FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Lin, B Wielicki, BA Minnis, P Chambers, L Xu, KM Hu, YX Fan, A AF Lin, Bing Wielicki, Bruce A. Minnis, Patrick Chambers, Lin Xu, Kuan-Man Hu, Yongxiang Fan, Alice TI The effect of environmental conditions on tropical deep convective systems observed from the TRMM satellite SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WATER CLOUD PROPERTIES; PRECIPITATION EFFICIENCY; VISIBLE MEASUREMENTS; TOGA COARE; PART I; MICROWAVE; OCEANS; CLIMATE; LIQUID AB This study uses measurements of radiation and cloud properties taken between January and August 1998 by three Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) instruments, the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanner, the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS), to evaluate the variations of tropical deep convective systems (DCSs) with sea surface temperature and precipitation. The authors find that DCS precipitation efficiency increases with SST at a rate of similar to 2% K-1. Despite increasing rainfall efficiency, the cloud areal coverage rises with SST at a rate of about 7% K-1 in the warm tropical seas. There, the boundary layer moisture supply for deep convection and the moisture transported to the upper troposphere for cirrus anvil cloud formation increase by similar to 6.3% and similar to 4.0% K-1, respectively. The changes in cloud formation efficiency, along with the increased transport of moisture available for cloud formation, likely contribute to the large rate of increasing DCS areal coverage. Although no direct observations are available, the increase of cloud formation efficiency with rising SST is deduced indirectly from measurements of changes in the ratio of DCS ice water path and boundary layer water vapor amount with SST. Besides the cloud areal coverage, DCS cluster effective sizes also increase with precipitation. Furthermore, other cloud properties, such as cloud total water and ice water paths, increase with SST. These changes in DCS properties will produce a negative radiative feedback for the earth's climate system due to strong reflection of shortwave radiation by the DCS. These results significantly differ from some previously hypothesized dehydration scenarios for warmer climates, partially support the thermostat hypothesis but indicate a smaller magnitude of the negative feedback, and have great potential in testing current cloud-system-resolving models and convective parameterizations of general circulation models. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. SAIC, Hampton, VA USA. RP Lin, B (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM bing.lin@nasa.gov RI Xu, Kuan-Man/B-7557-2013; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 OI Xu, Kuan-Man/0000-0001-7851-2629; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; NR 50 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 22 BP 5745 EP 5761 DI 10.1175/JCLI3940.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 113SX UT WOS:000242618800002 ER PT J AU Bounoua, L Masek, J Tourre, YM AF Bounoua, Lahouari Masek, Jeffrey Tourre, Yves M. TI Sensitivity of surface climate to land surface parameters: A case study using the simple biosphere model SiB2 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; ATMOSPHERIC GCMS; AVHRR DATA; CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ENERGY; LEAVES; WATER; NDVI AB [1] Significant uncertainties may result from numerical models if fed with inappropriate input data. Biosphere-atmosphere transfer models are sensitive to input vegetation parameters, and the degree to which parameter estimates rely on the definition of the land cover type varies with models. In this study we use the simple biosphere model (SiB2) to evaluate uncertainties associated with misclassification of the land cover type and how they propagate to surface climate variables. We estimate that in regions with heterogeneous landscapes, the aggregation of land cover types from 1 x 1 km to 100 x 100 km horizontal resolution overestimates the area of the dominant type by up to 70%. The largest uncertainties associated with land cover misclassification are found in leaf area index and roughness length both of which have significant impact on the fluxes of carbon, water and energy at the earth surface. Other important uncertainties occur when the misclassification confuses plants with different carbon pathways. An assessment of the uncertainties is obtained comparing outcomes resulting from a choice of a dominant type in a 100 x 100 km area to those obtained using a mosaic of land cover composition weighted by its fractional cover. The difference shows the choice of the dominant type to be cooler by 0.6 degrees C than the average of the mosaic at local noon, while at night it is warmer by 1.7 degrees C. Our results indicate that the diurnal temperature range (dtr) varies from 13 degrees C for the dominant type to 15 degrees C for the weighted average. The difference in the dtr is due to higher minimum temperature simulated with the dominant type. The choice of a dominant type also results in a daily carbon assimilation loss of 28,000 gC compared to the average. C1 NASA, Biospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, MEDIAS France, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Bounoua, L (reprint author), NASA, Biospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bounoua@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; jmasek@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; yves.tourre@medias.cnes.fr RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D22 AR D22S09 DI 10.1029/2006JD007309 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 107MP UT WOS:000242176000001 ER PT J AU de Colstoun, ECB DeFries, RS Townshend, JRG AF de Colstoun, Eric C. Brown DeFries, Ruth S. Townshend, John R. G. TI Evaluation of ISLSCP Initiative II satellite-based land cover data sets and assessment of progress in land cover data for global modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY NPP; VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; SURFACE; CIRCULATION; AVHRR; ATMOSPHERE; CARBON AB [1] As an important component of the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project ( ISLSCP) Initiative II data collection, eight state-of-the-art land cover/use data sets have been compiled and made consistent with the ISLSCP Initiative II land/water mask in support of global modeling efforts. These data sets contain new and improved global data sets at coarse resolutions (1/4, 1/2 and 1 degrees) describing historical, recent and present land cover conditions and are a testament to the tremendous progress made in this area over the past decade. In addition to the historical data, data describing the subcell heterogeneity in land cover are also provided, both in terms of subcell proportions of land cover classes and vegetation continuous fields such as % tree, grass and bare cover. Here we present the various ISLSCPII land cover data sets and compare the principal satellite-derived data sets and the effect of their respective aggregation methods. We find that despite some notable disagreements among similar classes, the satellite-based data sets agree remarkably well over large portions of the Earth's surface ( over 50% for all resolutions). We also find that the methods of aggregation, whether done by a strictly dominant type, or using more information on subcell tree cover, can have an important impact on the final output and need to be considered by the user. Finally, by integrating the vegetation continuous fields data into our analyses we are able to show that the principal differences in terms of discrete land cover classes are in fact transition zones between similar classes. C1 NASA, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Biospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP de Colstoun, ECB (reprint author), NASA, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Biospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ericbdc@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 58 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D22 AR D22S07 DI 10.1029/2006JD007453 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 107MP UT WOS:000242176000002 ER PT J AU Meijer, YJ Swart, DPJ Baier, F Bhartia, PK Bodeker, GE Casadio, S Chance, K Del Frate, F Erbertseder, T Felder, MD Flynn, LE Godin-Beekmann, S Hansen, G Hasekamp, OP Kaifel, A Kelder, HM Kerridge, BJ Lambert, JC Landgraf, J Latter, B Liu, X McDermid, IS Pachepsky, Y Rozanov, V Siddans, R Tellmann, S van der A, RJ van Oss, RF Weber, M Zehner, C AF Meijer, Y. J. Swart, D. P. J. Baier, F. Bhartia, P. K. Bodeker, G. E. Casadio, S. Chance, K. Del Frate, F. Erbertseder, T. Felder, M. D. Flynn, L. E. Godin-Beekmann, S. Hansen, G. Hasekamp, O. P. Kaifel, A. Kelder, H. M. Kerridge, B. J. Lambert, J. -C. Landgraf, J. Latter, B. Liu, X. McDermid, I. S. Pachepsky, Y. Rozanov, V. Siddans, R. Tellmann, S. van der A, R. J. van Oss, R. F. Weber, M. Zehner, C. TI Evaluation of Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ozone profiles from nine different algorithms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; BACKSCATTERED ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCES; PERTURBATION-THEORY APPROACH; STRATOSPHERIC CHANGE; ERROR ANALYSIS; NEW-ZEALAND; WAVELENGTH CALIBRATION; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS AB [1] An evaluation is made of ozone profiles retrieved from measurements of the nadir-viewing Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument. Currently, four different approaches are used to retrieve ozone profile information from GOME measurements, which differ in the use of external information and a priori constraints. In total nine different algorithms will be evaluated exploiting the optimal estimation ( Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, University of Bremen, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), Phillips-Tikhonov regularization ( Space Research Organization Netherlands), neural network ( Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research, Tor Vergata University), and data assimilation ( German Aerospace Center) approaches. Analysis tools are used to interpret data sets that provide averaging kernels. In the interpretation of these data, the focus is on the vertical resolution, the indicative altitude of the retrieved value, and the fraction of a priori information. The evaluation is completed with a comparison of the results to lidar data from the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change stations in Andoya ( Norway), Observatoire Haute Provence ( France), Mauna Loa ( Hawaii), Lauder ( New Zealand), and Dumont d'Urville ( Antarctic) for the years 1997 - 1999. In total, the comparison involves nearly 1000 ozone profiles and allows the analysis of GOME data measured in different global regions and hence observational circumstances. The main conclusion of this paper is that unambiguous information on the ozone profile can at best be retrieved in the altitude range 15 - 48 km with a vertical resolution of 10 to 15 km, precision of 5 - 10%, and a bias up to 5% or 20% depending on the success of recalibration of the input spectra. The sensitivity of retrievals to ozone at lower altitudes varies from scheme to scheme and includes significant influence from a priori assumptions. C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Environm Risks & Safety Div, Environm Measurements Lab, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Eindhoven Univ Technol, Fac Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. German Aerosp Ctr, German Remote Sensing Data Ctr, DFD, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20904 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Central Otago 9182, Lauder, New Zealand. SERCO Spa, Frascati, Italy. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Informat Sistemi & Prod, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. Ctr Solar Energy & Hydrogen Res, D-70565 Stuttgart, Germany. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Inst Aeron Spatiale Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. STG Inc, Reston, VA 20190 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. European Space Agcy, ESRIN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. RP Meijer, YJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Environm Risks & Safety Div, Environm Measurements Lab, POB 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. EM yasjka.meijer@rivm.nl; daan.swart@rivm.nl; frank.baier@dlr.de; bhartia@carioca.gsfc.nasa.gov; g.bodeker@niwa.co.nz; stefano.casadio@esa.int; kchance@cfa.harvard.edu; delfrate@disp.uniroma2.it; thilo.erbertseder@dlr.de; felder@lrz.de; lawrence.e.flynn@noaa.gov; sophie.godin@aero.jussieu.fr; ghh@nilu.no; o.p.hasekamp@sron.nl; anton.kaifel@zsw-bw.de; kelder@knmi.nl; b.j.kerridge@rl.ac.uk; lambert@bira-iasb.oma.be; j.landgraf@sron.nl; b.g.latter@rl.ac.uk; xliu@cfa.harvard.edu; mcdermid@tmf.jpl.nasa.gov; yakov.pachepsky@noaa.gov; rozanov@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de; r.siddans@rl.ac.uk; tellmann@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de; avander@knmi.nl; ossvanr@knmi.nl; weber@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de; claus.zehner@esa.int RI Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016; Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; Weber, Mark/F-1409-2011; Del Frate, Fabio/G-1413-2013; Liu, Xiong/P-7186-2014 OI Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137; Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Weber, Mark/0000-0001-8217-5450; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577; Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090; Liu, Xiong/0000-0003-2939-574X NR 86 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D21 AR D21306 DI 10.1029/2005JD006778 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 107MO UT WOS:000242175900001 ER PT J AU Tansel, B Sager, J Garland, J Xu, SH Levine, L Bisbee, P AF Tansel, Berrin Sager, John Garland, Jay Xu, Shaohua Levine, Lanfang Bisbee, Patricia TI Deposition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microtopographical changes on membrane surfaces during intermittent filtration conditions SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE extracellularpolymeric substances (EPS); soluble microbial products (SMP); biofouling; membrane morphology; reverse osmosis; intermittent filtration; atomic force microscopy (AFM) ID BACTERIAL ADHESION AB Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play a significant role in modifying surface characteristics, eventually creating conditions suitable for bacterial attachment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fouling potential of the EPS present in the effluent of an aerobic membrane bioreactor during intermittent filtration conditions. The aerobic rotational membrane system (ARMS) is a novel compact reactor which is designed to convert ammonia nitrogen in concentrated wastewater to nitrates with high conversion rates. The effluent from the reactor contains significant amounts of dissolved substrates which include EPS produced by the biofilm and salts. A series of cross-flow filtration tests were conducted with intermittent once a day short filtration periods using SEPA CFII membrane test cell and an RO membrane. The intermittent tests runs were conducted for overall filter use times of 1, 2, 4, and 6 days. Progression of the microtopographical changes, amount of EPS accumulation, and flux characteristics were evaluated. The images taken by atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed a layer of soft deposits forming over a strong sublayer firmly covering the membrane surface within a short time. The sublayer consisted of distinct modular units which were firmly attached to each other and to the membrane surface. The amount of EPS deposited on the membranes increased with use time and the membranes became significantly hydrophilic. The membrane flux declined gradually after each daily intermission until the 5th +/- 1 day, then a small increase in flux was observed. The flux increase may be due to dislodging of some of the deposited material from the membrane surface due to shearing during cross-flow filtration conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Cape Carnaveral, FL USA. Kennedy Space Ctr, Dynam Corp, Cape Carnaveral, FL USA. Kennedy Space Ctr, Florida Space Res Inst, Cape Carnaveral, FL USA. RP Tansel, B (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM tanselb@fiu.edu NR 24 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 285 IS 1-2 BP 225 EP 231 DI 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.031 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 107ZH UT WOS:000242209000024 ER PT J AU Kirkham, H AF Kirkham, Harold TI Lessons learned from the NEPTUNE power system, and other deep-sea adventures SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes CY NOV 08-11, 2005 CL Catania, ITALY SP INFN, Lab Nazl Sud, INFN, Sezione Catania DE lessons learned; mission assurance; ocean engineering; project funding; maintenance AB The development of underwater science systems presents some challenging technical issues. It seems that the best efforts of the engineers and scientists involved are sometimes inadequate, and projects that once seemed straightforward end up being late or overbudget, or cancelled. This paper will review some of the lessons that may be learned from the examples of three science projects in the deep ocean: the Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector neutrino detector, the H2O observatory, and the power system part of the NEPTUNE regional cabled observatory. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kirkham, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM harold.kirkham@jpl.nasa.gov OI Kirkham, Harold/0000-0003-2893-7586 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 567 IS 2 BP 524 EP 526 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.181 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 104XH UT WOS:000241993400029 ER PT J AU Bayarjargal, Y Karnieli, A Bayasgalan, M Khudulmur, S Gandush, C Tucker, CJ AF Bayarjargal, Y. Karnieli, A. Bayasgalan, M. Khudulmur, S. Gandush, C. Tucker, C. J. TI A comparative study of NOAA-AVHRR derived drought indices using change vector analysis SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE NOAA-AVHRR; drought indices; vegetation indices; land surface temperature; Mongolia ID LAND-COVER CHANGE; HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION INDEX; MOISTURE AVAILABILITY; MULTITEMPORAL SPACE; SEMIARID REGIONS; SOIL-MOISTURE; NDVI AB The objective of this study was to compare the spatial occurrences of droughts, detected by remotely sensed drought-indices over the desert-steppe and desert geo-botanical zones of Mongolia. All indices were derived from reflectance and thermal data sets, obtained from the NOAA-AVHRR data between 1982 and 1999. One group of the drought-indices is based on vegetation state derived from the reflective channels. This group includes the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Anomaly of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVIA), Standardized Vegetation Index (SVI), and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). Another group, based on surface brightness temperature derived from the thermal channel of NOAA-AVHRR, includes the Temperature Condition Index (TCI). The third group is based on combination between the reflective and thermal channels includes the ratio between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and NDVI (LST/NDVI), the Vegetation Health Index (VH), and the Drought Severity Index (DSI). Change detection procedure was performed by using the Change Vector Analysis in the temporal domain. Comparison analysis among the drought-indices reveals that there is no spatial coincidence between them, even when the vegetation growing period was divided into 2-month sub-periods - beginning, middle, and end. Based on the statistical analysis, higher correlations were found among the reflective indices while lesser or no relationships were found between the thermal and combination of the thermal and reflective indices. Furthermore, no agreement was found between the spatial extent of the satellite-derived drought-indices and the meteorological-based Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and also between the traditional ground-observed drought-affected-areas (DAA) maps. It was found that the combination of satellite-derived drought-indices can identify wider drought-occurred areas rather than the PDSI and the DAA maps. In summary, this study concludes that it is difficult to point out the most reliable drought index, and that the ground observations cannot provide sufficient information for validation of satellite derived drought indices. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Remote Sensing Lab, IL-84990 Sede Boqer, Israel. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Gandush, C.] Minist Nat & Environm, Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep. RP Karnieli, A (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Remote Sensing Lab, Sede Boker Campus, IL-84990 Sede Boqer, Israel. EM karnieli@bgu.ac.il NR 76 TC 101 Z9 113 U1 4 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 15 PY 2006 VL 105 IS 1 BP 9 EP 22 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.06.003 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 106SS UT WOS:000242121700002 ER PT J AU Richardson, JD Stone, EC Cummings, AC Kasper, JC Zhang, M Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Liu, Y AF Richardson, J. D. Stone, E. C. Cummings, A. C. Kasper, J. C. Zhang, M. Burlaga, L. F. Ness, N. F. Liu, Y. TI Correlation between energetic ion enhancements and heliospheric current sheet crossings in the outer heliosphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COSMIC-RAY MODULATION; TERMINATION SHOCK; VOYAGER-2 OBSERVATIONS; HELIOSHEATH; MODELS; DRIFT AB Voyagers 1 and 2 observed highly-variable beams of energetic ions in the foreshock region upstream of the termination shock (TS). At Voyager 2 (V2), the ion intensities are generally not related to the plasma properties. At Voyager 1 (V1), the beams are often coincident with crossings of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). The V1 intensity peaks occur when the HCS is crossed from negative to positive magnetic polarities and V1 is within a few AU of the TS. Two mechanisms are considered: current sheet drift and streaming of ions from the TS along magnetic field lines which are parallel to the HCS. The current sheet drift hypothesis predicts that enhancements observed at V2 will occur when the HCS is crossed in the opposite direction, from positive to negative magnetic polarity, since V2 is at southern heliolatitudes. C1 MIT, Ctr Space Res, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci & Appl Res, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China. CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Florida Inst Technol, Dept Phys & Space Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. NASA, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Richardson, JD (reprint author), MIT, Ctr Space Res, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM jdr@space.mit.edu; ecs@srl.caltech.edu; ace@srl.caltech.edu; jck@space.mit.edu; mzhang@pss.fit.edu; leonard.f.burlaga@nasa.gov; nfnudel@yahoo.com; liuxying@space.mit.edu RI Kasper, Justin/D-1152-2010; OI Kasper, Justin/0000-0002-7077-930X; Liu, Ying/0000-0002-3483-5909 NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21112 DI 10.1029/2006GL027578 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 107ME UT WOS:000242174900004 ER PT J AU Xiao, F Yoo, B Ryan, MA Lee, KH Myung, NV AF Xiao, Feng Yoo, Bongyoung Ryan, Margaret A. Lee, Kyu-Hwan Myung, Nosang V. TI Electrodeposition of PbTe thin films from acidic nitrate baths SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE lead telluride; electrodeposition; thermoelectrics; photodetector ID DEPOSITION; GROWTH; SILICON; ARRAYS; MERIT AB Electrodeposition of PbTe thin films from an acidic nitric bath was systematically investigated to understand the kinetics and the effect of electrodeposition conditions on film composition, crystallographic structure, texture and grain size. The electroanalytical studies employed initially with a rotating disk electrode to investigate the kinetics associated with Te, Pb and PbTe electrodeposition. The results indicated that the PbTe thin films were obtained by the underpotential deposition (UPD) of Pb atoms onto the overpotentially deposited Te atoms on a substrate. Based on these studies, PbTe thin films were potentiostatically electrodeposited using e-beam evaporated gold thin films on silicon substrate to investigate the effect of various deposition conditions on film composition and microstructure. The data indicated that the microstructure, composition and preferred film growth orientation of PbTe thin films strongly depended on the applied potential and electrolyte concentration. At -0.12 V, the film was granular, dense, and preferentially oriented in the [ 100] direction. At potentials more negative than -0.15 V, the film was dendritic and preferentially oriented in the [211] direction. A smooth, dense and crystalline film with nearly stoichiometric composition was obtained at -0.12 V from a solution containing 0.01 M HTeO(2)(+), 0.05 Pb(2+) and 1 M HNO(3). (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mat & Device Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Korea Inst Machinery & Mat, Electrochem Proc Grp, Kyungnam 641010, South Korea. RP Myung, NV (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM myung@engr.ucr.edu NR 25 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PD NOV 12 PY 2006 VL 52 IS 3 BP 1101 EP 1107 DI 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.06.044 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 113RX UT WOS:000242616100045 ER PT J AU Ruzmaikin, A Feynman, J Yung, YL AF Ruzmaikin, Alexander Feynman, Joan Yung, Yuk L. TI Is solar variability reflected in the Nile River? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; LAKE VICTORIA; EAST-AFRICA; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; TEMPERATURE; RAINFALL; SPECTRUM; NOISE; SCALE AB We investigate the possibility that solar variability influences North African climate by using annual records of the water level of the Nile collected in 622-1470 A.D. The time series of these records are nonstationary, in that the amplitudes and frequencies of the quasi-periodic variations are time-dependent. We apply the Empirical Mode Decomposition technique especially designed to deal with such time series. We identify two characteristic timescales in the records that may be linked to solar variability: a period of about 88 years and one exceeding 200 years. We show that these timescales are present in the number of auroras reported per decade in the Northern Hemisphere at the same time. The 11-year cycle is seen in the Nile's high-water level variations, but it is damped in the low-water anomalies. We suggest a possible physical link between solar variability and the low-frequency variations of the Nile water level. This link involves the influence of solar variability on the atmospheric Northern Annual Mode and on its North Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean patterns that affect the rainfall over the sources of the Nile in eastern equatorial Africa. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ruzmaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM aruzmaik@pop.jpl.nasa.gov; yly@gps.caltech.edu NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D21 AR D21114 DI 10.1029/2006JD007462 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 104UH UT WOS:000241984500003 ER PT J AU Wang, PH Cunnold, DM Trepte, CR Wang, HJ Jing, P Fishman, J Brackett, VG Zawodney, JM Bodeker, GE AF Wang, Pi-Huan Cunnold, Derek M. Trepte, Charles R. Wang, Hsiang J. Jing, Ping Fishman, Jack Brackett, Vince G. Zawodney, Joseph M. Bodeker, Greg E. TI Ozone variability in the midlatitude upper troposphere and lower stratosphere diagnosed from a monthly SAGE II climatology relative to the tropopause SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; MASS-EXCHANGE; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; WATER-VAPOR; TRANSPORT; AEROSOL; CLOUD; MODEL; RECOMMENDATIONS; ASYMMETRIES AB A midlatitude (25 degrees-65 degrees) monthly zonal median ozone climatology in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), from 8 to 20 km with a 0.5-km vertical resolution and a 5 degrees latitudinal resolution, is developed on the basis of version 6.2 (V6.2) ozone profile retrievals from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II measurements from October 1984 to August 2005. To avoid mixing of the tropospheric ozone data with stratospheric values, the thermal tropopause height is used as a base altitude for developing the climatology (the monthly mean tropopause height has been added back to the climatological profile). This feature of the developed ozone climatology, together with the near global SAGE II data coverage, complements the existing ozone climatologies in the midlatitude UTLS. In addition to using this climatology to describe hemispheric differences in the UTLS ozone (the primary purpose of this paper), the database can also be used to initialize atmospheric chemistry-transport models or for satellite data retrieval. The specific new findings include (1) the differences in the vertical structure of monthly ozone evolution across the tropopause between the NH and the SH, (2) all year bimodal probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the tropopause ozone, and (3) the annual cycle of the tropopause ozone PDF with increasing (decreasing) presence of ozone-rich air leading to tropopause ozone enhancements (reductions) during spring and early summer (fall and winter). The derived climatology is shown to be consistent with the ozonesonde climatologies of Logan (1985, 1999a) in many respects, including ozone seasonal cycle at the tropopause and in the UT, the broad summer ozone maximum in the northern UT, and non-Gaussian ozone PDFs at the tropopause. This consistency strengthens the confidence in SAGE II satellite ozone remote sensing in the UTLS. The derived SAGE II midlatitude ozone climatology is compared to ozonesonde measurements at Hohenpeissenberg (47.4 degrees N, 11 degrees E), Germany, and Lauder (45 degrees S, 169.7 degrees E), New Zealand. The monthly ozone climatology data are provided as auxiliary material to this report. C1 Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder 9182, Central Otago, New Zealand. RP Wang, PH (reprint author), Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM p.wang@larc.nasa.gov NR 41 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D21 AR D21304 DI 10.1029/2005JD006108 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 104UH UT WOS:000241984500001 ER PT J AU Wheatley, PJ Kallman, TR AF Wheatley, Peter J. Kallman, Timothy R. TI A new interpretation of the remarkable X-ray spectrum of the symbiotic star CH Cyg SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion discs; binaries : symbiotic; stars : individual : CH Cyg; white dwarfs; stars : winds, outflows; X-rays : binaries ID ASCA OBSERVATIONS; EMISSION; REFLECTION; NGC-1068; NUCLEUS; CHANDRA; BINARY; MODELS AB We have re-analysed the ASCA X-ray spectrum of the bright symbiotic star CH Cyg, which exhibits apparently distinct hard and soft X-ray components. Our analysis demonstrates that the soft X-ray emission can be interpreted as scattering of the hard X-ray component in a photoionized medium surrounding the white dwarf. This is in contrast to previous analyses in which the soft X-ray emission was fitted separately and assumed to arise independently of the hard X-ray component. We note the striking similarity between the X-ray spectra of CH Cyg and Seyfert 2 galaxies, which are also believed to exhibit scattering in a photoionized medium. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wheatley, PJ (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. EM p.j.wheatley@warwick.ac.uk OI Wheatley, Peter/0000-0003-1452-2240 NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD NOV 11 PY 2006 VL 372 IS 4 BP 1602 EP 1606 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10959.x PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 099VU UT WOS:000241626100013 ER PT J AU Perlman, ES Padgett, CA Georganopoulos, M Sparks, WB Biretta, JA O'Dea, CP Baum, SA Birkinshaw, M Worrall, DM Dulwich, F Jester, S Martel, A Capetti, A Leahy, JP AF Perlman, Eric S. Padgett, C. A. Georganopoulos, Markos Sparks, William B. Biretta, John A. O'Dea, Christopher P. Baum, Stefi A. Birkinshaw, Mark Worrall, D. M. Dulwich, Fred Jester, Sebastian Martel, Andre Capetti, Alessandro Leahy, J. Patrick TI Optical polarimetry of the jets of nearby radio galaxies. I. The data SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (3C 15, 3C 66B, 3C 78, 3C 264; 3C 346, 3C 371); galaxies : jets; polarization ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; X-RAY JET; STEEP-SPECTRUM SOURCES; BL LACERTAE OBJECTS; M87 JET; SOURCE COUNTERPARTS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; SNAPSHOT SURVEY; 3C 66B; LINEAR-POLARIZATION AB We present an overview of new HST imaging polarimetry of six nearby radio galaxies with optical jets. These observations triple the number of extragalactic jets with subarcsecond-resolution optical polarimetry. We discuss the polarization characteristics and optical morphology of each jet. We find evidence of high optical polarization, averaging 20%, but reaching upwards of similar to 50% in some objects, confirming that the optical emission is synchrotron, and that the components of the magnetic fields perpendicular to the line of sight are well ordered. We find a wide range of polarization morphologies, with each jet having a somewhat different relationship between total intensity and polarized flux and the polarization position angle. We find two trends in all of these jets. First, jet "edges'' are very often associated with high fractional optical polarizations, as also found in earlier radio observations of these and other radio jets. In these regions, the magnetic field vectors appear to track the jet direction, even at bends, where we see particularly high fractional polarizations. This indicates a strong link between the local magnetic field and jet dynamics. Second, optical flux maximum regions are usually well separated from maxima in fractional polarization and often are associated with polarization minima. This trend is not found in radio data and was found in our optical polarimetry of M87 with HST. However, unlike in M87, we do not find a general trend for near 90 degrees rotations in the optical polarization vectors near flux maxima. We discuss possibilities for interpreting these trends, as well as implications for jet dynamics, magnetic field structure, and particle acceleration. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Osserv Astron Torino, INAF, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy. Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Sch Phys & Astron, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England. RP Perlman, ES (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Dept Phys, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM perlman@jca.umbc.edu; apadgett@jca.umbc.edu; markos@jca.umbc.edu; sparks@jca.umbc.edu; biretta@jca.umbc.edu; odea@cis.rit.edu; baum@cis.rit.edu; mark.birkinshaw@bristol.ac.uk; d.worrall@bristol.ac.uk; fred.dulwich@bristol.ac.uk; jester@phys.soton.ac.uk; capetti@to.astro.it; jpl@jb.man.ac.uk OI capetti, alessandro/0000-0003-3684-4275; Perlman, Eric/0000-0002-3099-1664 NR 98 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 735 EP 748 DI 10.1086/506587 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000012 ER PT J AU Brodwin, M Brown, MJI Ashby, MLN Bian, C Brand, K Dey, A Eisenhardt, PR Eisenstein, DJ Gonzalez, AH Huang, JS Jannuzi, BT Kochanek, CS McKenzie, E Murray, SS Pahre, MA Smith, HA Soifer, BT Stanford, SA Stern, D Elston, RJ AF Brodwin, M. Brown, M. J. I. Ashby, M. L. N. Bian, C. Brand, K. Dey, A. Eisenhardt, P. R. Eisenstein, D. J. Gonzalez, A. H. Huang, J. -S. Jannuzi, B. T. Kochanek, C. S. McKenzie, E. Murray, S. S. Pahre, M. A. Smith, H. A. Soifer, B. T. Stanford, S. A. Stern, D. Elston, R. J. TI Photometric redshifts in the IRAC Shallow Survey SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : clusters : general; galaxies : clusters : individual (ISCS J1434.5+3427); galaxies : distances and redshifts; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : photometry; methods : statistical ID INFRARED ARRAY CAMERA; EVOLUTIONARY POPULATION SYNTHESIS; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORKS; SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; X-RAY SURVEY; DEEP FIELDS; HUBBLE; XBOOTES; CATALOG AB Accurate photometric redshifts are calculated for nearly 200,000 galaxies to a 4.5 mu m flux limit of similar to 13 mu Jy in the 8.5 deg(2) Spitzer IRAC Shallow Survey. Using a hybrid photometric redshift algorithm incorporating both neural net and template-fitting techniques, calibrated with over 15,000 spectroscopic redshifts, a redshift accuracy of sigma = 0.06(1 + z) is achieved for 95% of galaxies at 0 < z < 1.5. The accuracy is sigma = 0.12(1 + z) for 95% of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at 0 < z < 3. Redshift probability functions, central to several ongoing studies of the galaxy population, are computed for the full sample. We demonstrate that these functions accurately represent the true redshift probability density, allowing the calculation of valid confidence intervals for all objects. These probability functions have already been used to successfully identify a population of Spitzer-selected high-redshift (z > 1) galaxy clusters. We present one such spectroscopically confirmed cluster at < z > = 1.24, ISCS J1434.5+3427. Finally, we present a measurement of the 4.5 mu m-selected galaxy redshift distribution. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85121 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Brodwin, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 169-506, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mark.brodwin@jpl.nasa.gov RI Brown, Michael/B-1181-2015 OI Brown, Michael/0000-0002-1207-9137 NR 61 TC 108 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 791 EP 803 DI 10.1086/507838 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000017 ER PT J AU Boselli, A Boissier, S Cortese, L De Paz, AG Seibert, M Madore, BF Buat, V Martin, DC AF Boselli, A. Boissier, S. Cortese, L. De Paz, A. Gil Seibert, M. Madore, B. F. Buat, V. Martin, D. C. TI The fate of spiral galaxies in clusters: The star formation history of the anemic Virgo Cluster galaxy NGC 4569 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : clusters : individual (Virgo); galaxies : individual (NGC 4569-M90); galaxies : interactions; ultraviolet : galaxies ID CHEMO-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EVOLUTION; ALPHA SURFACE PHOTOMETRY; SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; DISK GALAXIES; RAM PRESSURE; H-ALPHA; NEARBY CLUSTERS; RICH CLUSTERS; S0 GALAXIES AB We present a new method for studying the star formation history of late-type cluster galaxies undergoing gas starvation or a ram pressure stripping event by combining bidimensional multifrequency observations with multizone models of galactic chemical and spectrophotometric evolution. This method is applied to the Virgo Cluster anemic galaxy NGC 4569. We extract radial profiles from recently obtained UV GALEX images at 1530 and 2310 8, from visible and near-IR narrow (H alpha) and broadband images at different wavelengths (u, B, g, V, r, i, z, J, H, and K), from Spitzer IRAC and MIPS images, and from atomic and molecular gas maps. The model in the absence of interaction (characterized by its rotation velocity and spin parameter) is constrained by the unperturbed H-band light profile and by the H alpha rotation curve. We can reconstruct the observed total gas radial density profile and the light surface brightness profiles at all wavelengths in a ram pressure stripping scenario by making simple assumptions about the gas removal process and the orbit of NGC 4569 inside the cluster. The observed profiles cannot be reproduced by simply stopping gas infall, thus mimicking starvation. Gas removal is required, which is more efficient in the outer disk, inducing radial quenching in the star formation activity, as observed and reproduced by the model. This observational result, consistent with theoretical predictions that a galaxy cluster-IGM interaction is able to modify structural disk parameters without gravitational perturbations, is discussed in the framework of the origin of lenticular galaxies in clusters. C1 Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France. Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Univ Cardiff Wales, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, Wales. Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Astrofis & CC Atmosfera, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. CALTECH, NASA IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Boselli, A (reprint author), Lab Astrophys Marseille, BP8,Traverse Siphon, F-13376 Marseille, France. RI Gil de Paz, Armando/J-2874-2016; OI Gil de Paz, Armando/0000-0001-6150-2854; Cortese, Luca/0000-0002-7422-9823 NR 84 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 811 EP 821 DI 10.1086/507766 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000019 ER PT J AU Corbin, MR Vacca, WD Fernandes, RC Hibbard, JE Somerville, RS Windhorst, RA AF Corbin, Michael R. Vacca, William D. Fernandes, Roberto Cid Hibbard, John E. Somerville, Rachel S. Windhorst, Rogier A. TI Ultracompact blue dwarf galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope imaging and stellar population analysis SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : dwarf; galaxies : formation; galaxies : starburst; galaxies : stellar content ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; MASS-METALLICITY RELATION; STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; METAL-POOR GALAXIES; H-II GALAXIES; YOUNG GALAXY; COMPACT GALAXIES; HII GALAXIES; SEMIEMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; STARBURST GALAXIES AB We present deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys/High Resolution Channel U-, narrow-V-, and I-band images of nine "ultracompact'' blue dwarf galaxies (UCBDs) selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We define UCBDs as local (z < 0.01) star-forming galaxies having angular diameters less than 600 and physical diameters < 1 kpc. They are also among the most metal-poor galaxies known, including objects having 12 + log(O/H) < 7.65, and are found to reside within voids. Both the HST images and the objects' SDSS optical spectra reveal that they are composites of young (similar to 1-10 Myr) populations that dominate their light and older (similar to 10 Gyr) populations that dominate their stellar masses, which we estimate to be similar to 10(7)-10(8) M-circle dot. An intermediate-age (similar to 10(7)-10(9) yr) population is also indicated in most objects. The objects do not appear to be as dynamically disturbed as the prototype UCBD, POX 186, but the structure of several of them suggests that their current star formation has been triggered by the collisions/mergers of smaller clumps of stars. In one case, HS 0822+3542, the images resolve what may be two small (similar to 100 pc) components that have recently collided, supporting this interpretation. In six of the objects much of the star formation is concentrated in young massive clusters, contributing to their compactness in ground-based images. The evidence that the galaxies consist mainly of similar to 10 Gyr old stars establishes that they are not protogalaxies, forming their first generation of stars. Their low metallicities are more likely to be the result of the escape of supernova ejecta, rather than youth. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, CFM, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Corbin, MR (reprint author), USN Observ, Flagstaff Stn, 10391 W Naval Observ Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM mcorbin@nofs.navy.mil; wvacca@mail.arc.nasa.gov; cid@astro.ufsc.br; jhibbard@nrao.edu; somerville@mpia.de; rogier.windhorst@asu.edu RI Fernandes, Roberto/M-7334-2014 OI Fernandes, Roberto/0000-0001-9672-0296 NR 76 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 861 EP 873 DI 10.1086/507575 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000023 ER PT J AU Stute, M Sahai, R AF Stute, Matthias Sahai, Raghvendra TI X-ray emission from planetary nebulae. I. Spherically symmetric numerical simulations SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellarmatter; hydrodynamics; ISM : jets and outflows; planetary nebulae : general; stars : mass loss; X-rays : ISM ID THERMAL CONDUCTION FRONTS; CENTRAL STARS; WIND BUBBLES; STELLAR WIND; BD+30-DEGREES-3639; ABUNDANCES; REGIONS; JETS; PNE AB The interaction of a fast wind with a spherical asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind is thought to be the basic mechanism for shaping pre-planetary nebulae (PPNs) and later planetary nebulae (PNs). Due to the large speed of the fast wind, one expects extended X-ray emission from these objects, but X-ray emission has only been detected in a small fraction of PNs and only in one PPN. Using numerical simulations we investigate the constraints that can be set on the physical properties of the fast wind (speed, mass flux, opening angle) in order to produce the observed X-ray emission properties of PPNs and PNs. We combine numerical hydrodynamic simulations including radiative cooling using the code FLASH with calculations of the X-ray properties of the resulting expanding hot bubble using the atomic database ATOMDB. In this first study, we compute X-ray fluxes and spectra using one-dimensional models. Comparing our results with analytical solutions, we find some agreements and many disagreements. These disagreements, which are both qualitative and quantitative in nature, argue for the necessity of using numerical simulations for understanding the X-ray properties of PNs. We apply our spherical models to the objects BD +30 3639 and NGC 40. We find that the model values of the X-ray temperature and luminosity for these objects are significantly higher than observed values and discuss several mechanisms for resolving the discrepancies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stute, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM matthias.stute@jpl.nasa.gov; raghvendra.sahai@jpl.nasa.