIVITY; MARINE; ECOSYSTEMS AB Nutrient limitation bioassays were conducted on six dates from November 1998 to September 1999 at two sites, including oligohaline (Upper Bay) and mesohaline regions (Lower Bay), in Pensacola Bay, Florida. Phytoplankton growth responses (measured as changes in chlorophyll a concentration) to inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions were monitored for three days. The results showed that, in eight of twelve experiments, phytoplankton growth was stimulated by P additions in comparison with N-amended and un-amended treatments. Nitrogen additions alone did not stimulate growth over P additions in any experiment. The spatial patterns Suggest that the potential for P limitation was similar in Upper and Lower Bays. The four experiments with statistically non-significant results were all conducted during winter and spring, suggesting a lower potential for nutrient limitation during the cooler months when nutrient demand (i.e., productivity) is typically low and nutrient Supply (i.e., freshwater runoff) is typically high. This study adds to a small but growing literature suggesting that P limitation of phytoplankton growth may be relatively common in warm temperate estuarine systems such as those along the Gulf of Mexico coast. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Murrell, MC (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 41 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 9 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 70 IS 1 BP 155 EP 167 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 563RB UT WOS:000176268400012 ER PT J AU Albanese, RA Banks, HT Evans, MV Potter, LK AF Albanese, RA Banks, HT Evans, MV Potter, LK TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for the transport of trichloroethylene in adipose tissue SO BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DISPERSION MODEL; YOUNG-RATS; METABOLITES; TOXICITY; CARCINOGENICITY; ELIMINATION; EXPOSURE; MICE AB In this paper we present three physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the systemic transport of trichloroethylene (TCE), with a focus on the adipose, or fat tissue. TCE is a widespread environmental contaminant, and has been shown to produce toxic effects in both animals and humans. A key characteristic of TCE is its tendency to accumulate in fat tissue, which has a major impact on the overall systemic disposition of TCE. Here we use PBPK models to predict the dynamics of TCE in the various tissues and organs, including the adipose tissue. The first model utilizes the standard 'perfusion-limited' compartmental model for the fat tissue, while the second model uses a 'diffusion-limited' model to describe the transport through the adipose tissue. Both of these ODE models are based on 'well-mixed' and rapid equilibrium assumptions, and do not take into account the specific and largely heterogeneous physiology of adipose tissue. The third model we discuss is a PBPK hybrid model with an axial-dispersion type model for the adipose tissue. This PDE-based model is designed to capture key physiological heterogeneities of fat tissue, including widely varying fat cell sizes, lipid distribution, and blood flow properties. Model simulations demonstrate. (C) 2002 Society for Mathematical Biology. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Res Sci Computat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Albanese, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 52 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0092-8240 J9 B MATH BIOL JI Bull. Math. Biol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 64 IS 1 BP 97 EP 131 DI 10.1006/bulm.2001.0268 PG 35 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 519VK UT WOS:000173746000005 PM 11868339 ER PT S AU Harris, TC AF Harris, TC BE Garner, W Bennett, RM Jensen, M TI Electronic pesticide labeling: Creation, submission, review, and dissemination SO CAPTURING AND REPORTING ELECTRONIC DATA SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Capturing and Reporting Electronic Date CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB Labels of all pesticide products used in the US must be reviewed and approved by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) of the US EPA. OPP handles about 6,500 label submissions each year. The content and format of labels are highly controlled. OPP is currently designing a system to replace paper labels with electronic text files of labels. Electronic text files would allow the EPA to 1) route labels more efficiently, 2) use text comparison software to identify all differences between proposed and currently accepted labels, and 3) facilitate dissemination of approved labels. The primary goal is to reduce the time it takes to review an application for pesticide product registration. Two exchange formats were considered: portable document format (PDF) and rich text format (RTF). In winter 2000 the EPA selected portable document format (PDF) as the standard exchange format. During 2001 OPP is piloting the use of PDF labeling focusing on evaluating the usefulness of the comparison tool in Adobe Acrobat to identify differences between label versions. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Harris, TC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Mail Stop 7505C,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3784-0 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 824 BP 164 EP 173 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15Z UT WOS:000181025300022 ER PT S AU Malak, S McCall, D AF Malak, S McCall, D BE Garner, W Bennett, RM Jensen, M TI Proposed revisions to product chemistry data requirements for registration of pesticide chemicals SO CAPTURING AND REPORTING ELECTRONIC DATA SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Capturing and Reporting Electronic Date CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB This chapter focuses on product chemistry data requirements for registration of pesticide chemicals. The table of requirements on page 18 of the Harmonized OPPTS Test Guidelines, Series 830, Product Properties (1996) is discussed. The table groupes all requirements into Group "A" pertaining to product's identity, composition, and analysis; and group "B" pertaining to the physical/chemical properties. The table lists the new OPPTS Harmonized Test Guidelines, Series 830 Reference Numbers (GRNs) and the old OPP numbers of 1982. One column in the table lists the requirements for registration of a technical grade active ingredients (TGAI), whereas the last two columns list what appears to be the requirements for non-integrated manufacturing-use (MP) and end-use (EP) products. Revisions to the table of requirements and the guidelines are proposed including definitions, classification and data requirements for integrated products, and assertion of the self-certification program stipulated in PR Notice 98-1. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Malak, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Mail Stop 7505C,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3784-0 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 824 BP 174 EP 187 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15Z UT WOS:000181025300023 ER PT S AU Bouve, KS AF Bouve, KS BE Garner, W Bennett, RM Jensen, M TI Electronic data submission: Pilot efforts in the Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency SO CAPTURING AND REPORTING ELECTRONIC DATA SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Capturing and Reporting Electronic Date CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has embarked on a series of pilots with pesticide registrants to develop a standard and process for accepting and reviewing electronic data submissions. OPP is seeking an electronic submission standard that strikes a good balance between the needs of registrants and data reviewers. The standard must be inexpensive and easy for the wide range of U.S. registrants to implement. It must also provide OPP reviewers with easily learned functionality that makes their work more efficient and effective. Other interests to be served include data integrity, protection of confidential business information, and international harmonization. While Adobe Acrobat 4.0 has been selected as the tool for pilot efforts, keeping pace with emerging technologies will present additional challenges. The results of early pilots as well as discussion of the many issues and concerns related to electronic submission and review will be presented. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bouve, KS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Mail Stop 7502C,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3784-0 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 824 BP 188 EP 197 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15Z UT WOS:000181025300024 ER PT S AU Hummel, SV AF Hummel, SV BE Garner, W Bennett, RM Jensen, M TI Electronic data submission in the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs: Supplemental files SO CAPTURING AND REPORTING ELECTRONIC DATA SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Capturing and Reporting Electronic Date CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB The EPA Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) recognizes that there are significant potential benefits to be gained by the implementation of electronic submission of studies to support pesticide registration or re-registration. Supplemental files of additional study data can be submitted electronically to the EPA to facilitate study reviews and data analysis. This paper reports on OPP experiences with electronic submissions of supplemental files included as part of a full electronic submission package for a chemical, or provided separately in response to a specific need. Efforts are being made to define the nature and content of supplemental files, to define the attributes of file structure and content, and to develop guidance for their use. Issues and concerns regarding the use of supplemental files are identified and addressed and future developments outlined. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hummel, SV (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Mail Stop 7509C,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3784-0 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 824 BP 198 EP 208 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15Z UT WOS:000181025300025 ER PT S AU Huffer, ME AF Huffer, ME BE Garner, W Bennett, RM Jensen, M TI The legal and policy framework for electronic reporting of environmental compliance reports: Challenges of E-Government: Maintaining effective stewardship of the environment SO CAPTURING AND REPORTING ELECTRONIC DATA SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Capturing and Reporting Electronic Date CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB USEPA has a long commitment to E-Government, having recognized the many benefits of e-commerce, particularly the opportunities to improve Agency business processes and management of environmental data. This paper discusses EPA's progress in establishing the legal framework to introduce electronic reporting/record-keeping (ERR) for environmental compliance documents. It focuses on some of the unique legal challenges faced by EPA in implementing ERR and provides an overview of the Agency's draft proposed electronic reporting and record-keeping rule. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Huffer, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Mail Stop 2823,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3784-0 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 824 BP 229 EP 240 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15Z UT WOS:000181025300029 ER PT S AU Liem, FE Lehr, MJ Cypher, RL AF Liem, FE Lehr, MJ Cypher, RL BE Garner, W Bennett, RM Jensen, M TI Establishing the groundwork for FIFRA/TSCA reporting under electronic submissions, signatures, and record-keeping SO CAPTURING AND REPORTING ELECTRONIC DATA SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Capturing and Reporting Electronic Date CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc AB Under the Government Paperwork Elimination Act of 1998, every Federal agency must provide electronic reporting by 2003 as an option for those entities it regulates (1). What this means to the regulated community is that businesses may choose to send electronic information via the Internet instead of mailing or faxing paper copies of reports ranging from Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) forms to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) study data filed in accordance with FIFRA/TSCA requirements. C1 US EPA, Lab data Integr Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Liem, FE (reprint author), US EPA, Lab data Integr Branch, Mail Stop 2225A,401 M St,SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3784-0 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 824 BP 241 EP 252 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BW15Z UT WOS:000181025300030 ER PT J AU Li, YH Lee, CW Gullett, BK AF Li, YH Lee, CW Gullett, BK TI The effect of activated carbon surface moisture on low temperature mercury adsorption SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; adsorption; temperature programmed desorption (TPD); adsorption properties; surface oxygen complexes ID ELEMENTAL MERCURY; FLUE-GAS; CHEMISTRY; SORPTION; DESORPTION; WATER; VAPOR AB reactor at room temperature (27degreesC) to determine the role of surface moisture in capturing Hg-0. A bituminous-coal-based activated carbon (BPL) and an activated carbon fiber (ACN) were tested for Hg-0 adsorption capacity. About 75-85% reduction in Hg-0 adsorption was observed when both carbon samples' moisture (similar to2 wt.% as received) was removed by heating at 110degreesC prior to the Hg-0 adsorption experiments. These observations strongly suggest that the moisture contained in activated carbons plays a critical role in retaining H,go under these conditions. The common effect of moisture on Hg-0 adsorption was observed for both carbons, despite extreme differences in their ash contents. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments performed on the two carbons after adsorption indicated that chemisorption of Hg-0 is a dominant process over physisorption for the moisture-containing samples. The nature of the mercury bonding on carbon surface was examined by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. XAFS results provide evidence that mercury bonding on the carbon surface was associated with oxygen. The results of this study suggest that surface oxygen complexes provide the active sites for mercury bonding. The adsorbed H2O is closely associated with surface oxygen complexes and the removal of the H2O from the carbon surface by low-temperature heat treatment reduces the number of active sites that can chemically bond Hg-0 or eliminates the reactive surface conditions that favor Hg-0 adsorption. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 57 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00085-9 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 520GU UT WOS:000173773400007 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Quan, L Zhang, ZQ Musante, CJ AF Martonen, TB Quan, L Zhang, ZQ Musante, CJ TI Flow simulation in the human upper respiratory tract SO CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE computational fluid dynamics; human upper respiratory tract; computer models; aerosol therapy ID HUMAN NASAL CAVITY; HUMAN LARYNX; AIR-FLOW; DEPOSITION; MODEL AB Computer simulations of airflow patterns within the human upper respiratory tract (URT) are presented. The URT model includes airways of the head (nasal and oral), throat (pharyngeal and laryngeal), and lungs (trachea and main bronchi). The head and throat morphology was based on a cast of a medical school teaching model; tracheobronchial airways were defined mathematically A body-fitted three-dimensional curvilinear grid system and a multiblock method were employed to graphically represent the surface geometries of the respective airways and to generate the corresponding mesh for computational fluid dynamics simulations. Our results suggest that for a prescribed phase of breath (i.e., inspiration or expiration), convective respiratory airflow patterns are highly dependent on flow rate values. Moreover, velocity profiles were quite different during inhalation and exhalation, both in terms of the sizes, strengths, and locations of localized features such as recirculation zones and air jets. Pressure losses during inhalation were 30-35% higher than for exhalation and were proportional to the square of the flow rate. Because particles are entrained and transported within airstreams, these results may have important applications to the targeted delivery of inhaled drugs. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Mech Engn & Appl Mech, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 11 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1085-9195 J9 CELL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Cell Biochem. Biophys. PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1385/CBB:37:1:27 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 598FQ UT WOS:000178265400003 PM 12398415 ER PT J AU Schultz, TW Sinks, GD Bearden-Lowit, AP AF Schultz, TW Sinks, GD Bearden-Lowit, AP TI Population growth kinetics and bulk membrane lipid alterations in Tetrahymena pyriformis: Exposure to pentachlorophenol SO CELL BIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aquatic toxicity; membrane lipids; pentachlorophenol; Tetrahymena pyriformis ID STRUCTURE-TOXICITY RELATIONSHIPS; ACID RESPIRATORY UNCOUPLERS; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; ACCLIMATION; TEMPERATURE; MECHANISMS; ADAPTATION; TRANSPORT; NARCOSIS; TOLUENE AB This study describes effects of exposure of the freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis to the "classic" weak acid respiratory uncoupler pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the population growth kinetics and membrane lipid profiles. The assessment of growth kinetics of naive populations exposed to PCP, at concentrations eliciting <50% growth inhibition, showed generation times of exposed cultures similar to generation times of controls but preceded by a short lag phase (<2 h). Assessment of exposed cultures exhibiting >50% growth inhibition revealed generation times that increased with increasing concentrations of toxicant. In addition, the relative percentages of selected fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in both pellicle and mitochondrial membranes were examined. Upon exposure to PCP the relative percentages of FAMEs 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, and 18:0 did not change. However, with exposure to PCP a decrease was observed for FAMEs 15:0 and 17:0. Conversely, with PCP exposure there was an increase in FAME 18:1. A comparison of these results with those elicited upon exposure to the model narcotic 1-octanol reveals marked differences in both growth kinetics and fatty acid shifts. C1 Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schultz, TW (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Room A205,2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0742-2091 J9 CELL BIOL TOXICOL JI Cell Biol. Toxicol. PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1016007128759 PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Toxicology SC Cell Biology; Toxicology GA 566FH UT WOS:000176416000005 PM 12206139 ER PT J AU Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS AF Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS TI Microwave-assisted preparation of dialkylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminates and their use as catalysts in the solvent-free tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS; EXTRACTION AB Microwave-assisted preparation of dialkylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminates, [CnMIM][AlCl4] and their application as recyclable catalysts for the efficient and eco-friendly protection of alcohols as tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers are described. The same catalyst can also be utilized for the deprotection of THP ethers. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 24 TC 115 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2002 IS 4 BP 342 EP 343 DI 10.1039/b110565e PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 520ZQ UT WOS:000173814000022 PM 12120065 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E TI Selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to gamma-butyrolactone over Pd/Al2O3 catalyst using supercritical CO2 as solvent SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PHASE HYDROGENATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; FLUIDS; N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE; COMPLEXES AB A selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to either gamma-butyrolactone or succinic anhydride over simple Pd/Al2O3 catalyst under supercritical CO2 medium is described for the first time which has considerable promise for both lab-scale as well as industrial selective hydrogenations of low vapor pressure compounds without employing environmentally harmful organic solvents. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Sustainable Technol Div, MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 24 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2002 IS 5 BP 422 EP 423 DI 10.1039/b111047k PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 528AD UT WOS:000174220200012 PM 12120522 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E TI A highly efficient oxidation of cyclohexane over VPO catalysts using hydrogen peroxide SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBONS AB A highly efficient oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone is accomplished over calcined vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts in a relatively mild condition using hydrogen peroxide under a nitrogen atmosphere. C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2002 IS 18 BP 2142 EP 2143 DI 10.1039/b206044b PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 593NB UT WOS:000177996600072 PM 12357815 ER PT B AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD GP AWWA AWWA TI Chlorine dioxide DBPS: Overview and results of recent work SO CHLORINE DIOXIDE: THE STATE OF SCIENCE, REGULATORY, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, AND CASE HISTORIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Chlorine Dioxide CY FEB 15-16, 2001 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Amer Chem Council, Sodium Chlorite Clorine Dioxide Panel, Awwa Res Fdn ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; IDENTIFICATION; OZONE C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 WEST QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA BN 1-58321-180-2 PY 2002 BP 47 EP 62 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BV99Y UT WOS:000180629400005 ER PT S AU Venosa, AD Suidan, MT Lee, K Cobanli, SE Garcia-Blanco, S Haines, JR AF Venosa, AD Suidan, MT Lee, K Cobanli, SE Garcia-Blanco, S Haines, JR BE Brebbia, CA TI Bioremediation of oil-contaminated coastal freshwater and saltwater wetlands SO COASTAL ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN COASTAL REGIONS IV SE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions CY SEP 16-18, 2002 CL RHODES, GREECE SP Wessex Inst Technol, ASCE, Int Grp AB Two field studies involving intentional releases of crude oil onto a freshwater wetland and a salt marsh were conducted in Canada in the summers of 1999 and 2000, respectively. The objective of both studies was to determine the role of nutrients in enhancing wetland restoration in the presence and absence of wetland plants. The experiments involved several replications of the following oiled treatments: (1) natural attenuation, (2) ammonium nitrate addition with intact plants, (3) ammonium nitrate addition with plants cut back to suppress plant activity, and (4) sodium nitrate addition to separate the effects of ammonium-N from nitrate-N. A fertilized, unoiled treatment was also included. For the salt marsh study, tilling was added as another treatment. Time series data from both studies were analyzed by GC/MS to monitor oil degradation. Results from both field experiments indicate that significant alkane and PAH biodegradation occurred (more so in the salt marsh). Biodegradation rates were not enhanced by any of the amendments in the freshwater wetland experiment, but substantial restoration of the wetland ecosystem was accelerated in the amended treatments. Significant treatment effects were observed in the salt marsh study in regards to alkane but not PAH degradation, and levels of restoration similar to those observed in the freshwater wetland were not evident in the salt marsh ecosystem. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Venosa, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1462-6098 BN 1-85312-921-6 J9 ENVIRON ST PY 2002 VL 8 BP 139 EP 148 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BV62J UT WOS:000179556600013 ER PT J AU Richard, AM Williams, CR Cariello, NF AF Richard, AM Williams, CR Cariello, NF TI Improving structure-linked access to publicly available chemical toxicity information SO CURRENT OPINION IN DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Review DE data sharing; DSSTox; ILSI; SAR; structure-activity relationships; structure-searchable; toxicity databases ID OPTIMAL FRAGMENTATION PRINCIPLE; NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; DATABASES; PREDICTION; DESIGN; MARKUP AB Publicly available toxicity databases serve as the central resource in efforts to develop algorithms for assessing potential chemical toxicity. File standardization and linkage of chemical structures with chemical toxicity information are essential first steps in providing broad access to existing toxicity information, for deriving useful structure-activity relationship (SAR) models, performing analog searches, and estimating the potential toxicity of new chemicals. This review will focus on current efforts to improve structure-linked access to publicly available sources of toxicity information, outlining current web-based resources as well as two new database initiatives for standardizing and consolidating public chemical toxicity information. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC 27707 USA. GlaxoSmithKline, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CURRENT DRUGS LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1P 6LB, ENGLAND SN 1367-6733 J9 CURR OPIN DRUG DI DE JI Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 1 BP 136 EP 143 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 646TC UT WOS:000181049500014 PM 11865667 ER PT J AU Zucker, RM AF Zucker, RM TI Evaluation of confocal microscope system performance: Pretty pictures or confocal QA SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PY 2002 SU 11 BP 134 EP 134 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 544VM UT WOS:000175182400350 ER PT J AU Rollins-Smith, LA Doersam, JK Longcore, JE Taylor, SK Shamblin, JC Carey, C Zasloff, MA AF Rollins-Smith, LA Doersam, JK Longcore, JE Taylor, SK Shamblin, JC Carey, C Zasloff, MA TI Antimicrobial peptide defenses against pathogens associated with global amphibian declines SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amphibians; amphibian declines; antimicrobial peptides; Batrachochytrium; chytrid; frog; magainin; ranalexin ID POPULATION DECLINES; BASIDIOBOLUS-RANARUM; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; AEROMONAS-HYDROPHILA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SKIN SECRETION; MASS MORTALITY; FROG; INFECTION; SEQUENCE AB Global declines of amphibian populations are a source of great concern. Several pathogens that can infect the skin have been implicated in the declines. The pathogen most frequently associated with recent die-offs is a chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. A second fungus, Basidiobolus ranarum, was isolated from declining populations of Wyoming toads. A third pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila, is an opportunistic bacterium found in healthy frogs, but capable of inducing disease. Among the immune defense mechanisms used by amphibians is the production of antimicrobial peptides in granular glands in the skin. These packets of natural antibiotics can be emptied onto the skin when the amphibian is injured. To determine whether antimicrobial skin peptides defend against these amphibian pathogens, six peptides (magainin I, magainin II, PGLa, CPF, ranalexin, and dermaseptin), from three species, and representing three structurally different families of peptides, were tested in growth inhibition assays. We show here that the peptides can kill or inhibit growth of both fungi but not Acromonas. Although each peptide varied in its effectiveness, at least one from each species was effective against both fungi at a concentration of about 10-20 muM. This is the first direct evidence that antimicrobial peptides in the skin can operate as a first line of defense against the organisms associated with global amphibian declines. It suggests that this innate defense mechanism may play a role in preventing or limiting infection by these organisms. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Magainin Pharmaceut Inc, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 USA. RP Rollins-Smith, LA (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. EM louise.rollins-smith@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu NR 56 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 5 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X EI 1879-0089 J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00041-6 PG 10 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 498ER UT WOS:000172497300007 PM 11687264 ER PT S AU Polydoratou, P Pendleton, M Nicholas, D AF Polydoratou, P Pendleton, M Nicholas, D BE Lim, EP Foo, S Khoo, C Urs, S Costantino, T Fox, E Chen, H TI The use and functionality of the Environmental Data Registry: An evaluation of user feedback SO DIGITAL LIBRARIES: PEOPLE, KNOWLEDGE, AND TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL 2002) CY DEC 11-14, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE SP Thompson-ISI, iGrp Asia Pacific, Lee Fdn, Natl Lib Board Singapore, Infocomm Dev Author Singapore, IBM, Elsevier Sci, SIRSI Corp, Adroit Innovat Ltd, Blackwell Book Serv, John Wiley & Sons, Asia Lib News-InfoMedia Asia Ltd, Informat & Knowledge Management Soc, EBSCO Informat Serv, Thomson Learning - Gale, Kinokuniya Bookstores Singapore Pte Ltd, Internet Securities ID METADATA AB The Environmental Data Registry (EDR) is a cornerstone of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's efforts to manage and integrate environmental information for the purposes of safeguarding human health and protecting the environment. In order to gain an understanding of how the EDR can better support its intended audience, EPA hosted a user conference in January 2002. We developed and distributed a questionnaire to the conference attendees, and gathered their input regarding the use and functionality of the EDR. Nineteen of the fifty attendees provided feedback on EDR services and products, and efficiency of information retrieval. Survey results identified difficulties these participants encountered while searching for information, as well as the utility of the information they retrieved. Participants also provided suggestions for existing and additional services. This paper is a first of its kind assessment of the use and functionality of an active metadata registry system based on the views of its users. C1 City Univ London, Dept Informat Sci, Internet Studies Res Grp, London EC1V 0HB, England. US EPA, Off Environm Informat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Polydoratou, P (reprint author), City Univ London, Dept Informat Sci, Internet Studies Res Grp, London EC1V 0HB, England. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-00261-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2002 VL 2555 BP 406 EP 418 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA BW29S UT WOS:000181472700046 ER PT S AU Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD AF Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD BE Marczin, N Yacoub, MH TI Volatile organic compounds as exposure markers SO DISEASE MARKERS IN EXHALED BREATH: BASIC MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SUB-SERIES I: LIFE AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Disease Markers in Exhaled Breath CY JUN 22-JUL 01, 2002 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Abbott Labs, Airliquide Hellas, Aerocrine AB, Astrazeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Erich Jaeger GmbH, Glaxo Welcome, Logan Res Ltd, Novartis, Papapostolou, Respiratory Res Inc, Start Promot, Servier Polska, Thorax Fdn, NATO, Sci Affairs Div ID EXHALED BREATH AB Alveolar breath sampling and analysis can be extremely useful in exposure assessment studies involving volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Over recent years scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency's National Exposure Research Laboratory have developed and refined an alveolar breath collection and analysis technique called the Single Breath Canister (SBC) method which has been applied in a wide range of investigations. This review covers the development of this breath collection technique in the laboratory and the application of this methodology in a range of field studies. Together these studies show how exhaled breath analysis can be used to clearly demonstrate recent exposures to VOCs, to determine compound-specific uptake and elimination kinetics, and to assess the relative importance of various exposure routes (i.e., dermal, ingestion, inhalation) in multipathway scenarios. Specific investigations covered in this overview include: an assessment of exposures related to the residential use of contaminated groundwater; exposures to gasoline and fuel additives at self-service gas stations; swimmers' exposures to trihalomethanes; and occupational exposures to jet fuel vapors. This work has been funded wholly by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lindstrom, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-7693 BN 1-58603-273-9 J9 NATO SCI SER I LIFE PY 2002 VL 346 BP 105 EP 112 PG 8 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Respiratory System SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Respiratory System GA BY30Q UT WOS:000188865400018 ER PT J AU Rusch, GM Garrett, R Tobin, P Falke, E Lu, PY AF Rusch, GM Garrett, R Tobin, P Falke, E Lu, PY TI The development of acute exposure guideline levels for hazardous substances SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 23-26, 2001 CL FAIRBORN, OHIO SP USAF, Toxicol, USA, Toxicol, USN, Toxicol, Off Res & Dev, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Food & Drug Adm, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Natl Res Counil, Natl Acad Sci ID HISTORY AB The National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL) was created to develop guideline levels for short-term exposures to airborne concentrations for approximately 400-500 high priority, acutely hazardous substances. The program should be completed within the next 10 years. These Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) are being applied to a wide range of planning, response, and prevention applications both within the United States and abroad. The NAC/AEGL Committee seeks to develop the most scientifically credible, acute (short-term) exposure guideline levels possible within the constraints of data availability, resources and time. The program begins with comprehensive data gathering, data evaluation and data summarization. The resulting Technical Support Documents (TSD) are first reviewed by a small review committee; (chemical manager, two chemical reviewers and the author), then, by the full AEGL committee. After that review, a summary is published in the Federal Register for Public comment. When these comments have been addressed, the TSDs are sent to the National Research Council's (NRC) Subcommittee on AEGLs for a peer review. Following acceptance by the NRC, they are published by the Academy. The NAC/AEGL Committee currently comprises representatives of federal, state, and local agencies and representatives from France, Germany, and the Netherlands, private industry, medicine, academia and other organizations in the private sector that will derive programmatic or operational benefits from the existence of the AEGL values. AEGL values are determined for three different health effect end-points. These values are intended for the general public where they are applicable to emergency (accidental) situations. Threshold exposure values are developed for five exposure periods (10 and 30 min, I h, 4 h, 8 h). Each threshold value is distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects, as initially conceived by the American Industrial Hygiene Association's Emergency Response Planning Committee, subsequently defined in the NAS' National Research Council publication of the Guideline for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances and further categorized in the Standing Operating Procedures of the NAC/AEGL Committee. To date, the committee has reviewed almost 100 chemicals. C1 Honeywell, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Rusch, GM (reprint author), Honeywell, 101 Columbia Rd, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 339 EP 348 DI 10.1081/DCT-120014786 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 600QF UT WOS:000178401800002 PM 12378946 ER PT J AU Kolanczyk, RC Solem, LE McKim, JM Schmieder, PK AF Kolanczyk, RC Solem, LE McKim, JM Schmieder, PK TI Comparative phase I and II microsomal metabolism of phenol in three fish species SO DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th North-American-International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Xenobiotics Meeting CY OCT 27-31, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP N Amer Int Soc Study Xenobiot C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Duluth, MN 55802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-2532 J9 DRUG METAB REV JI Drug Metab. Rev. PY 2002 VL 34 SU 1 MA 363 BP 182 EP 182 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 609WC UT WOS:000178927200360 ER PT J AU Hutchens, JJ Wallace, JB AF Hutchens, JJ Wallace, JB TI Ecosystem linkages between southern Appalachian headwater streams and their banks: Leaf litter breakdown and invertebrate assemblages SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE moisture; community structure; stream; bank; upland; decomposition; detritus; heterogeneity; macroinvertebrate; shredder ID ORGANIC-MATTER; WESTERN WASHINGTON; FLOODPLAIN FOREST; WOODLAND STREAM; RIPARIAN ZONES; DYNAMICS; DECOMPOSITION; GRADIENTS; LANDSCAPE; MACROINVERTEBRATES AB We examined red maple (Acer rubrum L.) leaf litter breakdown in streams and riparian zones at two sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains to understand how differences in abiotic and biotic factors influence leaf breakdown rates. Litterbags were placed in three riparian habitats differing in litter layer moisture: stream > bank > upland. invertebrates colonizing litterbags at one site were also examined to determine how variations in community and functional structure affect breakdown rates. Leaves broke down fastest in streams and slowest in upland habitats, whereas bank habitats were intermediate and characterized by high variability. Faster leaf breakdown rates in streams appeared to be a function of greater moisture availability, a more stable thermal regime, and a higher biomass of leaf-shredding invertebrates, especially the stonefly Tallaperla. in addition, patterns of leaf breakdown and invertebrate community structure provided evidence for a stronger than expected ecological connection between the stream and the bank. Overall, detritus processing within this narrow riparian ecosystem varied considerably depending on the availability of moisture. Results from this study show that stream channel-flood-plain interactions in riparian ecosystems of steep forested mountains are analogous to ones in larger downstream or low-gradient systems. Riparian zones throughout a river network display a remarkable heterogeneity in their ability to process organic matter, which is ultimately driven by changes in hydrological conditions. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hutchens, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 54 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JAN PY 2002 VL 5 IS 1 BP 80 EP 91 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0057-5 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 549DM UT WOS:000175429300007 ER PT S AU Cogliano, VJ Caldwell, JC Scott, CS AF Cogliano, VJ Caldwell, JC Scott, CS BE Chyczewski, L Niklinski, J Pluygers, E TI Risk assessment and risk management in the European Community and in the United States SO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SUB-SERIES I: LIFE AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment CY MAY 08-12, 2001 CL BIALYSTOK, POLAND SP NATO AB Recent legislative activity on endocrine-disrupting chemicals has opened discussion on how the potential carcinogenic and other effects of these chemicals will be assessed in the European Community and in the United States. Risk assessment practices vary from country to country, with the United States generally using linear extrapolation while the countries of the European Community have followed a variety of mostly nonlinear approaches. Risk assessment practices are changing, however, to give increasing emphasis to a chemical's mechanisms of action. This emphasis appears to be leading to a convergence of risk assessment practices across the United States and the countries of the European Community. The emphasis on mechanism of action will also present several other new opportunities for providing more information in a risk assessment, especially in the areas of identifying some potentially susceptible populations and understanding the combined effects of exposure to multiple chemicals. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cogliano, VJ (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-7693 BN 1-58603-218-6 J9 NATO SCI SER I LIFE PY 2002 VL 340 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Oncology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Oncology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BT96G UT WOS:000174596700002 ER PT S AU Chen, CW AF Chen, CW BE Chyczewski, L Niklinski, J Pluygers, E TI Assessment of endocrine disrupters: Approaches, issues, and uncertainties SO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SUB-SERIES I: LIFE AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment CY MAY 08-12, 2001 CL BIALYSTOK, POLAND SP NATO ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; CARCINOGENESIS; EXPOSURE AB This paper focuses on the quantitative risk assessment of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to human health. An EDC can be defined as an exogenous agent that interferes with the normal endocrine signaling and communication mechanisms. The normal feedback control system of natural hormones is responsible for regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Hormones deliver their message to target cells by interacting with receptors, initiating signal transduction, gene transcription, and mRNA translation, and ultimately leading to cellular response. Because effects of EDCs include diverse disease endpoints such as cancer, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, immune system effects, acute toxicity, and neurotoxicity, risk assessment of EDCs is necessarily endpointspecific, From the quantitative viewpoint, it is best to model the normal endocrinology and then extend the model to include impacts attributable to a particular exogenous agent. A practical approach to such a complex process is to break the spectrum of biochemical and biological events into modular components: e.g., pharmacokinetics, biochemical/molecular (including cellular signaling), and cellular response/dynamics. A flexible mathematical procedure that is capable of modeling each of these components is suggested. However, a real biologically based model is not yet feasible because of a lack of necessary biological information. A challenge to risk assessors is how to develop a hybrid risk assessment approach that can use the limited biological information available for a specific agent and avoid relying on a default approach that incorporates no biological information, The USEPA's default approach is to derive benchmark dose (BMD) or benchmark concentration (BMC) on the basis of a predetermined empirical dose-response model. BMD (or BMC) is the highest dose (or concentration and duration) of exposure that is considered unlikely to cause adverse effects in a human population, including sensitive subgroups. Data from two studies are used to stimulate discussion of issues and the needs for new quantitative approaches and data for assessing endocrine disruptors. Statistical concepts about threshold effect and the U-shaped dose-response relationship are also discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chen, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-7693 BN 1-58603-218-6 J9 NATO SCI SER I LIFE PY 2002 VL 340 BP 37 EP 48 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Oncology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Oncology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BT96G UT WOS:000174596700005 ER PT S AU Cogliano, VJ Caldwell, JC Scott, CS AF Cogliano, VJ Caldwell, JC Scott, CS BE Chyczewski, L Niklinski, J Pluygers, E TI The use of modeling in risk assessment SO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SUB-SERIES I: LIFE AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment CY MAY 08-12, 2001 CL BIALYSTOK, POLAND SP NATO AB For most chemical hazards. pertinent data are limited to studies conducted under conditions that differ from conditions of human environmental exposure. Consequently, risk assessments typically involve several extrapolations. Modeling provides a means for using experimental information to improve these extrapolations. Mode of action is an important determinant of the proper model for a dose-response curve, but is not the only determinant of the shape of a dose-response curve. Human variation also affects the shape by spreading the responses of a heterogeneous population over a wider dose range. In addition, knowledge of background exposures is needed to determine where an incremental exposure falls on the dose-response curve. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cogliano, VJ (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-7693 BN 1-58603-218-6 J9 NATO SCI SER I LIFE PY 2002 VL 340 BP 358 EP 363 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Oncology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Oncology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BT96G UT WOS:000174596700032 ER PT S AU Herzog, E Hall, JM Carlson, T AF Herzog, E Hall, JM Carlson, T GP TRB TI Estimating air quality and congestion relief benefits of commuter choice programs with the COMMUTER model SO ENERGY, AIR QUALITY, AND FUELS 2002: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 81st Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board, US Dept Transportat, Res & Special Programs Adm, Bur Transportat Stat, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, Fed Motor Carrier Safety Adm, Fed Railroad Adm, Fed Transit Adm, Natl Highway Traff Safety Adm, Res & Special Programs Adm, NASA, USA Corps Engineers, US Coast Guard, US DOE, US EPA, Amer Publ Transportat Assoc, Amer Transportat Res Inst, Assoc Amer Railroads, Natl Asphalt Pavement Assoc AB One key impediment to promoting transportation demand management (TDM) programs as measures to improve air quality has been the difficulty in quantifying benefits-specifically, the lack of quantification tools accessible to the nonspecialists who are responsible for implementing TDM programs in local government and in workplaces. To address this issue, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), supported by Sierra Research, Inc., developed a user-friendly spreadsheet-based model called COMMUTER to calculate the travel and air quality benefits of programs that encourage commuter travel modes other than solo driving. The model assesses the benefits of measures that provide information about and encouragement to use alternative modes other than in-vehicle travel time for automotive modes. Hence COMMUTER does not estimate roadway pricing, the impacts of roadway expansions, signalization improvements, and the like. It uses a pivot-point method to estimate changes in trips and vehicle miles of travel from baseline conditions and a lookup table of emissions factors from EPA's MOBILE model to estimate the resulting emissions changes. The model uses key shortcuts in the amount of data used and the number of microlevel calculations performed to judiciously trade off some accuracy for a significant increase in ease of use. Regional analyses can be performed on programs covering defined subregions within an urban area, such as a central business district or a highly traveled corridor. Site-specific analyses enable benefits to be projected for programs at individual work sites. C1 US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Sierra Res Inc, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Herzog, E (reprint author), US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, 2000 Traverwood, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07742-7 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2002 IS 1815 BP 78 EP 85 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Transportation GA BW20M UT WOS:000181177500010 ER PT B AU Emison, GA AF Emison, GA GP ASEM TI Eeffectiveness through adaptation: Engineering public policy using complexity and chaos theories SO ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT IN THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd National Conference of the American-Society-for-Engineering-Management CY OCT 02-05, 2002 CL Tampa, FL SP Univ S Florida, Ind & Management Syst, Amer Soc Engn Management AB Today's public environmental policies do not incorporate well changes in the conditions of environmental policy development and implementation. The sciences of adaptation can provide the basis for changing public environmental management so that it better aligns with existing conditions. With an emphasis on the process of change in natural and policy systems that are in a far-from-equilibrium state, these sciences indicate unconventional opportunities to enhance the national effectiveness of environmental policies. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Emison, GA (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING MANAGEMT PI ROLLA PA 310 HARRIS HALL, UMR, ROLLA, MO 65401 USA PY 2002 BP 529 EP 535 PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BY64C UT WOS:000189427900079 ER PT J AU McDorman, EW Collins, BW Allen, JW AF McDorman, EW Collins, BW Allen, JW TI Dietary folate deficiency enhances induction of micronuclei by arsenic in mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; folate deficiency; micronuclei; genotoxicity; nutrition; diet ID SODIUM ARSENITE; DNA-DAMAGE; ETHYL METHANESULFONATE; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; FOLIC-ACID; TOXICITY; CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; ASSAY; CLASTOGENICITY AB Folate deficiency increases background levels of DNA damage and can enhance the genotoxicity of chemical agents. Arsenic, a known human carcinogen present in drinking water supplies around the world, induces chromosomal and DNA damage. The effect of dietary folate deficiency on arsenic genotoxicity was evaluated using a mouse peripheral blood micronucleus (MN) assay. In duplicate experiments, male C57BI/6J mice were fed folate-deficient or folate-sufficient diets for 7 weeks. During week 7, mice on each diet were given four consecutive daily doses of sodium arsenite (0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) via oral gavage. Over the course of the study the folate-deficient diet produced an approximate 60% depletion of red blood cell folate. Folate deficiency by itself was associated with small but significant increases in MN in normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs). Arsenic exposure was associated with significant increases in MN-PCEs in both folate-deficient and folate-sufficient mice. MN-PCE frequencies at the 10 mg/kg dose of arsenic were increased 4.5-fold over vehicle control in folate-deficient mice and 2.1-fold over control in folate-sufficient mice. At the 5 and 10 mg/kg doses of arsenic, MN-PCE levels were significantly higher (1.3-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively) in folate-deficient mice compared to folate-sufficient mice. Very few MN from either control or treated animals in either experiment exhibited kinetochore immunostaining, suggesting that the MN were derived from chromosome breakage rather than from whole chromosome loss. These results indicate that folate deficiency enhances arsenic-induced clastogenesis at doses of 5 mg/kg and higher. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Allen, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32-ES07126-10] NR 45 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 BP 71 EP 77 DI 10.1002/em.10085 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 581MY UT WOS:000177297300009 PM 12211079 ER PT J AU Barnes, JA Collins, BW Dix, DJ Allen, JW AF Barnes, JA Collins, BW Dix, DJ Allen, JW TI Effects of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) on arsenite-induced genotoxicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; Hsp70; DNA damage; micronuclei ID BREAST-CANCER CELLS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; SODIUM ARSENITE; DRINKING-WATER; NITRIC-OXIDE; IN-VITRO; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; EXCISION-REPAIR AB Arsenic, a human carcinogen, is genotoxic, although its mechanism(s) of action for tumorigenesis is not well understood. Among the toxicity-related properties of this chemical are its clastogenic and aneugenic activities, as well as its capacity for inducing stress-response in the form of elevated heat shock protein (HSP) expression. in the present study, we evaluated the effects of Hsp70 expression on arsenite (As)-induced structural and numerical chromosome anomalies in human cells. Human MCF-7 Tet-off cells stably transfected with a pTRE/Hsp70-l transgene construct were used to regulate Hsp70 levels prior to in vitro As exposures. Separate cultures of relatively high vs. low Hsp70-expressing cells were established. A cytokinesis block micronucleus assay with kinetochore immunostaining was used to detect micronuclei (MN) derived from chromosome breakage (K-MN) or loss (K+MN). These studies demonstrated significant increases in micronucleus frequencies in response to As following either a long exposure (5 or 10 muM for 46 hr), or short exposure (10 or 40 muM for 8 hr) protocol. Overall, the long protocol was more efficient in producing K+MN and cells with multiple MN. Overexpressing Hsp70 resulted in significant reductions in the percent of cells positive for MN for both the long and short As exposure protocols. Both K+ and K- types of As-induced MN were lower in cells with elevated Hsp70 as compared to cells without overexpression of Hsp70. We conclude that the dose and duration of As exposure influence the type as well as amount of chromosomal alteration produced and that inducible Hsp70 protects against both the clastogenic and aneugenic effects of this chemical. Environ. Mal. Mutagen. 40:236-242, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc., C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Barnes, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol Biomed Sci, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 57 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 40 IS 4 BP 236 EP 242 DI 10.1002/em.10116 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 632GC UT WOS:000180214700002 PM 12489113 ER PT J AU Moore, MM Honma, M Clements, J Harrington-Brock, K Awogi, T Bolcsfoldi, G Cifone, M Collard, D Fellows, M Flanders, K Gollapudi, B Jenkinson, P Kirby, P Kirchner, S Kraycer, J McEnaney, S Muster, W Myhr, B O'Donovan, M Oliver, J Ouldelhkim, MC Pant, K Preston, R Riach, C San, R Shimada, H Stankowski, LF AF Moore, MM Honma, M Clements, J Harrington-Brock, K Awogi, T Bolcsfoldi, G Cifone, M Collard, D Fellows, M Flanders, K Gollapudi, B Jenkinson, P Kirby, P Kirchner, S Kraycer, J McEnaney, S Muster, W Myhr, B O'Donovan, M Oliver, J Ouldelhkim, MC Pant, K Preston, R Riach, C San, R Shimada, H Stankowski, LF TI Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase gene mutation assay: Follow-up International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 2000 SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID CELLS; LOCUS AB The Mouse Lymphoma Assay (MLA) Workgroup of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures held a second harmonization meeting just prior to the U.S. Environmental Mutagen Society Meeting in New Orleans, LA, in April 2000. The discussion focused on several important aspects of the MLA, including: 1) cytotoxicity measures and their determination, 2) use of a 24-hr treatment, 3) the ability of the assay to detect aneugens, and 4) concentration selection. Prior to the meeting the group developed Microsoft Excel Workbooks for data entry. Ten laboratories entered their data into the workbooks (primarily as coded chemicals). The Excel Workbooks were used to facilitate data analysis by generating an extensive set of graphs that were evaluated by the meeting participants. Based on the Workgroup's previous agreement that a single cytotoxicity measure should be established for both the microwell and soft agar versions of the assay, the Workgroup analyzed the submitted data and unanimously agreed that the relative total growth (RTG) should be used as the cytotoxicity measure for concentration selection and data evaluation. The Workgroup also agreed that the various cytotoxicity measures should be calculated using the same methods regardless of whether the soft agar or microwell version of the assay was used. In the absence of sufficient data to make a definitive determination, the Workgroup continued to endorse the International Committee on Harmonization recommendation for the use of 24-hr treatment and made some specific 24-hr treatment protocol recommendations. The Workgroup recognized the ability of the MLA to detect at least some aneugens and also developed general guidance and requirements for appropriate concentration selection. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, DGRT, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Genet & Mutagenesis, Tokyo 158, Japan. Covance Labs Ltd, Harrogate, N Yorkshire, England. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Otsuka Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Tokushima 77101, Japan. AstraZeneca, Genet Toxicol, Safety Assessment, R&D, Sodertalje, Sweden. Covance Labs Inc, Vienna, VA USA. AstraZeneca, Safety Assessment, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leics, England. Dow Chem Co USA, Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Safepharm Labs Ltd, Derby, England. Sitek Res Labs, Rockville, MD USA. F Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. Calvert Preclin Serv Corp, Olyphant, PA USA. Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Ware, Herts, England. Aventis, Paris, France. Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceut Res & Dev, Spring House, PA USA. Inveresk Res Int Ltd, Tranent, Scotland. BioReliance Corp, Rockville, MD USA. Daiichi Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Dev Res Labs, Edogawa Ku, Tokyo, Japan. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, DGRT, HFT-120,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 6 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 40 IS 4 BP 292 EP 299 DI 10.1002/em.10122 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 632GC UT WOS:000180214700009 PM 12489120 ER PT J AU Thompson, PA DeMarini, D Kadlubar, FF McClure, GY Brooks, LR Green, BL Fares, MY Stone, A Josephy, PD Ambrosone, CB AF Thompson, PA DeMarini, D Kadlubar, FF McClure, GY Brooks, LR Green, BL Fares, MY Stone, A Josephy, PD Ambrosone, CB TI Evidence for the presence of mutagenic arylamines in human breast milk and DNA adducts in exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Breast Cancer and Environmental Mutagens CY SEP 22-25, 2001 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA SP Environm Mutagen Soc DE DNA adducts; Salmonella mutagenicity; breast milk; aryl amines ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RAT MAMMARY-GLAND; CANCER RISK; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; FOOD-PRODUCTS; AMINES; CARCINOGENS; TISSUE; N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE-2 AB Aromatic and heterocyclic amines are ubiquitous environmental mutagens present in combustion emissions, fried meats, and tobacco smoke, and are suspect human mammary carcinogens. To determine the presence of arylamines in breast tissue and fluid, we examined exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells for DNA adducts and matched human milk samples for mutagenicity. Breast milk was obtained from 50 women who were 4-6 weeks postpartum, and exfoliated epithelial-cell DNA was evaluated for bulky, nonpolar DNA adducts by P-32-postlabeling and thin-layer chromatography. Milk was processed by acid hydrolysis, and the extracted organics were examined in the standard plate-incorporation Ames Salmonella assay using primarily strain YG1024, which detects frameshift mutations and overexpresses aryl amine N-acetyltransferase. DNA adducts were identified in 66% of the specimens, and bulky adducts migrated in a pattern similar to that of 4-aminobiphenyl standards. The distribution of adducts did not vary by NAT2 genotype status. Of whole milk samples, 88% (22/25) had mutagenic activity. Among the samples for which we had both DNA adduct and mutagenicity data, 58% (14/19) of the samples with adducts were also mutagenic, and 85% (11/13) of the mutagenic samples had adducts. Quantitatively, no correlation was observed between the levels of adducts and the levels of mutagenicity. Separation of the milk showed that mutagenic activity was found in 69% of skimmed milk samples but in only 29% of the corresponding milk fat samples, suggesting that the breast milk mutagens were moderately polar molecules. Chemical fractionation showed that mutagenic activity was found in 67% (4/6) of the basic fractions but in only 33% (2/6) of acidic samples, indicating that the mutagens were primarily basic compounds, such as arylamines. Although pilot in nature, this study corroborates previous findings of significant levels of DNA adducts in breast tissue and mutagenicity in human breast milk and indicates that breast milk mutagens may be moderately polar basic compounds, such as arylamines. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, DH Ruttenberg Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Ctr Hlth Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Mol Epidemiol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Chem & Biochem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Ambrosone, CB (reprint author), Mt Sinai Sch Med, DH Ruttenberg Canc Ctr, Box 1130,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. OI Josephy, Philip David/0000-0002-4462-6625 NR 54 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 39 IS 2-3 BP 134 EP 142 DI 10.1002/em.10067 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 532UT UT WOS:000174494000010 PM 11921181 ER PT J AU Chen, T Harrington-Brock, K Moore, MM AF Chen, T Harrington-Brock, K Moore, MM TI Mutant frequency and mutational spectra in the Tk and Hprt genes of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mouse lymphoma cells SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Tk; Hprt; mouse lymphoma assay; mutant frequency; point mutation; chromosome alteration ID HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID-CELLS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; L5178Y/TK+/ MOUSE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; IN-VIVO; 6-THIOGUANINE-RESISTANT LYMPHOCYTES; TRIFLUOROTHYMIDINE-RESISTANT; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; LOCUS SPECIFICITY AB The mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) utilizing the Tk gene is widely used to identify chemical mutagens. The autosomal location of the Tk gene allows for the detection of a wide range of mutational events, from point mutations to chromosome alterations. However, chemically induced point mutation spectra in the Tk gene of mouse lymphoma cells have not been characterized. In this study, we determined and compared the mutagenicity and mutational spectra of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in the Tk and Hprt genes of mouse lymphoma cells. Treatment of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells with 100 mug/ml ENU induced a Tk mutant frequency of 756 X 10(-6) and an Hprt mutant frequency of 311 X 10(-6). Sequence analysis of Tk and Hprt mutant cDNAs showed a similar overall mutation pattern in the two genes with base-pair substitutions accounting for 83% of non-loss of heterozygosity mutations in the Tk gene and 75% of all mutations in the Hprt gene. The most common point mutation induced by ENU was G:C --> A:T transition (36 and 28% of independent mutations detected in the Tk and Hprt genes, respectively). The mutation spectra induced by ENU in both the Tk and Hprt genes were different from the respective patterns produced in mutants from untreated cells. About 9% of Tk and 7% of Hprt mutations from control cells were in-frame deletions, whereas no such mutations were found among the ENU-induced Tk and Hprt mutations. Our results indicate that ENU produces a chemical-specific point mutational profile in the Tk gene of mouse lymphoma cells that is remarkably similar to that found in the X-linked Hprt gene. This study provides evidence that the MLA can be used not only to detect point mutagens but also for analysis of mutational spectra. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chen, T (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, HFT-130,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 50 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 296 EP 305 DI 10.1002/em.10075 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 570VA UT WOS:000176678200002 PM 12112381 ER PT J AU Peng, B Sharma, R Mass, MJ Kligerman, AD AF Peng, B Sharma, R Mass, MJ Kligerman, AD TI Induction of genotoxic damage is not correlated with the ability to methylate arsenite in vitro in the leukocytes of four mammalian species SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; arsenite; micronucleus; methylation; lymphocytes; mammalian ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; IN-VITRO; INORGANIC ARSENICS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; HUMAN CARCINOGEN; METABOLISM; MICE AB Arsenic is a natural drinking water contaminant that impacts the health of large populations of people throughout the world; however, the mode or mechanism by which arsenic induces cancer is unclear. In a series of in vitro studies, we exposed leukocytes from humans, mice, rats, and guinea pigs to a range of sodium arsenite concentrations to determine whether the lymphocytes from these species showed differential sensitivity to the induction of micronuclei (MN) assessed in cytochalasin B-induced binucleate cells. We also determined the capacity of the leukocytes to methylate arsenic by measuring the production of MMA [monomethylarsinic acid (MMA(V)) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III))] and DMA [dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) and dimethylarsonous acid (DMA(III))]. The results indicate that cells treated for 2 hr at the G(0) stage of the cell cycle with sodium arsenite showed only very small to negligible increases in MN after mitogenic stimulation. Treatment of actively cycling cells produced induction of MN with increasing arsenite concentration, with the human, rat, and mouse lymphocytes being much more sensitive to MN induction than those of the guinea pig. These data gave an excellent fit to a linear model. The leukocytes of all four species, including the guinea pig (a species previously thought not to methylate arsenic), were able to methylate arsenic, but there was no clear correlation between the ability to methylate arsenic and the induction of MN. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 62 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 323 EP 332 DI 10.1006/em.10080 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 570VA UT WOS:000176678200005 PM 12112384 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Cummings, AM AF Birnbaum, LS Cummings, AM TI Dioxins and endometriosis: A plausible hypothesis SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE dioxin; endometriosis; poly-chlorinated biphenyls; TCDD; toxic equivalence ID SURGICALLY INDUCED ENDOMETRIOSIS; DEVELOPING IMMUNE-SYSTEM; HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; GENE-EXPRESSION; AH RECEPTOR; F344 RAT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; MICE AB A potential connection exists between exposure to organochlorine chemicals and the increasing prevalence of endometriosis. Evidence shows that dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) can increase the incidence and severity of the disease in monkeys and can promote the growth or survival of endometrial tissue implanted into rodents in a surgically induced model of endometriosis. The mechanism of the connection between organochlorine chemicals and endometriosis is not clear. Effects on growth factors, cytokines, and hormones (components of the immune and endocrine systems) are potential means of mediating the possible promotion of endometriosis by dioxins. Studies on epidemiology and on structure-activity relationships of organochlorine chemicals and endometriosis have been additional approaches to this problem. In this regard, toxic equivalence (TEQ) appears to be an important determinant of the effects of organochlorine chemicals on endometriosis. In this article, we review the literature related to endometriosis and dioxins and attempt to integrate the various sources of information that bolster the hypothesis connecting dioxins and endometriosis. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-58A,HSD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 62 TC 67 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1 BP 15 EP 21 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 521WH UT WOS:000173864000021 PM 11781160 ER PT J AU DeVito, MJ Schecter, A AF DeVito, MJ Schecter, A TI Exposure assessment to dioxins from the use of tampons and diapers SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE diapers; dioxins; exposure assessment; tampons; toxic equivalents ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; DIABETES-MELLITUS; SERUM DIOXIN; ENDOMETRIOSIS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PROMOTION; VETERANS; TISSUE; WOMEN; MICE AB Over the past several years there has been concern over exposure to dioxins through the use of tampons and other sanitary products. This article describes attempts to estimate dioxin exposures from tampons and infant diapers; we then compare exposure estimates to dietary dioxin exposures. We analyzed four brands of tampons and four brands of infant diapers obtained from commercial establishments in San Francisco, California, for dioxin concentrations. We estimated exposures to dioxins on the basis of a screening level analysis that assumed all dioxins present were completely absorbed. We also estimated exposures by using a more refined analysis that incorporates partition coefficients to estimate bioavailability. None of the products contained 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, the most potent dioxin, although other dioxins were present at detectable concentrations in all samples. We observed minimal differences in the concentrations of dioxins between 100% cotton and cotton/pulp products. The refined exposure analysis indicates that exposures to dioxins from tampons are approximately 13,000-240,000 times less than dietary exposures. The refined exposure analysis showed that exposure to dioxins from the diet is more than 30,000-2,200,000 times the exposure through diapers in nursing infants. Although dioxins are found in trace amounts in both cotton and pulp sanitary products, exposure to dioxins through tampons and diapers does not significantly contribute to dioxin exposures in the United States. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Sci Discipline, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, MD-74,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 21 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 521WH UT WOS:000173864000022 PM 11781161 ER PT J AU Hong, HX Tong, WD Fang, H Shi, LM Xie, Q Wu, J Perkins, R Walker, JD Branham, W Sheehan, DM AF Hong, HX Tong, WD Fang, H Shi, LM Xie, Q Wu, J Perkins, R Walker, JD Branham, W Sheehan, DM TI Prediction of estrogen receptor binding for 58,000 chemicals using an integrated system of a tree-based model with structural alerts SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE endocrine-disrupting chemicals; estrogen receptor binding; relative binding affinties; risk assessment; structural alerts; tree-based models ID PHARMACOPHORE; ANTAGONISM; ALGORITHMS; DISCOVERY; ALPHA; SET AB A number of environmental chemicals, by mimicking natural hormones, can disrupt endocrine function in experimental animals, wildlife, and humans. These chemicals, called "endocrine-disrupting chemicals" (EDCs), are such a scientific and public concern that screening and testing 58,000 chemicals for EDC activities is now statutorily mandated. Computational chemistry tools are important to biologists because they identify chemicals most important for in vitro and in vivo studies. Here we used a computational approach with integration of two rejection filters, a tree-based model, and three structural alerts to predict and prioritize estrogen receptor (ER) ligands. The models were developed using data for 232 structurally diverse chemicals (training set) with a 10(6) range of relative binding affinities (RBAs); we then validated the models by predicting ER RBAs for 463 chemicals that had ER activity data (testing set). The integrated model gave a lower false negative rate than any single component for both training and testing sets. When the integrated model was applied to approximately 58,000 potential EDCs, 80% (-46,000 chemicals) were predicted to have negligible potential (log RBA < -4.5, with log RBA = 2.0 for estradiol) to bind ER. The ability to process large numbers of chemicals to predict inactivity for ER binding and to categorically prioritize the remainder provides one biologic measure to prioritize chemicals for entry into more expensive assays (most chemicals have no biologic data of any kind). The general approach for predicting ER binding reported here may be applied to other receptors and/or reversible binding mechanisms involved in endocrine disruption. C1 ROW Sci Inc, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. BASF Corp, Princeton, NJ USA. US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. RP Tong, WD (reprint author), ROW Sci Inc, 3900 NCTR Rd,MC 910, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 41 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 18 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1 BP 29 EP 36 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 521WH UT WOS:000173864000023 PM 11781162 ER PT J AU Clewell, HJ Andersen, ME Barton, HA AF Clewell, HJ Andersen, ME Barton, HA TI A consistent approach for the application of pharmacokinetic modeling in cancer and noncancer risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE dose-response assessment; interspecies extrapolation; pharmacokinetics; physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; risk assessment; tissue dosimetry ID PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETICS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; RATS; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; IMPACT; HUMANS; INFORMATION; DOSIMETRY; EXAMPLE AB Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling provides important capabilities for improving the reliability of the extrapolations across dose, species, and exposure route that are generally required in chemical risk assessment regardless of the toxic end point being considered. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on harmonization of the cancer and noncancer risk assessment approaches used by regulatory agencies. Although the specific details of applying pharmacokinetic modeling within these two paradigms may differ, it is possible to identify, important elements common to both. These elements expand on a four-part framework for describing the development of toxicity a) exposure, b) tissue dosimetry/pharmacokinetics, c) toxicity process/pharmacodynamics, and d) response. The middle two components constitute the mode of action. In particular, the approach described in this paper provides a common template for incorporating pharmacokinetic modeling to estimate tissue dosimetry into chemical risk assessment, whether for cancer or noncancer end points. Chemical risk assessments typically depend upon comparisons across species that often simplify to ratios reflecting the differences. In this paper we describe the uses of this ratio concept and discuss the advantages of a pharmacokinetic-based approach as compared to the use of default dosimetry. C1 Environ Int Corp, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Clewell, HJ (reprint author), Environ Int Corp, 602 E Georgia Ave, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 55 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1 BP 85 EP 93 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 521WH UT WOS:000173864000030 PM 11781169 ER PT J AU Wartenberg, D Scott, CS AF Wartenberg, D Scott, CS TI Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID WORKERS; COHORT C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wartenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 110 IS 1 BP A13 EP A14 DI 10.1289/ehp.110-a13 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 521WH UT WOS:000173864000003 PM 11813698 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S AF Mukerjee, S TI Communication strategy of transboundary air pollution findings in a US-Mexico Border XXI program project SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE transboundary air pollution; wind sector plots; maquiladoras; US-Mexico Border XXI program; communication strategy; effects screening levels ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; EFFECTS SCREENING LEVELS; FINE ORGANIC AEROSOL; AMBIENT AIR; RISK COMMUNICATION; OUTDOOR AIR; TEXAS; HEALTH; PESTICIDES AB From 1996 to 1997, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) conducted an air quality study known as the Lower Rio Grande Valley Transboundary Air Pollution Project (TAPP). The study was a US-Mexico Border XXI program project and was developed in response to local community requests on a need for more air quality measurements and concerns about the health impact of local air pollutants; this included concerns about emissions from border-dependent industries in Mexico, known as maquiladoras. The TAPP was a follow-up study to environmental monitoring done by EPA in this area in 1993 and incorporated scientific and community participation in development, review of results, and public presentation of findings. In spite of this, critical remarks were leveled by community activists against the study's preliminary "good news" findings regarding local air quality and the influence of transboundary air pollution. To resolve these criticisms and to refine the findings to address these concerns, analyses included comparisons of daily and near realtime measurements to TNRCC effects screening levels and data from other studies along with wind sector analyses. Reassessment of the data suggested that although regional source emissions occurred and outliers of elevated pollutant levels were found, movement of air pollution across the border did not appear to cause noticeable deterioration of air quality. In spite of limitations stated to the community, the TAPP was presented as establishing a benchmark to assess current and future transboundary air quality in the Valley. The study has application in Border XXI Program or other air quality studies where transboundary transport is a concern since it involved interagency coordination, public involvement, and communication of scientifically sound results for local environmental protection efforts. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 87 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 1 BP 34 EP 56 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-0039-6 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 503UU UT WOS:000172820400004 PM 11740622 ER PT J AU Guo, ZH AF Guo, ZH TI Review of indoor emission source models. Part 1. Overview SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Review DE model; indoor air; source; emission; mass transfer ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ELECTRIC VAPORIZER; AIR CONCENTRATIONS; EVAPORATION RATES; DRINKING-WATER; LATEX PAINT; SIMULATION; INSECTICIDES; BEHAVIOR; PREDICTION AB Indoor emission source models are mainly used as a component in indoor air quality (IAQ) modeling, which, in turn, is part of exposure and risk modeling. They are also widely used to interpret the experimental data obtained from environmental chambers and buildings. This paper compiles 52 indoor emission source models found in the literature. Together, they represent the achievements that IAQ modelers have made in recent years. While most models have a certain degree of usefulness, genuine predictive models are still few, and there is undoubtedly much room for improvement. This review consists of two parts. Part 1-this paper-provides an overview of the 52 models, briefly discussing their validity, usefulness, limitations, and flaws (if any). Part 2 focuses on parameter estimation, a topic that is critically important to modelers but has not been systematically discussed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guo, ZH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Mail Drop E-305-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 82 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2002 VL 120 IS 3 BP 533 EP 549 AR PII S0269-7491(02)00187-2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611JK UT WOS:000179013200009 PM 12442780 ER PT J AU Guo, ZH AF Guo, ZH TI Review of indoor emission source models. Part 2. Parameter estimation SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Review DE parameter estimation; model; indoor air; indoor source; emission ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; VOC EMISSIONS; TAP WATER; VOLATILIZATION; AIR; EXPOSURE AB This review consists of two parts. Part I provides an overview of 52 indoor emission source models. Part 2-this paper-focuses on parameter estimation, a topic that is critical to modelers but has never been systematically discussed. A perfectly valid model may not be a useful one if some of its parameters are difficult to estimate in the absence of experimental data. This is true for both statistical and mass transfer models. Forty-eight methods are compiled and reviewed in this paper. Overall, developing methods for parameter estimation has fallen behind the development of models. Such imbalance is the main reason that many models have been left on the shelf since they were published. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guo, ZH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Mail Drop E-305-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2002 VL 120 IS 3 BP 551 EP 564 AR PII S0269-7491(02)00188-4 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00188-4 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611JK UT WOS:000179013200010 PM 12442781 ER PT J AU An, YJ Kampbell, DH Breidenbach, GP AF An, YJ Kampbell, DH Breidenbach, GP TI Escherichia coli and total coliforms in water and sediments at lake marinas SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli; fecal coliform; total coliform; marina; resuspension ID RIVER WATER; BACTERIA; INDICATOR; SUNLIGHT; SURVIVAL; IMPACT AB Escherichia coli, a fecal coliform, and total coliforms were monitored between September 1999 and October 2001 in five marinas at Lake Texoma, located on the Oklahoma and Texas border. The general trend was that densities of E. coli were lower in the summer season due to the lower loading of fecal material into Lake Texoma and the ecological conditions of the lake, such as more vigorous grazing by protozoa and less viability of E. coli at an elevated temperature. The densities of total coliforms greatly increased in the summer. E. coli levels increased with depth, and the bottom water samples had higher densities of E. coli mainly due to their association with particles. There was a direct relationship between amount of gasoline sold, which was related to recreational boating activity, and the resuspension of E. coli. This indicated that recreational boating activity in lake marinas may have resuspended bottom sediments with bound E. coli, and the presence of E. coli in marinas was not an indication of recent fecal contamination. E. coli were detected in the largest densities at the boat dock points, followed by the gasoline filling station, and marina entrance. In addition, enumeration of bacteria in bottom sediment showed that the densities of E. coli and total coliforms in sediment were much higher compared to those in lake water. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Oak Ridge Res Associateship Program, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Oak Ridge Res Associateship Program, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Seoul, South Korea. NR 25 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 6 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2002 VL 120 IS 3 BP 771 EP 778 AR PII S0269-7491(02)00173-2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611JK UT WOS:000179013200029 PM 12442800 ER PT J AU Schoff, PK Ankley, GT AF Schoff, PK Ankley, GT TI Inhibition of retinoid activity by components of a paper mill effluent SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE transfected cells; RAR; RXR ID RECEPTOR RXR; X-RECEPTOR; LIGAND; ACID AB A cell line stable transfected with reporter genes activated by retinoic acid as used to test a paper mill effluent for the presence of retinoids or components that interfere with retinoic acid-stimulated gene transcription. No retinoids,were detected in effluent or control water. However, effluent water significantly decreased reporter activity stimulated by all-trans-retinoic acid, while activity stimulated by 9-cis-retinoic acid was unaffected. In a limited fractionation through a C-18 solid phase-exchange column the inhibitory activity us retained in the aqueous fraction, indicating that the activity as polar. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Schoff, PK (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2002 VL 119 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 AR PII S0269-7491(02)00148-3 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00148-3 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556EM UT WOS:000175836400001 PM 12125723 ER PT J AU An, YJ Kampbell, DH Sewell, GW AF An, YJ Kampbell, DH Sewell, GW TI Water quality at five marinas in Lake Texoma as related to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE water quality; marina; powerboat; methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE); BTEX ID GROUNDWATER AB Water quality in five marinas on Lake Texoma, located on the Oklahoma and Texas border, was monitored between June 1999 and November 2000. Focus was to evaluate lake water associated with marinas for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Lake water was collected at locations identified as marina entrance, gasoline filling station, and boat dock. Occurrence of MTBE showed a direct seasonal trend with recreational boating activity at marina areas. There was a positive correlation with powerboat usage ratio, which was directly related to the gallons of gasoline sold. Sampling before and after the high boat use holiday weekends determined the apparent influence of powerboat activity on MTBE contamination. Boat dock locations were the most sensitive sites to MTBE contamination, possibly due to gasoline spillage during engine startup. The most common compound of the BTEX series found with MTBE was toluene and co-occurrence was most frequent at gasoline filling stations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Oak Ridge Res Associateship Program, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), US EPA, Oak Ridge Res Associateship Program, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 8 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2002 VL 118 IS 3 BP 331 EP 336 AR PII S0269-7491(01)00301-3 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00301-3 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 545QV UT WOS:000175229700006 PM 12009130 ER PT J AU Blondell, JM AF Blondell, JM TI Untitled SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Div Hlth Effects, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Blondell, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Hlth Effects, Off Pesticide Programs, 7509C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1 BP 70 EP 70 DI 10.1006/enrs.2001.4297 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 517JJ UT WOS:000173607100009 PM 11896671 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE anion exchange; bioremediation; drinking water; ion chromatography; perchlorate; potable water; rocket propellant; solid oxidant; thyroid; thyrotoxicity ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ESI-FAIMS-MS; DRINKING-WATER; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE; THYROID-FUNCTION; FERTILIZERS; REDUCTION; LEVEL; NITRATE C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 69 TC 165 Z9 171 U1 4 U2 42 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0944-1344 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R JI Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. PY 2002 VL 9 IS 3 BP 187 EP 192 DI 10.1065/espr2002.05.117 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556XD UT WOS:000175873500008 PM 12094532 ER PT J AU Hansen, JA Welsh, PG Lipton, J Cacela, D Dailey, AD AF Hansen, JA Welsh, PG Lipton, J Cacela, D Dailey, AD TI Relative sensitivity of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to acute exposures of cadmium and zinc SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bull trout; rainbow trout; cadmium; zinc; acute toxicity ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; WATERBORNE ZINC; CHINOOK SALMON; ACUTE TOXICITY; SOFT-WATER; HARDNESS; COPPER; CALCIUM; PH AB Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were recently listed as threatened in the United States under the federal Endangered Species Act. Present and historical habitat of this species includes waterways that have been impacted by metals released from mining and mineral processing activities. We conducted paired bioassays with bull trout and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to examine the relative sensitivity of each species to Cd and Zn independently and as a mixture. A total of 15 pairs of acute toxicity bioassays were completed to evaluate the effects of different water hardness (30 or 90 mg/L as CaCO3), pH (6.5 or 7.5), and temperature (8 or 12 degreesC) on Cd and Zn toxicity. For both species, the acute toxicity of both Cd and Zn was greater than previously observed in laboratory studies. Bull trout were about twice as tolerant of Cd and about 50% more tolerant of Zn than were rainbow trout. Higher hardness and lower pH water produced lower toxicity and slower rates of toxicity in both species. Elevated temperature significantly increased the sensitivity of bull trout to Zn but decreased the sensitivity (not significantly) of rainbow trout to Zn. At a hardness of 30 mg/L, the toxicity values (i.e., median lethal concentration; 120-h LC50) for both species were lower than the current U.S. national water quality criteria for protection of aquatic life, indicating that current national criteria may not be protective of sensitive salmonids-including the threatened bull trout-in low calcium waters. C1 Stratus Consulting, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. US EPA, Reg 10, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Hansen, JA (reprint author), Stratus Consulting, POB 4059, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. NR 28 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0067:RSOBTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 505CA UT WOS:000172892700010 PM 11804063 ER PT J AU Johnston, RK Munns, WR Tyler, PL Marajh-Whittemore, PR Finkelstein, K Munney, K Short, FT Melville, A Hahn, SP AF Johnston, RK Munns, WR Tyler, PL Marajh-Whittemore, PR Finkelstein, K Munney, K Short, FT Melville, A Hahn, SP TI Weighing the evidence of ecological risk from chemical contamination in the estuarine environment adjacent to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE estuarine; ecological risk assessment; exposure assessment; effects assessment; risk characterization ID LARGE RIVER-RESERVOIR; SEDIMENTS; ASSESSMENTS; WILDLIFE; TOXICITY; MARINE AB In characterizing ecological risks. considerable consensus building and professional judgments are required to develop conclusions about risk. This is because how to evaluate all the factors that determine ecological risk is not well defined and is subject to interpretation. Here we report on the application of a procedure to weigh the evidence of ecological risk and develop conclusions about risk that will incorporate the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment. The procedure was applied to characterize ecological risk of chemical contamination in nearshore areas adjacent to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, located at the mouth of the Great Bay Estuary. New Hampshire and Maine. USA. Measures of exposure and effect were used to interpret the magnitude of risk to the assessment endpoints of pelagic species. epibenthic species, the benthic community, eelgrass plants, the salt marsh community. and avian receptors. The evidence of chemical exposure from water, sediment, and tissue and the evidence of biological effects to representative pelagic, epibenthic, benthic. eelgrass, salt marsh, and avian species, were weighed to characterize ecological risk. Individual measures were weighted by the quality and reliability of their data and risk, was estimated from the preponderance, magnitude, extent, and strength of causal relationships between the data on exposure and effects. Relating evidence of risk, to hypothesized pathways of exposure made it possible to estimate the magnitude of risk from sediment and water and express the confidence associated with the findings. Systematically weighing the evidence of risk rendered conclusions about risk in a manner that was clearly defined, objective, consistent, and did not rely solely on professional judgment. C1 Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr D3621, Marine Environm Support Off, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Off Ecosyst Assessment, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. NOAA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. US EPA, Waste Management Div, Boston, MA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Maine Dept Environm Protect, Bur Oil & Hazardous Mat, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Naval Facil Engn Command, Biol Sci, Lester, PA 19113 USA. RP Johnston, RK (reprint author), Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr D3621, Marine Environm Support Off, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 182 EP 194 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<0182:WTEOER>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 505CA UT WOS:000172892700026 PM 11804053 ER PT J AU Basu, R Samet, JM AF Basu, R Samet, JM TI Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: A review of the epidemiologic evidence SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID HEAT-RELATED MORTALITY; TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; AIR-POLLUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MEDICAL EXAMINERS; EXCESS MORTALITY; CASE-CROSSOVER; LOS-ANGELES; US CITIES C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Basu, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Econ & Innovat, 1200 Penn Ave NW,MC 1809T, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 98 TC 485 Z9 498 U1 6 U2 48 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 190 EP 202 DI 10.1093/epirev/mxf007 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 675AA UT WOS:000182669700008 PM 12762092 ER PT J AU Blair, A Tarone, R Sandler, D Lynch, CF Rowland, A Wintersteen, W Steen, WC Samanic, C Dosemeci, M ALavanja, MCR AF Blair, A Tarone, R Sandler, D Lynch, CF Rowland, A Wintersteen, W Steen, WC Samanic, C Dosemeci, M ALavanja, MCR TI Reliability of reporting on life-style and agricultural factors by a sample of participants in the agricultural health study from Iowa SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pesticides; reliability; agriculture ID PROXY RESPONDENTS; PESTICIDE USE; EXPOSURE; SELF; MISCLASSIFICATION; REPEATABILITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; INFORMATION; FARMERS; CANCER AB Repeat interviews from 4,088 Iowa pesticide applicators participating in the Agricultural Health Study provided the opportunity to evaluate the reliability of self-reported information on pesticide use and various demographic and lifestyle factors. Self-completed questionnaires were administered 1 year apart when participants returned to county agricultural extension offices for pesticide certification or training. Percentage agreement for ever-/never-use of specific pesticides and application practices was quite high, generally ranging from 70% to more than 90%, and did not vary by age, educational level, or farm size. Agreement was lower (typically 50-60%) for duration, frequency, or decade of first use of specific pesticides. Level of agreement regarding pesticide use in this population is similar to that generally found for factors typically used in epidemiologic studies such as tobacco use and higher than typically reported for diet, physical activity, and medical conditions. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Epidemiol, Iowa City, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Extens Serv, Ames, IA USA. US EPA, Athens, GA USA. RP Blair, A (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, EPS Room 8118, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 23 TC 125 Z9 128 U1 1 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 2002 VL 13 IS 1 BP 94 EP 99 DI 10.1097/00001648-200201000-00015 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 505HY UT WOS:000172908400015 PM 11805592 ER PT J AU Huang, YCT Wu, WD Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Silbajoris, R Devlin, RB Samet, JM AF Huang, YCT Wu, WD Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Silbajoris, R Devlin, RB Samet, JM TI Activation of EGF receptors mediates pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by residual oil fly ash SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cytokines; epidermal growth factor; nitric oxide; particles; vanadium ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; RABBIT AORTIC RINGS; GROWTH-FACTOR; LUNG INJURY; AMBIENT AIR; PARTICLES; EXPOSURE; METAL; ALPHA AB Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a constituent of pollutant Particles that can produce lung injury and activate protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascade. In this study, we determined whether or not protein tyrosine phosphorylation caused lung injury, and if so, identified critical tyrosine phosphorylated proteins that mediated the injury. ROFA was instilled intratracheally into perfused rabbit lungs and injury responses, including increase in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), lung weight gain, as well as release of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and nitrite/nitrate were measured. ROFA increased Ppa and IL-1 beta, but inhibited nittite/nitrate accumulation. Vanadyl sulfate at concentration equivalent to the amount of vanadium detected in the perfusate of ROFA-treated lungs induced similar changes. ROFA enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of lung proteins, including a 170-kDa protein, likely the epidermal growth factor (Eff) receptor, as shown ly immunoprecipitation. Pretreatment with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocked the increase in Ppa and tyrosine phosphorylation of the 170-kDa protein. Intravascular administration of human EGF increased Ppa, and pretreatment with PD153035, an EGF receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor attenuated ROFA-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Thew results indicate that tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptors in the lung, possibly as a result of inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, mediates constriction of pulmonary vessels induced by ROFA. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Cell Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Huang, YCT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, CB7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 28 IS 1 BP 19 EP 38 DI 10.1080/019021402753355517 PG 20 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 507ZX UT WOS:000173063000002 PM 11792073 ER PT J AU Johnston, JM Crossley, DA AF Johnston, JM Crossley, DA TI Forest ecosystem recovery in the southeast US: soil ecology as an essential component of ecosystem management SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd North American Forest Ecology Workshop CY JUN 27-30, 1999 CL UNIV MAINE, ORONO, MAINE SP Soc Amer Foresters, Forest Ecology Working Grp, USDA, Forest Serv HO UNIV MAINE DE soil recovery; soil ecology; sustainable forest management; soil microarthropods; loblolly pine silviculture; coniferous forest ecosystems ID ORIBATID MITES ACARI; LOBLOLLY-PINE; NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION; FOOD WEBS; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; LITTER; MICROARTHROPODS; BIODIVERSITY; AVAILABILITY AB The forestry industry in the southeastern United States relies upon soils that are highly eroded and depleted of their original organic matter and nutrient content. Pro-active land management can ensure continued and possibly increased production and revenue through the management and recovery of the soil resource. With an emphasis on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests, this review integrates land-use history, pine ecology, silviculture, soil ecological research and the implications for forest management into a single discussion. Promoting soil recovery involves knowledge of ecosystem history and disturbance as well as nutrient cycling mechanisms, pools, fluxes and soil forming factors. Research on the rhizosphere is an area that is needed. Recovery of regional soils may confer benefits of drought and disease resistance. The goal of sustainable forestry is compatible with soil recovery; however, the technology and practices of modern forestry deserve thorough evaluation. Emphasis on the continued production of commodities, the agricultural model, is much different from managing for the functioning of healthy forest ecosystems. Many of the practices and outcomes of intensive forest management, including short rotations, harrowing, subsoiling, and burning or removal of logging slash, seem to be at odds with the goal of soil recovery. Best management practices that foster soil recovery include less intensive stand utilization and reduced soil disturbance. Stem-only harvest and longer rotations permit a recovery of soil biodiversity and an accrual of detritus and soil organic matter. Windrowing and similar techniques have dramatic and lasting effects on soil development. No-tillage agriculture as a model for pine plantations is discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Johnston, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 103 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 155 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 187 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00558-8 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 513NR UT WOS:000173385100017 ER PT J AU Carter, JD Li, ZW Dailey, LA Soukup, J Huang, YCT AF Carter, JD Li, ZW Dailey, LA Soukup, J Huang, YCT TI Urban particle-induced pulmonary artery constriction is mediated by oxidant production SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 9th Annual Meeting of the Oxygen-Society CY NOV 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Oxygen Soc C1 US EPA, ORD, Chapel Hill, NC USA. UNC, CEMALB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2002 VL 33 SU 2 MA 13 BP S312 EP S313 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 614PY UT WOS:000179199600031 ER PT J AU Li, ZW Carter, JD Dailey, LA Soukup, J Huang, YCT AF Li, ZW Carter, JD Dailey, LA Soukup, J Huang, YCT TI Vanadyl sulfate inhibits no production by regulating serine/threonine phosphorylation of endothelial NOS SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 9th Annual Meeting of the Oxygen-Society CY NOV 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Oxygen Soc C1 UNC, CEMALB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, ORD, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2002 VL 33 SU 2 MA 145 BP S352 EP S353 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 614PY UT WOS:000179199600163 ER PT J AU Kadiiska, MB Gladen, BC Baird, DB Germolec, D Graham, LB Parker, CE Ames, BN Basu, S Brot, N Fitzgerald, GA Floyd, RA George, M Hatch, GH Heineke, JW Hensley, K Lawson, JA Marnett, LJ Morrow, JD Murray, DM Plastaras, J Roberts, LJ Shigenaga, MK Sohal, RS Sun, J Tice, RR Van Thiel, DH Wellner, D Walter, PB Tomer, KB Mason, RP Barrett, JC AF Kadiiska, MB Gladen, BC Baird, DB Germolec, D Graham, LB Parker, CE Ames, BN Basu, S Brot, N Fitzgerald, GA Floyd, RA George, M Hatch, GH Heineke, JW Hensley, K Lawson, JA Marnett, LJ Morrow, JD Murray, DM Plastaras, J Roberts, LJ Shigenaga, MK Sohal, RS Sun, J Tice, RR Van Thiel, DH Wellner, D Walter, PB Tomer, KB Mason, RP Barrett, JC TI Biomarkers of oxidative stress: Experimental studies in animal models SO FREE RADICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Conference on European Research on Functional Effects of Dietary Antioxidants - Benefits and Risks CY SEP 25-28, 2002 CL CHURCHILL COLL, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND HO CHURCHILL COLL DE CCl4; rat; antioxidants; oxidation products of lipids; proteins; DNA C1 NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. Univ Uppsala, S-75105 Uppsala, Sweden. Hosp Special Surg, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ Penn, Ctr Expt Therapeut, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Oxis Int Inc, Portland, OR USA. So Methodist Univ, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. Integrated Lab Syst Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, New York, NY USA. RI Walter, Patrick/A-4117-2011 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1071-5762 J9 FREE RADICAL RES JI Free Radic. Res. PY 2002 VL 36 SU S BP 1 EP 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 611VQ UT WOS:000179038800002 ER PT S AU Bushel, PR Bennett, L Hamadeh, H Green, J Ableson, A Misener, S Paules, R Afshari, C AF Bushel, PR Bennett, L Hamadeh, H Green, J Ableson, A Misener, S Paules, R Afshari, C BE Kessler, MD Muller, GJ TI Gene expression pattern recognition algorithm inferences to classify samples exposed to chemical agents SO FUNCTIONAL MONITORING AND DRUG-TISSUE INTERACTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Functional Monitoring and Drug-Tissue Interaction CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE microarray; gene expression; classification; toxicogenomics; toxicants; pattern recognition ID CLASSIFICATION AB We present an analysis of pattern recognition procedures used to predict the classes of samples exposed to pharmacologic agents by comparing gene expression patterns from samples treated with two classes of compounds. Rat liver mRNA samples following exposure for 24 hours with phenobarbital or peroxisome proliferators were analyzed using a 1700 rat cDNA microarray platform. Sets of genes that were consistently differentially expressed in the rat liver samples following treatment were stored in the MicroArray Project System (MAPS) database. MAPS identified 238 genes in common that possessed a low probability (P < 0.01) of being randomly detected as differentially expressed at the 95% confidence level. Hierarchical cluster analysis on the 238 genes clustered specific gene expression profiles that separated samples based on exposure to a particular class of compound. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bushel, PR (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4362-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4623 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1117/12.469471 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BU92S UT WOS:000177418700009 ER PT J AU Moriyama, K Bakre, MM Ahmed, F Spickofsky, N Max, M Margolskee, RF AF Moriyama, K Bakre, MM Ahmed, F Spickofsky, N Max, M Margolskee, RF TI Assaying G protein-phosphodiesterase interactions in sensory systems SO G PROTEIN PATHWAYS: PT C, EFFECTOR MECHANISMS SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID BITTER TASTE STIMULI; CYCLIC-AMP; PHOTORECEPTOR; PURIFICATION; INHIBITION; ACTIVATION; BOVINE; CELLS; LOCALIZATION; RHODOPSIN C1 Fukuoko Dent Coll, Dept Med, Sect Internal Med, Sawara Ku, Fukuoka 8140193, Japan. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Canc, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10029 USA. US EPA, Off Reg Counsel Reg 2, New York, NY 10007 USA. RP Moriyama, K (reprint author), Fukuoko Dent Coll, Dept Med, Sect Internal Med, Sawara Ku, Fukuoka 8140193, Japan. FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC03055, DC03481, DC03155]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH57241] NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2002 VL 345 BP 37 EP 48 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BT06Z UT WOS:000171866300003 PM 11665620 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS TI An efficient and ecofriendly oxidation of alkenes using iron nitrate and molecular oxygen SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY STRUCTURE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; ACTIVATION; DIOXYGEN; SOLVENT; CYCLOHEXENE; CLAYFEN; HYDROCARBONS; OLEFINS; KETONIZATION AB An environmentally friendly solventless oxidation of alkenes is accomplished efficiently using relatively benign iron nitrate as catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen under pressurized conditions. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, MS 443,26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2002 VL 4 IS 5 BP 495 EP 497 DI 10.1039/b204300a PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 600KB UT WOS:000178388200021 ER PT J AU Zhu, C Anderson, GM Burden, DS AF Zhu, C Anderson, GM Burden, DS TI Natural attenuation reactions at a uranium mill tailings site, western USA SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER; ARIZONA AB This paper presents a modeling analysis of the geochemical evolution of a contaminated sandy aquifer at a uranium mill tailings site in the western United States. The tailings pond contains fluids having a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 and high levels of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, Ra-226 Ra-228, Th-230, U-238, and U-234. Seepage of tailings fluids into the aquifer has formed a low-pH ground water plume. The reclamation plan is to install a low-permeability cover on the tailings pond to stop the seepage and allow the plume to be attenuated by reactions with the aquifer matrix and flushed by uncontaminated upgradient ground water. To evaluate this reclamation scenario, ground water and sediment core samples were analyzed along one flowpath. Speciation-solubility and mass-transfer modeling revealed two sets of chemical reactions for acid seepage and flushing, respectively. The current concentrations and distribution of ground water constituents can be interpreted as being controlled by stepwise pH-buffer reactions with calcite, amorphous aluminum hydroxide, and amorphous iron hydroxides. These buffer reactions divide the aquifer into zones of near-constant pH, separated by interface zones. For the flushing stage, it is predicted that reactions with surface-bound species will dominate the reaction paths, and more pore volumes are required to neutralize the plume than predicted by models that do not consider surface reactions. Direct mineralogical and surface analysis is needed to substantiate this assertion. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Zhu, C (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RI Zhu, Chen/A-5356-2010; OI Zhu, Chen/0000-0001-5374-6787; Anderson, Gregor/0000-0001-8997-0633 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 BP 5 EP 13 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02486.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 511LU UT WOS:000173266000003 PM 11798046 ER PT J AU Ludwig, RD McGregor, RG Blowes, DW Benner, SG Mountjoy, K AF Ludwig, RD McGregor, RG Blowes, DW Benner, SG Mountjoy, K TI A permeable reactive barrier for treatment of heavy metals SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; GEOCHEMISTRY; ADSORPTION AB Historical storage of ore concentrate containing sulfide minerals at an industrial site in British Columbia, Canada, has resulted in widespread contamination of the underlying soil and ground water. The oxidation of sulfide minerals has released significant quantities of heavy metals, including Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, and Zn, into the ground water. A pilot-scale, compost-based, sulfate-reducing permeable reactive barrier was installed in the path of the dissolved heavy-metal plume. The permeable reactive barrier uses sulfate-reducing bacteria to promote precipitation of heavy metals as insoluble metal sulfides. Monitoring over a 21-month period indicated significant removal of heavy metals within the barrier. Copper concentrations declined from a mean concentration of 3630 mug/L in the influent to a mean concentration within the barrier of 10.5 mug/L, Cd from 15.3 mug/L to 0.2 mug/L, Co from 5.3 mug/L to 1.1 mug/L, Ni from 131 mug/L to 33.0 mug/L, and Zn from 2410 mug/L to 136 mug/L. Within the lower half of the barrier where tidal influences were more limited and sulfate-reducing conditions were better maintained, mean treatment levels of 2.9 mug/L (Cu), 0.1 mug/L (Cd), 0.4 mug/L (Co), 2.7 mug/L (Ni), and 6.3 mug/L (Zn) were observed. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Conor Pacific Environm Technol Inc, Vancouver, BC V6J 4W6, Canada. Univ Waterloo, Dept Earth Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Ludwig, RD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, 919 Kerr Res Dr,POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Benner, Shawn/A-2557-2012 OI Benner, Shawn/0000-0003-4024-5777 NR 27 TC 60 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 32 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 40 IS 1 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02491.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 511LU UT WOS:000173266000008 PM 11798047 ER PT S AU Enfield, CG Wood, AL Brooks, MC Annable, MD AF Enfield, CG Wood, AL Brooks, MC Annable, MD BE Thornton, SF Oswald, SE TI Interpreting tracer data to forecast remedial performance SO GROUNDWATER QUALITY: NATURAL AND ENHANCED RESTORATION OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Groundwater Quality CY JUN 18-21, 2001 CL SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND SP Univ Sheffield, Groundwater Protect & Restorat Grp, Univ Sheffield, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater DE DNAPL; NAPL; stochastic modelling ID NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS; AQUIFER REMEDIATION; POROUS-MEDIA; FORMULATION; SUBSURFACE AB The cost of remediating sites contaminated with organics is high. Prior to investing in remedial technologies, decision makers want to know the benefits, both short term and long term, which will be derived from a proposed remedial activity. Recent studies have shown significant mass removals by a number of technologies, suggesting that mass removal is technically practicable. Most of these studies have been performed in relatively small controlled test cells and do not permit direct assessment of the benefits in terms of mass flux reduction downgradient from the test area. This paper investigates the potential use of tracers to estimate the heterogeneity of a flow field that is being remediated and the mass and distribution of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) within the flow field. The effects of the heterogeneity and NAPL distribution on the short-term performance of the remedial system are evaluated. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Enfield, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 WML King, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-86-4 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2002 IS 275 BP 11 EP 16 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BX42D UT WOS:000185215100002 ER PT S AU Weber, EJ Kenneke, JF Hoferkamp, LA AF Weber, EJ Kenneke, JF Hoferkamp, LA BE Thornton, SF Oswald, SE TI Reactivity of chemical reductants as a function of redox zonation SO GROUNDWATER QUALITY: NATURAL AND ENHANCED RESTORATION OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Groundwater Quality CY JUN 18-21, 2001 CL SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND SP Univ Sheffield, Groundwater Protect & Restorat Grp, Univ Sheffield, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater DE anaerobic sediment; chemical reductants; halogenated methanes; nitroaromatics; probe molecules; reaction kinetics; redox zonation; reductive transformations ID TRANSFORMATION AB To determine the distribution and reactivity of chemical reductants as a function of redox zonation, the reaction kinetics for a series of probe molecules have been measured in sediments for which redox conditions have been well characterized. Redox characterization has included quantifying the major redox-active species in sediment pore waters (NO3-, Mn2+, Fe2+, SO42-, S2-, CH4 and H-2) and the use of acid extraction to determine the major pools of Fe(11), Fe(111), FeS and FeS2 associated with the solid phase of the sediments. Reactivity patterns determined for halogenated methanes in iron-reducing and sulphate-reducing sediments and Fe(II)-goethite and FeS model systems suggest that Fe(11) sorbed to iron oxides is the dominant chemical reductant in both the iron-reducing and sulphate-reducing sediments. Reaction kinetics of a nitroaromatic probe chemical studied in sediments as a function of redox zonation provides further evidence for the important role of Fe(11) as a reductant in sediments under iron-reducing, sulphate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-86-4 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2002 IS 275 BP 113 EP 118 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BX42D UT WOS:000185215100017 ER PT S AU Herzog, E Grant, M AF Herzog, E Grant, M GP TRR TRR TRR TI Commuter choice benefits calculator - Web-based tool for estimating costs and benefits of commuter programs SO HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE SYSTEMS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT 2002: HIGHWAY OPERATIONS, CAPACITY, AND TRAFFIC CONTROL SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 81st Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board, US Dept Transportat, Bur Transportat Stat, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, Fed Motor Carrier Safety Adm, Fed Railroad Adm, Fed Transit Adm, Natl Highway Traff Safety Adm, Res & Special Programs Adm, NASA, USA Corps Engineers, US Coast Guard, US DOE, US EPA, Amer Publ Transportat Assoc, Amer Transportat Res Inst, Assoc Amer Railroads, Natl Asphalt Pavement Assoc AB In the transportation community, there is a real need for information and materials that will help to promote commuter benefits to employers. There is increasing recognition that these programs can offer real financial savings to employers, benefits to employees, and traffic and air quality benefits to communities. The commuter choice benefits calculator helps employers understand the costs and benefits of implementing a commuter benefits program. The calculator is designed to be simple and quick to use, requiring the user to input a modest amount of information, with defaults and ranges available for many data elements, based on studies of commuter benefits programs, to maximize ease of use. For employers, the calculator estimates costs, direct financial savings (savings realized immediately, such as tax savings), and potential financial savings (savings that require additional actions to realize, such as parking cost savings and office space cost savings). For employees, the calculator computes savings in commuting costs. For communities, the calculator estimates reduced vehicle trips, miles of travel, and emission reductions associated with commuting to work. The range of programs covered by the calculator include benefits for which federal tax incentives are available-such as employer-provided transit or vanpool benefits and parking cash-out-and benefits for which tax incentives are not available-such as telecommuting, rideshare matching, and provision of bicycle facilities. By providing information on the costs and benefits of commuter benefits, the calculator can be used as a marketing tool to promote these programs to employers. C1 US EPA, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. ICF Consulting, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. RP Herzog, E (reprint author), US EPA, 2000 Traverwood, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07705-2 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2002 IS 1781 BP 32 EP 39 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BV64K UT WOS:000179618500005 ER PT J AU Reilly, SK Lake, LK Shafer, WE Jones, RS AF Reilly, SK Lake, LK Shafer, WE Jones, RS TI Regulation of biochemical plant growth regulators at the US Environmental Protection Agency SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on World Overview of Important Nutrition Problems and How They are Being Addressed CY AUG 18, 2000 CL PENTICTON, CANADA DE plant hormones; biochemical pesticides; biopesticides; agrochemical product registration; Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division; BPPD ID REGISTRATION; PESTICIDES AB Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often used in crop production for specific niche market needs. PGRs are frequently viewed as secondary business opportunities by the private sector, especially when compared to herbicide, insecticide, and/or fungicide markets. Nonetheless, PGRs are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the additional cost of regulatory compliance as part of commercial development is significant. Of the two broad classes of pesticides regulated by the USEPA, conventional chemicals and biological pesticides (or biopesticides), many PGRs belong to the biopesticide class, specifically the biochemical category. Because of USEPA's responsibility to assure that any pesticide used in commerce will not result in unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment, specific data requirements have been established for product registration. Registrants must address each requirement, either by submitting relevant data or a request to waive the requirement, prior to receiving a federal registration. For biochemical PGRs, the acceptability of data or waiver requests, as well as any proposed label uses, are reviewed by the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (BPPD). The BPPD was formed in 104 to facilitate the development of biopesticide products. Given the time and expense associated with PGR product development and commercialization, registrants should work closely with the USEPA and other stakeholders to help ensure successful product development. C1 Renessen LLC, Bannockburn, IL 60015 USA. US EPA, Biochem Pesticides Branch, Biopesticides & Pollut Prevent Div 7511C, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. Cargill Inc, Hlth & Food Technol, Wayzata, MN 55391 USA. RP Shafer, WE (reprint author), Renessen LLC, Suite 300 S,3000 Lakeside Dr, Bannockburn, IL 60015 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 55 EP 58 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519CC UT WOS:000173706500009 ER PT J AU Munns, WR MacPhail, R AF Munns, WR MacPhail, R TI Extrapolation in human health and ecological risk assessments: Proceedings of a symposium SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE human health risk assessment; ecological risk assessment; extrapolation AB A symposium was conducted in April 1998 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL) to explore issues of extrapolation in human health and ecological risk assessments. Over the course of three and one half days, leading health and ecology experts presented and discussed research methods and approaches for extrapolating data among taxa and across levels of biological organization, through time, and across spatial scales. The intended result of this symposium was enhanced interaction among a diverse array of scientists, policymakers, and risk assessors to promote identification of approaches for reducing the uncertainties of extrapolation in risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Munns, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 520MZ UT WOS:000173786800002 ER PT J AU Munns, WR AF Munns, WR TI Axes of extrapolation in risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE extrapolation; uncertainty; risk assessment ID FISH; CONTAMINANTS; POPULATIONS AB Extrapolation in risk assessment involves the use of data and information to estimate or predict something that has not been measured or observed. Reasons for extrapolation include that the number of combinations of environmental stressors and possible receptors is too large to characterize risks comprehensively, that direct characterization is sometimes impossible, and that the power to characterize risk in a particular situation can be enhanced by using information obtained in other similar situations. Three types of extrapolation are common in risk assessments: biological (including between taxa and across levels of biological organization), temporal, and spatial. They can be thought of conceptually as the axes of a 3-dimensional graph defining the state space of biological, temporal, and spatial scales within which extrapolations are made. Each of these types of extrapolation can introduce uncertainties into risk assessments. Such uncertainties may be reduced through synergistic research facilitated by the sharing of methods, models, and data used by human health and ecological scientists. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Munns, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 520MZ UT WOS:000173786800004 ER PT J AU Chanda, SM Lassiter, TL Moser, VC Barone, S Padilla, S AF Chanda, SM Lassiter, TL Moser, VC Barone, S Padilla, S TI Tissue carboxylesterases and chlorpyrifos toxicity in the developing rat SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE carboxylesterase; chlorpyrifos; rat; acetylcholinesterase; insecticide; fetus; detoxification ID INVIVO CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; HUMAN-LIVER CARBOXYLESTERASE; GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; SERUM CARBOXYLESTERASE; GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE; PHARMACODYNAMIC MODEL; ESTERASE-ACTIVITIES; MOLECULAR-FORMS AB Young animals are more sensitive than adults to the neurotoxic effects of some organophosphorus insecticides. Many investigators attribute this difference in sensitivity to the immaturity of the detoxification capacity of preweanling rats. Chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)phosphorothionate] is an organophosphorus insecticide that demonstrates considerable age-related sensitivity. The carboxylesterases are a group of related enzymes that detoxify organophosphorus insecticides by stoichiometrically binding these molecules before they can inhibit acetylcholinesterase. This study presents in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating that the carboxylesterases are critical for explaining the age-related sensitivity of chlorpyrifos. The data show that the fetal rat and the postnatal day 17 (PND17) rat pup have fewer molecules of carboxylesterase (less activity), less sensitive molecules of carboxylesterase, and a larger proportion of chlorpyrifos-insensitive molecules of carboxylesterase. An in vitro mixing experiment, using adult striatum as a source of acetylcholinesterase and liver homogenates as a source of carboxylesterase, demonstrates that the adult liver carboxylesterases are superior to the PND17 liver carboxylesterases for detoxifying chlorpyrifos. In the in vivo experiments the time course profiles of carboxylesterase and cholinesterase activity following a maximum tolerated dose of chlorpyrifos also suggest that the carboxylesterases of the PND17 rat were less capable of detoxifying chlorpyrifos. Carboxylesterase activity in the preweanling rat was not as severely inhibited as in the adult, but decrements in cholinesterase activity as a result of chlorpyrifos treatment were comparable. These in vitro and in vivo findings support the previously proffered postulate that the carboxylesterases are critical for determining the age-related sensitivity of chlorpyrifos. In addition, these detailed experiments allow us to propose that the detoxification potential of these enzymes is multifaceted, and depends on the (1) amount of activity (i.e., number of molecules), (2) affinity for the insecticide or metabolite, and (3) amount of carboxylesterase activity that is refractory to inhibition by the insecticide or metabolite. C1 US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Padilla, S (reprint author), US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 70 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 BP 75 EP 90 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 520MZ UT WOS:000173786800008 ER PT J AU Nacci, DE Gleason, TR Munns, WR AF Nacci, DE Gleason, TR Munns, WR TI Evolutionary and ecological effects of multi-generational exposures to anthropogenic stressors SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE evolutionary effects; multi-generational studies; PCBs; fish populations; natural selection ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; BEDFORD HARBOR; POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION; FISH; MASSACHUSETTS; ADAPTATIONS; ORGANISMS; SEDIMENT AB Biological and ecological responses to stress are dictated by duration and frequency, as well as instantaneous magnitude. Conditional compensatory responses at the physiological and behavioral levels, referred to as 'acclimation', may mitigate effects on individuals experiencing brief or infrequent periods of moderate stress. However, even modest stress over extended periods may reduce the fitness of some or all exposed individuals. In this way, specific stress that persists over multiple generations will increase probabilities for extinction of populations composed of sensitive individuals. For populations whose members demonstrate variance and heritability for stressor response, this selective loss of sensitive individuals may result in populations dominated by resistant individuals. The formation of these 'adapted' populations may be considered an ecological compensatory mechanism to multi-generational stress. Paradoxically, the biological costs to individuals of toxicity and physiological acclimation may result in obvious signs of stress in affected wildlife populations while the costs of genetic adaptation may be more covert. It is important to consider such costs because recent evidence suggests that anthropogenic stressors have acted as powerful selection agents that have modified the composition of wildlife populations subjected for successive generational exposures to specific stressors. This essay focuses on a case study where adaptation has been demonstrated in fish populations with a history of chronic exposure to persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic environmental contaminants. Because the magnitude, breadth and long-term outcomes of such changes are unknown, ecological risk assessments that are limited in focus to short-term exposures and consequences may seriously underestimate the ecological and evolutionary impacts of anthropogenic stressors. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Nacci, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 27 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 BP 91 EP 97 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 520MZ UT WOS:000173786800009 ER PT J AU Reiter, LW AF Reiter, LW TI Extrapolation in human health and ecological risk assessments: Fourth Symposium of US EPA's National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Reiter, LW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 520MZ UT WOS:000173786800001 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, JW Kohan, MJ King, LC Kirlin, WG AF Rodriguez, JW Kohan, MJ King, LC Kirlin, WG TI Detection of DNA adducts in developing CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes and splenocytes following in utero exposure to benzo[a]pyrene SO IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; UMBILICAL-CORD BLOOD; HUMAN TERM PLACENTA; CHILDHOOD-CANCER; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; GESTATION STAGE; UNITED-STATES; FETAL TISSUES; SMOKE; CELLS AB Environmental carcinogen exposure may play an important role in the incidence of cancer in children. In addition to environmental pollutants, maternal smoking during pregnancy may be a contributing factor. Major carcinogenic components of cigarette smoke and other combustion by-products in the environment include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Mouse offspring exposed during midpregnancy to the PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), show significant deficiencies in their immune functions, observed in late gestation which persist for at least 18 months. Tumor incidences in these progeny are 8 to 10-fold higher than in controls. We have demonstrated a significant reduction in thymocytes (CD4(+) CD8(+), CD4(+) CD8(+) Vbeta8(+), CD4(+) CD8(+) Vgamma2(+)) from newborn and splenocytes (CD4(+) CD8(-))from 1-week-old mouse progeny exposed to B[a]P in utero. To investigate possible causes of the observed T cell reduction, we analyzed the thymocytes and splenocytes from progeny and maternal tissues for the presence of B[a]P-DNA adducts. Adducts were detected in maternal, placental and offspring lymphoid tissues at day 19 of gestation.. at birth and 1-wk after birth. The presence of B[a]P-DNA adducts in immature T cells may, in part, explain the previously observed T cell immunosuppression and tumor susceptibility in mice exposed to B[a]P in utero. The effects of DNA lesions on progeny T cells may include interference with normal T-cell development. These results provide a possible explanation for the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood carcinogenesis. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Univ Cent Caribe, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bayamon, PR 00960 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kirlin, WG (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-03034]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-028248] NR 63 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0892-3973 J9 IMMUNOPHARM IMMUNOT JI Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 365 EP 381 DI 10.1081/IPH-120014723 PG 17 WC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 604ZL UT WOS:000178650900003 PM 12375734 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Nelson, GB Lambert, G Padgett, W Pimentel, M Tennant, AH Kligerman, AK Ross, JA AF Nesnow, S Nelson, GB Lambert, G Padgett, W Pimentel, M Tennant, AH Kligerman, AK Ross, JA TI A novel metabolic activation pathway for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage and morphological cell transformation in mouse embryo cells by K-region diol metabolites SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, ECD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PY 2002 SU 13 BP 143 EP 144 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 565PP UT WOS:000176378900456 ER PT J AU Martinez, G Mishina, Y Bertram, JF AF Martinez, G Mishina, Y Bertram, JF TI BMPs and BMP receptors in mouse metanephric development: in vivo and in vitro studies SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BMPs; noggin; metanephros; kidney; branching ID KIDNEY; MORPHOGENESIS; EXPRESSION; EMBRYOGENESIS; STEREOLOGY; GLOMERULI; DEFICIENT; APOPTOSIS; ECTODERM; DEFECTS AB BMPs have recently emerged as likely regulators of development of the permanent kidney (metanephros). Transcripts for BMPs and their receptors have been localised in the developing metanephros. In vitro, BMPs 2, 4 and 7 have direct or indirect roles in regulation of ureteric branching morphogenesis and branch formation. In vivo, renal phenotypes have been reported in BMP7 homozygous null mutant mice and BMP4 heterozygous null mutant mice. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro roles of BMPs and BMP receptors in metanephric development were further analysed. Stereology and histology were used to analyse kidneys from mice heterozygous for mutations in either BMP2, BMPR-IA or ActR-IA. Roles of BMPs 2 and 4 in mouse metanephric development in vitro were analysed by culturing whole metanephroi in the presence of BMP2, BMP4, the BMP inhibitor noggin, and BMP4 plus noggin. Ureteric branching morphogenesis and nephrogenesis were analysed. By qualitative histology, kidneys from BMP2, BMPR-IA and ActR-IA heterozygous null mutant mice were found to be the same as those from wild type mice. The kidneys of the heterozygous mice contained the normal complement of nephrons. In vitro, high concentrations of BMP4 inhibited branching of the ureteric epithelium and changed its morphology, while nephrogenesis was inhibited by 50%. A range of concentrations of BMP2 did not alter ureteric or mesenchyme morphology, or the number of glomeruli formed. Noggin did not alter metanephric development in vitro, but did block the effect of BMP4. The experiments described in this study have shown that BMP4 has distinct roles from BMP2 in metanephric development. C1 Monash Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Martinez, G (reprint author), Monash Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. RI Bertram, John/I-2588-2014 OI Bertram, John/0000-0001-5863-6464 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU U B C PRESS PI BILBAO PA UNIV BASQUE COUNTRY, EDITORIAL SERVICES, PO BOX 1397, E-48080 BILBAO, SPAIN SN 0214-6282 J9 INT J DEV BIOL JI Int. J. Dev. Biol. PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 SI SI BP 525 EP 533 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 573HY UT WOS:000176824700025 PM 12141440 ER PT J AU Miller, CA Srivastava, RK Sedman, CB AF Miller, CA Srivastava, RK Sedman, CB TI Advances in control Of PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors generated by the combustion of pulverized coal SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; pollution controls; control costs; hybrid particle collection systems AB Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 mum in aerodynamic diametre (PM2.5) from coal-fired boilers is composed of directly emitted (primary) particles and particles formed from precursors (secondary particles). Technologies to reduce emissions of precursors to secondary PM2.5 emitted by coal-fired utility plants include wet and dry flue gas desulphurization (FGD). Limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) systems are the predominant wet FGD technology in use, and lime spray dryers (LSDs) represent the predominant dry FGD systems. A predictive model indicates that LSD systems have lower annualized costs than LSFO systems for coals with less than 2% sulphur and for plants smaller than 300 MWe. Control technologies for primary PM2.5 include hybrid systems such as the combined hybrid particulate control system and an electrostatically enhanced fabric filter (ESFF) system. The ESFF can provide improved PM2.5 collection and lower fan power requirements compared to a conventional pulse-jet baghouse. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA AEROPORT PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG 110 AVE LOUSIS CASAI CP 306, CH-1215 GENEVA AEROPORT, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 156 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556HY UT WOS:000175844400010 ER PT J AU Hofstetter, P AF Hofstetter, P TI The value debate: Ecodesign in a global context - Are there differences in global values and do they matter? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Hofstetter, P (reprint author), US EPA, MS 466,26W,Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0948-3349 J9 INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS JI Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. PY 2002 VL 7 IS 2 BP 62 EP 63 DI 10.1007/BF02978848 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 535TW UT WOS:000174663300002 ER PT J AU Osorio, AM AF Osorio, AM TI Surveillance systems for pesticide intoxications SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE pesticides; surveillance systems; toxicology AB The intent of this article is to provide an overview of surveillance systems dealing with pesticide intoxications. Surveillance, medical monitoring, and the components of a surveillance system are discussed. Information is presented on how to make a diagnosis of environmental or occupational pesticide intoxication, examples of different case definitions, and the steps in investigating a pesticide disease outbreak. Examples from various countries are used to illustrate acute pesticide intoxication surveillance, pesticide exposure surveillance, and medical monitoring of pesticide-exposed workers. Finally, a list of informational sources for pesticide toxicology, medical diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance data is provided. It is anticipated that this information will assist those individuals or organizations seeking to develop such a system, evaluate an existing system, or gain a better understanding of data derived from such systems. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Osorio, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, 1200 Penn Ave Nw,7506C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA SN 1077-3525 J9 INT J OCCUP ENV HEAL JI Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 8 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 560VP UT WOS:000176102300001 PM 11843434 ER PT J AU Brown, JL Miller, TF Gussman, C Nadeau, R Allen, H AF Brown, JL Miller, TF Gussman, C Nadeau, R Allen, H TI Invited commentary on terminology for the International Journal of Phytoremediation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1522-6514 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 331 EP 331 DI 10.1080/15226510208500091 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 636BY UT WOS:000180435700006 ER PT J AU Gallagher, PA Murray, S Wei, XY Schwegel, CA Creed, JT AF Gallagher, PA Murray, S Wei, XY Schwegel, CA Creed, JT TI An evaluation of sample dispersion media used with accelerated solvent extraction for the extraction and recovery of arsenicals from LFB and DORM-2 SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; ICP-MS DETECTION; DIETARY-INTAKE; OYSTER TISSUE; SPECIATION; OPTIMIZATION AB An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) device was evaluated as a semi-automated means for extracting arsenicals from quality control (QC) samples and DORM-2 [a standard reference material (SRM)]. Unlike conventional extraction procedures, the ASE requires that the sample be dispersed in an inert dispersion media prior to the extraction. The need to disperse the sample in a support matrix prior to extraction is demonstrated by a 58% reduction in the extraction efficiency of arsenic (As-Extraction (Efficiency)) from DORM-2 if the sample is not homogeneously suspended in the dispersion media. Three dispersion media (Filter Aid, Q-Beads, Teflon) were evaluated in terms of the arsenic extraction recoveries (As-Extraction Recovery) from laboratory fortified blanks (LFB) and matrices (LFM). The arsenicals investigated were arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite [As(III)], dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), disodium methylarsenate (MMA) and arsenate [As(V)]. The first dispersion medium, Filter Aid (a high density glass bead, similar to0.04 mm particle size) produced near-quantitative removal of As(III) and As(V), while similar to90% of the MMA and similar to10% of the DMA was removed by the Filter Aid. This is contrary to the 99.6% +/- 0.8 (+/-2s) As-Extraction Recovery obtained for an AsB in a LFB. The ack of retention of AsB on the Filter Aid is consistent with the 94.8% +/- 11.8 (+/-2s) As-Extraction Efficiency for DORM-2 which contains predominately AsB. Fortifying DORM-2 with an AsB, As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA mixture produces a LFM As-Extraction Recovery of 70.0% +/- 9.8 (+/-2s). The low As-Extraction Recoveries are a result of the Filter Aid binding and retaining certain anionic arsenicals. The second dispersion media, Q-beads (a soda lime glass bead, 0.8 mm spherical), did not exhibit these binding interactions. The As-Extraction Recovery in a LFB for Q-Beads was 98.7% +/- 5.6 (+/-2s). The As-Extraction Efficiency and the LFM As-Extraction Recovery from DORM-2 using Q-beads were 88.2% +/- 14.6 and 83.2% +/- 11.8 (+/-2s), respectively. Finally, two Teflon particle sizes were evaluated (250 mum and 1000 mum diameter) as dispersion media. The Teflon dispersion media produced LFB As-Extraction Recoveries of 98.7% +/- 3.4 (+/--2s) (for the 250 mum particle) and 95.2% +/- 3.6 (+/-2s) (for the 1000 mum particle). The As-Extraction (Efficiencies) for DORM-2 were 88.6% +/- 2.2 and 84.8% +/-- 2.2 (+/-2s) for the 250 mum and 1000 mm Teflon dispersion media, respectively. As-Extraction Recoveries of the LFMs for DORM-2 using the 250 mum and 1000 mum Teflon were 101.9% +/- 2.6 and 101.5% +/- 1.8 (+/-2s), respectively. ASE cell components and the ASE solvent reduction vials were evaluated for potential analyte losses. The stainless steel frit located at the exit of the ASE cell was found to bind up to 13% of the arsenicals present in a LFB. The resolubilization of As(III) from the Pyrex ASE vials using 18 MOmega water required greater than 8 h. The slow resolubilization after the solvent reduction was not observed for the other analytes. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 25 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 581 EP 586 DI 10.1039/b109013p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 559XV UT WOS:000176052400004 ER PT J AU Klinefelter, GR Welch, JE Perreault, SD Moore, HD Zucker, RM Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Bobseine, K Jeffay, S AF Klinefelter, GR Welch, JE Perreault, SD Moore, HD Zucker, RM Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Bobseine, K Jeffay, S TI Localization of the sperm protein SP22 and inhibition of fertility in vivo and in vitro SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE fertility biomarker; zona inhibition; testis expression; equatorial segment; recombinant SP22; clear cell localization; interspecies homology; moonlighting protein ID MALE-RATS; IN-VITRO; FERTILIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; SPERMATOZOA; ORNIDAZOLE; CELLS AB We previously established that levels of the sperm membrane protein, SP22, are highly correlated with the fertility of sperm from the cauda epididymidis of rats exposed to both epididymal and testicular toxicants, and that a testis-specific SP22 transcript is expressed in postmeiotic germ cells. In this study, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were generated to study the expression of SP22 in the testis and epididymis, and to determine whether SP22 plays a coincidental or causal role in fertility. Polyclonal antiserum was raised in sheep against full-length recombinant rat SP22 (rSP22). Hybridoma clones were generated from mice immunized with rSP22 and boosted with native SP22; positive clones were used for ascites production. Immunoblots indicated that affinity-purified anti-rSP22 immunoglobulin (Ig) and ascites Ig recognized denatured and native SP22, respectively. Linear epitope mapping of the 189-amino acid SP22 sequence revealed 3 distinct peptide sequences recognized by anti-rSP22 Ig, and 1 sequence recognized by ascites Ig. Cytoplasm of round spermatids and heads of elongating/elongated spermatids immunostained with both anti-rSP22 and ascites antibodies. Isolated rete testis sperm revealed discrete staining over the cytoplasmic droplet, whereas staining was apparent over the equatorial segment of the head by the time sperm reached the caput epididymidis. Clear cells were, interestingly, immunostained along the length of the epididymis. Ascites Ig and anti-SP22 Ig each recognized the equatorial segment of sperm heads from rat, hamster, bull, rabbit, and human. Ascites Ig and affinity-purified anti-rSP22 Ig each significantly inhibited the fertility of cauda epididymal sperm from the rat in vivo, as well as the fertilization rates of cauda epididymal sperm in vitro. Moreover, affinity-purified anti-rSP22 significantly inhibited in vitro fertilization of both zona-intact and zona-free hamster oocytes, suggesting that SP22 may play a role in both the zona penetration and membrane fusion steps of fertilization. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Klinefelter, GR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 23 IS 1 BP 48 EP 63 PG 16 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 504EA UT WOS:000172843300011 PM 11780923 ER PT J AU Soderberg, D AF Soderberg, D TI Single class multiresidue methods for organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PESTICIDE ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY; METABOLITES; EXTRACTION; RESIDUES; PRODUCTS; WATER C1 US EPA, OPP, HED, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Soderberg, D (reprint author), US EPA, OPP, HED, RRB3,Room 821D,Crystal Mall 2,7509C,Ariel Rios Bl, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 258 EP 261 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 522JN UT WOS:000173893000039 PM 11878613 ER PT J AU Rivera, LE Mason, CJ Chechik, E Lee, JK Burns, AW Denning, R Hanks, AR Harbin, DN Marsh, D Ritland, CL AF Rivera, LE Mason, CJ Chechik, E Lee, JK Burns, AW Denning, R Hanks, AR Harbin, DN Marsh, D Ritland, CL TI Committee on Pesticides and Disinfectant Formulations SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 Calif Dept Food & Agr, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. Nevada Div Agr, Reno, NV 89502 USA. Maryland Dept Agr, State Chemist Sect, Annapolis, MD 21415 USA. US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. N Carolina Dept Agr, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. Purdue Univ, Off Indiana State Chemist, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Bayer Corp, Ag Div, Kansas City, MO 64120 USA. Arizona Dept Agr, State Agr Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85009 USA. RP Rivera, LE (reprint author), Calif Dept Food & Agr, 3292 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 274 EP 275 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 522JN UT WOS:000173893000042 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Beckett, P Weisburg, S Newell, R Bell, J Bontoyan, WR Capar, SG Cook, J Lee, SM Lehotay, SJ Olberding, EL AF Krynitsky, AJ Beckett, P Weisburg, S Newell, R Bell, J Bontoyan, WR Capar, SG Cook, J Lee, SM Lehotay, SJ Olberding, EL TI Committee on Residues and Related Topics SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. Florida State Dept Agr, Chem Residue Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. US FDA, Div Math, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Eurofins Sci, Memphis, TN 38103 USA. Maryland Dept Agr, State Chemist Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Calif Dept Food & Agr, Ctr Analyt Chem, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Dow Agrosci LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. RP Krynitsky, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 292 EP 294 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 522JN UT WOS:000173893000048 ER PT J AU Harlin, KS Hall, WL Kalra, YP Celia, RW Boutros, SN Wehling, P Amarakone, SP Telliard, WA Gomez-Taylor, MM Kearns, JF Wadhera, A MacMullin, C McCormack, PW AF Harlin, KS Hall, WL Kalra, YP Celia, RW Boutros, SN Wehling, P Amarakone, SP Telliard, WA Gomez-Taylor, MM Kearns, JF Wadhera, A MacMullin, C McCormack, PW TI Committee on Environmental Quality SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. IMC Global, Mulberry, FL 33860 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6G 3S5, Canada. Environm Sci Corp, Mt Juliet, TN 37122 USA. Environm Associated Ltd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Medall Labs, Minneapolis, MN 55427 USA. CAnadian Atlantic Forest Serv, Nat REsources Canada, Hugh John Flemming Forestry Ctr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Dames & Moore Inc, Linthicum, MD 21090 USA. In Vitro Diagnost Devices Div, Therapeut Prod Programme, Ottawa, ON K1A OL2, Canada. Environm Serv Lab Inc, Sydney, NS B1P 6J1, Canada. RP Harlin, KS (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 305 EP 306 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 522JN UT WOS:000173893000051 ER PT J AU Chernoff, N Hunter, ES Hall, LL Rosen, MB Brownie, CF Malarkey, D Marr, M Herkovits, J AF Chernoff, N Hunter, ES Hall, LL Rosen, MB Brownie, CF Malarkey, D Marr, M Herkovits, J TI Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microcystin; developmental toxicology; mouse; frog; embryo ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS; HEPATIC-NECROSIS; LIVER; EXPOSURE; MICE; HEPATOTOXICITY; AERUGINOSA; TOXICOSIS; TOXICITY AB Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyanobacterial toxin generated by the organism Microcystis aeruginosa. Although the hepatotoxicity of this chemical has been characterized, the potential developmental toxicity in vertebrates has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of this toxin on the in vivo and in vitro development of mammals and the development of an Anuran (toad). Initial acute toxicity experiments with female CD-1 mice were accomplished with MC-LR administered i.p. in saline. Lethality occurred at 128 and 160 mug kg(-1) and histopathology revealed massive hepatic necrosis with diffuse hemorrhage. Developmental toxicity studies were done with MC-LR administered i.p. for 2-day periods: gestation days 7-8, 9-10 or 11-12. Doses used ranged from 2 to 128 mug kg(-1). On gestation day 17, fetuses were weighed and analyzed for gross morphological and skeletal defects. No treatment-related differences were seen in litter size, viability, weight or the incidence of anomalies. Groups of dams dosed with 32-128 mug kg(-1) on gestation days 7-8, 9-10 or 11-12 were allowed to give birth and the growth and development of their pups were followed postnatally. There were no significant effects noted in the offspring of the treated dams. Neurulation-staged CD-1 mouse conceptuses were exposed to 50-1000 nM MC-LR in whole embryo culture for 24 h. No significant increase in abnormalities or developmental delays was observed. Finally, exposure of the developing toad. Bufo arenarum was done from stage 17 (tail bud) for 10 days at concentrations of 1-20 mg l(-1). No effect on morphological development or survival was noted in any exposed groups. These data indicate that microcystin does not appear to affect development adversely in the mouse (in vivo or in vitro) or the toad at the doses and exposure parameters used. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, ORD, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Inst Ciencias Ambientales & Salud, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Chernoff, N (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1 BP 13 EP 17 DI 10.1002/jat.800 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 517GT UT WOS:000173603300002 PM 11807924 ER PT J AU Borst, M Riscassi, AL Estime, L Fassman, EL AF Borst, M Riscassi, AL Estime, L Fassman, EL TI Free-water depth as a management tool for constructed wetlands SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Estime, L (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 40 BP 43 EP 45 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 569RZ UT WOS:000176617200008 ER PT J AU Slezak, BP Hamm, JT Reyna, J Hurst, CH Birnbaum, LS AF Slezak, BP Hamm, JT Reyna, J Hurst, CH Birnbaum, LS TI TCDD-mediated oxidative stress in male rat pups following perinatal exposure SO JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TCDD; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; oxidative stress; perinatal exposure; development; rats; liver ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE; AH RECEPTOR; DNA-DAMAGE; MICE; MECHANISMS; INDUCTION; TISSUES; CYP1A2; MOUSE AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorododibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a highly persistent trace environmental contaminant and is one of the most potent toxicants known. Exposure to TCDD has been shown to cause oxidative stress in a variety of animal models. In this study, pregnant Long Evans rats were dosed with 1 mug TCDD/kg on gestational day (GD) 15 so as to investigate oxidative stress in the liver of male pups following gestational exposure to TCDD. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total glutathione (GSH) were assayed to identify changes in oxidative stress parameters in the pup liver at GD 21 and postnatal days (PND) 4, 25, 32, 49, and 63. Mean ROS levels in pups were elevated at all time points tested with a significant elevation at PND 4 and PND 25. However, pup hepatic lipid peroxidation was unchanged throughout the time course. In addition, hepatic total GSH levels were not significantly changed although the means for the TCDD-treated groups were less than those of the controls at all time points except PND 49. The results indicate that although the levels of ROS are increased following gestational/lactational exposure, this increase does not translate to direct oxidative damage or significant changes to endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Further investigation into the effect of gestational/lactational exposure in pups should include additional endpoints for further characterization of the time course of the response, the effect upon extrahepatic tissues, and investigation of differences between male and female offspring. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07126] NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1095-6670 J9 J BIOCHEM MOL TOXIC JI J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 49 EP 52 DI 10.1002/jbt.10024 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 551KP UT WOS:000175561100001 PM 11979421 ER PT J AU Sayles, GD AF Sayles, GD TI Environmental engineering and endocrine disrupting chemicals SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sayles, GD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2002 VL 128 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:1(1) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 512EN UT WOS:000173308300001 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM AF Lasat, MM TI Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Review ID HYPERACCUMULATOR THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM REDUCTION; GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE; GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED PLANTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI ATCC-33456; ZINC-TRANSPORTER GENES; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; INDIAN MUSTARD; HEAVY-METALS; CONTAMINATED SOILS AB Remediation of sites contaminated with toxic metals is particularly challenging. Unlike organic compounds, metals cannot be degraded, and the cleanup usually requires their removal. However, this energy-intensive approach can be prohibitively expensive. In addition, the metal removing process often employs stringent physicochemical agents which can dramatically inhibit soil fertility with subsequent negative impacts on the ecosystem. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a cost-effective, enviromnental-friendly alternative technology. A great deal of research indicates that plants have the genetic potential to remove many toxic metals from the soil. Despite this potential, phytoremediation is yet to become a commercially available technology. Progress in the field is hindered by a lack of understanding of complex interactions in the rhizosphere and plant-based mechanisms which allow metal translocation and accumulation in plants. In this paper, four research areas relevant to metal phytoextraction from contaminated soil are reviewed. The review concludes with an assessment of the current status of technology deployment and suggestions for future phytoremediation research. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Res 8722R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lasat, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Res 8722R, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 181 TC 546 Z9 627 U1 46 U2 405 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 109 EP 120 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 515FG UT WOS:000173484300013 PM 11837415 ER PT J AU Dasher, D Hanson, W Read, S Faller, S Farmer, D Efurd, W Kelley, J Patrick, R AF Dasher, D Hanson, W Read, S Faller, S Farmer, D Efurd, W Kelley, J Patrick, R TI An assessment of the reported leakage of anthropogenic radionuclides from the underground nuclear test sites at Amchitka Island, Alaska, USA to the surface environment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Aretic CY SEP 20-23, 1999 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND DE Amchitka Island; Alaska; underground nuclear testing; cannikin; long shot; milrow; tritium; plutonium ID PLUTONIUM AB Three underground nuclear tests representing approximately 15-16% of the total effective energy released during the United States underground nuclear testing program from 1951 to 1992 were conducted at Amchitka Island, Alaska. In 1996, Greenpeace reported that leakage of radionuclides, Am-241 and (239) (+) Pu-240, from these underground tests to the terrestrial and freshwater environments had been detected. In response to this report, a federal, state, tribal and non-governmental team conducted a terrestrial and freshwater radiological sampling program in 1997. Additional radiological sampling was conducted in 1998. An assessment of the reported leakage to the freshwater environment was evaluated by assessing 3 H values in surface waters and Pu-240/Pu-239 ratios in various sample media. Tritium values ranged from 0.41 Bq/1 +/- 0.11 two sigma to 0.74Bq/1 +/- 0.126 two sigma at the surface water sites sampled, including the reported leakage sites. Only at the Long Shot test site, where leakage of radioactive gases to the near-surface occurred in 1965, were higher H-3 levels of 5.8 Bq/1 +/- 0.19 two sigma still observed in 1997, in mud pit #3. The mean Pu-240/Pu-239 for all of the Amchitka samples was 0.1991 +/- 0.0149 one standard deviation, with values ranging from 0.1824 +/- 1.43% one sigma to 0.2431 +/- 6.56% one sigma. The measured H-3 levels and Pu-240/Pu-239 ratios in freshwater moss and sediments at Amchitka provide no evidence of leakage occurring at the sites reported by Buske and Miller (1998 Nuclear-Weapons-Free America and Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Anchorage, Ak, p. 38) and Miller and Buske (1996 Nuclear Flashback: The Return to Anchitka, p. 35). It was noted that the marine sample; Pu-240/Pu-239 ratios are statistically different than the global fallout ratios presented by Krey et al. (1976) and Kelley, Bond, and Beasley (1999). The additional non-fallout component Pu-240/Pu-239 ratio, assuming a single unique source, necessary to modify the global fallout Pu-240/Pu-239 ratio to that treasured in the marine samples is on the order of 0.65 (Hameedi, Efurd, Harmon, Valette-Silver, & Robertson, 1999; Kelley et al., 1999). While this potentially suggests another plutonium source, such as high burn-up nuclear reactor fuel, rather than underground nuclear tests, the uncertainties in analyses and environmental processes need to be fully assessed before any conclusion can be reached. Further work is needed to evaluate these findings and to support any radiological assessment of the marine environment surrounding Amchitka. Based on geohydrological testing and modeling, leakage from the Amchitka Underground Nuclear Tests is projected to occur to the marine environment (Claassen, 1978; Fenske, 1972; Wheatcraft, 1995). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Dept Environm Conserv, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. Hanson Environm Res Serv Inc, Bellingham, WA 98226 USA. US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Aleutian Pribilof Isl Assoc, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Dasher, D (reprint author), Alaska Dept Environm Conserv, 610 Univ Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. NR 57 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 165 EP 187 AR PII S0265-931X(01)00102-3 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00102-3 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 533ZQ UT WOS:000174560500011 PM 11936606 ER PT J AU Clayton, CA Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ AF Clayton, CA Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ TI National Human Exposure Assessment Survey: Analysis of exposure pathways and routes for arsenic and lead in EPA region 5 SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASSESSMENT SURVEY NHEXAS AB The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I field study conducted in EPA Region 5 (Great Lakes Area) provides extensive exposure data on a representative sample of approximately 250 residents of the region. Associated environmental media and biomarker (blood, urine) concentration data were also obtained for the study participants to aid in understanding of the relationships of exposures to both contaminant pathways and doses. Besides fulfilling the primary NHEXAS objectives, the NHEXAS data provided an opportunity to explore secondary usages, such as examining pathway to route of exposure relationships. A generic type of structural equation model was used to define the anticipated relationships among the various data types for both arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). Since, by design, only a few participants provided data for all sample types, implementing this model required that some media concentrations (outdoor air and soil) be imputed for subjects with missing information by using measurements collected in the same geographic area and time period. The model, and associated pairwise correlations, generally revealed significant but weak associations among the concentrations, exposures, and doses; the strongest associations occurred for the various air measurements (indoor versus outdoor and personal). The generally weak associations were thought to be partly due to the absence of complete coverage of nonresidential environmental media and to nonsynchronization of relevant measurement times and integration periods of collection across the various sample types. In general, relationships between the NHEXAS questionnaire data and the various concentration, exposure, and body-burden measures were also weak. The model results and the modeling exercise suggest several ways for optimizing the design of future exposure assessment studies that are aimed at supporting structural modeling activities. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Clayton, CA (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194,3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 6 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 12 IS 1 BP 29 EP 43 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500198 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 538FB UT WOS:000174803300004 PM 11859431 ER PT J AU Rossmann, R AF Rossmann, R TI Lake Michigan 1994-1996 surficial sediment mercury SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; sediments; mercury AB Between 1994 and 1996, sediment samples were collected from 118 stations in Lake Michigan. Samples were collected using both a box corer and a PONAR grab sampler. Samples were collected for the purpose of describing the current spatial variation of mercury in surficial sediment and for comparing current concentrations and fluxes to historic data. This work includes the first description of the spatial variation of mercury fluxes to the lake's sediment. It also provides a more recent description of the spatial distribution of mercury concentrations within the lake's sediments. For the 118 sites sampled and analyzed, the surficial sediment mercury concentration averaged 78 ng/g and ranged between 2 and 260 ng/g. Concentrations were highest in depositional basins and exhibited a distribution that conformed to the lake's bathymetry. The spatial distribution of mercury fluxes did not conform to the bathymetry. Instead maximum fluxes were shifted toward the southeastern shore. Fluxes to and concentrations in surficial sediment of each depositional basin were not significantly different from one another. Fluxes averaged 7.2 ng/cm(2)/y and ranged between 0.85 and 32 ng/cm(2)/y. Regional atmospheric fluxes account for roughly 50 percent of the total mercury flux to surficial sediments. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res La, Midcontinent Ecol Div Duluth,Large Lakes Res Stn, Large Lakes & Rivers Forecasting Res Branch, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Rossmann, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res La, Midcontinent Ecol Div Duluth,Large Lakes Res Stn, Large Lakes & Rivers Forecasting Res Branch, 9311 Groh Rd, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2002 VL 28 IS 1 BP 65 EP 76 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 534LG UT WOS:000174587400007 ER PT J AU Trebitz, AS Morrice, JA Cotter, AM AF Trebitz, AS Morrice, JA Cotter, AM TI Relative role of lake and tributary in hydrology of Lake Superior coastal wetlands SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; seiche; tributary; hydrology; mixing; mouth closure ID GREAT-LAKES; NITROGEN; TRACERS; WATER AB Despite the documented importance of hydrodynamics in influencing the structure and function of Great Lakes coastal wetlands, systematic assessments of coastal wetland hydrology are lacking. This paper addresses this gap by describing patterns in lake and tributary inputs, it,ater residence times, and mixing regimes for a suite of western Lake Superior wetlands that differ in the amount of tributary and seiche flow they receive. We show, that variability in tributary flows among wetlands and over time is far greater than variability in seiche-driven water movements, and that the amount of tributary flow, strongly influences wetland hydrology via effects on water mixing and residence times, seiche size, mouth closures, and relative amounts of main and off-channel areas. Wetland seiche amplitudes were reduced in systems with small mouth openings and wetland mouth size was correlated with tributary flow All wetlands experienced seiche-driven water level oscillations, but there was lake water intrusion only, into those wetlands where tributary outflow was small relative to the seiche-driven inflow. Wetlands in settings exposed to long-shore sediment transport exhibited periodic mouth closures when stream flows were low. The absolute and relative size of lake and tributary inputs must be explicitly considered in addition to wetland morphology and landscape setting in studies seeking to understand determinants of coastal wetland structure, function, and response to anthropogenic stressors. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Trebitz, AS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 42 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 212 EP 227 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 566JN UT WOS:000176424300010 ER PT J AU Scheraga, JD Furlow, J AF Scheraga, JD Furlow, J TI Preface to the potential impacts of climate change in the Great Lakes region SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Reg Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheraga, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Global Change Res Program, Mail Code 8601-D,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2002 VL 28 IS 4 BP 493 EP 495 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 635QV UT WOS:000180411100002 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Harada, M Marino, MA AF Hantush, MM Harada, M Marino, MA TI Hydraulics of stream flow routing with bank storage SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE bank storage; groundwater; stream-aquifer systems; hydrology; stream flow; Laplace transforms; hydrologic routing; surface water; models ID STREAM/AQUIFER INTERACTION; BOUSSINESQ EQUATION; AQUIFER RESPONSE; ANALYTICAL MODEL; STAGE AB Bank storage is a process in which volumes of water are temporarily retained by alluvial stream banks during storm events and gradually released to partially sustain baseflow. This process has important hydrologic and ecological implications. In this paper, analytical solutions are developed for routing stream flow, lateral stream-aquifer interactions, and aquifer storage. In effect, the stream-flow routing Muskingum method is modified for bank storage. The analysis is based on one-dimensional lateral groundwater flow in semiinfinite homogeneous unconfined aquifers, which are in contact with streams through semipervious bed sediments. Impulse response and unit step response functions are derived for the stream-aquifer system, using Laplace transformations, These response functions relate stream outflow, stream-aquifer flow, bank storage, and cumulative reach discharge volume to discrete-time inflow hydrographs through convolution integrals. The impulse response function decreases with increasing aquifer hydraulic conductivity at earlier times, but increases with the conductivity and persists at later times. The unit step response function decreases with aquifer conductivity uniformly in time. The dependence of stream flow and bank storage on aquifer hydraulic conductivity, streambed leakance, stream width, and aquifer diffusivity is investigated. The analysis is extended to discrete input data, and modification of the methodology to route discrete-time inflow hydrographs of general form is achieved, using discrete-time kernels. The presented analysis establishes the time domain for validity of the analytical solutions in terms of the Muskingum parameters and an aquifer-related parameter. C1 US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Meijo Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 4688502, Japan. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 7 IS 1 BP 76 EP 89 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:1(76) PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 512DL UT WOS:000173305800009 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS TI Environmentally friendlier organic transformations on mineral supports under non-traditional conditions SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Materials Discussion Meeting (MD5) CY SEP 22-25, 2002 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOLVENT-FREE CONDITIONS; LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES; MICROWAVE IRRADIATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; DRY MEDIA; CATALYTIC-HYDROGENATION; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS; ULTRASOUND IRRADIATION AB Synthetic organic reactions performed under non-traditional conditions are gaining popularity, primarily to circumvent growing environmental concerns. A solvent-free approach that involves microwave ( MW) exposure of neat reactants ( undiluted) catalyzed by the surfaces of less expensive and recyclable mineral supports, such as alumina, silica, clay, or doped surfaces, is described which is applicable to a wide range of deprotection, condensation, cyclization, rearrangement, oxidation, and reduction reactions, including rapid one-pot assembly of heterocyclic compounds from in situ-generated reactive intermediates. The strategy is adaptable to multi-component reactions for rapid assembly of a library of compounds. The application of microwaves and ultrasound as successful alternative energy sources is described for the selective epoxidation of alkenes and alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones over hydrotalcites as catalysts. The ability of green solvents such as supercritical (sc) CO2 to dissolve many reactive gases like H-2 and O-2, and also a variety of organic compounds, can be exploited to facilitate many important industrial transformations in this medium, wherein the improved reactant solubility and minimized interphase mass-transfer limitations lead to enhanced reaction rates and unusual product selectivity. Consequently, the use of sc-CO2 as an attractive medium for the selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, such as cinnamaldehyde, over supported metallic catalysts (Pd/Al2O3) is illustrated. Furthermore, recent developments in the areas of microwave or ultrasound-expedited reactions, and the use of supercritical CO2 in organic transformations are also reviewed. The salient eco-friendly features of these processes, namely the selectivity, the ease of experimental manipulation, and the enhanced reaction rates, are highlighted. Use of the above non-traditional methods promises to overcome many of the difficulties associated with conventional reactions and offers both process and environmental advantages in many cases. C1 US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 105 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2002 VL 12 IS 11 BP 3199 EP 3207 DI 10.1039/b205916a PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 607KP UT WOS:000178791000005 ER PT J AU Pendall, R Wolanski, RM McGovern, D AF Pendall, R Wolanski, RM McGovern, D TI Property rights in state legislatures: rural-urban differences in support for state anti-taking bills SO JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; LAND; POVERTY AB In the 1990s over half of US states adopted bills redefining the unconstitutional "taking" of private property by government regulation. This article reports on analysis or legislative voting on these bills in five states. The researchers mapped district-by-district votes on anti-takings bills in five state legislatures and combined these maps with socioeconomic, political, land use. and land ownership data to develop a portrait of support for and opposition to the legislation. Although the bills, are a part of the national agenda of conservative Republicans to reshape social and environmental policy, the research shows that legislative support often crossed party lines, with rural and small-town Democrats and Republicans joining in support against outnumbered urban and suburban legislators. Most of whom were Democrats but substantial numbers of whom were Republicans. The research results suggest that although the popularity of anti-takings bills may have waned, the bills may represent only one manifestation of deeper social, political, and economic forces that are almost bound to re-emerge in other forms in the future. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI USA. RP Pendall, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, 106 W Sibley Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0743-0167 J9 J RURAL STUD JI J. Rural Stud. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 19 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00024-9 PG 15 WC Geography; Planning & Development SC Geography; Public Administration GA 512LZ UT WOS:000173327000002 ER PT J AU Lomnicky, GA Barker, JR Bryce, SA AF Lomnicky, GA Barker, JR Bryce, SA TI A mail survey approach to watershed condition assessment SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic monitoring; biological integrity; mail surveys; risk assessment; water quality; watershed management ID TELEPHONE AB Aquatic resource monitoring attempts to assess the condition of aquatic habitat and organisms. Assessments require that disturbances from human activities be identified, quantified and ordered along a gradient for interpreting biological response. An index of relative risk to aquatic systems was developed based on identifying and prioritizing stream-reach and watershed stressors. Mail surveys were sent to natural resource experts (county extension agents, NRCS employees) familiar with the targeted watersheds, to collect data for assessment of 25 watersheds in the Mid-Appalachian region of the United States. A 56% correspondence was found between this method and another approach when scoring identical sites. Scoring differences resulted from discrepancies in available data between the two methods. Scores were consistent with water chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrate measures of stream condition and required less time to develop for ranking watersheds than the second method. The mail survey approach is readily transferable to other regions. C1 Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lomnicky, GA (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 537AL UT WOS:000174734000019 ER PT J AU LaRosa, LB Buckley, TJ Wallace, LA AF LaRosa, LB Buckley, TJ Wallace, LA TI Real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of black carbon in an occupied house: An examination of sources SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; FINE-PARTICLE; UNITED-STATES; CANCER RISK; WOOD SMOKE; EMISSIONS; CHILDREN; PM2.5; MASS; APPORTIONMENT AB Black carbon (BC) was measured every 5 min for two years (May 1998-May 2000) inside and immediately outside a northern Virginia house (suburban Washington, DC) occupied by two nonsmokers. Two aethalometers, which measure BC by optical transmission through a quartz fiber tape, were employed indoors and outdoors. Meteorological parameters were obtained on an hourly basis from nearby Dulles airport. Indoor activities were recorded to identify indoor sources such as combustion activities, which occurred 9% of the time during the first year and 4% of the time during the second year. At times without indoor sources, indoor/outdoor BC ratios averaged 0.53 in the first year and 0.35 in the second year. The main outdoor source of BC was the general regional background, contributing 83-84% of the total during each of the two years. Morning rush hour traffic contributed 8-9% of the total BC. An evening peak in the fall and winter, thought to include contributions from wood burning, was responsible for similar to8% of the annual average BC concentration. The main indoor sources of BC were cooking and candle burning, contributing 16 and 31%, respectively, of the annual average indoor concentrations in the two years. Relative humidity (RH) affected the outdoor aethalometer in both years. An artifact associated with the tape advance was noted for the aethalometer, but a correction factor was developed that reduced the associated error by a factor of 2. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US EPA, Reston, VA USA. RP LaRosa, LB (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F31 ES05946-01] NR 42 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 1 BP 41 EP 49 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513LX UT WOS:000173381000005 PM 15152663 ER PT J AU Bortnick, SM Coutant, BW Eberly, SI AF Bortnick, SM Coutant, BW Eberly, SI TI Using continuous PM2.5 monitoring data to report an air quality index SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MASS AB As stated in 40 CFR 58, Appendix G (2000), statistical linear regression models can be applied to relate PM2.5, continuous monitoring (CM) measurements with federal reference method (FRM) measurements, collocated or otherwise, for the purpose of reporting the air quality index (AQI). The CM measurements can then be transformed via the model to remove any bias relative to FRM measurements. The resulting FRM-like modeled measurements may be used to provide more timely reporting of a metropolitan statistical area's (MSA's) AQI.(1) Of considerable importance is the quality of the model used to relate the CM and FRM measurements. The use of a poor model could result in misleading AQI reporting in the form of incorrectly claiming either good or bad air quality. This paper describes a measure of adequacy for deciding whether a statistical linear regression model that relates FRM and continuous PM2.5, measurements is sufficient for use in AQI reporting. The approach is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) data quality objectives (DQO) process, a seven-step strategic planning approach to determine the most appropriate data type, quality, quantity, and synthesis for a given activity.(2) The chosen measure of model adequacy is r(2), the square of the correlation coefficient between FRM measurements and their modeled counterparts. The paper concludes by developing regression models that meet this desired level of adequacy for the MSAs of Greensboro/Winston-Salem/High Point, NC; and Davenport/Moline/Rock Island, IA/IL. In both cases, a log transformation of the data appeared most appropriate. For the data from the Greensboro/Winston-Salem/High Point MSA, a simple linear regression model of the FRM and CM measurements had an r(2) of 0.96, based on 227 paired observations. For the data from the Davenport/Moline/Rock Island MSA, due to seasonal differences between CM and FRM measurements, the simple linear regression model had to be expanded to include a temperature dependency, resulting in an r(2) of 0.86, based on 214 paired observations. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bortnick, SM (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 52 IS 1 BP 104 EP 112 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513LX UT WOS:000173381000012 PM 15152670 ER PT J AU Taylor, SK Buergelt, CD Roelke-Parker, ME Homer, BL Rotstein, DS AF Taylor, SK Buergelt, CD Roelke-Parker, ME Homer, BL Rotstein, DS TI Causes of mortality of free-ranging Florida panthers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cougar; felid; Florida panther; mortality; mountain lion; puma; Puma concolor coryi ID FELIS-CONCOLOR-CORYI; AORTIC-ANEURYSM; COUGARS; POPULATION; DISEASE; WILDLIFE; ALBERTA AB The Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) is one of the most endangered mammals, with the entire population estimated to consist of only 30-50 adult animals. Between 1978 and 1999, 73 free-ranging Florida panther carcasses were submitted for postmortem evaluation, of which 47 (64%) were radiocollared and 26 (36%) were uncollared cats. Over-all, mortality of panthers >6-mo-old was due to vehicular trauma in 25 (35%), intraspecific aggression in 19 (26%), illegal kill in seven (10%), research activities in two (3%), infectious diseases in two (3%), esophageal tear in one (1%), pleuritis in one (1%), pyothorax in one (1%), aortic aneurysm in one (1%), atrial septal defect in one (1%), and causes of death were undetermined in 13 (18%) due to autolysis. Of the 25 panthers that were killed by vehicular trauma, 20 (80%) died between October and April. This coincides with increased number of winter visitors to south Florida. Among radiocollared panthers. intraspecific aggression was the primary cause of mortality for 19 (41%) dead cats. Of these cats, 16 (84%) were males and 14 (88%) were either less than 3 or more than 8-yr-old. These animals were probably fighting to establish or retain territory. Among the 26 uncollared panthers, vehicular trauma was the primary cause of mortality and was responsible for 16 (62%) deaths. This study documents the causes of mortality and the age, sex, and seasonal mortality trends for both radiocollared and uncollared free-ranging endangered Florida panthers over a 21-yr-period. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Taylor, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 55 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1 BP 107 EP 114 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 518VT UT WOS:000173689100014 PM 11838201 ER PT J AU Lopez, RD Davis, CB Fennessy, MS AF Lopez, RD Davis, CB Fennessy, MS TI Ecological relationships between landscape change and plant guilds in depressional wetlands SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE depressional wetland; ecological indicator; ecological inertia; fragmentation; gradient; island biogeography; Ohio; plant guild ID COLONIZATION; VEGETATION; ISLANDS; LAKES AB Plant guilds used to measure the relationships between wetland plant community characteristics and landscape change around 31 depressional wetlands in central Ohio, USA. Characteristics of certain plant guilds within each wetland site are correlated with changes in: (a) area of urban land cover, forest, grassland, agriculture, and open-water in the local vicinity of the wetland; (b) inter-wetland distance; and (c) wetland size (area). Taxa richness is negatively correlated with inter-wetland distance for all plant guilds, except submersed herbaceous plants. Taxa richness of the submersed herbaceous plant guild (usually less than 20% of the total number of plant species at a wetland) is positively correlated with the area of open-water in the local landscape and with the area of the wetland site itself. Significant positive correlations also exist between the area of open-water in the vicinity of the wetland and the proportion of submersed herbaceous plant taxa at the site, the number of native submersed herbaceous plant species, the submersed herbaceous plant perennial-to-annual ratio, and the number of avian-dispersed submersed herbaceous plant species at a site. The results suggest that a) the dominance of submersed herbaceous plant species at a site is related to dispersal constraints between wetlands, and (b) the relatively slower physiological response of woody plants to local landscape change may result in their contribution to greater,ecological inertia' in the plant community as a whole. For these reasons, relationships between the plant community and land cover change may not always be observed unless analyzed at the level of plant-guild. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Lopez, RD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM fennessym@kenyon.edu NR 54 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 43 EP 56 DI 10.1023/A:1015203802047 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 559FF UT WOS:000176014400004 ER PT J AU Lawler, JJ Edwards, TC AF Lawler, JJ Edwards, TC TI Landscape patterns as habitat predictors: building and testing models for cavity-nesting birds in the Uinta Mountains of Utah, USA SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE habitat mapping; habitat models; mountain chickadee; nest-site selection; northern flicker; prediction; red-naped sapsucker; tree swallow ID FOREST; WOODLANDS; EDGE AB The ability to predict species occurrences quickly is often crucial for managers and conservation biologists with limited time and funds. We used measured associations with landscape patterns to build accurate predictive habitat models that were quickly and easily applied (i.e., required no additional data collection in the field to make predictions). We used classification trees (a nonparametric alternative to discriminant function analysis, logistic regression, and other generalized linear models) to model nesting habitat of red-naped sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), northern flickers (Colaptes auratus), tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), and mountain chickadees (Parus gambeli) in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, USA. We then tested the predictive capability of the models with independent data collected in the field the following year. The models built for the northern flicker, red-naped sapsucker, and tree swallow were relatively accurate (84%, 80%, and 75% nests correctly classified, respectively) compared to the models for the mountain chickadee (50% nests correctly classified). All four models were more selective than a null model that predicted habitat based solely on a gross association with aspen forests. We conclude that associations with landscape patterns can be used to build relatively accurate, easy to use, predictive models for some species. Our results stress, however, that both selecting the proper scale at which to assess landscape associations and empirically testing the models derived from those associations are crucial for building useful predictive models. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Lawler, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 42 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 233 EP 245 DI 10.1023/A:1020219914926 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 594ZK UT WOS:000178082200003 ER PT J AU Russo, RC AF Russo, RC TI Development of marine water quality criteria for the USA SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology CY JUN 10-14, 2001 CL HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA DE marine criteria; water quality regulations AB The US Environmental Protection Agency has developed guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. These guidelines provide the method for deriving water quality criteria, including minimum data base requirements, data evaluation procedures, and calculations. The guidelines have been in place for a long time, and states have used them to derive water quality standards for their water bodies. More recent efforts have been directed towards the development of technical guidance based on the concept that bioassessment and biocriteria programs for estuaries and near coastal waters are interrelated and are critical components of comprehensive water resource protection and management. This is a holistic approach to protection and management, integrating biological assessments into traditional chemical and physical evaluations and augmenting the established water quality criteria. The method for deriving water quality criteria and the approach for biocriteria development for marine systems are described. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM russo.rosemarie@epa.gov NR 14 TC 11 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 2002 VL 45 IS 1-12 SI SI BP 84 EP 91 AR PII S0025-326X(02)00136-4 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00136-4 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 599LP UT WOS:000178336300011 PM 12398371 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Selevan, SG Gutter, S Rice, D AF Mendola, P Selevan, SG Gutter, S Rice, D TI Environmental factors associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental deficits SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE environment; mental retardation; developmental disabilities; mercury; lead; neurotoxicant ID LEVEL LEAD-EXPOSURE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; BLOOD LEAD; RAT-BRAIN; MENTAL-RETARDATION; MOTOR DEVELOPMENT; MATERNAL SMOKING; ETHANOL EXPOSURE; METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE AB A number of environmental agents have been shown to demonstrate neurotoxic effects either in human or laboratory animal studies. Critical windows of vulnerability to the effects of these agents occur both pre- and postnatally. The nervous system is relatively unique in that different parts are responsible for different functional domains, and these develop at different times (e.g., motor control, sensory, intelligence and attention). In addition, the many cell types in the brain have different windows of vulnerability with varying sensitivities to environmental agents. This review focuses on two environmental agents, lead and methylmercury, to illustrate the neurobehavioral and cognitive effects that can result from early life exposures. Special attention is paid to distinguishing between the effects detected following episodes of poisoning and those detected following lower dose exposures. Perinatal and childhood exposure to high doses of lead results in encephalopathy and convulsions. Lower-dose lead exposures have been associated with impairment in intellectual function and attention. At high levels of prenatal exposure, methylmercury produces mental retardation, cerebral palsy and visual and auditory deficits in children of exposed mothers. At lower levels of methylmercury exposure, the effects in children have been more subtle. Other environmental neurotoxicants that have been shown to produce developmental neurotoxicity include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, pesticides, ionizing radiation, environmental tobacco smoke, and maternal use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and cocaine. Exposure to environmental agents with neurotoxic effects can result in a spectrum of adverse outcomes from severe mental retardation and disability to more subtle changes in function depending on the timing and dose of the chemical agent. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Enviornm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Mendola, P (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Enviornm Effects Res Lab, 58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 132 TC 146 Z9 158 U1 4 U2 17 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1080-4013 J9 MENT RETARD DEV D R JI Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 2002 VL 8 IS 3 BP 188 EP 197 DI 10.1002/mrdd.10033 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 588ZQ UT WOS:000177733100009 PM 12216063 ER PT J AU Akiyama, SK AF Akiyama, SK TI Functional analysis of cell adhesion: Quantitation of cell-matrix attachment SO METHODS IN CELL-MATRIX ADHESION SE METHODS IN CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; BINDING DOMAIN; PLASMA FIBRONECTIN; FIBROBLASTIC CELLS; INTEGRIN; MIGRATION; RECEPTOR; LAMININ; IDENTIFICATION C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Mol Carcinogensis, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Akiyama, SK (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Mol Carcinogensis, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-679X J9 METHOD CELL BIOL PY 2002 VL 69 BP 281 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S0091-679X(02)69018-1 PG 16 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA BU68R UT WOS:000176706600017 PM 12070999 ER PT J AU Parker, CE Tomer, KB AF Parker, CE Tomer, KB TI MALDI/MS-based epitope mapping of antigens bound to immobilized antibodies SO MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE proteolytic footprinting; mass spectrometry; epitope mapping; MALDI/MS; HIV p26 ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; DISCONTINUOUS EPITOPE; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; LIMITED PROTEOLYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PROTEIN ANTIGEN; CORE PROTEIN; VIRUS; GAG AB Proteolytic digestion of proteins bound to immobilized antibodies, combined with matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI) mass spectrometric identification of the affinity-bound peptides, can be a powerful technique for epitope determination. Binding of the protein to the antibody is done while the protein is in its native, folded state. A purified protein is not required for this procedure, because only proteins containing the antigenic determinant will bind to the antibody in the initial step. The method makes use of the resistance of the antibody to enzymatic digestion. Enzymatic cleavage products of the antigenic protein not containing the epitope are washed off the beads, leaving the epitope-containing fragments affinity bound to the immobilized antibody. Dissociation of the antigen-antibody complex prior to mass spectrometric analysis is unnecessary because the affinity-bound peptides are released by the MALDI matrix crystallization process, although the antibody remains covalently attached to the sepharose beads. This epitope-mapping protocol has been used in the determination of both continuous and discontinuous epitopes on both glycosylated and unglycosylated proteins. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Mol Biophys, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tomer, Kenneth/E-8018-2013 NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1073-6085 J9 MOL BIOTECHNOL JI Mol. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 20 IS 1 BP 49 EP 62 DI 10.1385/MB:20:1:049 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 516WB UT WOS:000173578800005 PM 11876299 ER PT B AU Wyatt, TJ AF Wyatt, TJ BE Barrett, CB Place, F Aboud, AA TI Liquidity and soil management: Evidence from Madagascar and Niger SO NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE: UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING CURRENT PRACTICES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Understanding Adoption Processes for Natural Resources Management for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan Africa CY JUL 03-05, 2000 CL INT CTR RES AGROFORESTRY HEADQUARTERS, NAIROBI, KENYA HO INT CTR RES AGROFORESTRY HEADQUARTERS C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wyatt, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7503C,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CABI PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA 875 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, 7TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-85199-584-5 PY 2002 BP 129 EP 142 DI 10.1079/9780851995847.0129 PG 14 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy SC Agriculture GA BX50S UT WOS:000185523600010 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Meacham, CA Shafer, TJ AF Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Meacham, CA Shafer, TJ TI Identification of calcium-dependent and -independent signaling pathways involved in polychlorinated biphenyl-induced cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein phosphorylation in developing cortical neurons SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE developmental neurotoxicity; signal transduction; protein kinase A; Aroclor 1254; immunofluorescence; glutamate ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM; PCB MIXTURE AROCLOR-1254; RAT VISUAL-CORTEX; CREB PHOSPHORYLATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2) AB Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is a transcription factor important in developing nervous system cells and is activated by a variety of signaling molecules. Aroclor 1254 (A1254), a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, perturbs Ca2+ homeostasis and increases CREB phosphorylation in rat neonatal cortical cell cultures in a time:and concentration-dependent manner, The present experiments determined that the cell type responding to A1254 with Ca2+ increases and phosphorylated CREB (phospho-CREB) was predominantly of neuronal morphology and microtubule-associated protein (MAP2)-positive phenotype. Similarly, glutamate (100 muM) increased phospho-CREB immunoreactivity selectively in MAP2-immunopositive cells. Using Western blotting and immunocytochemical techniques, we identified key signal transduction pathways operative in phosphorylating CREB in cortical cell cultures and examined their participation in 3 ppm A1254-induced CREB activation. Cortical cultures treated with glutamate, forskolin or the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate exhibited robust increases in phospho-CREB. Tetrodotoxin (1 muM) completely inhibited CREB phosphorylation by A1254, suggesting that synaptic activity is involved in A1254-induced CREB activation. Buffering [Ca2+](i) with bis(2-aminophenox)ethane-N,N,N'.N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl) ester in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ partially inhibited A1254-induced CREB phosphorylation. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (10 muM U0126) or protein kinase C (PKC; bisindoylmaleimide, 5 muM) activation did not inhibit A1254-induced CREB phosphorylation, By contrast. inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) with 100 muM PKA inhibitor peptide, PKI. blocked A1254-induced CREB phosphorylation. Thus, we examined whether A 1254 activates PKA by increasing cAMP; 10 muM forskolin, but not A1254, elevated intracellular cAMP levels. These results indicate that in neocortical cells in culture, CREB phosphorylation occurs via Ca2+, PKA-, and PKC-dependent pathways. Furthermore, A1254-induced CREB phosphorylation occurs predominantly in neurons, is dependent on synaptic activity and mediated by Ca2+. and PKA-dependent pathways. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of IBRO. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Shafer, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 83 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4522 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PY 2002 VL 115 IS 2 BP 559 EP 573 AR PII S0306-4522(02)00343-3 DI 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00343-3 PG 15 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 617PT UT WOS:000179370600024 PM 12421622 ER PT B AU Scheehle, EA Isaksen, ISA AF Scheehle, EA Isaksen, ISA BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Methane: progress on source strength SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheehle, EA (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW 6202 J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP XXV EP XXVII PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700001 ER PT B AU Mangino, JM Wirth, T AF Mangino, JM Wirth, T BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Reducing uncertainties to agricultural greenhouse gas inventories through improved inventory methodologies & activity data SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE methane; nitrous oxide; enteric fermentation; manure management; agricultural soils AB Agricultural sources represent a significant portion of non-CO2 emissions from both developed and developing countries. In many cases, these sources are also expected to grow rapidly in the future due to escalating demand for animal products and adoption of energy intensive agricultural practices in developing countries. While uncertainties in agricultural emission estimates are relatively high, they can be addressed through adoption of some improved approaches. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made significant improvements to its agricultural greenhouse gas inventory as part of its annual update to the Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks for 1990-1999. Changes and refinements were made to the emission estimation methodologies used for methane emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management, and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil management. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mangino, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700012 ER PT B AU Schaefer, DO Bartos, S Blackman, J AF Schaefer, DO Bartos, S Blackman, J BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Estimating SF6 emissions from electrical equipment and magnesium production and processing in the US SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE emissions; inventory; sulfur hexafluoride; SF6; greenhouse gases; electrical equipment; switchgear; GIS; circuit breakers; magnesium; casting AB This paper describes the methods and information that the USEPA has used over the past year to estimate U.S. SF6 emissions from electric power systems and the magnesium industry from 1990 through 2000. To estimate SF6 emissions from these sources, the USEPA has relied on a broad spectrum of data, including reports from companies participating in its voluntary SF6 emission reduction partnerships, historical data on the quantity of SF6 sold world-wide for the past decade, published emission factors for various processes, data on the price of SF6 during the 1990s, and measured atmospheric concentrations of SF6. This paper discusses the conclusions of the U.S. analysis and how the methods used to develop the U.S. emissions estimate could be applied internationally. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schaefer, DO (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700051 ER PT B AU Schaefer, DO AF Schaefer, DO BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI A potential error associated with using chemical and equipment sales data to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from longlived, pressurized equipment SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE emissions; measurement; inventory; error; sales; greenhouse gases; hydrofluorocarbons; sulfur hexafluoride; HFCs; SF6; equipment; air conditioning; refrigeration; electrical equipment; fire suppression equipment; CFC substitutes AB This paper discusses and quantifies a potential error associated with using information on sales of chemical and equipment to estimate emissions of greenhouse gases from long-lived, pressurized equipment, such as air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment, fire suppression equipment, and SF6-containing electrical equipment. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schaefer, DO (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 229 EP 230 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700055 ER PT B AU Scheehle, EA Irving, WN Kruger, D AF Scheehle, EA Irving, WN Kruger, D BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Global anthropogenic methane emissions SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE methane; inventory; greenhouse gas; global emissions AB Global methane emissions can be estimated using either a top-down or bottom-up approach or a combination of the two. A recent analysis by EPA, which uses increasingly available bottom-up estimates based on higher tier IPCC methodologies, has resulted in significantly lower emissions of CH4 in 1090 than IPCC top-down methods or other more generalized bottom up methods. This paper compares the global estimates from different sources and explores possible reasons for the differences. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheehle, EA (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW 6202 J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 257 EP 262 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700060 ER PT B AU Gillenwater, M Lanza, R Freed, R AF Gillenwater, M Lanza, R Freed, R BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Indirect CO2 emissions from CH4, CO, and NMVOC oxidation: "The forgotten carbon in greenhouse gas emission inventories" SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE greenhouse gas; emissions; methane; carbon dioxide; inventory AB Estimates for indirect CO2 emissions from CH4, CO, and NMVOC oxidation. These emissions have are being incorporated into the U.S. greenhouse gas inventory for its 2002 submission to the UNFCCC. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gillenwater, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, 1200 Penn Ave NW MS 6204N, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 281 EP 282 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700064 ER PT B AU Rand, SD Bartos, SC Fraust, CL Hayakawa, Y Klerks, L AF Rand, SD Bartos, SC Fraust, CL Hayakawa, Y Klerks, L BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Global semiconductor industry initiative to reduce PFC emissions SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE semiconductors; perfluorocompounds; etch; chemical vapor deposition tools; fab AB Semiconductor manufacture is a small but potentially significant future source of national greenhouse gas emissions in a number of countries. Semiconductor manufacturing is the only industrial sector to have set a global emission reduction target. New processes and tools are being designed to have far less greenhouse emissions. In addition, although existing manufacturing processes are unlikely to achieve the same environmental performance as the best new designs, there are substantial opportunities to retrofit to improve environmental performance. Because most existing production facilities will be in service for many years, retrofit is a necessary part of this industry's climate protection strategy. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rand, SD (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 PA Ave NW 6205J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 409 EP 414 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700085 ER PT B AU Andersen, SO Atkinson, W Baker, JA AF Andersen, SO Atkinson, W Baker, JA BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Existing and alternate vehicle air conditioning (A/C) systems SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE vehicle air conditioning; mobile air conditioning; HFC-134a AB It is technically and economically feasible to substantially reduce global emissions from vehicle air conditioning (A/C) with existing or new refrigerants, but intelligent choices must be made to maximise the benefit to climate and provide occupant comfort and safety. Air conditioning has an environmental impact because HFC-134a refrigerant is a potent greenhouse gas and because A/C requires fuel use and its associated emissions. Emissions from the existing and future fleet of HFC-134a air-conditioned vehicles can be dramatically reduced with the use of quality components. Refrigerant management can further reduce emissions by not recharging without repairing leaking systems, recovery and recycle at service and vehicle disposal, and by prohibiting small disposable cans that encourage car owners to recharge their own systems without repair. Furthermore, energy-efficient vehicle air conditioning and heating are vital to the successful commercialisation and customer acceptance of electric, fuel cell, hybrid, and other high-efficiency vehicles. Heat pump technology may become an option for vehicles with high-efficiency internal combustion engines that reject too little energy to warm vehicle interiors in cold climates. C1 US EPA, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Andersen, SO (reprint author), US EPA, Global Programs Div, 1200 Penn Av,NW 6205L, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 415 EP 420 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700086 ER PT B AU de la Chesnaye, FC Kruger, D AF de la Chesnaye, FC Kruger, D BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Stabilizing global methane emissions: A feasibility assessment SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE methane; stabilization; marginal abatement costs AB This paper assesses the feasibility of stabilizing global methane emissions over the period 2000 to 2050. The assessment relies upon recent USEPA estimates of methane mitigation costs in key countries and regions along with methane emission projections from the Mini Climate Assessment Model. The analysis shows that methane stabilization could nearly be achieved in 2020 based on the emission reduction potential associated with four major methane sources: land-fills, coal mines, natural gas and oil systems, and manure management systems. Maintaining stabilization through 2050 will necessitate emission reductions across a wider array of sources, particularly ruminant livestock and rice production. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP de la Chesnaye, FC (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave,NW MC 6202J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 583 EP 588 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700122 ER PT B AU Delhotal, KC de la Chesnaye, FC Pitcher, HM AF Delhotal, KC de la Chesnaye, FC Pitcher, HM BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Estimating methane mitigation in the USA and internationally beyond 2020 SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE methane; non-CO2 greenhouse gases; marginal abatement curves; technological change; equilibrium models ID GAS AB In 1999, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published data for USA marginal abatement curves for methane. This detailed portrayal of abatement options led to the inclusion of methane abatement options in several partial and general equilibrium modeling efforts. Out to 2020, these curves provided sufficient information for economic and policy analysis of climate policies. As the analytical time frame stretches out to 2 100, extensions of current analyses to incorporate technical change and higher carbon prices are essential. This paper reviews current efforts and recommends continued work to improve methane mitigation analysis beyond 2020. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Delhotal, KC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 639 EP 644 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700133 ER PT B AU Upson, D Cohen, J Van Pelt, M King, J Burton, CS Lieberman, D Friedman, P Barwis, M Kantamaneni, R AF Upson, D Cohen, J Van Pelt, M King, J Burton, CS Lieberman, D Friedman, P Barwis, M Kantamaneni, R BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Guicherit, R WilliamsJacobse, JGF TI Development of an international marginal abatement curve for high global warming potential gases SO NON-C02 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL OPTIONS AND POLICY ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases CY JAN 21-23, 2002 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, VVM, Sect Clean Air, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc DE high GWP; ODS substitutes; HFC; PFC; SF6; refrigeration; air conditioning; foams; solvents; aerosols; fire protection; semiconductors; HCFC-22; magnesium; aluminum; electric power transmission/distribution; emission projections; abatement; marginal abatement curve AB The US EPA is developing analyses to characterize the role of high GWP gases as part of a comprehensive GHG mitigation approach. The analysis will present global baseline emission estimates and marginal abatement cost data that can be used in macroeconomic analyses of climate change mitigation strategies. The costs of reducing high GWP gas emissions for each major source will be estimated and assembled into a marginal abatement curve (MAC) that shows the total emission reductions achievable at increasing monetary values of carbon. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Upson, D (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-70-4 PY 2002 BP 645 EP 650 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW43L UT WOS:000181977700134 ER PT B AU Rochon, GL Szlag, D Daniel, FB Chifos, C AF Rochon, GL Szlag, D Daniel, FB Chifos, C BE Begni, G TI Remote sensing applications for sustainable watershed management and food security SO OBSERVING OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR SPACE: NEW SOLUTIONS FOR A NEW MILLENNIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Annual Symposium of the European-Association-of-Remote-Sensing-Laboratories CY MAY 14-16, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP European Assoc Remote Sensing Lab, Ecole Natl Sci Geograph, Soc Francaise Photogrammtr Teleldetect ID POLLUTION AB The integration of IKONOS satellite data, airborne color infrared remote sensing, visualization, and decision support tools is discussed, within the contexts of management techniques for minimizing nonpoint source pollution in inland waterways, such as riparian buffer restoration, and of strategies for food crop production sustainability, in an array of ecosystems. Case studies include the Little Miami River Watershed, Ohio; the Barataria Basin and Bayou Sauvage, Louisiana; and Sudan's Gezira. The investigation's objectives are to ascertain the utility of environmental decision support, informed by archival satellite data visualization and alternative future scenarios generation, and to explore site-specific sensitivity of such technologies, in support of inter-generationally prudent management of watersheds and sustainable regional food security. Follow-on collaborative research with European counterparts (e.g. Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Crete, Greece) is planned to include enhancement, hardening, environmental technology verification, and field deployment of the prototype Temporal Analysis, Reconnaissance and Decision Integration System (TARDIS). C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, AW Breidenbach Environm Res Ctr, NRMRL,Sustainable Environm Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rochon, GL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, AW Breidenbach Environm Res Ctr, NRMRL,Sustainable Environm Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,Mail Stop 497, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-254-2 PY 2002 BP 285 EP 291 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing GA BU27Y UT WOS:000175558400040 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Koch, PL AF Phillips, DL Koch, PL TI Incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing models SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE mixing model; stable isotopes; carbon : nitrogen ratios; concentration; dietary analysis ID TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; CARBON ISOTOPES; BROWN BEARS; NITROGEN; DIET; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-C-13; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; MAMMALS AB Stable isotopes are often used as natural labels to quantify the contributions of multiple sources to a mixture. For example, C and N isotopic signatures can be used to determine the fraction of three food sources in a consumer's diet. The standard dual isotope, three source linear mixing model assumes that the proportional contribution of a source to a mixture is the same for both elements (e.g., C, N). This may be a reasonable assumption if the concentrations are similar among all sources. However, one source is often particularly rich or poor in one element (e.g., N), which logically leads to a proportionate increase or decrease in the contribution of that source to the mixture for that element relative to the other element (e.g., C). We have developed a concentration-weighted linear mixing model, which assumes that for each element, a source's contribution is proportional to the contributed mass times the elemental concentration in that source. The model is outlined for two elements and three sources, but can be generalized to n elements and n+1 sources. Sensitivity analyses for C and N in three sources indicated that varying the N concentration of just one source had large and differing effects on the estimated source contributions of mass, C, and N. The same was true for a case study of bears feeding on salmon, moose, and N-poor plants. In this example, the estimated biomass contribution of salmon from the concentration-weighted model was markedly less than the standard model estimate. Application of the model to a captive feeding study of captive mink fed on salmon, lean beef, and C-rich, N-poor beef fat reproduced very closely the known dietary proportions, whereas the standard model failed to yield a set of positive source proportions. Use of this concentration-weighted model is recommended whenever the elemental concentrations vary substantially among the Sources'. which may occur in a variety of ecological and geochemical applications of stable isotope analysis. Possible examples besides dietary and food web Studies include stable isotope analysis of water Sources in soils, plants, or water bodies; geological Sources for soils or marine systems, decomposition and soil organic matter dynamics. and tracing animal migration patterns. A spreadsheet for performing the calculations for this model is available at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/models.htm. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 42 TC 375 Z9 396 U1 14 U2 138 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2002 VL 130 IS 1 BP 114 EP 125 DI 10.1007/s004420100786 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 507MP UT WOS:000173032500013 ER PT J AU Smith, JH Wickham, JD Stehman, SV Yang, LM AF Smith, JH Wickham, JD Stehman, SV Yang, LM TI Impacts of patch size and land-cover heterogeneity on thematic image classification accuracy SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; DEFORESTATION AB Landscape characteristics such as small patch size and land-cover heterogeneity have been hypothesized to increase the likelihood of mis-classifying pixels during thematic image classification. However, there has been a lack of empirical evidence to support these hypotheses. This study utilizes data gathered as part of the accuracy assessment of the 1992 National Land Cover Data (NLCD) set to identify and quantify the impacts of land-cover heterogeneity and patch size on classification accuracy. Logistic regression is employed to assess the impacts of these variables, as well as the impact of land-cover class information. The results reveal that accuracy decreases as land-cover heterogeneity increases and as patch size decreases. These landscape variables remain significant factors in explaining classification accuracy even when adjusted for their confounding association with land-cover class information. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Branch MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Eros Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Smith, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Branch MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 68 IS 1 BP 65 EP 70 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 511QU UT WOS:000173277700007 ER PT J AU Olszyk, D Tingey, D Wise, C Davis, E AF Olszyk, D Tingey, D Wise, C Davis, E TI CO2 and O-3 alter photosynthesis and water vapor exchange for Pinus ponderosa needles SO PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Responses of Plant Metabolism to Air Pollution and Global Change CY NOV 01-04, 2001 CL INST SOIL SCI & PLANT CULTIVAT, PULAWY, POLAND HO INST SOIL SCI & PLANT CULTIVAT DE carbon dioxide; ozone; conductance; transpiration; water use efficiency; ponderosa pine ID ELEVATED CARBON-DIOXIDE; AIR-POLLUTANTS; OZONE EXPOSURE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; NORWAY SPRUCE; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH; PLANT; CONDUCTANCE; RESPONSES AB Photosynthesis and water vapor exchange are key physiological processes that determine whole plant carbon uptake and water loss. CO2 and O-3 affect these processes, but the combined effects of both pollutants are uncertain, especially for trees and over long periods of time. To evaluate the interactive effects Of CO2 and O-3 on needle photosynthesis, conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE, photosynthesis/transpiration) of tree seedlings, we grew Pinus ponderosa seedlings for three years in outdoor, sunlit, mesocosms under controlled climatic and edaphic conditions. CO2 alone (similar to270 mul l(-1) above ambient) increased photosynthetic rates, with only a slight decrease in stomatal conductance and transpiration. The net result of the CO2 effects was increased WUE. O-3 alone (SUM06 of 11.0 mul l(-1) h in 1999 and 26.1 mul 1(-1) h in 2000) did not have any consistent effects on needle gas exchange on individual measurement dates. However, averaged over an entire summer exposure period in 2000, O-3 tended to decrease WUE. There were significant CO2 X O-3 interactions across the summer exposure period in 2000, with high O-3 tending to decrease photosynthesis at ambient CO2; but increase transpiration and photosynthesis at elevated CO2. High O-3 tended to reduce the increase in WUE with elevated CO2. These results reveal that possible interactive effects on photosynthesis and water vapor exchange must be considered when evaluating the effects of CO2 and O-3 on plants. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olszyk, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0079-2047 J9 PHYTON-ANN REI BOT A JI Phyton-Ann. REI Bot. PY 2002 VL 42 IS 3 BP 121 EP 134 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 636RH UT WOS:000180470000014 ER PT J AU Winton, LM Stone, JK Watrud, LS Hansen, EM AF Winton, LM Stone, JK Watrud, LS Hansen, EM TI Simultaneous one-tube quantification of host and pathogen DNA with real-time polymerase chain reaction SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE PCR AB Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii is a widespread foliar parasite of Douglas-fir. Although normally innocuous, the fungus also causes the defoliating disease Swiss needle cast in heavily infected needles. The extent of P. gaeumannii colonization in Douglas-fir foliage was estimated with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using TaqMan chemistry. In order to derive a normalized expression of colonization, both pathogen and host DNA were simultaneously amplified but individually detected by species-specific primers and TaqMan probes labeled with different fluorescent dyes. Detection of host DNA addition- ally provided an endogenous reference that served as both an internal positive control and adjusted for variation introduced by sample-to-sample differences in DNA extraction and PCR efficiencies. The genes employed for designing the TaqMan probes and primers were beta -tubulin for the pathogen and a LEAFY/FLORICAULA-like gene involved in floral development for the tree host. Both probe/primer sets exhibited high precision and reproducibility over a linear range of 4 orders of magnitude. This eliminated the need to analyze samples in multiple dilutions when comparing lightly with heavily infected needles. Quantification of the fungus within needles was successful as early as 1 month after initial infection. Real-time PCR is the only method currently available to quantify P. gaeumannii colonization early in the first year of the colonization process. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Winton, LM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 15 TC 77 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 112 EP 116 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.1.112 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 506CQ UT WOS:000172952700014 PM 18944147 ER PT J AU Nam, TG Sangaiah, R Gold, A Lacks, GD Nylander-French, LA French, JE AF Nam, TG Sangaiah, R Gold, A Lacks, GD Nylander-French, LA French, JE TI Synthesis of FMOC-protected S-arylcysteines and modified keratin sequence peptides as specific epitopes as immunogens SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds HO UNIV CINCINNATI DE FMOC-protected modified cysteines; keratin adducts of arene oxides; protein adducts; S-arylcysteines ID BENZENE METABOLISM; LIVER-MICROSOMES; MICE; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; LEUKEMIA; RATS AB The sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues is a site for the adduction of ultimate carcinogenic arene oxide metabolites to the proteins keratin I and keratin 10, dominant proteins of the squame. The putative cysteine adducts are: S-phenylcysteine from benzene oxide and S-(1-naphthyl)- and S-(2-naphthyl)cysteine from naphthalene-1,2-oxide. In developing ELISAs for monitoring dermal exposures, we have embarked on synthesis of adducted head sequences GGRFSS(C*)GG (keratin 1) and GGGG(C*)GGGGG (keratin 10) by 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl chemistry to use in raising epitope-specific antibodies. Synthesis of the FMOC-protected cysteines was based on addition of arylthiols to 2-acetamidoacrylic acid, to give S-arylmercapturic acids. Removal of the N-acetyl group was accomplished quantitatively by extended refluxing in 1:1 t-butanol/concentrated HCl. FMOC derivatization of the S-arylcysteines vas accomplished by a published procedure, modified because of the low solubility. The oligopeptides (C* = S-phenylcysteinyl residue) have been synthesized and characterized. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Nam, TG (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 239 EP 248 DI 10.1080/10406630290026885 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 592QX UT WOS:000177949300005 ER PT J AU Desai, D Sharma, AK Lin, JM El-Bayoumy, K Amin, S Pimentel, M Nesnow, S AF Desai, D Sharma, AK Lin, JM El-Bayoumy, K Amin, S Pimentel, M Nesnow, S TI Synthesis, in vitro metabolism, mutagenicity, and DNA-adduction of naphtho[1,2-e]pyrene SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds HO UNIV CINCINNATI DE cell transformation; DNA adducts; metabolism; mutagenicity; naphtho[1,2-e]pyrene; synthesis ID RAT MAMMARY-GLAND; MOUSE SKIN; DIBENZOPYRENE AB Literature data, although limited, underscore the contribution of C24H14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the biological activity of the extracts of complex environmental samples. However, little attention has been given to naphthopyrene (NP) isomers due to lack of synthetic standards and, therefore, lack of studies aimed at unequivocal identification of C24H14 isomers in environmental samples. We hypothesize that naphtho[1,2-e]pyrene (N[1,2-e]P), having a fjord region and a bay region might be a potent mutagen. To test our hypothesis, we synthesized N[1,2-e]P by Suzuki reaction and examined its in vitro metabolism with the S9 fraction from phenobarbital/beta-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver homogenates. We have tentatively identified its K-region diol as the major metabolite and a fjord region dihydrodiol as minor metabolite. Contrary to our hypothesis, N[1,2-e]P was not mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA 100 and did not induce morphological cell transformation in mammalian cells. Its metabolite, 11,12-dihydroxy-11,12-dihydro-N[1,2-e]P was a weak mutagen. The reaction of calf thymus DNA with N[1,2-e]P-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide showed that it reacts predominately with the exocyclic amino group of adenine. C1 Amer Hlth Fdn, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Desai, D (reprint author), Amer Hlth Fdn, 1 Dana Rd, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1080/10406630290026911 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 592QX UT WOS:000177949300008 ER PT J AU Flowers, L Rieth, SH Cogliano, VJ Foureman, GL Hertzberg, R Hofmann, EL Murphy, DL Nesnow, S Schoeny, RS AF Flowers, L Rieth, SH Cogliano, VJ Foureman, GL Hertzberg, R Hofmann, EL Murphy, DL Nesnow, S Schoeny, RS TI Health assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures: Current practices and future directions SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds HO UNIV CINCINNATI DE carcinogens; health assessment; IRIS; mixtures; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ID TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; RAT MAMMARY-GLAND; MOUSE SKIN; COAL-TAR; EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; BENZOPYRENE; DIBENZOPYRENE; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE; CARCINOGENICITY; EXPOSURE AB The U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program has initiated a health assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures. The IRIS program develops EPA consensus scientific positions on potential human health effects from chronic exposure to chemicals. Currently, the IRIS database contains health assessments for the toxic effects of exposure to coke oven emissions, creosote, diesel emissions, and 15 individual PAH compounds. As a whole, these assessments do not consider issues related to the environmental occurrence of PAH compounds as complex mixtures. Risk assessment of PAH mixtures has been hindered by a lack of information on the composition and toxicity of specific mixtures, the components that contribute most to toxicity, and the interactions and differences in mode of action between components. The state-of-the-science has advanced considerably in the past decade and will play a key role in the development of the health assessment. Consideration of these issues led to an EPA-sponsored Workshop on Approaches to PAH Health Assessment in October 2001. The current practices of the EPA regarding the health assessment of PAH compounds and future directions of the agency are discussed in this article. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Flowers, L (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 811 EP 821 DI 10.1080/10406630290103960 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 592QX UT WOS:000177949300055 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Nelson, GB Ross, JA Erexson, GL AF Kligerman, AD Nelson, GB Ross, JA Erexson, GL TI Effect of the route of administration on the induction of cytogenetic damage and DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats and mice by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds HO UNIV CINCINNATI DE benz[a]anthracene; benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[b]fluoranthene; chrysene; DNA adduct; micronucleus; sister chromatid exchange ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; BENZOPYRENE; CELLS; SENSITIVITY; EXPOSURE; LIVER; INVIVO; LUNG AB Experiments were designed to investigate how the route of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mice and rats affects the induction of cytogenetic end points and DNA adduction. Both mice and rats were exposed to 100 mg/kg of benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), or chrysene (Chr) by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection (i.p,). Peripheral blood was removed by cardiac puncture 7 days after PAH administration. Blood samples were analyzed in parallel for sister chrontatid exchange (SCE) frequency, the frequency of micronuclei in cytochalasin B-induced binucleate cells (MNbn), and DNA adduction using 32P-postlabeling. The ip, route of exposure produced both the highest levels of cytogenetic damage and DNA adducts for each PAH. The mouse was more sensitive than the rat to PAH exposure as measured by SCE induction and the total amount of DNA adducts/mug DNA. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Covance Labs Inc, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Grp, Vienna, VA USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, 86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 841 EP 851 DI 10.1080/1040663230103997 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 592QX UT WOS:000177949300058 ER PT J AU Nelson, G Ross, J Prusiewicz, CM Sangaiah, R Gold, A AF Nelson, G Ross, J Prusiewicz, CM Sangaiah, R Gold, A TI Identification of stereochemical configurations of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene DNA adducts in strain A/J mouse lung and C3H10T1/2CL8 cells SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds HO UNIV CINCINNATI DE cyclopenta[cd]pyrene; DNA adducts; P-32-postlabeling ID METABOLITES; ENHANCEMENT; SENSITIVITY; MUTATIONS AB Four major and several minor DNA adducts were resolved by P-32-postlabeling analysis of DNA front strain A/J mouse lung and C3H10T1/2CL8 (C3H10T1/2) mouse embryo fibroblasts treated with cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP). The identical pattern of adducts was seen in vivo and in vitro. Cochromatography of synthetic resolved diastereonters of cis- and trans-N-2-CPP-deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphates with the in vivo adducts obtained from strain A/J mouse lung and in vitro addticts obtainedfrom C3H10T1/2 cells allowed identification of the predominant DNA adduct as cis-(3R,4S)-N2 -CPP-deoxyguanosine. The second most abundant adduct formed in vivo and in vitro was identified as trans-(3S,4S)-N-2-CPP-deoxyguanosine. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Nelson, G (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, ORD, 86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 923 EP 931 DI 10.1080/10406630290104086 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 592QX UT WOS:000177949300066 ER PT B AU Hartless, CS Labisky, RF Portier, KM AF Hartless, CS Labisky, RF Portier, KM BE Scott, JM Heglund, PJ Morrison, ML Haufler, JB Raphael, MG Wall, WA Samson, FB TI Calibration methodology for an individual-based, spatially explicit simulation model: Case study of white-tailed deer in the Florida everglades SO PREDICTING SPECIES OCCURRENCES: ISSUES OF ACCURACY AND SCALE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Predicting Species Occurrences CY OCT, 1999 CL SNOWBIRD, UT C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hartless, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ISLAND PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 1718 CONNECTICUT AVE NW, SUITE 300, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA BN 1-55963-787-0 PY 2002 BP 447 EP 458 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Zoology GA BW49E UT WOS:000182160100039 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Miller, CA Seames, WS Wendt, JOL Ishinomori, T Endo, Y Miyamae, S AF Linak, WP Miller, CA Seames, WS Wendt, JOL Ishinomori, T Endo, Y Miyamae, S TI On trimodal particle size distributions in fly ash from pulverized-coal combustion SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID CHAR FRAGMENTATION AB Combustion-generated fine particles, defined as those with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 mum, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny because of suspected links to adverse human health effects. Whereas classical theories regarding coal combustion suggest that mechanisms of ash vaporization and fragmentation lead to bimodal ash particle size distributions (PSDs), this paper presents experimental results supporting other existing hypotheses that three distinct ash modes may be more appropriate. This paper focuses on the existence and generality of a central mode, between approximately 0.7 and 3.0 mum diameter. This central mode is presumably caused by fragmentation mechanisms, but is still important from a health perspective, because a large portion is contained within the 2.5 mum particle size fraction. Presented here are experimental results from two different laboratory combustors and one industrial boiler, all burning pulverized coals. Use of a variety of particle-sampling and size classification methods, including electrical mobility, time-of-fight, and inertial (low-pressure impaction) methods, confirms that the central mode is not an artifact of the particle-sampling and -sizing methods used. Results from the combustion of 10 different coals consistently show that this central mode is significant for both high- and low-rank coals. Size-segregated elemental distributions of calcium, iron, and aluminum provide additional insight into mechanisms of formation of each mode. Field tests show that the central mode can be the major contributor to fine particle emissions leaving an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The new experimental results presented here are interpreted in the light of complementary existing data and available theories from the literature. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd, Power Plant Div, Combust Engn Dept, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, E305-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 25 TC 72 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 16 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 441 EP 447 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80058-X PN 1 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KK UT WOS:000182866100054 ER PT J AU Tovey, NK Dadey, KA AF Tovey, NK Dadey, KA TI Quantitative orientation and micro-porosity analysis of recent marine sediment microfabric SO QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MICROGRAPHS AB Impregnated samples taken from three different post depositional regimes within the Mariana Mounds hydrothermal area in the Mariana Trough were observed in the back-scattered mode in the SEM. Intensity gradient orientation analysis methods have been adapted to study the orientation patterns within the sediments representing one of the first applications of such quantitative microfabric methods to the study of natural materials. Orientation was specified by two separate parameters, an index of anisotropy and a direction of orientation. The index is generally low for any single image, but by plotting the direction and anisotropy as a vector centred on the relevant specimen co-ordinates, consistent patterns of orientation were observed in the samples. Differences between the orientation patterns from the three environmental regimes were noted. A new dispersion ratio parameter was used to assess within sample variations. In a complementary study, objective thresholding methods based on Kohler's relative histogram method were used to segment the images. Assessments of porosity showed differences which were generally consistent with the trends noted from orientation analysis. While this paper uses image analysis techniques to examine deep sea sediments, the methods of analysis described are equally applicable to sediments on the continental shelf. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Tovey, NK (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1040-6182 J9 QUATERN INT JI Quat. Int. PY 2002 VL 92 BP 89 EP 100 AR PII S1040-6182(01)00117-3 DI 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00117-3 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 554NJ UT WOS:000175741800008 ER PT B AU Byrum, C Peake, RT AF Byrum, C Peake, RT GP OECD OECD TI The consideration and representation of retention processes in the WIPP performance assessment: Justification of adopted approaches and interaction with the regulator - Part II: EPA review process and approval justification SO RADIONUCLIDE RETENTION IN GEOLOGIC MEDIA, WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th GEOTRAP Workshop on Radionuclide Retention in Geologic Media CY MAY 07-09, 2001 CL SWEDISH NUCL FUEL & WASTE MANAGEMENT CO, OSKARSHAMN, SWEDEN HO SWEDISH NUCL FUEL & WASTE MANAGEMENT CO ID ADSORPTION; SOIL C1 US EPA, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP Byrum, C (reprint author), US EPA, 1445 Ross Ave 6PD-N, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-19695-1 PY 2002 BP 187 EP 199 PG 13 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BU29F UT WOS:000175585100015 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Genicola, FA Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Genicola, FA Sovocool, GW TI Utility of three types of mass spectrometers for determining elemental compositions of ions formed from chromatographically separated compounds SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID TIME-OF-FLIGHT; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; REFERENCE SPRAYS; RECORDING DATA; PEAK PROFILES; ACCURATE; IDENTIFICATION; IONIZATION; WATER AB Concentration factors of 1000 and more reveal dozens of compounds in extracts of water supplies. Library mass spectra for most of these compounds are not available, and alternative means of identification are needed. Determination of the elemental compositions of the ions in mass spectra makes feasible searches of commercial and chemical literature that often lead to compound identification. Instrumental capabilities that constrain the utility of a mass spectrometer for determining ion compositions for compounds that elute from a chromatographic column are scan speed, mass accuracy, linear dynamic range, and resolving power. Mass peak profiling from selected ion recording data (MPPSIRD) performed with a double-focusing mass spectrometer provides the best combination of these capabilities. This technique provides unique ion compositions for ions of higher mass from compounds eluting from a gas chromatograph than can be obtained by orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (oa-TOF) or Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Multiple compositions are usually possible for an ion with a mass exceeding 150 Da within the error limits of the mass measurement. The correct composition is selected based on measured exact masses of the mass peak profiles resulting from isotopic ions higher in mass by 1 and 2 Da and accurate measurement of the summed abundances of these isotopic ions relative to the monoisotopic ion. A profile generation model (PGM) automatically determines which compositions are consistent with measured exact masses and relative abundances. The utility of oa-TOF and double-focusing mass :spectrometry using ion composition elucidation (MPPSIRD plus the PGM) are considered for determining ion compositions of two compounds found in drinking water extracts and a third Compound from a monitoring well at a landfill. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NJ Dept Enviornm Protect, Div Sci Res & Technol, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2002 VL 16 IS 24 BP 2356 EP 2369 DI 10.1002/rcm.842 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 630JB UT WOS:000180102800021 PM 12478582 ER PT J AU Tabacova, SA Kimmel, CA AF Tabacova, SA Kimmel, CA TI Atenolol: pharmacokinetic/dynamic aspects of comparative developmental toxicity SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE antihypertensive drug; beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists; atenolol; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; developmental toxicity; animal-human comparisons ID PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED HYPERTENSION; BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONIST; UTERINE CIRCULATIONS; FETAL HEMODYNAMICS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; PROPRANOLOL; PINDOLOL; ACEBUTOLOL; METOPROLOL; INFUSION C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tabacova, SA (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 73 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 AR PII S0890-6238(02)00193-9 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00193-9 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 539UC UT WOS:000174888700003 PM 11934527 ER PT S AU Speth, TF Merkel, T Gusses, AM AF Speth, TF Merkel, T Gusses, AM BE Ray, C Melin, G Linsky, RB TI Riverbank filtration as a pretreatment for nanofiltration membranes SO RIVERBANK FILTRATION: IMPROVING SOURCE-WATER QUALITY SE WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Riverbank Filtration Conference CY NOV, 1999 CL NATL WATER RES INST, LOUISVILLE, KY SP US EPA, Louisville Water Co, Cincinnati Water Works HO NATL WATER RES INST C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Speth, TF (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-092X BN 1-4020-1133-4 J9 WATER TRANS PY 2002 VL 43 BP 261 EP 265 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BW91U UT WOS:000183594500012 ER PT J AU Schmieder, P Koleva, Y Mekenyan, O AF Schmieder, P Koleva, Y Mekenyan, O TI A reactivity pattern for discrimination of ER agonism and antagonism based on 3-D molecular attributes SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE estrogen receptor; receptor antagonism/agonism; reactivity pattern; solvent accessible surface; negatively charged van der Waal's surface ID HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; RECEPTOR-BINDING AFFINITY; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; LIGAND FLEXIBILITY; NUCLEAR RECEPTORS; PHARMACOLOGY; HORMONES; ANTIESTROGENS; ACTIVATION AB Various models have been developed to predict the relative binding affinity (RBA) of chemicals to estrogen receptors (ER). These models can be used to prioritize chemicals for further tiered biological testing to assess the potential for endocrine disruption. One shortcoming of models predicting RBA has been the inability to distinguish potential receptor antagonism from agonism, and hence in vivo response. It has been suggested that steroid receptor antagonists are less compact than agonists; thus, ER binding of antagonists may prohibit proper alignment of receptor protein helices preventing subsequent transactivation. The current study tests the theory of chemical bulk as a defining parameter of antagonism by employing a 3-D structural approach for development of reactivity patterns for ER antagonists and agonists. Using a dataset of 23 potent ER ligands (16 agonists, 7 antagonists), molecular parameters previously found to be associated with ER binding affinity, namely global (E-HOMO) and local (donor delocalizabilities and charges) electron donating ability of electronegative sites and steric distances between those sites, were found insufficient to discriminate ER antagonists from agonists. However, parameters related to molecular bulk, including solvent accessible surface and negatively charged Van der Waal's surface, provided reactivity patterns that were 100% successful in discriminating antagonists from agonists in the limited data set tested. The model also shows potential to discriminate pure antagonists from partial agonist/antagonist structures. Using this exploratory model it is possible to predict additional chemicals for their ability to bind but inactivate the ER, providing a further tool for hypothesis testing to elucidate chemical structural characteristics associated with estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Prof AS Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas, Bulgaria. RP Schmieder, P (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PY 2002 VL 13 IS 2 BP 353 EP 364 DI 10.1080/10629360290002820 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 534YC UT WOS:000174616500013 PM 12071661 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Mekenyan, OG Kamenska, VB Schmieder, PK Bradbury, SP AF Ankley, GT Mekenyan, OG Kamenska, VB Schmieder, PK Bradbury, SP TI Reactivity profiles of ligands of mammalian retinoic acid receptors: A preliminary COREPA analysis SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Quantitative Structure CY SEP 16-20, 2000 CL BURGAS, BULGARIA DE retinoid; receptor; transactivation; model ID HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; BINDING AFFINITY; RAR-GAMMA; FLEXIBILITY; AGONISTS AB Retinoic acid and associated derivatives comprise a class of endogenous hormones that bind to and activate different families of retinoic acid receptors (RARs, RXRs), and control many aspects of vertebrate development. Identification of potential RAR and RXR ligands is of interest both from a pharmaceutical and toxicological perspective. The recently developed COREPA (COmmon REactivity PAttern) algorithm was used to establish reactivity profiles for a limited data set of retinoid receptor ligands in terms of activation of three RARs (alpha, beta, gamma) and an RXR (alpha). Conformational analysis of a training set of retinoids and related analogues in terms of thermodynamic stability of conformers and rotational barriers showed that these chemicals tend to be quite flexible. This flexibility, and the observation that relatively small energy differences between conformers can result in significant variations in electronic structure, highlighted the necessity of considering all energetically reasonable conformers in defining common reactivity profiles. The derived reactivity patterns for three different subclasses of the RAR (alpha, beta, gamma) were similar in terms of their global electrophilicity (nucleophilicity) and steric parameters. However, the profile of active chemicals with respect to interaction with the RXR-alpha differed qualitatively from that of the RARs. Variations in reactivity profiles for the RAR versus RXR families would be consistent with established differences in their affinity for endogenous retinoids, likely reflecting functional differences in the receptors. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bourgas Univ Prof AS Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Dept Phys Chem, Burgas 118010, Bulgaria. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PY 2002 VL 13 IS 2 BP 365 EP 377 DI 10.1080/10629360290002839 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 534YC UT WOS:000174616500014 PM 12071662 ER PT J AU Venosa, AD King, DW Sorial, GA AF Venosa, AD King, DW Sorial, GA TI The baffled flask test for dispersant effectiveness: A round robin evaluation of reproducibility and repeatability SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE baffled flask test; swirling flask test; dispersants; round robin test; interlaboratory test; dispersion effectiveness; crude oil AB After two previous investigations demonstrated that the baffled flask test was an effective and reproducible method for screening the effectiveness of dispersant products in the laboratory, the US Environmental Protection Agency decided that before the new protocol could be considered for replacement of the swirling flask test, it would have to be subjected to an interlaboratory round robin investigation. This paper describes how the round robin evaluation was carried out and presents repeatability and reproducibility calculations that demonstrate the superiority of the new method over previous methods. Probabilities for passing various threshold levels of effectiveness values were computed, and the results will be used by the Agency to develop final pass-fail decision rules for dispersant manufacturers wishing to have their products listed on the national contingency plan product schedule. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Statking Consulting Inc, Fairfield, OH 45014 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Venosa, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2002 VL 7 IS 5-6 BP 299 EP 308 AR PII S1353-2561(02)00072-5 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00072-5 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 628MQ UT WOS:000179999800014 ER PT J AU Fascineli, ML Hunter, ES Kempinas, WD AF Fascineli, ML Hunter, ES Kempinas, WD TI Fetotoxicity caused by the interaction between zinc and arsenic in mice SO TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE heavy metals interaction; dysmorphology; whole embryo culture; arsenicals; teratogenicity ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY; TOXICITY; EMBRYOS; RAT; MALFORMATIONS; TERMINOLOGY; EXPOSURE; CADMIUM; CULTURE AB Arsenic is an environmental pollutant that induces congenital malformations in experimental models and can contribute to human birth defects. The environmental exposure to arsenic is relatively small when compared with the doses required to cause teratogenicity in mice and other laboratory animals. In order to study the action of zinc in the arsenic-induced teratogenicity, in the present work mice were either pretreated with zinc and later with arsenic or were treated simultaneously with zinc and arsenic in vivo and in vitro. Following administration of arsenate on gestation day 8, pregnant females were killed on the 17th day of gestation; maternal and fetal data were collected by laparotomy and used to calculate reproductive parameters. Fetuses were analyzed for the presence of external malformation and, after the appropriate processing, visceral and skeletal analyses were accomplished. Conceptuses were exposed in whole embryo culture to arsenicals on gestation day 8 (3-6 somite stage). After a 26 h culture period, morphological development was assessed. Neither pretreatment with zinc nor simultaneous administration of zinc prevented arsenic teratogenicity in these experimental models. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, Dept Morfol, Inst Biociencias, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, Dept Morfol, Dept Pharmacol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. United States Environm Protect Agcy, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Kempinas, WD (reprint author), Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, Dept Morfol, Inst Biociencias, Caixa Postal 510, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. RI Kempinas, Wilma/E-4671-2012 OI Kempinas, Wilma/0000-0002-2112-5123 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0270-3211 J9 TERATOGEN CARCIN MUT JI Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 5 BP 315 EP 327 DI 10.1002/tcm.10026 PG 13 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 589UQ UT WOS:000177779100001 PM 12210494 ER PT B AU Davenport, TE Kirschner, L AF Davenport, TE Kirschner, L GP ASAE ASAE TI Landscape approach to TMDL implementation planning SO TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD (TMDL): ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, PROCEEDINGS SE ASAE PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) - Environmental Regulations CY MAR 11-13, 2002 CL FT WORTH, TX SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL); agricultural nonpoint source (NPS); pollution; landscape approach AB States report that about 40 percent of the waters they assessed, do not meet water quality goals. About half of the nation's more than 2,000 major water bodies have serious or moderate water quality problems. There are a multitude of anthropogenic sources of sediment that are likely to enter and degrade our nation's water resources. Agriculture in its several forms is by far the largest generator of pollutants. The present approach of addressing agricultural pollutant sources on a site-by-site basis has not been totally effective and in a number of cases has resulted in further degradation downstream. Most programs used to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution are modeled after the traditional agricultural stewardship efforts that focus on infield best management practices based on a land manager's interest and operational constraints. An approach that integrates the spatial juxtaposition and dynamic interaction between potential pollutant generation and movement with agricultural management is needed to comprehensively addressing water quality concerns. This approach must include a combination of activities that promote the prevention, mitigation and treatment of agricultural pollution. To enhance the effectiveness of the landscape approach a new way to prioritize areas within the landscape needs to be adopted that is based upon site-specific conditions and takes in to account the potential for causing off-site impacts. Utilizing the landscape approach and this new prioritization process together, we can focus available resources and implement effective strategies to solve agricultural related problems. This paper will a present a landscape approach to agricultural management on a watershed basis to implement an approved TMDL. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Davenport, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-24-7 J9 ASAE PUBL PY 2002 BP 26 EP 32 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BW67Z UT WOS:000182805800005 ER PT J AU Boorman, GA Anderson, SP Casey, WM Brown, RH Crosby, LM Gottschalk, K Easton, M Ni, H Morgan, KT AF Boorman, GA Anderson, SP Casey, WM Brown, RH Crosby, LM Gottschalk, K Easton, M Ni, H Morgan, KT TI Toxicogenomics, drug discovery, and the pathologist SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE differential gene expression; genomics; proteomics; rodent studies; pathology; liver; research teams; microarray; toxicology; safety assessment ID REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS; GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILES; MESSENGER-RNA; CDNA; IDENTIFICATION; ARRAYS; CELLS; BIOINFORMATICS; MICROARRAYS; TECHNOLOGY AB The field of toxicogenomics, which currently focuses on the application of large-scale differential gene expression (DGE) data to toxicology, is starting to influence drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. Toxicological pathologists, who play key roles in the development of therapeutic agents, have much to contribute to DGE studies, especially in the experimental design and interpretation phases. The intelligent application of DGE to drug discovery can reveal the potential for both desired (therapeutic) and undesired (toxic) responses. The pathologist's understanding of anatomic, physiologic, biochemical, immune, and other underlying factors that drive mechanisms of tissue responses to noxious agents turns a bewildering array of gene expression data into focused research programs. The latter process is critical for the successful application of DGE to toxicology. Pattern recognition is a useful first step, but mechanistically based DGE interpretation is where the long-term future of these new technologies lies. Pathologists trained to carry out such interpretations will become important members of the research teams needed to successfully apply these technologies to drug discovery and safety assessment. As a pathologist using DGE, you will need to learn to read DGE data in the same way you learned to read glass slides, patiently and with a desire to learn and, later, to teach. In return, you will gain a greater depth of understanding of cell and tissue function, both in health and disease. C1 NIEHS, Lab Expt Pathol, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. GlaxoSmithKline, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Boorman, GA (reprint author), NIEHS, Lab Expt Pathol, Environm Toxicol Program, POB 12233,MD B3-08,111 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 54 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1080/01926230252824671 PG 13 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 558ED UT WOS:000175952600005 PM 11890469 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI Quantitation of molecular endpoints for the dose-response component of cancer risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene mutations; chromosomal alterations; genomics; proteomics; biomarkers; bioindicators; cancer risk assessment ID EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; LYMPHOCYTES; MICROARRAYS; CARCINOMA; HOTSPOT AB Cancer risk assessment involves the steps of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The rapid advances in the use of molecular biology approaches has had an impact on all 4 components, but the greatest overall current and future impact will be on the dose-response assessment because this requires an understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, both background and induced by environmental agents. In this regard, hazard identification is a qualitative assessment and dose-response is a quantitative estimate. Thus, the latter will ultimately require a quantitative assessment of molecular endpoints that are used to describe the dose-response for cancer. It has been possible for many years to quantitate alterations at the level of the single gene. For example, analysis of mutation frequency by phenotypic selection, analysis of transcription (mRNA) by Northern blot, analysis of translation (proteins) by Western blot, and analysis of kinetics of metabolism from metabolite levels. However, it is becoming clear that it is necessary when considering risk for adverse health outcomes to develop quantitative approaches for whole cell phenotypes or organ effects. For example, cancer is a whole tissue phenotype, not a feature of single gene mutations, in spite of the multistep (multimutation) mode of formation of a tumor. Thus, there is the need to quantitate the circuitry of a cell: the metabolic/biochemical pathways, genetic regulation pathways, and signaling pathways in normal and stressed conditions. The hypothesis presented by Hanahan and Weinberg of the requirement for 6 acquired characteristics for tumor development, independent of tissue type and species or inducer, seems to provide a viable approach. This hypothesis can be addressed through whole cell molecular assessment using microarrays and quantitative PCR together with the emerging proteomic approaches. This is the world of the new computational cell biology. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 112 EP 116 DI 10.1080/01926230252824798 PG 5 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 558ED UT WOS:000175952600017 PM 11890462 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Hotchkiss, A Ostby, JS LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Hotchkiss, A Ostby, JS LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE TI Effects of prenatal testosterone propionate on the sexual development of male and female rats: A dose-response study SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE testosterone propionate; androgens; masculinization; prenatal exposure; sexual differentiation; anogenital distance; agenesis of the lower vagina; Sprague-Dawley rats ID CONGENITAL ADRENAL-HYPERPLASIA; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; MAMMARY-GLAND; IN-UTERO; DIFFERENTIATION; EXPOSURE; HYDROMETROCOLPOS; FINASTERIDE AB Testosterone plays a major role in male sexual development. Exposure of females to testosterone in utero can induce masculine characteristics such as anovulation, increased anogenital distance (AGD), absence of nipples, retention of male-like tissues, and agenesis of the lower vagina. In addition, high levels of androgens during fetal development can lead to toxic effects such as reduced litter size and viability. The study of the effects of testosterone administration during sexual differentiation provides a foundation for understanding the effects of environmental androgens on fetuses, a sensitive subpopulation. In the current study, we investigated the ability of a range of concentrations of testosterone propionate (TP) administered prenatally to masculinize female and alter male offspring, and measured maternal and fetal T levels. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by sc injection on gestational day (GD) 14-19 (GD 1=day of plug) with either corn oil (vehicle; 0.1 ml/rat) or with 0.1 ml of TP solution at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, or 10 mg/0.1 ml. Parturition was delayed at 2, 5, and 10 mg TP, litter size was reduced at 5 and 10 mg TP, and pup weight was significantly reduced in both sexes at 0.5 mg TP and higher doses. Viability of offspring was unaffected at any dosage level. Androgenic effects seen at 0.5 mg TP in females included increased AGD at weaning and adulthood, reduced number of areolas and nipples, cleft phallus, small vaginal orifice, and presence of prostate tissue. This dose of TP elevated maternal T levels 10x but had no effect on fetal T levels. At 1 mg TP and above, female AGD on postnatal day (PND) 2 (or postcoital day 24 [gestation length = 22 1/2]) was increased; areolas and nipples were virtually eliminated; levator ani muscle, bulbourethral glands, and seminal vesicles (2 mg TP and above) were present; none of the females developed a vaginal orifice and many females in the 1 and 2 mg TP dose groups developed a greatly distended, fluid-filled uterus after puberty. Maternal T levels at 1 mg TP were elevated 30x, and female fetal T levels showed an 80% increase. Male offspring displayed a reduced AGD and body weight on PND 2 at 0.5 mg TP and higher doses. These effects were not evident by weaning and male offspring displayed no malformations. We conclude that gestational administration of 0.5 and 1 mg TP masculinizes female offspring without greatly affecting pup viability or pregnancy of the dam. This study provides a useful model for in utero testing of environmental androgens for their potential to induce developmental abnormalities. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, NCSU Cooperat Training Agreement, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72,86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 58 TC 103 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 BP 71 EP 86 DI 10.1093/toxsci/65.1.71 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 508PJ UT WOS:000173097400010 PM 11752687 ER PT J AU Hurst, CH Abbott, B Schmid, JE Birnbaum, LS AF Hurst, CH Abbott, B Schmid, JE Birnbaum, LS TI 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) disrupts early morphogenetic events that form the lower reproductive tract in female rat fetuses SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); mesenchyme; Mullerian ducts; lower reproductive tract; rat ID LONG-EVANS RATS; EMBRYONIC PALATAL SHELVES; AH-RECEPTOR; IN-UTERO; TGF-BETA; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; MULLERIAN DUCT; ALTERS; EXPRESSION AB In female rats, in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during critical periods of organogenesis causes a permanent thread of tissue, consisting of a core of mesenchyme surrounded by keratinized epithelia, across the vaginal opening. The objective of the current study was to determine the earliest time after exposure to TCDD during fetal development that morphological changes in the development of the lower reproductive tract could be detected. In addition, the spatio-temporal expression of several growth factors within the developing reproductive tract was investigated to provide insight into the mechanism of action involved in TCDD-induced vaginal thread formation. Pregnant rats received a single oral dose of 1.0 mug TCDD/kg on gestation day (GD) 15. Dams were sacrificed on GD 17, 18, 19, and 21 and individual reproductive tracts were isolated from female fetuses. As early as GD 18, TCDD produced distinct abnormalities in the female reproductive tract. The width of mesenchyme separating the Mullerian ducts was significantly greater in TCDD-exposed female GD 18 and 19 fetuses and the zone of unfused Mullerian ducts was substantially increased on GD 19 and 21. TCDD induced alterations within the developing reproductive tract in the subcellular and temporal expression of transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). DNA array analysis suggested effects on several genes expressed on GD 18 and 19. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD67, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbott, B (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD67, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07126] NR 35 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 BP 87 EP 98 DI 10.1093/toxsci/65.1.87 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 508PJ UT WOS:000173097400011 PM 11752688 ER PT S AU Jacobs, WW AF Jacobs, WW BE Timm, TM Schmidt, RH TI Current issues with vertebrate pesticides - from a regulator's perspective SO TWENTIETH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL RENO, NV DE rodenticides; repellents; devices; vertebrate pesticides; false and misleading statements; FIFRA labeling; registration; reregistration AB Regulatory changes beginning in 1972 have led to increased emphasis on the safety of pesticide's and. decreased emphasis on efficacy. Many vertebrate pesticides are undergoing reregistration. Others. have lost some or all uses,. Toxicants registered to control vertebrate pests tend to have safety issues. Efficacy. usually is the greater concern for repellents, although EPA seldom requires substantiation of effectiveness for vertebrate repellents, some of which no longer are required to be registered. Vertebrate pest control devices still are being marketed in the U.S.. Truth-in-labeling is a significant issue for vertebrate pesticides and devices. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Jacobs, WW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2002 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Ecology; Ornithology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BW33V UT WOS:000181626900043 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Stewart, ES Ryan, JV AF Lemieux, PM Stewart, ES Ryan, JV TI Pilot-scale studies on the effect of bromine addition on the emissions of chlorinated organic combustion by-products SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies CY MAY, 2001 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA ID ENHANCED FORMATION; DIOXINS AB The addition of brominated organic compounds to the feed of a pilot-scale incinerator burning chlorinated waste has been found previously, under some circumstances, to enhance emissions of volatile and semivolatile organic chlorinated products of incomplete combustion (PICs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). This phenomenon appears to be sensitive to temperature and combustion conditions. This paper reports on a study to evaluate the emissions of organic combustion by-products while varying amounts of bromine (Br) and chlorine (0) are being fed into a pilot-scale incinerator burning surrogate waste materials. The surrogate waste was fed at a constant molar halogen input rate, with varying Br/Cl molar ratios. In these tests, an approximately 30% decrease in the total PCDD/F concentrations due to the addition of Br was observed. This decrease appears to be a decrease only in the chlorinated dioxin and furan species; other halogenated dioxins and farans were formed instead. PCDD/F homologue distribution shifted towards the higher chlorinated species. Perhalogenated or nearly perhalogenated mixed bromo-chloro furans were also observed in quantities that could potentially account for the observed decrease in PCDDs/Fs. This research illustrates the need for careful trial burn planning if Br will be present in the facility's feedstock during normal operation, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 381 EP 389 AR PII S0956-053X(02)00020-X DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00020-X PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564GG UT WOS:000176306200003 PM 12099495 ER PT J AU Rea, AW Lindberg, SE Scherbatskoy, T Keeler, GJ AF Rea, AW Lindberg, SE Scherbatskoy, T Keeler, GJ TI Mercury accumulation in foliage over time in two northern mixed-hardwood forests SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; foliage; gaseous Hg(0); Lake Champlain Watershed; Lake Huron Watershed; litterfall; mercury; soil water; trace elements ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; PLANT UPTAKE; VAPOR; EXCHANGE; TRANSFORMATION; METHYLMERCURY; THROUGHFALL; ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION AB Concentrations of mercury (Hg) in live foliage increased ten-fold from spring bud break (mean +/- std. dev. from both sites: 3.5 +/-1.3 ng g(-1)) to autumn litterfall (36 +/-8 ng g(-1)). Mercury in foliage did not behave similarly to eight other elements with known soil or aerosol sources (Aluminum (Al), Vanadium (V), Strontium (Sr), Rubidium (Rb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), and lead (Pb)), suggesting that Hg originated from a distinct pathway. Based on measured and modeled data, uptake of only 25% of the available ambient dry deposited Hg(0) could explain all of the Hg measured in foliage throughout the growing season. Estimates of gaseous elemental Hg (Hg(0)) uptake from soil water accounted for 3-14%% of the Hg in litterfall. Mercury deposition to forested sites in the Lake Champlain and Lake Huron basins was highest in litterfall (40%), followed by total throughfall (33%), and precipitation (27%). The Hg flux in litterfall was 15.8 +/-1.9 mug m(-2) yr(-1) to the Lake Champlain Watershed in 1995 and was 11.4 +/-2.8 mug m(-2) yr(-1) to the Lake Huron Watershed in 1996. In comparison, the Hg fluxes in precipitation and total throughfall were 9.0 +/-0.6 and 11.6 +/-0.7 mug m(-2) yr(-1) in the Lake Champlain Watershed (1995), and 8.7 +/-0.5 and 10.5 +/-1.0 mug m(-2) yr(-1) in the Lake Huron Watershed (1996). C1 Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Rea, AW (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Rea.Anne@epa.gov RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 36 TC 120 Z9 127 U1 8 U2 38 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 133 IS 1-4 BP 49 EP 67 DI 10.1023/A:1012919731598 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 496FJ UT WOS:000172385300004 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buckman, M AF Reish, Donald J. Oshida, Philip S. Mearns, Alan J. Ginn, Thomas C. Buckman, Michael TI EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON MARINE ORGANISMS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SEA-URCHIN EMBRYO; CAPITELLA SP-I; NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; CLAM RUDITAPES DECUSSATUS; MUSSELS MYTILUS-EDULIS; 1997-98 EL-NINO C1 [Reish, Donald J.] Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. [Oshida, Philip S.] US EPA, Washington, DC USA. [Mearns, Alan J.; Buckman, Michael] NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. [Ginn, Thomas C.] Exponent Environm Grp, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM DJReish@aol.com NR 246 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2002 VL 74 IS 5 BP 1507 EP 1584 DI 10.2175/106143002X140747 PG 78 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA V19IA UT WOS:000208064900030 ER PT J AU Ben Rebah, F Tyagi, RD Prevost, D Surampalli, RY AF Ben Rebah, F Tyagi, RD Prevost, D Surampalli, RY TI Wastewater sludge as a new medium for rhizobial growth SO WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA LA English DT Article DE wastewater sludge; rhizobium; inoculum; biofertilizer; sludge pretreatment; nodulation index ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; KINETICS AB The objective of this study was to demonstrate that municipal and industrial wastewater sludges could be used as a sole raw material to sustain growth of rhizobia. Growth of two different groups of rhizobium (fast growing: Sinorhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae, and slow growing: Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii) was tested on primary, secondary and mixed sludges obtained from different wastewater treatment plants. The results obtained in Erlernmeyer flasks indicated that slow- and fast-growing rhizobia grew well in sludge. Generally, the number of cells of rhizobia exceeds 1 x 10(9) cfu/mL in 72 h. The composition of sludges varies with the sludge type and origin. The sludge composition affected the generation time, cell yield and nodulation index. Higher solids concentration tended to give higher generation time. The high sludge metals concentration did not affect the growth kinetics of rhizobia. However, primary sludge could inhibit cell growth. Acid, alkaline and oxidative pre-treatments increased the primary sludge biodegradability and consequently the cell count of S. meliloti. Pre-treatment of pulp and paper sludge with NaOH enhanced the bacterial cell concentration to a maximum 1 x 10(10) cfu/mL. Sludge pre-treatment decreased the generation time and reduced the process time. C1 Univ Quebec, INRS Eau, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. Agr & Agroalimentaire Canada, Ctr Rech & Dev Sols & Grandes Culture, St Foy, PQ G1V 2J3, Canada. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. RP Tyagi, RD (reprint author), Univ Quebec, INRS Eau, 2700 Rue Einstein, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN ASSOC WATER QUALITY PI GLOUCESTER PA C/O DR H R EISENHAUER, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOL CENTRE, 3439 RIVER ROAD SOUTH, GLOUCESTER, ONTARIO K1A 0H3, CANADA SN 1201-3080 J9 WATER QUAL RES J CAN JI Water Qual. Res. J. Canada PY 2002 VL 37 IS 2 BP 353 EP 370 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 560HT UT WOS:000176077200003 ER PT J AU An, YJ Carraway, ER Schlautman, MA AF An, YJ Carraway, ER Schlautman, MA TI Solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by perfluorinated surfactant micelles SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE perfluorinated surfactant (PFS); ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); solubilization; molar solubilization ratio (MSR); micellar partition coefficient (K-mic) ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SODIUM PERFLUOROOCTANOATE; FLUORINATED SURFACTANTS; GASES; AMMONIUM; OCTANOATE; PARTITION; ORGANICS; RECOVERY AB Due to their chemical and thermal stability, perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) are promising materials for the development of novel environmental remediation applications. This stability also leads to the persistence of PFS in the environment; therefore, their properties and behavior should be well understood. This study focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and PFS interactions, particularly the solubilization of PAHs by PFS micelles. Naphthalene. phenanthrene, and pyrene were selected as representative PAHs and an anionic PFS. ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) was used. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of APFO measured by surface tension, fluorescence probe, and solubility enhancement methods fell in the range of 20-30 mM at 22 +/- 1 degreesC. Apparent solubilities of molecular oxygen and PAHs in APFO micellar solutions depended linearly on the APFO concentration. Molar solubilization ratio (MSR) values were determined to be 9.50 x 10(-4), 4.17 x 10(-3), 2.31 x 10(-4), and 4.09 x 10(-5) and mole fraction micellar partition coefficient (K-mic) values were found to be 1.89 x 10(2), 9.50 x 10(2), 2.12 x 10(3), and 3.79 x 10(3) for oxygen, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively at 22 +/- 1 degreesC. log K-mic values for three PAHs were shown to be linearly correlated with the log values of octanol-water partition coefficients (log K-ow). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res Associateship Program, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 1 BP 300 EP 308 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00205-6 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 498LE UT WOS:000172510600034 PM 11766807 ER PT J AU An, YJ Carraway, ER AF An, YJ Carraway, ER TI PAH degradation by UV/H2O2 in perfluorinated surfactant solutions SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE perfluorinated surfactant (PFS); ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); photolysis; hydrogen peroxide; surfactant recovery ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; OXIDATION; PHOTOLYSIS; RADIATION; MICELLES; WATER AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) solubilized in perfluorinated surfactant (PFS) solutions were degraded by direct photolysis and UV/H2O2 process. The subsequent recovery and reuse of these surfactant solutions were also demonstrated. Phenanthrene and pyrene were selected as representative PAHs and an anionic PFS; ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) was used, In our experiments, micellar APFO solutions retarded the phenanthrene photolysis and enhanced the pyrene photolysis. The results indicate that the photochemical reactivity of compound in micelles is strongly dependent on specific properties of the solubilizate, possibly due to the different excited state behaviors of compound. UV/H2O2 process exhibits a greatly enhanced rate of PAH photolysis in both water and APFO compared to direct photolysis, indicating that hydroxyl radicals may be generated or penetrated at the sites of PAHs solubilized in the micelles. Additionally, a smaller rate enhancement by UV/H2O2 in micelles than in water suggests that micelles provide some degree of protection from hydroxyl radical attack. The possibility of recovery and reuse of PFS has been demonstrated by measuring the solubilizing capacity of APFO after direct photolysis and UV/H2O2 process. Overall, this study demonstrates UV/H2O2 process can be an effective treatment method for not only PAH degradation but also surfactant recovery and reuse. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res Associateship Program, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 1 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00206-8 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 498LE UT WOS:000172510600035 PM 11766808 ER PT J AU Dahab, MF Surampalli, RY AF Dahab, MF Surampalli, RY TI Effects of aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems on pathogen and pathogen indicator reduction in municipal sludge SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biosolids; pathogens; pathogenic indicators; sludge treatment; wastewater treatment AB In this study, the effectiveness of anaerobic treatment systems in reducing pathogenic density levels was evaluated under the US EPA municipal sludge rule (40 CFR Part 503 Rule). Wastewater and sludge samples were analyzed for both pathogens and pathogenic indicator organisms from six different existing wastewater treatment systems. The results indicate that Class B sludge requirements under the US 503 Rule are reasonable and can be achievable by the existing treatment systems while Class A sludge requirements under the same rule may not be easily achieved by the existing treatment systems. The effects of volatile solids loading rates on anaerobic digester performance were investigated. Under anaerobic digestion conditions, it appears that the log reductions in fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus appeared to be dependent on VSS loading rates. On the other hand, Salmonella sp. density reductions did not appear to be dependent on VSS loading rates. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. RP Dahab, MF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 8 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 46 IS 10 BP 181 EP 187 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 632GN UT WOS:000180215700025 PM 12479469 ER PT J AU Tyagi, RD Foko, VS Barnabe, S Vidyarthi, AS Valero, JR Surampalli, RY AF Tyagi, RD Foko, VS Barnabe, S Vidyarthi, AS Valero, JR Surampalli, RY TI Simultaneous production of biopesticide and alkaline proteases by Bacillus thuringiensis using sewage sludge as a raw material SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE alkaline proteases; Bacillus thuringiensis; bioassay; biological pest control; biopesticides; sludge disposal; sludge recycling; spruce budworm; wastewater sludge AB The simultaneous production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticide and proteases was studied using synthetic medium and wastewater sludge as a raw material. The studies were conducted in shake flask and computer controlled 15-L capacity fermentors. Measuring viable cell and spore counts, entomotoxicity and protease activity monitored the progress of the biopesticide production process. A higher viable cell count and spore count was observed in synthetic Soya medium, however, higher entomotoxicity and protease activity were observed in wastewater sludge medium. Thus, the wastewater sludge is a better raw material than commercial Soya medium for the biopesticides and enzyme production. The maximum entomotoxicity and protease activity observed in the fermentor was 9,332 lU/muL and 4.58 lU/mL, respectively. The proteases produced by Bt were also characterised. Two types of proteases were detected; neutral proteases with pH optimum 7.0 and alkaline proteases with pH optimum 10-11. Further, two types of alkaline proteases were detected; one having a pH and temperature optimum at 10 and 50degreesC while the other at 11 and 70degreesC. The protease thermal stability was found to increase in the presence of CaCl(2), indicating the proteases were metalloproteases. C1 INRS Eau, Ste Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. RP Tyagi, RD (reprint author), INRS Eau, 2700 Rue Einstein, Ste Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. EM tyagi@inrs-eau.uquebec.ca NR 10 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU IWA PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 46 IS 10 BP 247 EP 254 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 632GN UT WOS:000180215700034 PM 12479478 ER PT B AU Novak, D Plomb, D Allen, W AF Novak, D Plomb, D Allen, W BE Nehring, KW Brauning, SE TI Treating landfill-contaminated groundwater using surface-flow wetlands SO WETLANDS AND REMEDIATION II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Wetlands and Remediation CY SEP 05-06, 2001 CL BURLINGTON, VT SP Battelle Mem Inst, Earth Tech, US Dept Def, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, USN, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc AB A groundwater contamination plume from the Douglas Road Landfill Superfund Site extends approximately 3,800 feet southwest of the landfill. The contaminants of concern include volatile organic compounds and metals. A Remedial Action Plan has been implemented that involves capping the landfill, installation of five groundwater extraction wells to contain the contaminant plume, and treatment of extracted groundwater using surface flow wetlands. The treatment wetland system has been operating in start-up mode since May 2000. The average influent flow rate has been 360 gallons per minute, delivered primarily from the most downgradient extraction well. The most prevalent contaminant at the location of the most downgradient extraction well is trichloroethene (TCE). Preliminary results indicate that the treatment wetland system is successfully removing TCE from the extracted groundwater; average influent is 4.0 mug/L, average effluent is 1.0 mug/L. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Novak, D (reprint author), US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-122-1 PY 2002 BP 161 EP 168 PG 4 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA BU29H UT WOS:000175585500020 ER PT J AU Weatherhead, E Theisen, D Stevermer, A Enagonio, J Rabinovitch, B Disterhoft, P Lantz, K Meltzer, R Sabburg, J DeLuisi, J Rives, J Shreffler, J AF Weatherhead, E Theisen, D Stevermer, A Enagonio, J Rabinovitch, B Disterhoft, P Lantz, K Meltzer, R Sabburg, J DeLuisi, J Rives, J Shreffler, J TI Temperature dependence of the Brewer ultraviolet data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SPECTROPHOTOMETER AB We characterize the temperature dependence of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency/University of Georgia network of Brewer spectrophotometers as used to measure solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The instruments used in this study are operated in partnership with the National Park Service at 14 national park sites and in 7 urban areas. The daily and seasonal measurements of UV radiation provided by the instruments can be affected by changes in the internal instrument temperatures at the sites. These effects can lead to errors on the order of +/-10% in the resulting spectral data and of the same order of magnitude for CIE-weighted UV. Fortunately, the temperature dependence for each instrument can be quantified and the data corrected, improving the accuracy to values closer to the levels attainable with high-quality calibration and operation. The temperature dependence of the Brewers is found to vary significantly among the different instruments. A 0.8% per degree Celsius dependence can result in temperature effects as large as 12% at sites where temperatures can vary by 15degreesC in 1 day. These effects can result in a +/-5% error in the spectral irradiance. The errors to the spectral irradiance vary seasonally in a manner that is not random: in the warmer summertime the temperature dependence of the instruments can cause the irradiances to be underestimated, while during the colder winters the effect will be to overestimate UV amounts. In the part of the spectrum above 325 nm, the temperature dependence is generally independent of wavelength. Below 325 nm the temperature effects vary as a function of wavelength over a range of values and are generally largest at the shortest wavelengths. Because changes in temperature from one calibration to the next can affect an instrument's response, understanding the temperature effects is necessary to ensure that artificial trends are not introduced into the Brewer data records. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, R ARL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Georgia, Natl UV Monitoring Ctr, Athens, GA 30601 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, R ARL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM betsy.weatherhead@noaa.gov RI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015 OI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228 NR 9 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D24 BP 34121 EP 34129 DI 10.1029/2001JD000625 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 522DE UT WOS:000173879800055 ER PT J AU Diamond, JM Serveiss, VB AF Diamond, JM Serveiss, VB TI Identifying sources of stress to native aquatic fauna using a watershed ecological risk assessment framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MUSSELS BIVALVIA; QUALITY; RIVER; VIRGINIA; FILTERS; CLINCH AB The free-flowing Clinch and Powell River Basin, located in southwestern Virginia, United States, historically had one of the richest assemblages of native fish and freshwater mussels in the world. Nearly half of the species once residing here are now extinct, threatened, or endangered. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's framework for conducting an ecological risk assessment was used to structure a watershed-scale analysis of human land use, in-stream habitat quality, and their relationship to native fish and mussel populations in order to develop future management strategies and prioritize areas in need of enhanced protection. Our analyses indicate that agricultural and urban land uses as well as proximity to mining activities and transportation corridors are inversely related to fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) and mussel species diversity. Forward stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that coal mining had the most impact on fish IBI followed by percent cropland and urban area in the riparian corridor (R-2 = 0.55, p = 0.02); however, these analyses suggest that other site-specific factors are important. Habitat quality measures accounted for as much as approximately half of the variability in fish IBI values if the analysis was limited to sites within a relatively narrow elevation range. These results, in addition to other data collected in this watershed, suggest that nonhabitat-related stressors (e.g., accidental chemical spills) also have significant effects on biota in this basin. The number of cooccurring human land uses was inversely related to fish IBI (r= -0.49, p < 0.01). Sites with greater than or equal to2 co-occurring land uses had > 90% probability of having <2 mussel species present. Our findings predict that many mussel concentration sites are vulnerable to future extirpation. In addition, our results suggest that protection and enhancement of naturally vegetated riparian corridors, better controls of mine effluents and urban runoff, and increased safeguards against accidental chemical spills, as well as reintroduction or augmentation of threatened and endangered species, may help sustain native fish and mussel populations in this watershed. C1 Tetra Tech Inc, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Diamond, JM (reprint author), Tetra Tech Inc, 10045 Red Run Blvd,Suite 110, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. NR 49 TC 24 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4711 EP 4718 DI 10.1021/es0015803 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 502UF UT WOS:000172760600003 PM 11775143 ER PT J AU Mazur, CS Jones, WJ AF Mazur, CS Jones, WJ TI Hydrogen concentrations in sulfate-reducing estuarine sediments during PCE dehalogenation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC ENRICHMENT CULTURE; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; VINYL-CHLORIDE; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; CHLORINATED ETHENES; NATURAL-WATERS; MIXED CULTURE; GROUND-WATER; TETRACHLOROETHENE; IRON AB Despite recent progress made evaluating the role of hydrogen (H-2) as a key electron donor in the anaerobic remediation of chloroethenes, few studies have focused on the evaluation of hydrogen thresholds relative to reductive dehalogenation in sulfidogenic environments. Competition for hydrogen exists among microbial populations in anaerobic sediments, and direct evidence indicates that lower hydrogen thresholds are observed with more energetically favorable electron-accepting processes. This study examined aqueous hydrogen concentrations associated with sulfate reduction and perchloroethylene (PCE) dehalogenation in anoxic estuarine sediment slurry microcosms and evaluated the competition for H-2-reducing equivalents within these systems. After an initial lag period of 13 days, PCE was reductively transformed to, trichloroethylene (TCE). During the time of continuous PCE dehalogenation, a significantly (P < 0.05) lower hydrogen concentration (0.5 nM) was observed in the sediment slurries amended with PCE as compared to slurries without PCE (0.8 nM). Sulfate reduction to sulfide was observed in all sediment slurries, but In microcosms actively dechlorinating PCE, the amount of reducing equivalents directed to sulfate reduction was approximately half the amount in sediment slurries without PCE. These findings provide evidence that a lower hydrogen threshold exists in anoxic estuarine sediment slurries with PCE as a terminal electron acceptor as compared to sediment slurries in which sulfate reduction was the predominant electron-accepting process. Furthermore, our results utilizing the inhibitor molybdate indicated that H-2-utilizing methanogens may have the potential to effectively compete with dechlorinators for hydrogen when sulfate reduction is initially inhibited. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Jones, WJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4783 EP 4788 DI 10.1021/es0110372 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 502UF UT WOS:000172760600013 PM 11775153 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Mack, CM AF Gordon, CJ Mack, CM TI Diurnal variation in thermoregulatory response to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl in the rat SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thermoregulation; circadian rhythm; chronobiology; neurotoxicity; motor activity ID CIRCADIAN VARIATION; BODY-TEMPERATURE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE; HYPOTHERMIA; PESTICIDES; TOLERANCE; MAMMALS; FEVER; BRAIN AB Time of day of exposure is rarely considered in the study of insecticide toxicology. It would be expected that the circadian temperature rhythm (CTR) as well as the circadian rhythms of other physiological processes would affect the efficacy of anticholinesterase (antiChE) insecticides. The ability of antiChE insecticides to alter core temperature (T-c) could be affected by time of exposure in relation to the CTR. To this end, we assessed time of exposure on the efficacy of the antiChE insecticides chlorpyrifos (CHP) and carbaryl (CAR) to alter T-c in the rat. T-c and motor activity (MA) were monitored by radiotelemetry. Rats were dosed orally with 0, 30, and 50 mg/kg CHP or 0, 25 and 75 mg/kg CAR at 09:00 and 15:00 h. Both insecticides caused an acute decrease followed by a delayed increase in T-c by 24-48 h post-exposure. The temperature index (TI) (area under curve of DeltaT(c) with time) was significantly greater when CHP was given at 15:00 h as compared with 09:00 h. The maximum decrease in T-c was similar for morning and afternoon CHP. The TI following CAR was similar for morning and afternoon exposure. CHP suppressed the 24 h MA equally when given in the morning and afternoon. CAR was more effective in reducing MA when given in the morning as compared with the afternoon. The T-c increase measured 24 h after dosing was greater when CHP was given in the morning. Overall, time of day affected the thermoregulatory toxicity of CHP but not CAR. Another experiment showed that the hypothermic efficacy of oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, was greater when injected at 09:00 h as compared with 15:00 h. Hence, cholinergic stimulation is probably not the only mechanism to explain the effects of the chronotoxicogical effects of some antiChE insecticides. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 14 PY 2001 VL 169 IS 2 BP 93 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00496-6 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 504ZB UT WOS:000172885300002 PM 11718951 ER PT J AU Porwollik, S Wong, RMY Sims, SH Schaaper, RM DeMarini, DM McClelland, M AF Porwollik, S Wong, RMY Sims, SH Schaaper, RM DeMarini, DM McClelland, M TI Corrigendum to "The Delta uvrB mutations in the Ames strains of Salmonella span 15 to 119 genes" [Mutat. Res. 483 (2001) 1-11] SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Correction C1 Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Sigma Genosys, The Woodlands, TX 77380 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McClelland, M (reprint author), Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RI McClelland, Michael/A-8583-2011 NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 12 PY 2001 VL 484 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00276-7 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 502PR UT WOS:000172752400012 ER PT J AU Chiu, WA Gnedin, NY Ostriker, JP AF Chiu, WA Gnedin, NY Ostriker, JP TI The expected mass function for low-mass galaxies in a cold dark matter cosmology: Is there a problem? SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : theory; galaxies : abundances; galaxies : dwarf; galaxies : formation; galaxies : luminosity function, mass function ID HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; DWARF GALAXIES; REIONIZATION; UNIVERSE; EVOLUTION; COSMOGONY; ORIGIN; GAS AB It is well known that the mass function for halos in cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology is a relatively steep power law [n(M) proportional to M-2] for low masses, possibly too steep to be consistent with observations. But how steep is the galaxy mass function ? We have analyzed the stellar and gas mass functions of the first luminous objects formed in a Lambda CDM universe, as calculated in the numerical simulation described by Gnedin in 2000. We have found that suppression of the low-mass end of the galaxy mass function emerges naturally, implying that perhaps no "new physics" beyond the standard model is needed. Although previous pure semianalytic and combined N-body/semianalytic treatments of the galaxy formation problem have suggested this result, the calculation found here is derived from the first fully hydrodynamic simulation with (1) sufficient mass and spatial resolution to individually resolve low-mass galaxies, (2) a physically plausible star formation and UV photon generation algorithm, and (3) allowance for inhomogeneity in radiation emission and absorption. In particular, we find that the stellar mass function is consistently flat at the low-mass end. Moreover, while the gas mass function follows the dark matter mass function until reionization at z similar to7, between z = 7 and z = 4 the gas mass function also flattens considerably at the low-mass end. At z = 4, the gas and stellar mass functions are fitted by a Schechter function with alpha approximate to -1.2 +/- 0.1, significantly shallower than the dark matter halo mass function and consistent with some recent observations. In addition, the low-mass objects found in the simulation are consistent with the observed relationship between luminosity and velocity dispersion for dwarf spheroidals. The flattening of the mass function is a result of two factors : (1) the dark matter halo mass (differential) function is consistent with the Press-Schechter formulation at low masses n(M) proportional to M-2 and (2) heating/cooling and ionization processes seem to cause baryons to collect in halos with the relationship M-b proportional to M-d(4) at low masses. Combining these two factors yields n(M-b) proportional to M-b(-5/4), comparable to the simulation results. Finally, although the simulation ends at z = 4, processes such as mergers and additional gas ejection can only further suppress the mass function at low masses from z = 4 to the present epoch. If these processes are significant, the fact that the simulation at z = 4 produces a "turnover" in the gas mass function corresponding approximately to that observed in dwarf galaxies today suggests that Lambda CDM could end up underproducing low-mass galaxies! C1 Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Chiu, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 6608J,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 42 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 563 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1086/323685 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 504JC UT WOS:000172852700003 ER PT J AU Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Weathers, WS Kleindienst, TE Conver, TS McIver, CD Li, W AF Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Weathers, WS Kleindienst, TE Conver, TS McIver, CD Li, W TI Formation of polyketones in irradiated toluene/propylene/NOx/air mixtures SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION; NOX; DEGRADATION; YIELDS AB A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the formation of polyketones in secondary organic aerosol from photooxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbon toluene, a major constituent of automobile exhaust. The laboratory experiments consisted of irradiating toluene/propylene/NOx/air mixtures in a smog chamber operate in the dynamic mode and collecting submicron secondary organic aerosol samples on Zefluor filters and on stainless steel disks in a low pressure cascade impactor. Carbonyl oxidation products in methanol extracts of the filters were derivatized using O-(2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine, and the oxime derivatives were detected with a positive chemical ionization gas chromatography ion trap mass spectroscopy (GC-ITMS) system. Infrared spectra of the cascade impactor samples were used to determine the chemical functional group concentrations of the aerosol. The results of the GC-ITMS and infrared spectral analyses were consistent with the formation of multifunctional oxygenates, including hydroxy diones as well as triones, tetraones, and pentaones. C1 ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), ManTech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 6 BP 998 EP 1008 DI 10.1080/027868201753306769 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 497ZK UT WOS:000172485200006 ER PT J AU Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE Hilton, BA AF Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE Hilton, BA TI Speciation and detection of organotins from PVC pipe by micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry SO APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organotin; potable water; PVC pipe; mass spectroscopy ID POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE); DRINKING-WATER; TRIBUTYLTIN; DIBUTYLTIN; CULTURES; CELLS; RATS AB This paper describes the application of a micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry (mu -LC-ES-ITMS) method for separation and detection of organotin compounds leached from potable-water polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Dibutyltin (DBT) is added as a heat stabilizer to PVC. DBT was determined in I I water samples that had remained static in PVC pipes over several days (totaling 96 h). Other organotin compounds in the leachate were screened for, by using mu -LC-ES-ITMS. An initial level of approximately 1 mu gl(-1) of DBT resulted within 24 h, with a subsequent drop and then a rise in DBT levels over the next 96 h to 0.8 mu gl(-1). C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Environm Sci Div,Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Senior Environm Employment Program, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Jones-Lepp, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Environm Sci Div,Environm Chem Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 23 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0268-2605 J9 APPL ORGANOMET CHEM JI Appl. Organomet. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 12 BP 933 EP 938 DI 10.1002/aoc.246 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 495MU UT WOS:000172345600001 ER PT J AU Baldauf, RW Lane, DD Marotz, GA Wiener, RW AF Baldauf, RW Lane, DD Marotz, GA Wiener, RW TI Performance evaluation of the portable MiniVOL particulate matter sampler SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE air quality; monitoring; particulate matter; portable sampling; spatial distributions ID TEOM(R); MASS AB The MiniVOL sampler is a popular choice for use in air quality assessments because it is portable and inexpensive relative to fixed site monitors. However, little data exist on the performance characteristics of the sampler. The reliability, precision, and comparability of the portable MiniVOL PM10 and PM2.5 sampler under typical ambient conditions are described in this paper. Results indicate that the MiniVOL (a) operated reliably and (b) yielded statistically similar concentration measurements when co-located with another MiniVOL (r(2) = 0.96 for PM10, measurements and r(2) = 0.95 for PM2.5 measurements). Thus, the characterization of spatial distributions of PM10 and PM(2.)5 mass concentrations with the MiniVOL can be accomplished with a high level of confidence. The MiniVOL also produced statistically comparable results when co-located with a Dichotomous Sampler (r(2) = 0.83 for PM10 measurements and r(2) = 0.85 for PM2.5 measurements) and a continuous mass sampling system (r(2) = 0.90 for PM10 measurements). Environmental factors such as ambient concentration, wind speed, temperature, and humidity may influence the relative measurement comparability between these sampling systems. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Baldauf, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 35 BP 6087 EP 6091 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00403-4 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 506EZ UT WOS:000172958000003 ER PT J AU Landis, MS Norris, GA Williams, RW Weinstein, JP AF Landis, MS Norris, GA Williams, RW Weinstein, JP TI Personal exposures to PM2.5 mass and trace elements in Baltimore, MD, USA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE particle infiltration; acidity; sensitive elderly population; carbon; linear mixed effects model ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; COARSE PARTICLES; INDOOR; OUTDOOR; QUALITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; SULFATES; AEROSOL AB In a recent study, EPA found a significant relationship between PM2.5 mass measurements at a community site and personal exposure samples in a Towson, MD retirement facility. This manuscript builds upon the mass concentration results by evaluating the exposure relationships with the elemental composition of the PM2.5 mass. Daily community, outdoor, and indoor PM2.5 were measured with a URG Versatile Air Pollutant Sampler (VAPS). Daily personal and apartment PM2.5 samples were collected with a Marple Personal Exposure Monitor (PEM). Only subjects with the most complete data records (n = 10) were used in this analysis. Significant differences were found between the VAPS and PEM samplers for PM2.5 elemental composition, so all subsequent analyses were conducted independently for each of the data sets. Both the VAPS and PEM samples were analyzed with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF). In addition, the VAPS samples were analyzed for pH, major ions, and elemental/organic carbon. The spatial correlation coefficients between the community and outdoor monitor, and the indoor infiltration rates were calculated for several PM2.5 constituents calculated from the VAPS samples including sulfate, nitrate, trace element oxides, soil, and NaCl. The spatial correlations for most PM2.5 constituents were good (e.g. sulfate (r(2) = 0.99)), with the exception of soil (r(2) = 0.40). Infiltration rates of the PM2.5 constituents were determined by linear regression analysis and varied according to particle size. Infiltration rates ranged from 0.41 (r(2) = 0.98) for sulfate to 0.09 (r(2) = 0.83) for nitrate. Outdoor, central indoor, apartment, and personal exposures PEM samples were also evaluated using a linear mixed effects model and median Pearson correlation coefficients. The modeling results indicate that personal exposures to PM2.5 and sulfate were strongly associated with outdoor concentrations. Conversely, personal exposures to soil and trace element oxides were not significantly correlated to outdoor concentrations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Landis, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 35 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 8 U2 39 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 36 BP 6511 EP 6524 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00407-1 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 507VQ UT WOS:000173052300024 ER PT J AU Peddada, SD Prescott, KE Conaway, M AF Peddada, SD Prescott, KE Conaway, M TI Tests for order restrictions in binary data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE binomial distribution; bootstrap methodology; Cochran-Armitage trend test; downturn order; National Toxicology Program; nodal parameter; ordered alternatives; poly-3 trend test; simple order; simple tree order; umbrella order ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS; CARCINOGENICITY; HYPOTHESES; BOOTSTRAP; SUBJECT AB In this article, a general procedure is presented for testing for equality of k independent binary response probabilities against any given ordered alternative. The proposed methodology is based on an estimation procedure developed in Hwang and Peddada (1994, Annals of Statistics 22, 67-93) and can be used for a very broad class of order restrictions. The procedure is illustrated through application to two data sets that correspond to three commonly encountered order restrictions: simple tree order, simple order, and down turn order. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, Kent, England. Univ Virginia, Div Biostat, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Peddada, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Peddada, Shyamal/D-1278-2012 NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 57 IS 4 BP 1219 EP 1227 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.01219.x PG 9 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 540XU UT WOS:000174956800027 PM 11764263 ER PT J AU Larsen, DP Kincaid, TM Jacobs, SE Urquhart, NS AF Larsen, DP Kincaid, TM Jacobs, SE Urquhart, NS TI Designs for evaluating local and regional scale trends SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAKES; TIME C1 US EPA, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Int Corp, Corvallis, OR USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Larsen, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 21 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 12 BP 1069 EP 1078 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1069:DFELAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 501YF UT WOS:000172713100012 ER PT J AU Rowland, AS Umbach, DM Catoe, KE Stallone, L Long, S Rabiner, D Naftel, AJ Panke, D Faulk, R Sandler, DP AF Rowland, AS Umbach, DM Catoe, KE Stallone, L Long, S Rabiner, D Naftel, AJ Panke, D Faulk, R Sandler, DP TI Studying the epidemiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Screening method and pilot results SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE LA English DT Article DE attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; methods; epidemiology; stimulant medication; prevalence; psychiatric disorders; children ID OF-ONSET CRITERION; COUNTY-WIDE SAMPLE; IV FIELD TRIALS; DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY-DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; PREVALENCE; ADULTS; HEALTH AB Objective: As part of a larger epidemiologic study of risk factors for attention-deficit hyeractivity disorder (ADHD), this pilot study combined parent and teacher information to estimate ADHD prevalence among elementary school children in a North Carolina county The methods developed for this study and the pitfalls we encountered illustrate the challenges involved in conducting population-based studies of ADHD. Methods: We employed 2-stage screening using DSM-IV criteria. Teachers completed behaviour-rating scales for all children. We then administered a structured telephone interview to parents of potential cases. We screened 362 of 424 (85%) children in grades I to 5 it? 4 schools. Results: According to parent reports, 43 children (12%) had previously, been diagnosed with ADHD by a health professional. Thirty-four children (9%) were taking ADHD medication. Foro-six children (12.7%) met study case criteria for ADHD, based on combined teacher and parent reports. Of the 46 cases, 18 (39%) had not been previously identified. Eight previously diagnosed children, however, did not meet case criteria. After we adjusted for nonresponse, the estimated prevalence was 16% (95%CI, 12% to 20%). Conclusions: These data suggest that the DSM-IV prevalence of ADHD has been substantially underestimated, although the true prevalence in this population may be less than the 16% estimated here. Population-based studies of ADHD are feasible and may provide important information about practice and treatment patterns in community settings, as well as a broader understanding of the etiology and life course of this common disorder. C1 Westat Corp, CODA, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Child & Family Policy, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Rowland, AS (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Family & Community Med, MPH Program, 2400 Tucker NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 NR 42 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 6 PU CANADIAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 260-441 MACLAREN ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2H 2P3, CANADA SN 0706-7437 J9 CAN J PSYCHIAT JI Can. J. Psychiat.-Rev. Can. Psychiat. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 10 BP 931 EP 940 PG 10 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 508QH UT WOS:000173099800005 PM 11816314 ER PT J AU Bugmann, HKM Wullschleger, SD Price, DT Ogle, K Clark, DF Solomon, AM AF Bugmann, HKM Wullschleger, SD Price, DT Ogle, K Clark, DF Solomon, AM TI Comparing the performance of forest gap models in North America SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN BOREAL FOREST; CO2-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE; SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; DYNAMICS; QUEBEC; FIRE; SUCCESSION; GRADIENTS; TRANSECT AB Forest gap models have a long history in the study of forest dynamics, including predicting long-term succession patterns and assessing the potential impacts of climate change and air pollution on forest structure and composition. In most applications, existing models are adapted for the specific question at hand and little effort is devoted to evaluating alternative formulations for key processes, although this has the potential to significantly influence model behavior. In the present study, we explore the implications of alternative formulations for selected ecological processes via the comparison of several gap models. Baseline predictions of forest biomass, composition and size structure generated by several gap models are compared to each other and to measured data at boreal and temperate sites in North America. The models ForClim and LINKAGES v2.0 were compared based on simulations of a temperate forest site in Tennessee, whereas FORSKA-2V, BOREALIS and ForClim were compared at four boreal forest sites in central and eastern Canada. Results for present-day conditions were evaluated on their success in predicting forest cover, species composition, total biomass and stand density, and allocation of biomass among species. In addition, the sensitivity of each model to climatic changes was investigated using a suite of six climate change scenarios involving temperature and precipitation. In the temperate forest simulations, both ForClim and LINKAGES v2.0 predicted mixed mesophytic forests dominated by oak species, which is expected for this region of Tennessee. The models differed in their predictions of species composition as well as with respect to the simulated rates of succession. Simulated forest dynamics under the changed climates were qualitatively similar between the two models, although aboveground biomass and species composition in ForClim was more sensitive to drought than in LINKAGES v2.0. Under a warmer climate, the modeled effects of temperature on tree growth in LINKAGES v2.0 led to the unrealistic loss of several key species. In the boreal forest simulations, ForClim predicted significant forest growth at only the most mesic site, and failed to predict a realistic species composition. In contrast, FORSKA-2V and BOREALIS were successful in simulating forest cover, general species composition, and biomass at most sites. In the climate change scenarios, ForClim was highly sensitive, whereas the other two models exhibited sensitivity only at the drier central Canadian sites. Although the studied sites differ strongly with respect to both the climatic regime and the set of dominating species, a unifying feature emerged from these simulation exercises. The major differences in model behavior were brought about by differences in the internal representations of the seasonal water balance, and they point to an important limitation in some gap model formulations for assessing climate change impacts. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Zentrum, Dept Forest Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Bugmann, HKM (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Zentrum, Dept Forest Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RI Bugmann, Harald/A-1252-2008; Wullschleger, Stan/B-8297-2012; OI Wullschleger, Stan/0000-0002-9869-0446; Bugmann, Harald/0000-0003-4233-0094 NR 73 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 349 EP 388 DI 10.1023/A:1012537914881 PG 40 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488NU UT WOS:000171943200005 ER PT J AU Keane, RE Austin, M Field, C Huth, A Lexer, MJ Peters, D Solomon, A Wyckoff, P AF Keane, RE Austin, M Field, C Huth, A Lexer, MJ Peters, D Solomon, A Wyckoff, P TI Tree mortality in gap models: Application to climate change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID FOREST SUCCESSION MODELS; SIMULATION-MODEL; COMPUTER-MODEL; BOREAL FORESTS; GROWTH-MODEL; SPECIES COMPOSITION; ECOLOGICAL PROCESS; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; SAPLING MORTALITY; SHADE TOLERANCE AB Gap models are perhaps the most widely used class of individual-based tree models used in ecology and climate change research. However, most gap model emphasize, in terms of process detail, computer code, and validation effort, tree growth with little attention to the simulation of plant death or mortality. Mortality algorithms have been mostly limited to general relationships because of sparse data on the causal mechanisms of mortality. If gap models are to be used to explore community dynamics under changing climates, the limitations and shortcomings of these mortality algorithms must be identified and the simulation of mortality must be improved. In this paper, we review the treatment of mortality in gap models, evaluate the relationships used to represent mortality in the current generation of gap models, and then assess the prospects for making improvements, especially for applications involving global climate change. Three needs are identified to improve mortality simulations in gap models: (1) process-based empirical analyses are needed to create more climate-sensitive stochastic mortality functions, (2) fundamental research is required to quantify the biophysical relationships between mortality and plant dynamics, and (3) extensive field data are needed to quantify, parameterize, and validate existing and future gap model mortality functions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Kassel, Ctr Environm Syst Res, D-34109 Kassel, Germany. Univ Agr Sci, Inst Silviculture, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27705 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RI Austin, Mike/G-2199-2010 NR 162 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 7 U2 29 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 509 EP 540 DI 10.1023/A:1012539409854 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488NU UT WOS:000171943200010 ER PT J AU Turi, JL Ghio, A Piantadosi, C Nozik-Grayck, E AF Turi, JL Ghio, A Piantadosi, C Nozik-Grayck, E TI Expression of anion exchange protein 2 is upregulated by hyperoxia SO CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0090-3493 J9 CRIT CARE MED JI Crit. Care Med. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 12 SU S MA 506 BP A153 EP A153 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine SC General & Internal Medicine GA 505PJ UT WOS:000172920900505 ER PT J AU Jones, KB Neale, AC Wade, TG Wickham, JD Cross, CL Edmonds, CM Loveland, TR Nash, MS Riitters, KH Smith, ER AF Jones, KB Neale, AC Wade, TG Wickham, JD Cross, CL Edmonds, CM Loveland, TR Nash, MS Riitters, KH Smith, ER TI The consequences of landscape change on ecological resources: An assessment of the United States mid-Atlantic region, 1973-1993 SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; NUTRIENT; BIOSPHERE AB Spatially explicit identification of changes in ecological conditions over large areas is key to targeting and prioritizing areas for environmental protection and restoration by managers at watershed, basin, and regional scales, A critical limitation to this point has been the development of methods to conduct such broad-scale assessments. Field-based methods have proven to be too costly and too inconsistent in their application to make estimates of ecological conditions over large areas. New spatial data derived from satellite imagery and other sources, the development of statistical models relating landscape composition and pattern to ecological endpoints, and geographic information systems (GIs) make it possible to evaluate ecological conditions at multiple scales over broad geographic regions, In this study, we demonstrate the application of spatially distributed models for bird habitat quality and nitrogen yield to streams to assess the consequences of landcover change across the mid-Atlantic region between the 1970s and 1990s. Moreover, we present a way to evaluate spatial concordance between models related to different environmental endpoints. Results of this study should help environmental managers in the mid-Atlantic region target those areas in need of conservation and protection. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. US Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 229 EP 242 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01047.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 560KP UT WOS:000176081500007 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG AF Daughton, CG TI Literature forensics? Door to what was known but now forgotten SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE knowledge management; knowledge mining; knowledge synthesis; science fragmentation; literature review AB Science's all-consuming drive to make new discoveries often risks losing sight of what was already known at one time-that which already exists in the published literature. Inadequate attention to the published literature and insufficient time devoted to its mining and synthesis into new knowledge is a problem faced by all disciplines, especially highly interdisciplinary fields such as environmental forensics, whose knowledge base is fragmented across numerous disciplines, While the conduct of science applies principles of quality assurance to a wide array of its processes, how pervasive are quality controls designed to ensure that planned or ongoing research has not been undertaken before? Has sufficient energy been devoted to mining what has already been discovered and synthesizing it into a larger, more useful perspective? This paper touches on the liabilities associated with insufficient examination of an exponentially growing published literature ("literature forensics") and offers some suggestions for achieving a better balance between original work and capturing what has already been reported-all essential to the growing responsibility of knowledge management. By lessening the importance of the published literature, are we asymptotically approaching a point where science may be preoccupied with publishing "new" findings while few have time to assimilate what has already been published? (C) 2001 AEHS. C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Environm Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Daughton, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Environm Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. OI Daughton, Christian/0000-0002-0302-7730 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 2 IS 4 BP 277 EP 282 DI 10.1006/enfo.2001.0065 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 517HF UT WOS:000173604500004 ER PT J AU Stout, SA Magar, VS Uhler, RM Ickes, J Abbott, J Brenner, R AF Stout, SA Magar, VS Uhler, RM Ickes, J Abbott, J Brenner, R TI Characterization of naturally-occurring and anthropogenic PAHs in urban sediments - Wycoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; creosote; urban runoff; hydrocarbon fingerprinting ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RECENT MARINE-SEDIMENTS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; VALDEZ-OIL-SPILL; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; COAL-TAR; RECORD; ENVIRONMENT AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous constituents in urban sedimentary environments. The accurate characterization of their source(s) in sediments influences decisions regarding the liability for clean-up and remedial options. In this study, an extensive PAH dataset that included 50 non-alkylated (parent) and alkylated PAH groups and isomers was acquired using a modified EPA Method 8270 for the study of 5 cm intervals from 10 sediment cores (2878 cm) obtained from the Eagle Harbor Superfund Site on Bainbridge Island, Washington. Conventional hydrocarbon "fingerprinting" and the PAH profiles in the Pb-210 age-dated cores revealed three primary PAH sources to the sediments over the past 220 years, namely (1) naturally occurring background; (2) urban runoff, and (3) creosote, the latter resulting from prior operations at the former Wyckoff wood-processing facility located on the Harbor. Naturally occurring background PAH in the pre-industrial (< 1900) sediments were dominated by perylene, 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (derived from the oxidation of abietic acid resins), and pyrogenic PAH most likely derived from historic forest fires. The concentration of PAH(total) in these pre-industrial sediments was consistently less than 1 mg/kg (dry). Urban runoff in the post-industrial (> 1930) sediments was dominated by low but consistent concentrations (10-20 mg/kg dry) of pyrogenic PAH derived primarily from the combustion of fossil fuel(s). The creosote-impacted sediments in the post-industrialized sediments contained high concentrations (1000 140,000 mg/kg dry) of pyrogenic PAH associated with distilled, coal-derived liquids. (C) 2001 AEHS. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Duxbury, MA USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Stout, SA (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 397 Washington St, Duxbury, MA USA. NR 48 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD DEC PY 2001 VL 2 IS 4 BP 287 EP 300 DI 10.1006/enfo.2001.0057 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 517HF UT WOS:000173604500006 ER PT J AU Marcus, AH Kegler, SR AF Marcus, AH Kegler, SR TI Confounding in air pollution epidemiology: When does two-stage regression identify the problem? SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material ID PARTICULATE MATTER; MORTALITY; ASSOCIATION AB A two-stage approach has recently been proposed to assess confounding by copollutants or other variables in time-series epidemiology studies for airborne particulate matter (PM), using independent series from different cities. In the first stage of the proposed method, two regression models are fitted for each city in the analysis. The first relates the health effect to the putative causal variable such as PM without including any copollutant or confounder. The other first-stage model relates a putative confounding variable to PM. In the second stage of the analysis, the estimated city-specific regression slopes for the health-effect-versus-PM model are regressed against the estimated city-specific regression slopes for the confounder-versus-PM model. Under the proposed method, a nonzero intercept estimate in the second-stage regression would be interpreted as indicating a direct pathway from PM to the health effect, and a nonzero slope estimate would be interpreted as indicating at least partial confounding of PM with the putative confounder. A simple counterexample using an additional copollutant variable shows that inferences based on this method could be misleading. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment RTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Marcus, AH (reprint author), Room 358 Catawba Bldg,3210 Highway 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1193 EP 1196 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 526NL UT WOS:000174136500026 PM 11748025 ER PT J AU Pennington, AT Harding, AK Hendricks, CW Campbell, HMK AF Pennington, AT Harding, AK Hendricks, CW Campbell, HMK TI Evaluating microbial indicators of environmental condition in Oregon rivers SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE microbial indicators; stream condition; ecoregions; environmental assessment; biolog ID MEMBRANE-FILTER; STREAM; POLLUTION; WATERS AB Traditional bacterial indicators used in public health to assess water quality and the Biolog (R) system were evaluated to compare their response to biological, chemical, and physical habitat indicators of stream condition both within the state of Oregon and among ecoregion aggregates (Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Cascades, and eastern Oregon). Forty-three randomly selected Oregon river sites were sampled during the summer in 1997 and 1998. The public health indicators included heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and Escherichia coli (EC). Statewide, HPC correlated strongly with physical habitat (elevation, riparian complexity, % canopy presence, and indices of agriculture, pavement, road, pasture, and total disturbance) and chemistry (pH, dissolved O-2, specific conductance, acid-neutralizing capacity, dissolved organic carbon, total N, total P, SiO2, and SO4). FC and EC were significantly correlated generally with the river chemistry indicators. TC bacteria significantly correlated with riparian complexity, road disturbance, dissolved O-2, and SiO2 and FC. Analyzing the sites by ecoregion, eastern Oregon was characterized by high HPC, FC, EC, nutrient loads, and indices of human disturbance, whereas the Cascades ecoregion had correspondingly low counts of these indicators. The Coast Range and Willamette Valley presented inconsistent indicator patterns that are more difficult to characterize. Attempts to distinguish between ecoregions with the Biolog system were not successful, nor did a statistical pattern emerge between the first five principle components and the other environmental indicators. Our research suggests that some traditional public health microbial indicators may be useful in measuring the environmental condition of lotic systems. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Gathering Pl, Thoreau, NM 87323 USA. RP Hendricks, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 28 IS 6 BP 833 EP 841 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 489KM UT WOS:000171990600011 PM 11915970 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK Jozewicz, W Singer, C AF Srivastava, RK Jozewicz, W Singer, C TI SO2 scrubbing technologies: A review SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB Electricity generating units may use sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase 11 of the Acid Rain SO2 Reduction Program. Additionally; the use of scrubbers can reduce mercury emissions. It is timely; therefore, to review, the commercially available flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies that have an established record of performance. Data on worldwide applications reflect that wet FGD technologies have been used at most of the installations, 522 out of 668, completed through 1998. In reviewing the SO2 removal performance of scrubbers, data reflect that most wet limestone and lime spray drying installations appear to be capable of about 90% SO2 removal. Advanced, state-of-the-art wet scrubbers cyan provide removal in excess of 95%. ibis paper also reviews recently reported advances in SO2 scrubbing technologies. Some of these advances have been aimed at improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of established processes. Other, like wet ammonia FGD, haze focused on developing new, processes, Costs associated with limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) technology are analyzed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS G&M Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Srivastava, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 93 Z9 105 U1 9 U2 67 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 219 EP 227 DI 10.1002/ep.670200410 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 510DA UT WOS:000173192400007 ER PT J AU An, YJ AF An, YJ TI Photochemical treatment of a mixed PAH/Surfactant solution for surfactant recovery and reuse SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HYDROCARBON SURFACTANTS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; MICELLAR PHASE; SOLUBILIZATION; FLUOROCARBON; NAPHTHALENE; FLUORESCENCE; PYRENE AB Because of their hydrophobic nature, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generally thought to be unavailable to in situ remediation processes, and solubilization of PAIL by surfactants is usually recommended. However; mixed PAH/surfactant solutions are wastewaters that need a post-treatment after solubilization. In this sturdy, mixed solutions of P,411 and perflurorinated surfactant (PFS) were photochemically treated with and without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the subsequent recovery and reuse of surfactant solutions were demonstrated. Phenanthrene and pyreue were selected as representative PAHs and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LiFOS) as a PFS. Direct photolysis (UV only) and UV/H2O2 process enhanced the PAH degradation in LiFOS solutions compared to water. Both treatment processes selectively degraded PAHs without damaging PFS, suggesting that PFS with. stands photolysis. Overall, it is demonstrated that UV and UV/H2O2. processes of mixed PAH/PFS solutions are effective for surfactant recovery/reuse, as well as PAH degradation. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Associates Program, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 240 EP 246 DI 10.1002/ep.670200412 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 510DA UT WOS:000173192400009 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Mahaffey, KR Taylor, AJ AF Gulson, BL Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Mahaffey, KR Taylor, AJ TI Dietary intakes of selected elements from longitudinal 6-day duplicate diets for pregnant and nonpregnant subjects and elemental concentrations of breast milk and infant formula SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dietary intake; micronutrients; female adults; pregnancy; children; breast milk; infant formula; seasonal variations ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION; IRON-DEFICIENCY; UNITED-STATES; MEXICO-CITY; CHILDREN; LACTATION; WOMEN; AMERICAN AB As part of a longitudinal investigation into mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation, we have determined the daily intake of selected elements (hereafter called micronutrients) for various subjects and compared these intakes with recommended and/or published intakes, especially those of the United States, through the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We also sought to ascertain whether there was any seasonal effect in the diets. Six-day duplicate diets were collected from 15 pregnant and 16 nonpregnant migrants to Australia, 6 pregnant Australian control subjects, and 8 children of nonpregnant migrants (6 to 11 years). Samples of breast milk and infant formula were also analyzed. Blended samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the elements Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na, Zn, Ba, Sr, and Pb. Daily intakes of micronutrients were only about half of the daily intake estimated for non-Hispanic white females and infants in the U.S. NHANES III. Estimates of daily intakes from breast milk were also considerably lower for the migrant and Australian infants compared with the values extracted from tables of food composition and dietary recall for non-Hispanic white infants in the U.S. NHANES III. For example, Ca was a factor of similar to3 times lower, Fe similar to50, and Zn similar to4. We consider our estimates a reliable indication of the daily intakes for several reasons, including the collection of up to nine quarterly collections of 6-day duplicate diets and retention of subjects in a longitudinal prospective study. The low intakes of the essential elements such as Ca, Fe, and Zn in all these population groups are of potential concern from a public health viewpoint. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Macquarie Univ, Dept Psychol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, DEM, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox, Washington, DC 20074 USA. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 44 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 IS 3 BP 160 EP 174 DI 10.1006/enrs.2001.4309 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 508JJ UT WOS:000173084700006 PM 11771930 ER PT J AU Leone, AD Amato, S Falconer, RL AF Leone, AD Amato, S Falconer, RL TI Emission of chiral organochlorine pesticides from agricultural soils in the cornbelt region of the US SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALPHA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; ENANTIOMERIC RATIOS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; FRASER VALLEY; GREAT-LAKES; INDOOR AIR; CHLORDANE; DEGRADATION AB Several organochlorine pesticides are chiral molecules manufactured as racemic mixtures. Past research has shown that selective degradation of pesticide enantiomers by microorganisms occurs resulting in nonracemic signatures in soils. In this work, volatilization of chiral pesticides from soil was investigated to determine if enantioselective breakdown in soils could be used as a source signature to track releases of chiral pesticides to the atmosphere. Air samples were taken directly above agricultural soils at several sites, and enantiomeric signatures were found to be nonracemic following patterns found in the soil. A follow up study at one site showed that for most compounds concentration decreased with increasing height above the soil, while enantiomer fractions for chiral pesticides were similar to that found in the soil, signifying the soil as a source to the air. The enantiomer fractions of ambient air samples from rural nonagricultural areas in the region were also found to be nonracemic. C1 Youngstown State Univ, Dept Chem, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Falconer, RL (reprint author), Chatham Coll, Dept Chem, Woodland Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA. NR 26 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 23 BP 4592 EP 4596 DI 10.1021/es010992o PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 498TU UT WOS:000172527200016 PM 11770760 ER PT J AU Utgikar, VP Chen, BY Chaudhary, N Tabak, HH Haines, JR Govind, R AF Utgikar, VP Chen, BY Chaudhary, N Tabak, HH Haines, JR Govind, R TI Acute toxicity of heavy metals to acetate-utilizing mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria: EC100 and EC50 SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sulfate-reducing bacteria; heavy metal toxicity; heavy metal inhibition; toxicity measurement; toxic concentrations ID DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; PROBABLE-NUMBER; REDUCTION; BIOSORPTION; MEDIA; ZINC AB Acid mine drainage from abandoned mines and acid mine pit lakes is an important environmental concern and usually contains appreciable concentrations of heavy metals. Because sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are involved in the treatment of acid mine drainage, knowledge of acute metal toxicity levels for SRB is essential for the proper functioning of the treatment system for acid mine drainage. Quantification of heavy metal toxicity to mixed cultures of SRB is complicated by the confounding effects of metal hydroxide and sulfide precipitation, biosorption, and complexation with the constituents of the reaction matrix. The objective of this paper was to demonstrate that measurements of dissolved metal concentrations could be used to determine the toxicity parameters for mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The effective concentration. 100% (EC 100), the lowest initial dissolved metal concentrations at which no sulfate reduction is observed, and the effective concentration, 50% (EC50), the initial dissolved metal concentrations resulting in a 50% decrease in sulfate reduction, for copper and zinc were determined in the present study by means of nondestructive, rapid physical and chemical analytical techniques. The reaction medium used in the experiments was designed specifically (in terms of pH and chemical composition) to provide the nutrients necessary for the sulfidogenic activity of the SRB and to preclude chemical precipitation of the metals under investigation. The toxicity-mitigating effects of biosorption of dissolved metals were also quantified. Anaerobic Hungate tubes were set up (at least in triplicate) and monitored for sulfate-reduction activity. The onset of SRB activity was detected by the blackening of the reaction mixture because of formation of insoluble ferrous sulfide. The EC 100 values were found to be 12 mg/L for copper and 20 mg/L for zinc. The dissolved metal concentration measurements were effective as the indicators of the effect of the heavy metals at concentrations below EC100. The 7-d EC50 values obtained from the difference between the dissolved metal concentrations for the control tubes (tubes not containing copper or zinc) and tubes containing metals were found to be 10.5 mg/L for copper and 16.5 mg/L for zinc. Measurements of the turbidity and pH, bacterial population estimations by means of a most-probable number technique, and metal recovery in the sulfide precipitate were found to have only a limited applicability in these determinations. C1 US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 21 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2662 EP 2669 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2662:ATOHMT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700002 PM 11764146 ER PT J AU Pelletier, MC Ho, TK Cantwell, M Kuhn-Hines, A Jayaraman, S Burgess, RM AF Pelletier, MC Ho, TK Cantwell, M Kuhn-Hines, A Jayaraman, S Burgess, RM TI Use of Ulva lactuca to identify ammonia toxicity in marine and estuarine sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicity identification evaluation; Ulva lactuca; sediments ID IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION PROCEDURES; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; FLUORANTHENE; TOXICANTS; EFFLUENT AB Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods are being developed for use with whole sediments. Although a phase I TIE method has been developed to characterize ammonia toxicity in aqueous samples using the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca, the relationship between amphipod and mysid mortality and uptake by U. lactuca of bedded sediment ammonia had not been explored. Additionally, it was not known how interactions in whole sediments between metal and organic contaminants with U. lactuca and ammonia would affect TIE interpretation. The current study showed that ammonia toxicity to amphipods and mysids was reduced significantly in marine sediments in the presence of U. lactuca. The alga slightly affected metal concentrations but did not alter the concentration of organic contaminants in either overlying or interstitial waters. Conversely, ammonia uptake by U. lactuca was not affected by the presence of metal or organic contaminants in the sediments. When used with other TIE manipulations, U. lactuca can be utilized in a whole-sediment, phase I TIE to remove toxicity due to ammonia. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Pelletier, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2852 EP 2859 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2852:UOULTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700027 PM 11764171 ER PT J AU Sappington, LC Mayer, FL Dwyer, FJ Buckler, DR Jones, JR Ellersieck, MR AF Sappington, LC Mayer, FL Dwyer, FJ Buckler, DR Jones, JR Ellersieck, MR TI Contaminant sensitivity of threatened and endangered fishes compared to standard surrogate species SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE endangered fishes; acute toxicity; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Pimephales promelas; Ciprindodon variegatus ID CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; TOXICITY; MIXTURES AB Standard environmental assessment procedures are designed to protect terrestrial and aquatic species. However, it is not known if endangered species are adequately protected by these procedures. At present, toxicological data obtained from studies with surrogate test fishes are assumed to be applicable to endangered fish species, but this assumption has not been validated. Static acute toxicity tests were used to compare the sensitivity of rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and sheepshead minnows to several federally listed fishes (Apache trout, Lahontan cutthroat trout, greenback cutthroat trout, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, razorback sucker, Leon Springs pupfish, and desert pupfish). Chemicals tested included carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol, and permethrin. Results indicated that the surrogates and listed species were of similar sensitivity. In two cases, a listed species had a 96-h LC50 (lethal concentration to 50% of the population) that was less than one half of its corresponding surrogate. In all other cases, differences between listed and surrogate species were less than twofold. A safety factor of two would provide a conservative estimate for listed cold-water, warm-water, and euryhaline fish species. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Agr Expt Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Sappington, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 37 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2869 EP 2876 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2869:CSOTAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 496WU UT WOS:000172420700029 PM 11764173 ER PT J AU Claxton, LD Hughes, TJ Chung, KT AF Claxton, LD Hughes, TJ Chung, KT TI Using base-specific Salmonella tester strains to characterize the types of mutation induced by benzidine and benzidine congeners after reductive metabolism SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella typhimurium; mutational spectra; reductive metabolism; carcinogens; dyes; benzidine (92-87-5); 4-aminobiphenyl (92-67-1); 3,3 '-dichlorobenzidine (91-94-1); 3,3 '-dimethylbenzidine (119-93-7); 3,3 '-dimethoxybenzidine (119-90-4); trypan blue (72-57-1) ID ALLOW RAPID DETECTION; AZO DYES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AROMATIC-AMINES; FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS; MUTAGENICITY TEST; MICROSOME ASSAY; LACZ MUTATIONS; BALB/C MICE; TYPHIMURIUM AB Although benzidine (Bz), 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine HCl (DCBz), 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine (DMBz), 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine (DMOBz) and the benzidine congener-based dye trypan blue (TB) produce primarily frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium, the base-substitution strain TA100 also responds to these compounds when S9 is present. Performing DNA sequence analysis, other investigators have shown that ABP induces frameshift, base-pair and complex mutations. Also, it was found that an uninduced hamster liver S9 preparation with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, FMN, NADH and four times glucose 6-phosphate gave a stronger mutagenic response than the conventional plate incorporation with rat S9 activation mixture for all the compounds tested. Using the base-specific tester strains of S. typhimurium (TA7001-TA7006) with the above reductive metabolic activation system, we surveyed these compounds for the ability to produce specific base-pair substitutions after reductive metabolism. Bz was weakly mutagenic in TA7005 (0.04 revertants/mug). ABP was mutagenic in TA7002 (1.4 revertants/mug), TA7004 (0.6 revertants/mug), TA7005 (2.98 revertants/mug) and TA7006 (0.4 revertants/mug). DCBz was weakly mutagenic in TA7004 (0.01 revertants/mug). It was concluded that benzidine induced some CG-> AT transversions in addition to frameshift mutations. ABP induced TA-> AT, CG-> AT, and CG-> GC transversions as well as GC-> AT transitions. DCBz induced only GC-> AT transitions. Because DMBz, DMOBz and TB were not mutagenic in this base-substitution mutagen detection system, their mutagenic activity was attributed strictly to frameshift mechanisms. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Microbiol & Mol Cell Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Claxton, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 66 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 12 BP 1253 EP 1261 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00072-2 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 495PH UT WOS:000172349200013 PM 11696399 ER PT J AU Hughes, MF Edwards, BC Mitchell, CT Bhooshan, B AF Hughes, MF Edwards, BC Mitchell, CT Bhooshan, B TI In vitro dermal absorption of flame retardant chemicals SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flame retardant chemicals; dermal absorption; in vitro ID INVITRO PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; SKIN; METABOLISM; INVIVO AB Flame retardant chemicals may be used in furniture fabric in the future to reduce the flammability of the fabric. As a part of the process to evaluate the potential for exposure to these chemicals, this study examined the in vitro dermal absorption of two flame retardant chemicals. The chemicals were [C-14]decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) and [C-14]tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCP). Skin from the adult hairless female mouse (SKH1) was removed and mounted in flow-through diffusion cells. The chemicals, at three dose levels (DBDPO: 6, 30 and 60 nmol; TDCP: 20, 100 and 200 pmol), were applied in a volatile vehicle (tetrahydrofuran for DBDPO; acetone for TDCP) to the skin. Fractions of receptor fluid, pumped below the skin, were collected over a 24-h period. The skin was washed with solvent (tetrahydrofuran for DBDPO; ethanol for TDCP) to remove unabsorbed chemical 24 h after application. The receptor fluid, skin wash and skin were analyzed for chemical-derived radioactivity. The skin from the high-dose group of both chemicals, and the receptor fluid from TDCP high-dose samples, were analyzed for parent compound and metabolites by HPLC. The 24-h cumulative percent of the dose of DBDPO in the receptor fluid was very low (0.07-0.34%). The applied dose of DBDPO detected in the skin ranged from 2 to 20%. The lowest dose of DBDPO had the highest percentage of the dose (20%) in the skin. The major portion of the applied dose was removed by washing the skin 24 h after application of DBDPO, and ranged from 77 to 92%. HPLC analysis of homogenate extract prepared from the high-dose of DBDPO-treated skin showed the presence of DBDPO and a minor unknown peak. TDCP was readily detected in the receptor fluids 39-57% of the applied dose of TDCP was in the receptor fluid by 24 h. The solvent wash removed 11-25% of the dose from the skin and 28-35% remained in it. RPLC analysis of the skin homogenate extract and receptor fluid extract from the TDCP high-dose treated samples showed the presence of parent Compound and a minor unknown peak. TDCP more readily penetrated hairless mouse skin and diffused into the receptor fluid than DBDPO. TDCP has a lower molecular weight and log octanol:water partition coefficent than DBDPO. The differences in the physico-chemical properties of these two chemicals most likely explains their dissimilar absorption through hairless mouse skin. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Consumer Prod Safety Commiss, Directorate Lab Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Hughes, MF (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 12 BP 1263 EP 1270 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00074-6 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 495PH UT WOS:000172349200014 PM 11696400 ER PT J AU Buckley, TJ Pleil, JD Bowyer, JR Davis, JM AF Buckley, TJ Pleil, JD Bowyer, JR Davis, JM TI Evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as an interference on commercial breath-alcohol analyzers SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE); ethanol; interference; alcohol-breath analyzer; breath; body burden; biomarker; inhalation; exposure ID EXPOSURES AB Anecdotal reports suggest that high environmental or occupational exposures to the fuel oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) may result in breath concentrations that are sufficiently elevated to cause a false positive on commercial breath-alcohol analyzers. We evaluated this possibility in vitro by establishing a response curve for simulated breath containing MTBE in ethanol. Two types of breath-alcohol analyzers were evaluated. One analyzer's principle of operation involves in situ wet chemistry (oxidation of ethanol in a potassium dichromate solution) and absorption of visible light. The second instrument uses a combination of infrared absorption and an electrochemical sensor. Both types of instruments are currently used, although the former method represents older technology while the latter method represents newer technology. The percent blood alcohol response curve was evaluated over a breath concentration range thought to be relevant to high-level environmental or occupational exposure (0-361 mug/l). Results indicate that MTBE positively biases the response of the older technology Breathalyzer(TM) when evaluated as a single constituent or in combination with ethanol. We conclude that a false positive is possible on this instrument if the MTBE exposure is very high, recent with respect to testing, and occurs in combination with ethanol consumption. The interference can be identified on the older technology instrument by a time dependent post-reading increase in the instrument response that does not occur for ethanol alone. In contrast, the newer technology instrument using infrared and electrochemical detectors did not respond to MTBE at lower levels (0-36 mug/l) and at higher levels (>72 mug/l) the instrument indicated an "interference" or "error". For this instrument, a false positive does not occur even at high MTBE levels in the presence of ethanol. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Buckley, TJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00534-5 PG 8 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 504ZW UT WOS:000172887100004 PM 11728735 ER PT J AU Turner, BL Villar, SC Foster, D Geoghegan, J Keys, E Klepeis, P Lawrence, D Mendoza, PM Manson, S Ogneva-Himmelberger, Y Plotkin, AB Salicrup, DP Chowdhury, RR Savitsky, B Schneider, L Schmook, B Vance, C AF Turner, BL Villar, SC Foster, D Geoghegan, J Keys, E Klepeis, P Lawrence, D Mendoza, PM Manson, S Ogneva-Himmelberger, Y Plotkin, AB Salicrup, DP Chowdhury, RR Savitsky, B Schneider, L Schmook, B Vance, C TI Deforestation in the southern Yucatan peninsular region: an integrative approach SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE tropical deforestation; land change; modeling; Mexico; Yucatan ID LAND-COVER-CHANGE; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; CARBON EMISSIONS; FOREST; MEXICO; SATELLITE; MODELS AB The tensions between development and preservation of tropical forests heighten the need for integrated assessments of deforestation processes and for models that address the fine-tuned location of change. As Mexico's last tropical forest frontier, the southern Yucatan peninsular region witnesses these tensions, giving rise to a "hot spot" of tropical deforestation. These forests register the imprint of ancient Maya uses and selective logging in the recent past, but significant modern conversion of them for agriculture began in the 1960s. Subsequently, as much as 10% of the region's forests have been disturbed anthropogenically. The precise rates of conversion and length of successional growth in both upland and wetland forests are tied to policy and political economic conditions. Pressures on upland forests are exacerbated by the development of infrastructure for El Mundo Maya, an archaeological and ecological activity predicated on forest maintenance, and by increased subsistence and market cultivation, including lands on the edge of Mexico's largest tropical forest biosphere reserve. In this complex setting, the southern Yucatan peninsular region project seeks to unite research in the ecological, social, and remote sensing sciences to provide a firm understanding of the dynamics of deforestation and to work towards spatially explicit assessments and models that can be used to monitor and project forest change under different assumptions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Clark Univ, George Perkins Marsh Inst, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. El Colgio Frontera Sur Chetumal, Carretera Chetumal Bacalar, Chetumai 77000, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Harvard Univ, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. Clark Univ, Dept Econ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Colgate Univ, Dept Geog, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Dept Ecol Recursos Nat, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico. Florida State Univ, Dept Geog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Turner, BL (reprint author), Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. EM bturner@clarku.edu RI Steven, Manson/B-9061-2008; Roy Chowdhury, Rinku/A-5424-2009; OI Steven, Manson/0000-0001-7697-5339; Roy Chowdhury, Rinku/0000-0003-0762-226X; Schmook, Birgit/0000-0001-5775-0310 NR 61 TC 102 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 EI 1872-7042 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 353 EP 370 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00508-4 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 494MZ UT WOS:000172287600002 ER PT J AU Anzzolin, AR Siedlecki, MT AF Anzzolin, AR Siedlecki, MT TI The value of ground water monitoring SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Anzzolin, AR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 36 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00627.x PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 405PR UT WOS:000167168700001 ER PT J AU DiGiulio, DC Varadhan, RI AF DiGiulio, DC Varadhan, RI TI Limitations of ROI testing for venting design: Description of an alternative approach based on attainment of a critical pore-gas velocity in contaminated media SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION; HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID; IONIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; MASS-TRANSFER; HYDROPHOBIC POLLUTANTS; SORBATE STRUCTURE; UNSATURATED ZONE; SYSTEM-DESIGN AB We utilize data from a Superfund site where radius of influence (ROI) testing was conducted in support of a venting design to describe limitations of ROI evaluation in more detail than has been done previously, and to propose an alternative method of design based on specification and attainment of a critical pore-gas velocity in contaminated subsurface media. Since accurate gas permeability estimation is critical to pore-gas velocity computation, we assess the usefulness of ROI testing data on estimation of radial, permeability, vertical permeability, and leakance. We apply information from published studies on rate-limited vapor transport to provide the basis for selection of a critical design pore-gas velocity for soils at this site. Using single-well gas flow simulations, we evaluate whether this critical pore-gas velocity was achieved at measured ROIs. We then conduct a series of multi-well gas Row simulations to assess how variation in anisotropy and leakance affect three-dimensional vacuum and pore-gas velocity profiles and determination of an ROI. Finally, when attempting to achieve a critical design pare-gas velocity we evaluate whether it is more efficient to install additional wells or pump existing wells at a higher flow rate. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Dynamac Corp, Ada, OK USA. RP DiGiulio, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM digiulio.dominic@epa.go NR 78 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1069-3629 EI 1745-6592 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 97 EP 114 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00635.x PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 405PR UT WOS:000167168700008 ER PT J AU Lay, JC Zeman, KL Ghio, AJ Bennett, WD AF Lay, JC Zeman, KL Ghio, AJ Bennett, WD TI Effects of inhaled iron oxide particles on alveolar epithelial permeability in normal subjects SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; AIR-POLLUTION; PULMONARY CLEARANCE; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; DAILY MORTALITY; FINE PARTICLES; TC-99M-DTPA; LUNG; MUCOSA AB Pulmonary inflammation secondary to oxidant generation catalyzed by transition metals associated with inhaled particles is one factor postulated to underlie the acute health effects of particulate air pollution. We postulated that inhaled iron oxide particles with associated amounts of soluble iron should induce mild pulmonary inflammation and lead to altered alveolar epithelial integrity and altered gas exchange. To test this hypothesis we examined the effects of inhaled iron oxide particles on alveolar epithelial permeability. Sixteen healthy subjects inhaled aerosols of iron oxide particles (1.5 mum mass median aerodynamic diameter) having either high or low water-soluble iron content [3.26 +/- 0.25 (SE) and 0.14 +/- 0.04 mug soluble iron/mg of particles, respectively] for 30 min at an average mass concentration of 12.7 mg/m(3). Alveolar epithelial permeability was assessed by measuring the pulmonary clearance of an inhaled radiolabeled tracer molecule (Tc-99m-DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) using a gamma camera at 1/2 h and 24 h post particle exposure. Carbon monoxide lung diffusing capacity (DLCO) and spirometry were also performed before and after breathing the iron oxide. As a control, on a separate day, the procedures were duplicated except that the subject breathed particle-free air. For those subjects breathing aerosols with high soluble iron, we found no significant difference in DTPA clearance half-times after breathing particles versus particle-free air either at 1/2 h (97.4 +/- 15.4 vs. 116.1 +/- 15.5 min, respectively) or 24 h postinhalation (105.1 +/- 13.8 vs. 106.9 +/- 12.9 min, respectively). Likewise, for those subjects breathing aerosols with low soluble iron content we found no significant difference in DTPA clearance half-times after breathing particles versus particle-free air either at 1/2 h (108.6 +/- 31.9 vs. 95.6 +/- 10.8 min, respectively) or 24 h postinhalation (130.0 +/- 18.0 vs. 105.8 +/- 13.7 min, respectively). We found no significant differences in DLCO between particle exposures and air exposures. Minor differences in spirometric measurements were noted but were not statistically significant. We conclude that inhalation of iron oxide particles did not cause an appreciable alteration of alveolar epithelial permeability, lung diffusing capacity, or pulmonary function in healthy subjects under the studied conditions. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, EPA Human Studies Facil, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lay, JC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, EPA Human Studies Facil, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Lay, John/A-6380-2012 FU PHS HHS [CR824915] NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 12 BP 1065 EP 1078 DI 10.1080/08958370152647618 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 493CP UT WOS:000172204700001 PM 11696874 ER PT J AU Wilcox, AJ AF Wilcox, AJ TI On the importance - and the unimportance - of birthweight SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE birthweight; fetal growth; gestational age; low birthweight; intrauterine growth retardation; small for gestational age; infant mortality; analytical methods ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH-RETARDATION; LOWER MORTALITY-RATE; PERINATAL-MORTALITY; PRETERM DELIVERY; UNITED-STATES; FETAL GROWTH; ASSOCIATION; FREQUENCY; PREGNANCY AB Birthweight is one of the most accessible and most misunderstood variables in epidemiology. A baby's weight at birth is strongly associated with mortality risk during the first! year and, to a. lesser degree, with developmental problems in childhood and the risk of various diseases in adulthood. Epidemiological analyses often regard birthweight as on the causal pathway to these health outcomes. Under this assumption of causality, birthweight is used to explain variations in infant mortality and later morbidity, and is also used as an intermediate health endpoint in itself. Evidence presented here suggests the link between birthweight and health outcomes may not be causal. Methods of analysis that assume causality are unreliable at best, and biased at worst. The category of 'low birthweight' in particular is uninformative and seldom justified. The main utility of the birthweight distribution is to provide an estimate of the proportion of small preterm births in a population (although even this requires special analytical methods). While the ordinary approaches to birthweight are not well grounded, the links between birthweight and a range of health outcomes may nonetheless reflect the workings of biological mechanisms with implications for human health. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wilcox, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311 NR 46 TC 354 Z9 366 U1 3 U2 28 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1233 EP 1241 DI 10.1093/ije/30.6.1233 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 520NC UT WOS:000173787100003 PM 11821313 ER PT J AU Dugan, NR Fox, KR Owens, JH Miltner, RJ AF Dugan, NR Fox, KR Owens, JH Miltner, RJ TI Controlling Cryptosporidium oocysts using conventional treatment SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BIOFILTRATION PERFORMANCE; GIARDIA; WATER AB Fourteen pilot-scale tests were performed to assess the ability of conventional treatment to control Cryptosporidium oocysts and three surrogates: turbidity, total particle count, and aerobic endospores. Cryptosporidium oocysts were fed into the raw water at a target concentration of 10(6)/L for 30-71 h in each test. The effects of coagulant type, coagulant dose, raw water quality, filter loading rates, and filter media were evaluated. Under optimal coagulation conditions, conventional treatment achieved more than 4-log total Cryptosporidium removal, and surrogate log removals were conservative (low with respect to Cryptosporidium). C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Dugan, NR (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 12 BP 64 EP 76 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 500BJ UT WOS:000172605800009 ER PT J AU Schwartz, PF Gennings, C Teuschler, LK Fariss, MW AF Schwartz, PF Gennings, C Teuschler, LK Fariss, MW TI Optimizing the precision of toxicity threshold estimation using a two-stage experimental design SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE dispersion; D-optimality; D-s-optimality; efficiency; quasi-likelihood ID QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT; QUASI-LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; BINARY DATA; MODELS; TOXICOLOGY; REGRESSION; CHEMICALS; VALUES AB An important consideration for risk assessment is the existence of a threshold, i.e., the highest toxicant dose where the response is not distinguishable from background. We have developed methodology for finding an experimental design that optimizes the precision of threshold model parameter estimation for single-chemical threshold experiments. Being interested in precisely estimating the threshold parameter, we used the D-optimality and the D-s-optimality criteria. The D-optimal design results in parameter estimates as precise as possible in the sense that the likelihood-based confidence region has minimum volume, while the D-s-optimal threshold design results in parameter estimates as precise as possible in that the variance of the threshold parameter estimate is minimized. For nonlinear models, optimal designs are a function of the unknown parameters via the information matrix. Therefore, estimates of the parameters must be obtained before the optimal design of the experiment can be found. For this reason, a two-stage D-D-s-optimal design is recommended where the D-optimality criterion is used in the first stage followed by the D-optimality criterion in the second stage. The first stage is used for range finding and to obtain good global estimates to supply to the second stage. The second stage results in precise parameter estimates with minimum variance for the threshold parameter estimate. We propose that the use of this two-stage D-D-s-optimal design will provide toxicologists with the experimental parameters necessary to accurately estimate thresholds for risk assessment purposes in a more cost-effective and timely manner. C1 Pfizer Inc, Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Biometr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Biostat, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati Off, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Schwartz, PF (reprint author), Pfizer Inc, Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Biometr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 6 IS 4 BP 409 EP 428 DI 10.1198/10857110152946802 PG 20 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 527MV UT WOS:000174190600001 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG Bradford, DF Franson, SE Neale, AC Heggem, DT AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG Bradford, DF Franson, SE Neale, AC Heggem, DT TI Ant communities and livestock grazing in the Great Basin, USA SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE indicator; livestock grazing; ant; vegetation; bare patches; Great Basin; range condition; cool desert ID SEED-HARVESTER ANTS; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; INDICATORS; AUSTRALIA; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; RECOLONIZATION; ORGANIZATION AB The objectives of this study were to determine if metrics for ant species assemblages can be used as indicators of rangeland condition, and to determine the influence of vegetation and ground cover variables, factors often influenced by livestock grazing, on ant communities. The study was conducted in two areas in the Great Basin: a sagebrush-steppe in southeastern Idaho (n = 30 sites), and a salt-desert shrub in western Utah (n = 27 sites). Sites were selected based on known rangeland condition (i.e. good, fair, poor) associated with livestock grazing. Ant communities differed considerably between the two study areas. Collectively, more ant species occurred at the Idaho sites (30) than at the Utah sites (21), relatively few species (eight) occurred in both areas, species richness was significantly greater at the Idaho sites (mean = 12(.)0 species) than the Utah sites (mean = 6(.)9 species), and Formica spp. were diverse (total of 15 species) at the Idaho sites but rare (one species) at the Utah sites. In Idaho, all species collectively, generalists, and Formica spp. were significantly less abundant on sites in poor condition than that on sites in good or fair condition, whereas in Utah, seed harvesters and Pheidole spp. were significantly more abundant on sites in poor condition than that on sites in good or fair condition. In Idaho, species richness was significantly lower on sites in poor condition. In Idaho, species richness and relative abundances of several ant groups were significantly related to bare patch size and parameters for cover or species richness of several vegetation groups. In contrast to the comparisons involving sites in poor condition, no differences in ant communities in either Idaho or Utah were evident between sites in good and fair condition. Thus, the ant communities responded only to large changes in rangeland condition and to large differences in climatic/edaphic conditions between the two areas. Hence, ant community metrics appear to have limited utility as indicators of rangeland condition in the Great Basin. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 58 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 4 BP 695 EP 710 DI 10.1006/jare.2001.0824 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 514YW UT WOS:000173469500004 ER PT J AU Cross, CL Petersen, CE AF Cross, CL Petersen, CE TI Modeling snake microhabitat from radiotelemetry studies using polytomous logistic regression SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PINE-BARRENS; HABITAT; POPULATIONS; PREFERENCE; SELECTION AB Multivariate analysis of snake microhabitat has historically used techniques that were derived under assumptions of normality and common covariance structure (e.g, discriminant function analysis, MANOVA). In this study, polytomous logistic regression (PLR), which does not require such assumptions, was developed to model habitat use patterns from snake radiotelemetry data. Two case study examples were used: the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) in a forested habitat in Chesapeake, Virginia, and the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) in a wetland habitat in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The model was developed based on grid-cell counts of the habitat used by adult snakes that were radiotracked for a minimum of one activity season (early spring through late fall). In addition to PLR modeling, a nonparametric MANOVA procedure based on ranked data from presence versus random sites was developed for comparative purposes. Although results were similar in terms of variables chosen by the models, nonparametric procedures lack predictive power, and conclusions drawn from them are sometimes questionable or difficult to interpret. Polytomous logistic regression provides a useful alternative to traditional modeling approaches that require ancillary data from random sites; PLR requires data only from sites used by snakes, and was developed based on use-intensity categorization. Suggestions for model implementation (e.g, in a GIS) are discussed. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23452 USA. RP Cross, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Landscape Ecol Branch, ORD,NERL, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 590 EP 597 DI 10.2307/1565896 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 502YJ UT WOS:000172770100006 ER PT J AU Chintala, MM Grassle, JP AF Chintala, MM Grassle, JP TI Comparison of recruitment frequency and growth of surfclams, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817), in different inner-shelf habitats of New Jersey SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE surfclams; recruitment; growth; Spisula solidissima; New Jersey ID ATLANTIC SURF CLAM; DELMARVA PENINSULA; AGE-STRUCTURE; INCREMENTS; USA AB Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) Populations along the U.S. East Coast reflect episodic settlement and recruitment success, An analysis of growth bands in the shells of 1.005 surfclams collected from nine zones within 3 miles of the coast of New Jersey in 1993 revealed years of good recruitment, and allowed the construction of growth curves for each zone. The 1988 year class predominated in most areas, comprising 53.5% of all clams sampled, followed by the 1986 year class (8.3%), and the 1983 year class (5.0%). In the zones located farthest north, 3- to 5-year classes each represented at least 10% of the samples. All of the zones south of Barnegat Inlet were dominated by the 1988 year class, which accounted for 45% to 95% of the clams within these zones. The temporal patterns of recruitment across mile zones, depth gradients, bottom types, or catch densities did not appear to be significantly different. There was considerable variation among the growth curves for surfclams along the coast. An examination of the shell height at age 5 (H-5) for the 1988 year class in the northern and southern zones supports earlier findings that surfclams farther inshore grow more slowly and reach a smaller maximum size than clams farther offshore. The fact that the expected mean height at age one (H-1) for the 1988 year class was the same throughout all zones suggests a single, widespread settlement event along the coast in that year. An analysis of U.S. EPA surface and bottom temperature data (1979-1991) indicated that mean temperature for summer 1988 was lower than for all other years in the six northern zones, and was also relatively low in the three southern zones. Lower mean summer seawater temperatures are correlated with a higher frequency and persistence of coastal upwelling events, which in turn are associated with high larval abundances in the downwelling that immediately follows each upwelling. Thus, high recruitment may be the consequence of these hydrodynamic effects on larval supply, in addition to the effects of cool bottom temperatures in reducing predator impacts on recently settled surfclams. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI USA. RP Chintala, MM (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3 BP 1177 EP 1186 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 526JN UT WOS:000174127300034 ER PT J AU Zerbonia, RA Brockmann, CM Peterson, PR Housley, D AF Zerbonia, RA Brockmann, CM Peterson, PR Housley, D TI Carbon bed fires and the use of carbon canisters for air emissions control on fixed-roof tanks SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 93rd Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Air-and-Waste-Management-Association CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Air Waste Management ID ACTIVATED CARBON; IGNITION AB Fixed-roof tanks are used extensively at manufacturing, waste management, and other facilities to store or process liquids containing volatile organic compounds. Federal and state air standards require the control of organic air emissions from many of these tanks. A common practice used for some fixed-roof tanks that are required to use controls is to vent the tank through an activated carbon canister. When organic vapors are adsorbed on activated carbon, heat is released. Under certain conditions, the temperature of the carbon bed can increase to a level at which the carbon or organic vapors spontaneously ignite, starting a fire in the carbon bed. Bed fires in carbon canisters are not uncommon and can present a significant safety hazard at facilities if proper safety measures are not implemented. This article discusses how carbon adsorber bed fires occur and presents general guidance on safety measures for carbon canisters installed on fixed-roof tanks to reduce the likelihood of a carbon bed fire and to minimize the impact in the event of a fire. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Environm Engn Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Sam Nunn Atlanta Fed Ctr, RCRA Programs Branch, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Zerbonia, RA (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Environm Engn Program, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 12 BP 1617 EP 1627 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 500TM UT WOS:000172642900002 PM 15666466 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK Jozewicz, W AF Srivastava, RK Jozewicz, W TI Flue gas desulfurization: The state of the art SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Coal-fired electricity-generating plants may use SO, scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase II of the Acid Rain SO2 Reduction Program. Additionally, the use of scrubbers can result in reduction of Hg and other emissions from combustion sources. It is timely, therefore, to examine the current status of SO, scrubbing technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies for coal-fired boilers. Data on worldwide FGD applications reveal that wet FGD technologies, and specifically wet limestone FGD, have been predominantly selected over other FGD technologies. However, time spray drying (LSD) is being used at the majority of the plants employing dry FGD technologies. Additional review of the U.S. FGD technology applications that began operation in 1991 through 1995 reveals that FGD processes of choice recently in the United States have been wet limestone FGD, magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL), and LSD. Further, of the wet limestone processes, limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) has been used most often in recent applications. The SO2 removal performance of scrubbers has been reviewed. Data reflect that most wet limestone and LSD installations appear to be capable of similar to 90% SO2 removal. Advanced, state-of-the-art wet scrubbers can provide SO2 removal in excess of 95%. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Srivastava, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 107 Z9 118 U1 9 U2 66 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 12 BP 1676 EP 1688 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 500TM UT WOS:000172642900009 PM 15666473 ER PT J AU Brown, KM Cummings, R Mrozek, JR Terrebonne, P AF Brown, KM Cummings, R Mrozek, JR Terrebonne, P TI Scrap tire disposal: Three principles for policy choice SO NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Scrap fire disposal presents a challenging regulatory problem for many states. Proper disposal of scrap tires, either through recycling or legal landfill disposal, is difficult and costly. In an effort to address this issue, many states have chosen to develop scrap fire policies, often funded by special fees on the sale of new tires. These fees typically are used to clean up existing scrap tire piles and/or subsidize the development of markets for recycled tires. Currently, many states are in the position of evaluating the efficacy of their policies to determine if, and how, to continue funding such scrap tire programs. This article develops a set of arguments that results in three principles that can assist states in their design of scrap tire management programs. These principles give emphasis to the need for policy makers to fully understand the economic vulnerability of processors, distinguish between economic and technological limits in the expansion of uses for recycled rubber, and avoid premature sunsetting of scrap tire fees. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Georgia State Univ, Young Sch Policy Studies, Atlanta, GA USA. Charles River Associates, Washington, DC USA. RP Brown, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV NEW MEXICO PI ALBUQUERQUE PA SCHOOL OF LAW 1117 STANFORD N E, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA SN 0028-0739 J9 NAT RESOUR J JI Nat. Resour. J. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 9 EP 22 PG 14 WC Environmental Studies; Law SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law GA 420QH UT WOS:000168015300002 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Oortgiesen, M AF Veronesi, B Oortgiesen, M TI Neurogenic inflammation and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE particulate matter; neurogenic inflammation; tracheal epithelial cells; BEAS-2B; somatosensory neurons; vanilloid receptors; capsaicin receptors; acid-sensitive pathways ID EPITHELIAL-CELL LINE; OIL FLY-ASH; H-3 RESINIFERATOXIN BINDING; MURINE STRAIN DIFFERENCES; RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; SULFURIC-ACID AEROSOLS; ROOT GANGLION NEURONS; GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR AB Exposure to a class of airborne pollutants known as particulate matter (PM) is an environmental health risk of global proportions. PM is thought to initiate and/or exacerbate respiratory, disorders, such as asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness and is epidemiologically associated with causing death in the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory, or cardiopulmonary, disease. plausible mechanisms of action to explain PM inflammation and its susceptible sub-population component are lacking. This review describes a series of published studies which indicate that PM initiates airway inflammation through sensory, neural pathways, specifically by activation of capsaicin-sensitive vanilloid (e.g. VR1) irritant receptors. These acid-sensitive receptors are located on the sensory, C nerve fibers that innervate the airways as well as on various immune and non-immune airway, target cells. The activation of these receptors results in the release of neuropeptides from the sensory terminals that innervate the airways. Their interactions with airway target cells, result in signs of inflammation (e.g. bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, histamine release, mucous secretion etc.). Our data have linked the activation of the VR1 receptors to the surface charge carried on the colloidal particulates which constitute PM pollution. Related studies have examined how genetic and non-geneticj factors modify, the sensitivity of these irritant receptors and enhance the inflammatory, responsiveness to PM. In summary, this review proposes a mechanism by, which neurogenic elements initiate and sustain PM-mediated airway inflammation. Although neurogenic influences have been appreciated in normal airway homeostasis, they, have not, until now, been associated with PM toxicity. The sensitivity of the sensory, nervous system to irritants and its interactions with pulmonary target tissues, should encourage neuroscientists to explore the relevance of neurogenic influences to toxic disorders involving other peripheral target systems. Crown Copyright (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Cato Res Ltd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 139 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2001 VL 22 IS 6 BP 795 EP 810 DI 10.1016/S0161-813X(01)00062-6 PG 16 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 516LG UT WOS:000173554300008 PM 11829413 ER PT J AU Emison, GA AF Emison, Gerald Andrews TI The relationships of sprawl and ozone air quality in United States' metropolitan areas SO REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE LA English DT Article DE Environment; Government expenditures; Ozone air quality; Politics; Regional sprawl AB This article reports the results of an examination of the relatizonships between degree of sprawl and improvements in ozone air quality for 52 metropolitan areas in the US. It also examines state political alignment and environmental resources with regard to these two primary objects of investigation. Evidence of a relationship between sprawl and air quality improvement was identified, but the evidence is ambigous. More research appears warranted to explore the sprawl-air quality improvement relationship. C1 US EPA, Off Chief Financial Officer, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Emison, GA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Chief Financial Officer, MD-35, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM emison.jerry@epa.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1436-3798 J9 REG ENVIRON CHANGE JI Reg. Envir. Chang. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 118 EP 127 DI 10.1007/s101130100032 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V22TV UT WOS:000208298400003 ER PT J AU Dary, CC Blancato, JN Saleh, MA AF Dary, CC Blancato, JN Saleh, MA TI Chemomorphic analysis of malathion in skin layers of the rat: Implications for the use of dermatopharmacokinetic tape stripping in exposure assessment to pesticides SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVIVO PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; BLOOD CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; STRATUM-CORNEUM RESERVOIR; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; LIPID BILAYER; PENETRATION; INVITRO; INSECTICIDES; PARATHION; CARBARYL AB The dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) method of dermal tape stripping may prove to be a valuable addition to risk assessment protocols for toxic substances as it has been for the assessment of bioequivalence and bioavailability of topical dermatologic drugs. The measurement of drug penetration into stratum corneum (SC) with respect to time is thought to be comparable with drug distribution in underlying tissues. To examine this possibility, the dermal penetration and absorption characteristics of [C-14]malathion in the Sprague-Dawley rat was examined by three analytical techniques. [C-14]Malathion was applied in different vehicles for 30-min and 1-h periods of exposure. Penetration into the SC was assessed by tape stripping followed by instant electronic autoradiography (IEA). Also, the C-14 activity retained in three successive 16 mum sections of the skin application site was determined by IEA and malathion was identified by Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR microscopy). Absorbed [C-14]malathion was measured in selected tissues, organs, and the residual carcass by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Penetration into the SC followed a linear trend. The capacity of the SC reservoir for malathion amounted to approximately 1% of the dermal dose, while approximately 6% of the dose was absorbed. Results from this study support the view that LSC remains the method of choice to efficiently and reliably quantify absorption of a radiolabeled test substance. IEA offers the ability of the user to visualize the extent and profile of dermal absorption. When IEA is combined with FTIR microscopy, an effectual tool for studying the penetration of chemicals into layers of the skin emerges. The combined use of the three analytical techniques can be used to test the validity of the DPK method in hazard evaluation and exposure assessment of the organophosphorus insecticides. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Texas So Univ, Dept Chem, Environm Chem & Toxicol Lab, Houston, TX 77004 USA. RP Dary, CC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR03045-12A] NR 56 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 34 IS 3 BP 234 EP 248 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1462 PG 15 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 511HY UT WOS:000173259600004 PM 11754528 ER PT J AU Sailstad, DM Hattan, D Hill, RN Stokes, WS AF Sailstad, DM Hattan, D Hill, RN Stokes, WS TI ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay - I. The ICCVAM review process SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ICCVAM; local lymph node assay; validation; alternative toxicological method ID CONTACT ALLERGENS; MAXIMIZATION TEST; SENSITIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; VALIDATION; TRIAL AB New test methods are being developed to improve the prediction of human and environmental risks and to benefit animal welfare by reducing, refining, and replacing animal use. Regulatory adoption of new test methods is often a complex and protracted process, requiring test method validation, regulatory acceptance, and implementation. Assessments of new test methods have not always been uniform within or among regulatory agencies. Thus, there have been increased pressures for a harmonized approach to test method evaluation and acceptance. In 1997, in response to these pressures and to U.S. Public Law 103-43, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) established the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) to coordinate interagency consideration of new and revised test methods. This article describes the validation and acceptance criteria and process used for the first test method evaluated by ICCVAM, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Based on ICCVAM's conclusions and recommendations, the LLNA has been accepted by U.S. regulatory agencies as a stand-alone assay for allergic contact dermatitis. Two related articles in this series of three present the results of the independent peer review evaluation of the LLNA and summarize the performance characteristics of the database substantiating the validity of the LLNA. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Div Hlth Effects Evaluat, Bethesda, MD 20205 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIEHS, NTP Interagcy Ctr Evaluat Alternat Toxicol Method, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sailstad, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 34 IS 3 BP 249 EP 257 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1496 PG 9 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 511HY UT WOS:000173259600005 PM 11754529 ER PT J AU Dean, JH Twerdok, LE Tice, RR Sailstad, DM Hattan, DG Stokes, WS AF Dean, JH Twerdok, LE Tice, RR Sailstad, DM Hattan, DG Stokes, WS TI ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay - II. Conclusions and recommendations of an independent scientific peer review panel SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allergic contact dermatitis; local lymph node assay; guinea pig; mice ID SKIN SENSITIZATION TESTS; PIG MAXIMIZATION TEST; EAR SWELLING TEST; CONTACT ALLERGENS; GUINEA-PIG; METAL-SALTS; INTERLABORATORY EVALUATION; CELL-PROLIFERATION; DERMAL APPLICATION; SENSITIVITY AB The validation status of the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA), a method for assessing the allergic contact dermatitis potential of chemicals, was evaluated by an independent peer review panel (Panel) convened by the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). The LLNA measures lymphocyte proliferation using incorporation of radioactive thymidine or iododeoxyuridine into cells of the draining lymph nodes of mice topically exposed to a test article. The Panel concluded that the assay performed as well as currently accepted guinea pig methods [guinea pig maximization test (GPMT)/Buehler assay (BA)] for the hazard identification of strong to moderate chemical sensitizing agents, but that it might not correctly identify all weak sensitizers or metals (potential false negative response) or all strong irritants (potential false positive response). The Panel concluded also that the LLNA involves less pain and distress than conventional guinea pig methods. The Panel unanimously recommended the LLNA as a stand-alone alternative for contact sensitization hazard assessment, provided that certain protocol modifications were made. These included collection of individual, rather than pooled, animal response data; the inclusion of a concurrent positive control; and consideration of dose-response information and statistical analyses. A standardized LLNA protocol is provided. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Sanofi Synthelabo Inc, Sanofi Synthelabo Res, Malvern, PA 19355 USA. Amer Petr Inst, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NIEHS, Natl Toxicol Program, Interagcy Ctr Evaluat Alternat Toxicol Methods, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. ILS Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20205 USA. RP Dean, JH (reprint author), Sanofi Synthelabo Inc, Sanofi Synthelabo Res, POB 3026, Malvern, PA 19355 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-85424] NR 62 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 34 IS 3 BP 258 EP 273 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1497 PG 16 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 511HY UT WOS:000173259600006 PM 11754530 ER PT J AU Purkerson-Parker, S McDaniel, KL Moser, VC AF Purkerson-Parker, S McDaniel, KL Moser, VC TI Dopamine transporter binding in the rat striatum is increased by gestational, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to heptachlor SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE heptachlor; dieldrin; dopamine transporter; neurotoxicity; developmental; rats ID H-3 MAZINDOL BINDING; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA; UPTAKE SITES; MICE LACKING; BRAIN; NEURONS; RECEPTORS; INSECTICIDES; TOXICITY AB Heptachlor is a persistent cyclodiene pesticide that affects GABAergic function. Recent reports indicate that heptachlor exposure also alters dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and function in adult mice. The aim of this study was to determine whether gestational, perinatal, and/or adolescent heptachlor exposure in rats altered dopamine-receptor and DAT binding. Adolescent exposure to dieldrin was included to evaluate the generality of the findings. Sprague-Dawley rats received doses (po) ranging from 0 to 8.4 mg/kg/day of heptachlor, or dieldrin, 3 mg/kg/day, during different developmental periods. There were dose-related decreases in maternal weight gain and pup survival, as well as delayed righting reflex, at heptachlor doses greater than or equal to3 mg/kg/day. There were no changes in striatal dopamine receptor-D1 ([H-3]SCH-23390) and -D2 ([H-3]spiperone) binding in preweanling pups exposed perinatally to heptachlor, and no differences in the response of adult rats to the motor activity-increasing effects of d-amphetamine. However, there were significant (27-64%) increases in striatal DAT binding of [H-3]mazindol in preweanling rats exposed only gestationally. In rats exposed perinatally and/or during adolescence, there were also increases (34-65%) in striatal DAT binding at postnatal days (PND) 22, 43, and 128. Adolescent exposure to dieldrin also increased DAT binding. In other rats exposed perinatally and throughout adolescence, even the lowest dose of heptachlor 0.3 mg/kg/d increased DAT binding on PND 130. The DAT affinity for mazindol was unchanged in heptachlor-exposed striata. In vitro binding studies indicated that heptachlor (greater than or equal to 10 muM) displaced mazindol binding. Thus, gestational, perinatal, and/or adolescent exposure to heptachlor produced an increase in DAT binding as early as PND 10, and this change persisted into adulthood. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, NTD MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM moser.ginger@epa.gov NR 46 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 216 EP 223 DI 10.1093/toxsci/64.2.216 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 497ZQ UT WOS:000172485700010 PM 11719704 ER PT J AU Campen, MJ Nolan, JP Schladweiler, MCJ Kodavanti, UP Evansky, PA Costa, DL Watkinson, WP AF Campen, MJ Nolan, JP Schladweiler, MCJ Kodavanti, UP Evansky, PA Costa, DL Watkinson, WP TI Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory effects of inhaled PM-associated transition metals: A potential interaction between nickel and vanadium sulfate SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE radiotelemetry; hypothermia; particulate matter; temperature; arrhythmia; heart rate; nickel; vanadium; bradycardia; fly ash; inhalation; whole-body ID OIL FLY-ASH; CARDIOPULMONARY-COMPROMISED RATS; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; DISEASE; MODEL AB Recent epidemiological studies have shown an association between daily morbidity and mortality and ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution. It has been proposed that bioavailable metal constituents of PM are responsible for many of the reported adverse health effects. Studies of instilled residual oil fly ash (ROFA) demonstrated immediate and delayed responses, consisting of bradycardia, hypothermia, and arrhythmogenesis in conscious, unrestrained rats. Further investigation of instilled ROFA-associated transition metals showed that vanadium (V) induced the immediate responses, while nickel (Ni) was responsible for the delayed effects. Furthermore, Ni potentiated the immediate effects caused by V when administered concomitantly. The present study examined the responses to these metals in a whole-body inhalation exposure. To ensure valid dosimetric comparisons with instillation studies, 4 target exposure concentrations ranging from 0.3-2.4 mg/m(3) were used to incorporate estimates of total inhalation dose derived using different ventilatory parameters. Rats were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters to continuously acquire heart rate (HR), core temperature (T-CO), and electrocardiographic data throughout the exposure. Animals were exposed to aerosolized Ni, V, or Ni + V for 6 h per day x 4 days, after which serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were taken. Even at the highest concentration, V failed to induce any significant change in HR or T-CO. Ni caused delayed bradycardia, hypothermia, and arrhythmogenesis at concentrations > 1.2 mg/m(3). When combined, Ni and V produced observable delayed effects at 0.5 mg/m(3) and potentiated responses at 1.3 mg/m(3), greater than were produced by the highest concentration of Ni (2.1 mg/m(3)) alone. These results indicate a possible synergistic relationship between inhaled Ni and V, and provide insight into potential interactions regarding the toxicity of PM-associated metals. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div,Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Campen, MJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Ctr, Div Pulm Med, Rm 4A-29,5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. NR 38 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1093/toxsci/64.2.243 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 497ZQ UT WOS:000172485700013 PM 11719707 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM Ryba, SA Cantwell, MG Gundersen, JL AF Burgess, RM Ryba, SA Cantwell, MG Gundersen, JL TI Exploratory analysis of the effects of particulate characteristics on the variation in partitioning of nonpolar organic contaminants to marine sediments SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE organic carbon; elemental composition; partitioning; grain size; variability ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; PHENANTHRENE SORPTION; MATTER POLARITY; BLACK CARBON; PORE WATERS; SOIL; EQUILIBRIUM; PARTICLES; QUALITY AB The partitioning of nonpolar organic contaminants to marine sediments is considered to be controlled by the amount of organic carbon present. However, several studies propose that other characteristics of sediments may affect the partitioning of contaminants. For this exploratory analysis, we measured 19 sediment characteristics from five marine sediments and 11 characteristics of humic acids extracted from the sediments. These characteristics included elemental composition, grain size, soot carbon, polarity indices and molar ratios. Each individual characteristic and combinations of these characteristics were then used to normalize partition coefficients (K-p) generated for three organic contaminants: lindane, fluoranthene and a tetrachlorinated biphenyl (PCB). A coefficient of variation (CV) was then calculated for each contaminant to determine which normalization characteristic (individually or in combination) resulted in the lowest variability in partitioning between study sediments. For lindane and the PCB, normalization by the amount of sediment organic carbon resulted in the lowest variability in partition coefficients with CVs of 16.2% and 37.7%, respectively. However, normalization of fluoranthene by silt content resulted in lower CVs than those generated by organic carbon normalization: 31.0% vs. 37.6%. Normalization of contaminants K-p's by combined values of sediment characteristics resulted in lower CVs but only by a few percent. Using humic acid characteristics, humic organic carbon reduced variability between sediments most effectively. But only the normalized fluoranthene values had a CV (i.e., 25.4%) lower than the one based on normalization by sediment characteristics. When combined, humic acid characteristics resulted in lower CVs than normalization by individual or combinations of sediment characteristics for fluoranthene and the PCB with CVs of 19.3% and 28.7%, respectively. This analysis indicates variability associated with the partitioning of some organic contaminants to marine sediments can be further reduced when normalization by sediment characteristics other than organic carbon are utilized. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div Narragansett, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, OASQA, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD USA. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div Narragansett, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 64 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 18 BP 4390 EP 4404 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00179-8 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 497DE UT WOS:000172436800017 PM 11763041 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Marino, MA AF Hantush, MM Marino, MA TI Analytical modeling of the influence of denitrifying sediments on nitrate transport in aquifers with sloping beds SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN ZONE; STREAM CHANNEL; GROUNDWATER; DENITRIFICATION; CONTAMINATION; NITROGEN; FOREST; FATE; FLOW AB Denitrification is a significant process for the removal of nitrate transported in groundwater drainage from agricultural croplands to streams and has important ecological consequences. In this paper, analytical solutions are developed for advective-reactive and nonpoint sources contaminant transport in a two-layer unconfined aquifer with a sloping bed. In particular, we investigate the impact of a sloping bed of denitrifying sediments on nitrate in groundwater discharge to streams. Nitrate discharge to streams is considered to be the result of mixing of waters from two geochemically distinct zones in the aquifer. Groundwater flow is assumed to be steady, and the effect of dispersion on solute transport is neglected. First, the problem of steady state groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer with a sloping bed subject to uniform recharge is solved exactly and approximately using a regular perturbation technique. The transport equations, which describe advective-reactive transport in a two-layer aquifer, are then developed based on mass balance and solved in the Lagrangian viewpoint for the case of complete denitrification in the lower layer (or redox zone), using the perturbation technique. Application of the methodology to paired agricultural watersheds in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain predicts that the sloping bed of the surficial aquifer affects both groundwater discharge and nitrate loading to two creeks in the watersheds. Because of the sloping bed of the surficial aquifer, groundwater discharged to Morgan Creek is estimated to be dominated by discharge from the lower layer and therefore shows greater potential for losses by denitrification at the base of the aquifer than those predicted at the Chesterville Branch. Simulation results show that a relatively low nitrate discharge to Morgan Creek may be also the result of historically low input of nitrogen at the source. Further, a numerical experiment based on the solutions shows that dilution with nitrate-free groundwaters in a riparian buffer strip could be misinterpreted as nitrate losses. Lumped parameter indices are derived, which estimate the capacity of watersheds and riparian zones for nitrate removal by denitrification and/or other loss pathways, and their variation with aquifer bed slope, stream-aquifer hydraulic and geometric properties, and groundwater recharge is illustrated. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3177 EP 3192 DI 10.1029/2000WR000113 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 511UB UT WOS:000173283000025 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT Kirchhoff, MM Williamson, TC AF Anastas, PT Kirchhoff, MM Williamson, TC TI Catalysis as a foundational pillar of green chemistry SO APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL LA English DT Article DE catalysis; green chemistry; environmental protection ID DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EFFICIENT; SOLVENT AB Catalysis is one of the fundamental pi I lars of green chemistry, them design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. The design and application of new catalysts and catalytic systems are simultaneously achieving the dual goals of environmental protection and economic benefit. No subject so pervades modern chemistry as that of catalysis. (Ron Breslow, Chemistry Today and Tomorrow: The Central, Useful, and Creative Science) Green chemistry, the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances, is an overarching approach that is applicable to all aspects of chemistry. From feedstocks to solvents, to synthesis and processing, green chemistry actively seeks ways to produce materials in a way that is more benign to human health and the environment. The current emphasis on green chemistry reflects a shift away from the historic "command-and-control" approach to environmental problems that mandated waste treatment and control and clean up through regulation, and toward preventing pollution at its source. Rather than accepting waste generation and disposal as unavoidable, green chemistry seeks new technologies that are cleaner and economically competitive. Utilizing green chemistry for pollution prevention demonstrates the power and beauty of chemistry: through careful design, society can! enjoy the products on which we depend while benefiting the environment. The economic benefits of green chemistry are central drivers in its advancement. Industry is adopting green chemistry methodologies because they improve the corporate bottom line. A wide array of operating costs are decreased through the use of green chemistry. When less waste is generated, environmental compliance costs go down. Treatment and disposal become unnecessary when waste is eliminated. Decreased solvent usage and fewer processing steps lessen the material and energy costs of manufacturing and increase material efficiency. The environmental, human health, and the economic advantages realized through green chemistry are serving as a strong incentive to industry to adopt greener technologies. Developing green chemistry methodologies is a challenge that may be viewed through the framework of the "Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry" [I]. These principles identify catalysis as one of the most important tools for implementing green chemistry. Catalysis offers numerous green chemistry benefits including lower energy requirements, catalytic versus stoichiometric amounts of materials, increased selectivity., and decreased use of processing and separation agents, and allows for the use of less toxic materials. Heterogeneous catalysis, in particular, addresses the goals of green chemistry by providing the ease of separation of product and catalyst, thereby eliminating the need for separation through distillation or extraction. In addition, environmentally benign catalysts such as clays and zeolites, may replace more hazardous catalysts currently in use. This paper highlights a variety of ways in which catalysis may be used as a pollution prevention tool in. green chemistry reactions. The benefits to human health, environment, and the economic goals realized through the use of catalysis in manufacturing and processing are illustrated by focusing on the catalyst design and catalyst applications. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nottingham, Dept Chem, White House Off Sci & Technol Policy, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Trinity Coll, Washington, DC USA. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Dept Chem, White House Off Sci & Technol Policy, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 28 TC 182 Z9 188 U1 12 U2 124 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-860X J9 APPL CATAL A-GEN JI Appl. Catal. A-Gen. PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 221 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00793-1 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 506ZB UT WOS:000173000700002 ER PT J AU Jincao, Y Matthews, MA Darvin, CH AF Jincao, Y Matthews, MA Darvin, CH TI Prevention of photoresist pattern collapse by using liquid carbon dioxide SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RESIST; MECHANISM AB Photoresist polymers with high aspect ratios are presently cleaned with aqueous solutions. For high aspect ratios, the pattern collapses during the drying step. The origin of resist pattern collapse is the surface tension of the rinse liquid. Following a theoretical model, we present the results of a preliminary analysis on using environmentally benign liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning solvent. To avoid the likelihood of pattern collapse, the relative size of the actual pattern spacing (S) should be larger than the minimum allowable pattern spacing (d), which can be calculated based on the properties of the rinse liquid and the mechanical properties of the resist material. The use of CO2 as a rinse liquid should help prevent the resist pattern collapse problem. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem Engn, 300 Main St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM matthews@engr.sc.edu NR 7 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD NOV 28 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 24 BP 5858 EP 5860 DI 10.1021/ie010424h PG 3 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 495FN UT WOS:000172329700022 ER PT J AU Kotchenruther, RA Jaffe, DA Jaegle, L AF Kotchenruther, RA Jaffe, DA Jaegle, L TI Ozone photochemistry and the role of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the springtime northeastern Pacific troposphere: Results from the Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Eastern North Pacific Atmosphere (PHOBEA) campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE OBSERVATIONS; TRANSPORT MODEL; ASIAN EMISSIONS; FUEL COMBUSTION; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE OZONE; MLOPEX 2; NOX; NO(X); CHEMISTRY AB In the spring of 1999 airborne measurements of NO, O-3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), CO, CH4, H2O, volatile organic compounds, aerosols (particle count, light scattering, and light absorption), NO2 photolysis frequency, and standard meteorological variables were made off the coast of Washington State as part of the Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Eastern North Pacific Atmosphere (PHOBEA) experiment. These measurements were used to constrain a photochemical box model to calculate the ozone photochemical tendency, T(O-3), in this region. T(O-3) in marine flow from the remote Pacific was found to be weakly ozone destroying from the surface up to 8 km. Values of T(O-3) increased from -0.83 ppbv d(-1) in the 0-2 km layer to -0.11 ppbv d(-1) in the 6-8 km layer. These results are compared to T(O-3) from other photochemistry experiments in the springtime Pacific. We also used the model to investigate the impacts of PAN decomposition on the mixing ratio of NOx (defined here as NO+NO2+NO3+2N(2)O(5)+ HNO2 +HNO4) and on T(O-3). PAN decomposition was found to contribute from 11 to 30% toward NOx production and to enhance T(O-3) by 0.13 to 0.41 ppbv d(-1). The impacts of PAN decomposition were further investigated in a case study where measurements were made in a strongly subsiding, air mass. In this air mass. PAN induced perturbations to NOx and T(O-3) reached 20.1 pptv and 1.45 ppbv d(-1), respectively, more than three times that found in marine background average. Finally, we estimate how T(O-3) in the northeast Pacific atmosphere may change as a result of increasing anthropogenic NOx emissions from Asia. The calculations suggest that while O-3 mixing ratios in the northeast Pacific are likely to increase, T(O-3) will remain close to its current value as a result of offsetting factors. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kotchenruther, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM Kotchenruther.Robert@epa.gov; djaffe@u.washington.edu; jaegle@atmos.washington.edu NR 40 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D22 BP 28731 EP 28742 DI 10.1029/2000JD000060 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 495TE UT WOS:000172355800050 ER PT J AU Tian, DF Ma, HZ Feng, ZM Xia, YJ Le, XC Ni, ZS Allen, J Collins, B Schreinemachers, D Mumford, JL AF Tian, DF Ma, HZ Feng, ZM Xia, YJ Le, XC Ni, ZS Allen, J Collins, B Schreinemachers, D Mumford, JL TI Analyses of micronuclei in exfoliated epithelial cells from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water in Inner Mongolia, China SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; BLADDER CELLS; GENOTOXICITY; ANEUPLOIDY; SPECIATION; ASSAY AB The groundwater in Bayingnormen (Ba Men), located in Central West Inner Mongolia, China, is naturally contaminated with arsenic at concentrations ranging from 50 mug/L to 1.8 mg/L. Various adverse health effects in this region, including cancer, have been linked to arsenic exposure via drinking water. A pilot study was undertaken to evaluate frequencies of micronuclei (MN), as measures of chromosomal alterations, in multiple exfoliated epithelial cell types from residents of Ba Men chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water, Buccal mucosal cells, airway epithelial cells in sputum, and bladder urothelial cells were collected from 19 residents exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water (527.5 +/- 24 mug/L), and from 13 control residents exposed to relatively low levels of arsenic in drinking water 4.4 +/- mug/L). Analytical results from these individuals revealed that MN frequencies in the high-exposure group were significantly elevated to 3.4-fold over control levels for buccal and sputum cells, and to 2.7-fold over control for bladder cells (increases in MN frequency significant at p <.001 for buccal cells; p <.01 for sputum cells; p <.05 for bladder cells). When smokers were excluded from high-exposure and control groups the effects of arsenic were observed to be greater, although only in buccal and sputum cells; approximately 6-fold increases in MN frequency occurred in these tissues. The results indicate that residents of Ba Men chronically exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water reveal evidence of genotoxicity in multiple epithelial cell types; higher levels of induced MN were observed in buccal and sputum cells than in bladder cells. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Endem Dis Prevent & Treatment Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Peoples R China. Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Ba Men Antiepidem Stn, Ba Men, Inner Mongolia, Peoples R China. RP Mumford, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Le, X. Chris/O-4947-2015 OI Le, X. Chris/0000-0002-7690-6701 NR 36 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV 23 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 6 BP 473 EP 484 DI 10.1080/152873901753215939 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 496CM UT WOS:000172378200004 PM 11732698 ER PT J AU Haile, D Liu, XB Ghio, A Quinones, M Yang, FM AF Haile, D Liu, XB Ghio, A Quinones, M Yang, FM TI Regulation of reticuloendothelial cell iron transporter, SLC11A3, by inflammation. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Audie L Murphy Vet Admin Hosp, S Texas Vet Hlth Syst, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 11 MA 1 BP 4A EP 4A PN 1 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 491WY UT WOS:000172134100002 ER PT J AU Antczak, C Karp, DR London, RE Bauvois, B AF Antczak, C Karp, DR London, RE Bauvois, B TI Reanalysis of the involvement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the cell activation process SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE acivicin; apoptosis; differentiation; ectoprotease; proliferation; signaling ID DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-IV; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; TRANSFERASE TRANSPEPTIDASE; ALANYL AMINOPEPTIDASE; GROWTH; INHIBITION; KINASE; PHOSPHORYLATION; NSC-163501; PATHWAYS AB The inhibitor of gamma -glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma -GT) acivicin modulates cellular responses including growth, myeloid maturation and apoptosis. Whether these effects result from the inhibition of gamma -GT enzyme activity remains unclear. We compared the cellular effects of acivicin against a more potent and specific inhibitor of gamma -GT (L-2-amino-4-boronobutanoic acid (L-ABBA)) in gamma -GT-negative (B lymphoblastoid Ramos) and gamma -GT-positive (myelomonocytie HL-60, y-GT-transfected Ramos) cell lines. Under non-oxidative stress conditions, acivicin-induced cell growth arrest, apoptosis and macrophage maturation occurred independent of gamma -GT While L-ABBA did not influence any of these processes. Acivicin triggered tyrosine phosphorylation and increased nuclear factor kappaB activity. Further insight into the role of gamma -GT in cellular processes is needed. (C) 2001 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Curie, Sect Rech, INSERM U365, F-75248 Paris 05, France. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Harold C Simmons Arthrit Res Ctr, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bauvois, B (reprint author), Inst Curie, Sect Rech, INSERM U365, F-75248 Paris 05, France. RI Bauvois, Brigitte/F-6776-2013 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI42772] NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 508 IS 2 BP 226 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03057-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 495PT UT WOS:000172350100012 PM 11718720 ER PT J AU Maizels, M Budde, WL AF Maizels, M Budde, WL TI Exact mass measurements for confirmation of pesticides and herbicides determined by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The accuracy and precision of exact mass measurements are determined using positive ions formed in the electrospray of 10 nonvolatile or thermally unstable carbamate, urea, and thiourea pesticides and herbicides. Environmentally significant similar to 7-ng quantities of the analytes were separated with microbore liquid chromatography, and the exact mass measurements were made in real time with a benchtop time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The positive ion electrospray mass spectra of the analytes generally consist of one or a few ions which are usually adducts of the molecule with a proton, a sodium ion, or an ammonium ion. Fragment ions and the rich mass spectra typical of electron ionization (EI) are generally not produced in the soft electrospray ionization process. Confirmation of the identity of a nonvolatile pesticide or herbicide depends largely on the masses of the few ions formed and the retention time, which can vary with chromatography conditions. Identifications of these analytes in environmental or other samples are less certain than identifications of volatile pesticides determinated by gas chromatography and El mass spectrometry. The benchtop time-of-flight mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrostatic mirror, and resolving powers of 3500-5000 were routinely obtained and used for these exact mass measurements. This type of mass spectrometer is significantly less costly and complex than other types of mass spectrometers with exact mass measurement capabilities. The mean errors from three replicate exact mass measurements of the 10 test analytes were in the range of 0-5.4 parts-per-million. Potential interferences from substances with similar exact masses were evaluated. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 22 BP 5436 EP 5440 DI 10.1021/ac010601o PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 493EQ UT WOS:000172209400012 PM 11816570 ER PT J AU Sather, ME Varns, JL Mulik, JD Glen, G Smith, L Stallings, C AF Sather, ME Varns, JL Mulik, JD Glen, G Smith, L Stallings, C TI Passive ozone network of Dallas: A modeling opportunity with community involvement. 2 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLERS; AREAS AB Attaining the current lower tropospheric U.S. ozone standards continues to be a difficult task for many areas in the U.S. Concentrations of ozone above the standards negatively affects human health, agricultural crops, forests, and other ecosystem elements. This paper describes year two (1999) of a regional networking of passive and continuous ozone monitoring sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Metroplex region. The objectives of the second year of study were to (1) validate conclusions of the 1998 Passive Ozone Network of Dallas (POND) I study, (2) define the value of taking 12-h diurnal samples in addition to 24-h samples, and (3) add to the scientific knowledge base of rural/urban ozone comparison studies. Results of the POND II (1999) study demonstrated that ozone concentrations exceeding the new 8-h ozone standard could be recorded at least 130 km, or 80 miles, from the DFW Metroplex core in more rural areas. In addition, results of the POND II study indicated that ozone concentrations exceeding the 8-h standard probably occurred in areas recording a 12-h daytime ozone concentration above 60 parts per billion (ppb). The 12-h passive ozone data from POND II also suggests the relative magnitude of anthropogenic pollution influence could be assessed for rural passive ozone sites. The data from the POND II study provide modelers a rich database for future photochemical subgrid development for the DFW ozone nonattainment area. Indeed, the POND database provides a great amount of additional ozone ambient data covering 26 8-h and 13 1-h ozone standard exceedance days over an approximate 25 000 km(2) region. These data should help decrease uncertainties derived from future DFW ozone model exercises. C1 US EPA, Air Qual Anal Sect, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. US EPA, EMMB, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sather, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Air Qual Anal Sect, Reg 6,1445 Ross Ave, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 22 BP 4426 EP 4435 DI 10.1021/es010889z PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492PX UT WOS:000172177700005 PM 11757597 ER PT J AU Su, CM Puls, RW AF Su, CM Puls, RW TI Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: Effects of phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, and nitrate, relative to chloride SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZERO-VALENT IRON; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; ANION ADSORPTION; OXIDE MINERALS; GOETHITE; REDUCTION; GROUNDWATER; DESORPTION AB Batch tests were performed to evaluate the effects of inorganic anion competition on the kinetics of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) removal by zerovalent iron (Peerless Fe-0) in aqueous solution. The oxyanions underwent either sorption-dominated reactions (phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, and sulfate) or reduction-dominated reactions (chromate, molybdate, and nitrate) with Peerless Fe-0 in the presence of As(V) or As(III), relative to chloride. Pseudo-first-order rate equations were found to describe satisfactorily both As(V) and As(III) removal kinetics in the presence of each competing anion. Of the oxyanions tested for Peerless Fe-0 in the pH range from 7 to 9, phosphate caused the greatest decrease in As removal rate (7.0 x 10(-3) to 18.5 x 10(-3) h(-1)) relative to chloride (34.9 x 10(-3) to 36.2 x 10(-3) h(-1)). Silicate, chromate, and molybdate also caused strong inhibition of As removal, followed by carbonate and nitrate, whereas borate and sulfate only caused slight inhibition to As(III) removal. Present results show that Peerless Fe-0 may be an excellent permeable reactive barrier medium for a suite of mixed inorganic contaminants. The anion competing effects should be considered when designing permeable reactive barriers composed of zerovalent iron for field applications to remediate As(V) and As(III). C1 ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74821 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74821 USA. NR 47 TC 225 Z9 239 U1 10 U2 132 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 22 BP 4562 EP 4568 DI 10.1021/es010768z PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492PX UT WOS:000172177700025 PM 11757617 ER PT J AU Il'ichev, YV Perry, JL Manderville, RA Chignell, CF Simon, JD AF Il'ichev, YV Perry, JL Manderville, RA Chignell, CF Simon, JD TI The pH-Dependent primary photoreactions of Ochratoxin A SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID INTRAMOLECULAR PROTON-TRANSFER; PSORALEN RADICAL CATIONS; DNA ADDUCT FORMATION; NM LASER-LIGHT; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; REDOX CHEMISTRY; PHOTOLYSIS; 4-CHLOROPHENOL; CHLORPROMAZINE; ELECTRON AB Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies are used to elucidate the primary photoprocesses following the excitation of ochratoxin A (OTA), its dechlorinated derivative ochratoxin B (OTB), and O-methyl ether of OTA (MOA). The excited-state dynamics of OTA and OTB depend on the protonation of the isocoumarin moiety. Fluorescence spectra of the protonated forms reveal anomalously large Stokes shifts that are attributed to the enol tautomer formed via an intramolecular excited-state proton transfer. No evidence for "normal" emission of the keto form of OTA and OTB is found even in aqueous solutions. MOA, which lacks a proton on the phenol moiety and exists, therefore, only in the keto form, exhibits weak fluorescence with a substantially smaller Stokes shift. The deprotonated species show relatively strong emission typical for phenolate anions. OTA decomposes slowly upon UV irradiation in aqueous solutions. The photoreaction quantum yield varies significantly with solution pH and O-2 concentration. The highest yield is observed for the deprotonated form of OTA in deoxygenated solutions. The corresponding hydroquinone (OHQ) is identified as a major photoproduct. Monophotonic photoionization of the fully deprotonated OTA in aqueous solution is demonstrated with nanosecond laser flash photolysis. In the absence of O-2 and other scavengers, hydrated electrons are trapped by OTA in the ground state with the diffusion-controlled rate constant. Photoirradiation of OTA in the presence of supercoiled plasmid DNA results in the formation of relaxed circular DNA (form II). The yield of form II correlates with the quantum yield of OTA photodecompositon in these solutions, because the photocleavage efficiency is higher in the absence Of O-2 and at basic pH. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Chem, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Simon, JD (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 81 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 45 BP 11369 EP 11376 DI 10.1021/jp012683q PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 493DG UT WOS:000172206300039 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Moving up and out: Poverty, education, and the single parent family. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Tech Reference Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, Tech Reference Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 126 IS 19 BP 88 EP 88 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 494KA UT WOS:000172280200197 ER PT J AU Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Winstead, JT Hemmer, BL Long, ER AF Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Winstead, JT Hemmer, BL Long, ER TI Relationships between tissue contaminants and defense-related characteristics of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from five Florida bays SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eastern oyster; crassostrea virginica; defense system; hemocyte and hemolymph responses; chemical contamination; bioaccumulation; pathophysiology ID COMMON MARINE MUSSEL; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; EASTERN OYSTERS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; APALACHICOLA BAY; IMMUNE FUNCTION; HEMOCYTES; CHEMILUMINESCENCE; EXPOSURE AB Evidence linking bivalve defense responses with pollutant exposure is increasing. Contaminant effects on immune or defense responses could influence the ability of an organism to resist infectious disease. This study explored relationships between xenobiotic chemicals accumulated in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue and various measures of putative oyster internal defense activities and physiological condition. Defense-related and physiological measurements were made on individual oysters collected from 22 sites at five Florida bays and pooled oyster tissue from each site was analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and certain pesticides. Chemical concentrations, physiological condition, and hemocyte and hemolymph characteristics varied across bays and among sites within a bay. Within-bay comparisons showed that sites with high oyster defense-related activities often had accompanying high tissue concentrations of one or more classes of xenobiotic chemicals. Correlation analysis performed across bays demonstrated significant positive relationships between most defense-related characteristics and at least one contaminant, including various PAH, PCB and trace metal analytes. In combination with other recent studies, these results strengthen the hypothesis that certain xenobiotic chemicals may be associated with elevated oyster hemocyte activities, even though the ultimate influence on disease resistance remains unknown. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Oliver, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM oliver.leah@epa.gov NR 52 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD NOV 12 PY 2001 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 203 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00161-8 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 483UJ UT WOS:000171654000008 PM 11595310 ER PT J AU Lee, EH Hogsett, WE AF Lee, EH Hogsett, WE TI Interpolation of temperature and non-urban ozone exposure at high spatial resolution over the western United States SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE spatial interpolation; ozone; temperature; regionalization; principal components analysis; kriging; loess regression; western United States ID COAST AIR BASIN; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TRENDS; PRECIPITATION; CALIFORNIA; NETWORK; FORESTS; TERRAIN; REGION AB In order to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic stresses on forest ecosystems, it is necessary to interpolate air temperature and tropospheric ozone (03) exposure values at high spatial resolution over complex terrain. The proposed interpolation approach was selected because of its ability to (1) account for the effect of elevation on temperature and their effects on tropospheric ozone, (2) use auxiliary data at higher spatial resolution than the variables of interest to improve the precision and accuracy of the prediction surfaces, (3) handle large amounts of data, and (4) provide not only a prediction at nonsampled locations but also a prediction standard deviation. The approach used auxiliary digital elevation model (DEM) data at 1 km resolution to improve the precision and resolution of the predictions for temperature and O-3 exposure in the western United States. Initially, the study area was stratified into 03 regions based on seasonality and variability of monthly SUM06 values at 111 Stations for the period 1990-1992 using rotated principal component analysis. Monthly mean daily maximum air temperatures were spatially interpolated using loess nonparametric regression and kriging of the loess residuals and interpolated to 2 km grid points of a DEM and to the ambient air quality monitoring points, Monthly O-3 exposures were spatially interpolated using loess fits to relate O-3 levels to elevation, predicted temperature, and the geographic coordinates and interpolated to 2 km grid points of d DEM. The elevation-based spatial interpolation procedure produced accurate and precise temperature and O-3 exposure surfaces which had desirable statistical properties and were logically consistent with local topographical features and atmospheric conditions known to influence O-3 formation and transport. The leave-one-out cross-validation mean absolute error was 0.93degreesC for the monthly mean daily maximum temperature and 1.93 ppm-h for the monthly SUM06 index for June 1990 for the western United States, comparable to published results for other regions at smaller spatial scales with less complex terrain. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lee, EH (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD NOV 2 PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3 BP 163 EP 179 DI 10.3354/cr018163 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 510RX UT WOS:000173222000001 ER PT J AU Titus, JG Richman, C AF Titus, JG Richman, C TI Maps of lands vulnerable to sea level rise: modeled elevations along the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sea level rise; maps; coastal erosion; digital elevation model; climate change; global warming; greenhouse effect ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; HOLDING BACK; COST AB Understanding the broad-scale ramifications of accelerated sea level rise requires maps of the land that could be inundated or eroded. Producing such maps requires a combination of elevation information and models of shoreline erosion, wetland accretion, and other coastal processes. Assessments of coastal areas in the United States that combine all of these factors have focused on relatively small areas, usually 25 to 30 km wide. In many cases, the results are as sensitive to uncertainty regarding geological processes as to the rate of sea level rise. This paper presents maps illustrating the elevations of lands close to sea level. Although elevation contours do not necessarily coincide with future shorelines, the former is more transparent and less dependent on subjective modeling, Several methods are available for inferring elevations given limited data, This paper uses the US Geological Survey (USGS) 1degrees digital elevation series and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) shoreline data to illustrate the land below the 1.5 and 3.5 m contours for areas the size of entire US states or larger, The maps imply that approximately 58 000 km(2) of land along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts lie below the 1.5 m contour. Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and North Carolina account fur more than 80% of the low land, Outside of those 4 states, the largest vulnerable populated region is the land along the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay stretching from Dorchester County, Maryland, to Accomac County, Virginia. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 63 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 7 U2 52 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD NOV 2 PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3 BP 205 EP 228 DI 10.3354/cr018205 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 510RX UT WOS:000173222000004 ER PT J AU Kegler, SR Wilson, WE Marcus, AH AF Kegler, SR Wilson, WE Marcus, AH TI PM1, intermodal (PM2.5-1) mass, and the soil component of PM2.5 in Phoenix, AZ, 1995-1996 SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; UNITED-STATES; MORTALITY AB Concentrations of size-resolved airborne particulate matter measured in Phoenix, Arizona in 1995-1996 indicate a strong linear relationship between the soil components of PM2.5 and the intermodal PM concentration and similarly between the nonsoil components of PM2.5 and the PM1 concentration. Moreover, the ratio of PM1 to intermodal PM varies considerably at all reported concentrations of PM2.5, and this variation appears to be systematically related to the proportion of PM2.5 comprised of soil components. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kegler, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 35 IS 5 BP 914 EP 920 DI 10.1080/02786820126854 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 487AM UT WOS:000171851600006 ER PT J AU Wendt, JOL Linak, WP Groff, PW Srivastava, RK AF Wendt, JOL Linak, WP Groff, PW Srivastava, RK TI Hybrid SNCR-SCR technologies for NOX control: Modeling and experiment SO AICHE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION; NITRIC-OXIDE; NONCATALYTIC REDUCTION; CYANURIC ACID; EXHAUST-GAS; REMOVAL; COMBUSTION; AMMONIA AB The hybrid process of homogeneous gas-phase selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) followed by, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) was investigated through experimentation and modeling. Measurements, using NO-doped flue gas from a gas-fired 29 kW test combustor, provided data that allowed a fundamentally based catalyst monolith model, adapted from the literature, to be calibrated. The SCR model, which included pore and gas film diffusion (molecular and Knudsen) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood surface reaction kinetics, used published values for the catalyst preexponential factor and activation energy, and experimental measurements to determine the previously unavailable ammonia (NH3) adsorption coefficient on the catalyst surface. Then, with no further adjustment, a combined SNCR-SCR model was developed using literature values for the reaction rate coefficients of 112 elementary homogeneous reactions. This combined model agreed well with combined SNCR-SCR data. The combined model was then extrapolated to practical coal combustion conditions, and the economic benefits of a combined SNCR-SCR process were explored. With a desired total NO reduction of 95% and NH3 slip in the exhaust constrained not to exceed 5 ppm, adding SNCR led to only, modest decreases in the required SCR catalyst volume. Estimated system capital and annualized costs were not economically viable unless the SNCR portion by itself reduced more than 60% of the NO. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0001-1541 J9 AICHE J JI AICHE J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 47 IS 11 BP 2603 EP 2617 DI 10.1002/aic.690471123 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 492GE UT WOS:000172159400022 ER PT J AU Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Kinyamu, HK Ryschon, KL AF Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Kinyamu, HK Ryschon, KL TI Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE caffeine; bone loss; vitamin D receptor genotype; bone mineral density; elderly women ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MINERAL-DENSITY; GENE POLYMORPHISMS; CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; HIP FRACTURE; RISK-FACTORS; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; OSTEOPOROTIC WOMEN; DIETARY CALCIUM; MASS AB Background: The role of caffeine as a risk factor for bone loss is controversial. Objective: Our goals were 1) to compare in both a cross-sectional study and a 3-y longitudinal study the bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women consuming high or low amounts of caffeine and 2) to study the interaction between caffeine intake, vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism, and BMD in the longitudinal study. Design: The results are derived from cross-sectional measurements of BMD in 489 elderly women (aged 65-77 y) and from longitudinal measurements made in 96 of these women who were treated with a placebo for 3 y. Changes in BMD were adjusted for confounding factors and were compared between group, with either low (less than or equal to 300 mg/d) or high (> 300 mg/d) caffeine intakes and between the VDR genotype subgroups of the low- and high-caffeine groups. Results: Women with high caffeine intakes had significantly higher rates of bone loss at the spine than did those with low intakes (-1.90 +/- 0.97% compared with 1.19 +/- 1.08%; P = 0.038). When the data were analyzed according to VDR genotype and caffeine intake, women with the tt genotype had significantly (P = 0.054) higher rates of bone loss at the spine (-8.14 +/- 2.62%) than did women with the TT genotype (-0.34 +/- 1.42%) when their caffeine intake was >300 mg/d. Conclusions: Intakes of caffeine in amounts >300 mg/d (approximate to 514 g, or 18 oz, brewed coffee) accelerate bone loss at the spine in elderly postmenopausal women. Furthermore, women with the tt genetic variant of VDR appear to be at a greater risk for this deleterious effect of caffeine on bone. C1 Creighton Univ, Sch Med, Bone Metab Unit, Omaha, NE 68131 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ryschon Hlth & Technol Serv, Valentine, NE USA. RP Rapuri, PB (reprint author), Creighton Univ, Sch Med, Bone Metab Unit, 601 N 30th St,Room 6718, Omaha, NE 68131 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [UO1-AG10373, R01-AG10358] NR 41 TC 107 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 74 IS 5 BP 694 EP 700 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 485TG UT WOS:000171779500023 PM 11684540 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Roggli, V AF Ghio, AJ Roggli, V TI Talc should not be used for pleurodesis in patients with nonmalignant pleural effusions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 9 BP 1741 EP 1741 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 499RR UT WOS:000172584600034 PM 11719320 ER PT J AU Fitzsimmons, PN Fernandez, JD Hoffman, AD Butterworth, BC Nichols, JW AF Fitzsimmons, PN Fernandez, JD Hoffman, AD Butterworth, BC Nichols, JW TI Branchial elimination of superhydrophobic organic compounds by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus mykiss; PCBs; branchial efflux; blood : water partitioning ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; FISH GILLS; TOXICOKINETIC MODEL; CHEMICALS; ACCUMULATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BIOMAGNIFICATION; EFFICIENCY; ABSORPTION AB The branchial elimination of pentachloroethane and four congeneric polychlorinated biphenyls by rainbow trout was measured using a fish respirometer-metabolism chamber and an adsorption resin column. Branchial elimination was characterized by calculating a set of apparent in vivo blood:water partition coefficients (P-BW). Linear regression was performed on the logarithms of P-BW estimates and the log K-OW value for each compound to give the fitted equation: 109 P-BW = 0.76-log K-OW - 1.0 (r(2) = 0.98). The linear nature of this relationship provides support for existing models of chemical flux at fish gills and suggests that a near equilibrium condition was established between chemical in venous blood entering the gills, including dissolved and bound forms, and dissolved chemical in expired branchial water. In Vivo P-BW estimates were combined with P-BW values determined in vitro for a set of lower log Kw compounds (Bertelson et al., Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 (1998) 1447-1455) to give the fitted relationship: log P-BW = 0.73-log K-OW - 0.88 (r(2) = 0.98), The slope of this equation is consistent with the suggestion that chemical binding to non-lipid organic material contributes substantially to blood:water chemical partitioning. An equation based on the composition of trout blood (water content and the total amount of organic material) was then derived to predict blood:water partitioning for compounds with log K-OW values ranging from 0 to 8: log P-BW = log [(10(0.73 log KOW.)0.16) + 0.84], Published by Elsevier Science BN. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00174-6 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 483UH UT WOS:000171653900002 PM 11551619 ER PT J AU Mirti, P Davit, P Gulmini, M AF Mirti, P Davit, P Gulmini, M TI Glass fragments from the Crypta Balbi in Rome: The composition of eighth-century fragments SO ARCHAEOMETRY LA English DT Article DE Italy; Rome; Late Antiquity; Early Middle Ages; inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy; glass; technology AB Eighth-century glass fragments from the Crypta Balbi in Rome were analysed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The samples included fragments of artefacts as well as ingots of raw glass and wasters. All the fragments proved to be soda-lime glasses. Manganese-to-iron atomic ratios are highly variable and determine the colour of a large number of samples. Fairly high copper contents, generally associated with relatively high amounts of antimony and lead, were detected in some green and blue-green samples: this suggests recycling of glass in the form of opaque mosaic tesserae. All three elements are higher in eighth-century than in previously analysed seventh-century fragments. This may indicate greater recourse to recycled glass, related to a reduction in trade exchanges in the Mediterranean. C1 Univ Turin, Dipartimento Chim Anal, I-10125 Turin, Italy. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Mirti, P (reprint author), Univ Turin, Dipartimento Chim Anal, Via P Giuria 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy. OI Gulmini, Monica/0000-0002-0556-5401; Davit, Patrizia/0000-0002-9073-9858 NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0003-813X J9 ARCHAEOMETRY JI Archaeometry PD NOV PY 2001 VL 43 BP 491 EP 502 DI 10.1111/1475-4754.00032 PN 4 PG 12 WC Archaeology; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Archaeology; Chemistry; Geology GA 491GQ UT WOS:000172101000006 ER PT J AU Niemuth, NA Wood, BJ Schultz, BD AF Niemuth, NA Wood, BJ Schultz, BD TI Estimated change in blood lead concentration in control populations SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE blood lead; children; control population; intervention effectiveness; lead ID RANDOMIZED TRIAL; DUST-CONTROL; CONTAMINATED SOIL; CHILDREN; EXPOSURE; MANAGEMENT; ABATEMENT; IMPACT AB Investigators have conducted several studies to assess the effectiveness of lead hazard interventions in reducing children's blood lead levels. For practical and ethical reasons, many of these studies have not included control populations. It is, therefore, impossible for researchers to determine to what extent the reported decline in blood lead concentrations has resulted from intervention versus other factors. In the current retrospective analysis, the authors estimated the change in children's blood lead levels in control populations at 12-mo follow-up. The results suggest that an average 9% decline may be attributed to factors that are unrelated to intervention. Declines of approximately 25% have been reported following several lead-hazard interventions. For these studies, the results of the authors' analysis suggest that approximately 16% of the decline is attributed directly to the intervention. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Niemuth, NA (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 56 IS 6 BP 542 EP 551 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 540DX UT WOS:000174915100010 PM 11958555 ER PT J AU Lindberg, S Landis, MS Stevens, RK Brooks, S AF Lindberg, S Landis, MS Stevens, RK Brooks, S TI Comments on "Atmospheric mercury species in the European Arctic: measurements and modeling" by Berg et al. Atmospheric Environment 14 (2001), 2569-2582 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID GASEOUS MERCURY; AMBIENT AIR; SPECIATION C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lindberg, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 8 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 35 IS 31 BP 5377 EP 5378 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00310-7 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 488BC UT WOS:000171913300015 ER PT J AU Roos, KF AF Roos, KF TI Farm scale anaerobic digestion - Past, present and future SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, AgSTAR Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Roos, KF (reprint author), US EPA, AgSTAR Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD NOV PY 2001 VL 42 IS 11 BP 29 EP 29 PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 493VR UT WOS:000172244600026 ER PT J AU Putz, O Schwartz, CB Kim, S LeBlanc, GA Cooper, RL Prins, GS AF Putz, O Schwartz, CB Kim, S LeBlanc, GA Cooper, RL Prins, GS TI Neonatal low- and high-dose exposure to estradiol benzoate in the male rat: I. Effects on the prostate gland SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE early development; environment; estradiol; prostate; puberty; steroid hormones; toxicology ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN DEVELOPMENT; BISPHENOL-A; ESTROGEN EXPOSURE; ADULT-RAT; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; ANTERIOR PROSTATE; VENTRAL PROSTATE; SEMINAL-VESICLE; FEMALE RATS AB Brief exposure of rats to high doses of natural estrogens early in life results in permanent alterations of the prostate gland, which include differentiation defects, altered gene expression, and dysplasia with aging. Whether low-dose treatments can cause similar effects in the developing prostate remains controversial. The current project was designed to determine the dose-response relationship of the prostate gland to estradiol exposure during the developmentally critical neonatal period in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated on Days 1, 3, and 5 of life by s.c. injections of a 7-log range of doses (0.015 mug/kg to 15.0 mg/kg) of beta -estradiol-3-benzoate (EB) in 25 mul of peanut oil (Arachis) as vehicle. In a separate block, neonatal Fisher 344 (F344) rats received 0.15, 15.0, or 1500.0 mug EB/kg. Rats were killed on Postnatal Day (PND) 35 or 90, and the prostates were microdissected, weighed, and frozen for immunohistochemistry. Preputial separation and hepatic testosterone hydroxlase activities were monitored and measured to determine the onset of puberty. On PND 35, there was an increase in prostate weights of SD rats treated with low doses of EB and a decrease in prostate weights of SD rats treated with high doses. The low-dose effect was entirely abolished by PND 90, and only high-dose suppression of organ sizes was found. The transient nature of the effect in low-dose animals suggests an advancement of puberty as the cause for increased reproductive organ weights on PND 35. F344 rats were more sensitive than SD rats to the suppressive effects of high doses of neonatal EB on PND 90. Despite this heightened responsiveness in the F344 rats, a low-dose estrogenic effect on adult prostate weights was not observed. Thus, in the rat model a sustained effect at low doses of natural estrogens is not present in the prostate glands. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Urol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD72, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Prins, GS (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Urol, M-C 955,820 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK040890] NR 39 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1496 EP 1505 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.5.1496 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 487CL UT WOS:000171856000023 PM 11673267 ER PT J AU Stemberger, RS Larsen, DP Kincaid, TM AF Stemberger, RS Larsen, DP Kincaid, TM TI Sensitivity of zooplankton for regional lake monitoring SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER ZOOPLANKTON; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; CONNECTICUT LAKES; SPECIES RICHNESS; BODY-SIZE; LAND-USE; SCALE; ASSEMBLAGES; PATTERNS AB We present a general method for evaluating and selecting indicators for regional monitoring based on an analysis of the relative magnitude of spatial and temporal components of variation. As part of a pilot survey of 355 lakes in the northeastern U.S.A., we sampled zooplankton assemblages and evaluated candidate indicators for their components of variance. Indicators with high sensitivity for status estimation show strong lake-to-lake differences as defined by the ratio of the spatial component of variance divided by the remaining components. Sensitivity generally increased within spatial partitions of the larger Northeast region. Calanoid abundance indicators showed the highest sensitivity but only within the Adirondack Mountains and coastal/urban zone and had low sensitivity in region-wide estimates. Rotifer, cyclopoid copepod, and cladoceran abundances showed low sensitivity irrespective of subregions. Richness indicators also showed low sensitivity across subregions. We conclude that sensitivity can be increased for many zooplankton indicators with increased revisit sampling and with refinement of spatial boundaries. Our results also show a good correspondence within abundance indicators between first and second visits within a year. Hence, the single visit protocol of the sampling design provides a reasonable snapshot of the general structure of a lake's zooplankton assemblage. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Stemberger, RS (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 58 IS 11 BP 2222 EP 2232 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-11-2222 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 494DP UT WOS:000172266700013 ER PT J AU Norris, MD Blair, JM Johnson, LC McKane, RB AF Norris, MD Blair, JM Johnson, LC McKane, RB TI Assessing changes in biomass, productivity, and C and N stores following Juniperus virginiana forest expansion into tallgrass prairie SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID RED CEDAR JUNIPERUS; TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION; KANSAS; FIRE; DISPERSAL; PROSOPIS; DETRITUS; CLIMATE AB An increase in woody plant abundance in regions historically dominated by grasses is a recent land cover change in grasslands worldwide. In tallgrass prairies of North America, this increase in woody plant cover includes the development of dense stands of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). To evaluate the consequences of this ongoing land cover change for ecosystem functioning, we developed allometric equations, using data from Kansas and Oklahoma, to estimate aboveground biomass and productivity in closed-canopy redcedar stands. We then applied these equations to three closed-canopy redcedar stands, 35-80 years old, which developed on sites formerly dominated by tallgrass prairie in eastern Kansas. Aboveground plant biomass for these redcedar-dominated sites ranged from 114 100 kg/ha for the youngest stand to 210 700 kg/ha for the oldest. Annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) ranged from 7250 to 10 440 kg.ha(-1).year(-1) for the oldest and younger redcedar stands, respectively. Estimates of ANPP in comparable tallgrass prairie sites in this region average 3690 kg.ha(-1).year(-1) indicating a large increase in C uptake and aboveground storage as a result of the change from prairie to redcedar forests. Therefore, the widespread occurrence of redcedars across the woodland-prairie ecotone suggests that this land-cover change may have important consequences for regional net C storage. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US EPA, Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Norris, MD (reprint author), Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forest Resources, 115 Green Hall,1530 N Cleveland Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Blair, John/I-4082-2014 OI Blair, John/0000-0003-0072-0721 NR 37 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 17 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1940 EP 1946 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1940 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489VB UT WOS:000172012200010 ER PT J AU Hulla, JE AF Hulla, JE TI Letter to editor SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Hulla, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD NOV PY 2001 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1891 EP 1891 DI 10.1093/carcin/22.11.1891 PG 1 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 493AD UT WOS:000172199100021 PM 11698354 ER PT J AU Inbaraj, JJ Kukielczak, BM Bilski, P Sandvik, SL Chignell, CF AF Inbaraj, JJ Kukielczak, BM Bilski, P Sandvik, SL Chignell, CF TI Photochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) 1. Berberine SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUPEROXIDE; EPR; DNA AB Goldenseal is an herb which is widely used for many medical applications such as in eyewashes and skin lotions and which is currently undergoing testing by the National Toxicology Program. The main alkaloid constituent of Goldenseal is berberine. The topical application of Goldenseal or berberine to the skin or eyes raises the possibility that an adverse phototoxic reaction may result from an interaction between the alkaloid and light. We have therefore studied the photochemistry of berberine in different solvents and its phototoxicty to HaCaT keratinocytes. Irradiation of berberine in aqueous solutions does not generate O-1(2), but in CH2Cl2, O-1(2) is produced with a quantum yield phi = 0.34. With the aid of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), we have detected oxygen-centered radicals photogenerated by berberine in water and acetonitrile. In the latter solvent and in the absence of oxygen, the neutral berberine radical formed by one electron reduction was observed. Methanol radicals were detected by EPR in water/alcohol low-temperature glasses irradiated in the berberine long-wavelength absorption band. In such alcoholic glasses, we have also detected an EPR signal from the berberine triplet at 77 K, in contrast to aqueous glasses where neither triplet nor radicals were detectable. Our data show that, although a weak photosensitizer in water, berberine is able to produce both O-1(2) and radical species in a nonpolar environment. UVA irradiation of HaCaT keratinocytes in the presence of 50 muM berberine resulted in an 80% decrease in cell viability and a 3-fold increase in DNA damage as measured by the Comet assay. These findings suggest that exposure to sunlight or artificial light sources emitting UVA should be avoided when topical preparations derived from Goldenseal or containing berberine are used. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Chignell, CF (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1529 EP 1534 DI 10.1021/tx0155247 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 496LA UT WOS:000172396000009 PM 11712911 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI The fate of the haloacetates in drinking water - Chemical kinetics in aqueous solution SO CHEMICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; HYDROTHERMAL REACTIONS; B6C3F1 MICE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DECARBOXYLATION; IDENTIFICATION; DEHALOGENATION; SPECTROSCOPY; CHLORINATION C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 73 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2665 J9 CHEM REV JI Chem. Rev. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 101 IS 11 BP 3233 EP 3243 DI 10.1021/cr000883c PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 493XL UT WOS:000172248700001 PM 11840985 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Polynomial expressions for the hyper-Wiener index of extended hydrocarbon networks SO COMPUTERS & CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hyper-Wiener index; distance matrix; hydrocarbon graph ID EXPONENTIALLY-FITTED METHODS; SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; NUMERICAL-INTEGRATION; DISTANCE MATRIX; PHENYLENES; ALGORITHM; SUPERAROMATICITY; CONSTRUCTION; PHENYLENES; FAMILY AB General expressions are derived for the hyper-Wiener index (WW) for several series of hydrocarbons, both benzenoid and non-benzenoid, including some two-dimensional networks. Indeed, such expressions were found for all but one series studied. Methods are also described for eliminating the register overflow problem that besets computer-based approaches to calculating WW for large structures by means of the distance matrix. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Risk Assessment Div, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Risk Assessment Div, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Mail Code 7403,1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0097-8485 J9 COMPUT CHEM JI Comput. Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 25 IS 6 BP 577 EP 582 DI 10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00080-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 495WF UT WOS:000172362800006 PM 11817051 ER PT J AU Spencer, RM Schroeter, JD Martonen, TB AF Spencer, RM Schroeter, JD Martonen, TB TI Computer simulations of lung airway structures using data-driven surface modeling techniques SO COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE computer simulations; lung morphology; airway structure; surface modeling; NURBS surfaces; computational fluid dynamics; aerosol therapy ID PARTICLE DEPOSITION; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; AEROSOL; TREE; MORPHOLOGY; PENETRATION; PATTERNS; IMAGES; PLANAR; FATE AB Knowledge of human lung morphology is a subject critical to many areas of medicine. The visualization of lung structures naturally lends itself to computer graphics modeling due to the large number of airways involved and the complexities of the branching systems. In this study, a method of generating three-dimensional computer simulations of human lung airway networks using data-driven, surface modeling techniques is presented. By simulating the tubular airway structures and realistic bifurcation shapes, anatomically accurate representations of human lungs are obtained. These computer models are designed for use in computational fluid dynamic applications and particle trajectory analyses, and to be complimentary to medical imaging (gamma scintigraphy) protocols. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Sci Visualizat Lab, Lockheed Martin, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0010-4825 J9 COMPUT BIOL MED JI Comput. Biol. Med. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 6 BP 499 EP 511 DI 10.1016/S0010-4825(01)00020-8 PG 13 WC Biology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 485UA UT WOS:000171781400007 PM 11604154 ER PT J AU Morgan, C Owens, N AF Morgan, C Owens, N TI Benefits of water quality policies: the Chesapeake Bay SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE benefit analysis; Chesapeake Bay; nutrients; water pollution ID OUTDOOR RECREATION; DEMAND AB The Chesapeake Bay is a unique and treasured natural resource. It is the largest estuary on the Atlantic coast and one of the largest estuaries in the world. The Chesapeake drains portions of six states: Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and West Virginia and the District of Columbia. As testimony to its importance, the US Congress issued a directive in 1976 to the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) to examine and identify the factors that were altering the conditions of the Bay. Nutrient delivery to the Bay, which has increased dramatically over time, was identified as one of the factors and has been the primary focus of research and policy efforts related to achieving water quality improvements. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the benefits of water quality legislation in the Bay region from 1972, the year the Clean Water Act (CWA) was promulgated, to 1996. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous, are the dominant criteria addressed by this case study. Benefits are assessed from a 'with-without' perspective. That is, 1996 water quality is compared with what it would have been in 1996 without the CWA and related legislation. The US EPA CBP Watershed and Water Quality Models were used to determine the distribution of nutrient loadings from point and non-point sources and characterize water quality. Modeling results indicate that conditions in the Bay are improved in some areas for some pollutants. Total phosphorus has decreased dramatically from 'without' concentrations in all major tributaries and segments of the Chesapeake Bay. The monetized annual boating, fishing, and swimming benefits of water quality improvements in the Chesapeake Bay range from $357.9 million to $1.8 billion. These benefit estimates represent use values for persons living in the District of Columbia, and portions of Maryland and Virginia. Residents of Delaware, New York, and Pennsylvania, which are also part of the Bay Watershed, are not included in this analysis. As such, this range likely underestimates the true benefits of Bay water quality improvement. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Morgan, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, 1200 Penn Ave,NW 1809, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 2 BP 271 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00212-9 PG 14 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 495TJ UT WOS:000172356200008 ER PT J AU de la Chesnaye, F Harvey, R Kruger, D Laitner, JA AF de la Chesnaye, F Harvey, R Kruger, D Laitner, JA TI Cost-effective reductions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE global warming; greenhouse gases; marginal abatement curves AB To date, most of the focus on greenhouse gas emission reductions has been on energy-related CO2 emissions. This is understandable since CO2 emissions currently account for about 82 percent of the total US greenhouse gas emissions weighted by 100-year global warming potentials (EPA, www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions, 2001a).(1) However, a number of analyses suggest that the non-CO2 greenhouse gases included in the Kyoto Protocol-methane, nitrous oxide, and the high-GWP (global warming potential) gases (HFCs, PFCs, and SF6)-can make a significant contribution to cost-effective emission reductions for the US and other countries. Our current estimate for the US is a reduction in non-CO2 emissions of 105 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) at $50/ton carbon equivalent in 2010. This paper provides a perspective on the current and projected emissions of greenhouse gas; outlines the potential methods for achieving emissions reductions for various sources; and summarizes several recent studies on the cost of reductions for the US and other countries. Although the paper does not specifically address the potential for reductions of these gases in individual countries outside the US and the European Union, its findings are generally applicable to many countries. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP de la Chesnaye, F (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Program, MS 6202J,1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD NOV PY 2001 VL 29 IS 14 SI SI BP 1325 EP 1331 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00076-3 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 476PR UT WOS:000171238400012 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Wotten, B Murphy, E AF Sidle, WC Wotten, B Murphy, E TI Provenance of geogenic arsenic in the Goose River basin, Maine, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; Maine; pyrite; sulfate; sulfur isotope ID WALDOBORO PLUTON COMPLEX; SULFATE; GROUNDWATER; SULFUR; WATER; EXCHANGE; DELTA-O-18; SPECIATION; OXIDATION; ISOTOPES AB Occurrences of arsenic (As) are sporadic in drinking water from many wells in mid-coastal Maine. This is particularly the case where water supplies are pumped from fractured igneous and metamorphic bedrock. Although health risk-based As contamination levels are lowered, it is likely that the provenance of trace As concentrations will need to be scrutinized. Approximately 33% of wells sampled in the Goose River ground-watershed had at least one occurrence of 10 mug l(-1) As. Geologic mapping in combination with the rock petrology and mineral chemistry were important in deciphering probable local source areas for arsenic. Median whole rock As is greater than 39 mg kg(-1) in the Bucksport Formation and anatectic granitoids of the Waldoboro Pluton Complex. S-34 isotopic composition of arsenian pyrites indicate that local areas of anomalous arsenic-bearing, transported soils are not the source of trace As in groundwater, but, instead, the As is derived from oxidation processes in the fractured bedrock along the western margin of the ground-watershed. In groundwater, the As3+/As5+ ratios ranged from 0.01 to 4.45 and were inconsistent spatially and temporally. Although it is probable that the stability field in most groundwater supplies is HAsO42-, arsenic speciation is not necessarily an aid to predicting transport. Instead an isotopic evaluation of associated groundwater SO42- clearly indicates a consistent correlation of elevated As with enriched delta S-34(SO4). The delta S-34(SO4) ranges of +4.05 to +4.61 parts per thousand may be characteristic of local oxidation in the fractured groundwater flow systems. Potential areas of geogenic As transport may be predictable. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Isotope & Hydrol Lab, Ctr Hill Facil, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Groundwater Res Co, Waldoboro, ME 04572 USA. Medomak Valley Land Trust, Atlantic Ctr Environm, Waldoboro, ME 04572 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Isotope & Hydrol Lab, Ctr Hill Facil, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 46 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 62 EP 73 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 496UM UT WOS:000172415500007 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Kannan, N Yamashita, N Derr-Yellin, EC Ward, TR Burgin, DE Tilson, HA Birnbaum, LS AF Kodavanti, PRS Kannan, N Yamashita, N Derr-Yellin, EC Ward, TR Burgin, DE Tilson, HA Birnbaum, LS TI Differential effects of two lots of Aroclor 1254: Congener-specific analysis and neurochemical end points SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Aroclor 1254; dioxins; polychlorinated biphenyls; protein kinase C; toxic equivalents ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; KINASE-C TRANSLOCATION; RAT CEREBELLUM; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; ESTER BINDING; PCB CONGENERS AB Aroclor 1254 is a widely studied commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture which, by definition, contains 54% chlorine by weight. Recent reports indicate substantial differences in the congener composition among Aroclor lots and hence their biologic effects. We designed the current study to compare the effects of two lots of Aroclor 1254 (lots 6024 and 124-191). We analyzed these two lots for PCB congeners, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs). We used previously established techniques for analyzing intracellular Ca2+ buffering and protein kinase C (PKC) translocation to test their biologic activity in neuronal preparations. PCB congener-specific analysis indicated that ortho and non-ortho congeners in these two lots varied in their percent contribution. Among A congeners, the percentages of non-ortho congeners (PCBs 77, 81, 126, and 169) were higher in lot 6024 (2.9% of total) than in lot 124-191 (0.02% of total). We detected no dioxins in these two lots (< 2 ppb). Although there are some differences in the congener composition, total PCNs were similar in both lots: 171 ppm in lot 6024 and 155 ppm in lot 124-191. However, total PCDFs were higher in lot 6024 (38.7 ppm) than in lot 124-191 (11.3 ppm). When we tested these two Aroclors on Ca 2, buffering and PKC translocation in brain preparations, the effects were significantly different. Although lot 124-191 was more potent on PKC translocation than lot 6024, lot 6024 was slightly more active on Ca2+ buffering than lot 124-191. These effects could not be attributed to the differences in the percentage of non-ortho congeners or PCDFs because they were inactive on these two parameters. The effects could not be attributed to PCNs because the level were almost similar. The effects seen with two lots of Aroclor 1254 in neuronal cells were also not predicted based on the TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs), although TEQs predicted the effects on ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) or methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (MROD) activities. It is possible that the differential effects seen in neuronal cells could be caused by differences in the composition of ortho-congeners in these two mixtures, because PCBs with ortho-lateral substitutions can exhibit different activities on the selected neurochemical end points. Because of these differential effects with different lot numbers, the composition of Aroclor mixtures used in investigations should be disclosed. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Kiel, Dept Marine Chem, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. Natl Inst Resources & Environm, Hydrospher Environm Protect Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Kannan, Narayanan/B-9348-2009 OI Kannan, Narayanan/0000-0002-4334-2938 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32-ES07126] NR 51 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 109 IS 11 BP 1153 EP 1161 DI 10.1289/ehp.011091153 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 501EB UT WOS:000172668900027 PM 11713001 ER PT J AU Burgin, DE Diliberto, JJ Derr-Yellin, EC Kannan, N Kodavanti, PRS Birnbaum, LS AF Burgin, DE Diliberto, JJ Derr-Yellin, EC Kannan, N Kodavanti, PRS Birnbaum, LS TI Differential effects of two lots of Aroclor 1254 on enzyme induction, thyroid hormones, and oxidative stress SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Aroclor 1254; dioxin; hepatic enzymes; oxidative stress; polychlorinated biphenyls; thryroid hormones; toxic equivalents ID CONGENER-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; RISK-ASSESSMENT; ADULT RATS; MICE; PROTEIN; PCBS AB Aroclor 1254 is a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which is defined as being 54% chlorine by weight. However, the congener composition varies from lot to lot. Two lots which have been used in toxicity studies, 124-191 and 6024 (AccuStandard), were analyzed for their congener composition. Lot 6024 has approximately 10 times the dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) of lot 124-191. The purpose of this study was to determine if the difference in the TEQ of the two lots explains the different in vivo responses seen on a weight basis. Male Long-Evans rats (70 days old) were treated orally with a single dose of 0- 1,000 mg/kg of each lot. Hepatic ethoxy-, methoxy-, and pentoxyresorufm O-deethylase (EROD, MROD, and PROD, respectively) activities as well as serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentrations and measures of oxidative stress were determined 4 days after treatment. Results, on a weight basis, indicate that lot 6024 led to a greater induction of EROD, MROD, and PROD but not total T4 reduction. The differences in TEQ between the lots explained the differential induction of EROD and MROD but did not account for the induction of PROD nor decreases in T(4). PROD induction is not due to dioxin-like congeners, whereas the decrease in serum T4 levels may involve multiple mechanisms. Effects on the antioxidants ascorbic acid and uric acid were seen only at the highest mass dose for both lots and were not explained by the difference in TEQ. These results illustrate that the differences in the TEQ explain the differences in the strict dioxin-like effects (EROD, MROD induction), but the non-dioxin-like congeners cause other effects that are not associated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (e.g., PROD). In addition, supra-additive effects also occur in the mixture (T4, oxidative stress). Thus, current results demonstrate that overall toxicity cannot be predicted on the basis of the TEQ values. It is also critical that the lot number is reported in studies conducted with Aroclor 1254 because the congener composition and therefore the effects observed can be very different. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Kiel, Dept Marine Chem, Kiel, Germany. RP Burgin, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM burgin.deborah@epa.gov RI Kannan, Narayanan/B-9348-2009 OI Kannan, Narayanan/0000-0002-4334-2938 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32-ES07126] NR 44 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 109 IS 11 BP 1163 EP 1168 DI 10.2307/3454864 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 501EB UT WOS:000172668900028 PM 11713002 ER PT J AU Nishioka, MG Lewis, RG Brinkman, MC Burkholder, HM Hines, CE Menkedick, JR AF Nishioka, MG Lewis, RG Brinkman, MC Burkholder, HM Hines, CE Menkedick, JR TI Distribution of 2,4-D in air and on surfaces inside residences after lawn applications: Comparing exposure estimates from various media for young children SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE 2,4-D; indoor air; particle size; pesticide exposure; pesticide transport; residential exposure ID HAND; SOIL; DUST; HOME AB We collected indoor air, surface wipes (floors, table tops, and window sills), and floor dust samples at multiple locations within 11 occupied and two unoccupied homes both before and after lawn application of the herbicide 2,4-D. We measured residues 1 week before and after application. We used collected samples to determine transport routes of 2,4-D from the lawn into the homes, its subsequent distribution between the indoor surfaces, and air concentration as a function of airborne particle size. We used residue measurements to estimate potential exposures within these homes. After lawn application, 2,4-D was detected in indoor air and on all surfaces throughout all homes. Track-in by an active dog and by the homeowner applicator were the most significant factors for intrusion. Resuspension of floor dust was the major source of 2,4-D in indoor air, with highest levels of 2,4-D found in the particle size range of 2.5-10 mum. Resuspended floor dust was also a major source of 2,4-D on tables and window sills. Estimated postapplication indoor exposure levels for young children from nondietary ingestion may be 1-10 mug/day from contact with floors, and 0.2-30 mug/day from contact with table tops. These are estimated to be about 10 times higher than the preapplication exposures. By comparison, dietary ingestion of 2,4-D is approximately 1.3 mug/day. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nishioka, MG (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 21 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 109 IS 11 BP 1185 EP 1191 DI 10.1289/ehp.011091185 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 501EB UT WOS:000172668900031 PM 11713005 ER PT J AU Pruden, A Suidan, MT Venosa, AD Wilson, GJ AF Pruden, A Suidan, MT Venosa, AD Wilson, GJ TI Biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether under various substrate conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; BACTERIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADING BACTERIA; TERRESTRIAL-SUBSURFACE; WATER; GENES; SOILS; PCR AB Five aerobic enrichments efficient at degrading methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) under different substrate conditions were developed in well-mixed reactors containing a polyethlene porous pot for biomass retention. The five substrate conditions were as follows: MTBE alone; MTBE and diethyl ether (DEE); MTBE and diisopropyl ether (DIPE); MTBE and ethanol (EtOH); and MTBE with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). All five cultures demonstrated greater than 99.9% removal of MTBE. Addition of alternative substrate was found to have no effect on the performance of the reactors. The bacterial communities of the reactors were monitored periodically by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to determine when homeostasis was achieved. Phylogenetic analysis of the excised DGGE bands was done in order to compare the bacterial community compositions of the reactors. All cultures were found to be mixed cultures, and each enrichment was shown to have a unique composition. A majority of the bands in all reactors represented a group of organisms belonging to the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacterioides (C-F-B) Phylum of bacteria. This was also the only group found in all of the reactors. This study demonstrates that MTBE can be degraded effectively in bioreactors under several substrate conditions and gives insight into the microorganisms potentially involved in the process. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 701 ERC ML0071, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 44 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 21 BP 4235 EP 4241 DI 10.1021/es010572z PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 489RZ UT WOS:000172006600028 PM 11718336 ER PT J AU Cantwell, MG Burgess, RM AF Cantwell, MG Burgess, RM TI Metal-colloid partitioning in artificial interstitial waters of marine sediments: Influences of salinity, pH, and colloidal organic carbon concentration SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE colloids; metals; organic carbon; partitioning; bioavailability ID TRACE-METALS; QUALITY CRITERIA; NARRAGANSETT BAY; HUMIC-ACID; MATTER; SPECIATION; BINDING; CADMIUM; ASSOCIATIONS; COMPLEXATION AB For decades. heavy metals have been deposited into marine sediments as a result of anthropogenic activities. Depending on their bioavailability, these metals may represent a risk to benthic organisms. Dissolved interstitial water metal concentrations have been shown to be better predictors of bioavailability than sediment metal concentrations. In order to improve our understanding of metals bioavailability in sediments, it is essential to fully comprehend metal speciation. Colloidal organic carbon is ubiquitous in marine interstitial water and readily forms complexes with numerous dissolved metals. greatly reducing their bioavailability. Methods were applied to isolate dissolved and colloidal cadmium, copper, nickel, lead. and zinc from interstitial waters using centrifugation and stirred cell ultrafiltration. Influences of salinity, pH, and colloidal carbon concentration on partitioning behavior were investigated. In the pH study, colloidal-dissolved partitioning of each metal (K-p) was observed to increase as pH rose. Conversely, in the salinity experiment, metal K(p)s declined as salinity increased. For the metal-organic colloid study, linear isotherms were calculated for each of the metals. resulting in log K(coc)s ranging from 5.90 for zinc to 7.50 for copper. K-p values calculated from metal-spiked field sediments were in good agreement with those measured in the salinity study. These results provide insight into the behavior of metals associated with colloidal organic carbon in marine sediments under the conditions occurring in estuarine systems. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Cantwell, MG (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2420 EP 2427 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2420:MCPIAI>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 504RY UT WOS:000172870700004 PM 11699764 ER PT J AU Silbiger, RN Leonard, AC Dimsoski, P Fore, S Guttman, SI Roth, AC Gordon, DA Wessendarp, T Toth, GP Smith, MK AF Silbiger, RN Leonard, AC Dimsoski, P Fore, S Guttman, SI Roth, AC Gordon, DA Wessendarp, T Toth, GP Smith, MK TI Use of molecular markers to study the effects of environmental impacts on genetic diversity in brown bullhead (Ameirus nebulosus) populations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE highly variable number tandem repeats; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; allozyme; biological indicator; genetic diversity ID GREAT-LAKES; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; ALLOZYME GENOTYPES; SIMILARITY INDEX; DNA; CONSERVATION; FISH; ECOTOXICOLOGY; FINGERPRINTS; SYSTEMATICS AB Conservation biology needs sound biological information in order to maintain biological diversity in the face of the current rate of loss. An important component of the information needed is the level of genetic diversity within and between populations, especially for those species faced with exposure to environmental stressors. We applied multilocus DNA profile analysis (highly variable number tandem repeats [HVNTR] and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] techniques) and allozyme analysis to test whether individuals from historically degraded sites display levels of genetic diversity different from individuals taken from reference sites. Four Lake Erie tributaries, two impacted and two reference sites, were the sources of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) samples. Pairwise comparison of the sampled populations demonstrated an association of decreased genetic diversity with exposure of brown bullhead to stressors using both RAPD and HVNTR analysis. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. SOBRAN, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. Truman State Univ, Div Sci, Kirksville, MO 63501 USA. RP Guttman, SI (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. EM guttmasi@muohio.edu NR 65 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2580 EP 2587 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2580:UOMMTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 504RY UT WOS:000172870700025 PM 11699785 ER PT J AU Koren, HS Seal, E AF Koren, HS Seal, E TI The ethical conduct of studies involving controlled human exposure to environmental pollutants SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE human research ethics; controlled human exposure studies AB In recent years, the concern for human research subject protection has increased markedly in the United States. The nature of research subject participation in controlled-exposure environmental health research is such that the individual subject bears the risk of participation, while the benefits of such research accrue to society. Therefore, particular attention must be paid when designing studies to protect the health and safety of human research subject. This paper outlines principles for the appropriate selection of pollutants to which humans can be exposed, and the principles that should be used to protect the health and safety of human research subject. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Seal, E (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1603 EP 1606 DI 10.1080/20018091095249 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500LP UT WOS:000172629300006 ER PT J AU Tebes-Stevens, CL Espinoza, F Valocchi, AJ AF Tebes-Stevens, CL Espinoza, F Valocchi, AJ TI Evaluating the sensitivity of a subsurface multicomponent reactive transport model with respect to transport and reaction parameters SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE sensitivity analysis; groundwater; contaminant transport; mathematical modeling; sorption parameters; hydraulic conductivity ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; NUMERICAL-MODELS; POROUS-MEDIA; UNCERTAINTY; SYSTEMS AB The input variables for a numerical model of reactive solute transport in groundwater include both transport parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity and infiltration, and reaction parameters that describe the important chemical and biological processes in the system. These parameters are subject to uncertainty due to measurement error and due to the spatial variability of properties in the subsurface environment. This paper compares the relative effects of uncertainty in the transport and reaction parameters on the results of a solute transport model. This question is addressed by comparing the magnitudes of the local sensitivity coefficients for transport and reaction parameters. General sensitivity equations are presented for transport parameters, reaction parameters, and the initial (background) concentrations in the problem domain. Parameter sensitivity coefficients are then calculated for an example problem in which uranium(VI) hydrolysis species are transported through a two-dimensional domain with a spatially variable pattern of surface complexation sites. In this example, the reaction model includes equilibrium speciation reactions and mass transfer-limited non-electrostatic surface complexation reactions. The set of parameters to which the model is most sensitive includes the initial concentration of one of the surface sites, the formation constant (Kr) of one of the surface complexes and the hydraulic conductivity within the reactive zone. For this example problem, the sensitivity analysis demonstrates that transport and reaction parameters are, equally important in terms of how their variability affects the model results. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Tebes-Stevens, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 52 IS 1-4 BP 3 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00151-6 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 485TV UT WOS:000171780900002 PM 11695745 ER PT J AU Zhu, C Hu, FQ Burden, DS AF Zhu, C Hu, FQ Burden, DS TI Multi-component reactive transport modeling of natural attenuation of an acid groundwater plume at a uranium mill tailings site SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE geochemical modeling; contaminant; transport; coupled processes ID PRECIPITATION DISSOLUTION WAVES; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; MASS-TRANSPORT; EQUILIBRIUM; FLOW AB Natural attenuation of an acidic plume in the aquifer underneath a uranium mill tailings pond in Wyoming, USA was simulated using the multi-component reactive transport code PHREEQC. A one-dimensional model was constructed for the site and the model included advective-dispersive transport, aqueous speciation of li components, and precipitation-dissolution of six minerals. Transport simulation was performed for a reclamation scenario in which the source of acidic seepage will be terminated after 5 years and the plume will then be flushed by uncontaminated upgradient groundwater. Simulations show that successive pH buffer reactions with calcite, Al(OH)(3)(a), and Fe(OH)(3)(a) create distinct geochemical zones and most reactions occur at the boundaries of geochemical zones. The complex interplay of physical transport processes and chemical reactions produce multiple concentration waves. For SO42- transport, the concentration waves are related to advection-dispersion, and gypsum precipitation and dissolution. Wave speeds from numerical simulations compare well to an analytical solution for wave propagation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Zhu, C (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RI Hu, Fang/A-8206-2009; Zhu, Chen/A-5356-2010 OI Zhu, Chen/0000-0001-5374-6787 NR 31 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 52 IS 1-4 BP 85 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00154-1 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 485TV UT WOS:000171780900005 PM 11695747 ER PT J AU Burke, JM Zufall, MJ Ozkaynak, H AF Burke, JM Zufall, MJ Ozkaynak, H TI A population exposure model for particulate matter: case study results for PM2.5 in Philadelphia, PA SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human exposure; microenvironment; SHEDS; uncertainty analysis ID INDOOR AIR-QUALITY; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; DAILY MORTALITY; PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; FINE PARTICLES; POLLUTION; OUTDOOR; DISTRIBUTIONS; METHODOLOGY; PENETRATION AB A population exposure model for particulate matter (PM), called the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS-PM) model, has been developed and applied in a case study of daily PM2.5 exposures for the population living in Philadelphia, PA. SHEDS-PM is a probabilistic model that estimates the population distribution of total PM exposures by randomly sampling from various input distributions. A mass balance equation is used to calculate indoor PM concentrations for the residential microenvironment from ambient outdoor PM concentrations and physical factor data (e.g., air exchange, penetration, deposition), as well as emission strengths for indoor PM sources (e.g., smoking, cooking). PM concentrations in nonresidential microenvironments are calculated using equations developed from regression analysis of available indoor and outdoor measurement data for vehicles, offices, schools, stores, and restaurants/bars. Additional model inputs include demographic data for the population being modeled and human activity pattern data from EPA's Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD). Model outputs include distributions of daily total PM exposures in various microenvironments (indoors, in vehicles, outdoors), and the contribution froth PM of ambient origin to daily total PM exposures in these microenvironments. SHEDS-PM has been applied to the population of Philadelphia using spatially and temporally interpolated ambient PM2.5 measurements from 1992 - 1993 and 1990 US Census data for each census tract in Philadelphia. The resulting distributions showed substantial variability in daily total PM2.5 exposures for the population of Philadelphia (median = 20 mug/m(3); 90th percentile = 59 mug/m(3)). Variability in human activities, and the presence of indoor-residential sources in particular, contributed to the observed variability in total PM2.5 exposures. The uncertainty in the estimated population distribution for total PM2.5 exposures was highest at the upper end of the distribution and revealed the importance of including estimates of input uncertainty in population exposure models. The distributions of daily microenvironmental PM2.5 exposures (exposures due to time spent in various microenvironments) indicated that indoor-residential PM2.5 exposures (median = 13 mug/m(3)) had the greatest influence on total PM2.5 exposures compared to the other microenvironments, The distribution of daily exposures to PM2.5 of ambient origin was less variable across the population than the distribution of daily total PM2.5 exposures (median = 7 mug/m(3); 90th percentile = 18 mug/m(3)) and similar to the distribution of ambient outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. This result suggests that human activity patterns did not have as strong an influence on ambient PM2.5 exposures as was observed for exposure to other PM2.5 sources. For most of the simulated population, exposure to PM2.5 of ambient origin contributed a significant percent of the daily total PM2.5 exposures (median = 37.5%), especially for die segment of the population without exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the residence (median = 46.4%). Development of the SHEDS-PM model using the Philadelphia PM2.5 case study also provided useful insights into the limitations of currently available data for use in population exposure models. In addition, data needs for improving inputs to the SHEDS-PM model, reducing uncertainty and further refinement of the model structure, were identified. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Burke, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 79 TW Alexander Dr,MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM burke.janet@epa.gov NR 53 TC 126 Z9 131 U1 4 U2 55 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 6 BP 470 EP 489 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500188 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 505TM UT WOS:000172931700005 PM 11791164 ER PT J AU Freeman, NCG Jimenez, M Reed, KJ Gurunathan, S Edwards, RD Roy, A Adgate, JL Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, J Sexton, K Lioy, PJ AF Freeman, NCG Jimenez, M Reed, KJ Gurunathan, S Edwards, RD Roy, A Adgate, JL Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, J Sexton, K Lioy, PJ TI Quantitative analysis of children's microactivity patterns: The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activity patterns; children; exposure; hand-to-mouth; MNCPES; NHEXAS; pesticides ID HAND; EL AB The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)/Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES) was a population-based study designed to characterize children's exposure to residential pesticides and to evaluate the contribution of residential and children's activities to children's exposure. Families of 168 children were surveyed for residential use of pesticides and children's activities. From these homes, families of 102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years participated in a week-long intensive exposure study. Of the 102 children, 19 children were videotaped for four consecutive hours in their normal daily activities. The survey responses indicated that the youngest children were more likely to exhibit behaviors that would foster exposure to environmental contaminants. Comparison of questionnaire responses indicated that the videotaped subsample was representative of the exposure study population. The microactivities of the videotaped children that might contribute to their exposure via ingestion or dermal routes were quantified. Hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth activities were observed most frequently among the youngest children. The youngest children were also most likely to be barefoot both indoors and outside. Gender differences were found in mouthing behavior and the proportion of observed time spent outdoors. C1 Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Piscataway, NJ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Freeman, NCG (reprint author), Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 681 Frelingjuysen Rd,POB 117, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05022-12] NR 17 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 6 BP 501 EP 509 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500193 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 505TM UT WOS:000172931700007 PM 11791166 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW TI Growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SHIGELLA-DYSENTERIAE TYPE-1; PROCESSING-PLANT WATER; VIBRIO-VULNIFICUS; DRINKING-WATER; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; STARVATION CONDITIONS; NONCULTURABLE CELLS; STRESS RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LOW-TEMPERATURE AB Previous reports indicate that Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae can grow in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 46 degreesC when the biological oxygen demand of this water is <2, while its coliform growth response (CGR) is >2. In the current study, we investigated the growth response of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shigella spp., Vibrio vulnificus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples with a CGR of >2 over the temperature range of 4 to 50 degreesC. Both the nonselective media, tryptic soy agar, and the selective media used to identify the pathogen were used for their recovery. The selective media were thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS), MacConkey agar (MAC), and Pseudomonas isolation agar (PIA) for the Vibrio, Shigella, and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. V. parahaemolyticus numbers declined rapidly after surviving for 6 days under the nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Shigella spp. did not grow but survived for > 28 days at 4 to 25 degreesC. V. vulnificus grew over the narrow temperature range of 12 to 21 degreesC and survived for > 21 days at the higher and lower temperature ranges. P. aeruginosa survived and grew during the 14-day test period at 13 to 35 degreesC. Recovery on the nonselective agar gave statistically (P > 0.05) higher numbers than the respective selective media commonly used for these pathogens. These results indicate that caution should be used in attempting direct recoveries using selective media of the four gram-negative bacteria species used in this study from the nutrient-limited water environment. C1 USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1761 EP 1767 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800019 PM 11726156 ER PT J AU Harvat, BL Jetten, AM AF Harvat, BL Jetten, AM TI Decreased growth inhibitory responses of squamous carcinoma cells to interferon-gamma involve failure to recruit cki proteins into cdk2 complexes SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE keratinocyte; p27(Kip1); p21 (WAF1/Cip1); p130 ID HUMAN EPIDERMAL-KERATINOCYTES; MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES; GENE-EXPRESSION; RETINOBLASTOMA FAMILY; IRF-1 EXPRESSION; E7 ONCOPROTEIN; LUNG-CARCINOMA; DIFFERENTIATION; P27(KIP1) AB Interferon-gamma induces an irreversible growth arrest and squamous differentiation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. We present for the first time a careful biochemical analysis of the cell-cycle-related events that occur during interferon-gamma treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. The interferon-gamma -induced irreversible growth arrest state is characterized by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases, prevention of Rb and p130 (Rb2) phosphorylation, and increases in p27(Kip1), p16(Ink4a), and p130 proteins, together with a transient increase in p21(Waf1/Cip1). Cells derived from squamous cell carcinomas are less responsive to interferon-gamma and do not terminally differentiate. We exploited these differences in response to interferon-gamma in order to identify the particular molecular defects in cell cycle control that promote carcinogenesis in squamous epithelia. In several squamous cell carcinoma cell lines as well as in interferon-gamma -insensitive HaCaT cells, interferon gamma was unable to significantly induce levels of p130 and/or p16 protein. In addition, p21 association with cdk2 complexes was undetectable in either the absence or the presence of interferon-gamma and, unlike normal human epidermal keratinocytes, p27 association with cdk2 did not increase with interferon-gamma treatment. These multiple defects appear to be intrinsic to the mechanisms of cell cycle regulation rather than due to defects in the interferon-ly signaling pathway, as induction of several interferon-gamma -responsive genes including Stat 1, IRF-1, and p21 itself was normal. Interestingly, exogenous expression of p21 protein in the squamous cell carcinoma cell lines by adenovirus carrying wildtype p53 or p21 cDNA cooperated with interferon-gamma to produce a greater inhibition of growth than either agent alone, even though p21 protein could barely be detected in cdk2 complexes. We conclude that squamous cell carcinoma cells have intrinsic defects in their ability to regulate cdk-cki complexes in response to differentiation signals. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, LSRC, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Harvat, BL (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710 USA. OI Jetten, Anton/0000-0003-0954-4445 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1K22ES00343-01] NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-202X J9 J INVEST DERMATOL JI J. Invest. Dermatol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 117 IS 5 BP 1274 EP 1281 DI 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01495.x PG 8 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 492ZX UT WOS:000172198500036 PM 11710944 ER PT J AU Cash, GG Dias, JR AF Cash, GG Dias, JR TI Computation, properties and resonance topology of benzenoid monoradicals and polyradicals and the eigenvectors belonging to their zero eigenvalues SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE benzenoid radicals; zero eigenvalues; structure count; matching polynomial ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORBITAL FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; MOLECULAR GRAPHS; CHEMICAL GRAPHS; ENUMERATION; RADICALS; NUMBER AB Radical benzenoid structures, i.e., those which cannot have all electrons paired, are known to possess much larger structure counts than closed-shell benzenoids of similar size. Building on our previous work, we report methods for calculating eigenvectors, eigenvalues, and structure counts for benzenoid radicals, diradicals, and radicals of higher multiplicity. When a series of such species is constructed by repeated addition of an aufbau unit, structure counts can usually be expressed as a polynomial in one or two variables. Structure counts for radical series generated by repeated circumscribing, however, cannot. C1 US EPA, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0259-9791 J9 J MATH CHEM JI J. Math. Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 429 EP 444 AR UNSP 0259-9791/01/1100-0429/0 DI 10.1023/A:1015194511140 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Mathematics GA 554GP UT WOS:000175727700005 ER PT J AU Falke, SR Husar, RB Schichtel, BA AF Falke, SR Husar, RB Schichtel, BA TI Fusion of SeaWiFS and TOMS satellite data with surface observations and topographic data during extreme aerosol events SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NARSTO Symposium on Tropospheric Aerosols CY OCT 24-26, 2000 CL QUERETARO, MEXICO AB Spaceborne sensors allow near-continuous aerosol monitoring throughout the world. This paper illustrates the fusion of Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and TOMS satellite data with surface observations and topographic data during four extreme aerosol events: (1) the April 1998 Asian dust storm that impacted the west coast of North America, (2) the May 1998 Central American forest fire smoke that impacted eastern North America, (3) the intense fall 1999 northern California fires, and (4) the massive February 2000 Sahara dust storm. During these dust and smoke events, the aerosol was visualized on true color SeaWiFS images as a distinct yellowish dye, the result of the aerosol increasing the reflectance of darker surfaces (ocean and land) and decreasing the reflectance of clouds. TOMS imagery also indicated increased aerosol absorption in the affected areas, while surface monitors measured major reductions in visual range. Fusing these data aids in the determination of the aerosol's spatial, temporal, and optical properties and provides supporting evidence for characterizing what is being visualized as dust or smoke. A 3-dimensional perspective of the events is obtained when incorporating topographic data and provides insight into the vertical properties of the aerosol plumes. C1 Washington Univ, Ctr Air Pollut Impact & Trends Anal, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Falke, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Environm Informat, 2831R,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Husar, Rudolf/A-9000-2009 NR 18 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 51 IS 11 BP 1579 EP 1585 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 491ZL UT WOS:000172140400009 PM 11720105 ER PT J AU Grindstaff, RD Turnage, RL Benane, SG Blackman, CF AF Grindstaff, RD Turnage, RL Benane, SG Blackman, CF TI Influence of sodium arsenite on gap junction communication in rat-liver epithelial cells SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ECD, NHEERL, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 428 BP 79A EP 79A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372500429 ER PT J AU Zhang, J Grindstaff, RD Blackman, CF AF Zhang, J Grindstaff, RD Blackman, CF TI Chloral hydrate decreases gap junction communication in rat liver epithelial cells SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, ECD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 427 BP 79A EP 79A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372500428 ER PT J AU Whittard, JD Akiyama, SK AF Whittard, JD Akiyama, SK TI Positive regulation of cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion by protein kinase A SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Hlth, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 2557 BP 464A EP 464A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372502551 ER PT J AU Porwollik, S Wong, RMY Sims, SH Schaaper, RM DeMarini, DM McClelland, M AF Porwollik, S Wong, RMY Sims, SH Schaaper, RM DeMarini, DM McClelland, M TI The Delta uvrB mutations in the Ames strains of Salmonella span 15 to 119 genes SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE microarray; Salmonella typhimurium; Ames strains; comparative genomic hybridization; Delta uvrB ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TESTER STRAINS; TYPHIMURIUM; CARCINOGENS; MUTAGENESIS AB The Delta uvrB mutations present in strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium used commonly in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay were isolated independently for at least five different his mutants. These deletions all involved the galactose operon, biotin operon, nucleotide-excision-repair uvrB gene, and chlorate-resistance genes. Beyond this, the size of the deletions and the number and type of genes deleted have remained unknown for nearly 30 years. Here, we have used genomic hybridization to a Typhimurium microarray to characterize these five Delta uvrB deletions. The number of genes (and amount of DNA) deleted due to the Delta uvrB mutations are 15 (16 kb) each in TA97 and TA104,47 (50 kb) in TA100, 87 (96 kb) in TA1537, and 119 (125 kb) in TA98, accounting for 0.3, 0.3, 1.0, 1.9, and 2.6% of the genome, respectively. In addition, TA97 and TA104 contain an identical three-gene deletion elsewhere in their genomes, and, most remarkably, TA104 contains a 282-gene amplification, representing 7% of the genome. Missing genes include mfdA and mdaA, encoding a multi-drug translocase and a major nitroreductase, respectively, both absent in TA98; dps, encoding a DNA-binding protein absent in TA1537 and TA98; and dinG, encoding a lexA-regulated repair enzyme, absent in three Delta uvrB lineages. Genes involved in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and a number of ORFs of unknown functions are missing in all Delta uvrB strains investigated. Studies in Delta uvrB strains of Escherichia coli have found that the enhanced mutagenesis of some base analogues was due to the deletion of genes involved in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis rather than to deletion of uvrB. These discoveries do not diminish the value of the data generated in the Ames strains. However, absence of genes other than uvrB may account for the enhanced mutagenicity of some compounds in Delta uvrB Ames strains. In general, microarrays will be useful for characterizing the extent and nature of deletion and amplification mutations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Sigma Genosys, The Woodlands, TX 77380 USA. NIEHS, Genet Mol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McClelland, M (reprint author), Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RI McClelland, Michael/A-8583-2011 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI34829, AI 43283] NR 22 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 483 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00239-1 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 488HR UT WOS:000171930600001 PM 11600126 ER PT J AU Rogozin, IB Pavlov, YI Kunkel, TA AF Rogozin, IB Pavlov, YI Kunkel, TA TI Smaller role for pol eta? Response 1 SO NATURE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID GENES C1 NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Inst Cytol & Genet, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kunkel, TA (reprint author), NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1529-2908 J9 NAT IMMUNOL JI Nat. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 2 IS 11 BP 983 EP 984 DI 10.1038/ni1101-983 PG 2 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 490JY UT WOS:000172049800004 ER PT J AU Beard, WA Wilson, SH AF Beard, WA Wilson, SH TI DNA polymerases lose their grip SO NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID REPAIR; BETA AB Structural characterization of a variety of DNA polymerases has likened the polymerase domain to a hand that grasps DNA with functional subdomains referred to as fingers, palm and thumb. The solution structure of the African swine fever virus DNA polymerase X indicates that it does not have a hand-like architecture and suggests a mechanism by which the polymerase may compensate for the lack of a dedicated DNA binding subdomain. C1 NIH, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Struct Biol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wilson, SH (reprint author), NIH, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Struct Biol, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1072-8368 J9 NAT STRUCT BIOL JI Nat. Struct. Biol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 8 IS 11 BP 915 EP 917 DI 10.1038/nsb1101-915 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 488AD UT WOS:000171911100004 PM 11685231 ER PT J AU Ivkovich, D Stanton, ME AF Ivkovich, D Stanton, ME TI Effects of early hippocampal lesions on trace, delay, and long-delay eyeblink conditioning in developing rats SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY LA English DT Article DE learning; memory; ontogeny; development; hippocampus; classical conditioning ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; EYELID RESPONSES; INFANT RAT; RABBITS; ONTOGENY; MEMORY; DISCRIMINATION; DISRUPT; ALTERNATION; EXPOSURE AB The effects of bilateral hippocampal aspiration lesions on later acquisition of eyeblink conditioning were examined in developing Long-Evans rat pups. Lesions on postnatal day (PND) 10 were followed by evaluation of trace eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 1) and delay eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2) on PND 25. Pairings of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and periocular shock unconditioned stimulus (US, 100 ms) were presented in one of three conditioning paradigms: trace (380 ras CS, 500 ms trace interval, 880 ms interstimulus interval [ISI]), standard delay (380 ms CS, 280 ms ISI), or long delay (980 ms CS, 880 ms ISI). The results of two experiments indicated that hippocampal lesions impaired trace eyeblink conditioning more than either type of delay conditioning. In light of our previous work on the ontogeny of trace, delay and long-delay eyeblink conditioning , (Ivkovich, Paczkowski, & Stanton, 2000, showing that trace and long-delay eyeblink conditioning had similar ontogenetic profiles, the current data suggest that during ontogeny hippocampal maturation may be. more important for the short-term memory component than for the long-ISI component of trace eyeblink conditioning. The late. development of conditioning over long ISIs may depend on a separate process such as protracted development of cerebellar Cortex. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Ivkovich, D (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Dept Psychol, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH11729] NR 43 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1074-7427 J9 NEUROBIOL LEARN MEM JI Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 76 IS 3 BP 426 EP 446 DI 10.1006/nlme.2001.4027 PG 21 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 500MT UT WOS:000172631900015 PM 11726246 ER PT J AU Krieg, EF Chrislip, DW Letz, RE Otto, DA Crespo, CJ Brightwell, WS Ehrenberg, RL AF Krieg, EF Chrislip, DW Letz, RE Otto, DA Crespo, CJ Brightwell, WS Ehrenberg, RL TI Neurobehavioral test performance in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NES; NHANES III; simple reaction time; symbol-digit substitution; serial digit learning; demographic; questionnaire ID BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION SYSTEM; NITROUS-OXIDE EXPOSURE; LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; TEST BATTERY; ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY; CONSTRUCTION PAINTERS; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; UNITED-STATES; REACTION-TIME AB The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) contained three computerized neurobehavioral tests from the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES): simple reaction time, symbol-digit substitution and serial digit learning. The neurobehavioral data that were collected came from a nationally representative sample of adults 20-59 years old. Performance on the tests was related to sex, age, education level, family income and race-ethnicity. Performance decreased as age increased, and increased as education level and family income increased. Differences in performance between sexes, levels of education and racial-ethnic groups tended to decrease as family income increased. The relationship between age and performance on the symbol-digit substitution test varied by education level and by racial-ethnic group. The relationship between age and performance on the serial digit learning test varied by racial-ethnic group. Questionnaire variables that were related to performance on one or more of the tests included the reported amount of last night's sleep, energy level, computer or video game familiarity, alcoholic beverages within the last 3 h and effort. Persons who took the tests in English or Spanish performed differently on the symbol-digit substitution and serial digit learning tests. Performance on all the tests decreased as test room temperature increased. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Robert A Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NIOSH, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Krieg, EF (reprint author), NIOSH, Robert A Taft Labs, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS C-22, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 68 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 23 IS 6 BP 569 EP 589 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00177-5 PG 21 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 505WH UT WOS:000172938200006 PM 11792526 ER PT J AU Herr, DW Graff, JE Derr-Yellin, EC Crofton, KM Kodavanti, PRS AF Herr, DW Graff, JE Derr-Yellin, EC Crofton, KM Kodavanti, PRS TI Flash-, somatosensory-, and peripheral nerve-evoked potentials in rats perinatally exposed to Aroclor 1254 SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 01-05, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Soc Toxicol DE aroclor 1254; PCBs; polychlorinated biphenyls; compound nerve action potentials; nerve conduction velocity; somatosensory-evoked potentials; flash-evoked potentials ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEARING-LOSS; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH; CONDUCTION VELOCITY; AUDITORY FUNCTION; HOODED RATS; ADULT-RATS AB Pregnant Long-Evans rats were exposed to 0, 1 or 6 mg/kg/day of Aroclor 1254 (A 1254; Lot no. 124-191), a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21. At 128-140 days of age, mate and female offspring were tested for visual-, somatosensory- and peripheral nerve-evoked potentials. The evoked responses increased in amplitude with larger stimulus intensities, and gender differences were detected for some endpoints. In contrast, developmental exposure to A 1254 failed to significantly affect the electrophysiological measures. A subset of the animals were tested for low-frequency hearing dysfunction using reflex modification audiometry (RMA), An elevated threshold for a 1-kHz tone was observed, replicating previous findings of A1254-induced auditory deficits [Hear. Res. 144 (2000) 196; Toxicol. Sci. 45(1) (1998) 94; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 135(1) (1995) 77.]. These findings indicate no statistically significant changes in visual-, somatosensory- or peripheral nerve-evoked potentials following developmental exposure to doses of A 1254 that produce behavioral hearing deficits. However, subtle changes in the function of the visual or somatosensory systems cannot be disproved. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Herr, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 76 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 23 IS 6 BP 591 EP 601 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00180-5 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 505WH UT WOS:000172938200007 PM 11792527 ER PT J AU Rezvani, AH Bushnell, PJ Burkholder, JM Glasgow, HB Levin, ED AF Rezvani, AH Bushnell, PJ Burkholder, JM Glasgow, HB Levin, ED TI Specificity of cognitive impairment from Pfiesteria piscicida exposure in rats - Attention and visual function versus behavioral plasticity SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE toxic; dinoflagellates; Pfiesteria; learning; visual signal detection test; radial-ann maze; figure-8 maze ID TOXIC ESTUARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; SIGNALS AB Pfiesteria piscicida is a toxic dinoflagellate that has caused massive fish kills in estuaries along the East Coast of the United States, and exposure of humans to toxic Pfiesteria has been associated with cognitive impairment. A visual signal detection task was used to determine the possible importance of attentional and visual processes in Pfiesteria effects on cognitive function. Adult female rats were trained to perform the signal detection task, After training, the rats were injected subcutaneously with fish culture water containing toxic Pfiesteria (35,600 or 106,800 cells of Pfiesteria/kg of rat body weight) or with (control) fish culture water containing no Pfiesteria. Effects of toxic Pfiesteria on maintenance of signal detection behavior were assessed for 2 weeks after treatment. Then, the signal-response contingencies were reversed. After the discrimination was reestablished on the reversed levers, the rats received a second dose of toxic Pfiesteria. The rats were again tested for 2 weeks, after which a second reversal was imposed. Pfiesteria did not affect behavior in the signal detection task during 2 weeks of prereversal testing after either exposure. However, a significant Pfiesteria-induced deficit emerged when the signal-response contingencies were reversed. These findings suggest that Pfiesteria-induced deficits emerge during periods of behavioral transition and not during performance of previously learned tasks. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Neurobehav Res Lab, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Ctr Appl Aquat Ecol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Rezvani, AH (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Neurobehav Res Lab, 341 Bell Bldg,Box 3412, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 23 IS 6 BP 609 EP 616 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00169-6 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 505WH UT WOS:000172938200009 PM 11792529 ER PT J AU Oshiro, WM Krantz, QT Bushnell, PJ AF Oshiro, WM Krantz, QT Bushnell, PJ TI Characterizing tolerance to trichloroethylene (TCE): effects of repeated inhalation of TCE on performance of a signal detection task in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavioral tolerance; learning; organic solvent; signal detection; sustained attention; trichloroethylene ID BEHAVIORAL TOLERANCE; INHALED TRICHLOROETHYLENE; INTOXICATED PRACTICE; TOLUENE INHALATION; DRUG TOLERANCE; AMPHETAMINE; EXPOSURE; ETHANOL; ACQUISITION; HYPOPHAGIA AB Previous work showed that rats develop tolerance to the acute behavioral effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) on signal detection if they inhale TCE while performing the task and that this tolerance depends more upon learning than upon changes in metabolism of TCE. The present study sought to characterize this tolerance by assessing signal detection in rats during three phases of TCE exposures. Tolerance was induced in Phase I (daily 1-h test sessions concurrent with TCE exposure), extinguished in Phase 2 (daily tests in air with intermittent probe tests in TCE), and reinduced in Phase 3. Original induction in Phase I required 2 weeks, whereas reinduction in Phase 3 required less than I week. Tolerance persisted for 2 (accuracy) or 8 weeks [response time] in Phase 2 and was resistant to changes in test conditions in Phase 3. The slow induction, gradual extinction, savings during reinduction and lack of disruption from altered test conditions suggest mediation by instrumental learning processes. These data and most other evidence for behavioral tolerance to solvents can be explained by solvent-induced loss of reinforcement. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 23 IS 6 BP 617 EP 628 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00182-9 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 505WH UT WOS:000172938200010 PM 11792530 ER PT J AU Ferguson, D Chen, A Monzyk, B Patry, M Barlor, E AF Ferguson, D Chen, A Monzyk, B Patry, M Barlor, E TI Control of chelator-based upsets in surface finishing shop wastewater treatment systems SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article AB Actual surface finishing shop examples are used to illustrate the use of process chemistry understanding and analyses to identify immediate, interim, and permanent response options for industrial wastewater treatment plant (IWTP) upset problems caused by chelating agents. There is economic and environmental compliance value to achieving such control, because it is difficult to eliminate these upsets and their associated costs in actual plant practice. Chelating agents are required for baths operating at a pH sufficiently high to cause metal hydroxide precipitation, or which need to maintain low metal ion activities for proper plated metal morphology. A methodology is offered to identify recovery and prevention solutions to such problems, which uses readily available materials and procedures. Fifty-three such options are offered. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Proc & Facil Engn Prop Directorate, OC, ALC, LPEE, Tinker AFB, OK USA. RP Ferguson, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 88 IS 11 BP 54 EP 59 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA 493HY UT WOS:000172217600013 ER PT J AU Shar, A AF Shar, A TI Regulatory overview: No-x emission specifications from stationary sources SO POLLUTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Reg Off, Air Plannning Sect, Dallas, TX USA. RP Shar, A (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Off, Air Plannning Sect, Dallas, TX USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO PI OAK BROOK PA 2000 CLEARWATER DR, OAK BROOK, IL 60523-8809 USA SN 0032-3640 J9 POLLUT ENG JI Pollut. Eng. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 33 IS 10 BP 16 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 485WK UT WOS:000171786300008 ER PT J AU Piasek, M Blanusa, M Kostial, K Laskey, JW AF Piasek, M Blanusa, M Kostial, K Laskey, JW TI Placental cadmium and progesterone concentrations in cigarette smokers SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; copper; human placenta; iron; lead; progesterone; smoking; steroid extraction; zinc ID HUMAN TROPHOBLAST CELLS; FETAL ZINC STATUS; BIRTH-WEIGHT; OVARIAN STEROIDOGENESIS; STRUCTURAL-CHANGES; MATERNAL SMOKING; GRANULOSA-CELLS; TOBACCO-SMOKE; EXPOSURE; PREGNANCY AB Cadmium and progesterone concentrations were evaluated in term placentas collected from 56 healthy parturients in the city of Zagreb. Concentrations of lead, iron, zinc, and copper in placentas were analyzed. Data collected by questionnaire identified 29 nonsmoking and 27 smoking women. From each placenta, three samples from different locations were taken. Metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Progesterone was determined by specific radioimmunoassay in homogenized and lyophilized tissue samples after steroid extraction with ethanol. No effect of sample location was found. In placentas of smoking women an increase in cadmium, reduced progesterone and a decrease in iron concentrations were found. Placental copper and zinc concentrations were not altered. In conclusion, the results present new evidence that maternal smoking reduces placental progesterone content and support the established association of smoking with placental cadmium. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Mineral Metab Unit, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Piasek, M (reprint author), Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Mineral Metab Unit, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. NR 67 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 6 BP 673 EP 681 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00174-5 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 501GF UT WOS:000172676400008 PM 11738520 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Tunnell, SJ AF Jorgensen, EE Tunnell, SJ TI The effectiveness of quadrats for measuring vascular plant diversity SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL NITROGEN GRADIENTS; SECONDARY SUCCESSION; VEGETATION; GRASSLANDS AB Quadrats are widely used for measuring characteristics of vascular plant communities. it is well recognized that quadrat size affects measurements of frequency and cover. The ability of quadrats of varying sizes to adequately measure diversity has not been established. An exhaustive search of sixteen 40 by 40 m old field plots documented presence or absence of 88 vascular plant species (mean = 58.8 per plot). Against these benchmarks, measurements of species richness were obtained from 50 samples in each plot and compared among three different sized quadrats (0.2 by 0.5 m, 0.5 by 0.5 m and 0.5 by 1.0 m). These quadrats differed in the number of species measured, with an average of 33.6, 38.7 and 41.4 species respectively (P <0.001; Least Significant Difference test critical difference = 0.7 species). Quadrats are relatively ineffective for documenting the actual number of vascular plant species present on old field plots (at least 30% of species undetected). However, under the intensity of sampling used in this study (n=50) a difference of less than one species per plot was detected at P < 0.05. Thus, quadrat sampling regardless of quadrat size can provide a precise index of vascular plant species richness. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 53 IS 4 BP 365 EP 368 PG 4 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 506WW UT WOS:000172995600006 ER PT J AU Kimbell, JS Overton, JH Subramaniam, RP Schlosser, PM Morgan, KT Conolly, RB Miller, FJ AF Kimbell, JS Overton, JH Subramaniam, RP Schlosser, PM Morgan, KT Conolly, RB Miller, FJ TI Dosimetry modeling of inhaled formaldehyde: Binning nasal flux predictions for quantitative risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 19-23, 2000 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Toxicol DE formaldehyde; nasal passages; nasal airflow; nasal uptake; F344 rat; rhesus monkey; human; regional dosimetry; local dosimetry; computational fluid dynamics ID INSPIRATORY AIR-FLOW; UPPER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; PROTEIN CROSS-LINKS; COVALENT BINDING; RHESUS-MONKEYS; F344 RAT; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; CELL-PROLIFERATION; FISCHER-344 RATS AB Interspecies extrapolations of tissue dose and tumor response have been a significant source of uncertainty in formaldehyde cancer risk assessment. The ability to account for species-specific variation of dose within the nasal passages would reduce this uncertainty. Three-dimensional, anatomically realistic, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of nasal airflow and formaldehyde gas transport in the F344 rat, rhesus monkey, and human were used to predict local patterns of wall mass flux (pmol/[mm(2)- h-ppm]). The nasal surface of each species was partitioned by flux into smaller regions (flux bins), each characterized by surface area and an average flux value. Rat and monkey flux bins were predicted for steady-state inspiratory airflow rates corresponding to the estimated minute volume for each species. Human flux bins were predicted for steady-state inspiratory airflow at 7.4, 15, 18, 25.8, 31.8, and 37 l/min and were extrapolated to 46 and 50 l/min. Flux values higher than half the maximum flux value (flux median) were predicted for nearly 20% of human nasal surfaces at 15 l/min, whereas only 5% of rat and less than 1% of monkey nasal surfaces were associated with fluxes higher than flux medians at 0.576 l/min and 4.8 l/min, respectively. Human nasal flux patterns shifted distally and uptake percentage decreased as inspiratory flow rate increased. Flux binning captures anatomical effects on flux and is thereby a basis for describing the effects of anatomy and airflow on local tissue disposition and distributions of tissue response. Formaldehyde risk models that incorporate flux binning derived from anatomically realistic CFD models will have significantly reduced uncertainty compared with risk estimates based on default methods. C1 CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kimbell, JS (reprint author), CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, POB 12137,6 Davis Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 47 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 111 EP 121 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 486ZL UT WOS:000171849200015 PM 11606807 ER PT J AU Overton, JH Kimbell, JS Miller, FJ AF Overton, JH Kimbell, JS Miller, FJ TI Dosimetry modeling of inhaled formaldehyde: The human respiratory tract SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE formaldehyde; upper respiratory tract; respiratory tract; dosimetry modeling; computational fluid dynamics; mass transport; nasal airway ID RAT NASAL PASSAGES; INHALATION EXPOSURE; RHESUS-MONKEYS; AIR-FLOW; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; CELL-PROLIFERATION; REACTIVE GAS; MORTALITY; TRANSPORT; REGION AB Formaldehyde (HCHO), which has been shown to be a nasal carcinogen in rats and mice, is used widely and extensively in various manufacturing processes. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggest that the lower respiratory tract may be at risk and some epidemiologic studies have reported an increase in lung cancer associated with HCHO; other studies have not. Thus, an assessment of possible human risk to HCHO exposure based on dosimetry information throughout the respiratory tract (RT) is desirable. To obtain dosimetry estimates for a risk assessment, two types of models were used. The first model (which is the subject of another investigation) used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to estimate local fluxes in a 3-dimensional model of the nasal region. The subject of the present investigation (the second model) applied a 1-dimensional equation of mass transport to each generation of an adult human symmetric, bifurcating Weibel-type RT anatomical model, augmented by an upper respiratory tract. The two types of modeling approaches were made consistent by requiring that the 1-dimensional version of the nasal passages have the same inspiratory air-flow rate and uptake during inspiration as the CFD simulations for 4 daily human activity levels. Results obtained include the following: (1) More than 95% of the inhaled HCHO is predicted to be retained by the RT. (2) The CFD predictions for inspiration, modified to account for the difference in inspiration and complete breath times, are a good approximation to uptake in the nasal airways during a single breath. (3) In the lower respiratory tract, flux is predicted to increase for several generations and then decrease rapidly. (4) Compared to first pulmonary region generation fluxes, the first few tracheobronchial generations fluxes are over 1000 times larger. Further, there is essentially no flux in the alveolar sacs. (5) Predicted fluxes based on the 1-dimensional model are presented that can be used in a biologically based dose-response model for human carcinogenesis. Use of these fluxes will reduce uncertainty in a risk assessment for formaldehyde carcinogenicity. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CIIT Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Overton, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 59 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 122 EP 134 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 486ZL UT WOS:000171849200016 PM 11606808 ER PT J AU Messner, MJ Chappell, CL Okhuysen, PC AF Messner, MJ Chappell, CL Okhuysen, PC TI Risk assessment for Cryptosporidium: A hierarchical Bayesian analysis of human dose response data SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; dose-response; volunteer studies; Bayesian statistics; meta-analysis ID PARVUM AB Three dose-response studies were conducted with healthy volunteers using different Cryptosporidium parvum isolates (IOWA, TAMU, and UCP). The study data were previously analyzed for median infectious dose (ID50) using a simple cumulative percent endpoint method (Reed and Muench. 1938). ID(50)s were derived using two definitions of infection: one as subjects having oocysts detected in stool by direct fluorescence assay, and the other by a clinical finding of diarrhea with or without detected oocysts (Chappell et al., 1998: Okhuysen et al.. 1999). In the present study, the data were analyzed using the broader definition of infection (i.e., presence of oocysts in stool and/or diarrheal illness characteristic of cryptosporidiosis). Maximum likelihood dose-response parameter estimates for UCP, IOWA. and TAMU were 2980. 190, and 17.5. respectively. Based on these estimates, the ID(50)s of the three respective isolates were 2066, 132, and 12.1. The three oocyst isolates were considered representative of a larger population of human-infecting strains and analyzed as combined data using a hierarchical Bayesian model. Hyperparameters defined the distribution of dose-response parameters for the population of strains. Output from Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis described posterior distributions for the hyperparameters and for the parameters of the IOWA, TAMU, and UCP strains. Point estimates of dose-response parameters produced by this analysis were similar to the maximum likelihood estimates. Finally, the utility of these results for probabilistic risk assessment was evaluated. The risk of infection from single oocyst doses was derived for a mixture of the three isolates (where IOWA. TAMU, or UCP are equally likely), and for an oocyst selected at random from the larger population of strains. These estimated risks of infection were 0.018 and 0.028. respectively. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Texas, Houston Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Houston Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Messner, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 1200 Penn Ave NW 4607, Washington, DC 20460 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-02558] NR 8 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 35 IS 16 BP 3934 EP 3940 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00119-1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 479PW UT WOS:000171413600020 PM 12230176 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK McRae, DS Odman, MT AF Srivastava, RK McRae, DS Odman, MT TI Simulation of a reacting pollutant puff using an adaptive grid algorithm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; CHEMISTRY; MODELS; FLOW AB A new dynamic solution adaptive grid algorithm, DSAGA-PPM, has been developed for use in air quality modeling. In this paper, this algorithm is described, and is evaluated with a test problem. Cone-shaped distributions of various chemical species undergoing chemical reactions are rotated to simulate the transport and chemistry processes that occur in the atmosphere. The results obtained by using DSAGA-PPM are more accurate than those obtained from a static grid with the same number of nodes. The computational cost associated with a static grid solution with the same level of accuracy is prohibitive. Because of its efficient use of computational resources, DSAGA-PPM has the potential to improve the accuracy, or efficiency, or a combination of both in air quality models. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Srivastava, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-65,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM srivastava.ravi@epa.gov RI Odman, Mehmet/L-6218-2013 OI Odman, Mehmet/0000-0002-3947-7047 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D20 BP 24245 EP 24257 DI 10.1029/2001JD900237 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489CG UT WOS:000171974000026 ER PT J AU Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW AF Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW TI Quantum mechanical study of the competitive hydration between protonated quinazoline and Li+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; TRANSITION-STATES; FREE-ENERGY; METAL-IONS; THERMODYNAMICS; SOLVATION; BERYLLIUM; MAGNESIUM; ELEMENTS AB Hydration reactions are fundamental to many biological functions and environmental processes. The energetics of hydration of inorganic and organic chemical species influences their fate and transport behavior in the environment. In this study, gas-phase quantum mechanical calculations at the MP2/6-31G**//HF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory are used to interpret the local competition for water between protonated quinazoline (1,3-diazanaphthalene) and metal ions, i.e., Li+, Na+, and Ca2+, under very low water contents. Calculated enthalpies and free energies of hydration at 298.15 K, DeltaH(hyd)(298) and DeltaG(hyd)(298), respectively, for the reactions quinazoline + H2O --> quinazoline hydrate and Mz+ + H2O --> M(H2O)(z+) show that hydration of metal ions is more favorable than hydration of the quinazoline species. At the MP2/6-31G**//HF/6-31G* computational level, DeltaH(hyd)(298) values range from 0.4 kcal mol(-1) for neutral quinazoline to -11.1 and -10.5 kcal mol(-1) for NI and N3 protonated quinazoline monocations, respectively, while DeltaH(hyd)(298) = -39.3, -28.2, and -56.4 kcal mol(-1) for Li+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions, respectively. At the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* computational level, DeltaH(hyd)(298) = 6.9, -5.5, and -5.4 kcal mol(-1) for neutral,quinazoline, N1, and N3 protonated quinazoline monocations, respectively, while DeltaH(hyd)(298) values are -34.0, -23.4, and -55.7 kcal mol(-1) for Li+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions, respectively. Accordingly, DeltaG(hyd)(298) values indicate that although metal cations hydrate spontaneously, quinazoline species do not. In addition to. hydration, direct reaction between quinazoline species and metal cations is also explored. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM sawunyama.phillip@epa.gov NR 53 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 25 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 42 BP 9717 EP 9724 DI 10.1021/jp0109527 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 486EG UT WOS:000171805000014 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Gilbey, JG Roggli, VL Richards, JH McGee, JK Carson, JL Devlin, RB Cascio, WE AF Ghio, AJ Gilbey, JG Roggli, VL Richards, JH McGee, JK Carson, JL Devlin, RB Cascio, WE TI Diffuse alveolar damage after exposure to an oil fly ash SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE air pollution; particulate matter; lung diseases; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; HEALTHY-HUMAN VOLUNTEERS; HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; DIESEL EXHAUST; INCREASES; AIRWAYS; BLOOD AB Epidemiological investigation has established an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) and both human mortality and diverse indices of human morbidity. However, attributing adverse health effects of specific individuals to PM exposure in these studies is not possible. Consequently, their clinical presentation remains ill-defined. We describe a 42-yr-old male with both respiratory damage, abnormal blood end points, and cardiac effects following an exposure to an emission source air pollution particle aersolized during the cleaning of his domestic oil-burning stove. Early symptoms of shortness of breath and wheezing progressed over 2 wk to hypoxic respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation. Blood indices were abnormal. Thoracoscopic biopsy demonstrated particle-laden macrophages and diffuse alveolar damage. Symptomatic and objective improvement rapidly followed initiation of corticosteroids. He developed typical anginal symptoms within 2 wk of discharge; however, coronary angiography did not identify any significant narrowing of the epicardial coronary arteries. This patient presents with the aggregate of potential injuries described by epidemiological methods to be associated with air pollution particle exposure. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Internal Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 8 BP 1514 EP 1518 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 494WW UT WOS:000172309700035 PM 11704605 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Lytle, DA Frietch, CM Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Lytle, DA Frietch, CM Kelty, CA TI Characterization of submicrometer aqueous iron(III) colloids formed in the presence of phosphate by sedimentation field flow fractionation with multiangle laser light scattering detection SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; SIZE; PARTICLES; MACROMOLECULES AB Iron colloids play a major role in the water chemistry of natural watersheds and of engineered drinking water distribution systems. Phosphate is frequently added to distribution systems to control corrosion problems, so iron-phosphate colloids may form through reaction of iron in water pipes. In this study, sedimentation field flow fractionation (SdFFF) is coupled on-line with multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detection to characterize these iron colloids formed following the oxygenation of iron(II) in the presence of phosphate. The SdFFF-MALLS data were used to calculate the hydrodynamic diameter, density, and particle size distribution of these submicrometer colloids. The system was first verified with standard polystyrene beads, and the results compared well with certified values. Iron(III) colloids were formed in the presence of phosphate at a variety of pH conditions. The colloids' hydrodynamic diameters, which ranged from 218 +/- 3 (pH 7) to 208 +/- 4 nm (pH 10), did not change significantly within the 95% confidence limit. Colloid density did increase significantly from 1.12 +/- 0.01 (pH 7) to 1.36 +/- 0.02 g/mL (pH 10). Iron(III) colloids formed at pH 10 in the presence of phosphate were compared to iron(III) colloids formed without phosphate and also to iron(HI) colloids formed with silicate. The iron(III) colloids formed without phosphate or silicate were 0.46 g/mL more dense than any other colloids and were >6 times more narrowly distributed than the other colloids. The data suggest competitive incorporation of respective anions into the colloid during formation. C1 US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 20 BP 4815 EP 4820 DI 10.1021/ac010702m PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 484NQ UT WOS:000171696800009 PM 11681456 ER PT J AU Couse, JF Dixon, D Yates, M Moore, AB Ma, L Maas, R Korach, KS AF Couse, JF Dixon, D Yates, M Moore, AB Ma, L Maas, R Korach, KS TI Estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice exhibit resistance to the developmental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure on the female reproductive tract SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE estrogen receptor; diethylstilbestrol; teratogenesis; uterus; Hox; Wnt ID HOX GENE-EXPRESSION; C-FOS PROTOONCOGENE; MOUSE UTERUS; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; TRANSGENIC MICE; NULL MICE; WNT GENES; IN-UTERO; BETA; DES AB Data indicate that estrogen-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in the teratogenic/carcinogenic syndrome that follows developmental exposure to 17 beta -estradiol or diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen. However, the exact role and extent to which each pathway contributes to: the resulting pathology remain unknown. We employed the alpha ERKO mouse, which lacks estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha)(r). to discern the role of ER alpha and estrogen signaling in mediating the effects of neonatal DES exposure. The aERKO provides the potential to expose DES actions mediated by the second known ER, ER beta, and those that are ER-independent. Wild-type and alpha ERKO females were treated with vehicle or DES (2 mug/pup/day for Days 1-5) and terminated after 5 days and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 20 months for biochemical and histomorphological analyses. Assays for uterine expression of the genes Hoxa10, Hoxa11, and Wnt7a shortly after treatment indicated significant decreases in DES-treated wild-type but no effect in the alpha ERKO. In contrast, the DES effect on uterine expression of Wnt4 and Wnt5a was preserved in both genotypes, suggesting a developmental role for ER beta. Adult aERKO mice exhibited complete resistance to the chronic effects of neonatal DES exposure exhibited in treated wild-type animals, including atrophy, decreased weight, smooth muscle disorganization, and epithelial squamous metaplasia in the uterus; proliferative lesions of the oviduct; and persistent vaginal cornification. Therefore, the lack of DES effects on gene expression and tissue differentiation in the alpha ERKO provides unequivocal evidence of, an obligatory role for ERa in mediating the detrimental actions of neonatal DES exposure in the murine reproductive tract. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Receptor Biol Sect, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Comparat Pathobiol Sect, Lab Expt Pathol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Korach, KS (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Receptor Biol Sect, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, POB 12233,MD B3-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 73 TC 111 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 238 IS 2 BP 224 EP 238 DI 10.1006/dbio.2001.0413 PG 15 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 486CU UT WOS:000171801500002 PM 11784006 ER PT J AU Winslow, SD Pepich, BV Bassett, MV Wendelken, SC AF Winslow, SD Pepich, BV Bassett, MV Wendelken, SC TI Microbial inhibitors for US EPA drinking water methods for the determination of organic compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIODEGRADATION; COMMUNITIES; ADAPTATION AB Preservation of chemical analytes in drinking water samples is necessary to obtain accurate information concerning contaminant occurrence. Sample preservation to prevent biodegradation is important for most samples and analytes. With the unique demands of environmental methods, it is not always possible to kill all microorganisms without having undesirable effects. To find a suitable preservative, the sample, analysis, and preservation needs should be considered. During method development of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods 526 (for unstable semivolatile compounds) and 532 (for phenylurea pesticides), a number of studies were conducted to identify compatible microbial inhibitors. Copper sulfate was successfully used in Method 532 and is an excellent first-choice antimicrobial agent for many applications. Copper sulfate can catalyze hydrolysis reactions for some pesticides such as those analyzed in Method 526. Under these conditions, a nonmetal compound of antimicrobial activity must be considered. During the development of Method 526, a survey of alternate organic based antimicrobial compounds found that diazolidinyl urea worked well in the method. Several other candidate microbial inhibitors were identified that could have application to other environmental methods. A general approach to selecting antimicrobial compounds in future environmental methods in water matrixes is discussed. C1 IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Groundwater & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Winslow, SD (reprint author), IT Corp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 20 BP 4103 EP 4110 DI 10.1021/es010661b PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481PG UT WOS:000171528100015 PM 11686373 ER PT J AU An, YJ Jeong, SW AF An, YJ Jeong, SW TI Interactions of perfluorinated surfactant with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Critical micelle concentration and solubility enhancement measurements SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE interaction; solubilization; perfluorinated surfactant (PFS); lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LiFOS); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); critical micelle concentration (CMC); solubility; molar solubilization ratio (MSR); micellar partition coefficient (K-mic) ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SODIUM PERFLUOROOCTANOATE; DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS; FLUOROCARBON SURFACTANTS; FLUORINATED SURFACTANTS; NONIONIC SURFACTANT; WATER; GASES; PARTITION; NONPOLAR AB Perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) are characterized by high chemical and thermal stability and are used in a wide range of products and processes. Some current uses of these compounds lead to the releases of persistent fluorocarbons into the environment. The effects of a PFS on the behavior of hydrocarbons such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not well understood. This study investigated the PFS-PAH interactions through critical micelle concentration (CMC) and solubility enhancement measurements. An anionic PFS, lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LiFOS) and two PAHs (phenanthrene and pyrene) were used. CMC values of LiFOS measured by three different methods fell in the range of 5.5-7.4 mM at 22 +/-1 degreesC, and showed. a small dependence of CMCs on the PAH probe molecules. Mole fraction micellar partition coefficient (K-mic) values were found to be 2.27 x 10(2), 7.74 x 10(3), and 1.25 x 10(4) for oxygen, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively, at 22 +/-1 degreesC. Log K-mic values for oxygen and PAHs were linearly correlated with the log values of octanot-water partition coefficients (log Kc,), showing that hydrophobic interactions with LiFOS micelles are favorable enough to increase apparent solubilities across a range of solute hydrophobicities. Overall, PFSs are shown to have less favorable interactions with PAHs because of the restrictions in practically usable chain length with PFS and mutual phobicity between hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons, compared to hydrocarbon surfactants. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP An, YJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res Associateship Programs, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 242 IS 2 BP 419 EP 424 DI 10.1006/jcis.2001.7883 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 481YE UT WOS:000171547400019 ER PT J AU Keil, D Luebke, RW Pruett, SB AF Keil, D Luebke, RW Pruett, SB TI Quantifying the relationship between multiple immunological parameters and host resistance: Probing the limits of reductionism SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; GROUP-B STREPTOCOCCI; CORTICOSTERONE CONCENTRATION; ETHANOL DECREASES; RISK ASSESSMENT; CYCLOSPORIN-A; B6C3F1 MICE; MOUSE MODEL AB Although reductionist experimental designs are excellent for identifying cells, molecules, or functions involved in resistance to particular microbes or cancer cells, they do not provide an integrated, quantitative view of immune function. In the present study, mice were treated with either dexamethasone (DEX) or cyclosporin A (CyA), and immune function and host resistance were evaluated. Multivariate statistical methods were used to describe the relative importance of a broad range of immunological parameters for host resistance in mice treated with various dosages of DEX. Multiple regression and logistic regression analysis indicated that changes in 24 immunological parameters explained a substantial portion of the changes in resistance to B16F10 tumor cells or streptococcus group B. However, at least 40% of the change in host resistance remained unexplained. DEX at all dosages substantially suppressed numerous relevant immunological parameters, but significantly decreased resistance to Listeria monocytogenes only at the highest dosage. In contrast, CyA substantially decreased resistance to L monocytogenes at dosages that caused relatively minor suppression of just a few immunological parameters (unfortunately, CyA data and host resistance data for L. monocytogenes were not suitable for multivariate analysis). These results illustrate that mathematical models can be used to explain changes in host resistance on the basis of changes in immune parameters, and that moderate changes in relevant immunological parameters may not produce the types of changes in host resistance expected on the basis of results from reductionist experimental designs. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pruett, SB (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular Biol & Anat, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130 USA. OI Keil, Deborah/0000-0002-5787-8514 NR 63 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 167 IS 8 BP 4543 EP 4552 PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 487DL UT WOS:000171858300051 PM 11591782 ER PT J AU Thomas, DJ Styblo, M Lin, S AF Thomas, DJ Styblo, M Lin, S TI The cellular metabolism and systemic toxicity of arsenic SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Review DE arsenic; inorganic arsenic; methylated arsenicals; dimethylated arsenicals; metabolism; human; rat; mouse ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; SUPEROXIDE ANION-RADICALS; DISEASE ENDEMIC AREA; IN-VITRO METHYLATION; RAT-LIVER CYTOSOL; DNA-STRAND BREAKS; DRINKING-WATER; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION AB Although it has been known for decades that humans and many other species convert inorganic arsenic to mono- and dimethylated metabolites, relatively little attention has been given to the biological effects of these methylated products. It has been widely held that inorganic arsenicals were the species that accounted for the toxic and carcinogenic effects of this metalloid and that methylation was properly regarded as a mechanism for detoxification of arsenic. Elucidation of the metabolic pathway for arsenic has changed our understanding of the significance of methylation. Both methylated and dimethylated arsenicals that contain arsenic in the trivalent oxidation state have been identified as intermediates in the metabolic pathway. These compounds have been detected in human cells cultured in the presence of inorganic arsenic and in urine of individuals who were chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic. Methylated and dimethylated arsenicals that contain arsenic in the trivalent oxidation state are more cytotoxic, more genotoxic, and more potent inhibitors of the activities of some enzymes than are inorganic arsenicals that contain arsenic in the trivalent oxidation state. Hence, it is reasonable to describe the methylation of arsenic as a pathway for its activation, not as a mode of detoxification. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the processes that control the formation and fate of the methylated metabolites of arsenic and of the biological effects of these compounds. Given the considerable interest in the dose-response relationships for arsenic as a toxin and a carcinogen, understanding the metabolism of arsenic may be critical to assessing the risk associated with chronic exposure to this element. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL,Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL,Off Res & Dev, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 56350]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09941] NR 181 TC 366 Z9 395 U1 5 U2 104 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 176 IS 2 BP 127 EP 144 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9258 PG 18 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 487CM UT WOS:000171856100007 PM 11601889 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Apostol, A Madsen, SJ Spencer, CW AF Rogers, KR Apostol, A Madsen, SJ Spencer, CW TI Fiber optic biosensor for detection of DNA damage SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 219th American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY MAR 29-30, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc DE fiber optic biosensor; DNA; hybridization; chemical DNA damage; oxidative DNA damage ID NITRIC-OXIDE; SIMULTANEOUS GENERATION; COMET ASSAY; HYBRIDIZATION; RADIATION; SUPEROXIDE; TNT AB This paper describes a fiber optic biosensor for the rapid and sensitive detection of radiation-induced or chemically-induced oxidative DNA damage. The assay is based on the hybridization and temperature-induced dissociation (melting curves) of synthetic oligonucleotides. The hybridization pair consists of a biotin labeled 38 mer oligonucleotide immobilized to a streptavidin-coated optical fiber and a fluorescently-labeled near-complementary (two base mismatch) oligonucleotide reporter sequence. The hybridization-based assay detected 50 nM labeled probe and could be run up to 10 times on the same fiber. Melting profiles were sensitive to high energy radiation and to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)-generated reactive decomposition products. The dynamic range of the assay for ionizing radiation extends from 20 to 1000 cGy. Oxidative damage induced by SIN-1 was measured over a concentration range of 250 muM to 3 mM. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Hlth Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Nevada Radiat Oncol Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89106 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 944E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 444 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01150-3 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 482RG UT WOS:000171588600006 ER PT J AU Chuang, JC Hart, K Chang, JS Boman, LE Van Emon, JM Reed, AW AF Chuang, JC Hart, K Chang, JS Boman, LE Van Emon, JM Reed, AW TI Evaluation of analytical methods for determining pesticides in baby foods and adult duplicate-diet samples SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 219th American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY MAR 29-30, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc DE SFE-GC/MS; ASE-GC/MS; baby food; malathion; chlorpyrifos; 4,4 '-DDE; 4,4 '-DDD; 4,4 '-DDT; atrazine; carbofuran; metolachlor AB Determination of pesticides in food is often complicated by the presence of fats and requires multiple clean-up steps before analysis. Cost-effective methods are needed for analyzing the large number of samples generated in large-scale exposure studies. We examined two extraction methods, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), coupled with various clean-up techniques for the analysis of pesticides in baby foods and exposure samples. The SFE-gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method did not provide quantitative recoveries(< 50%) of the pesticides spiked into fatty baby foods. This led to the evaluation of ASE-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ASE-GC/MS. Two solvents (acetonitrile (ACN) and ethyl acetate), three extraction temperatures (80, 100, and 120 degreesC), and several different sample clean-up procedures were evaluated. A set of ASE conditions was developed that consisted of extracting baby food with ACN at 80 degreesC under 2000 psi pressure. An ENVI-Carb solid phase extraction (SPE) condition was also developed to clean the ACN extract. The clean-up fraction was analyzed by ELISA for chlorpyrifos and by GC/MS for malathion, chlorpyrifos, and 4,4' -DDT. Duplicate-diet samples were analyzed for target pesticides by ASE-ELISA and by ASE-GC/MS. Concentrations of these compounds ranged from <0.3 to 110 ppb. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Richland, WA 99352 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Chuang, JC (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 4 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 444 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01164-3 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 482RG UT WOS:000171588600010 ER PT J AU Osemwengie, LI Steinberg, S AF Osemwengie, LI Steinberg, S TI On-site solid-phase extraction and laboratory analysis of ultra-trace synthetic musks in municipal sewage effluent using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the full-scan mode SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE solid-phase extraction; water analysis; environmental analysis; musk compounds ID AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; AMINO METABOLITES; POLYCYCLIC MUSKS; FRAGRANCES; SLUDGES; KETONE; XYLENE; WATER AB Fragrance materials such as synthetic musks in aqueous samples, are normally determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode to provide maximum sensitivity after liquid-liquid extraction of 1-1 samples. Full-scan mass spectra are required to verify that a target analyte has been found by comparison with the mass spectra of fragrance compounds in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mass spectral library. A 1-1 sample usually provides insufficient analyte for full scan data acquisition. This paper describes an on-site extraction method developed at the US Environmental Protection Agency (Las Vegas, NV, USA) for synthetic musks from 60 l of wastewater effluent. Such a large sample volume permits high-quality, full-scan mass spectra to be obtained for a wide array of synthetic musks. Quantification of these compounds was achieved from the full-scan data directly, without the need to acquire SIM data. The detection limits obtained with this method are an order of magnitude lower than those obtained from liquid-liquid and other solid-phase extraction methods. This method is highly reproducible, and recoveries ranged from 80 to 97% in spiked sewage treatment plant effluent. The high rate of sorbent-sample mass transfer eliminated the need for a methanolic activation step, which reduced extraction time, labor, and solvent use. More samples could be extracted in the field at lower cost. After sample extraction, the light-mass cartridges are easily transported and stored. Published by Elsevier Science. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Osemwengie, LI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 24 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 932 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01216-X PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 482KK UT WOS:000171575200012 PM 11695855 ER PT J AU Bland, JM Osbrink, WLA Cornelius, ML Lax, AR Vigo, CB AF Bland, JM Osbrink, WLA Cornelius, ML Lax, AR Vigo, CB TI Solid-phase microextraction for the detection of termite cuticular hydrocarbons SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; headspace analysis; solid-phase microextraction; hydrocarbons ID FORMOSANUS SHIRAKI ISOPTERA; MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; RETICULITERMES ISOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE AB Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the cuticular hydrocarbons of the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Headspace SPME and direct contact SPME methods were evaluated and compared to the hexane extraction method. Variables, such as temperature, time, number of termites, condition of the termites, and the type of SPME fiber were evaluated. Methods were refined to increase the reproducibility as well as the sensitivity. Both SPME methods were successfully used for the identification of all the major termite cuticular hydrocarbons. Using the headspace SPME method, other compounds of interest could also be identified, such as fatty acids. Using the direct contact SPME method, termites could be repeatedly studied over time to monitor chemical changes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. US EPA, Environm Chem Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Bay St Louis, MS 39529 USA. RP Bland, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 932 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01239-0 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 482KK UT WOS:000171575200013 PM 11695856 ER PT J AU Daniels, AE Kominsky, JR Clark, PJ AF Daniels, AE Kominsky, JR Clark, PJ TI Evaluation of two lead-based paint removal and waste stabilization technology combinations on typical exterior surfaces SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE lead; paint; abatement; waste stabilization AB A study was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of a wet abrasive blasting technology to remove lead-based paint from exterior wood siding and brick substrates as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of two waste stabilization technologies to stabilize the resulting blast media (coal slag and mineral sand) paint debris thereby reducing the leachable lead content. The lead-based paint removal technology effectiveness was determined by the use of an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrum analyzer (L- and K-shell). The effectiveness of the technologies to stabilize the debris was evaluated through the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Wet abrasive blasting effectively removed the lead-based paint coating from both the wood and brick substrates to below the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Guideline (1 mg/cm(2)) with no minimal or no damage to the underlying substrates (P < 0.0001). The mean area air levels of lead-containing particulate generated during paint removal were significantly below the personal exposure limit (PEL) (P < 0.0001). However, the mean personal breathing zone lead levels were approximately three times higher than the PEL. Neither of the two stabilization technologies consistently stabilized the resultant paint debris to achieve a leachable lead content below the RCRA regulatory threshold of <5 mg/l. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Environm Qual Management Inc, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Daniels, AE (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 1-3 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00243-6 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 476CE UT WOS:000171208000007 PM 11566404 ER PT J AU Villamena, FA De La Cruz, AA AF Villamena, FA De La Cruz, AA TI Caffeine selectivity of divinylbenzene crosslinked polymers in aqueous media SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 218th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 22-26, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc DE molecular imprinting; pi-pi interaction; divinylbenzene; caffeine; polymers ID MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMERS; RECOGNITION; THEOPHYLLINE; SENSORS; MIMICS; ASSAY; ACID; TEMPLATES; XANTHINE AB The selective binding of caffeine to polymers is of interest in developing caffeine-specific sensors. The influence of the nature and quantity of crosslinking agents and functional monomers on the selectivity and binding affinity of a polymer to caffeine is reported. A high binding affinity and selectivity of divinylbenzene (DVB) crosslinked polymers toward caffeine was exhibited by the binding competition of caffeine with several dimethylated and chlorinated xanthines and N-methylated uric acids in aqueous media. To understand the nature of the caffeine-polymer interaction, we performed binding studies with solvents of different polarities and ionic strengths. The binding properties of DVB-based polymers containing different functional monomers were compared with Amberlite((R)) XAD resins. Analytes with hydrophilic and electron-withdrawing groups lowered their binding affinity with the polymer in comparison with caffeine and its dimethylated derivatives. The caffeine-polymer interaction appeared to be predominantly a hydrophobic pi-pi interaction but partly due to the presence of caffeine-specific sites. The reversibility of the caffeine-polymer binding was investigated, and the dissociation constants were approximated to be 27 and 6 mM. Dipole moments of caffeine and related molecules were estimated theoretically and were correlated with their corresponding Err ratio, which is defined as the fraction of caffeine bound to the polymer. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM villamena.frederick@epamail.epa.gov RI Villamena, Frederick/E-4248-2011 OI Villamena, Frederick/0000-0002-7330-8431 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8995 EI 1097-4628 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD OCT 3 PY 2001 VL 82 IS 1 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1002/app.1839 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 454RE UT WOS:000169984900024 ER PT J AU Dunty, WC Chen, SY Zucker, RM Dehart, DB Sulik, KK AF Dunty, WC Chen, SY Zucker, RM Dehart, DB Sulik, KK TI Selective vulnerability of embryonic cell populations to ethanol-induced apoptosis: Implications for alcohol-related birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorder SO ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fetal alcohol syndrome; ethanol; programmed cell death; apoptosis; LysoTracker Red ID LASER-SCANNING MICROSCOPY; NEURAL CREST CELLS; RESPONSIVE GENE-EXPRESSION; PRINCIPAL SENSORY NUCLEUS; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; OPTIC-NERVE HYPOPLASIA; STAGE MOUSE EMBRYOS; BRAIN GROWTH SPURT; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; TEMPORAL VULNERABILITY AB Background: Ethanol-induced cell death has been characterized in very few stages of embryogenesis. This investigation comprehensively maps patterns of both programmed and ethanol-induced cell death in the central nervous system and craniofacial region at 0.5-day intervals from gestational day (GD) 6.5 to 11 in mice. Methods: A teratogenic dosage of ethanol (2.9 g/kg) or vehicle was administered via two intraperitoneal injections to pregnant C57BL/6J mice at various stages of gestation. Cell death patterns were characterized using Nile blue sulfate vital staining and histological analysis of plastic sections. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of LysoTracker Red-stained specimens allowed for three-dimensional visualization of areas of apoptosis and precise sectional imaging of mouse embryos. Apoptosis was also documen Results: Normal programmed cell death in control embryos was noted in the prechordal plate region at GD 8, the neuroepithelium of the fourth ventricle and anterior neuropore at GD 9, and within the ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII-VIII, IX, and X at GD 10. Acute maternal ethanol administration 12 hr before examination resulted in a dramatic increase in apoptosis within sites of programmed cell death in the embryo. Moreover, ethanol-exposed specimens exhibited stage-dependent excessive cell death in other distinct cell populations, particularly within the developing central nervous system. Ethanol-induced apoptosis was notable as follows: GD 7.5-neuroectoderm; GD 8-neural plate and primitive streak; GD 9-alar plate and presumptive neural crest of the rostral hindbrain, especially at the mesencephalon/rhombencephalon junction; GD 9.5-10-branchial arches and rhombomeres; and GD 11-diencephalon, basal ganglia, pons, and developing cerebellum. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed developmental stage-specific cell populations of the developing brain and craniofacial region that are vulnerable to ethanol-induced apoptosis and provide new insight relative to the genesis of alcohol-related birth defects. C1 Univ N Carolina, Bowles Ctr Alcohol Studies, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sulik, KK (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Bowles Ctr Alcohol Studies, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIAAA NIH HHS [AA11605]; NIDA NIH HHS [DA-07244] NR 95 TC 120 Z9 122 U1 4 U2 18 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0145-6008 J9 ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES JI Alcoholism (NY) PD OCT PY 2001 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1523 EP 1535 DI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02156.x PG 13 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 483YJ UT WOS:000171663200017 PM 11696674 ER PT J AU Sun, GB Crissman, K Norwood, J Richards, J Slade, R Hatch, GE AF Sun, GB Crissman, K Norwood, J Richards, J Slade, R Hatch, GE TI Oxidative interactions of synthetic lung epithelial lining fluid with metal-containing particulate matter SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autoxidation; residual oil fly ash; antioxidant; ascorbic acid; glutathione ID OIL FLY-ASH; LIPID-PEROXIDATION PRODUCT; AIR-POLLUTION; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; OXIDANT GENERATION; TRANSITION-METALS; SOLUBLE METALS; MODEL PEPTIDES; ASCORBIC-ACID AB Epidemiology studies show association of morbidity and mortality with exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM). Metals present in PM may catalyze oxidation of important lipids and proteins present in the lining of the respiratory tract. The present study investigated the PM-induced oxidation of human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (BALF) and synthetic lung epithelial lining fluid (sELF) through the measurement of oxygen incorporation and antioxidant depletion assays. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA), an emission source PM that contains similar to 10% by weight of soluble transition metals, was added (0-200 mug/ml) to BALF or sELF and exposed to 20% O-18(2) (24 degreesC, 4 h). Oxygen incorporation was quantified as excess O-18 in the dried samples after incubation. BALF and diluted sELF yielded similar results. Oxygen incorporation was increased by ROFA addition and was enhanced by ascorbic acid (AA) and mixtures of AA and glutathione (GSH). AA depletion, but not depletion of GSH or uric acid, occurred in parallel with oxygen incorporation. AA became inhibitory to oxygen incorporation when it was present in high enough concentrations that it was not depleted by ROFA. Physiological and higher concentrations of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase had no effect on oxygen incorporation. Both protein and lipid were found to be targets for oxygen incorporation; however, lipid appeared to be necessary for protein oxygen incorporation to occur. Based on these findings, we predict that ROFA would initiate significant oxidation of lung lining fluids after in vivo exposure and that AA, GSH, and lipid concentrations of these fluids are important determinants of this oxidation. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Hatch, GE (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 46 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 281 IS 4 BP L807 EP L815 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 473BW UT WOS:000171020400007 PM 11557584 ER PT J AU Angradi, T Hood, R Tarter, D AF Angradi, T Hood, R Tarter, D TI Vertical, longitudinal and temporal variation in the macrobenthos of an Appalachian headwater stream system SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HYPORHEIC ZONE; MOUNTAIN STREAM; FAUNA; INVERTEBRATES; SUBSTRATUM; COMMUNITY; BENTHOS; RIVER; DISTURBANCE AB We examined vertical, longitudinal and seasonal variation in the abundance, taxa richness and community composition of the epibenthic and hyporheic macrobenthos at Elklick Run, a first- through fourth-order stream continuum in the central Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. We sampled the macrobenthos at three levels (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm) below the stream bed using baskets filled with natural substratum. We quantified environmental factors including interstitial organic matter, fine sediment, water velocity and dissolved oxygen. Abundance, taxa richness and the relative abundance of streamlined taxa decreased with depth into the substratum. Interactions between depth into the substratum and site and between depth and season, were caused by a winter spate that reduced the abundance and taxa richness of the benthos in the upper layer of the hyporheic habitat (0-10 cm), but only at downstream sites. There was broad overlap in community structure among depths into the hyporheos, and virtually no taxa increased in absolute abundance with depth into the substratum or were restricted to hyporheic habitat. Abundance and taxa richness varied more with depth into the substratum than among sites or among seasons. However, both epibenthic and hyporheic community structure varied much more among seasons than among sites or among depths. The hyporheic fauna resembled the epibenthic fauna less at downstream sites where there was a more specialized epibenthic fauna including more streamlined taxa, filterers and scrapers. Abundance and taxa richness of the macrobenthos was positively correlated with interstitial flow, especially at upstream sites in Fall when stream flow was lowest, water temperature was high and interstitial dissolved oxygen concentration was low. The coefficient of variation in hyporheic abundance, taxa richness and community composition decreased with increasing stream order, suggesting decreased spatial variability in interstitial habitat suitability at downstream sites. C1 US Forest Serv, Timber & Watershed Lab, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Marshall Univ, Dept Biol, Huntington, WV 25755 USA. RP Angradi, T (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 999 18th St,Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 146 IS 2 BP 223 EP 242 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0223:VLATVI]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478JA UT WOS:000171342200001 ER EF