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 882 EP 897 DI 10.1086/507986 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000025 ER PT J AU Roming, PWA Berk, DV Pal'shin, V Pagani, C Norris, J Kumar, P Krimm, H Holland, ST Gronwall, C Blustin, AJ Zhang, B Schady, P Sakamoto, T Osborne, JP Nousek, JA Marshall, FE Meszaros, P Golenetskii, SV Gehrels, N Frederiks, DD Campana, S Burrows, DN Boyd, PT Barthelmy, S Aptekar, RL AF Roming, Peter W. A. Berk, Daniel Vanden Pal'shin, Valentin Pagani, Claudio Norris, Jay Kumar, Pawan Krimm, Hans Holland, Stephen T. Gronwall, Caryl Blustin, Alex J. Zhang, Bing Schady, Patricia Sakamoto, Takanori Osborne, Julian P. Nousek, John A. Marshall, Frank E. Meszaros, Peter Golenetskii, Sergey V. Gehrels, Neil Frederiks, Dmitry D. Campana, Sergio Burrows, David N. Boyd, Patricia T. Barthelmy, Scott Aptekar, R. L. TI GRB 060313: A new paradigm for short-hard bursts? SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; INTERNAL ENGINE ACTIVITY; NEUTRON-STARS; HOST GALAXY; THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS; ACCRETION DISK; LIGHT CURVES; GRB 050509B; AFTERGLOW; TELESCOPE AB We report the simultaneous observations of the prompt emission in the gamma-ray and hard X-ray bands by the Swift BAT and the Konus-Wind instruments of the short-hard burst, GRB 060313. The observations reveal multiple peaks in both the gamma-ray and hard X-ray bands suggesting a highly variable outflow from the central explosion. We also describe the early-time observations of the X-ray and UV/optical afterglows by the Swift XRT and UVOT instruments. The combination of the X-ray and UV/optical observations provides the most comprehensive light curves to date of a short-hard burst at such an early epoch. The afterglows exhibit complex structure with different decay indices and flaring. This behavior can be explained by the combination of a structured jet, radiative loss of energy, and decreasing microphysics parameters occurring in a circumburst medium with densities varying by a factor of approximately two on a length scale of 10(17) cm. These density variations are normally associated with the environment of a massive star and inhomogeneities in its windy medium. However, the mean density of the observed medium (n similar to 10(-4) cm(3)) is much less than that expected for a massive star. Although the collapse of a massive star as the origin of GRB 060313 is unlikely, the merger of a compact binary also poses problems for explaining the behavior of this burst. Two possible suggestions for explaining this scenario are that some short bursts may arise from a mechanism that does not invoke the conventional compact binary model, or that soft late-time central engine activity is producing UV/optical but no X-ray flaring. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. RP Roming, PWA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM roming@astro.psu.edu RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Frederiks, Dmitry/C-7612-2014; Pal'shin, Valentin/F-3973-2014; Aptekar, Raphail/B-3456-2015; Golenetskii, Sergey/B-3818-2015; OI Frederiks, Dmitry/0000-0002-1153-6340; Campana, Sergio/0000-0001-6278-1576 NR 82 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 985 EP 993 DI 10.1086/508054 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000033 ER PT J AU Nysewander, MC Reichart, DE Park, HS Williams, GG Kinugasa, K Lamb, DQ Henden, AA Klose, S Kato, T Harper, A Yamaoka, H Laws, C Torii, K York, DG Barentine, JC Dembicky, J McMillan, RJ Moran, JA Hartmann, DH Ketzeback, B Bayliss, MB Bartelme, JW Crain, JA Foster, AC Schwartz, M Holvorcem, P Price, PA Canterna, R Crew, GB Ricker, GR Barthelmy, SD AF Nysewander, M. C. Reichart, D. E. Park, H. -S. Williams, G. G. Kinugasa, K. Lamb, D. Q. Henden, A. A. Klose, S. Kato, T. Harper, A. Yamaoka, H. Laws, C. Torii, K. York, D. G. Barentine, J. C. Dembicky, J. McMillan, R. J. Moran, J. A. Hartmann, D. H. Ketzeback, B. Bayliss, M. B. Bartelme, J. W. Crain, J. A. Foster, A. C. Schwartz, M. Holvorcem, P. Price, P. A. Canterna, R. Crew, G. B. Ricker, G. R. Barthelmy, S. D. TI Early time chromatic variations in the wind-swept medium of GRB 021211 and the faintness of its afterglow SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; gamma rays : bursts; magnetic fields; scattering; stars : winds, outflows; stars : Wolf-Rayet ID GAMMA-RAY-BURST; EARLY OPTICAL-EMISSION; 25 APRIL 1998; RADIO-EMISSION; DUST-ECHOES; X-RAY; UNUSUAL SUPERNOVA; DISCOVERY; GRB-010222; LIGHT AB We present Follow-Up Network for Gamma-Ray Bursts (FUN GRB) Collaboration observations of the optical afterglow of GRB 021211 made between 143 s and 102 days after the burst. Our unique data set includes the earliest filtered detections and color information for an afterglow in the pre-Swift era. We find that the afterglow is best described by (1) a propagation through a wind-swept medium, (2) a cooling break that is blueward of the observed optical frequencies, and (3) a hard electron energy distribution. However, superimposed on this ''standard model'' behavior we find, one and possibly two, significant chromatic variations during the first few hours after the burst. We consider possible reasons for these variations, including the possibility that they are due to a dust echo. Finally, we constrain physical parameters that describe the afterglow and the surrounding medium for a variety of scenarios and find that GRB 021211' s afterglow is faint for a combination of reasons: (1) a low fraction of energy in relativistic electrons, (2) a low density for the wind-swept medium, implying either a low mass-loss rate and/or a high wind velocity for the progenitor, (3) a wide opening/viewing angle for the jet, and possibly (4) moderate source-frame extinction. The jet appears to be significantly far from equipartition and magnetically dominated. More extreme versions of this might explain the darkness of many afterglows in the Swift era. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Arizona, MMT Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Gunma Astron Observ, Agatsuma, Gunma 3770702, Japan. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60615 USA. Clinton B Ford Astron Data & Res Ctr, Amer Assoc Variable Star Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Thuringer Landessternwarte, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany. Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Fac Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Dept Phys, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5600043, Japan. Apache Point Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Tenagra Observ, Nogales, AZ 85621 USA. Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82072 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nysewander, MC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Campus Box 3255, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM mnysewan@physics.unc.edu; reichart@physics.unc.edu RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012 NR 70 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 994 EP 1004 DI 10.1086/506980 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000034 ER PT J AU Pascucci, I Gorti, U Hollenbach, D Najita, J Meyer, MR Carpenter, JM Hillenbrand, LA Herczeg, GJ Padgett, DL Mamajek, EE Silverstone, MD Schlingman, WM Kim, JS Stobie, EB Bouwman, J Wolf, S Rodmann, J Hines, DC Lunine, J Malhotra, R AF Pascucci, I. Gorti, U. Hollenbach, D. Najita, J. Meyer, M. R. Carpenter, J. M. Hillenbrand, L. A. Herczeg, G. J. Padgett, D. L. Mamajek, E. E. Silverstone, M. D. Schlingman, W. M. Kim, J. S. Stobie, E. B. Bouwman, J. Wolf, S. Rodmann, J. Hines, D. C. Lunine, J. Malhotra, R. TI Formation and evolution of planetary systems: Upper limits to the gas mass in disks around Sun-like stars SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; infrared : stars; planetary systems : formation; solar system : formation ID MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; T-TAURI STARS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; FINAL ARCHIVE SPECTRA; YOUNG STARS; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS; H-2 EMISSION; DEBRIS DISKS; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AB We have carried out a sensitive search for gas emission lines at IR and millimeter wavelengths for a sample of 15 young Sun-like stars selected from our dust disk survey with Spitzer. We have used mid-IR lines to trace the warm (300-100 K) gas in the inner disk and millimeter transitions of (CO)-C-12 to probe the cold (similar to 20 K) outer disk. We report no gas line detections from our sample. Line flux upper limits are first converted to warm and cold gas mass limits using simple approximations allowing a direct comparison with values from the literature. We also present results from more sophisticated models following Gorti & Hollenbach that confirm and extend our simple analysis. These models show that the [S-I]25.23 mu m line can set constraining limits on the gas surface density at the disk inner radius and traces disk regions up to a few AU. We find that none of the 15 systems have more than 0.04M(J) of gas within a few AU from the disk inner radius for disk radii from 1 to similar to 40 AU. These gas mass upper limits even in the eight systems younger than similar to 30 Myr suggest that most of the gas is dispersed early. The gas mass upper limits in the 10-40 AU region, which is mainly traced by our CO data, are < 2 M-circle plus. If these systems are analogs of the solar system, they either have already formed Uranus- and Neptune-like planets or will not form them beyond 100 Myr. Finally, the gas surface density upper limits at 1 AU are smaller than 0.01% of the minimum mass solar nebula for most of the sources. If terrestrial planets form frequently and their orbits are circularized by gas, then circularization occurs early. C1 Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Pascucci, I (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. OI Malhotra, Renu/0000-0002-1226-3305 NR 93 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 1177 EP 1193 DI 10.1086/507761 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000052 ER PT J AU Kelley, MS Woodward, CE Harker, DE Wooden, DH Gehrz, RD Campins, H Hanner, MS Lederer, SM Osip, DJ Pittichova, J Polomski, E AF Kelley, Michael S. Woodward, Charles E. Harker, David E. Wooden, Diane H. Gehrz, Robert D. Campins, Humberto Hanner, Martha S. Lederer, Susan M. Osip, David J. Pittichova, Jana Polomski, Elisha TI A Spitzer study of comets 2P/Encke, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and C/2001 HT50 (linear-neat) SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comets : individual (2P/Encke, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, C/2001 HT50 (LINEAR-NEAT)); infrared : solar system ID THERMAL INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; 3-TO 14-MU-M SPECTROSCOPY; SPACE-TELESCOPE; EARTH ASTEROIDS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ARRAY CAMERA; DEEP IMPACT; OORT CLOUD; NUCLEUS; ENCKE AB We present infrared images and spectra of comets 2P/Encke, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and C/2001 HT50 (LINEAR-NEAT) as part of a larger program to observe comets inside of 5 AU from the Sun with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The nucleus of comet 2P/Enckewas observed at two vastly different phase angles (20 degrees and 63 degrees). Model fits to the spectral energy distributions of the nucleus suggest that comet Encke's infrared beaming parameter derived from the near-Earth asteroid thermal model may have a phase angle dependence. The observed emission from comet Encke's dust coma is best modeled using predominately amorphous carbon grains with a grain size distribution that peaks near 0.4 mu m, and the silicate contribution by mass to the submicron dust coma is constrained to < 31%. Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was observed with distinct coma emission in excess of a model nucleus at a heliocentric distance of 5.0 AU. The coma detection suggests that sublimation processes are still active or grains from recent activity remain near the nucleus. Comet C/2001 HT50 (LINEAR-NEAT) showed evidence for crystalline silicates in the spectrum obtained at 3.2 AU, and we derive a silicate-to-carbon dust ratio of 0.6. The ratio is an order of magnitude lower than that derived for comets 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact encounter and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astron & Space Sci, Dept 0424, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Phys, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. Carnegie Observ, Campanas Observ, La Serena, Chile. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Slovak Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Bratislava 84504, Slovakia. RP Kelley, MS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Astron, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM msk@astro.umn.edu OI Harker, David/0000-0001-6397-9082; Kelley, Michael/0000-0002-6702-7676 NR 75 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP 1256 EP 1271 DI 10.1086/507701 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PQ UT WOS:000241825000059 ER PT J AU Catelan, M Stetson, PB Pritzl, BJ Smith, HA Kinemuchi, K Layden, AC Sweigart, AV Rich, RM AF Catelan, M. Stetson, Peter B. Pritzl, Barton J. Smith, Horace A. Kinemuchi, Karen Layden, Andrew C. Sweigart, Allen V. Rich, R. M. TI Deep HST photometry of NGC 6388: Age and horizontal-branch luminosity SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE globular clusters : general; globular clusters : individual (47 Tucanae, NGC 6388, NGC 6441); stars : horizontal-branch; stars : variables : other ID GALACTIC GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS; COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS; RR-LYRAE STARS; METAL-RICH; VARIABLE-STARS; NGC 6441; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; STELLAR PHOTOMETRY; NGC-6441; HELIUM AB Using the Hubble Space Telescope, we have obtained the first color-magnitude diagram (CMD) to reach the main-sequence turnoff of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 6388. From a comparison between the cluster CMD and that of 47 Tucanae, we find that the bulk of the stars in these two clusters have nearly the same age and chemical composition. On the other hand, our results indicate that the blue horizontal branch and RR Lyrae components in NGC 6388 are intrinsically overluminous, which must be due to one or more, still undetermined, noncanonical second parameter(s) affecting a relatively minor fraction of the stars in NGC 6388. C1 Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron & Astrofis, Santiago 7820436, Chile. Dominion Astrophys Observ, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Natl Res Council, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Canadian Astron Data Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Macalester Coll, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Div Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Catelan, M (reprint author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron & Astrofis, Ave Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile. EM mcatelan@astro.puc.cl; Peter.Stetson@nrc.gc.ca NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP L133 EP L136 DI 10.1086/509720 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PR UT WOS:000241825100014 ER PT J AU Huffenberger, KM Eriksen, HK Hansen, FK AF Huffenberger, K. M. Eriksen, H. K. Hansen, F. K. TI Point-source power in 3 year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmic microwave background; cosmology : observations; methods : numerical ID 2003 FLIGHT; WMAP OBSERVATIONS; SPECTRUM; BOOMERANG AB Using a set of multifrequency cross spectra computed from the 3 year WMAP sky maps, we fit for the unresolved point-source contribution. For a white-noise power spectrum, we find a Q-band amplitude of A = 0.011 +/- mu K-2 sr (antenna temperature), significantly smaller than the value of 0.001 +/- 0.017 mu K sr used to correct the spectra in the WMAP release. Modifying the point-source correction in this way largely resolves the discrepancy that Eriksen et al. found between the WMAP V- and W-band power spectra. Correcting the co-added WMAP spectrum for both the low-l power excess due to a suboptimal likelihood approximation-also reported by Eriksen et al. -and the high-l power deficit due to oversubtracted point sources-presented in this Letter-we find that the net effect in terms of cosmological parameters is an similar to 0.7 sigma shift in n(s) to larger values. For the combination of WMAP, BOOMERANG, and ACBAR data, we find n(s) = 0.969 +/- 0.016 lowering the significance of ns not equal 1 from similar to 2.7 sigma to similar to 2.0 sigma. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Ctr Math Applicat, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Huffenberger, KM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM huffenbe@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 2 BP L81 EP L84 DI 10.1086/509738 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PR UT WOS:000241825100002 ER PT J AU Farrell, WM Delory, GT Atreya, SK AF Farrell, W. M. Delory, G. T. Atreya, S. K. TI Martian dust storms as a possible sink of atmospheric methane SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OXIDANT ENHANCEMENT; ELECTRIC FIELD; MARS; DEVILS; LIFE AB Recent laboratory tests, analog studies and numerical simulations all suggest that Martian dust devils and larger dusty convective storms generate and maintain large- scale electric fields. Such expected E- fields will have the capability to create significant electron drift motion in the collisional gas and to form an extended high energy ( u >> kT) electron tail in the distribution. We demonstrate herein that these energetic electrons are capable of dissociating any trace CH4 in the ambient atmosphere thereby acting as an atmospheric sink of this important gas. We demonstrate that the methane destruction rate increases by a factor of 10(12) as the dust storm E- fields, E, increase from 5 to 25 kV/ m, resulting in an apparent decrease in methane stability from similar to 10(10) sec to a value of similar to 1000 seconds. While destruction in dust storms is severe, the overall methane lifetime is expected to decrease only moderately due to recycling of products, heterogeneous effects from localized sinks, etc. We show further evidence that the electrical activity anticipated in Martian dust storms creates a new harsh electro- chemical environment. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Farrell, WM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 695, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM william.farrell@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Farrell, William/I-4865-2013 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 5 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21203 DI 10.1029/2006GL027210 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104TU UT WOS:000241983100005 ER PT J AU Papa, F Prigent, C Rossow, WB Legresy, B Remy, F AF Papa, F. Prigent, C. Rossow, W. B. Legresy, B. Remy, F. TI Inundated wetland dynamics over boreal regions from remote sensing: the use of Topex-Poseidon dual-frequency radar altimeter observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID WIND SCATTEROMETER DATA; GLOBAL VEGETATION; SATELLITE DATA; ICE SHEETS; MICROWAVE; GREENLAND; TOPEX/POSEIDON; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; RADIOMETER AB This study presents a first attempt to estimate the extent and seasonality of northern wetlands using radar altimeter satellite observations. The sensitivity of the Topex- Poseidon dual- frequency radar altimeter to detect inundation is investigated and compared with passive and active microwave satellite measurements along with a land surface climatology database. The C band backscatter altimeter signal clearly tracks passive microwave emissivity observations of wetlands and is able to detect small flooded areas. Because of the nadir incidence angle, the radar altimeter also shows more capability to detect wetlands than the C band scatterometer. Monthly flooded areas are calculated by estimating flooded pixel fractional coverage using the altimeter C band backscatter magnitude and a linear mixing model with dual- frequency altimeter backscatter difference, C- Ku, to account for vegetation effects. Because of the Topex- Poseidon satellite spatial coverage, the results are given only from 40 degrees N to 66 degrees N. This region nevertheless represents more than 30% of world's inundated surfaces during the summer. A direct validation of the inundated extent is unfortunately impossible on a large scale, due to the scarcity of quantitative observations. As a consequence, the results are evaluated by comparison with other existing estimates. Radar altimetry estimates, comprising natural wetlands and river/lakes, indicate a maximum inundated area of 1.86x10(6) km(2) for July 1993 and 1994 as compared with 1.31x10(6) km(2) from passive microwave technique and similar to 2.10x10(6) km(2) from climatology dataset. The wetland seasonal variability derived from the altimeter and passive microwave techniques agrees well. These promising results could soon be applied to the ENVISAT dual-frequency radar altimeter that will provide a better survey of global inundated surfaces thanks to its much more complete spatial coverage. C1 Inst Cochin Genet Mol, Lab Etude Rayonnement & Mat Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Lab Etud Geodesie & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Papa, F (reprint author), Inst Cochin Genet Mol, Lab Etude Rayonnement & Mat Astrophys, 61 Ave Observ, F-75014 Paris, France. EM fpapa@giss.nasa.gov RI Papa, Fabrice/D-3695-2009; Rossow, William/F-3138-2015 OI Papa, Fabrice/0000-0001-6305-6253; NR 38 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 21 BP 4847 EP 4866 DI 10.1080/01431160600675887 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 120KX UT WOS:000243084700010 ER PT J AU Strekalov, D Matsko, AB Yu, N Savchenkov, AA Maleki, L AF Strekalov, Dmitry Matsko, Andrey B. Yu, Nan Savchenkov, Anatoliy A. Maleki, Lute TI Application of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers in self-oscillating atomic clocks SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Winter Colloquium on Physics of Quantum Electronics CY JAN 02-06, 2006 CL Snowbird, UT ID OPTOELECTRONIC MICROWAVE-OSCILLATOR; FREQUENCY REFERENCE; RESONANCES; DIODE; VAPOR AB We discuss practical aspects of building atomic clocks consisting of an optoelectronic oscillator stabilized with the electromagnetically induced transparency resonance in a Rb-87 atomic vapour cell, where a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is used as a light source. In particular, we show how the variable microwave power injection into the VCSEL, its optical injection-locking, and the phase stability of the optical-microwave link influences the stability of the clocks. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Strekalov, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dmitry.strekalov@jpl.nasa.gov RI Matsko, Andrey/A-1272-2007 NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 53 IS 16-17 BP 2469 EP 2484 DI 10.1080/09500340600982900 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 098WD UT WOS:000241552600023 ER PT J AU Becklin, EE Tielens, AGGM Callis, HHS AF Becklin, E. E. Tielens, A. G. G. M. Callis, H. H. S. TI Stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy (SOFIA) SO MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article DE submillimeter; infrared; airborne astronomy AB The joint U.S. and German SOFIA project to develop and operate a 2.5-meter infrared airborne telescope in a Boeing 747-SP is now in its final stages of development. Flying in the stratosphere, SOFIA allows observations through the infrared and submillimeter region, with an average transmission of greater than or similar to 80%. SOFIA is characterized by a wide instrument complement ranging from broadband imagers, through moderate resolution spectrographs capable of resolving broad features due to dust and large molecules, to high resolution spectrometers suitable for kinematic studies of molecular and atomic gas lines at km/s resolution. This broad range in instruments will enable SOFIA to make unique contributions to a broad array of science topics. First science flights will begin in 2009 and the observatory is expected to operate for over 20 years. The sensitivity, characteristics, science instrument complement, and examples of first light science are discussed. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, Ames Res Ctr, NASA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Becklin, EE (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Ames Res Ctr, NASA, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ebecklin@sofia.usra.edu; alexander.g.tielens@nasa.gov; hscallis@sofia.usra.edu NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-7323 J9 MOD PHYS LETT A JI Mod. Phys. Lett. A PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 21 IS 34 BP 2551 EP 2560 DI 10.1142/S0217732306021797 PG 10 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 112GT UT WOS:000242514500001 ER PT J AU Sodergren, E Weinstock, GM Davidson, EH Cameron, RA Gibbs, RA Weinstock, GM Angerer, RC Angerer, LM Arnone, MI Burgess, DR Burke, RD Cameron, RA Coffman, JA Davidson, EH Dean, M Elphick, MR Ettensohn, CA Foltz, KR Hamdoun, A Hynes, RO Klein, WH Marzluff, W McClay, DR Morris, RL Mushegian, A Rast, JP Sodergren, E Smith, LC Thorndyke, MC Vacquier, VD Weinstock, GM Wessel, GM Wray, G Zhang, L Sodergren, E Weinstock, GM Angerer, RC Angerer, LM Cameron, RA Davidson, EH Elsik, CG Ermolaeva, O Hlavina, W Hofmann, G Kitts, P Landrum, MJ Mackey, AJ Maglott, D Panopoulou, G Poustka, AJ Pruitt, K Sapojnikov, V Song, XZ Souvorov, A Solovyev, V Wei, Z Whittaker, CA Worley, K Zhang, L Sodergren, E Weinstock, GM Durbin, KJ Gibbs, RA Shen, YF Song, XZ Worley, K Zhang, L Wray, G Fedrigo, O Garfield, D Haygood, R Primus, A Satija, R Severson, T Zhang, L Sodergren, E Weinstock, GM Gonzalez-Garay, ML Jackson, AR Milosavljevic, A Song, XZ Tong, M Worley, K Ettensohn, CA Cameron, RA Killian, CE Landrum, MJ Livingston, BT Wilt, FH Coffman, JA Marzluff, W Mushegian, A Adams, N Belle, R Carbonneau, S Cheung, R Cormier, P Cosson, B Croce, J Fernandez-Guerra, A Geneviere, AM Goel, M Kelkar, H Morales, J Mulner-Lorillon, O Robertson, AJ Hamdoun, A Goldstone, JV Adams, N Cole, B Dean, M Epel, D Gold, B Hahn, ME Howard-Ashby, M Scally, M Stegeman, JJ Morris, RL Allgood, EL Cool, J Judkins, KM McCafferty, SS Musante, AM Obar, RA Rawson, AP Rossetti, BJ Burgess, DR Allgood, EL Cool, J Gibbons, IR Hoffman, MP Judkins, KM Leone, A McCafferty, SS Morris, RL Musante, AM Obar, RA Rawson, AP Rossetti, BJ Wessel, GM Davidson, EH Cameron, RA Istrail, S Materna, SC Samanta, MP Stolc, V Tongprasit, W Tu, Q Angerer, RC Angerer, LM Wei, Z Hynes, RO Bergeron, KF Brandhorst, BP Burke, RD Whittaker, CA Whittle, J Cameron, RA Berney, K Bottjer, DJ Calestani, C Davidson, EH Peterson, K Chow, E Yuan, QA Elhaik, E Elsik, CG Graur, D Reese, JT Bosdet, I Heesun, S Marra, MA Schein, J Dean, M Hamdoun, A Rast, JP Smith, LC Anderson, MK Berney, K Brockton, V Buckley, KM Cameron, RA Cohen, AH Fugmann, SD Hibino, T Loza-Coll, M Majeske, AJ Messier, C Nair, SV Pancer, Z Terwilliger, DP Burke, RD Elphick, MR Klein, WH Thorndyke, MC Agca, C Angerer, LM Arboleda, E Arnone, MI Brandhorst, BP Chen, NS Churcher, AM Hallbook, F Humphrey, GW Hynes, RO Idris, MM Kiyama, T Liang, SG Mellott, D Mu, XQ Murray, G Olinski, RP Raible, F Rowe, M Taylor, JS Tessmar-Raible, K Wang, D Wilson, KH Yaguchi, S Foltz, KR Vacquier, VD Wessel, GM Gaasterland, T Galindo, BE Gunaratne, HJ Howard-Ashby, M Humphrey, GW Juliano, C Kinukawa, M Moy, GW Neill, AT Nomura, M Raisch, M Reade, A Roux, MM Song, JL Su, YH Townley, IK Voronina, E Wong, JL Arnone, MI Thorndyke, MC Amore, G Angerer, LM Arboleda, E Branno, M Brown, ER Cavalieri, V Duboc, V Duloquin, L Elphick, MR Flytzanis, C Gache, C Geneviere, AM Idris, MM Lapraz, F Lepage, T Locascio, A Martinez, P Matassi, G Matranga, V McClay, DR Morales, J Poustka, AJ Raible, F Range, R Rizzo, F Rottinger, E Rowe, M Tessmar-Raible, K Sodergren, E Weinstock, GM Wilson, K McClay, DR Angerer, LM Arnone, MI Beane, W Bradham, C Byrum, C Croce, J Duboc, V Duloquin, L Gache, C Geneviere, AM Glenn, T Hibino, T Hussain, S Lapraz, F Lepage, T Livingston, BT Loza, M Manning, G Miranda, E Range, R Rizzo, F Rottinger, E Thomason, R Walton, K Wei, Z Wessel, GM Wikramanayke, A Wilson, KH Whittaker, C Wu, SY Xu, RH Davidson, EH Arnone, MI Branno, M Brown, CT Cameron, RA Chen, LL Gray, RF Howard-Ashby, M Istrail, S Lee, PY Locascio, A Martinez, P Materna, SC Nam, J Oliveri, P Rizzo, F Smith, J Muzny, D Sodergren, E Gibbs, RA Weinstock, GM Bell, S Chacko, J Cree, A Curry, S Davis, C Dinh, H Dugan-Rocha, S Fowler, J Gill, R Hamilton, C Hernandez, J Hines, S Hume, J Jackson, L Jolivet, A Kovar, C Lee, S Lewis, L Miner, G Morgan, M Nazareth, LV Okwuonu, G Parker, D Pu, LL Shen, YF Thom, R Wright, R AF Sodergren, Erica Weinstock, George M. Davidson, Eric H. Cameron, R. Andrew Gibbs, Richard A. Weinstock, George M. Angerer, Robert C. Angerer, Lynne M. Arnone, Maria Ina Burgess, David R. Burke, Robert D. Cameron, R. Andrew Coffman, James A. Davidson, Eric H. Dean, Michael Elphick, Maurice R. Ettensohn, Charles A. Foltz, Kathy R. Hamdoun, Amro Hynes, Richard O. Klein, William H. Marzluff, William McClay, David R. Morris, Robert L. Mushegian, Arcady Rast, Jonathan P. Sodergren, Erica Smith, L. Courtney Thorndyke, Michael C. Vacquier, Victor D. Weinstock, George M. Wessel, Gary M. Wray, Greg Zhang, Lan Sodergren, Erica Weinstock, George M. Angerer, Robert C. Angerer, Lynne M. Cameron, R. Andrew Davidson, Eric H. Elsik, Christine G. Ermolaeva, Olga Hlavina, Wratko Hofmann, Gretchen Kitts, Paul Landrum, Melissa J. Mackey, Aaron J. Maglott, Donna Panopoulou, Georgia Poustka, Albert J. Pruitt, Kim Sapojnikov, Victor Song, Xingzhi Souvorov, Alexandre Solovyev, Victor Wei, Zheng Whittaker, Charles A. Worley, Kim Zhang, Lan Sodergren, Erica Weinstock, George M. Durbin, K. James Gibbs, Richard A. Shen, Yufeng Song, Xingzhi Worley, Kim Zhang, Lan Wray, Greg Fedrigo, Olivier Garfield, David Haygood, Ralph Primus, Alexander Satija, Rahul Severson, Tonya Zhang, Lan Sodergren, Erica Weinstock, George M. Gonzalez-Garay, Manuel L. Jackson, Andrew R. Milosavljevic, Aleksandar Song, Xingzhi Tong, Mark Worley, Kim Ettensohn, Charles A. Cameron, R. Andrew Killian, Christopher E. Landrum, Melissa J. Livingston, Brian T. Wilt, Fred H. Coffman, James A. Marzluff, William Mushegian, Arcady Adams, Nikki Belle, Robert Carbonneau, Seth Cheung, Rocky Cormier, Patrick Cosson, Bertrand Croce, Jenifer Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio Geneviere, Anne-Marie Goel, Manisha Kelkar, Hemant Morales, Julia Mulner-Lorillon, Odile Robertson, Anthony J. Hamdoun, Amro Goldstone, Jared V. Adams, Nikki Cole, Bryan Dean, Michael Epel, David Gold, Bert Hahn, Mark E. Howard-Ashby, Meredith Scally, Mark Stegeman, John J. Morris, Robert L. Allgood, Erin L. Cool, Jonah Judkins, Kyle M. McCafferty, Shawn S. Musante, Ashlan M. Obar, Robert A. Rawson, Amanda P. Rossetti, Blair J. Burgess, David R. Allgood, Erin L. Cool, Jonah Gibbons, Ian R. Hoffman, Matthew P. Judkins, Kyle M. Leone, Andrew McCafferty, Shawn S. Morris, Robert L. Musante, Ashlan M. Obar, Robert A. Rawson, Amanda P. Rossetti, Blair J. Wessel, Gary M. Davidson, Eric H. Cameron, R. Andrew Istrail, Sorin Materna, Stefan C. Samanta, Manoj P. Stolc, Viktor Tongprasit, Waraporn Tu, Qiang Angerer, Robert C. Angerer, Lynne M. Wei, Zheng Hynes, Richard O. Bergeron, Karl-Frederik Brandhorst, Bruce P. Burke, Robert D. Whittaker, Charles A. Whittle, James Cameron, R. Andrew Berney, Kevin Bottjer, David J. Calestani, Cristina Davidson, Eric H. Peterson, Kevin Chow, Elly Yuan, Qiu Autumn Elhaik, Eran Elsik, Christine G. Graur, Dan Reese, Justin T. Bosdet, Ian Heesun, Shin Marra, Marco A. Schein, Jacqueline Dean, Michael Hamdoun, Amro Rast, Jonathan P. Smith, L. Courtney Anderson, Michele K. Berney, Kevin Brockton, Virginia Buckley, Katherine M. Cameron, R. Andrew Cohen, Avis H. Fugmann, Sebastian D. Hibino, Taku Loza-Coll, Mariano Majeske, Audrey J. Messier, Cynthia Nair, Sham V. Pancer, Zeev Terwilliger, David P. Burke, Robert D. Elphick, Maurice R. Klein, William H. Thorndyke, Michael C. Agca, Cavit Angerer, Lynne M. Arboleda, Enrique Arnone, Maria Ina Brandhorst, Bruce P. Chen, Nansheng Churcher, Allison M. Hallboeoek, F. Humphrey, Glen W. Hynes, Richard O. Idris, Mohammed M. Kiyama, Takae Liang, Shuguang Mellott, Dan Mu, Xiuqian Murray, Greg Olinski, Robert P. Raible, Florian Rowe, Matthew Taylor, John S. Tessmar-Raible, Kristin Wang, D. Wilson, Karen H. Yaguchi, Shunsuke Foltz, Kathy R. Vacquier, Victor D. Wessel, Gary M. Gaasterland, Terry Galindo, Blanca E. Gunaratne, Herath J. Howard-Ashby, Meredith Humphrey, Glen W. Juliano, Celina Kinukawa, Masashi Moy, Gary W. Neill, Anna T. Nomura, Mamoru Raisch, Michael Reade, Anna Roux, Michelle M. Song, Jia L. Su, Yi-Hsien Townley, Ian K. Voronina, Ekaterina Wong, Julian L. Arnone, Maria Ina Thorndyke, Michael C. Amore, Gabriele Angerer, Lynne M. Arboleda, Enrique Branno, Margherita Brown, Euan R. Cavalieri, Vincenzo Duboc, Veronique Duloquin, Louise Elphick, Maurice R. Flytzanis, Constantin Gache, Christian Geneviere, Anne-Marie Idris, Mohammed M. Lapraz, Francois Lepage, Thierry Locascio, Annamaria Martinez, Pedro Matassi, Giorgio Matranga, Valeria McClay, David R. Morales, Julia Poustka, Albert J. Raible, Florian Range, Ryan Rizzo, Francesca Roettinger, Eric Rowe, Matthew Tessmar-Raible, Kristin Sodergren, Erica Weinstock, George M. Wilson, Karen McClay, David R. Angerer, Lynne M. Arnone, Maria Ina Beane, Wendy Bradham, Cynthia Byrum, Christine Croce, Jenifer Duboc, Veronique Duloquin, Louise Gache, Christian Geneviere, Anne-Marie Glenn, Tom Hibino, Taku Hussain, Sofia Lapraz, Francois Lepage, Thierry Livingston, Brian T. Loza, Mariano Manning, Gerard Miranda, Esther Range, Ryan Rizzo, Francesca Roettinger, Eric Thomason, Rebecca Walton, Katherine Wei, Zheng Wessel, Gary M. Wikramanayke, Athula Wilson, Karen H. Whittaker, Charles Wu, Shu-Yu Xu, Ronghui Davidson, Eric H. Arnone, Maria Ina Branno, Margherita Brown, C. Titus Cameron, R. Andrew Chen, Lili Gray, Rachel F. Howard-Ashby, Meredith Istrail, Sorin Lee, Pei Yun Locascio, Annamaria Martinez, Pedro Materna, Stefan C. Nam, Jongmin Oliveri, Paola Rizzo, Francesca Smith, Joel Muzny, Donna Sodergren, Erica Gibbs, Richard A. Weinstock, George M. Bell, Stephanie Chacko, Joseph Cree, Andrew Curry, Stacey Davis, Clay Dinh, Huyen Dugan-Rocha, Shannon Fowler, Jerry Gill, Rachel Hamilton, Cerrissa Hernandez, Judith Hines, Sandra Hume, Jennifer Jackson, LaRonda Jolivet, Angela Kovar, Christie Lee, Sandra Lewis, Lora Miner, George Morgan, Margaret Nazareth, Lynne V. Okwuonu, Geoffrey Parker, David Pu, Ling-Ling Shen, Yufeng Thom, Rachel Wright, Rita CA Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium TI Research article - The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; EVOLUTION; VERTEBRATE; COMPLEMENT; INSIGHTS; DUPLICATION; CELOMOCYTES; SEQUENCE; CHORDATE C1 Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Stn Zool A Dohrn, I-70121 Bari, Italy. Boston Coll, Dept Biol, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. Mt Desert Isl Biol Lab, Salsbury Cove, ME 04672 USA. NCI, Human Genet Sect, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London E1 4NS, England. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Wheaton Coll, Dept Biol, Norton, MA 02766 USA. Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Univ Toronto, Sunnybrook Res Inst, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, S-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol & Biochem, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Penn, Penn Genom Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, Evolut & Dev Grp, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Royal Holloway Univ London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33618 USA. Univ Paris 06, UMR 7150, Equipe Cycle Cellulaire & Dev, Stn Biol Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, France. CNRS, UMR 7150, Stn Biol Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, France. Univ Paris 06, UMR7628, F-66650 Banyuls sur Mer, France. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Bioinformat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Tethys Res LLC, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Brown Univ, Ctr Computat Mol Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Genome Res Facil, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Systemix Inst, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Ctr Computat Regulatory Genom, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. British Columbia Canc Agcy, Genome Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIA, Cellular & Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Macquarie Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. UMBI, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Uppsala Univ, Dept Neurosci, Uppsala, Sweden. NICHD, Lab Cellular & Mol Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Unit, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. European Mol Biol Lab, Computat Unit, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biotechnol, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico. Univ Palermo, Dept Cellular & Dev Biol Alberto Monroy, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. CNRS, UMR 7009, Dev Biol Lab, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. Univ Paris 06, Observ Oceanol, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. Univ Patras, Dept Biol, Patras, Greece. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Barcelona, Dept Genet, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Inst Catalana Recerca & Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, Spain. Inst Jacques Monod, CNR, UMR 7592, F-75005 Paris, France. CNR, Ist Biomed & Immunol Mol Alberto Monroy, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. Salk Inst Biol Studies, Razavi Newman Ctr Bioinformat, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Weinstock, GM (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM gwstock@bcm.tmc.edu RI Marra, Marco/B-5987-2008; Matassi, Giorgio/G-6301-2014; Su, Yi-Hsien/F-2910-2014; Rizzo, Francesca/K-3057-2016; Mu, Xiuqian/I-9146-2014; Elsik, Christine/C-4120-2017; Brandhorst, Bruce/A-3157-2008; Tu, Qiang/B-4667-2008; Locascio, Annamaria/E-8714-2015; Martinez, Pedro/O-5025-2014; Peterson, Kevin/A-2188-2009; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin/F-9642-2011; Brown, Euan/A-5558-2008; Raible, Florian/G-6019-2011; Chen, Nansheng/E-6450-2012; Dean, Michael/G-8172-2012; Geneviere, Anne-Marie/A-3942-2013; 拓, 日比野/D-8115-2013; Churcher, Allison/M-6169-2013; Tang, Macy/B-9798-2014 OI Matassi, Giorgio/0000-0003-4923-226X; Rizzo, Francesca/0000-0003-1783-5015; Mu, Xiuqian/0000-0002-8003-7529; Elsik, Christine/0000-0002-4248-7713; Smith, Joel/0000-0003-0311-7055; Tu, Qiang/0000-0002-7579-8315; Locascio, Annamaria/0000-0001-6956-2157; Martinez, Pedro/0000-0003-3956-7541; Brown, Euan/0000-0002-5995-834X; Dean, Michael/0000-0003-2234-0631; Churcher, Allison/0000-0003-1902-3002; NR 50 TC 559 Z9 581 U1 6 U2 104 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5801 BP 941 EP 952 DI 10.1126/science.1133609 PG 12 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 103OG UT WOS:000241896000039 ER PT J AU Samanta, MP Tongprasit, W Istrail, S Cameron, RA Tu, Q Davidson, EH Stolc, V AF Samanta, Manoj P. Tongprasit, Waraporn Istrail, Sorin Cameron, R. Andrew Tu, Qiang Davidson, Eric H. Stolc, Viktor TI Report - The transcriptome of the sea urchin embryo SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; GENE-EXPRESSION; GENOME; IDENTIFICATION; ARRAY AB The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is a model organism for study of the genomic control circuitry underlying embryonic development. We examined the complete repertoire of genes expressed in the S. purpuratus embryo, up to late gastrula stage, by means of high-resolution custom tiling arrays covering the whole genome. We detected complete spliced structures even for genes known to be expressed at low levels in only a few cells. At least 11,000 to 12,000 genes are used in embryogenesis. These include most of the genes encoding transcription factors and signaling proteins, as well as some classes of general cytoskeletal and metabolic proteins, but only a minor fraction of genes encoding immune functions and sensory receptors. Thousands of small asymmetric transcripts of unknown function were also detected in intergenic regions throughout the genome. The tiling array data were used to correct and authenticate several thousand gene models during the genome annotation process. C1 NASA, Ames Genome Res Facil, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Systemix Inst, Los Altos, CA 94024 USA. Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Eloret Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA. RP Stolc, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Genome Res Facil, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM vstolc@arc.nasa.gov RI Tu, Qiang/B-4667-2008; OI Tu, Qiang/0000-0002-7579-8315; Cameron, R. Andrew/0000-0003-3947-6041 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-37105] NR 17 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 10 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5801 BP 960 EP 962 DI 10.1126/science.1131898 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 103OG UT WOS:000241896000042 PM 17095694 ER PT J AU Hausman, BA Michel, FC Espley, JR Cloutier, PA Acuna, H AF Hausman, B. A. Michel, F. C. Espley, J. R. Cloutier, P. A. Acuna, H. TI Measuring noise in magnetometers: An example using the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometers SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB A recently developed data analysis tool allows direct measurement of the total root-mean-square noise in magnetometer data. Since the total is a combination of intrinsic instrument noise and solar wind magnetic field fluctuations, we can put upper limits on the instrument noise during periods of relatively quiet solar wind fields. The technique involves taking vector and scalar products of successive magnetic measurements; the resulting scalar quantity is insensitive to slow field variations as well as sudden ones (i.e., tangential discontinuities) and provides a measure of total noise. We illustrate this analysis by determining the noise levels for the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer. Far from Mars and any obvious waves, we find that the magnetic field measurements noise level is +/- 0.05 nT. This is consistent with the ground-based instrument's measured noise level of +/- 0.01 nT expected under ideal conditions. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20701 USA. RP Hausman, BA (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, MS-108, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM hausman@rice.edu; fcm@rice.edu; espley@rice.edu; pac@spacsun.rice.edu; mario.h.acuna@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Espley, Jared/I-5118-2013 OI Espley, Jared/0000-0002-6371-9683 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11208 DI 10.1029/2005JA011470 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104UY UT WOS:000241986400001 ER PT J AU Liemohn, MW Ridley, AJ Kozyra, JU Gallagher, DL Thomsen, MF Henderson, MG Denton, MH Brandt, PC Goldstein, J AF Liemohn, Michael W. Ridley, Aaron J. Kozyra, Janet U. Gallagher, Dennis L. Thomsen, Michelle F. Henderson, Michael G. Denton, Michael H. Brandt, Pontus C. Goldstein, Jerry TI Analyzing electric field morphology through data-model comparisons of the Geospace Environment Modeling Inner Magnetosphere/Storm Assessment Challenge events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOM; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET IMAGER; STORMTIME PARTICLE ENERGIZATION; SUBAURORAL POLARIZATION STREAM; PARKER-SCKOPKE RELATION; ASYMMETRIC RING CURRENT; PLASMA SHEET ACCESS; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MAGNETIC STORMS AB The storm time inner magnetospheric electric field morphology and dynamics are assessed by comparing numerical modeling results of the plasmasphere and ring current with many in situ and remote sensing data sets. Two magnetic storms are analyzed, 22 April 2001 and 21-23 October 2001, which are the events selected for the Geospace Environment Modeling ( GEM) Inner Magnetosphere/Storms (IM/S) Assessment Challenge (IMSAC). The IMSAC seeks to quantify the accuracy of inner magnetospheric models as well as synthesize our understanding of this region. For each storm, the ring current-atmosphere interaction model ( RAM) and the dynamic global core plasma model (DGCPM) were run together with various settings for the large-scale convection electric field and the nightside ionospheric conductance, while keeping all other simulation settings the same. DGCPM plasmaspheric parameters were compared with IMAGE-EUV plasmapause extractions and LANL-MPA plume locations and velocities. RAM parameters were compared with Dst*, LANL-MPA fluxes and moments, IMAGE-MENA images, and IMAGE-HENA images. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made to determine the electric field morphology that allows the model results to best fit the plasma data at various times during these events. The simulations with self-consistent electric fields were, in general, better than those with prescribed field choices. This indicates that the time-dependent modulation of the inner magnetospheric electric fields by the nightside ionosphere is quite significant for accurate determination of these fields ( and their effects). It was determined that a shielded Volland-Stern field description driven by the 3-hour Kp index yields accurate results much of the time but can be quite inconsistent. The modified McIlwain field description clearly lagged in overall accuracy compared to the other fields, but matched some data sets ( like Dst*) quite well. The rankings between the simulations varied depending on the storm and the individual data sets, indicating that each field description did well for some place, time, and energy range during the events, as well as doing less well in other places, times, and energies. Several unresolved issues regarding the storm time inner magnetospheric electric field are discussed. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, ISR1, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Southampton, Southampton, Hants, England. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Liemohn, MW (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, 2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM liemohn@umich.edu RI Liemohn, Michael/H-8703-2012; Henderson, Michael/A-3948-2011; Ridley, Aaron/F-3943-2011; OI Liemohn, Michael/0000-0002-7039-2631; Henderson, Michael/0000-0003-4975-9029; Ridley, Aaron/0000-0001-6933-8534; Denton, Michael/0000-0002-1748-3710 NR 123 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S11 DI 10.1029/2006JA011700 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104UY UT WOS:000241986400005 ER PT J AU Weygand, JM Kivelson, MG Khurana, KK Schwarzl, HK Walker, RJ Balogh, A Kistler, LM Goldstein, ML AF Weygand, J. M. Kivelson, M. G. Khurana, K. K. Schwarzl, H. K. Walker, R. J. Balogh, A. Kistler, L. M. Goldstein, M. L. TI Non-self-similar scaling of plasma sheet and solar wind probability distribution functions of magnetic field fluctuations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE; CLUSTER; INTERMITTENCY; DENSITY; MHD AB Solar wind magnetometer and plasma data and magnetometer data acquired by Cluster in the magnetospheric plasma sheet are employed to construct probability distribution functions (PDFs) of magnetic field fluctuations over various temporal and spatial scales. This technique, often used in analysis of laboratory plasmas, is used to look for intermittent plasma turbulence and non-self-similar properties in the fluctuations. We examine the distribution of the magnetic field fluctuations for a single spacecraft and between pairs of correlated spacecraft time series data in both the plasma sheet and the solar wind (fast and slow speed streams). We demonstrate that the plasma sheet fluctuations have a distribution consistent with intermittent turbulence and that they scale non-self-similarly using two different methods (Sorriso-Valvo et al., 1999; Hnat et al., 2002). In the solar wind both methods show that the fast solar wind magnetic field fluctuations have a PDF consistent with intermittent turbulence and scale non-self-similarly, but the two methods give conflicting results for the slow solar wind scaling properties. Finally, we use the results of the two methods as well as kurtosis versus scale size to roughly determine the turbulent eddy scale size in both types of solar wind (about 500 R-E) and the magnetospheric plasma sheet (between 0.9 and 1.5 R-E). C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Weygand, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, 3845 Slichter Hall,POB 951567, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jweygand@igpp.ucla.edu RI Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008; Kivelson, Margaret/I-9019-2012 OI Kivelson, Margaret/0000-0003-3859-8581 NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11209 DI 10.1029/2006JA011820 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104UY UT WOS:000241986400011 ER PT J AU Kutepov, AA Feofilov, AG Marshall, BT Gordley, LL Pesnell, WD Goldberg, RA Russell, JM AF Kutepov, Alexander A. Feofilov, Artem G. Marshall, Benjamin T. Gordley, Larry L. Pesnell, W. Dean Goldberg, Richard A. Russell, James M., III TI SABER temperature observations in the summer polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Importance of accounting for the CO2 nu(2) quanta V-V exchange SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; CRISTA; LASER; GAS AB The polar summer thermal structure, with its cold mesopause and steep temperature gradients, both below and above the mesopause, produces the largest non-LTE effects in the CO2 nu(2) mode manifold states. In this paper we focus on validating the non-LTE model applied for operational temperature retrievals from the SABER 15 mu m limb radiance observations for these extreme conditions. We demonstrate that accounting for the redistribution of nu(2) quanta among various CO2 isotopes shifts the retrieved summer 2002 polar mesopause altitude upwards by 2 to 4 km. It brings the SABER temperature measurements into a better agreement with those of falling sphere experiments, lidar observations, as well as with climatological data. C1 NASA, Oak Ridge Affiliated Univ, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Univ Munich, Fac Phys, Univ Observ Munich, Munich, Germany. GATS Inc, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Kutepov, AA (reprint author), NASA, Oak Ridge Affiliated Univ, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM aak@usm.uni-muenchen.de RI Pesnell, William/D-1062-2012; Goldberg, Richard /E-1881-2012; Feofilov, Artem/A-2271-2015 OI Pesnell, William/0000-0002-8306-2500; Feofilov, Artem/0000-0001-9924-4846 NR 21 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 8 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21809 DI 10.1029/2006GL026591 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104TS UT WOS:000241982900001 ER PT J AU Lau, KM Kim, KM AF Lau, K. -M. Kim, K. -M. TI Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUMMER MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DUST AEROSOLS; MODEL; RADIATION; SURFACE; CLIMATE; SCALE; CHINA; CYCLE AB Preliminary observational evidences are presented showing that the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions are subject to heavy loading of absorbing aerosols, i.e., dust and black carbon, which possess spatial and temporal variability that are closely linked to those of the Asian monsoon water cycle. Consistent with the Elevated Heat Pump hypothesis, we find that increased loading of absorbing aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the pre-monsoon season is associated with a) increased heating of the upper troposphere, with the formation of a warm-core upper level anticyclone over the Tibetan Plateau in April May, b) an advance of the monsoon rainy season in northern India in May, and c) subsequent increased rainfall over the Indian subcontinent, and decreased rainfall over East Asia in June-July. C1 NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lau, KM (reprint author), NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM william.k.lau@nasa.gov RI Kim, Kyu-Myong/G-5398-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 21 TC 238 Z9 255 U1 8 U2 58 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 8 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21810 DI 10.1029/2006GL027546 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104TS UT WOS:000241982900006 ER PT J AU Barret, B Ricaud, P Santee, ML Attie, JL Urban, J Le Flochmoen, E Berthet, G Murtagh, D Eriksson, P Jones, A de la Noe, J Dupuy, E Froidevaux, L Livesey, NJ Waters, JW Filipiak, MJ AF Barret, B. Ricaud, P. Santee, M. L. Attie, J. -L. Urban, J. Le Flochmoen, E. Berthet, G. Murtagh, D. Eriksson, P. Jones, A. de la Noe, J. Dupuy, E. Froidevaux, L. Livesey, N. J. Waters, J. W. Filipiak, M. J. TI Intercomparisons of trace gases profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS limb sounders SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SUBMILLIMETER RADIOMETER; EOS MLS; INSTRUMENT SIMULATION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; RETRIEVAL; PERFORMANCE; CALIBRATION; SATELLITE; MISSION AB This paper presents the intercomparison of O-3, HNO3, ClO, N2O and CO profiles measured by the two spaceborne microwave instruments MLS ( Microwave Limb Sounder) and SMR ( Submillimetre Radiometer) on board the Aura and Odin satellites, respectively. We compared version 1.5 level 2 data from MLS with level 2 data produced by the French data processor version 222 and 225 and by the Swedish data processor version 2.0 for several days in September 2004 and in March 2005. For the five gases studied, an overall good agreement is found between both instruments. Most of the observed discrepancies between SMR and MLS are consistent with results from other intercomparison studies involving MLS or SMR. O-3 profiles retrieved from the SMR 501.8 GHz band are noisier than MLS profiles but mean biases between both instruments do not exceed 10%. SMR HNO3 profiles are biased low relative to MLS's by similar to 30% above the profile peak. In the lower stratosphere, MLS ClO profiles are biased low by up to 0.3 ppbv relative to coincident SMR profiles, except in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex in the presence of chlorine activation. N2O profiles from both instruments are in very good agreement with mean biases not exceeding 15%. Finally, the intercomparison between SMR and MLS CO profiles has shown a good agreement from the middle stratosphere to the middle mesosphere in spite of strong oscillations in the MLS profiles. In the upper mesosphere, MLS CO concentrations are biased high relative to SMR while negative values in the MLS retrievals are responsible for a negative bias in the tropics around 30 hPa. C1 Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Lab Phys & Chim Environm, F-45071 Orleans, France. Observ Aquitain Sci Univ, Lab Astrodynam Astrophys & Aeronom Bordeaux, F-33270 Floirac, France. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Inst Atmospher & Environm Sci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Barret, B (reprint author), CNRS, Lab Aerol, 14 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM brice.barret@aero.obs-mip.fr RI Eriksson, Patrick/A-5321-2009; The Odin satellite, aeronomy mission/F-1671-2011; Barret, Brice/I-9350-2012; Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011 OI Eriksson, Patrick/0000-0002-8475-0479; Barret, Brice/0000-0002-1784-4758; Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559 NR 28 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 8 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D21 AR D21302 DI 10.1029/2006JD007305 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 104UF UT WOS:000241984300008 ER PT J AU Gamblin, B Toon, OB Tolbert, MA Kondo, Y Takegawa, N Irie, H Koike, M Ballenthin, JO Hunton, DE Miller, TM Viggiano, AA Anderson, BE Avery, M Sachse, GW Podolske, JR Guenther, K Sorenson, C Mahoney, MJ AF Gamblin, B. Toon, O. B. Tolbert, M. A. Kondo, Y. Takegawa, N. Irie, H. Koike, M. Ballenthin, J. O. Hunton, D. E. Miller, T. M. Viggiano, A. A. Anderson, B. E. Avery, M. Sachse, G. W. Podolske, J. R. Guenther, K. Sorenson, C. Mahoney, M. J. TI Nitric acid condensation on ice: 1. Non-HNO3 constituent of NOY condensing cirrus particles on upper tropospheric SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIODE-LASER HYGROMETER; REACTIVE NITROGEN; PEROXYNITRIC ACID; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; CLOUD PARTICLES; ALKYL NITRATES; WATER-ICE; HNO3; INSTRUMENT; STRATOSPHERE AB Measurements of NOY condensation on cirrus particles during the SOLVE- I field campaign are analyzed and segregated based on altitude. Significant amounts of NOY were found on the upper tropospheric ice particles; therefore condensation on ice appears to be an important method of NOY removal from the gas phase at the low temperatures of the Scandinavian upper troposphere. For the data set collected on 23 January 2000, NOY condensation on cirrus particles has different properties depending on whether the ice particles are sampled in the upper troposphere, where HNO3 does not dominate NOY, or in the lower stratosphere, where HNO3 does dominate NOY. Nitric acid becomes enriched in the gas phase as NOY condenses on upper tropospheric ice crystals, indicating that a non- HNO3 component of NOY is condensing on upper tropospheric ice particles much faster and at higher concentrations than HNO3 alone on this day. It is unclear which non- HNO3 constituent of NOY is condensing on upper tropospheric ice particles, although N2O5 is the most likely species. This condensation of a non- HNO3 component of NOY is not universal in the upper troposphere but depends on the conditions of the air parcel in which sampling occurred, notably exposure to sunlight. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Atmospher Composit Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Phys, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gamblin, B (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gamblin@lasp.colorado.edu RI Koike, Makoto/F-4366-2011; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012 NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 8 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D21 AR D21203 DI 10.1029/2005JD006048 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 104UF UT WOS:000241984300001 ER PT J AU Dholakia, GR Meyyappan, M Facchetti, A Marks, TJ AF Dholakia, Geetha R. Meyyappan, M. Facchetti, Antonio Marks, Tobin J. TI Monolayer to multilayer nanostructural growth transition in N-type oligothiophenes on Au(111) and implications for organic field-effect transistor performance SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; LARGE-AREA; SEMICONDUCTOR PERFORMANCE; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; CONTACT RESISTANCE; BUILDING-BLOCKS; MORPHOLOGY; PENTACENE; THIOPHENE AB The evolution in growth morphology and molecular orientation of n-type semiconducting alpha,omega-diperfluorohexyl-quaterthiophene (DFH-4T) on Au(111) is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy as the film thickness is increased from one monolayer to multilayers. Monolayer-thick DFH-4T films are amorphous and morphologically featureless with a large pit density, whereas multilayer films exhibit drastically different terraced structures consisting of overlapping platelets. Large changes in DFH-4T molecular orientation are observed on transitioning from two to four monolayers. Parallel electrical characterization of top-versus-bottom contact configuration DFH-4T FETs with Au source/drain electrodes reveals greatly different mobilities (mu(TOP)) 1.1 +/- 0.2 10(-2) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) versus mu(BOTTOM) = 2.3 +/- 0.5 10(-5) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1)) and contact resistances (RC-TOP)4-12M Omega cm vs RC- BOTTOM > 1 G Omega cm). This study provides important information on the organic semiconductor-source\drain electrode interfaces and explains why top-contact OFET devices typically have superior performance. By direct visualization, it demonstrates that the DFH-4T film growth transition from monolayer to multilayer on Au is accompanied by dramatic morphology and molecular orientation changes, starting from an amorphous, pitted, and disordered monolayer, to crystalline and smooth bi/tetralayers but with the molecules reoriented by 90 degrees. These chemisorption-derived inhomogenities at the contact-molecule interface and the large monolayer -> multilayer -> bulk microstructural changes are in accord with the large bottom-contact device resistance and poor OFET performance. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Ctr Mat Res, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Dholakia, GR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM gdholakia@mail.arc.nasa.gov; a-facchetti@northwestern.edu; t-marks@northwestern.edu NR 78 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD NOV 8 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 11 BP 2447 EP 2455 DI 10.1021/nl061566+ PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 103AT UT WOS:000241856700011 PM 17090072 ER PT J AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Acuna, MH AF Burlaga, L. F. Ness, N. F. Acuna, M. H. TI Trains of magnetic holes and magnetic humps in the heliosheath SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MIRROR MODE STRUCTURES; TERMINATION SHOCK; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOSHEATH; VOYAGER-1; ULYSSES; FIELDS AB This paper discusses the existence of trains ( sequences) of magnetic holes and magnetic humps in the heliosheath, based on Voyager 1 observations made in the intervals DOY 312.9707 - 317.0879, 2005 and DOY 185.2762 - 186.7957, 2005. These two trains represent a class of compressive fluctuations in the heliosheath. Varying from one region or time interval to another, this class of fluctuations probably depends on the varying conditions upstream of the Termination Shock and its nature. The trains of magnetic holes in the heliosheath resemble certain magnetic field strength fluctuations observed in planetary magnetosheaths. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geospace Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Inst Astrophys & Computat Sci, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Magnetospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geospace Phys Lab, Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leonard.f.burlaga@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21106 DI 10.1029/2006GL027276 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104TR UT WOS:000241982800002 ER PT J AU Stolarski, RS Douglass, AR Gupta, M Newman, PA Pawson, S Schoeberl, MR Nielsen, JE AF Stolarski, R. S. Douglass, A. R. Gupta, M. Newman, P. A. Pawson, S. Schoeberl, M. R. Nielsen, J. E. TI An ozone increase in the Antarctic summer stratosphere: A dynamical response to the ozone hole SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE MODEL; TRANSPORT MODEL; TRENDS AB Profiles of ozone concentration retrieved from the SBUV series of satellites show an increase between 1979 and 1997 in the summertime Antarctic middle stratosphere ( similar to 25 - 10 hPa). Data over the South Pole from ozone sondes confirm the increase. A similar ozone increase is produced in a chemistry climate model that allows feedback between constituent changes and the stratospheric circulation through radiative heating. A simulation that excludes the radiative coupling between predicted ozone and the circulation does not capture this ozone increase. We show that the ozone increase in our model simulations is caused by a dynamical feedback in response to the changes in the stratospheric wind fields forced by the radiative perturbation associated with the Antarctic ozone hole. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FAA, Off Environm & Energy, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Stolarski, RS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Code 613-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM richard.s.stolarski@nasa.gov RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21805 DI 10.1029/2006GL026820 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 104TR UT WOS:000241982800001 ER PT J AU Belanger, S Xie, HX Krotkov, N Larouche, P Vincent, WF Babin, M AF Belanger, Simon Xie, Huixiang Krotkov, Nickolay Larouche, Pierre Vincent, Warwick F. Babin, Marcel TI Photomineralization of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in Arctic coastal waters from 1979 to 2003: Interannual variability and implications of climate change SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN BEAUFORT SEA; SURFACE UV IRRADIANCE; AQUATIC PARTICLES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; QUANTUM YIELD; FRESH-WATER; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; SATELLITE ESTIMATION; INORGANIC CARBON; NATURAL-WATERS AB Photomineralization of terrigenous dissolved organic matter (tDOM) in the Arctic Ocean is limited by persistent sea ice cover that reduces the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the underlying water column. UV-dependent processes are likely to accelerate as a result of shrinking sea ice extent and decreasing ice thickness caused by climatic warming over this region. In this study, we made the first quantitative estimates of photomineralization of tDOM in a coastal Arctic ecosystem under current and future sea ice regimes. We used an optical-photochemical coupled model incorporating water column optics and experimental measurements of photoproduction of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the main carbon product of DOM photochemistry. Apparent quantum yields of DIC photoproduction were determined on water samples from the Mackenzie River estuary, the Mackenzie Shelf, and Amundsen Gulf. UV irradiances just below the sea surface were estimated by combining satellite backscattered and passive microwave radiance measurements with a radiative transfer model. The mean annual DIC photoproduction between 1979 and 2003 was estimated as 66.5 +/- 18.5 Gg carbon in the surface waters of the southeastern Beaufort Sea, where UV absorption is dominated by chromophoric dissolved organic matter discharged by the Mackenzie River. This value is equivalent to 10% of bacterial respiration rates, 8% of new primary production rates and 2.8 +/- 0.6% of the 1.3 Tg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) discharged annually by the Mackenzie River into the area. During periods of reduced ice cover such as 1998, the latter value could rise to 5.1% of the annual riverine DOC discharge. Under an ice-free scenario, the model predicted that 150.5 Gg of DIC would be photochemically produced, mineralizing 6.2% of the DOC input from the Mackenzie River. These results show that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of tDOM in Arctic surface waters. C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. CNRS, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, Villefranche Sur Mer, France. Univ Quebec, Inst Sci Mer Rimouski, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Inst, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Nord, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Belanger, S (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. EM sbe@obs-vlfr.fr; huixiang_xie@uqar.qc.ca; krotkov@chescat.gsfc.nasa.gov; larouchep@dfo-mpo.gc.ca; warwick.vincent@bio.ulaval.ca; marcel@obs-vlfr.fr RI Vincent, Warwick/C-9522-2009; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012 OI Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750 NR 63 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD NOV 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 AR GB4005 DI 10.1029/2006GB002708 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 104UB UT WOS:000241983800001 ER PT J AU Davis, LM Compton, JM Kranbuehl, DE Thompson, DW Southward, RE AF Davis, Luke M. Compton, J. M. Kranbuehl, D. E. Thompson, D. W. Southward, R. E. TI Reflective and electrically conductive palladium surface-metallized polyimide nanocomposite membranes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polyimides; nanocomposites; conducting polymers ID SINGLE-STAGE SYNTHESIS; POLYMER MEMBRANES; FILM FORMATION; COMPLEXES; CLUSTERS; TRANSITION; ADHESION AB A previous article (Southward and Thompson, Chem Mater 2004, 16, 2091) focused on the characterization of surface metallized palladium-BTDA/4,4'-ODA (3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride-4,4'-oxydianiline) hybrid membranes formed by in situ reduction of Pd(2+) to Pd(O) during thermal imidization of the poly(amic acid) via the protocol of St. Clair et al. (J Am Chem Soc 1980, 102, 876). The present work extended the Pd-polyimide metallization synthesis to the BPDA/4,4'-ODA (3,3',4,4-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride-4,4'-ODA) polymer. The effects of the Pd(2+) ligand on the reductive metallization of BTDA/4,4'-ODA were also examined for the PdCl(2)(SMe(2))(2), PdBr(2)(SMe(2))(2), and Pd(CF(3)COO)(2) complexes. The hybrid films were characterized by specular and diffuse reflectivity and by conductivity measurement. Maximum specular reflectivity was in the range of 35%-55%, and conductivity was in the range of 1-10 Omega/square. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the initial Pd metal particles formed within the films were in the 3-8 nm range in size. These particles increased in size with irregular shapes at the surface as the metallic exterior emerged. A fraction of the nanometer-sized Pd particles remained uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the film. The mechanism for the formation of a metallic surface required selective oxidative degradation of the polyimide at the polyimide-air interface. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Chem, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA. Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Thompson, DW (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Chem, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA. EM dwthom@wm.edu; Southward@nasa.gov NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD NOV 5 PY 2006 VL 102 IS 3 BP 2708 EP 2716 DI 10.1002/app.24162 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 090AV UT WOS:000240923900088 ER PT J AU Schneider, J Beshears, R Nunes, AC AF Schneider, Judy Beshears, Ronald Nunes, Arthur C., Jr. TI Interfacial sticking and slipping in the friction stir welding process SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE friction stir welding; material flow; weld tool/workpiece interface ID ALUMINUM-ALLOYS; MATERIAL FLOW; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; VISUALIZATION AB In friction stir welding (FSW), a rotating threaded weld tool is inserted into a weld seam and literally stirs the edges of the seam together. To determine optimal processing parameters for producing a defect free weld, a physical understanding of the resulting metal deformation flow path is required. Marker studies are the principal method of studying the metal deformation flow path around the FSW weld tool. In our study, we have used a lead wire embedded in the weld seam as a tracer. At the welding temperature of aluminum, the lead becomes molten and is continuously carried with the macro-flow of the weld metal. A through thickness flow of metal was revealed in the X-ray imaging of the lead tracer in addition to revealing a cyclic oscillation in the plasticized metal affected by the process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Non Destruct Evaluat Team, ED32, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Mat Proc & Mfg Dept, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Schneider, J (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM schneider@me.msstate.edu NR 22 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD NOV 5 PY 2006 VL 435 BP 297 EP 304 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.07.082 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 100QI UT WOS:000241683200039 ER PT J AU Fischer, G Macher, W Gurnett, DA Desch, MD Lecacheux, A Zarka, P Kurth, WS Kaiser, ML AF Fischer, G. Macher, W. Gurnett, D. A. Desch, M. D. Lecacheux, A. Zarka, P. Kurth, W. S. Kaiser, M. L. TI Discrimination between Jovian radio emissions and Saturn electrostatic discharges SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Short vertical streaks in the dynamic spectrum of the Cassini/RPWS (Radio and Plasma Wave Science) receiver in the frequency range of a few MHz can be due to Jovian radio emissions or SEDs (Saturn electrostatic discharges). Although Jupiter is increasingly far from Cassini, the peaks of decametric Jovian arcs can still be detected a few dB above the galactic background, and in some cases they look very similar to the SEDs caused by lightning in Saturn's atmosphere. We show a method for discriminating between these two phenomena by using the ratio of the measured autocorrelations in case the receiver uses at least two antennas. We analyze the special event from July 22, 2003, which was interpreted as the first indication of SEDs at a time when the spacecraft was still at a distance of 1.08 AU from Saturn, and find that it originated from Jupiter. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Observ Paris, Meudon, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Fischer, G (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, 203 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM georg-fischer@uiowa.edu OI Kurth, William/0000-0002-5471-6202 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 3 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21201 DI 10.1029/2006GL026766 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DM UT WOS:000241865900001 ER PT J AU Hofton, MA Malavassi, E Blair, JB AF Hofton, M. A. Malavassi, E. Blair, J. B. TI Quantifying recent pyroclastic and lava flows at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, using medium-footprint lidar SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER ALTIMETER; VEGETATION; TOPOGRAPHY AB Arenal volcano is a small, active stratovolcano in Costa Rica. In 1998 and 2005, NASA's Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) was used to collect wide-swath 3-dimensional topographic images of the volcano. The LVIS is a full-waveform, scanning, medium-sized footprint, airborne laser altimeter system. By digitally recording the shape of the returning laser pulse (waveform), the LVIS provides a precise and accurate view of both the sub-canopy and canopy-top topographies as well as the vertical and horizontal structure of vegetation at 15-25 m horizontal resolution. By comparing georeferenced waveform data collected in 1998 and 2005, we mapped lava and pyroclastic flows deposited during this period. The active crater grew by 3.82 m yr(-1). A flow volume estimate of 2.19x10(7) m(3) (Dense Rock Equivalent of 1.89x10(7) m(3) or 0.085 m(3) s(-1)) was obtained for the period 1998 to 2005. Precise elevation and elevation change data such as those provided by the LVIS are essential to calculate eruption volume and to study magma-supply dynamics, as well as assess the danger posed by the volcano to the local population from hazards such as pyroclastic flows. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. UNA, OVSICORI, Heredia, Costa Rica. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser Remote Sensing Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hofton, MA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mhofton@umd.edu RI Khachadourian, Diana/C-8513-2012; Blair, James/D-3881-2013 NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 3 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21306 DI 10.1029/2006GL027822 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DM UT WOS:000241865900008 ER PT J AU Wilcox, EM Roberts, G Ramanathan, V AF Wilcox, Eric M. Roberts, Greg Ramanathan, V. TI Influence of aerosols on the shortwave cloud radiative forcing from North Pacific oceanic clouds: Results from the Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION MODELS; ENERGY SYSTEM INSTRUMENT; DROPLET EFFECTIVE RADIUS; FLUX ESTIMATION; ALBEDO; SATELLITE AB Aerosols over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean enhance the cloud drop number concentration and reduce the drop size for marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds. These microphysical effects result in brighter clouds, as evidenced by a combination of aircraft and satellite observations. In-situ measurements from the Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX) indicate that the mean cloud drop number concentration in low clouds over the polluted marine boundary layer is greater by 53 cm(-3) compared to clean clouds, and the mean cloud drop effective radius is smaller by 4 mm. We link these in-situ measurements of cloud modification by aerosols, for the first time, with collocated satellite broadband radiative flux observations from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System to show that these microphysical effects of aerosols enhance the top-of-atmosphere cooling by similar to 9.9 +/- 4.3 W m(-2) for overcast conditions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Wilcox, EM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 613-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eric.m.wilcox@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 3 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21804 DI 10.1029/2006GL027150 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DM UT WOS:000241865900002 ER PT J AU McGuigan, M Waite, JH Imanaka, H Sacks, RD AF McGuigan, Megan Waite, J. Hunter Imanaka, Hiroshi Sacks, Richard D. TI Analysis of Titan tholin pyrolysis products by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography; GC x GC pyrolysis; TOF-MS; tholin ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MULTIBED SORPTION TRAP; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; ORGANIC-CHEMISTRY; SATURNIAN SYSTEM; GC ANALYSIS; ATMOSPHERE; MIXTURES; AEROSOLS; SAMPLES AB The reddish brown haze that surrounds Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is thought to consist of tholin-like organic aerosols. Tholins are complex materials of largely unknown structure. The very high peak capacity and structured chromatograms obtained from comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC x GC) are attractive attributes for the characterization of tholin pyrolysis products. In this report, GC x GC with time-of-flight MS detection and a flash pyrolysis inlet is used to characterize tholin pyrolysis products. Identified pyrolysis products include low-molecular-weight nitriles, alkyl substituted pyrroles, linear and branched hydrocarbons, alkyl-substituted benzenes and PAH compounds. The pyrolysis of standards found in tholin pyrolysate showed that little alteration occurred and thus these structures are likely present in the tholin material. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP McGuigan, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM mmcguiga@umich.edu RI Imanaka, Hiroshi/E-7816-2012 NR 34 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 3 PY 2006 VL 1132 IS 1-2 BP 280 EP 288 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.069 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 098QR UT WOS:000241538400034 PM 16934276 ER PT J AU Song, YT AF Song, Y. Tony TI Estimation of interbasin transport using ocean bottom pressure: Theory and model for Asian marginal seas SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SOUTH CHINA SEA; INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW; TROPICAL PACIFIC; MAKASSAR STRAIT; PART I; CIRCULATION; FLOW; VARIABILITY; GRAVITY; GRACE AB The Asian Marginal Seas are interconnected by a number of narrow straits, such as the Makassar Strait connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Indian Ocean, the Luzon Strait connecting the South China Sea with the Pacific Ocean, and the Korea/Tsushima Strait connecting the East China Sea with the Japan/East Sea. Here we propose a method, the combination of the "geostrophic control'' formula of Garrett and Toulany (1982) and the "hydraulic control'' theory of Whitehead et al. (1974), allowing the use of satellite-observed sea-surface-height (SSH) and ocean-bottom-pressure (OBP) data for estimating interbasin transport. The new method also allows separating the interbasin transport into surface and bottom fluxes that play an important role in maintaining the mass balance of the regional oceans. Comparison with model results demonstrates that the combined method can estimate the seasonal variability of the strait transports and is significantly better than the method of using SSH or OBP alone. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. RP Song, YT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. EM song@pacific.jpl.nasa.gov NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 3 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C11 AR C11S19 DI 10.1029/2005JC003189 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 103DX UT WOS:000241867000001 ER PT J AU Makinen, JTT Harri, AM Tokano, T Savijarvi, H Siili, T Ferri, F AF Makinen, J. Teemu T. Harri, Ari-Matti Tokano, Tetsuya Savijarvi, Hannu Siili, Tero Ferri, Francesca TI Vertical atmospheric flow on Titan as measured by the HASI instrument on board the Huygens probe SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PRESSURE PROFILE INSTRUMENT; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; WINDS; WAVES; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; DESCENT; SURFACE; CLOUDS; SATURN AB On January 14, 2005, the Huygens probe descended on the surface of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn and the only moon in the Solar system with a substantial atmosphere. After the deployment of the main parachute and the release of the heat shield at an altitude of about 150 km, the local pressure and temperature were measured by HASI (Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument) all the way down to the surface. These measurements have now been used to determine the vertical component of the atmospheric flow along the trajectory of the probe. The average flow direction is rising below about 40 km and sinking above that, with features that loosely match the strong shears in the horizontal wind profile obtained by radio telemetry. The prevalence of sinking motion in the stratosphere is an unexpected result for the given latitude, suggesting a layered atmosphere with a large thermally indirect cell. Wiggles superposed on the main upward flow are evidence of inertial instability characteristic of equatorial regions, pointing to a latitudinal shear of zonal wind throughout the lower atmosphere. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Padua, Ctr Interdipartimentale Studi & Att Spaziali G Co, I-35131 Padua, Italy. RP Makinen, JTT (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM teemu.makinen@fmi.fi RI Harri, Ari-Matti/C-7142-2012 OI Harri, Ari-Matti/0000-0001-8541-2802 NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 2 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21803 DI 10.1029/2006GL026982 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DL UT WOS:000241865800001 ER PT J AU Joshi, R Nelson, G Zhou, YH AF Joshi, Rajeev Nelson, Greg Zhou, Yunhong TI Denali: A practical algorithm for generating optimal code SO ACM TRANSACTIONS ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE algorithms; performance; languages; theory; compilation; code generation; and practical optimal code generation AB This article presents a design for the Denali-2 superoptimizer, which will generate minimumin-struction-length machine code for realistic machine architectures using automatic theoremproving technology: specifically, using E-graph matching ( a technique for pattern matching in the presence of equality information) and Boolean satisfiability solving. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D. 1 [Programming Techniques]; D. 3 [Programming Languages]; D. m [Miscellaneous]; I.2.2 [Artificial Intelligence]: Automatic Programming; I.2.3 [Artificial Intelligence]: Deduction and Theorem Proving; I.2.5 [Artificial Intelligence]: Programming Languages and SoftwareThis article presents a precise definition of the underlying automatic programming problem solved by the Denali-2 superoptimizer. It sketches the E-graph matching phase and presents a detailed exposition and proof of soundness of the reduction of the automatic programming problem to the Boolean satisfiability problem. C1 NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Joshi, R (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. EM gnelson@gmail.com NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0164-0925 J9 ACM T PROGR LANG SYS JI ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 28 IS 6 BP 967 EP 989 DI 10.1145/1186632.1186633 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 119DD UT WOS:000242991500001 ER PT J AU Wilson, J Wernet, MP Paxson, DE AF Wilson, Jack Wernet, Mark P. Paxson, Daniel E. TI Vortex rings generated by a shrouded Hartmann-Sprenger tube SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 17th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference CY JUN 06-09, 2005 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY; UNIVERSAL TIME-SCALE; RESONANCE TUBE; AIR-JET; CIRCULATION; MODEL; PROPULSION; VELOCITY; LAMINAR; SPEED AB The pulsed flow emitted from a shrouded Hartmann-Sprenger tube was sampled with high-frequency pressure transducers and with digital particle image velocimetry, and found to consist of a train of vortices. The mass flow was also monitored using an orifice meter. The tube and shroud lengths were altered to give four different operating frequencies. From the data, the radius, velocity, and circulation of the vortex rings were obtained. Each frequency corresponded to a different value of the slug length to diameter ratio. The slug length is the length of the volume of air emitted from the tube on each pulse. A modified version of the slug model of vortex ring formation was used to compare the observations with calculated values. Because the flow exit area is an annulus, vorticity is shed at both the inner and outer edge of the jet. However, the vorticity shed at the inner edge seems not to affect the circulation in the ring. The value of ring circulation obtained from digital particle image velocimetry did not agree with values calculated from the slug model, leading to a discrepancy between measured and calculated vortex ring velocity. The vortex ring radius, which does not depend on the circulation, does agree with a prediction from the slug model. C1 QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Wilson, J (reprint author), QSS Grp Inc, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 59 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 EI 1533-385X J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2706 EP 2718 DI 10.2514/1.17560 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 102ZA UT WOS:000241851100033 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, D AF Greenblatt, David TI Managing flap vortices via separation control SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA ID GENERATED VORTEX WAKES; TRAILING VORTICES; AXIAL-FLOW; HIGH-LIFT; INSTABILITY; AIRCRAFT; PAIRS AB A pilot study was conducted on a flapped semispan model to investigate the concept and viability of near-wake vortex management by means of boundary layer separation control. Passive control was achieved using a simple fairing and active control was achieved via zero mass-flux blowing slots. Vortex sheet strength, estimated by integrating surface pressures, was used to predict vortex characteristics based on inviscid roll-up relations and vortices trailing the flaps were mapped using a seven-hole probe. Separation control was found to have a marked effect on vortex location, strength, tangential velocity, axial velocity, and size over a wide range of angles of attack and control conditions. In general, the vortex trends were well predicted by the inviscid roll-up relations. Manipulation of the separated flow near the flap edges exerted significant control over either outboard or inboard edge vortices while producing small lift and moment excursions. In summary, separation control has the potential for application to time-independent or time-dependent wake alleviation schemes, where the latter can be deployed to minimize adverse effects on ride-quality and dynamic structural loading. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Flow Phys & Control Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Greenblatt, D (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, 8 Mueller Breslau St, D-10623 Berlin, Germany. EM david.greenblatt@pi.tu-berlin.de NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2755 EP 2764 DI 10.2514/1.19664 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 102ZA UT WOS:000241851100038 ER PT J AU Kiang, RK Adimi, F Nigro, JD Laihad, FJ Thimasarn, K Rastogi, R AF Kiang, Richard K. Adimi, Farida Nigro, Joseph D. Laihad, Ferdinand J. Thimasarn, Krongthong Rastogi, Rakesh TI In search of environmental determinants for malaria transmissions in Indonesia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NASA, GSF, Greenbelt, MD USA. Minist Hlth, Dicectorate Vector Borne Dis Control, Jakarta, Indonesia. WHO, Reg Off SE Asia, New Delhi, India. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 75 IS 5 SU S MA 1079 BP 311 EP 312 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 109XW UT WOS:000242343901514 ER PT J AU Hazen, RM AF Hazen, Robert M. TI Mineral surfaces and the prebiotic selection and organization of biomolecules SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Editorial Material DE surface studies; calcite; quartz; feldspar; new technique; microarray; origin of life ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; CHIRAL METAL-SURFACES; PRIMITIVE EARTH CONDITIONS; SELF-REPLICATING MICELLES; RACEMIC AMINO-ACIDS; BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; ENANTIOSPECIFIC DESORPTION; HETEROGENEOUS TEMPLATES; ASYMMETRIC ADSORPTION AB One of the most enigmatic steps in Earth's ancient transition from a lifeless planet to a living world was the process or processes by which prebiotic organic molecules were selected, concentrated, and organized into the essential macromolecules of life. More than a half-century of theory and experiment points to the critical roles of mineral surfaces in the assembly of proteins, lipid bilayers, and genetic polymers. This review considers three aspects of this problem: (1) the self-assembly of lipids, which may be enhanced in the presence of minerals; (2) the role of minerals in polymerization of amino acids and nucleic acids; and (3) the selective adsorption of organic species, including chiral molecules, onto mineral surfaces. C1 Carnegie Inst, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Hazen, RM (reprint author), Carnegie Inst, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. EM rhazen@gl.ciw.edu NR 233 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 6 U2 53 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X EI 1945-3027 J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 91 IS 11-12 BP 1715 EP 1729 DI 10.2138/am.2006.2289 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 109OO UT WOS:000242318100001 ER PT J AU Kaneko, H Bey, KS Hou, GJW AF Kaneko, Hideaki Bey, Kim S. Hou, Gene J. W. TI Discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for parabolic problems SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE discontinuous Galerkin method; parabolic equations ID TIME-STEP CONTROL; EQUATIONS AB In this paper, we develop a time and its corresponding spatial discretization scheme, based upon the assumption of a certain weak singularity of vertical bar vertical bar u(t)(t)vertical bar vertical bar(L2(Omega)) = vertical bar vertical bar u(1)vertical bar vertical bar(2), for the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for one-dimensional parabolic problems. Optimal convergence rates in both time and spatial variables are obtained. A discussion of automatic time-step control method is also included. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Thermal Struct Branch, Struct Div, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Kaneko, H (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. EM hkaneko@odu.edu NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0096-3003 J9 APPL MATH COMPUT JI Appl. Math. Comput. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 182 IS 1 BP 388 EP 402 DI 10.1016/j.amc.2006.02.056 PG 15 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 146EG UT WOS:000244916700037 ER PT J AU Miller, JH Bakhirkin, YA Ajtai, T Tittel, FK Hill, CJ Yang, RQ AF Miller, J. H. Bakhirkin, Y. A. Ajtai, T. Tittel, F. K. Hill, C. J. Yang, R. Q. TI Detection of formaldehyde using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy with an interband cascade laser SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATOR; CONTINUOUS-WAVE; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTROMETER; RING AB A continuous-wave, mid-infrared, distributed feedback, interband cascade laser was used to detect and quantify formaldehyde (H(2)CO) using off-axis, integrated cavity output spectroscopy in gas mixtures containing approximate to 1-25 parts in 10(6) by volume (ppmV) of H(2)CO. Analysis of the spectral measurements indicates that a H(2)CO concentration of 150 parts in 10(9) by volume (ppbV) would produce a spectrum with a signal to noise ratio of 3 for a data acquisition time of 3 s. This is a relevant sensitivity level for formaldehyde monitoring of indoor air, occupational settings, and on board spacecraft in long duration missions in particular as the detection sensitivity improves with the square root of the data acquisition time. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20052 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tittel, FK (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 6100 S Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM fkt@rice.edu RI Miller, John/B-7324-2009 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 85 IS 2-3 BP 391 EP 396 DI 10.1007/s00340-006-2310-2 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 087EG UT WOS:000240724900032 ER PT J AU Mengshoel, OJ Wilkins, DC Roth, D AF Mengshoel, Ole J. Wilkins, David C. Roth, Dan TI Controlled generation of hard and easy Bayesian networks: Impact on maximal clique size in tree clustering SO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE probabilistic reasoning; Bayesian networks; tree clustering inference; maximal clique size; C/V-ratio; random generation; controlled experiments ID BELIEF NETWORKS; NP-HARD; INFERENCE; ALGORITHMS; SYSTEMS; COMPLEXITY; DIAGNOSIS; GRAPHS; MODELS; MAPS AB This article presents and analyzes algorithms that systematically generate random Bayesian networks of varying difficulty levels, with respect to inference using tree clustering. The results are relevant to research on efficient Bayesian network inference, such as computing a most probable explanation or belief updating, since they allow controlled experimentation to determine the impact of improvements to inference algorithms. The results are also relevant to research on machine learning of Bayesian networks, since they support controlled generation of a large number of data sets at a given difficulty level. Our generation algorithms, called BPART and MPART, support controlled but random construction of bipartite and multipartite Bayesian networks. The Bayesian network parameters that we vary are the total number of nodes, degree of connectivity, the ratio of the number of non-root nodes to the number of root nodes, regularity of the underlying graph, and characteristics of the conditional probability tables. The main dependent parameter is the size of the maximal clique as generated by tree clustering. This article presents extensive empirical analysis using the HUGIN tree clustering approach as well as theoretical analysis related to the random generation of Bayesian networks using BPART and MPART. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Stanford Univ, Ctr Study Language & Informat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Mengshoel, OJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM omengshoel@riacs.edu; dwilkins@stanford.edu; danr@cs.uiuc.edu NR 72 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-3702 J9 ARTIF INTELL JI Artif. Intell. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 170 IS 16-17 BP 1137 EP 1174 DI 10.1016/j.artint.2006.09.003 PG 38 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 114CM UT WOS:000242644300002 ER PT J AU Marsh, KA Velusamy, T Ware, B AF Marsh, Kenneth A. Velusamy, Thangasamy Ware, Brent TI Point process algorithm: A new Bayesian approach for planet signal extraction with the Terrestrial Planet Finder-Interferometer SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE methods : data analysis; planetary systems; techniques : interferometric AB The capability of the Terrestrial Planet Finder-Interferometer (TPF-I) for planetary signal extraction, including both detection and spectral characterization, can be optimized by taking proper account of instrumental characteristics and astrophysical prior information. We have developed the point process algorithm (PPA), a Bayesian technique for extracting planetary signals using the sine-chopped outputs of a dual nulling interferometer. It is so called because it represents the system being observed as a set of points in a suitably defined state space, thus providing a natural way of incorporating our prior knowledge of the compact nature of the targets of interest. It can also incorporate the spatial covariance of the exozodiacal light as prior information, which could help mitigate against false detections. Data at multiple wavelengths are used simultaneously, taking into account possible spectral variations of the planetary signals. Input parameters include the rms measurement noise and the a priori probability of the presence of a planet. The output can be represented as an image of the intensity distribution on the sky, optimized for the detection of point sources. Previous approaches by others to the problem of planet detection for TPF-I have relied on the potentially nonrobust identification of peaks in a "dirty'' image, usually a correlation map. Tests with synthetic data suggest that the PPA provides greater sensitivity to faint sources than does the standard approach (correlation map + CLEAN) and will be a useful tool for optimizing the design of TPF-I. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Marsh, KA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kenneth.a.marsh@jpl.nasa.gov; thangasamy.velusamy@jpl.nasa.gov; brent.ware@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 132 IS 5 BP 1789 EP 1795 DI 10.1086/507676 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104GI UT WOS:000241945500006 ER PT J AU Buchanan, CL Kastner, JH Forrest, WJ Hrivnak, BJ Sahai, R Egan, M Frank, A Barnbaum, C AF Buchanan, Catherine L. Kastner, Joel H. Forrest, William J. Hrivnak, Bruce J. Sahai, Raghvendra Egan, Michael Frank, Adam Barnbaum, Cecilia TI A Spitzer Space Telescope infrared spectrograph spectral atlas of luminous 8 mu m sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE atlases; circumstellar matter; infrared : stars; Magellanic Clouds; stars : AGB and post-AGB; stars : mass loss ID GIANT BRANCH STARS; POST-AGB STARS; CARBON STARS; IRAS SOURCES; EMISSION FEATURE; PROTOPLANETARY NEBULAE; PLANETARY-NEBULAE; INTERSTELLAR DUST; ISO OBSERVATIONS; MICRON SPECTRA AB We present an atlas of Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectra of highly luminous, compact, mid-IR sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Sources were selected on the basis of IR colors and 8 mu m (Midcourse Space Experiment) fluxes indicative of highly evolved, intermediate-to-high-mass stars with current or recent mass loss at large rates. We determine the chemistry of the circumstellar envelope from the mid-IR continuum and spectral features and classify the spectral types of the stars. In the sample of 60 sources, we find 21 red supergiants (RSGs), 16 C-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, 11 H II regions, 4 likely O-rich AGB stars, 4 Galactic O-rich AGB stars, 2 OH/IR stars, and 2 B[e] supergiants with peculiar IR spectra. We find that the overwhelming majority of the sample AGB stars (with typical IR luminosities of similar to 10(4) L-circle dot) have C-rich envelopes, while the O-rich objects are predominantly luminous RSGs with L-IR similar to 10(5) L-circle dot. For both classes of evolved star (C- rich AGB stars and RSGs), we use the near-to-mid-IR spectral energy distributions to determine mean bolometric corrections to the stellar K-band flux densities. For carbon stars, the bolometric corrections depend on the IR color, whereas for RSGs, the bolometric correction is independent of IR color. Our results reveal that objects previously classified as planetary nebulae on the basis of IR colors are, in fact, compact H II regions with very red IRS spectra that include strong atomic recombination lines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission features. We demonstrate that the IRS spectral classes in our sample separate clearly in IR color-color diagrams that use combinations of Two Micron All Sky Survey data and synthetic Spitzer Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer fluxes derived from the IRS spectra. On this basis we suggest diagnostics to identify and classify, with high confidence levels, IR-luminous evolved stars and compact H II regions in nearby galaxies using Spitzer and near-IR photometry. C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Ctr Imaging Sci, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. USAF, Res Lab, OASD NII Space Programs, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. Valdosta Univ, Valdosta, GA 31698 USA. RP Buchanan, CL (reprint author), Rochester Inst Technol, Ctr Imaging Sci, 54 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM clbsps@cis.rit.edu; jhk@cis.rit.edu NR 59 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 132 IS 5 BP 1890 EP 1909 DI 10.1086/507329 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104GI UT WOS:000241945500014 ER PT J AU De Mello, DF Dahlen, T Gardner, JP Grogin, NA AF De Mello, D. F. Dahlen, T. Gardner, Jonathan P. Grogin, N. A. TI Near-ultraviolet sources in the great observatories origins deep survey fields SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation; galaxies : starburst ID STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; HIGH-REDSHIFT; HUBBLE; MORPHOLOGY; INTERMEDIATE; EVOLUTION; NORTH AB We present an ultraviolet-selected sample of 268 objects in the two fields of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS). We used the parallel observations taken with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in the U band (F300W), which covered 88% of the GOODS fields, to identify sources and selected only objects with GOODS Advanced Camera for Surveys counterparts. Spectroscopic redshifts for 95 of these sources are available, and we have used the multiwavelength GOODS data to estimate photometric redshifts for the others. Most of the objects have redshifts 0.2 < z < 0.8. We used the spectral types obtained by photometric redshift fitting to identify starburst galaxies. We have also visually checked all objects and looked for tidal effects and nearby companions. We find that (1) 45% of the UV-selected galaxies are starbursts, (2) nearly 75% of the starbursts have tidal tails or show some peculiarity typical of interactions or mergers, and (3) similar to 50% have companions within an area of 5"x5". The UV-selected sample has an average rest-frame M-B = 19.9 +/- 0.1. The bluest objects in the sample (U - B < 0.2 and B - V < 0: 1) are at 1.1 < z < 1.9 and have peculiar morphologies that resemble either tadpoles, chains, or double-clump galaxies. Starbursts with tadpole or clump morphologies at z = 0.8-1.3 have sizes comparable to Lyman break galaxies and compact UV-luminous galaxies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Observat Cosmol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP De Mello, DF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Observat Cosmol, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM duilia@ipanema.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 132 IS 5 BP 2014 EP 2023 DI 10.1086/508196 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104GI UT WOS:000241945500027 ER PT J AU Blum, RD Mould, JR Olsen, KA Frogel, JA Werner, M Meixner, M Markwick-Kemper, F Indebetouw, R Whitney, B Meade, M Babler, B Churchwell, EB Gordon, K Engelbracht, C For, BQ Misselt, K Vijh, U Leitherer, C Volk, K Points, S Reach, W Hora, JL Bernard, JP Boulanger, F Bracker, S Cohen, M Fukui, Y Gallagher, J Gorjian, V Harris, J Kelly, D Kawamura, A Latter, WB Madden, S Mizuno, A Mizuno, N Nota, A Oey, MS Onishi, T Paladini, R Panagia, N Perez-Gonzalez, P Shibai, H Sato, S Smith, L Staveley-Smith, L Tielens, AGGM Ueta, T Van Dyk, S Zaritsky, D AF Blum, R. D. Mould, J. R. Olsen, K. A. Frogel, J. A. Werner, M. Meixner, M. Markwick-Kemper, F. Indebetouw, R. Whitney, B. Meade, M. Babler, B. Churchwell, E. B. Gordon, K. Engelbracht, C. For, B. -Q. Misselt, K. Vijh, U. Leitherer, C. Volk, K. Points, S. Reach, W. Hora, J. L. Bernard, J. -P. Boulanger, F. Bracker, S. Cohen, M. Fukui, Y. Gallagher, J. Gorjian, V. Harris, J. Kelly, D. Kawamura, A. Latter, W. B. Madden, S. Mizuno, A. Mizuno, N. Nota, A. Oey, M. S. Onishi, T. Paladini, R. Panagia, N. Perez-Gonzalez, P. Shibai, H. Sato, S. Smith, L. Staveley-Smith, L. Tielens, A. G. G. M. Ueta, T. Van Dyk, S. Zaritsky, D. TI Spitzer sage survey of the large magellanic cloud. II. Evolved stars and infrared color-magnitude diagrams SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE infrared : stars; Magellanic Clouds; stars : AGB and post-AGB; stars : carbon; stars : mass loss ID LONG-PERIOD VARIABLES; MASS-LOSS RATES; SPACE-TELESCOPE; CARBON STARS; FORMATION HISTORY; RED SUPERGIANTS; GALACTIC PLANE; SOUTHERN SKY; ARRAY CAMERA; AGB STARS AB Color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) are presented for the Spitzer SAGE (Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution) survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). IRAC and MIPS 24 mu m epoch 1 data are presented. These data represent the deepest, widest mid-infrared CMDs of their kind ever produced in the LMC. Combined with the Two Micron All Sky Survey, the diagrams are used to delineate the evolved stellar populations in the LMC, as well as Galactic foreground and extragalactic background populations. Some 32,000 evolved stars brighter than the tip of the red giant branch are identified. Of these, approximately 17,500 are classified as oxygen-rich, 7000 as carbon-rich, and another 1200 as "extreme'' asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. Brighter members of the latter group have been called "obscured'' AGB stars in the literature owing to their dusty circumstellar envelopes. A large number (1200) of luminous oxygen-rich AGB stars/M supergiants are also identified. Finally, there is strong evidence from the 24 mu m MIPS channel that previously unexplored, lower luminosity oxygen-rich AGB stars contribute significantly to the mass-loss budget of the LMC (1200 such sources are identified). C1 Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, La Serena, Chile. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, Washington, DC 20005 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Space Sci Inst, Madison, WI 53716 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Astrophys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. CALTECH, NASA, Herschel Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia. Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Blum, RD (reprint author), Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile. RI Staveley-Smith, Lister/A-1683-2011; Kemper, Francisca/D-8688-2011; Perez-Gonzalez, Pablo/J-2871-2016; OI Staveley-Smith, Lister/0000-0002-8057-0294; Kemper, Francisca/0000-0003-2743-8240; Perez-Gonzalez, Pablo/0000-0003-4528-5639; Babler, Brian/0000-0002-6984-5752; Hora, Joseph/0000-0002-5599-4650; Reach, William/0000-0001-8362-4094; Van Dyk, Schuyler/0000-0001-9038-9950 NR 48 TC 133 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 132 IS 5 BP 2034 EP 2045 DI 10.1086/508227 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104GI UT WOS:000241945500029 ER PT J AU Benedict, GF McArthur, BE Gatewood, G Nelan, E Cochran, WD Hatzes, A Endl, M Wittenmyer, R Baliunas, SL Walker, GAH Yang, S Kurster, M Els, S Paulson, DB AF Benedict, G. Fritz McArthur, Barbara E. Gatewood, George Nelan, Edmund Cochran, William D. Hatzes, Artie Endl, Michael Wittenmyer, Robert Baliunas, Sallie L. Walker, Gordon A. H. Yang, Stephenson Kuerster, Martin Els, Sebastian Paulson, Diane B. TI The extrasolar planet is an element of Eridani b: Orbit and mass SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrometry; stars : distances; stars : individual (is an element of Eridani b); stars : late-type; techniques : interferometric; techniques : radial velocities ID HOBBY-EBERLY TELESCOPE; GUIDANCE SENSOR 3; VEGA-LIKE STARS; EPSILON-ERIDANI; GIANT PLANETS; CHROMOSPHERIC EMISSION; ROBUST ESTIMATION; MAIN-SEQUENCE; LIGHT CURVES; AGE RELATION AB Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the nearby (3.22 pc) K2 V star epsilon Eridani have been combined with ground-based astrometric and radial velocity data to determine the mass of its known companion. We model the astrometric and radial velocity measurements simultaneously to obtain the parallax, proper motion, perturbation period, perturbation inclination, and perturbation size. Because of the long period of the companion, epsilon Eri b, we extend our astrometric coverage to a total of 14.94 yr (including the 3 yr span of the HST data) by including lower precision ground-based astrometry from the Allegheny Multichannel Astrometric Photometer. Radial velocities now span 1980.8-2006.3. We obtain a perturbation period, P = 6.85 +/- 0.03 yr, semimajor axis alpha = 1.88 +/- 0.20 mas, and inclination i = 30 degrees.1 +/- 3 degrees.8. This inclination is consistent with a previously measured dust disk inclination, suggesting coplanarity. Assuming a primary mass M-* = 0.83 M-circle dot, we obtain a companion mass M = 1.55M(J) +/- 0.24M(J). Given the relatively young age of epsilon Eri (similar to 800 Myr), this accurate exoplanet mass and orbit can usefully inform future direct-imaging attempts. We predict the next periastron at 2007.3 with a total separation rho = 0".3 at position angle P.A = -27 degrees. Orbit orientation and geometry dictate that epsilon Eri b will appear brightest in reflected light very nearly at periastron. Radial velocities spanning over 25 yr indicate an acceleration consistent with a Jupiter-mass object with a period in excess of 50 yr, possibly responsible for one feature of the dust morphology, the inner cavity. C1 Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Allegheny Observ, Pittsburgh, PA 15214 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Tautenburg Observ, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, La Serena, Chile. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benedict, GF (reprint author), Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NR 65 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 132 IS 5 BP 2206 EP 2218 DI 10.1086/508323 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 104GI UT WOS:000241945500042 ER PT J AU Paizis, A Farinelli, R Titarchuk, L Courvoisier, TJL Bazzano, A Beckmann, V Frontera, F Goldoni, P Kuulkers, E Mereghetti, S Rodriguez, J Vilhu, O AF Paizis, A. Farinelli, R. Titarchuk, L. Courvoisier, T. J. -L. Bazzano, A. Beckmann, V. Frontera, F. Goldoni, P. Kuulkers, E. Mereghetti, S. Rodriguez, J. Vilhu, O. TI Average hard X-ray emission from NS LMXBs: observational evidence of different spectral states in NS LMXBs SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE X-rays : binaries; binaries : close; stars : neutron ID OSCILLATION FREQUENCY CORRELATION; BLACK-HOLES; NEUTRON-STAR; BINARIES; BEPPOSAX; LUMINOSITY; INDEX; ATOLL; RXTE; TRANSITION AB Aims. We studied and compared the long-term average hard X-ray (> 20 keV) spectra of a sample of twelve bright low-mass X-ray binaries hosting a neutron star (NS). Our sample comprises the six well studied Galactic Z sources and six Atoll sources, four of which are bright ("GX") bulge sources while two are weaker ones in the 2-10 keV range (H 1750-440 and H 1608-55). Methods. For all the sources of our sample, we analysed available public data and extracted average spectra from the IBIS/ISGRI detector on board INTEGRAL. Results. We can describe all the spectral states in terms of the bulk motion Comptonisation scenario. We find evidence that bulk motion is always present, its strength is related to the accretion rate and it is suppressed only in the presence of high local luminosity. The two low-dim Atoll source spectra are dominated by photons up-scattered presumably due to dynamical and thermal Comptonisation in an optically thin, hot plasma. For the first time, we extend the detection of H 1750-440 up to 150 keV. The Z and bright "GX" Atoll source spectra are very similar and are dominated by Comptonised blackbody radiation of seed photons, presumably coming from the accretion disc and NS surface, in an optically thick cloud with plasma temperature in the range of 2.5-3 keV. Six sources show a hard tail in their average spectrum: Cyg X-2 (Z), GX 340+0 (Z), GX 17+2 (Z), GX 5-1 (Z), Sco X-1 (Z) and GX 13+1 (Atoll). This is the first detection of a hard tail in the X-ray spectrum of the peculiar GX 13+1. Using radio data from the literature we find, in all Z sources and bright "GX" Atolls, a systematic positive correlation between the X-ray hard tail (40-100 keV) and the radio luminosity. This suggests that hard tails and energetic electrons causing the radio emission may have the same origin, most likely the Compton cloud located inside the NS magnetosphere. C1 INAF, IASF, Sez Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Univ Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. George Mason Univ, Ctr Earth Observ & Space Res, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Versoix, Switzerland. Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland. INAF, IASF, Sez Roma, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. APC, UMR 7164, F-75231 Paris, France. CEA Saclay, DSM, DAPNIA, SAP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. ISOC, ESA, ESAC, Madrid 28080, Spain. Univ Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Paizis, A (reprint author), INAF, IASF, Sez Milano, Via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milan, Italy. EM ada@iasf-milano.inaf.it OI Rodriguez, Jerome/0000-0002-4151-4468; MEREGHETTI, SANDRO/0000-0003-3259-7801; Paizis, Adamantia/0000-0001-5067-0377; Bazzano, Angela/0000-0002-2017-4396 NR 42 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 459 IS 1 BP 187 EP 197 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065792 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102CT UT WOS:000241789100021 ER PT J AU Masi, S Ade, PAR Bock, JJ Bond, JR Borrill, J Boscaleri, A Cabella, P Contaldi, CR Crill, BP de Bernardis, P De Gasperis, G de Oliveira-Costa, A De Troia, G Di Stefano, G Ehlers, P Hivon, E Hristov, V Iacoangeli, A Jaffe, AH Jones, WC Kisner, TS Lange, AE MacTavish, CJ Bettolo, CM Mason, P Mauskopf, PD Montroy, TE Nati, F Nati, L Natoli, P Netterfield, CB Pascale, E Piacentini, F Pogosyan, D Polenta, G Prunet, S Ricciardi, S Romeo, G Ruhl, JE Santini, P Tegmark, M Torbet, E Veneziani, M Vittorio, N AF Masi, S. Ade, P. A. R. Bock, J. J. Bond, J. R. Borrill, J. Boscaleri, A. Cabella, P. Contaldi, C. R. Crill, B. P. de Bernardis, P. De Gasperis, G. de Oliveira-Costa, A. De Troia, G. Di Stefano, G. Ehlers, P. Hivon, E. Hristov, V. Iacoangeli, A. Jaffe, A. H. Jones, W. C. Kisner, T. S. Lange, A. E. MacTavish, C. J. Bettolo, C. Marini Mason, P. Mauskopf, P. D. Montroy, T. E. Nati, F. Nati, L. Natoli, P. Netterfield, C. B. Pascale, E. Piacentini, F. Pogosyan, D. Polenta, G. Prunet, S. Ricciardi, S. Romeo, G. Ruhl, J. E. Santini, P. Tegmark, M. Torbet, E. Veneziani, M. Vittorio, N. TI Instrument, method, brightness, and polarization maps from the 2003 flight of BOOMERanG SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE instrumentation : polarimeters; techniques : polarimetric; ISM : clouds; ISM : HII regions; cosmic microwave background ID MICROWAVE BACKGROUND-RADIATION; PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM; GALACTIC DUST EMISSION; ANISOTROPY-PROBE; COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; CMB POLARIZATION; MAKING ALGORITHM; SCALE INTERFEROMETER; PLANCK SURVEYOR AB Aims. We present the boomerang-03 experiment, and the maps of the Stokes parameters I, Q, U of the microwave sky obtained during a 14 day balloon flight in 2003. Methods. Using a balloon-borne mm-wave telescope with polarization sensitive bolometers, three regions of the southern sky were surveyed: a deep survey (similar to 90 square degrees) and a shallow survey (similar to 750 square degrees) at high Galactic latitudes ( both centered at RA similar or equal to 5.5h, Dec similar or equal to - 45 degrees) and a survey of similar to 300 square degrees across the Galactic plane at RA similar or equal to 9.1h, dec similar or equal to - 47 degrees. All three surveys were carried out in three wide frequency bands centered at 145, 245 and 345 GHz, with an angular resolution of similar to 10'. Results. The 145 GHz maps of Stokes I are dominated by Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB) temperature anisotropy, which is mapped with high signal to noise ratio. The measured anisotropy pattern is consistent with the pattern measured in the same region by boomerang-98 and by WMAP. The 145 GHz maps of Stokes Q and U provide a robust statistical detection of polarization of the CMB when subjected to a power spectrum analysis. The amplitude of the detected polarization is consistent with that of the CMB in the CDM cosmological scenario. At 145 GHz, in the CMB surveys, the intensity and polarization of the astrophysical foregrounds are found to be negligible with respect to the cosmological signal. At 245 and 345 GHz we detect ISD emission correlated to the 3000 GHz IRAS/DIRBE maps, and give upper limits for any other non-CMB component. When compared to monitors of different interstellar components, the intensity maps of the surveyed section of the Galactic plane show that a variety of emission mechanisms is present in that region. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF1 1XL, S Glam, Wales. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Computat Res Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CNR, IFAC, I-50127 Florence, Italy. Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00173 Rome, Italy. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England. CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Rome, Italy. Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON, Canada. CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma 2, Rome, Italy. Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Masi, S (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. EM masi@roma1infn.it RI Jaffe, Andrew/D-3526-2009; de Gasperis, Giancarlo/C-8534-2012; Nati, Federico/I-4469-2016; Piacentini, Francesco/E-7234-2010; OI Hivon, Eric/0000-0003-1880-2733; de Gasperis, Giancarlo/0000-0003-2899-2171; Santini, Paola/0000-0002-9334-8705; Nati, Federico/0000-0002-8307-5088; Piacentini, Francesco/0000-0002-5444-9327; Masi, Silvia/0000-0001-5105-1439; de Bernardis, Paolo/0000-0001-6547-6446; Ricciardi, Sara/0000-0002-3807-4043; ROMEO, Giovanni/0000-0002-5535-7803; Polenta, Gianluca/0000-0003-4067-9196 NR 131 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 EI 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 458 IS 3 BP 687 EP 716 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20053891 PG 30 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 096FT UT WOS:000241363700002 ER PT J AU Rettura, A Rosati, P Strazzullo, V Dickinson, M Fosbury, RAE Rocca-Volmerange, B Cimatti, A Alighieri, SDS Kuntschner, H Lanzoni, B Nonino, M Popesso, P Stern, D Eisenhardt, PR Lidman, C Stanford, SA AF Rettura, A. Rosati, P. Strazzullo, V. Dickinson, M. Fosbury, R. A. E. Rocca-Volmerange, B. Cimatti, A. Alighieri, S. di Serego Kuntschner, H. Lanzoni, B. Nonino, M. Popesso, P. Stern, D. Eisenhardt, P. R. Lidman, C. Stanford, S. A. TI Comparing dynamical and photometric-stellar masses of early-type galaxies at z similar to 1 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE galaxies : clusters : individual : RDCS J1252-2927; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation; galaxies : elliptical and lenticular; cD; Galaxy : kinematics and dynamics; cosmology : observations ID TO-LIGHT RATIO; EVOLUTIONARY POPULATION SYNTHESIS; INFRARED CLUSTER SURVEY; HUBBLE DEEP FIELD; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; FUNDAMENTAL PLANE; STAR-FORMATION; DARK-MATTER; QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY; REDSHIFT GALAXIES AB Aims. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between galaxy stellar masses, based on multiwavelength photometry spectral template fitting and dynamical masses based on published velocity dispersion measurements, for a sample of 48 early-type galaxies at z similar to 1 with HST/ACS morphological information. Methods. We determine photometric-stellar masses and perform a quantitative morphological analysis of cluster and field galaxies at redshift 0.6 < z < 1.2, using ground- and space-based multiwavelength data available on the GOODS-S field and on the field around the X-ray luminous cluster RDCS1252.9-2927 at z = 1.24. We use multi-band photometry over 0.4-8 mu m from HST/ACS, VLT/ISAAC and Spitzer/IRAC to estimate photometric-stellar masses using Composite Stellar Population ( CSP) templates computed with PEGASE. 2 ( Fioc & Rocca-Volmerange 1997) models. We compare stellar masses with those obtained using CSPs built with Bruzual & Charlot ( 2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000; BC03) and Maraston ( 2005, MNRAS, 362, 799; M05) models. We then compare photometric-stellar mass and dynamical mass estimates as a function of morphological parameters obtained from HST/ACS imaging. Results. Based on our sample, which spans the mass range log M-phot similar or equal to [ 10, 11.5], we find that 1) PEGASE. 2, BC03, M05 yield consistent photometric-stellar masses for early-type galaxies at z similar to 1 with a small scatter ( 0.15 dex rms); 2) adopting a Kroupa IMF, photometric-stellar masses match dynamical mass estimates for early-type galaxies with an average offset of 0.27 dex; 3) assuming a constant IMF, increasing dark matter fraction with the increasing galaxy mass can explain the observed trend; 4) we observe that early- type galaxies with significant disk components ( Sa/Sab) or with signs of dynamical interaction tend to have the largest deviation from a one-to-one M-dyn vs. M-phot relation. C1 European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Paris 11, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR7095, Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. ECF, ST, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Fis, I-80126 Naples, Italy. Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, Ist Nazl Astrofis, INAF, I-50125 Florence, Italy. Osservatorio Astron Bologna, Ist Nazl Astrofis, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Osserv Astron Trieste, Ist Nazl Astrofis, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rettura, A (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM arettura@eso.org RI di Serego Alighieri, Sperello/E-4067-2010; OI di Serego Alighieri, Sperello/0000-0001-8769-2692; Fosbury, Robert/0000-0001-9975-8003; Nonino, Mario/0000-0001-6342-9662; Kuntschner, Harald/0000-0002-2768-1198 NR 88 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 458 IS 3 BP 717 EP 726 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065273 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 096FT UT WOS:000241363700003 ER PT J AU Yan, HJ Dickinson, M Giavalisco, M Stern, D Eisenhardt, PRM Ferguson, HC AF Yan, Haojing Dickinson, Mark Giavalisco, Mauro Stern, Daniel Eisenhardt, Peter R. M. Ferguson, Henry C. TI The stellar masses and star formation histories of galaxies at z approximate to 6: Constraints from Spitzer observations in the great observatories origins deep survey SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : luminosity function, mass function; infrared : galaxies ID PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; NEAR-INFRARED CAMERA; LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES; SPACE-TELESCOPE; LUMINOSITY DENSITY; PRIMEVAL GALAXIES; FORMING GALAXIES; FIELD GALAXIES; DATA REDUCTION; HIGH-REDSHIFT AB Using the deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), we study the stellar masses and star formation histories of galaxies at z approximate to 6 based on the i(775)-band dropout sample selected from the GOODS fields. In total, we derive stellar masses for 53 i(775)-band dropouts that have robust IRAC detections. These galaxies have typical stellar masses of similar to 10(10) M-circle dot and typical ages of a couple of hundred million years, consistent with earlier results based on a smaller sample of z approximate to 6 galaxies. The existence of such massive galaxies at z approximate to 6 can be explained by at least one set of N-body simulations of the hierarchical paradigm. We also study 79 i(775)-band dropouts that are invisible in the IRAC data and find that they are typically less massive by a factor of 10. These galaxies are much bluer than those detected by the IRAC, indicating that their luminosities are dominated by stellar populations with ages less than or similar to 40 Myr. Based on our mass estimates, we derive a lower limit to the global stellar mass density at z approximate to 6, which is 1.1-6.7; 10(6) M-circle dot Mpc(-3). The prospect of detecting the progenitors of the most massive galaxies at yet higher redshifts is explored. We also investigate the implication of our results for reionization and find that the progenitors of the galaxies comparable to those in our sample, even in the most optimized (probably unrealistic) scenario, cannot sustain the reionization for a period longer than similar to 2 Myr. Thus most of the photons required for reionization must have been provided by other sources, such as the progenitors of the dwarf galaxies that are far below our current detection capability. C1 CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yan, HJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, MS 220-6, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM yhj@ociw.edu NR 45 TC 111 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 1 BP 24 EP 40 DI 10.1086/505487 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PK UT WOS:000241824300004 ER PT J AU Weedman, DW Soifer, BT Hao, L Higdon, JL Higdon, SJU Houck, JR Le Floc'h, E Brown, MJI Dey, A Jannuzi, BT Rieke, M Desai, V Bian, C Thompson, D Armus, L Teplitz, H Eisenhardt, P Willner, SP AF Weedman, D. W. Soifer, B. T. Hao, Lei Higdon, J. L. Higdon, S. J. U. Houck, J. R. Le Floc'h, E. Brown, M. J. I. Dey, A. Jannuzi, B. T. Rieke, M. Desai, V. Bian, C. Thompson, D. Armus, L. Teplitz, H. Eisenhardt, P. Willner, S. P. TI Spitzer IRS spectra of optically faint infrared sources with weak spectral features SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; galaxies : active; galaxies : high-redshift; galaxies : starburst; infrared : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; ARRAY CAMERA IRAC; SPACE-TELESCOPE; MIDINFRARED SPECTRA; SPECTROGRAPH IRS; GALAXIES; DUST; EMISSION; MARKARIAN-231; ULTRAVIOLET AB Spectra have been obtained with the low-resolution modules of the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope (Spitzer) for 58 sources having f(v)(24 mu m) > 0.75 mJy. Sources were chosen from a survey of 8.2 deg(2) within the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey region in Bootes (NDWFS) using the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) on Spitzer. Most sources are optically very faint (I > 24 mag). Redshifts have previously been determined for 34 sources, based primarily on the presence of a deep 9.7 mu m silicate absorption feature, with a median z of 2.2. Spectra are presented for the remaining 24 sources for which we were previously unable to determine a confident redshift because the IRS spectra show no strong features. Optical photometry from the NDWFS and infrared photometry with MIPS and the Infrared Array Camera on Spitzer (IRAC) are given, with K photometry from the Keck I telescope for some objects. The sources without strong spectral features have overall spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and distributions among optical and infrared fluxes that are similar to those for the sources with strong absorption features. Nine of the 24 sources are found to have feasible redshift determinations based on fits of a weak silicate absorption feature. Results confirm that the "1 mJy" population of 24 mu m Spitzer sources that are optically faint is dominated by dusty sources with spectroscopic indicators of an obscured AGN rather than a star-burst. There remain 14 of the 58 sources observed in Bootes for which no redshift could be estimated, and 5 of these sources are invisible at all optical wavelengths. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Weedman, DW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM dweedman@astro.cornell.edu RI Brown, Michael/B-1181-2015 OI Brown, Michael/0000-0002-1207-9137 NR 29 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 1 BP 101 EP 112 DI 10.1086/507322 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PK UT WOS:000241824300011 ER PT J AU Bundy, K Ellis, RS Conselice, CJ Taylor, JE Cooper, MC Willmer, CNA Weiner, BJ Coil, AL Noeske, KG Eisenhardt, PRM AF Bundy, Kevin Ellis, Richard S. Conselice, Christopher J. Taylor, James E. Cooper, Michael C. Willmer, Christopher N. A. Weiner, Benjamin J. Coil, Alison L. Noeske, Kai G. Eisenhardt, Peter R. M. TI The mass assembly history of field galaxies: Detection of an evolving mass limit for starforming galaxies SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation ID STAR-FORMATION HISTORY; ULTRAVIOLET LUMINOSITY DENSITY; INFRARED CLUSTER SURVEY; DEEP2 REDSHIFT SURVEY; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; STELLAR MASS; BLACK-HOLES; KECK SPECTROSCOPY; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCE AB We characterize the mass-dependent evolution of more than 8000 galaxies using spectroscopic redshifts from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey in the range 0: 4 < z < 1: 4 and stellar masses calculated from K-band photometry obtained at Palomar Observatory. This sample spans more than 1.5 deg(2) in four independent fields. Using rest-frame U-B color and [O II] equivalent widths, we distinguish star-forming from passive populations in order to explore the nature of "downsizing'' - a pattern in which the sites of active star formation shift from high-mass galaxies at early times to lower mass systems at later epochs. We identify a mass limit, M-Q, above which star formation appears to be quenched and show that the physical mechanisms responsible for downsizing can thus be empirically quantified by charting the evolution in this threshold mass. We find that MQ decreases with time by a factor of similar to 3 across our redshift range according to M-Q proportional to (1 + z)(3.5). To further constrain possible quenching mechanisms, we investigate how downsizing depends on local galaxy environment using the projected third-nearest-neighbor statistic D-p,(3). For the majority of galaxies near the median density, there is no significant correlation between downsizing and environment. However, a trend is observed in the comparison between environments that are more than 3 times overdense or underdense relative to the median. Here, downsizing appears accelerated in overdense regions that host higher numbers of massive, early-type galaxies as compared to the underdense regions. Our results significantly constrain recent suggestions for the origin of downsizing and indicate that the process for quenching star formation must, primarily, be internally driven. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, UCO, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bundy, K (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 105-24,1201 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Conselice, Christopher/B-4348-2013; OI Conselice, Christopher/0000-0003-1949-7638; Weiner, Benjamin/0000-0001-6065-7483 NR 98 TC 460 Z9 461 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 1 BP 120 EP 141 DI 10.1086/507456 PN 1 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PK UT WOS:000241824300013 ER PT J AU Chiar, JE Adamson, AJ Whittet, DCB Chrysostomou, A Hough, JH Kerr, TH Mason, RE Roche, PF Wright, G AF Chiar, J. E. Adamson, A. J. Whittet, D. C. B. Chrysostomou, A. Hough, J. H. Kerr, T. H. Mason, R. E. Roche, P. F. Wright, G. TI Spectropolarimetry of the 3.4 mu m feature in the diffuse ISM toward the Galactic center quintuplet cluster SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; ISM : clouds; ISM : general; ISM : individual (GCS 3-II, GCS 3-IV); ISM : lines and bands; ISM : molecules ID INTERSTELLAR LINEAR-POLARIZATION; ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE; ABSORPTION FEATURE; GRAIN ALIGNMENT; CARBON GRAINS; DARK CLOUDS; BN OBJECT; OF-SIGHT; DUST AB Aliphatic hydrocarbons exhibit an absorption feature at 3.4 mu m, observed toward sources that sample diffuse regions of the interstellar medium ( ISM). The absorbers responsible for this feature are assumed to reside in some component of interstellar dust, but the physical nature of the particles ( size, shape, structure, etc.) is uncertain. Observations of interstellar polarization provide discrimination. Since the grains that carry the silicate absorption feature are known to be aligned, polarization across the 3.4 mu m hydrocarbon feature can be used to test the silicate-core organic refractory mantle grain theory. Although the 3.4 mu m feature has been observed to be devoid of polarization for one line of sight toward the Galactic center, a corresponding silicate polarization measurement for the same line of sight was not available. Here, we present spectropolarimetric observations of GCS 3-II and GCS 3-IV toward the Galactic center, where the 9.7 mu m silicate polarization has been previously observed. We show that polarization is not detected across the 3.4 mu m feature to a limit of 0.06% +/- 0.13% (GCS 3-II) and 0.15% +/- 0.31% (GCS 3-IV), well below the lowest available prediction of polarization on the basis of the core-mantlemodel. We conclude that the hydrocarbons in the diffuse ISM do not reside on the same grains as the silicates, and likely form a separate population of small grains. C1 SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys Appl Phys & Astron, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Phys Sci, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Royal Observ, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Chiar, JE (reprint author), SETI Inst, 515 N Whisman Dr, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. NR 44 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 1 BP 268 EP 271 DI 10.1086/507462 PN 1 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PK UT WOS:000241824300023 ER PT J AU O'Donovan, FT Charbonneau, D Mandushev, G Dunham, EW Latham, DW Torres, G Sozzetti, A Brown, TM Trauger, JT Belmonte, JA Rabus, M Alemenara, JM Alonso, R Deeg, HJ Esquerdo, GA Falco, EE Hillenbrand, LA Roussanova, A Stefanik, RP Winn, JN AF O'Donovan, Francis T. Charbonneau, David Mandushev, Georgi Dunham, Edward W. Latham, David W. Torres, Guillermo Sozzetti, Alessandro Brown, Timothy M. Trauger, John T. Belmonte, Juan A. Rabus, Markus Alemenara, Jose M. Alonso, Roi Deeg, Hans J. Esquerdo, Gilbert A. Falco, Emilio E. Hillenbrand, Lynne A. Roussanova, Anna Stefanik, Robert P. Winn, Joshua N. TI Tres-2: The first transiting planet in the KEPLER field SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planetary systems; stars : individual (GSC 03549-02811); techniques : photometric; techniques : radial velocities ID EXTRASOLAR PLANET; TRANSITING PLANET; STAR TRES-1; SEARCH; SPECTROMETER; ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERE; TELESCOPE; PRECISION; SCENARIOS AB We announce the discovery of the second transiting hot Jupiter discovered by the Trans-atlantic Exoplanet Survey. The planet, which we dub TrES-2, orbits the nearby star GSC 03549-02811 every 2.47063 days. From high-resolution spectra, we determine that the star has and, implying a spectral T-eff = 5960 +/- 100 K and log g = 4.4 +/- 0.2, implying a spectral type of G0 V and a mass of 1.08(-0.05)(+0.11) M-circle dot. High-precision radial velocity measurements confirm a sinusoidal variation with the period and phase predicted by the photometry, and rule out the presence of line bisector variations that would indicate that the spectroscopic orbit is spurious. We estimate a planetary mass of 1.28(-0.04)(+0.09)M(Jup). We model B, r, R, and I photometric time series of the 1.4% deep transits and find a planetary radius of 1.24(-0.06)(+0.09)R(Jup). This planet lies within the field of view of the NASA Kepler mission, ensuring that hundreds of upcoming transits will be monitored with exquisite precision and permitting a host of unprecedented investigations. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Osserv Astron Torino, INAF, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy. Las Cumbres Observ Global Telescope, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP O'Donovan, FT (reprint author), CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM ftod@astro.caltech.edu RI Rabus, Markus/B-8029-2009; Alonso, Roi/D-8799-2014; O'Donovan, Francis/I-2423-2014; OI Alonso, Roi/0000-0001-8462-8126; O'Donovan, Francis/0000-0002-4858-6106; Charbonneau, David/0000-0002-9003-484X NR 40 TC 129 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 1 BP L61 EP L64 DI 10.1086/509123 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PN UT WOS:000241824700016 ER PT J AU Swartz, DA AF Swartz, Douglas A. TI The lack of halo ultraluminous X-ray sources SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : general; galaxies : halos; X-rays : galaxies; X-rays : general ID MASSIVE BLACK-HOLES; DAY GALACTIC HALOES; EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES; GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS; STATISTICAL PROPERTIES; 1ST STARS; M81; SIGNATURES; REMNANTS; OBJECTS AB The premise that ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) exist beyond the optical extent of nearby galaxies is investigated. A published catalog containing 41 ULX candidates located between 1 and similar to 3 times the standard D-25 isophotal radius of their putative host galaxies is examined. Of these sources, 21 have spectroscopically confirmed distances. All 21 are background objects, giving a 95% probability that at least 37 of the 41 candidates are background sources. In addition, 39 of the 41 sources have X-ray-to-optical flux ratios in the range -1.6 < log (F-X/F-O) < + 1.3, consistent with those of background active galactic nuclei. [The remaining two are not detected in the optical to a weak limit of m(B) similar to 21.5 mag, corresponding to log (F-X/F-O) >= 1.6]. The uniform spatial distribution of the sample is also consistent with a background population. This evidence suggests that ULXs rarely, if at all, exist beyond the distribution of luminous matter in nearby galaxies and, as a consequence, there is no correlation between the population of ULXs and halo objects, such as old globular clusters or Population III remnants. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Swartz, DA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 651 IS 1 BP L21 EP L23 DI 10.1086/509076 PN 2 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 102PN UT WOS:000241824700006 ER PT J AU Guyon, O Pluzhnik, EA Kuchner, MJ Collins, B Ridgway, ST AF Guyon, O. Pluzhnik, E. A. Kuchner, M. J. Collins, B. Ridgway, S. T. TI Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE planetary systems; techniques : high angular resolution; telescopes ID INDUCED AMPLITUDE APODIZATION; PHASE-MASK CORONAGRAPH; STELLAR CORONAGRAPHY; APODIZED-PUPIL; OBSCURATIONAL COMPLETENESS; RECTANGULAR APERTURES; LYOT CORONAGRAPHS; DEFORMABLE MIRROR; TELESCOPE; PRINCIPLE AB Many high-contrast coronagraph designs have recently been proposed. In this paper, their suitability for direct imaging of extrasolar terrestrial planets is reviewed. We also develop a linear algebra based model of coronagraphy that can both explain the behavior of existing coronagraphs and quantify the coronagraphic performance limit imposed by fundamental physics. We find that the maximum theoretical throughput of a coronagraph is equal to 1 minus the nonaberrated noncoronagraphic PSF of the telescope. We describe how a coronagraph reaching this fundamental limit may be designed, and how much improvement over the best existing coronagraph design is still possible. Both the analytical model and numerical simulations of existing designs also show that this theoretical limit rapidly degrades as the source size is increased: the "highest performance'' coronagraphs, those with the highest throughput and smallest inner working angle (IWA), are the most sensitive to stellar angular diameter. This unfortunately rules out the possibility of using a small IWA (< lambda/d) coronagraph for a terrestrial planet imaging mission. Finally, a detailed numerical simulation that accurately accounts for stellar angular size, zodiacal and exozodiacal light is used to quantify the efficiency of coronagraph designs for direct imaging of extrasolar terrestrial planets in a possible real observing program. We find that in the photon noise-limited regime, a 4 m telescope with a theoretically optimal coronagraph is able to detect Earth-like planets around 50 stars with 1 hr exposure time per target ( assuming 25% throughput and exozodi levels similar to our solar system). We also show that at least two existing coronagraph design can approach this level of performance in the ideal monochromatic case considered in this study. C1 Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Kyoto Univ, Math Sci Res Inst, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Guyon, O (reprint author), Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, 650 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RI Kuchner, Marc/E-2288-2012; OI Collins, Benoit/0000-0001-7061-6861 NR 61 TC 193 Z9 194 U1 1 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 167 IS 1 BP 81 EP 99 DI 10.1086/507630 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 108AB UT WOS:000242211000005 ER PT J AU Seraji, H AF Seraji, Homayoun TI Safety measures for terrain classification and safest site selection SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS LA English DT Article DE terrain classification; fuzzy logic; uncertainty management ID FUZZY-LOGIC; NAVIGATION; SYSTEMS; ROVER AB Two safety measures for terrain classification are described: safety score and safety grade. The terrain safety score s is a multi-valued quantitative measure in the form of a crisp numeric value in the continuous unit interval [0.0, 1.0], that is, 0.0 <= s <= 1.0. The terrain safety grades {S-1, S-2,..., S-n} are qualitative measures in the form of linguistic fuzzy sets defined by a human expert that cover the ranges of values of s, with adjacent grades having smooth (i.e., non-abrupt) and overlapping boundaries. The safety grade of a terrain segment is inferred from a set of linguistic rules provided by the human expert that relate the terrain qualities to the terrain safety grades. The safety score for the terrain segment is then computed simply from the safety grades in the activated rules. Safety margin of a terrain is also introduced as a quantitative measure of the degree of terrain safety. Validation and confidence in the sensory data are discussed. The terrain safety score and the sensor confidence score are combined and represented by the fused safety/confidence grid. Given the safety/confidence grid of a terrain patch, two new methods for selection of the safest site are presented: Peak-with-High-Neighbors (PHN) and Center-of-Largest-Area (CLA). These two methods are then illustrated by a numerical example. The methods presented in this paper are computationally fast, and are thus strong viable candidates for real-time implementation. Similar fuzzy rule-based terrain classifiers have previously been implemented successfully in rover navigation experiments and spacecraft landing simulations at JPL. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Seraji, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-5593 EI 1573-7527 J9 AUTON ROBOT JI Auton. Robot. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 211 EP 225 DI 10.1007/s10514-006-9716-x PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 094UP UT WOS:000241264900003 ER PT J AU Taga, M Yamauchi, K Odle, J Furian, L Sundaresan, A Ramesh, GT Pellis, NR Andrassy, RJ Kulkarni, AD AF Taga, Masaki Yamauchi, Keiko Odle, Jesse Furian, Lucrezia Sundaresan, Alamelu Ramesh, Govindrajan T. Pellis, Neal R. Andrassy, Richard J. Kulkarni, Anil D. TI Melanoma growth and tumorigenicity in models of microgravity SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE melanoma; tumor growth; microgravity ID CANCER INCIDENCE; PILOTS; SPACE; NUTRITION; MORTALITY; AIRLINE; CELLS; RISK AB Introduction: Spaceflight involves numerous biological stressors that could affect long-term cancer incidence and tumor behavior. Ground-based models of microgravity can be used to investigate in vitro and in vivo tumor growth as a preparation for later work in space. The incidence of tumor growth and carcinogenesis in microgravity is as yet unknown. Hence, we investigated the effects of modeled microgravity on tumor growth and tumorigenicity using ground-based in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: Murine B16-F10 melanoma cells were cultured in a tissue culture flask (FL) and in a rotating-wall vessel bioreactor (BIO) designed by NASA to simulate some aspects of microgravity. We then measured cell growth, melanin production, and apoptosis. After 48 h of cultures in FL and 1310, cells were inoculated subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice, syngeneic hosts for B16-F10 tumor cells. Tumor sizes were then measured every other day. Results: BIO cultures had 50% decreases in growth when compared with FL cultures while demonstrating an inversely proportional increase in doubling time. Melanin production (a marker of differentiation) increased at 24 and 48 h in BIO. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that there was an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells in the BIO when compared with that in the FL. When BIO-cultured melanoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously in mice, there was a significant increase in tumorigenicity as compared with FL-cultured cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate that simulated microgravity may have altered the tumor cell characteristics and enhanced the invasive property. It is possible that the microgravity analogue culture environment may have selected highly tumorigenic cells for survival despite the decreased overall growth in the microgravity analogue. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Surg, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Kitasato Jr Coll Hlth & Sci, Dept Appl Clin Nutr, Niigata, Japan. Univ Padua, Dept Med & Surg Sci, Renal Transplant Unit, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Texas So Univ, Dept Biol, Houston, TX 77004 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space Life Sci Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Kulkarni, AD (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Surg, 6431 Fannin St,MSB Ste 4-164, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM anil.d.kulkarni@uth.tmc.edu NR 19 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1113 EP 1116 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 101VH UT WOS:000241768500002 PM 17086762 ER PT J AU Freed, AD Diethelm, K AF Freed, A. D. Diethelm, K. TI Fractional calculus in biomechanics: a 3D viscoelastic model using regularized fractional derivative kernels with application to the human calcaneal fat pad SO BIOMECHANICS AND MODELING IN MECHANOBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID STRESS-RELAXATION; DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; LAPLACE METHOD; FINITE STRAIN; TISSUE; THERMODYNAMICS; DISSIPATION; SELECTION; MEMORY AB A viscoelastic model of the K-BKZ (Kaye, Technical Report 134, College of Aeronautics, Cranfield 1962; Bernstein et al., Trans Soc Rheol 7:391-410, 1963) type is developed for isotropic biological tissues and applied to the fat pad of the human heel. To facilitate this pursuit, a class of elastic solids is introduced through a novel strain-energy function whose elements possess strong ellipticity, and therefore lead to stable material models. This elastic potential via the K-BKZ hypothesis - also produces the tensorial structure of the viscoelastic model. Candidate sets of functions are proposed for the elastic and viscoelastic material functions present in the model, including two functions whose origins lie in the fractional calculus. The Akaike information criterion is used to perform multi-model inference, enabling an objective selection to be made as to the best material function from within a candidate set. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Bio Sci & Technol Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. GNS, D-38114 Braunschweig, Germany. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Computat Math, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Freed, AD (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Bio Sci & Technol Branch, MS 49-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Alan.D.Freed@nasa.gov; Diethelm@gns-mbh.com RI Diethelm, Kai/I-3731-2013; OI Diethelm, Kai/0000-0002-7276-454X; Freed, Alan/0000-0002-3492-0628 NR 64 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1617-7959 J9 BIOMECH MODEL MECHAN JI Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 203 EP 215 DI 10.1007/s10237-005-0011-0 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 115LN UT WOS:000242735900001 PM 16575573 ER PT J AU Mathieu, J Linker, R Levine, L Albright, L Both, AJ Spanswick, R Wheeler, R Wheeler, E Devilliers, D Langhans, R AF Mathieu, Jennifer Linker, Raphael Levine, Lanfang Albright, Louis Both, A. J. Spanswick, Roger Wheeler, Raymond Wheeler, Eileen deVilliers, David Langhans, Robert TI Evaluation of the nicolet model for simulation of short-term hydroponic lettuce growth and nitrate uptake SO BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID LACTUCA-SATIVA L; GREENHOUSE LETTUCE; DYNAMIC-MODEL; NITROGEN; LIGHT; CROP; OPTIMIZATION; ENVIRONMENT; CULTIVARS; SAP AB Accurate simulation models for short-term (similar to hours) changes in hydroponic crop growth and nitrate uptake are needed for rapid fault detection in hydroponic systems. Comparison between model-predicted and measured values for crop growth and nitrate uptake is proposed as the basis for such a fault detection system. To this end, the Nitrate Control in Lettuce (NiCoLet) model was used to evaluate both short- and long- term changes in growth and nitrate accumulation. Three replicated experiments were conducted with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Flandria), including: (1) plants subjected to either low or high nitrate concentration treatments for model calibration; (2) collection of growth data every 2 days for model validation; and (3) frequent (every 4 mol m(-2) of accumulated light) collection of growth and shoot nitrate concentration data to validate short-term predictions. After a minor modification (maximum nitrogen uptake rate restricted) and calibration, the NiCoLet model accurately simulated lettuce crop growth and nitrate uptake on a long-term basis and provided evidence of short-term behaviour, including statistically significant predictions of diurnal patterns. This is a first step in realising fault detection systems based on mechanistic simulation models. (c) 2006 IAgrE. All rights reserved Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Mitre Corp, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Dynamac Corp, Space Life Sci Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Space Life Sci Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Mathieu, J (reprint author), Mitre Corp, Burlington Rd, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. EM jmatheu@mitre.org NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1537-5110 J9 BIOSYST ENG JI Biosyst. Eng. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 95 IS 3 BP 323 EP 337 DI 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.07.006 PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 108ZG UT WOS:000242277100002 ER PT J AU Kitchell, JF Martell, SJD Walters, CJ Jensen, OP Kaplan, IC Watters, J Essington, TE Boggs, CH AF Kitchell, James F. Martell, Steven J. D. Walters, Carl J. Jensen, Olaf P. Kaplan, Issac C. Watters, Jeffrey Essington, Timothy E. Boggs, Christopher H. TI Billfishes in an ecosystem context SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Billfish Symposium CY OCT 31-NOV 03, 2005 CL Avalon, CA SP Billfish Fdn, Offield Ctr Billfish Studies, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ocean Conservat Org, Western Pacific Reg Fisheries Management Council ID MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; CENTRAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; SHANK J HOOKS; LONGLINE FISHERIES; PELAGIC LONGLINES; FISHING METHODS; BY-CATCH; TUNA; PREDATION; COMMUNITY AB There is a rising tenor of calls for ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management. Many billfishes are apex predators in pelagic food webs and, therefore, of potential ecological significance as keystone predators. Most billfishes are vulnerable to exploitation effects, especially those taken as by-catch where longline fishing occurs. We developed a series of ecosystem models that serve as tools for evaluating the role of billfishes and their fisheries across a range of scales. One of those models addressed ecological questions about responses to large marine protected areas. Another developed ecological and economic forecasts of billfish responses to reduced by-catch through specific changes in longline gear. A third posits the outcome of mandatory use of circle hooks by longline fisheries as a means for reducing sea turtle mortality. Changing to circle hooks in commercial fisheries has profound effects on catch rates for many fishes and, therefore, evokes substantial changes in food web dynamics. Enhanced catch-release practices for billfishes produce an ameliorative response that reduces mortality rates and furthers the economic benefits of recreational fisheries. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Kitchell, JF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM Kitchell@wisc.edu RI Jensen, Olaf/E-4947-2011; Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012 NR 54 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 79 IS 3 BP 669 EP 682 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 130VE UT WOS:000243826300019 ER PT J AU Tao, WK Smith, EA Adler, RF Haddad, ZS Hou, AY Iguchi, T Kakar, R Krishnamurti, TN Kummtrow, CD Lang, S Meneghini, R Nakamura, K Nakazawa, T Okamoto, K Olson, WS Satoh, S Shige, S Simpson, J Takayabu, Y Tripoli, GJ Yang, S AF Tao, W. -K. Smith, E. A. Adler, R. F. Haddad, Z. S. Hou, A. Y. Iguchi, T. Kakar, R. Krishnamurti, T. N. Kummtrow, C. D. Lang, S. Meneghini, R. Nakamura, K. Nakazawa, T. Okamoto, K. Olson, W. S. Satoh, S. Shige, S. Simpson, J. Takayabu, Y. Tripoli, G. J. Yang, S. TI Retrieval of latent heating from TRMM measurements SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; PASSIVE MICROWAVE SENSORS; FREQUENCY INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; VERTICAL HYDROMETEOR PROFILES; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MIDLATITUDE SQUALL LINE; TROPICAL CLOUD CLUSTERS; 10-11 JUNE 1985; TOGA-COARE; PRECIPITATION RADAR AB This paper highlights the retrieval of latent heating from satellite measurements generated by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observatory, which was launched in November 1997 as a joint American-Japanese space endeavor. Since then, TRMM measurements have been providing credible four-dimensional accounts of rainfall over the global Tropics and subtropics, information that can be used to estimate the space-time structure of latent heating across the Earth's low latitudes. A set of algorithm methodologies for estimating latent heating based on precipitation-rate profile retrievals obtained from TRMM measurements has been under continuous development since the advent of the mission's research program. These algorithms are briefly described, followed by a discussion of the latent heating products that they generate. The paper then provides an overview of how TRMM-derived latent heating information is currently being used in conjunction with global weather and climate models, concluding with remarks intended to stimulate further research on latent heating retrieval from satellites. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. Nagoya Univ, Hydrospher Atmospher Res Ctr, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Osaka Prefecture Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Tao, WK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM tao@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Zhang, YIng/F-5751-2011; Hou, Arthur/D-8578-2012; nakazawa, tetsuo/P-9063-2014; PMM, JAXA/K-8537-2016 NR 102 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1555 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-11-1555 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 108HT UT WOS:000242231600017 ER PT J AU Prigent, C Aires, F Rossow, WB AF Prigent, Catherine Aires, Filipe Rossow, William B. TI Land surface microwave emissivities over the globe for a decade SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; SNOW DEPTH; DATA ASSIMILATION; UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION; RADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL; MODEL; WAVELENGTHS AB Microwave land surface emissivities have been calculated over the globe for similar to 10 yr between 19 and 85 GHz at 53 degrees incidence angle for both orthogonal polarizations, using satellite observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Ancillary data (IR satellite observations and meteorological reanalysis) help remove the contribution from the atmosphere, clouds, and rain from the measured satellite signal and separate surface temperature from emissivity variations. The method to calculate the emissivity is general and can be applied to other sensors. The monthly mean emissivities are available for the community, with a 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees spatial resolution. The emissivities are sensitive to variations of the vegetation density, the soil moisture, the presence of standing water at the surface, or the snow behavior, and can help characterize the land surface properties. These emissivities (not illustrated in this paper) also allow for improved atmospheric retrieval over land and can help evaluate land surface emissivity models at global scales. C1 Observ Paris, CNRS, Lab Etud Rayonnement & Mat Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Meteorol Dynam, Paris, France. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Prigent, C (reprint author), Observ Paris, CNRS, Lab Etud Rayonnement & Mat Astrophys, 61 Ave Observ, F-75014 Paris, France. EM Catherine.Prigent@obspm.fr RI Rossow, William/F-3138-2015 NR 46 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1573 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-11-1573 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 108HT UT WOS:000242231600018 ER PT J AU Bronikowski, MJ AF Bronikowski, Michael J. TI CVD growth of carbon nanotube bundle arrays SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE carbon nanotubes; chemical vapor deposition; electron microscopy; field emission ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; FIELD-EMISSION; LARGE-SCALE; PATTERNED GROWTH; CATALYST; OPTIMIZATION; PARAMETERS; NANOFIBERS; PYROLYSIS; EMITTERS AB Recent discovery of enhanced field emission current intensity from arrays of bundles of carbon nanotubes (CNT) has prompted this investigation of the growth of CNT bundle arrays by metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD), in order to understand and control the growth of these arrays. CNT bundle array growth has been characterized as a function of array geometric parameters: the CNT bundle diameter and inter-bundle spacing. We find that CNT bundle array growth varies significantly with bundle size and spacing, which we suggest is due to the formation of a volatile molecular byproduct of ethylene decomposition that enhances CNT growth in areas with high concentrations of metal catalyst. We have also studied and optimized CNT growth with respect to a variety of CVD process parameters, in order to control the length of the resultant CNT bundles. We find that the length of the CNT can be reliably controlled by varying either the reaction time or the gas pressure. Such control over CNT bundle length will be crucial in the incorporation of these bundle arrays into high-intensity electron field emission devices. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bronikowski, MJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Michael.J.Bronikowski@jpl.nasa.gov NR 83 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 13 BP 2822 EP 2832 DI 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.022 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 092XQ UT WOS:000241131300031 ER PT J AU Gates, TS Sankar, BV AF Gates, Thomas S. Sankar, Bhavani V. TI Special issue: In honour of professor C. T. Sun - Preface SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mech Struct & Mat Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Gates, TS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mech Struct & Mat Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM sankar@ufl.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 66 IS 14 BP 2381 EP 2382 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.021 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 083VQ UT WOS:000240486700001 ER PT J AU Chamis, CC Abumeri, GH AF Chamis, C. C. Abumeri, G. H. TI Simulated data for high temperature composite design SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY OCT 19-22, 2003 CL Gainesville, FL SP Amer Soc Composites DE mechanical; thermal; static; rupture; fatigue AB The paper describes an effective formal method that can be used to simulate design properties for composites that is inclusive of all the effects that influence those properties. This effective simulation method is integrated computer codes that include composite micromechanics, composite macromechanics, laminate theory, structural analysis, and multi-factor interaction model. Demonstration of the method includes sample examples for static, thermal, and fracture reliability for a unidirectional metal matrix composite as well as rupture strength and fatigue strength for a high temperature super alloy. Typical results obtained for a unidirectional composite show that the thermal properties are more sensitive to internal local damage, the longitudinal properties degrade slowly with temperature, the transverse and shear properties degrade rapidly with temperature as do rupture strength and fatigue strength for super alloys. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chamis, CC (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd MS 49-7, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Christos.C.Chamis@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 66 IS 14 BP 2395 EP 2401 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.03.010 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 083VQ UT WOS:000240486700003 ER PT J AU Gates, TS Su, XF Abdi, F Odegard, GM Herring, HM AF Gates, Thomas S. Su, Xiaofeng Abdi, Frank Odegard, Gregory M. Herring, Helen M. TI Facesheet delamination of composite sandwich materials at cryogenic temperatures SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY OCT 19-22, 2003 CL Gainesville, FL SP Amer Soc Composites DE sandwich material; composites; delamination; cryogenic temperature; launch vehicle AB A new, novel test method, associated analysis, and experimental procedures are developed to investigate the toughness of the facesheet-to-core interface of a sandwich material at cryogenic temperatures. The test method is designed to simulate the failure mode associated with facesheet debonding due to high levels of gas pressure in the honeycomb core. The effects of specimen orientation are considered, and the results of toughness measurements are presented. Comparisons are made between room and cryogenic test temperatures. It was determined that the test method is insensitive to specimen facesheet orientation and strain energy release rate increases with a decrease in the test temperature. A reasonable agreement between test and simulation was achieved at both temperatures. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Michigan Tech Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Alpha Star Corp, Long Beach, CA 90804 USA. RP Gates, TS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM t.s.gates@larc.nasa.gov OI Odegard, Gregory/0000-0001-7577-6565 NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 66 IS 14 BP 2423 EP 2435 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.028 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 083VQ UT WOS:000240486700007 ER PT J AU Schultz, MR Hyer, MW Williams, RB Wilkie, WK Inman, DJ AF Schultz, Marc R. Hyer, Michael W. Williams, R. Brett Wilkie, W. Keats Inman, Daniel J. TI Snap-through of unsymmetric laminates using piezocomposite actuators SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY OCT 19-22, 2003 CL Gainesville, FL SP Amer Soc Composites DE MFC actuator; morphing; Rayleigh-Ritz technique; stability; multistable ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE SHAPES AB The paper discusses the concept of using a piezocerarnic actuator bonded to one side of a two-layer unsymmetric cross-ply [0/90](T) laminate to provide the moments necessary to snap the laminate from one stable equilibrium shape to another. This concept could be applied to the morphing of structures. A model of this concept, which is based on the Rayleigh-Ritz technique and the use of energy and variational methods, is developed. The experimental phase of the study is discussed, including the measurement of the voltage level needed to snap the laminate. The voltage measurements and shapes are compared with predictions of the models and the agreement between measurements and the predictions are reasonable, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Suggestions for future activities are presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech 0219, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Composite Technol Dev Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Struct & Mat Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Intelligent Mat Syst & Struct, Dept Mech Engn 0261, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Hyer, MW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech 0219, 219 Norris Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM marc.schultz@ctd-materials.com; hyerm@vt.edu NR 6 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 66 IS 14 BP 2442 EP 2448 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.027 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 083VQ UT WOS:000240486700009 ER PT J AU Wang, JT Poe, CC Ambur, DR Sleight, DW AF Wang, John T. Poe, Clarence C., Jr. Ambur, Damodar R. Sleight, David W. TI Residual strength prediction of damaged composite fuselage panel with R-curve method SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY OCT 19-22, 2003 CL Gainesville, FL SP Amer Soc Composites DE strength; damage tolerance; finite element analysis; composites ID FRACTURE MECHANICS; BEHAVIOR; TENSION; SHELLS; CRACK AB This study applies the crack growth resistance curve (R-curve) method to predict the residual strength of a composite fuselage panel with discrete source damage. The R-curve is constructed from the energy release rates computed from cracked tensile plate test specimens at their failure loads. To predict the residual strength of a curved fuselage panel with discrete source damage using the R-curve method, G-curves of the energy release rate of the damaged fuselage panel need to be established. These G-curves are generated for various fuselage pressures over a range of crack lengths. Since this study found that the membrane stiffening effect could significantly reduce the energy release rate at the crack tip of a pressurized fuselage, geometrically nonlinear behavior was considered in the calculations. The residual strength of the damaged fuselage panel was determined by comparing the energy release rates with the "allowable-like" R-curve. The correlation between the crack growth predictions and the damage progression results obtained from experiments is very good. Therefore, the R-curve method has the potential to be a practical engineering method for predicting the residual strength of damaged fuselage panels. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wang, JT (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM john.t.wang@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 66 IS 14 BP 2557 EP 2565 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.011 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 083VQ UT WOS:000240486700021 ER PT J AU Willis, P Jayles, C Bar-Sever, Y AF Willis, Pascal Jayles, Christian Bar-Sever, Yoaz TI DORIS: From orbit determination for altimeter missions to geodesy SO COMPTES RENDUS GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DORIS; Satellite geodesy; orbit determination; terrestrial reference frame; earth rotation ID TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME; OBSERVING SYSTEM; GRAVITY-FIELD; SPACE SYSTEM; SATELLITE; EARTH; ORBITOGRAPHY; GPS; TOPEX/POSEIDON; PERTURBATIONS AB In the late 1980s, the French 'Centre national d'etudes spatiales' (CNES), in conjunction with the 'Institut geographique national' (IGN) and the 'Groupe de recherche en geodesie spatiale' (GRGS) developed a new geodetic tracking system called DORIS for precise orbit determination of low Earth orbiting satellites for oceanographic missions. Since then, the number of applications has increased, leading recently to the creation of an International DORIS Service (IDS), making it a part of the Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) currently under development within the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). The goal of this paper is to present the current applications of the DORIS system for precise orbit determination as well as for geodesy, geophysics, Earth rotation or atmospheric sciences. Current accuracies are discussed as well as already planned improvements. In particular, recent improvements in on-board real time orbit showing 5-cm radial agreement with post-processed orbits are discussed. In addition, when using a 5-satellite constellation, 1-cm precision is achievable for station position as well as sub milli-arcsecond precision for polar motion. C1 Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse, France. RP Willis, P (reprint author), Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, 2 Av Pasteur,BP 68, F-94160 St Mande, France. EM pascal.willis@ign.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 NR 60 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0713 EI 1778-7025 J9 CR GEOSCI JI C. R. Geosci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 338 IS 14-15 BP 968 EP 979 DI 10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.013 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116GX UT WOS:000242791600004 ER PT J AU Massonnet, D Elachi, C AF Massonnet, Didier Elachi, Charles TI High-resolution land topography SO COMPTES RENDUS GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mapping; topography; radar; interferometry; super-resolution; formation flying ID RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SAR; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE AB After a description of the background, methods of production and some scientific uses of high-resolution land topography, we present the current status and the prospect of radar interferometry, regarded as one of the best techniques for obtaining the most global and the most accurate topographic maps. After introducing briefly the theoretical aspects of radar interferometry principles, limits of operation and various capabilities-, we will focus on the topographic applications that resulted in an almost global topographic map of the earth: the SRTM map. After introducing the Interferometric Cartwheel system, we will build on its expected performances to discuss the scientific prospects of refining a global topographic map to sub-metric accuracy. We also show how other fields of sciences such as hydrology may benefit from the products generated by interferometric radar systems. C1 Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse 09, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Massonnet, D (reprint author), Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, 18 Av Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 09, France. EM didier.massonnet@cst.cnes.fr; llf@pacific.jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0713 J9 CR GEOSCI JI C. R. Geosci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 338 IS 14-15 BP 1029 EP 1041 DI 10.1016/j.crte.2006.06.001 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116GX UT WOS:000242791600009 ER PT J AU Fu, LL Le Traon, PY AF Fu, Lee Lueng Le Traon, Pierre-Yves TI Satellite altimetry and ocean dynamics SO COMPTES RENDUS GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE satellite altimetry; ocean dynamics; sea level; mesoscale; large-scale; Rossby waves ID SEA-LEVEL VARIABILITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; EDDY KINETIC-ENERGY; ROSSBY WAVES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; TOPEX/POSEIDON ALTIMETER; KUROSHIO EXTENSION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SEASONAL CYCLE; INDIAN-OCEAN AB This paper provides a summary of recent results derived from satellite altimetry. It is focused on altimetry and ocean dynamics with synergistic use of other remote sensing techniques, in-situ data and integration aspects through data assimilation. Topics include mean ocean circulation and geoid issues, tropical dynamics and large-scale sea level and ocean circulation variability, high-frequency and intraseasonal variability, Rossby waves and mesoscale variability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Le Traon, PY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM llf@pacific.jpl.nasa.gov; pierre.yves.le.traon@ifremer.fr NR 84 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0713 J9 CR GEOSCI JI C. R. Geosci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 338 IS 14-15 BP 1063 EP 1076 DI 10.1016/j.crte.2006.05.015 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116GX UT WOS:000242791600012 ER PT J AU Chao, BF AF Chao, Benjamin Fong TI Earth's oblateness and its temporal variations SO COMPTES RENDUS GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Earth's oblateness; J(2); mass redistribution; post-glacial rebound ID GRAVITATIONAL-FIELD; MASS REDISTRIBUTION; GRAVITY-FIELD; ROTATION; LAGEOS AB The oblateness is a fundamental property of the Earth under stable rotation. Different oblateness parameters can be defined, each having its physical significance. We retrace the main developments in concept as well as in measurement toward a qualitative understanding of the oblateness and particularly of J(2), the so-called oblateness coefficient that 'glues' together distinct concepts of oblateness. We examine the numerical values and discuss the dynamical and geometrical consequences of the oblateness. Finally, we report the recent findings of the variations in J(2), including an outstanding multi-year anomaly that occurred since 1998, leading to a discussion of possible cause(s) in terms of large-scale mass transports in the Earth's atmosphere-hydrosphere-cryosphere-solid Earth-core system. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chao, BF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bfchao@ncu.edu.tw RI Chao, Benjamin Fong/N-6156-2013 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0713 EI 1778-7025 J9 CR GEOSCI JI C. R. Geosci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 338 IS 14-15 BP 1123 EP 1129 DI 10.1016/j.crte.2006.09.014 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116GX UT WOS:000242791600017 ER PT J AU Palosz, B Pantea, C Grzanka, E Stelmakh, S Proffen, T Zerda, TW Palosz, W AF Palosz, B. Pantea, C. Grzanka, E. Stelmakh, S. Proffen, Th. Zerda, T. W. Palosz, W. TI Investigation of relaxation of nanodiamond surface in real and reciprocal spaces SO DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on New Diamond Science and Technology/9th Applied Diamond Conference CY MAY 15-19, 2006 CL Res Triangle Pk, NC DE diamond; nanocrystals; structure; neutron diffraction ID POWDER DIFFRACTOMETRY; DIAMOND CRYSTALS; HIGH-PRESSURE; GRAPHITIZATION AB The structure of a nanodiamond powder with an average grain size of 5 nm was investigated using large-Q neutron diffraction. Both Bragg scattering and PDF analysis were employed. The effect of annealing under vacuum at temperatures up to 1200 degrees C was studied. The studies lead to a tentative model of nanocrystalline diamond, where the core with a perfect diamond lattice is surrounded by a shell of compressed diamond lattice, and this core-shell structure is enveloped in a non-diamond carbon. The non-diamond envelope of nanograins, a "gas-like" carbon, is stable up to 1000 degrees C and transforms into a graphite phase (an onion-type structure) at about 1200 degrees C. The amount of non-crystalline carbon in the powder annealed below 1000 degrees C is about 10%. In the sample annealed at 1200 degrees C a graphite-type carbon, with a total of about 15% of SP2 bonds is formed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst High Pressure Phys, Warsaw, Poland. LANL, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM USA. TCU, Dept Phys, Ft Worth, TX USA. NASA, MSFC, BAE Syst, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Palosz, B (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst High Pressure Phys, Warsaw, Poland. EM palosz@unipress.waw.pl RI Pantea, Cristian/D-4108-2009; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009; OI Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031; Pantea, Cristian/0000-0002-0805-8923 NR 13 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-9635 J9 DIAM RELAT MATER JI Diam. Relat. Mat. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 15 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 1813 EP 1817 DI 10.1016/j.diamond.2006.09.001 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 118GV UT WOS:000242931300010 ER PT J AU Henderson, SB Burkholder, B Brauer, M Jackson, PL Klinkenberg, B Ichoku, C AF Henderson, S. B. Burkholder, B. Brauer, M. Jackson, P. L. Klinkenberg, B. Ichoku, C. TI Forest fire smoke exposure assessment: Use of remote sensing data in a pollution dispersion model SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT ISEE/ISEA 2006 Conference CY 2006 CL Paris, FRANCE SP ISEE, ISEA C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Hlth Care & Epidemiol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Sch Occupat & Environm Hyg, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC, Canada. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2006 VL 17 IS 6 SU S BP S203 EP S203 DI 10.1097/00001648-200611001-00516 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 097JL UT WOS:000241443401045 ER PT J AU Wolpert, DH Lee, CF AF Wolpert, D. H. Lee, C. F. TI An adaptive Metropolis-Hastings scheme: Sampling and optimization SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREE-ENERGY; ALGORITHM AB We propose an adaptive Metropolis-Hastings algorithm in which sampled data are used to update the proposal distribution. We use the samples found by the algorithm at a particular step to form the information-theoretically optimal mean-field approximation to the target distribution, and update the proposal distribution to be that approximation. We employ our algorithm to sample the energy distribution for several spin-glasses and we demonstrate the superiority of our algorithm to the conventional MH algorithm in sampling and in annealing optimization. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RP Wolpert, DH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Lee, Chiu Fan/C-2964-2009 OI Lee, Chiu Fan/0000-0003-4363-9050 NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 76 IS 3 BP 353 EP 359 DI 10.1209/epl/i2006-10287-1 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 097GE UT WOS:000241434300001 ER PT J AU Hshieh, FY Williams, JH AF Hshieh, Fu-Yu Williams, James H. TI A further study of factors affecting pneumatic-impact ignition of polymers SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE ignition of polymers; pneumatic impact; threshold oxygen concentration ID TEMPERATURES; SENSITIVITY; FRACTURE AB One likely cause of polymer ignition in high-pressure oxygen systems is the adiabatic-compression heating of polymers caused by pneumatic impact. The previous study showed that pneumatic-impact ignition of polymers could be initiated by a local heterogeneous reaction between the hot oxygen and the oxidation sites of the polymer. This study further investigates other factors that cause pneumatic-impact ignition of polymers in high-pressure oxygen. Because the oxygen concentration has a significant effect on pneumatic-impact ignition, threshold oxygen concentrations for pneumatic-impact ignition of six selected polymers were determined at 20.7 MPa (3000 psia), an expected service pressure in high-pressure oxygen systems. The six polymers investigated were: Teflon PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), Neoflon CTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), Zytel 42 (nylon 6/6), Buna N (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), and Viton A (copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene). The results show that PEEK exhibited the highest threshold oxygen concentration (65%) and Zytel 42 exhibited the lowest threshold oxygen concentration (< 21%). Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Honeywell Technol Inc, NASA, Johnson Space Ctr White Isl Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hshieh, FY (reprint author), Honeywell Technol Inc, NASA, Johnson Space Ctr White Isl Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. EM fhshieh@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 30 IS 6 BP 425 EP 437 DI 10.1002/fam.921 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 114JQ UT WOS:000242662900004 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Ottmar, ML Hurst, TP AF Stoner, Allan W. Ottmar, Michele L. Hurst, Thomas P. TI Temperature affects activity and feeding motivation in Pacific halibut: Implications for bait-dependent fishing SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE feeding motivation; temperature; olfaction; Pacific halibut; stock assessment ID SABLEFISH ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; STOCK ASSESSMENT; HIPPOGLOSSUS-STENOLEPIS; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; LONGLINE GEAR; GADUS-MORHUA; GROWTH; BEHAVIOR; SIZE; RESPONSES AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that temperature (2-10 degrees C) and recent feeding history (1-14 days food deprivation) influence the activity and feeding motivation of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). Activity was examined before and after presentation of a chemical cue prepared from squid (Loligo opalescens). Spontaneous activity in 2 degrees C was essentially zero and increased with temperature. Searching behavior increased with cue introduction in all treatments and search intensity was closely correlated with temperature. Food deprivation did not significantly affect either pre- or post-cue activity. The number of baits located, attacked and consumed increased with temperature, and the times required to accomplish those behaviors decreased significantly with temperature. In most cases, very slow responses occur-red at 2 degrees C, differences between 4 and 6 degrees C were small and not significant, and times were shortest in 10 degrees C. Temperature did not have a significant effect on latency in attack or bait handling time, and feeding history had no significant effects on any of the timed measures. These results indicate a large potential impact of temperature on Pacific halibut catchability in longline surveys. Stock size could be significantly underestimated in a cold season or cold year and in deep water environments where temperatures are low. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 81 IS 2-3 BP 202 EP 209 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.07.005 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 097CW UT WOS:000241425000011 ER PT J AU Ewing, SA Sutter, B Owen, J Nishiizumi, K Sharp, W Cliff, SS Perry, K Dietrich, W McKay, CP Amundson, R AF Ewing, Stephanie A. Sutter, Brad Owen, Justine Nishiizumi, Kunihiko Sharp, Warren Cliff, Steven S. Perry, Kevin Dietrich, William McKay, Christopher P. Amundson, Ronald TI A threshold in soil formation at Earth's arid-hyperarid transition SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Review ID PORPHYRY COPPER-DEPOSITS; CENTRAL NAMIB DESERT; ATACAMA DESERT; NORTHERN CHILE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS; SUPERGENE ENRICHMENT; COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CENTRAL ANDES; MASS-BALANCE AB The soils of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile have long been known to contain large quantities of unusual salts, yet the processes that form these soils are not yet fully understood. We examined the morphology and geochemistry of soils on post-Miocene fans and stream terraces along a south-to-north (27 degrees to 24 degrees S) rainfall transect that spans the and to hyperarid transition (21 to -2 turn rain y(-1)). Landform ages are >= 2 My based on cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations in surface boulders, and Ar isotopes in interbedded volcanic ash deposits near the driest site indicate a maximum age of 2.1 My. A chemical mass balance analysis that explicitly accounts for atmospheric additions was used to quantify net changes in mass and volume as a function of rainfall. In the and (21 mm rainy-) soil, total mass loss to weathering of silicate alluvium and dust (- 1030 kg m(-2)) is offset by net addition of salts (+ 170 kg m(-2)). The most hyperarid soil has accumulated 830 kg m(-2) of atmospheric salts (including 260 kg sulfate m(-2) and 90 kg chloride m(-2)), resulting in unusually high volumetric expansion (120%) for a soil of this age. The composition of both airborne particles and atmospheric deposition in passive traps indicates that the geochernistry of the driest soil reflects accumulated atmospheric influxes coupled with limited in-soil chemical transformation and loss. Long-term rates of atmospheric solute addition were derived from the ion inventories in the driest soil, divided by the landform age, and compared to measured contemporary rates. With decreasing rainfall, the soil salt inventories increase, and the retained salts are both more soluble and present at shallower depths. All soils generally exhibit vertical variation in their chemistry, suggesting slow and stochastic downward water movement, and greater climate variability over the past 2 My than is reflected in recent (similar to 100 y) rainfall averages. The geochernistry of these soils shows that the transition from and to hyperarid rainfall levels marks a fundamental geochernical threshold: in wetter soils, the rate and character of chemical weathering results in net mass loss and associated volumetric collapse after 105 to 106 years, while continuous accumulation of atmospheric solutes in hyperarid soils over similar timescales results in dramatic volumetric expansion. The specific geochernistry of hyperarid soils is a function of atmospheric sources, and is expected to vary accordingly at other hyperarid sites. This work identifies key processes in hyperarid soil formation that are likely to be independent of location, and suggests that analogous processes may occur on Mars. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ewing, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM saewing@nature.berkeley.edu RI Amundson, Ronald /E-2654-2015 NR 109 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 70 IS 21 BP 5293 EP 5322 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.020 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 104LL UT WOS:000241959800004 ER PT J AU Schiffman, P Zierenberg, R Marks, N Bishop, JL Dyar, MD AF Schiffman, Peter Zierenberg, Robert Marks, Naomi Bishop, Janice L. Dyar, M. Darby TI Acid-fog deposition at Kilauea volcano: A possible mechanism for the formation of siliceous-sulfate rock coatings on Mars SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kilauea; Mars; weathering; rock coatings; jarosite; amorphous silica ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM; JAROSITE; SPECTRA; HAWAII; ORIGIN; MODEL AB On the summit of Kilauea volcano, sulfur dioxide, which is continuously emitted from Halemaumau crater and rapidly sequestered into sulfuric-acid-rich aerosol entrained in the prevailing trade winds, is subsequently precipitated as acid fog immediately downwind from Kilauea caldera in the Kau Desert. The characteristic pH of surface tephra deposits is < 4.0 in Sand Wash, a region of nearly continuous, acidic aerosol fallout immediately southwest of the caldera. Vertical exposures of unconsolidated tephras of the Keanakakoi Ash found within fissures and small, dry gullies are coated with thin rock coatings of amorphous silica and jarosite. These rock coatings are formed via an evaporative mechanism whereby acidic pore fluids, circulating in the upper few meters within the highly porous tephra, are wicked toward the walls of the gullies. Geochemical modeling of the rock coating formation process implies that the sulfate formation via evaporation occurs subsequent to minimal interaction of acidic pore fluids with the basaltic tephra. This also suggests that the cycle from acid-fog fallout to precipitation of the siliceous-sulfate rock coatings must occur quite rapidly. Acid-fog deposition of sulfate and silica at Kilauea may provide one mechanism for the origin of jarosite-bearing outcrops on Mars. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA USA. Mt Holyoke Coll, Dept Astron, S Hadley, MA 01075 USA. RP Schiffman, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Zierenberg, Robert/F-9329-2012; OI Zierenberg, Robert/0000-0001-9384-7355; Marks, Naomi/0000-0002-4737-9877 NR 21 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2006 VL 34 IS 11 BP 921 EP 924 DI 10.1130/G22620A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 100YT UT WOS:000241706800007 ER PT J AU Huang, JP Minnis, P Lin, B Yi, YH Fan, TF Sun-Mack, S Ayers, JK AF Huang, Jianping Minnis, Patrick Lin, Bing Yi, Yuhong Fan, T. -F. Sun-Mack, Sunny Ayers, J. K. TI Determination of ice water path in ice-over-water cloud systems using combined MODIS and AMSR-E measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MICROWAVE; PARAMETERS; OCEANS; CLIMATOLOGY; RETRIEVAL AB To provide more accurate ice cloud microphysical properties, the multi-layered cloud retrieval system (MCRS) is used to retrieve ice water path (IWP) in ice-over-water cloud systems globally over oceans using combined instrument data from Aqua. The liquid water path (LWP) of lower-layer water clouds is estimated from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) measurements. The properties of the upper-level ice clouds are then derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements by matching simulated radiances from a two-cloud-layer radiative transfer model. The results show that the MCRS can significantly improve the accuracy and reduce the over-estimation of optical depth and IWP retrievals for ice-over-water cloud systems. The mean daytime ice cloud optical depth and IWP for overlapped ice-over-water clouds over oceans from Aqua are 7.6 and 146.4 gm(-2), respectively, down from the initial single-layer retrievals of 17.3 and 322.3 gm(-2). The mean IWP for actual single-layer clouds is 128.2 gm(-2). C1 Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Analyt Serv & Mat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Huang, JP (reprint author), Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. EM hjp@lzu.edu.cn RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; zhang, zhijuan/H-9917-2016 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; zhang, zhijuan/0000-0002-5328-7506 NR 16 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21801 DI 10.1029/2006GL027038 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DK UT WOS:000241865700001 ER PT J AU Pierce, DW Barnett, TP Fetzer, EJ Gleckler, PJ AF Pierce, David W. Barnett, Tim P. Fetzer, Eric J. Gleckler, Peter J. TI Three-dimensional tropospheric water vapor in coupled climate models compared with observations from the AIRS satellite system SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SIMULATIONS; HUMIDITY; FEEDBACK AB Changes in the distribution of water vapor in response to anthropogenic forcing will be a major factor determining the warming the Earth experiences over the next century, so it is important to validate climate models' distribution of water vapor. In this work the three-dimensional distribution of specific humidity in state-of-the-art climate models is compared to measurements from the AIRS satellite system. We find the majority of models have a pattern of drier than observed conditions (by 10-25%) in the tropics below 800 hPa, but 25-100% too moist conditions between 300 and 600 hPa, especially in the extra-tropics. Analysis of the accuracy and sampling biases of the AIRS measurements suggests that these differences are due to systematic model errors, which might affect the model-estimated range of climate warming anticipated over the next century. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climat Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Pierce, DW (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, Mail Stop 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM dpierce@ucsd.edu RI Gleckler, Peter/H-4762-2012 OI Gleckler, Peter/0000-0003-2816-6224 NR 20 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 21 AR L21701 DI 10.1029/2006GL027060 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DK UT WOS:000241865700002 ER PT J AU Kiang, R Adimi, F Solka, V Nigro, J Singhasivanon, P Sirichaisinthop, J Leemingsawat, S Apiwathnasorn, C Looareesuwan, S AF Kiang, Richard Adimi, Farida Solka, Valerii Nigro, Joseph Singhasivanon, Pratap Sirichaisinthop, Jeeraphat Leemingsawat, Somjai Apiwathnasorn, Chamnarn Looareesuwan, Sornchai TI Meteorological, environmental remote sensing and neural network analysis of the epidemiology of malaria transmission in Thailand SO GEOSPATIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; Thailand; remote sensing; neural networks ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; AFRICA AB In many malarious regions malaria transmission roughly coincides with rainy seasons, which provide for more abundant larval habitats. In addition to precipitation, other meterological and environmental factors may also influence malaria transmission. These factors can be remotely sensed using earth observing environmental satellites and estimated with seasonal climate forecasts. The use of remote sensing usage as an early warning tool for malaria epidemics have been broadly studied in recent years, especially for Africa, where the majority of the world's malaria occurs. Although the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which includes Thailand and the surrounding countries, is an epicenter of multidrug resistant falciparum malaria, the meteorological and environmental factors affecting malaria transmissions in the GMS have not been examined in detail. In this study, the parasitological data used consisted of the monthly malaria epidemiology data at the provincial level complied by the Thai Ministry of Public Health. Precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and vegetation index obtained from both climate time series and satellite measurements were used as independent variables to model malaria. We used neural network methods, an artificial-intelligence technique, to model the dependency of malaria transmission on these variables. The average training accuracy of the neural network analysis for three provinces (Kanchanaburi, Mae Hong Son, and Tak) which are among the provinces most endemic for malaria, is 72.8% and the average testing accuracy is 62.9% based on the 1994-1999 data. A more complex neural network architecture resulte in higher training accuracy but also lower testing accuracy. Taking into account of the uncertainty regarding reported malaria cases, we divided the malarial cases into bands (classes) to compute training accuracy. Using the same neural network architecture on the 19 most endemic provinces for years 1994 to 2000, the mean training accuracy weighted by provincial malaria cases was 73%. Prediction of malaria cases for 2001 using neural networks trained for 1994-2000 gave a weighted accuracy of 53%. Because there was a significant decrease (31%) in the number of malaria cases in the 19 provinces from 2000 to 2001, the networks overestimated malaria transmissions. The decrease in transmission was not due to climate or environmental changes. Thailand is a country with long borders. Migrant populations from the neighboring countries enlarge the human malaria reservoir because these populations have more limited access to health care. This issue also confounds the the complexity of modeling malaria based on meteorological and environmental variables alone. In spite of the relatively low resolution of the data and the impact of migrant populations, we have uncovered a reasonably clear dependency of malaria on meterological and environmental remote sensing variables. When other contextual determinants do not vary significantly, using neural network analysis along with remote sensing variables to predict malaria endemicity should be feasible. C1 [Kiang, Richard] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Adimi, Farida; Solka, Valerii; Nigro, Joseph] Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Singhasivanon, Pratap; Leemingsawat, Somjai; Apiwathnasorn, Chamnarn; Looareesuwan, Sornchai] Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. [Sirichaisinthop, Jeeraphat] Minist Publ Hlth, Vector Borne Dis Training Ctr, Sara Buri, Thailand. RP Kiang, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 610-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM richard.kiang@nasa.gov FU NASA FX The work reported here is part of the Malaria Modeling and Surveillance Project, which was supported by the NASA Applied Sciences Public Health Application Program. We are grateful to the reviewers for truly helpful comments. These comments have driven us to examine once again our understanding of the meaning of accuracy in predicting malaria transmission. We thank Drs. Gabriela Zollner, Russell Coleman, Benjamin Huang, and Krongthong Thimasam for helpful discussions. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU UNIV NAPLES FEDERICO II PI NAPLES PA FAC VET MED, DEP PATHOLOGY & ANIMAL HEALTH, VET PARASITOLOGY, VIA DELLA VETERINARIA 1, NAPLES, 80137, ITALY SN 1827-1987 J9 GEOSPATIAL HEALTH JI Geospatial Health PD NOV PY 2006 VL 1 IS 1 BP 71 EP 84 PG 14 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 339SZ UT WOS:000258598900009 PM 18686233 ER PT J AU Quintana, EV Lissauer, JJ AF Quintana, Elisa V. Lissauer, Jack J. TI Terrestrial planet formation surrounding close binary stars SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE planetary formation; terrestrial planets; extrasolar planets ID EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS; GIANT PLANETS; SYMPLECTIC INTEGRATOR; RELATIVE VELOCITIES; ORBITAL ELEMENTS; CORALIE SURVEY; BROWN DWARFS; SYSTEMS; DISK; CIRCUMSTELLAR AB Most stars reside in binary/multiple star systems; however, previous models of planet formation have studied growth of bodies orbiting an isolated single star. Disk material has been observed around both components of some young close binary star systems. Additionally, it has been shown that if planets form at the right places within such disks, they can remain dynamically stable for very long times. Herein, we numerically simulate the late stages of terrestrial planet growth in circumbinary disks around 'close' binary star systems with stellar separations 0.05 AU <= a(B) <= 0.4 AU and binary eccentricities 0 <= e(B) <= 0.8. In each simulation, the sum of the masses of the two stars is 1 M-circle dot, and giant planets are included. The initial disk of planetary embryos is the same as that used for simulating the late stages of terrestrial planet formation within our Solar System by Chambers [Chambers, J.E., 2001. Icarus 152, 205-224], and around each individual component of the alpha Centauri AB binary star system by Quintana et al. [Quintana, E.V., Lissauer, J.J., Chambers, J.E., Duncan, M.J., 2002. Astrophys. J. 576, 982-996]. Multiple simulations are performed for each binary star system under study, and our results are statistically compared to a set of planet formation simulations in the Sun-Jupiter-Saturn system that begin with essentially the same initial disk of protoplanets. The planetary systems formed around binaries with apastron distances Q(B) equivalent to a(B) (1 + e(B)) less than or similar to 0.2 AU are very similar to those around single stars, whereas those with larger maximum separations tend to be sparcer, with fewer planets, especially interior to 1 AU. We also provide formulae that can be used to scale results of planetary accretion simulations to various systems with different total stellar mass, disk sizes, and planetesimal masses and densities. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div 245 3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Quintana, EV (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div 245 3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM equintan@pollack.arc.nasa.gov NR 35 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2006 VL 185 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.016 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 097VJ UT WOS:000241477000001 ER PT J AU Withers, P Smith, MD AF Withers, Paul Smith, Michael D. TI Atmospheric entry profiles from the Mars exploration rovers Spirit and Opportunity SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars, atmosphere; data reduction techniques; atmospheres, dynamics ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; GLOBAL DUST STORMS; WATER ICE CLOUDS; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PATHFINDER; TIDES; ACCELEROMETER; TEMPERATURES; SURVEYOR AB Accelerometer measurements made by Spirit and Opportunity during their entries through the martian atmosphere are reported. Vertical profiles of atmospheric density, pressure, and temperature with sub-km vertical resolution were obtained using these data between 10 and 100 km. Spirit's temperature profile is similar to 10 K warmer than Opportunity's between 20 and 80 km. Unlike all other martian entry profiles, Spirit's temperature profile does not contain any large amplitude, long wavelength oscillations and is nearly isothermal below 30 km. Opportunity's temperature profile contains a strong inversion between 8 and 12 km. A moderate dust storm, which occurred on Mars shortly before these two atmospheric entries, may account for some of the differences between the two profiles. The poorly known angle of attack and unknown wind velocity may cause the temperature profiles to contain errors of tens of Kelvin at 10 km, but these errors would be an order of magnitude smaller above 30 km. On broad scales, the two profiles are consistent with Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) pressure/temperature profiles. Differences exist on smaller scales, particularly associated with the near-isothermal portion of Spirit's profile and the temperature inversion in Opportunity's profile. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM withers@bu.edu RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; Withers, Paul/H-2241-2014 NR 43 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2006 VL 185 IS 1 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.013 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 097VJ UT WOS:000241477000011 ER PT J AU Walters, RJ Carreras, J Feng, T Bell, LD Atwater, HA AF Walters, Robert J. Carreras, Josep Feng, Tao Bell, L. Douglas Atwater, Harry A. TI Silicon nanocrystal field-effect light-emitting devices SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE electroluminescence; light-emitting device; silicon nanocrystals; silicon quantum dots ID NANO-CRYSTAL MEMORY; QUANTUM DOTS; ELECTROLUMINESCENCE; LAYER; SIO2 AB We describe the operation of a light-emitting device in which silicon nanocrystals are electrically pumped via the field-effect electroluminescence (EL) mechanism. In contrast to the simultaneous bipolar carrier injection used in conventional p-n junction light-emitting diodes, this device employs sequential unipolar programming of both electrons and holes across a tunneling barrier from the same semiconductor channel. Light emission is strongly correlated with the injection of second carriers into nanocrystals that have been previously programmed with charges of the opposite sign. The properties of this device are well described by the model of a charge injection through Coulomb field modified tunneling processes. We additionally consider limiting performance bounds for potential future devices fabricated from nanocrystals with different radiative emission rates. C1 CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Labs Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Aonex Corp, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Walters, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Labs Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM rwalters@caltech.edu; carreras@el.ub.es; tfengca@gmail.com; lbell@mail.jpl.nasa.gov; haa@caltech.edu RI Carreras, Josep/B-2565-2012 OI Carreras, Josep/0000-0003-4063-3243 NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 12 IS 6 BP 1647 EP 1656 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2006.885387 PN 2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 119LL UT WOS:000243013700042 ER PT J AU Cavalieri, DJ Markus, T Raney, RK Gasiewski, AJ AF Cavalieri, Donald J. Markus, Thorsten Raney, R. Keith Gasiewski, Albin J. TI Foreword to the March 2003 EOS Aqua AMSR-E Arctic Sea ice field campaign special issue SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cavalieri, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donald.j.cavalieri@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2999 EP 3001 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.883881 PN 1 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400001 ER PT J AU Cavalieri, DJ Markus, T Mastanik, JA Sturm, M Lobl, E AF Cavalieri, Donald J. Markus, Thorsten Mastanik, James A. Sturm, Matthew Lobl, Elena TI March 2003 EOS Aqua AMSR-E Arctic Sea ice field campaign SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing Mission (AMSR-E); Arctic; sea ice; validation AB An overview of the March 2003 coordinated sea ice field campaign in the Alaskan Arctic is presented with reference to the papers in this special section. This campaign is part of the program to validate the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) sea ice products. Standard AMSR-E sea ice products include sea ice concentration, sea ice temperature, and snow depth on sea ice. The validation program consists of three elements, namely: 1) satellite data comparisons; 2) coordinated satellite/aircraft/surface measurements; and 3) modeling and sensitivity analyses. Landsat-7 and RADARSAT observations were used in comparative studies with the retrieved AMSR-E sea ice concentrations. The aircraft sensors provided high-resolution microwave imagery of the surface, atmospheric profiles of temperature and humidity, and digital records of sea ice conditions. When combined with in situ measurements, aircraft data were used to validate the AMSR-E sea ice temperature and snow-depth products. The modeling studies helped interpret the field-data comparisons, provided insight on the limitations of the AMSR-E sea ice algorithms, and suggested potential improvements to the AMSR-E retrieval algorithms. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab Alaska, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Cavalieri, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donald.j.cavalieri@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3003 EP 3008 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.883133 PN 1 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400002 ER PT J AU Sturm, M Maslanik, JA Perovich, DK Stroeve, JC Richter-Menge, J Markus, T Holmgren, J Heinrichs, JF Tape, K AF Sturm, Matthew Maslanik, James A. Perovich, Donald K. Stroeve, Julienne C. Richter-Menge, Jackie Markus, Thorsten Holmgren, Jon Heinrichs, John F. Tape, Ken TI Snow depth and ice thickness measurements from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas collected during the AMSR-Ice03 campaign SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE cryosphere; field validation; sea ice; snow ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; ALASKA; COVER; CLIMATE; BARROW; AREA AB In March 2003, a field validation campaign was conducted on the sea ice near Barrow, AK. The goal of this campaign was to produce an extensive dataset of sea ice thickness and snow properties (depth and stratigraphy) against which remote sensing products collected by aircraft and satellite could be compared. Chief among these were products from the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) flown aboard a NASA P-3B aircraft and the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The data were collected in four field areas: three on the coastal sea ice near Barrow, AK, and the fourth out on the open ice pack 175 km northeast of Barrow. The snow depth ranged from 9.4-20.8 cm in coastal areas (n = 9881 for three areas) with the thinnest snow on ice that had formed late in the winter. Out in the main pack ice, the snow was 20.6 cm deep (n = 1906). The ice in all four areas ranged from 138-219 cm thick (n = 1952), with the lower value again where the ice had formed late in the winter. Snow layer and grain characteristics observed in 118 snow pits indicated that 44% of observed snow layers were depth hoar; 46% were wind slab. Snow and ice measurements were keyed to photomosaics produced from low-altitude vertical aerial photographs. Using these, and a distinctive three-way relationship between ice roughness, snow surface characteristics, and snow depth, strip maps of snow depth, each about 2 km wide, were produced bracketing the traverse lines. These maps contain an unprecedented level of snow depth detail against which to compare remote sensing products. The maps are used in other papers in this special issue to examine the retrieval of snow properties from the PSR and AMSR-E sensors. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Denver, CO 80262 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Geosci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Sturm, M (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. EM msturm@crrel.usace.army.mil; stroeve@kryos.colorado.edu; Thorsten.Markus@nasa.gov; jheinric@fhsu.edu RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 19 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3009 EP 3020 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.878236 PN 1 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400003 ER PT J AU Maslanik, JA Sturm, M Rivas, MB Gasiewski, AJ Heinrichs, JE Herzfeld, UC Holmgren, J Klein, M Markus, T Perovich, DK Sonntag, JG Stroeve, JC Tape, K AF Maslanik, James A. Sturm, Matthew Rivas, Maria Belmonte Gasiewski, Albin J. Heinrichs, John E. Herzfeld, Ute C. Holmgren, Jon Klein, Marian Markus, Thorsten Perovich, Donald K. Sonntag, John G. Stroeve, Julienne C. Tape, Ken TI Spatial variability of barrow-area shore-fast sea ice and its relationships to passive microwave emissivity SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE passive microwave; roughness; sea ice; shore-fast ice; snow depth ID SHEET; LAKES AB Aircraft-acquired passive microwave data, laser radar height observations, RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar imagery, and in situ measurements obtained during the AMSR-Ice03 experiment are used to investigate relationships between microwave emission and ice characteristics over several space scales. The data fusion allows delineation of the shore-fast ice and pack ice in the Barrow area, AK, into several ice classes. Results show good agreement between observed and Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR)-derived snow depths over relatively smooth ice, with larger differences over ridged and rubbled ice. The PSR results are consistent with the effects on snow depth of the spatial distribution and nature of ice roughness, ridging, and other factors such as ice age. Apparent relationships exist between ice roughness and the degree of depolarization of emission at 10, 19, and 37 GHz. This depolarization would yield overestimates of total ice concentration using polarization-based algorithms, with indications of this seen when the NT-2 algorithm is applied to the PSR data. Other characteristics of the microwave data, such as effects of grounding of sea ice and large contrast between sea ice and adjacent land, are also apparent in the PSR data. Overall, the results further demonstrate the importance of macroscale ice roughness conditions such as ridging and rubbling on snow depth and microwave emissivity. C1 Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Maslanik, JA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM james.maslanik@colorado.edu RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012; Belmonte Rivas, Maria/C-9383-2015 OI Belmonte Rivas, Maria/0000-0003-0528-3858 NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3021 EP 3031 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.879557 PN 1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400004 ER PT J AU Cavalieri, DJ Markus, T Hall, DK Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Ivanoff, A AF Cavalieri, Donald J. Markus, Thorsten Hall, Dorothy K. Gasiewski, Albin J. Klein, Marian Ivanoff, Alvaro TI Assessment of EOS aqua AMSR-E Arctic Sea ice concentrations using Landsat-7 and airborne microwave imagery SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE advanced microwave scanning radiometer for; the earth observing system (AMSR-E); Arctic; sea ice concentration; validation ID ALGORITHM; TEMPERATURE; MODIS AB An assessment of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) sea ice concentrations under winter conditions using ice concentrations derived from Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery obtained during the March 2003 Arctic sea ice validation field campaign is presented. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory's Airborne Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer Measurements, which were made from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration P 3B aircraft during the campaign, were used primarily as a diagnostic tool to understand the comparative results and to suggest improvements to the AMSR-E ice concentration algorithm. Based on the AMSR-E/ETM+ comparisons, a good overall agreement with little bias (similar to 1%) for areas of first year and young sea ice was found. Areas of new ice production result in a negative bias of about 5% in the AMSR-E ice concentration retrievals, with a root mean square error of 8%. Some areas of deep snow also resulted in an underestimate of the ice concentration (similar to 10%). For all ice types combined and for the full range of ice concentrations, the bias ranged from 0% to 3%, and the rms errors ranged from 1% to 7 %, depending on the region. The new-ice and deep-snow biases are expected to be reduced through an adjustment of the new-ice and ice-type C algorithm tie points. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Cavalieri, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donald.j.cavalieri@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012; Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 16 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3057 EP 3069 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.878445 PN 1 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400007 ER PT J AU Heinrichs, JF Cavalieri, DJ Markus, T AF Heinrichs, John F. Cavalieri, Donald J. Markus, Thorsten TI Assessment of the AMSR-E sea ice concentration product at the ice edge using RADARSAT-1 and MODIS imagery SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE passive microwave remote sensing; sea ice edge; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); validation ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE-RADAR; SATELLITE IMAGERY; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; WEATHER; COVER AB Imagery from the C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) aboard RADARSAT-1 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to evaluate the performance of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) ice concentration product near the sea ice edge in the Bering Sea for four days during March 2003, which is concurrent with the AMSR-Ice03 field/aircraft campaign. The AMSR-E products were observed to perform very well in identifying open-water and pack-ice areas, although the AMSR-E products occasionally underestimate ice concentration in areas with thin ice. The position of the ice edge determined from AMSR-E data using a 15% concentration threshold was found to be, on average, within one AMSR-E grid square (12.5 km) of the ice edge determined from the SAR data, with the AMSR-E edge tending to be outside the SAR-derived edge. C1 Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Geosci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heinrichs, JF (reprint author), Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Geosci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. EM jheinric@fhsu.edu; Donald.J.Cavalieri@nasa.gov; Thorsten.Markus@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 45 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3070 EP 3080 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.880622 PN 1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400008 ER PT J AU Markus, T Cavalieri, DJ Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Maslanik, JA Powell, DC Stankov, BB Stroeve, JC Sturm, M AF Markus, Thorsten Cavalieri, Donald J. Gasiewski, Albin J. Klein, Marian Maslanik, James A. Powell, Dylan C. Stankov, B. Boba Stroeve, Julienne C. Sturm, Matthew TI Microwave signatures of snow on sea ice: Observations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR); passive microwave; sea ice; snow on sea ice; validation ID AMSR-E; ALGORITHM AB Part of the Earth Observing Sysytem Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) Arctic sea ice validation campaign in March 2003 was dedicated to the validation of snow depth on sea ice and ice temperature products. The difficulty with validating these two variables is that neither can currently be measured other than in situ. For this reason, two aircraft flights on March 13 and 19, 2003, were dedicated to these products, and flight lines were coordinated with in situ measurements of snow and sea ice physical properties. One flight was in the vicinity of Barrow, AK, covering Elson Lagoon and the adjacent Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The other flight was farther north in the Beaufort Sea (about 73 degrees N, 147.5 degrees W) and was coordinated with a Navy ice camp. The results confirm the AMSR-E snow depth algorithm and its coefficients for first-year ice when it is relatively smooth. For rough first-year ice and for multiyear ice, there is still a relationship between the spectral gradient ratio of 19 and 37 GHz, but a different set of algorithm coefficients is necessary. Comparisons using other AMSR-E channels did not provide a clear signature of sea ice characteristics and, hence, could not provide guidance for the choice of algorithm coefficients. The limited comparison of in situ snow-ice interface and surface temperatures with 6-GHz brightness temperatures, which are used for the retrieval of ice temperature, shows that the 6-GHz temperature is correlated with the snow-ice interface temperature to only a limited extent. For strong temperature gradients within the snow layer, it is clear that the 6-GHz temperature is a weighted average of the entire snow layer. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Show & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. RP Markus, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Thorsten.Markus@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 13 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3081 EP 3090 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.883134 PN 1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400009 ER PT J AU Powell, DC Markus, T Cavalieri, DJ Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Maslanik, JA Stroeve, JC Sturm, M AF Powell, Dylan C. Markus, Thorsten Cavalieri, Donald J. Gasiewski, Albin J. Klein, Marian Maslanik, James A. Stroeve, Julienne C. Sturm, Mathew TI Microwave signatures of snow on sea ice: Modeling SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR); microwave; modeling; polar regions; remote sensing; sea ice; snow ID LAYERED SNOWPACKS; DEPTH ALGORITHM; EMISSION MODEL; SENSITIVITY; COVER AB Accurate knowledge of snow-depth distribution over sea ice is critical for polar climate studies. Current snow-depth-over-sea-ice retrieval algorithms do not sufficiently account for variations in snow and ice physical properties that can affect the accuracy of retrievals. For this reason, airborne microwave observations were coordinated with ground-based measurements of snow depth and snow properties in the vicinity of Barrow, AK, in March 2003. In this paper, the effects of snowpack properties and ice conditions on microwave signatures are examined using detailed surface-based measurements and airborne observations in conjunction with a thermal microwave-emission model. A comparison of the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) simulations with detailed snowpack and ice data from stakes along the Elson Lagoon and the Beaufort Sea and radiometer data taken from low-level flights using a Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR-A) shows that MEMLS can be used to simulate snow on sea ice and is a useful tool for understanding the limitations of the snow-depth algorithm. Analysis of radiance data taken over the Elson Lagoon and the Beaufort Sea using MEMLS suggests that the radiometric differences between the two locations are due to the differences in sea-ice emissivity. Furthermore, measured brightness temperatures suggest that the current snow-depth retrieval algorithm is sufficient for areas of smooth first-year sea ice, whereas new algorithm coefficients are needed for rough first-year sea ice. Snowpack grain size and density remain an unresolved issue for snow-depth retrievals using passive-microwave radiances. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Fairbanks, AK 99703 USA. RP Powell, DC (reprint author), Earth Observing Syst, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM Thorsten.Markus@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 30 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3091 EP 3102 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.882139 PN 1 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400010 ER PT J AU Stroeve, JC Markus, T Maslanik, JA Cavalieri, DJ Gasiewski, AJ Heinrichs, JE Holmgren, J Perovich, DK Sturm, M AF Stroeve, Julienne C. Markus, Thorsten Maslanik, James A. Cavalieri, Donald J. Gasiewski, Albin J. Heinrichs, John E. Holmgren, Jon Perovich, Donald K. Sturm, Matthew TI Impact of surface roughness on AMSR-E sea ice products SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE passive microwave; remote sensing; sea ice ID PARAMETERS; GREENLAND; SNOW AB This paper examines the sensitivity of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) brightness temperatures (Tbs) to surface roughness by a using radiative transfer model to simulate AMSR-E Tbs as a function of incidence angle at which the surface is viewed. The simulated Tbs are then used to examine the influence that surface roughness has on two operational sea ice algorithms, namely: 1) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Team (NT) algorithm and 2) the enhanced NT algorithm, as well as the impact of roughness on the AMSR-E snow depth algorithm. Surface snow and ice data collected during the AMSR-Ice03 field campaign held in March 2003 near Barrow, AK, were used to force the radiative transfer model, and resultant modeled Tbs are compared with airborne passive microwave observations from the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer. Results indicate that passive microwave Tbs are very sensitive even to small variations in incidence angle, which can cause either an over-or underestimation of the true amount of sea ice in the pixel area viewed. For example, this paper showed that if the sea ice areas modeled in this paper were assumed to be completely smooth, sea ice concentrations were underestimated by nearly 14% using the NT sea ice algorithm and by 7% using the enhanced NT algorithm. A comparison of polarization ratios (PRs) at 10.7, 18.7, and 37 GHz indicates that each channel responds to different degrees of surface roughness and suggests that the PR at 10.7 GHz can be useful for identifying locations of heavily ridged or rubbled ice. Using the PR at 10.7 GHz to derive an "effective" viewing angle, which is used as a proxy for surface roughness, resulted in more accurate retrievals of sea ice concentration for both algorithms. The AMSR-E snow depth algorithm was found to be extremely sensitive to instrument calibration and sensor viewing angle, and it is concluded that more work is needed to investigate the sensitivity of the gradient ratio at 37 and 18.7 GHz to these factors to improve snow depth retrievals from spaceborne passive microwave sensors. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Geosci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Stroeve, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM stroeve@kodiak.colorado.edu RI Stroeve, Julienne/D-1525-2010; Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 21 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3103 EP 3117 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.880619 PN 1 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400011 ER PT J AU Walter, B Cavalieri, DJ Thornhill, KL Gasiewski, AJ AF Walter, Bernard Cavalieri, Donald J. Thornhill, K. Lee Gasiewski, Albin J. TI Aircraft measurements of heat fluxes over wind-driven coastal polynyas in the Bering Sea SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric measurements; covariance analysis; meteorology; remote sensing; sea ice ID DENSE WATER FORMATION; ARCTIC LEADS; CANADIAN ARCHIPELAGO; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ICE; OCEAN; COEFFICIENTS; MOMENTUM; SHELF AB The first estimates of the average bulk heat transfer coefficient for Arctic sea ice are presented as a function of mean ice thickness. Turbulent heat flux measurements made by the NASA P-3 over the St. Lawrence Island polynya (SLIP) and Kuskokwim Bay in the Bering Sea during AMSR-Ice03 were used to estimate the values of the heat transfer coefficient C-H. Estimates of ice thickness were made from the algorithm of Perovich et al. using broadband albedos obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. Plots Of C-H as a function of ice thickness showed a nearly linear relationship for ice thicknesses in the range of 0-14 cm in the polynyas. Previous estimates Of C-H for different cases over the SLIP were 1.2 x 10(-3), but no estimates of ice thickness were available. These results will allow more accurate estimates of heat fluxes from the thin-ice areas of polynyas using satellite retrievals. C1 NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Walter, B (reprint author), NW Res Associates Inc, POB 3027, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. EM walter@nwra.com; Donald.J.Cavalieri@nasa.gov NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3118 EP 3134 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.883348 PN 1 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400012 ER PT J AU Hsu, NC Tsay, SC King, MD Herman, JR AF Hsu, N. Christina Tsay, Si-Chee King, Michael D. Herman, Jay R. TI Deep blue retrievals of Asian aerosol properties during ACE-Asia SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE aerosols; desert; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR); remote sensing; satellite applications; Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS); Terra ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; DUST STORMS; DESERT DUST; ART.; LAND; MODIS; TOMS; CLIMATOLOGY; AERONET AB During the ACE-Asia field campaign, unprecedented amounts of aerosol property data in East Asia during springtime were collected from an array of aircraft, shipboard, and surface instruments. However, most of the observations were obtained in areas downwind of the source regions. In this paper, the newly developed satellite aerosol algorithm called "Deep Blue" was employed to characterize the properties of aerosols over source regions using radiance measurements from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Based upon the Angstrom exponent derived from the Deep Blue algorithm, it was demonstrated that this new algorithm is able to distinguish dust plumes from fine-mode pollution particles even in complex aerosol environments such as the one over Beijing. Furthermore, these results were validated by comparing them with observations from AERONET sites in China and Mongolia during spring 2001. These comparisons show that the values of satellite-retrieved aerosol optical thickness from Deep Blue are generally within 20%-30% of those measured by sunphotometers. The analyses also indicate that the roles of mineral dust and anthropogenic particles are comparable in contributing to the overall aerosol distributions during spring in northern China, while fine-mode particles are dominant over southern China. The spring season in East Asia consists of one of the most complex environments in terms of frequent cloudiness and wide ranges of aerosol loadings and types. This paper will discuss how the factors contributing to this complexity influence the resulting aerosol monthly averages from various satellite sensors and, thus, the synergy among satellite aerosol products. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hsu, NC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM christina.hsu@nasa.gov RI King, Michael/C-7153-2011; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014; OI King, Michael/0000-0003-2645-7298; Herman, Jay/0000-0002-9146-1632 NR 29 TC 292 Z9 306 U1 7 U2 49 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3180 EP 3195 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.879540 PN 1 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CK UT WOS:000241933400017 ER PT J AU Yang, FH White, MA Michaelis, AR Ichii, K Hashimoto, H Votava, P Zhu, AX Nemani, RR AF Yang, Feihua White, Michael A. Michaelis, Andrew R. Ichii, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Hirofumi Votava, Petr Zhu, A-Xing Nemani, Ramakrishna R. TI Prediction of continental-scale evapotranspiration by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data through support vector machine SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE AmeriFlux; evapotranspiration (ET); Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); support vector machines (SVMs) ID LAND-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION INDEXES; VALIDATION; FLUX; SATELLITE; PARAMETERS; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERN; NDVI AB Application of remote sensing data to extrapolate evapotranspiration (ET) measured at eddy covariance flux towers is a potentially powerful method to estimate continental-scale ET. In support of this concept, we used meteorological and flux data from the AmeriFlux network and an inductive machine learning technique called support vector machine (SVM) to develop a predictive ET model. The model was then applied to the conterminous U.S. In this process, we first trained the SVM to predict 2000-2002 ET measurements from 25 AmeriFlux sites using three remotely sensed variables [land surface temperature, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and land cover] and one ground-measured variable (surface shortwave radiation). Second, we evaluated the model performance by predicting ET for 19 flux sites in 2003. In this independent evaluation, the SVM predicted ET with a root-mean-square error (rmse) of 0.62 mm/day (approximately 23% of the mean observed values) and an R-2 of 0.75. The rmse from SVM was significantly smaller than that from neural network and multiple-regression approaches in a cross-validation experiment. Among the explanatory variables, EVI was the most important factor. Indeed, removing this variable induced an rmse increase from 0.54 to 0.77 mm/day. Third, with forcings; from remote sensing data alone, we used the SVM model to predict the spatial and temporal distributions of ET for the conterminous U.S. for 2004. The SVM model captured the spatial and temporal variations of ET at a continental scale. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Resources & Environm Informat Syst, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. RP Yang, FH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM feihuayang@wisc.edu RI Ichii, Kazuhito/D-2392-2010; OI Ichii, Kazuhito/0000-0002-8696-8084; White, Michael/0000-0002-0238-8913 NR 40 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2006 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3452 EP 3461 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.876297 PN 2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 104CM UT WOS:000241933600023 ER PT J AU Menzies, T Chen, ZH Hihn, J Lum, K AF Menzies, Tim Chen, Zhihao Hihn, Jairus Lum, Karen TI Selecting best practices for effort estimation SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE model-based effort estimation; COCOMO; deviation; data mining AB Effort estimation often requires generalizing from a small number of historical projects. Generalization from such limited experience is an inherently underconstrained problem. Hence, the learned effort models can exhibit large deviations that prevent standard statistical methods (e.g., t-tests) from distinguishing the performance of alternative effort-estimation methods. The COSEEKMO effort-modeling workbench applies a set of heuristic rejection rules to comparatively assess results from alternative models. Using these rules, and despite the presence of large deviations, COSEEKMO can rank alternative methods for generating effort models. Based on our experiments with COSEEKMO, we advise a new view on supposed "best practices" in model-based effort estimation: 1) Each such practice should be viewed as a candidate technique which may or may not be useful in a particular domain, and 2) tools like COSEEKMO should be used to help analysts explore and select the best method for a particular domain. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Menzies, T (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM tim@menzies.us; chenscott@gmail.com; jhihn@mail.jpl.nasa.gov; ktlum@mail.jpl.nasa.gov RI Chen, Zhihao/A-2208-2010 NR 37 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 6 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0098-5589 J9 IEEE T SOFTWARE ENG JI IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 32 IS 11 BP 883 EP 895 DI 10.1109/TSE.2006.114 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 101EE UT WOS:000241720900003 ER PT J AU Li, L Sweet, BT Stone, LS AF Li, Li Sweet, Barbara T. Stone, Leland S. TI Active control with an isoluminant display SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART A-SYSTEMS AND HUMANS LA English DT Article DE chromatic display; contrast; manual control; one-dimensional (1-D) motion; speed perception ID COLOR-VISION; CHROMATIC GRATINGS; MOTION PERCEPTION; STIMULI; SMOOTH; MOVEMENT; VELOCITY; SYSTEM; INPUTS; SPEED AB Humans perceive isoluminant visual stimuli (i.e., stimuli that show little or no luminance variation across space) to move more slowly than their luminance-defined counterparts. To explore whether impaired motion perception at isoluminance also affects visuomotor control tasks, the authors examined the performance as humans actively controlled a moving line. They tested two types of displays matched for an overall salience: a luminant display composed of a luminance-defined Gaussian-blurred horizontal line and an isoluminant display composed of a color-defined line with the same spatial characteristics, but near-zero luminance information. Six subjects were asked to use a joystick to keep the line centered on a cathode ray tube display as its vertical position was perturbed pseudorandomly by a sum of ten sinusoids under two control regimes (velocity and acceleration control). The mean root mean square position error was larger for the isoluminant than for the luminant line (mean across subjects: 22% and 29% larger, for the two regimes, respectively). The describing functions (Bode plots) showed that, compared to the luminant line, the isoluminant line showed a lower open-loop gain (mean decrease: 3.4 and 2.9 dB, respectively) and an increase in phase lag, which can be accounted for by an increase in reaction time (mean increase: 103 and 155 ms, respectively). The performance data are generally well fit by McRuer et al.'s classical crossover model. In conclusion, both our model-independent and modeldependent analyses show that the selective loss of luminance information impairs human active control performance, which is consistent with the preferential loss of information from cortical visual motion processing pathways. Display engineers must therefore be mindful of the importance of luminance-contrast per se (not just total stimulus salience) in the design of effective visual displays for closed-loop active control tasks. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Informat Proc Res Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Syst Integrat Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, L (reprint author), Univ Hong Kong, Dept Psychol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM lili@hku.hk; bsweet@mail.arc.nasa.gov; lstone@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1083-4427 J9 IEEE T SYST MAN CY A JI IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Paart A-Syst. Hum. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1124 EP 1134 DI 10.1109/TSMCA.2006.878951 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 097HS UT WOS:000241438600009 ER PT J AU Pikuta, EV Itoh, T Krader, P Tang, J Whitman, WB Hoover, RB AF Pikuta, Elena V. Itoh, Takashi Krader, Paul Tang, Jane Whitman, William B. Hoover, Richard B. TI Anaerovirgula multivorans gen. nov., sp nov., a novel spore-forming, alkaliphilic anaerobe isolated from Owens Lake, California, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; SODA LAKE; MONO LAKE; CLOSTRIDIUM; BACTERIUM; ACETICUM; STRAINS; REGION AB A novel, alkaliphilic, obligately anaerobic bacterium, strain SCA, was isolated from mud sediments of a soda lake in California, USA. The rod-shaped cells were motile, Gram-positive, formed spores and were 0.4-0.5 x 2-5-5.0 mu m in size. Growth occurred within the pH range 6.7-10.0 and was optimal at pH 8.5. The temperature range for growth was 10-45 degrees C, with optimal growth at 35 degrees C. NaCl was required for growth. Growth occurred at 0.5-9.0% (w/v) NaCl and was optimal at 1-2% (w/v). The novel isolate was a catalase-negative chemo-organoheterotroph that fermented sugars, proteolysis products, some organic and amino acids, glycerol, D-cellobiose and cellulose. It was also capable of growth by the Stickland reaction. Strain SCA T was sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and gentamicin, but it was resistant to ampicillin and kanamycin. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 34.2 mol%. Major fatty acid components were C-14:0, iso-C-15:0, C-16:1 w9c and C-16:0. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain SCA(T) showed a similarity of approximately 97 % with the type strains of Clostridium formicaceticum and Clostridium aceticum in clostridial cluster XI and a similarity of less than 94.2% to any other recognized Clostridium species and those of related genera in this cluster. Strain SCA T was clearly differentiated from C. formicaceticurn and C. aceticum based on comparison of their phenotypic properties and fatty acid profiles, as well as low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SCA T and the type strains of these two species. Therefore, strain SCA(T) is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, Anaerovirgula multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., in clostridial cluster XI. The type strain is SCA(T) (= ATCC BAA- 1084(T)=JCM 12857(T) =DSM 17722(T)=CIP 107910(T)). C1 NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RIKEN, BioResource Ctr, Japan Collect Microorganisms, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. USDA, Monitoring Programs Off, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, XD-12,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM elenapikuta@hotmail.com; Richard.Hoover@NASA.GOV NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 56 BP 2623 EP 2629 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.64198-0 PN 11 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 108SQ UT WOS:000242259900021 PM 17082402 ER PT J AU Viken, SA Brooks, FM Johnson, SC AF Viken, Sally A. Brooks, Frederick M. Johnson, Sally C. TI Overview of the small aircraft transportation system project four enabling operating capabilities SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 5th Aviation, Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO) CY SEP 26-28, 2005 CL Arlington, VA SP AIAA AB It has become evident that our commercial air transportation system is reaching its peak in terms of capacity, with numerous delays in the system and the demand still steadily increasing. NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the National Consortium for Aviation Mobility have partnered together to aid in increasing the mobility throughout the United States through the Small Aircraft Transportation System project. This project has been a five-year effort to provide the technical and economic basis for further national investment and policy decisions to support a small aircraft transportation system. The project vision has been to enable people and goods to have the convenience of on-demand point-to-point travel, anywhere, anytime for both personal and business travel. The project has focused its efforts on four key operating capabilities that have addressed new emerging technologies, procedures, and concepts to pave the way for small aircraft to operate in near all-weather conditions at virtually any runway in the United States. The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of the technical and operational feasibility of the four operating capabilities and explain how they can enable a small aircraft transportation system. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Natl Consortium Aviat Mobil, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Viken, SA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 47 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1602 EP 1612 DI 10.2514/1.20595 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119CM UT WOS:000242989800002 ER PT J AU Williams, DM Murdoch, JL Adams, CH AF Williams, Daniel M. Murdoch, Jennifer L. Adams, Catherine H. TI Small aircraft transportation system higher volume operations flight experiment SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 5th Aviation, Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO) CY SEP 26-28, 2005 CL Arlington, VA SP AIAA AB This paper summarizes findings from the Small Aircraft Transportation System Higher Volume Operations Flight Experiment. The higher volume operations concept improves efficiency at nontowered, nonradar airports in instrument meteorological conditions. The success of the higher volume operations concept is based on pilot acceptability as determined through objective and subjective assessments when compared with the procedural control operations in use today at nontowered, nonradar-controlled airfields in instrument meteorological conditions. Flight experiment data indicate that the concept is viable. The experiment, flown on a general aviation aircraft, used a subset of the Higher Volume Operations Simulation Experiment scenarios and evaluation pilots to validate the simulation experiment results. Results reveal that all 12 low-time instrument-rated pilots preferred Small Aircraft Transportation System Higher Volume Operations when compared with current procedural separation operations. These pilots also flew the higher volume operations procedures safely and proficiently without additional workload in comparison to today's system. Detailed results of pilot flight technical error and their subjective assessments of workload and situation awareness are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aviat Operat & Evaluat Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Williams, DM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aviat Operat & Evaluat Branch, Mail Stop 152, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1613 EP 1620 DI 10.2514/1.20403 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119CM UT WOS:000242989800003 ER PT J AU Steinwolf, A Rizzi, SA AF Steinwolf, Alexander Rizzi, Stephen A. TI Non-Gaussian analysis of turbulent boundary layer fluctuating pressure on aircraft skin panels SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY SPECTRUM; RANDOM VIBRATION; DENSITY; FATIGUE; MODELS; FLOW AB The purpose of the study is to investigate the probability density function of turbulent boundary layer fluctuating pressures measured on the outer sidewall of a supersonic transport aircraft and to approximate these probability density functions by analytical models. Experimental flight results show that the fluctuating pressure probability density functions differ from the Gaussian distribution even for standard smooth surface conditions. The probability density function tails are wider and longer than those of the Gaussian model: For pressure fluctuations in front of forward-facing step discontinuities, deviations from the Gaussian model are more significant and the probability density functions become asymmetrical. There is a certain spatial pattern of the skewness and kurtosis behavior depending on the distance upstream from the step. All characteristics related to non-Gaussian behavior are highly dependent upon the distance from the step and the step height, less dependent on aircraft speed; and not dependent on the fuselage location. A Hermite polynomial transform model and a piecewise-Gaussian model fit the flight data well both for the smooth and stepped conditions. The piecewise-Gaussian approximation can be additionally regarded for convenience in usage after the model is constructed. C1 Univ Auckland, Auckland 1, New Zealand. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Steinwolf, A (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Auckland 1, New Zealand. EM a.steinwolf@auckland.ac.nz; stephen.a.rizzi@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1662 EP 1675 DI 10.2514/1.18294 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119CM UT WOS:000242989800009 ER PT J AU Woodward, RP Hughes, CE Podboy, GG AF Woodward, Richard P. Hughes, Christopher E. Podboy, Gary G. TI Fan noise reduction with increased bypass nozzle area SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB A model turbofan was tested in the NASA Glenn 9- by 15-ft low speed wind tunnel to explore far-field acoustic effects of a variable area bypass nozzle using three fixed nozzle flows. The baseline nozzle was sized to produce maximum stage performance at cruise condition. However, wind tunnel testing is conducted near sea level condition. Therefore, to simulate and obtain performance at other operating conditions, two additional nozzles were tested-one with +5% increase in weight flow (+5.4% area increase), sized to simulate the performance at the stage design point (takeoff) condition,,and the other with a +7.5% increase in weight flow (+10.9% area increase) sized for maximum weight flow at sea level condition. Measured acoustic benefits with increased nozzle area showed effective perceived noise level reductions of 2 or more dB (for a 1500 ft fan flyover with a 3.35 scale factor) while the stage thrust actually increased by 2 to 3%. Noise reductions, principally in the level of broadband noise, were observed everywhere in the far field. Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements downstream of the rotor showed that the total turbulent velocity decreased with increasing nozzle flow, which may explain the reduced rotor broadband noise levels. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Acoust Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Woodward, RP (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Acoust Branch, MS 54-3,21000 Brook Pk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1719 EP 1725 DI 10.2514/1.19359 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119CM UT WOS:000242989800014 ER PT J AU Grant, PR Yam, B Hosman, R Schroeder, JA AF Grant, Peter R. Yam, Bonnie Hosman, Ruud Schroeder, Jeffery A. TI Effect of simulator motion on pilot behavior and perception SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB A set of experiments were conducted on the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies flight research simulator to determine the effects of translational and yaw motion on pilot performance, workload, fidelity, pilot compensation, and motion perception for three helicopter yaw control tasks. The three control tasks were a yaw capture, a disturbance rejection task, and a tracking task. The yaw capture experiment was a duplication of an experiment previously run at a different simulator facility. The results of the yaw capture task were in general agreement with the previous study with the exception that, in the current study, yaw motion had a larger impact on pilot performance than the previous study. The current study found that translational motion improves performance and increases fidelity for all three tasks. Yaw motion increased performance for the yaw capture and disturbance rejection tasks. Translational motion generally improved fidelity and was easier to detect than yaw motion for all three tasks. Finally, if translational motion was present, the addition of yaw motion usually provided little additional benefit to performance, workload, compensation, or fidelity for all three tasks. C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Aerosp Studies, Aerosp Inst, N York, ON M3H 5T6, Canada. Atlantis Syst Int, Brampton, ON L6T 5E6, Canada. AMS Consult, NL-2645 Delfgauw, Netherlands. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Aviat Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Grant, PR (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Aerosp Studies, Aerosp Inst, 4925 Dufferin St, N York, ON M3H 5T6, Canada. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1914 EP 1924 DI 10.2514/1.21900 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119CM UT WOS:000242989800035 ER PT J AU Rocha, H Li, W Hahn, A AF Rocha, Humberto Li, Wu Hahn, Andrew TI Principal component regression for fitting wing weight data of subsonic transports SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID POLYNOMIAL INTERPOLATION; SELECTION; VARIABLES AB This paper documents the lessons learned from fitting the wing weight data of 41 subsonic transports by a semi-empirical regression model, least polynomial interpolation, radial basis function interpolation, Kriging interpolation, Gaussian process, and principal component regression using radial basis function interpolation. The paper discusses various aspects of fitting data to a wing weight model: data scaling, variable selection, principal component analysis, subjective choice of input variables, interpolation methods, and verification of constructed wing weight models. The numerical results show that principal component regression using multiquadric radial basis function interpolation is capable of capturing physical trends buried in the wing weight data and generates the most useful wing weight model for conceptual design of subsonic transports among the tested data fitting methods. Even though the benefits of principal component regression are only demonstrated by the wing weight data fitting problem, the methodology could have significant advantages in fitting other historical or sparse data. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Rocha, H (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RI Rocha, Humberto/A-9717-2010 OI Rocha, Humberto/0000-0002-5981-4469 NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1925 EP 1936 DI 10.2514/1.21934 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119CM UT WOS:000242989800036 ER PT J AU Amitai, E Marks, DA Wolff, DB Silberstein, DS Fisher, BL Pippitt, JL AF Amitai, Eyal Marks, David A. Wolff, David B. Silberstein, David S. Fisher, Brad L. Pippitt, Jason L. TI Evaluation of radar rainfall products: Lessons learned from the NASA TRMM validation program in Florida SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUND-VALIDATION; PRECIPITATION RADAR; GAUGE DATA; REFLECTIVITY; CALIBRATION; REGIMES; ERROR; SITE; BIAS AB Evaluation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observations is conducted through a comprehensive ground validation (GV) program. Since the launch of TRMM in late 1997, standardized instantaneous and monthly rainfall products are routinely generated using quality-con trolled ground-based radar data adjusted to the gauge accumulations from four primary sites. As part of the NASA TRMM GV program, effort is being made to evaluate these GV products. This paper describes the product evaluation effort for the Melbourne, Florida, site. This effort allows us to evaluate the radar rainfall estimates, to improve the algorithms in order to develop better GV products for comparison with the satellite products, and to recognize the major limiting factors in evaluating the estimates that reflect current limitations in radar rainfall estimation. Lessons learned and suggested improvements from this 8-yr mission are summarized in the context of improving planning for future precipitation missions, for example, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM). C1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. George Mason Univ, Ctr Earth Observing & Space Res, Fairfax, VA USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Amitai, E (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eyal@radar.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Wolff, David/H-5502-2012; Measurement, Global/C-4698-2015 NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1492 EP 1505 DI 10.1175/JTECH1968.1 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 109FP UT WOS:000242293600007 ER PT J AU Wilheit, TT Hobbs, PV Jin, K Rangno, AL Triesky, ME Wang, JR AF Wilheit, T. T. Hobbs, P. V. Jin, K. Rangno, A. L. Triesky, M. E. Wang, J. R. TI Microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions of tropical rainfall SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REMOTE-SENSING APPLICATIONS; MELTING-LAYER MODEL; PRECIPITATION RADAR; PROFILING ALGORITHM; AMSR-E; CLOUDS; SIMULATION; OCEAN AB Here airborne observations of the mixed-phase regions of tropical oceanic rainfall are reported as part of the Kwajalein Experiment. Yhe University of Washington Convair-580 aircraft carrying upward-viewing 21and 37-GHz microwave radiometers spiraled down through stratiform rain. It was observed that the microwave absorption coefficient in the bright band (melting layer) in the stratiform rainfall was roughly twice or thrice that of the rain below. Radiative transfer models of the melting layer have a similar range of uncertainties. In addition to the potential bias from modeling uncertainties, comparison with previous observations suggests that there is a natural variability of about the same magnitude. The aircraft also made penetrations of a convective line at altitudes of 2.6, 3.4, and 4.5 km. From the microwave observations, it can be concluded that the effect of supercooled water above the freezing level was extremelv small, on the order of 2% or less of the total rain signal for this case. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Washington, Amospher Sci Dept, Seattle, WA USA. NASA Goddard Space Flight, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Wilheit, TT (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM wilheit@tamu.edu RI Wilheit, Thomas/G-9438-2012 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 EI 1520-0426 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1519 EP 1529 DI 10.1175/JTECH1944.1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 109FP UT WOS:000242293600009 ER PT J AU Tripathi, OP Godin-Beekmann, S Lefevre, F Marchand, M Pazmino, A Hauchecorne, A Goutail, F Schlager, H Volk, CM Johnson, B Konig-Langlo, G Balestri, S Stroh, F Bui, TP Jost, HJ Deshler, T von der Gathen, P AF Tripathi, Om Prakash Godin-Beekmann, Sophie Lefevre, Franck Marchand, Marion Pazmino, Andrea Hauchecorne, Alain Goutail, Florence Schlager, Hans Volk, C. Michael Johnson, B. Koenig-Langlo, G. Balestri, Stefano Stroh, Fred Bui, T. P. Jost, H. J. Deshler, T. von der Gathen, Peter TI High resolution simulation of recent Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric chemical ozone loss compared to observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE comparison with observations; high-resolution 3-D chemical transport model; ozone loss; stratospheric chemistry; polar ozone; sensitivity tests ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL SIMULATIONS; TOTAL REACTIVE NITROGEN; POLAR VORTEX; TRANSPORT MODEL; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; HNO3 OBSERVATIONS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; III OBSERVATIONS; WINTER 1999/2000 AB Simulations of polar ozone losses were performed using the three-dimensional high-resolution (1 degrees x 1 degrees) chemical transport model MIMOSA-CHIM. Three Arctic winters 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2002-2003 and three Antarctic winters 2001, 2002, and 2003 were considered for the study. The cumulative ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002-2003 reached around 35% at 475 K inside the vortex, as compared to more than 60% in 1999-2000. During 1999-2000, denitrification induces a maximum of about 23% extra ozone loss at 475 K as compared to 17% in 2002-2003. Unlike these two colder Arctic winters, the 2001-2002 Arctic was warmer and did not experience much ozone loss. Sensitivity tests showed that the chosen resolution of 1 degrees x 1 degrees provides a better evaluation of ozone loss at the edge of the polar vortex in high solar zenith angle conditions. The simulation results for ozone, ClO, HNO3, N2O, and NOy for winters 1999-2000 and 2002-2003 were compared with measurements on board ER-2 and Geophysica aircraft respectively. Sensitivity tests showed that increasing heating rates calculated by the model by 50% and doubling the PSC (Polar Stratospheric Clouds) particle density (from 5 x 10(-3) to 10(-2) cm(-3)) refines the agreement with in situ ozone, N2O and NOy levels. In this configuration, simulated ClO levels are increased and are in better agreement with observations in January but are overestimated by about 20% in March. The use of the Burkholder et al. (1990) Cl2O2 absorption cross-sections slightly increases further ClO levels especially in high solar zenith angle conditions. Comparisons of the modelled ozone values with ozonesonde measurement in the Antarctic winter 2003 and with Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III) measurements in the Antarctic winters 2001 and 2002, shows that the simulations underestimate the ozone loss rate at the end of the ozone destruction period. A slightly better agreement is obtained with the use of Burkholder et al. (1990) Cl2O2 absorption cross-sections. C1 CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, CNRS, IPSL, F-75252 Paris 05, France. DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Atmosphare & Umwelt, D-6000 Frankfurt, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. Environm Res & Serv, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere ICG1, D-52425 Julich, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Res Dept Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. RP Tripathi, OP (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, 24490 Table Mt Rd,POB 367, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. EM ompraka@aero.jussieu.fr RI Stroh, Fred/A-6505-2009; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Hauchecorne, Alain/A-8489-2013; Konig-Langlo, Gert/K-5048-2012; OI Stroh, Fred/0000-0002-4492-2977; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Konig-Langlo, Gert/0000-0002-6100-4107; Hauchecorne, Alain/0000-0001-9888-6994 NR 72 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7764 EI 1573-0662 J9 J ATMOS CHEM JI J. Atmos. Chem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 55 IS 3 BP 205 EP 226 DI 10.1007/s10874-006-9028-8 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 102FS UT WOS:000241797000002 ER PT J AU Ward, NE Pellis, NR Risin, SA Risin, D AF Ward, Nancy E. Pellis, Neal R. Risin, Semyon A. Risin, Diana TI Gene expression alterations in activated human T-cells induced by modeled microgravity SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE immunity; human lymphocytes; gravitational biology; space physiology; gene expression ID NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE KINASE; LEUKEMIA-INHIBITORY FACTOR; CYTOCHROME B(5) REDUCTASE; VACCINIA-RELATED KINASE-1; ACYL-COA HYDROLASE; RNA-POLYMERASE-II; BINDING PROTEINS; GAMMA-TUBULIN; HUMAN GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE; SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY AB Studies conducted in real Space and in ground-based microgravity analog systems (MAS) have demonstrated changes in numerous lymphocyte functions. In this investigation we explored whether the observed functional changes in lymphocytes in MAS are associated with changes in gene expression. NASA-developed Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) bioreactor was utilized as a MAS. Activated T lymphocytes were obtained by adding 100 ng/ml of antiCD3 and 100 U/ml of IL-2 in RPMI medium to blood donor mononuclear cells for 4 days. After that the cells were washed and additionally cultured for up to 2 weeks with media (RPMI, 10% FBS and 100 U/ml IL-2) replacement every 3-4 days. Flow cytometry analysis had proven that activated T lymphocytes were the only cells remaining in culture by that time. They were split into two portions, cultured for additional 24 h in either static or simulated microgravity conditions, and used for RNA extraction. The gene expression was assessed by Affymetrix GeneChip (R) Human U133A array allowing screening for expression of 18,400 genes. About 4-8% of tested genes responded to MG by more than a 1.5-fold change in expression; however, reproducible changes were observed only in 89 genes. Ten of these genes were upregulated and 79 were downregulated. These genes were categorized by associated pathways and viewed graphically through histogram analysis. Separate histograms of each pathway were then constructed representing individual gene expression fold changes. Possible functional consequences of the identified reproducible gene expression changes are discussed. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Wyle Life Sci, Houston, TX USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Risin, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, 2101 NASA Pkwy,Mail Code SK, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM diana.risin-1@nasa.gov NR 151 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 5 U2 12 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 4 BP 1187 EP 1202 DI 10.1002/jcb.20988 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 100SO UT WOS:000241689200017 PM 16795038 ER PT J AU Hilbert, KW AF Hilbert, Kent W. TI Land cover change within the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve: 1974-2001 SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Landsat; remote sensing; geospatial; classification; Mississippi; Gulf of Mexico AB Estuarine water bodies provide a land to sea (freshwater to saltwater) transition zone. Protected from the full force of waves, winds, and storms by topographic features, e.g., reefs and barrier islands, estuaries provide habitats for countless numbers of plant and animal species. An estuary's wetlands, including salt marshes, naturally improve,all water quality by acting as filters. Thus, there are societal benefits to preserving estuaries. The U.S. government, in fact, passed the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, creating the National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) System. The present study documents temporal land cover change occurring during the period 1974-2001 within the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (GBNERR)-the 24th NERR, designated in 1999. Occupying an area of 7284 hectares, it is one of the largest relatively undisturbed estuarine marsh-pine savanna habitats remaining on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Results were obtained by applying both unsupervised classification and change detection techniques to data derived from Landsat satellite imagery acquired in 1974, 1991, and 2001, respectively. Land cover classes included open water, herbaceous wetland, forest, and barren land. For change detection analysis, change matrices were derived from postclassified pairs of successive image dates, yielding two change matrices. A map of overall cover change between 1974 and 2001 was also produced. Submersion of wetlands by water, attributed to a combination of factors, including rising sea levels, land subsidence, and historical geomorphologic changes that increased wave action and decreased sedimentation, caused a majority of the observed changes. Such a broad land cover analysis provides resource managers with information regarding the estuary's land cover types and spatial distributions, allowing for more informed decisions with regard to preserving biodiversity and planning restoration efforts. C1 NASA, Inst Technol Dev, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Jackson State Univ, Trent Lott Geospatial & Visualizat Res Ctr, Remote Sensing Lab, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. RP Hilbert, KW (reprint author), NASA, Inst Technol Dev, Bldg 1103,Suite 118, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM Khilbert@iftd.org NR 13 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 11 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1552 EP + DI 10.2112/05-0582.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 114WA UT WOS:000242695100023 ER PT J AU Howard, A Turmon, M Matthies, L Tang, BY Angelova, A Mjolsness, E AF Howard, Andrew Turmon, Michael Matthies, Larry Tang, Benyang Angelova, Anelia Mjolsness, Eric TI Towards learned traversability for robot navigation: From underfoot to the far field SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Machine Learning Based Robotics in Unstructured Environments CY DEC, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB Autonomous off-road navigation of robotic ground vehicles has important applications on Earth and in space exploration. Progress in this domain has been retarded by the limited lookahead range of three-dimensional (3D) sensors and by the difficulty of heuristically programming systems to understand the traversability of the wide variety of terrain they can encounter. Enabling robots to learn from experience may alleviate both of these problems. We define two paradigms for this, learning from 3D geometry and learning from proprioception, and describe initial instantiations of them as developed under DARPA and NASA programs. Field test results show promise for learning traversability of vegetated terrain and learning to extend the lookahead range of the vision system. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Comp Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Howard, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM andrew.howard@jpl.nasa.gov; michael.turmon@jpl.nasa.gov; larry.matthies@jpl.nasa.gov; benyang.tang@jpl.nasa.gov; anelia.angelova@jpl.nasa.gov; emj@uci.edu NR 23 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1556-4959 J9 J FIELD ROBOT JI J. Field Robot. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 23 IS 11-12 BP 1005 EP 1017 DI 10.1002/rob.20168 PG 13 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 163GO UT WOS:000246147100004 ER PT J AU Willis, P AF Willis, Pascal TI Preface SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Willis, P (reprint author), Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, 2 Ave Pasteur,BP 68, F-94160 St Mande, France. EM pascal.willis@ign.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 401 EP 401 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0077-1 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600001 ER PT J AU Tavernier, G Fagard, H Feissel-Vernier, M Le Bail, K Lemoine, F Noll, C Noomen, R Ries, JC Soudarin, L Valette, JJ Willis, P AF Tavernier, G. Fagard, H. Feissel-Vernier, M. Le Bail, K. Lemoine, F. Noll, C. Noomen, R. Ries, J. C. Soudarin, L. Valette, J. J. Willis, P. TI The International DORIS Service: Genesis and early achievements SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE DORIS; Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS); terrestrial reference frame (TRF); precise orbit determination (POD); earth rotation ID PRECISION ORBIT DETERMINATION; TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME; SYSTEM; JASON-1; GPS; NETWORK; IGS; ITRF2000; MOTIONS; ERROR AB All space-geodetic techniques are now organized as separate services of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), supporting the first pilot project "Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS)". The International DORIS (Determination d'Orbite et Radiopositionnement Integres par Satellite) Service (IDS) was created in mid-2003 to organize a DORIS contribution to this project and to foster a larger international cooperation on this topic. The goal of this paper is to summarize the key steps that were taken to create this structure and to present its current organization and recent results. At present, more than 50 groups from 35 different countries participate in the IDS at various levels, including 43 groups hosting DORIS stations in 32 countries all around the globe. Four Analysis Centres (ACs) provide results, such as estimates of weekly or monthly station coordinates, geocentre variations or Earth polar motion, that will soon be used to generate IDS-combined products for geodesy and geodynamics. As a first test, a preliminary combination was performed for all the 2004 data from these four ACs. Three of them show RMS of weighted station residuals with respect to this combination solution between 1 and 2 cm. The main topic under investigation is a discrepancy in the scale factor of the terrestrial reference frame (TRF) to map the individual solutions into the combination solution, which reaches 6 cm (multiplying the unit-less scale factor by the Earth radius to get convert scale to millimetre in vertical at the Earth's surface). Finally, foreseen improvements of the DORIS technology are discussed as well as future improvements concerning the service organization itself and the accuracy and reliability of its scientific products. C1 Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, DCT, PO, AL Bpi 2002, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. Inst Geog Natl, Serv Geodesie & Nivellement, F-94165 St Mande, France. Observ Paris, SYRTE, F-75014 Paris, France. Inst Geog Natl, LAREG, F-77455 Champs Sur Marne 2, Marne La Vallee, France. NASA, CDDIS, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Dept Earth Observat & Space Syst, NL-2629 HS Delft, Netherlands. Univ Texas, Ctr Space Res, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Collecte Localisat Satellites, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tavernier, G (reprint author), Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, DCT, PO, AL Bpi 2002, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. EM Gilles.Tavernier@cnes.fr; herve.fagard@ign.fr; mf.vernier@gmail.com; lebail@ensg.ign.fr; Frank.Lemoine@gsfc.nasa.gov; carey.noll@nasa.gov; Ron.Noomen@lr.tudelft.nl; ries@csr.utexas.edu; Laurent.Soudarin@cls.fr; jean-jacques.valette@cls.fr; pascal.willis@ign.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008; Noll, Carey/D-8884-2012; Lemoine, Frank/D-1215-2013 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679; NR 52 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 EI 1432-1394 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 403 EP 417 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0082-4 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600002 ER PT J AU Noll, C Soudarin, L AF Noll, C. Soudarin, L. TI On-line resources supporting the data, products, and information infrastructure for the International DORIS Service SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE DORIS; IDS; space geodesy; GGOS; reference frames; tracking networks; precise orbit determination; earth orientation parameters ID TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME; VERTICAL CRUSTAL MOTIONS; SURFACE LOADING DATA; ORBIT DETERMINATION; GEOCENTRE MOTION; SPACE SYSTEM; EARTH; NETWORK; ITRF2000; GEODESY AB The International DORIS Service (IDS) was formed under the direction of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) in 2003 to support geodetic research utilizing DORIS data and products. The IDS is organized into a hierarchy of components: network of Tracking Stations, Satellite Segment, Data Centers, Analysis Centers, Central Bureau, and Governing Board. The DORIS infrastructure consists of a globally distributed network of over 50 ground beacons and a constellation of five satellites equipped with receivers that relay range rate measurements through a central collection facility to the IDS archives. The Data Centers and Central Bureau supporting the IDS are the primary means of distributing DORIS data, products, and general information to the user community. These facilities utilize Web and ftp servers, as well as an email service, to support the users of DORIS data and products. The current status and recent developments of these components are discussed, as well as a review of available information, data, and geodetic product types. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CLS, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. RP Noll, C (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 690-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Carey.Noll@nasa.gov; Laurent.Soudarin@cls.fr RI Noll, Carey/D-8884-2012 NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 419 EP 427 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0051-y PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600003 ER PT J AU Zelensky, NP Berthias, JP Lemoine, FG AF Zelensky, Nikita P. Berthias, Jean-Paul Lemoine, Frank G. TI DORIS time bias estimated using Jason-1, TOPEX/Poseidon and ENVISAT orbits SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE DORIS; precise orbit determination (POD); time-tag error; TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P); Jason-1; ENVISAT; SLR; GPS; IDS ID ITRF2000; SERVICE; SYSTEM; MODEL AB DORIS is a globally distributed, all-weather satellite tracking system providing near-continuous precise Doppler coverage of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), Jason-1, ENVISAT, and SPOT series of satellites. The DORIS system, which has been critical in establishing the high-precision orbit determination standards now enjoyed by these missions, continues to evolve and improve. There is a small, 5 to 10 mu s, discrepancy between the DORIS time-tag computed by Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) using the DORIS timing data, and a time-tag estimated using DORIS range-rate data with respect to orbits referred to Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) or Global Positioning System (GPS) time. This discrepancy is evaluated using DORIS time biases estimated over T/P, Jason-1, and ENVISAT orbits, which are computed using SLR or GPS tracking and reference SLR or GPS time. Although DORIS is installed on other satellites, these are the only three where the DORIS time bias can be observed with the help of an alternate tracking system - SLR or GPS. For T/P, Jason-1 and ENVISAT, this DORIS time bias quantities to 5-10 mu s. Over the span of the T/P mission following cycle 92, this time bias has ranged from +10 to -10 mu s. This paper addresses the precision and nature of the estimated time biases by evaluating such estimates over orbits computed with various gravity field models, computed using SLR + DORIS and GPS tracking, and computed by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and CNES analysis centers. The paper includes descriptions of the DORIS measurement, time-tag processing, expected time-tag error, and time bias estimation. In describing the estimated DORIS time bias, the paper offers a new approach for evaluating the DORIS resolution capability. C1 SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zelensky, NP (reprint author), SGT Inc, 7701 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM nzelensky@sgt-inc.com; jean-paul.berthias@cnes.fr; Frank.Lemoine@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Lemoine, Frank/D-1215-2013 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 497 EP 506 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0075-3 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600008 ER PT J AU Williams, SDP Willis, P AF Williams, Simon D. P. Willis, Pascal TI Error analysis of weekly station coordinates in the DORIS network SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE time series analysis; maximum likelihood estimation; error analysis; DORIS; terrestrial reference frame ID TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME; DENALI FAULT EARTHQUAKE; TECTONIC PLATE MOTIONS; SPACE-GEODESY SYSTEM; TIME-SERIES; SERVICE; ALASKA; DEFORMATION; BEHAVIOR; ITRF2000 AB Twelve years of DORIS data from 31 selected sites of the IGN/JPL (Institut Geographique National/Jet Propulsion Laboratory) solution IGNWD05 have been analysed using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in an attempt to understand the nature of the noise in the weekly station coordinate time-series. Six alternative noise models in a total of 12 different combinations were used as possible descriptions of the noise. The six noise models can be divided into two natural groups, temporally uncorrelated (white) noise and temporally correlated (coloured) noise. The noise can be described as a combination of variable white noise and one of flicker, first-order Gauss-Markov or power-law noise. The data set as a whole is best described as a combination of variable white noise plus flicker noise. The variable white noise, which is white noise with variable amplitude that is a function of the weekly formal errors multiplied by an estimated scale factor, shows a dependence on site latitude and the number of DORIS-equipped satellites used in the solution. The latitude dependence is largest in the east component due to the near polar orbit of the SPOT satellites. The amplitude of the flicker noise is similar in all three components and equal to about 20 mm/year(1/4). There appears to be no latitude dependence of the flicker noise amplitude. The uncertainty in rates (site velocities) after 12 years is just under 1 mm/year. These uncertainties are around 3-4 times larger than if only variable white noise had been assumed, i.e., no temporally correlated noise. A rate uncertainty of 1 mm/year after 12 years in the vertical is similar to that achieved using Global Positioning System (GPS) data but it takes DORIS twice as long to reach 1 mm/year than GPS in the horizontal. The analysis has also helped to identify sites with either anomalous noise characteristics or large noise amplitudes, and tested the validity of previously proposed discontinuities. In addition, several new offsets were found in the time-series that should be used or at least flagged in future work. C1 Proudman Oceanog Lab, Liverpool L3 5DA, Merseyside, England. Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Williams, SDP (reprint author), Proudman Oceanog Lab, Joseph Proudman Bldg,6 Brownlow St, Liverpool L3 5DA, Merseyside, England. EM sdwil@pol.ac.uk; pascal.willis@ign.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008; Williams, Simon/C-7214-2011 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679; Williams, Simon/0000-0003-4123-4973 NR 61 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 EI 1432-1394 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 525 EP 539 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0056-6 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600010 ER PT J AU Bettinelli, P Avouac, JP Flouzat, M Jouanne, F Bollinger, L Willis, P Chitrakar, GR AF Bettinelli, Pierre Avouac, Jean-Philippe Flouzat, Mireille Jouanne, Francois Bollinger, Laurent Willis, Pascal Chitrakar, Gyani Raja TI Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE GPS; DORIS; interseismic deformation; tectonic plate convergence; Himalayas of Nepal ID POSITIONING SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS; BENEATH SOUTHERN TIBET; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SEISMIC CYCLE; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; SUBDUCTION ZONE; THRUST; SPACE; MODEL; ACCUMULATION AB We analyse geodetically estimated deformation across the Nepal Himalaya in order to determine the geodetic rate of shortening between Southern Tibet and India, previously proposed to range from 12 to 21 mm y(-1). The dataset includes spirit-levelling data along a road going from the Indian to the Tibetan border across Central Nepal, data from the DORIS station on Everest, which has been analysed since 1993, GPS campaign measurements from surveys carried on between 1995 and 2001, as well as data from continuous GPS stations along a transect at the logitude of Kathmandu operated continuously since 1997. The GPS data were processed in International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000), together with the data from 20 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and then combined using quasi- observation combination analysis (QOCA). Finally, spatially complementary velocities at stations in Southern Tibet, initially determined in ITRF97, were expressed in ITRF2000. After analysing previous studies by different authors, we determined the pole of rotation of the Indian tectonic plate to be located in ITRF2000 at 51.409 +/- 1.560 degrees N and -10.915 +/- 5.556 degrees E, with an angular velocity of 0.483 +/- 0.015 degrees. Myr(-1). Internal deformation of India is found to be small, corresponding to less than about 2 mm yr(-1) of baseline change between Southern India and the Himalayan piedmont. Based on an elastic dislocation model of interseismic strain and taking into account the uncertainty on India plate motion, the mean convergence rate across Central and Eastern Nepal is estimated to 19 +/- 2.5 mm yr(-1), (at the 67% confidence level). The main himalayan thrust (MHT) fault was found to be locked from the surface to a depth of about 20 km over a width of about 115 km. In these regions, the model parameters are well constrained, thanks to the long and continuous time-series from the permanent GPS as well as DORIS data. Further west, a convergence rate of 13.4 +/- 5 mm yr(-1), as well as a fault zone, locked over 150 km, are proposed. The slight discrepancy between the geologically estimated deformation rate of 21 +/- 1.5 mm yr(-1) and the 19 +/- 2.5 mm yr(-1) geodetic rate in Central and Eastern Nepal, as well as the lower geodetic rate in Western Nepal compared to Eastern Nepal, places bounds on possible temporal variations of the pattern and rate of strain in the period between large earthquakes in this region. C1 Commissariat Energie Atom, Lab Detect & Geophys, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. CALTECH, Tecton Observ, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Savoie, Lab Geodynam Chaines Alpines, F-73376 Le Bourget Du Lac, France. Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Seismol Ctr, Dept Mines & Geol, Kathmandu, Nepal. RP Bettinelli, P (reprint author), Commissariat Energie Atom, Lab Detect & Geophys, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. EM pierre.bettinelli@cea.fr; avouac@gps.caltech.edu; mireille.flouzat@cea.fr; francois.jouanne@univ-savoie.fr; laurent.bollinger@cea.fr; Pascal.R.Willis@jpl.nasa.gov; nscdmg@mos.com.np RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008; Bollinger, Laurent/B-7636-2008; Avouac, Jean-Philippe/B-5699-2015 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679; Bollinger, Laurent/0000-0002-5116-860X; Avouac, Jean-Philippe/0000-0002-3060-8442 NR 67 TC 143 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 EI 1432-1394 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 567 EP 589 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0030-3 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600012 ER PT J AU Nocquet, JM Willis, P Garcia, S AF Nocquet, J. -M. Willis, P. Garcia, S. TI Plate kinematics of Nubia-Somalia using a combined DORIS and GPS solution SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Africa; Nubia; Somalia; plate motion; DORIS; GPS; terrestrial reference frame; plate tectonics; NUVEL-1A ID TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE; MAIN ETHIOPIAN RIFT; GEODETIC CONSTRAINTS; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; ORBIT DETERMINATION; CONTINENTAL DRIFT; RELATIVE MOTION; ERROR ANALYSIS AB We have used up to 12 years of data to assess DORIS performance for geodynamics applications. We first examine the noise characteristics of the DORIS time-series of weekly station coordinates to derive realistic estimates of velocity uncertainties. We find that a combination of white and flicker noise best explains the DORIS time-series noise characteristics. Second, weekly solutions produced by the Institut Geographique National/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (IGN/JPL) DORIS Analysis Centre are combined to derive a global velocity field. This solution is combined with two independent GPS solutions, including 11 sites on Nubia and 5 on the Somalia plate. The combination indicates that DORIS horizontal velocities have an average accuracy of 3 mm/year, with best-determined sites having velocity accuracy better than 1 mm/year (one-sigma levels). Using our combined velocity field, we derive an updated plate kinematics model with a focus on the Nubia-Somalia area. Including DORIS data improves the precision of the angular velocity vector for Nubia by 15%. Our proposed model provides robust bounds on the maximum opening rates along the East African Rift (4.7-6.7 mm/year). It indicates opening rates 15 and 7% slower than values predicted by NUVEL-1A for the southern Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, respectively. These differences are likely to arise from the fact that NUVEL-1A considered Africa as a single non-deforming plate, while here we use a more refined approach. C1 UMR6526 Geosci, F-06560 Azur, France. Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nocquet, JM (reprint author), UMR6526 Geosci, F-06560 Azur, France. EM nocquet@geoazur.unice.fr; Pascal.R.Willis@jpl.nasa.gov; sebastian.garcia@dstu.univ-montp2.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 NR 64 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 EI 1432-1394 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2006 VL 80 IS 8-11 BP 591 EP 607 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0078-0 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 101FZ UT WOS:000241726600013 ER PT J AU Taylor, MGGT Reeves, GD Friedel, RHW Thomsen, MF Elphic, RC Davies, JA Dunlop, MW Laakso, H Lavraud, B Baker, DN Slavin, JA Perry, CH Escoubet, CP Masson, A Opgenoorth, HJ Vallat, C Daly, PW Fazakerley, AN Lucek, EA AF Taylor, M. G. G. T. Reeves, G. D. Friedel, R. H. W. Thomsen, M. F. Elphic, R. C. Davies, J. A. Dunlop, M. W. Laakso, H. Lavraud, B. Baker, D. N. Slavin, J. A. Perry, C. H. Escoubet, C. P. Masson, A. Opgenoorth, H. J. Vallat, C. Daly, P. W. Fazakerley, A. N. Lucek, E. A. TI Cluster encounter with an energetic electron beam during a substorm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; MAGNETOTAIL; SPACECRAFT; PLASMA; FIELD; MAGNETOSPHERE; ACCELERATION; PARTICLE; REGIONS; MISSION AB During a passage of the midtail plasma sheet, the Cluster 3 spacecraft made an unprecedented high-resolution measurement of a beam of electrons with energies up to 400 keV. The beam was only fully resolved by combining the energy range coverage of the Plasma Electron and Current Experiment and Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detector electron detectors and its pitch angle distribution evolved from antiparallel, through counterstreaming to parallel over a period of 20 s. Although energetic electron fluxes (similar to few hundred keV) are frequently observed in the plasma sheet, electron beams of this nature have rarely, if ever, been reported. The global conditions of the magnetosphere at this time were analyzed using multiple spacecraft, ground, and auroral observations, and are shown to be consistent with a near-Earth neutral line substorm scenario. The beam event is clearly associated with a substorm, and we present a discussion on the detailed analysis of the energy and time dependence of the beam in context with several current theories of particle acceleration, finding that the observations do no fit completely with any in a straightforward way. C1 European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Phys Div, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Surrey RH5 6NT, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BW, England. RP Taylor, MGGT (reprint author), European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, Keperlaan 1, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM mtaylor@rssd.esa.int RI Friedel, Reiner/D-1410-2012; dunlop, malcolm/F-1347-2010; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Friedel, Reiner/0000-0002-5228-0281; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11203 DI 10.1029/2006JA011666 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 103EI UT WOS:000241868100005 ER PT J AU Ukhorskiy, AY Anderson, BJ Brandt, PC Tsyganenko, NA AF Ukhorskiy, A. Y. Anderson, B. J. Brandt, P. C. Tsyganenko, N. A. TI Storm time evolution of the outer radiation belt: Transport and losses SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MAGNETIC STORM; RING CURRENT; ACCELERATION; DIFFUSION; MAGNETOSPHERE; FIELD; MODEL AB During geomagnetic storms the magnetic field of the inner magnetosphere exhibits large-scale variations over timescales from minutes to days. Being mainly controlled by the magnetic field the motion of relativistic electrons of the outer radiation belt can be highly susceptible to its variations. This paper investigates evolution of the outer belt during the 7 September 2002 storm. Evolution of electron phase space density is calculated with the use of a test-particle simulation in storm time magnetic and electric fields. The results show that storm time intensification of the ring current produces a large impact on the belt. In contrast to the conventional D(st) effect the dominant effects are nonadiabatic and lead to profound and irreversible transformations of the belt. The diamagnetic influence of the partial ring current leads to expansion of electron drift orbits such that their paths intersect the magnetopause leading to rapid electron losses. About 2.5 hr after the storm onset most of the electrons outside L=5 are lost. The partial ring current pressure also leads to an electron trap in the dayside magnetosphere where electrons stay on closed dayside drift orbits for as long as 11 hours. These sequestered electrons are reinjected into the outer belt due to partial recovery of the ring current. The third adiabatic invariant of these electrons exhibits rapid jumps and changes sign. These jumps produce localized peaks in the L*-profile of electron phase space density which have previously been considered as an observable indication of local electron acceleration. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ukhorskiy, AY (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM aleksandr.ukhorskiy@jhuapl.edu; nikolai.tsyganenko@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Anderson, Brian/I-8615-2012; Tsyganenko, Nikolai/J-7377-2012; Ukhorskiy, Aleksandr/E-6429-2016; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016 OI Tsyganenko, Nikolai/0000-0002-5938-1579; Ukhorskiy, Aleksandr/0000-0002-3326-4024; Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306 NR 23 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S03 DI 10.1029/2006JA011690 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 103EI UT WOS:000241868100006 ER PT J AU Hall, CE Shtessel, YB AF Hall, Charles E. Shtessel, Yuri B. TI Sliding mode disturbance observer-based control for a reusable launch vehicle SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference CY SEP 15-18, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP AIAA ID NONLINEAR-SYSTEMS; GUIDANCE AB The nation's goals to replace the aging Space Shuttle fleet and pursue exploration of our solar system and beyond will require more robust, less costly launch vehicles and spacecraft. This paper presents a novel sliding mode control approach, sliding mode control driven by sliding mode disturbance observers with gain adaptation, for a reusable launch vehicle flight control system design as a way to improve robustness to many phenomena such as modeling uncertainties and disturbances, while retaining continuity of control without using high control gains. Because of the robustness to external disturbances and modeling uncertainties, the proposed flight control system design also can reduce cost by requiring less time in design cycle and preflight analyses. This design is applied to terminal area energy management and approach/landing. The multiple-loop flight controller design features low-order disturbance observers that rely only on knowledge of the bounds of the disturbance. A gain-adaptation algorithm is included in the disturbance observer design that provides the least gain needed for existence of the sliding mode. Six degree-of-freedom computer simulations of the X-33 technology demonstration suborbital reusable launch vehicle for nominal and severe wind-gust tests demonstrate improved performance over a more conventional, classical control system design. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Flight Mech & Analysis Div, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Hall, CE (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Flight Mech & Analysis Div, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Charles.E.Hall@nasa.gov NR 31 TC 64 Z9 91 U1 5 U2 27 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1315 EP 1328 DI 10.2514/1.20151 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 108GK UT WOS:000242228100006 ER PT J AU Rahmani, A Mesbahi, M Hadaegh, FY AF Rahmani, Amirreza Mesbahi, Mehran Hadaegh, Fred Y. TI Optimal balanced-energy formation flying maneuvers SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE SPACECRAFT; DEEP-SPACE; COORDINATION; SYSTEMS AB Spacecraft formation flying has recently been proposed and examined in the space systems community as a promising alternative to monolithic and often large space structures. Optimal balanced-energy control of such distributed space systems potentially increases their lifetime and-can serve as an important baseline in mission feasibility studies. In this paper, an optimal balanced-energy control strategy for two- and three- spacecraft distributed space systems is proposed. Along the way, we will delineate relevant mission scenarios in deep space, as well as those that operate in Earth's gravitational sphere, of influence. Simulation results demonstrating the ramifications of our theoretical analysis are also provided. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rahmani, A (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, POB 352400, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM arahmani@aa.washington.edu; mesbahi@aa.washington.edu; fred.y.hadaegh@jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 13 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1395 EP 1403 DI 10.2514/1.19199 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 108GK UT WOS:000242228100014 ER PT J AU Ciftcioglu, N Mckay, DS Mathew, G Kajander, EO AF Ciftcioglu, Neva McKay, David S. Mathew, Gracc Kajander, E. Olavi TI Nanobacteria: Fact or fiction? Characteristics, detection, and medical importance of novel self-replicating, calcifying nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pathological Calcification - Crystallization, Infection, or Cellular Transdifferentiation CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Federat Med Res DE nanobacteria; nanoparticles; calcification; biomineralization ID KIDNEY-STONE FORMATION; PSAMMOMA BODIES; OVARIAN-CANCER; IN-VIVO; DISEASE; CALCIFICATION; HYDROXYAPATITE; BONE; BIOMINERALIZATION; MICROGRAVITY C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Nanobac Pharmaceut Inc, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Nanobac Life Sci, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. RP Ciftcioglu, N (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 Nasa Pkwy,Mail Code KA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Neva.Ciftcioglu-1@nasa.gov NR 79 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 54 IS 7 BP 385 EP 394 DI 10.2310/6650.2006.06018 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 127AD UT WOS:000243556000017 PM 17169260 ER PT J AU Xi, DJ Li, JZ Pei, QB Chen, B AF Xi, Dongjuan Li, Jianzhong Pei, Qibing Chen, Bin TI Raman studies of optical phonons in vertical cadmium sulfide nanorod arrays SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM DOTS; NANOCRYSTALS; CONFINEMENT; NANOWIRES; SAPPHIRE; GROWTH; FILMS AB Electrochemically grown cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorod arrays were studied with Raman spectroscopy. The resonant Raman spectroscopy unravels the enhanced electron-phonon interaction up to the fifth-order multiphonon process in the vertically aligned CdS nanorods after annealing. Resonant Raman scattering at room temperature reveals a surface phonon mode at 253 cm(-1) in the annealed nanorod. This unprecedented observation is accounted for by the lateral confinement in the nanorod whose average aspect ratio is approximately 5. An intersubband transition near 3000 cm(-1) is also observed. These results point to important optoelectronic applications of this material. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Chen, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bchen@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Pei, Qibing/N-7497-2015 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 21 IS 11 BP 2911 EP 2915 DI 10.1557/JMR.2006.0360 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 102WF UT WOS:000241843300024 ER PT J AU Nikitin, AV Champion, JP Brown, LR AF Nikitin, A. V. Champion, J. P. Brown, L. R. TI Preliminary analysis of CH3D from 3250 to 3700 cm(-1) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE CH3D; monodeuterated methane; hot bands; line positions; line intensities; database ID SHIFT COEFFICIENTS; SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; LINE PARAMETERS; MU-M; SPECTRUM; HITRAN; BAND; (CH3D)-C-12; SATURN AB The infrared spectrum of CH3D from 3250 to 3700 cm(-1) was studied for the first time to assign transitions involving the nu(2) + nu(3), nu(2) + nu(5), nu(2) + nu(6), nu(3) + 2(nu 6) and 3 nu(6) vibrational states. Line positions and intensities were measured at 0.011 cm(-1) resolution using Fourier transform spectra recorded at Kitt Peak with isotopically enriched samples. Some 2852 line positions (involving over 900 upper state levels) and 874 line intensities were reproduced with RMS values of 0.0009 cm(-1) and 4.6%, respectively. The strongest bands were found to be nu(2) + nu(3) at 3499.7 cm(-1) and nu(2) + nu(6) at 3342.5 cm(-1) with integrated strengths, respectively, of 8.17 x 10(-20) and 2.44 x 10(-20) (cm(-1)/ molecule center dot cm(-2)) at 296 K (for 100% CH3D). The effective Hamiltonian was expressed in terms of irreducible tensor operators and adapted to symmetric top molecules. Its present configuration in the MIRS package permitted simultaneous consideration of the four lowest polyads of CH3D: the Ground State (G.S.), the Triad from 6.3 to 9.5 mu m, the Nonad from 3.1 to 4.8 mu m and now the Enneadecad (19 bands) from 2.2 to 3.1 mu m. The CH3D line parameters for this interval were calculated to create a new database for the 3 mu m region. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Opt, Lab Theoret Spect, Tomsk 634955, Russia. Univ Bourgogne, CNRS, UMR 5027, Phys Lab, F-21078 Dijon, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nikitin, AV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Opt, Lab Theoret Spect, Tomsk 634955, Russia. EM avn@lts.iao.ru RI Champion, Jean-Paul/C-3963-2009; Nikitin, Andrei/K-2624-2013 OI Nikitin, Andrei/0000-0002-4280-4096 NR 24 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 240 IS 1 BP 14 EP 25 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2006.08.002 PG 12 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 115LI UT WOS:000242735400002 ER PT J AU Sackheim, RL AF Sackheim, Robert L. TI Overview of United States space propulsion technology and associated space transportation systems SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article AB The space propulsion industry and, indeed, the overall space transportation industry in the United States have been in decline since the first human landing on the moon in 1969. The hoped-for reversal to this decline through the space shuttle and space station programs never really materialized. From an 80% market share in the late 1970s, the U.S. share of the world launch market fell to similar to 20% by 2002. During that period, only two new booster engines have been developed and flight certified in this country. Only limited progress has been made in reducing engine costs or increasing performance although these factors are not necessarily directly related. Upper-stage and in-space propulsion in the United States have not fared much better in the world market. On the other hand, space-faring nations in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and the former Soviet Union are believed to have developed 40-50 new, high-performance engines over the same period. This trend will have to be reversed to enable future exploration missions. The intent of this paper is to summarize past propulsion-system development, assess the,current status of U.S. space propulsion, survey future options, evaluate potential impact of ultra low-cost, small launch-vehicle programs, and discuss some future propulsion needs for space exploration. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Off Ctr Director, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1310 EP 1333 DI 10.2514/1.23257 PG 24 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 111QU UT WOS:000242469900013 ER PT J AU Moss, JN Glass, CE Hollis, BR Van Norman, JW AF Moss, James N. Glass, Christopher E. Hollis, Brian R. Van Norman, John W. TI Low-density aerodynamics for the inflatable reentry vehicle experiment SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 09-12, 2006 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA ID FLIGHT MEASUREMENTS; SIMULATION; FLOWS AB The supersonic transitional flow aerodynamics of the inflatable reentry vehicle experiment are simulated with the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Also, results from Navier-Stokes calculations are presented that provide both a check on the direct simulation Monte Carlo results near continuum conditions and the general trend of the aerodynamic data at lower altitude conditions. Calculations of axial, normal, and static pitching coefficients are obtained for an angle-of-attack range of 0 to 180 deg. These results clearly demonstrate the strong sensitivity of the aerodynamic coefficients to the relatively low speeds encountered as the inflatable reentry vehicle experiment reenters the atmosphere, and that existing hypersonic aerodynamic data bases for similar geometric configurations are not appropriate for the inflatable reentry vehicle experiment environment. The current numerical simulations focus on the rigid body aerodynamics from 150 to 91 km altitude for the 0 to 180 deg angle of incidence sweep and to lower altitudes (46 km) while at zero incidence. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerothermodynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Analyt Mech Associates Inc, Syst Engn Branch, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Moss, JN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerothermodynam Branch, Mail Stop 408A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM j.n.moss@larc.nasa.gov; c.e.glass@larc.nasa.gov; b.r.hollis@larc.nasa.gov; j.w.vannorman@larc.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1191 EP 1201 DI 10.2514/1.22707 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 122SS UT WOS:000243247700004 ER PT J AU Marichalar, JJ Rochelle, WC Kirk, BS Campbell, CH AF Marichalar, Jeremiah J. Rochelle, William C. Kirk, Benjamin S. Campbell, Charles H. TI Boundary layer/streamline surface catalytic heating predictions on Space Shuttle Orbiter SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 09-12, 2006 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA AB This paper describes the analysis of localized catalytic heating effects to the U.S. Space Shuttle Orbiter thermal protection system. The analysis applies to the high-temperature reusable surface insulation on the lower fuselage and wing acreage, as well as the reinforced carbon-carbon on the nose cap, chin panel, and wing leading edge. The objective was to use a modified two-layer approach to predict the catalytic heating effects on the Orbiter windward thermal protection system assuming localized highly catalytic or fully catalytic surfaces. The method incorporated the boundary layer integral matrix procedure-kinetic code with streamline inputs from viscous Navier-Stokes solutions to produce heating rates for localized fully catalytic and highly catalytic surfaces as well as for nominal partially catalytic surfaces (either reinforced carbon-carbon or reaction cured glass) with temperature-dependent recombination coefficients. The highly catalytic heating results showed very good correlation, with Orbiter experiments STS-2, -3, and -5 centerline and STS-5 wing flight data. Recommended catalytic heating factors were generated for use in future shuttle missions to perform quick-time atmospheric reentry analysis of damaged or repaired thermal protection system areas. The catalytic factors are presented along streamlines and as a function of stagnation enthalpy for use with arbitrary shuffle trajectories. C1 Engn & Sci Contract Grp Jacobs Sverdrup, Aerothermal & Flight Dynam, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Appl Aerosci & CFD Branch, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Marichalar, JJ (reprint author), Engn & Sci Contract Grp Jacobs Sverdrup, Aerothermal & Flight Dynam, 2224 Bay Area Blvd,Mailcode JE 5WA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1202 EP 1215 DI 10.2514/1.23082 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 122SS UT WOS:000243247700005 ER PT J AU Gaffney, RL AF Gaffney, Richard L., Jr. TI Design of a pulse-facility nozzle using the rotational method of characteristics SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA AB A new nozzle has been designed for NASA's HYPULSE shock/expansion tube facility to be used for scramjet engine testing at a Mach-15 flight-enthalpy condition. The nozzle has an area ratio of 9.5:1 that expands the inflow from Mach 6 along the centerline to Mach 8.7 and achieves the goal of increasing the area of the core flow (by a factor of 9). The nozzle contour was generated by a new computer program that solves the Euler equations using the rotational method of characteristics. The rotational method was required to properly include the effects of the boundary layer-induced nonuniformities of the flow properties at the nozzle inflow. Although the density and Mach number vary radially at the nozzle exit due to the nonuniformities of the inflow, the new nozzle produces exit flow that is parallel and has uniform static pressure. The design has been verified with a computational fluid dynamics calculation that compares favorably with the method of characteristics solution. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hyperson Air Breathing Propuls Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Gaffney, RL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hyperson Air Breathing Propuls Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Richard.L.Gaffney@NASA.GOV NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1216 EP 1224 DI 10.2514/1.20193 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 122SS UT WOS:000243247700006 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, LF Bell, S Kortenkamp, D AF Rodriguez, Luis F. Bell, Scott Kortenkamp, David TI Use of genetic algorithms and transient models for life-support systems analysis SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Space Exploration Conference CY JAN 30-FEB 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL ID EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION; DESIGN AB Direct experimentation with physical systems is slow, expensive, and must wait until the physical system is built. Simulations allow for the testing of different system configurations before hardware is built. This is useful when malfunctions are reliably expected, costs are high, or when the integrated systems are unavailable. Thus, it,is important that such simulations are transient and integrate all major subsystems and activities. This paper describes a habitat model that is transient, discrete, stochastic, and nonstationary. It models most of the components of a life-support system including the crew, crops, water and air recovery systems, extravehicular activities, and power. Because the model accepts nonstationary input, it can be used to test habitat configurations and components before building an actual habitat. Malfunctions can be injected at any time. A genetic algorithm is used here to find an optimal habitat configuration for a 90-day mission to the moon. Approximately 20,000 system configurations were considered in a series of experiments considering several lunar scenarios. It has been shown that a tuned genetic algorithm is capable of preliminary sizing of several life-support components. In addition, the fitness function serves as proxy for equivalent system mass, a metric related to launch costs. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SKT Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Metrica Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Rodriguez, LF (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, 376B Agr Engn Bldg,MC-644,1304 W Penn Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1395 EP 1403 DI 10.2514/1.18232 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 122SS UT WOS:000243247700025 ER PT J AU Luo, YL Krueger, SK Xu, KM AF Luo, Yali Krueger, Steven K. Xu, Kuan-Man TI Cloud properties simulated by a single-column model. Part II: Evaluation of cumulus detrainment and ice-phase microphysics using a cloud-resolving model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; CONGESTUS CLOUDS; CLIMATE MODELS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; PARAMETERIZATION; ENTRAINMENT; ENSEMBLE; BUDGETS; MOISTURE AB This paper is the second in a series in which kilometer-scale-resolving observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and output from the University of California, Los Angeles/Colorado State University cloud-resolving model (CRM) are used to evaluate the single-column model (SCM) version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System model. Part I demonstrated that kilometer-scale cirrus properties analyzed by applying the SCM's assumptions about cloud vertical overlap and horizontal homogeneity to its profiles of cloud water/ice mixing ratio, cloud fraction, and snow flux differed from the cloud radar observations while the CRM simulation reproduced most of the observed cirrus properties. The present study evaluates, through a comparison with the CRM, the SCM's representation of detrainment from deep cumulus and ice-phase microphysics in an effort to better understand the findings of Part I. This study finds that, although the SCM's detrainment rate profile averaged over the entire simulation period is comparable to the CRM's, detrainment in the SCM is comparatively sporadic and vertically localized. Too much detrained ice is sublimated when first detrained. Snow formed from detrained cloud ice falls through too deep of a layer. These aspects of the SCM's parameterizations may explain many of the differences in the cirrus properties between the SCM and the observations (or between the SCM and the CRM), and suggest several possible improvements for the SCM: 1) allowing multiple coexisting cumulus cloud types as in the original Arakawa-Schubert scheme, 2) prognostically determining the stratiform cloud fraction, and 3) explicitly predicting the snow mixing ratio. These would allow better representation of the detrainment from deep convection, better coupling of the volume of detrained air with cloud fraction, and better representation of snow flux. C1 Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Luo, YL (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, Room 214,100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM yali@nianet.org RI Xu, Kuan-Man/B-7557-2013 OI Xu, Kuan-Man/0000-0001-7851-2629 NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 63 IS 11 BP 2831 EP 2847 DI 10.1175/JAS3785.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 111HT UT WOS:000242442700009 ER PT J AU Ruiz-Torres, AJ Zapata, E Nakatani, K Cowen, M AF Ruiz-Torres, Alex J. Zapata, Edgar Nakatani, Kazuo Cowen, Marcella TI Knowledge based representation and operations assessment of space transportation system architectures SO KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE space transportation systems; knowledge based systems; operations modeling; complexity; reusability; reliability AB Achieving the goals of safe and cost effective space transportation systems requires the development of new methods and tools that allow leap-frog improvements in the conceptualization, design, development, production, and operation of these systems. This paper reports on a modeling methodology aimed at the knowledge based representation and operational assessment of space transportation systems to be used during early stages of design with the objective of improved design via estimation of their ground operations and performance. The model uses knowledge based logic and equations combined with a process database to determine the appropriate ground processes and their duration, allowing the estimation of operational measures of performance such as labor, cycle time, and flight rate. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Texas, Coll Business Adm, Dept Informat & Decis Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NASA Kennedy Space Ctr, Syst Engn Branch, KSC, FL 32899 USA. Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Lutgert Coll Business Adm, Comp Informat Syst & Descis Sci Dept, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. Blue Frog Technol, El Paso, TX 79902 USA. RP Ruiz-Torres, AJ (reprint author), Univ Texas, Coll Business Adm, Dept Informat & Decis Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. EM aruiztor@utep.edu; edgar.zapata-1@nasa.gov; knakatan@fgcu.edu; m.cowen@blue-frog.biz OI Ruiz-Torres, Alex/0000-0002-7528-236X NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0950-7051 J9 KNOWL-BASED SYST JI Knowledge-Based Syst. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 19 IS 7 BP 516 EP 523 DI 10.1016/j.knosys.2006.03.007 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 113ZQ UT WOS:000242636900009 ER PT J AU Christner, BC Royston-Bishop, G Foreman, CM Arnold, BR Tranter, M Welch, KA Lyons, WB Tsapin, AI Studinger, M Priscu, JC AF Christner, Brent C. Royston-Bishop, George Foreman, Christine M. Arnold, Brianna R. Tranter, Martyn Welch, Kathleen A. Lyons, W. Berry Tsapin, Alexandre I. Studinger, Michael Priscu, John C. TI Limnological conditions in Subglacial Lake Vostok, Antarctica SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID METHANOL-UTILIZING BACTERIA; DRY VALLEY LAKES; ICE CORE; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; EAST ANTARCTICA; WATER EXCHANGE; ACCRETED ICE; AMINO-ACIDS; GLACIER; BACTERIOPLANKTON AB Subglacial Lake Vostok is located similar to 4 km beneath the surface of the East Antarctic lee Sheet and has been isolated from the atmosphere for > 15 million yr. Concerns for environmental protection have prevented direct sampling of the lake water thus far. However, an ice core has been retrieved from above the lake in which the bottom similar to 85 m represents lake water that has accreted (i.e., frozen) to the bottom of the ice sheet. We measured selected constituents within the accretion ice core to predict geomicrobiological conditions within the surface waters of the lake. Bacterial density is two- to sevenfold higher in accretion ice than the overlying glacial ice, implying that Lake Vostok is a source of bacterial carbon beneath the ice sheet. Phylogenetic analysis of amplified small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences in accretion ice formed over a deep portion of the lake revealed phylotypes that classify within the beta-, gamma-, and delta-Proteobacteria. Cellular, major ion, and dissolved organic carbon levels all decreased with depth in the accretion ice (depth is a proxy for increasing distance from the shoreline), implying a greater potential for biological activity in the shallow shoreline waters of the lake. Although the exact nature of the biology within Lake Vostok awaits direct sampling of the lake water, our data from the accretion ice support the working hypothesis that a sustained microbial ecosystem is present in this subglacial lake environment, despite high pressure, constant cold, low nutrient input, potentially high oxygen concentrations, and an absence of sunlight. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Astrobiol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Bristol, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. Montana State Univ, Ctr Biofilm Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Priscu, JC (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM jpriscu@montana.edu RI Tranter, Martyn/E-3722-2010; OI Tranter, Martyn/0000-0003-2071-3094; Foreman, Christine/0000-0003-0230-4692 NR 65 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 51 IS 6 BP 2485 EP 2501 PG 17 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 108UW UT WOS:000242265700001 ER PT J AU Carls, MG Short, JW Payne, J AF Carls, Mark G. Short, Jeffrey W. Payne, James TI Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Neocalanus copepods in Port Valdez, Alaska SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon; PAH; copepod; Neocalanus; bioaccumulation; oil discharge; ballast water ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; OIL-SPILL; SHELL GROWTH; CRUDE-OIL; RESOURCES; PLUMCHRUS; SEDIMENTS; SEAWATER; TISSUES; GULF AB Sampling zooplankton is a useful strategy for observing trace hydrocarbon concentrations in water because samples represent an integrated average over a considerable effective sampling volume and are more representative of the sampled environment than discretely collected water samples. We demonstrate this method in Port Valdez, Alaska, an approximately 100 km(2) basin that receives about 0.5-2.4 kg of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) per day. Total PAH (TPAH) concentrations (0.61-1.31 mu g/g dry weight), composition, and spatial distributions in a lipid-rich copepod, Neocalanus were consistent with the discharge as the source of contamination. Although Neocalanus acquire PAH from water or suspended particulate matter, total PAH concentrations in these compartments were at or below method detection limits, demonstrating plankton can amplify trace concentrations to detectable levels useful for study. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Payne Environm Consultants Inc, Encinitas, CA 92024 USA. RP Carls, MG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mark.carls@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 52 IS 11 BP 1480 EP 1489 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.05.008 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 112FW UT WOS:000242512100029 PM 16814326 ER PT J AU Turon, A Camanho, PP Costa, J Davila, CG AF Turon, A. Camanho, P. P. Costa, J. Davila, C. G. TI A damage model for the simulation of delamination in advanced composites under variable-mode loading SO MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE delamination; fracture; decohesion elements ID STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS; INTERFACE ELEMENTS; PROGRESSIVE DELAMINATION; CRACK-PROPAGATION; GROWTH; INTERLAMINAR; INITIATION; INTRALAMINAR; FORMULATION; PREDICTION AB A thermodynamically consistent damage model is proposed for the simulation of progressive delamination in composite materials under variable-mode ratio. The model is formulated in the context of Damage Mechanics. A novel constitutive equation is developed to model the initiation and propagation of delamination. A delamination initiation criterion is proposed to assure that the formulation can account for changes in the loading mode in a thermodynamically consistent way. The formulation accounts for crack closure effects to avoid interfacial penetration of two adjacent layers after complete decohesion. The model is implemented in a finite element formulation, and the numerical predictions are compared with experimental results obtained in both composite test specimens and structural components. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Porto, Fac Engn, DEMEGI, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. Univ Girona, Polytech Sch, AMADE, Girona 17071, Spain. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Camanho, PP (reprint author), Univ Porto, Fac Engn, DEMEGI, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. EM pcamanho@fe.up.pt RI Costa, Josep/C-4941-2008; Davila, Carlos/D-8559-2011; AMADE Research Group, AMADE/B-6537-2014; Balanzat, Josep Costa/C-1017-2014; Turon, Albert/C-6875-2008; OI Costa, Josep/0000-0002-7134-7146; AMADE Research Group, AMADE/0000-0002-5778-3291; Turon, Albert/0000-0002-2554-2653; Camanho, Pedro/0000-0003-0363-5207 NR 60 TC 240 Z9 257 U1 4 U2 50 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6636 J9 MECH MATER JI Mech. Mater. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1072 EP 1089 DI 10.1016/j.mechmat.2005.10.003 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 072TS UT WOS:000239696500007 ER PT J AU Lorenz, RD Niemann, HB Harpold, DN Way, SH Zarnecki, JC AF Lorenz, Ralph D. Niemann, Hasso B. Harpold, Dan N. Way, Stanley H. Zarnecki, John C. TI Titan's damp ground: Constraints on Titan surface thermal properties from the temperature evolution of the Huygens GCMS inlet SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PROBE; ENVIRONMENT AB A simple thermal model is developed to determine the temperature history of the inlet tube of the Huygens probe gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) after its fortuitous emplacement on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan. The model parameters are adjusted to match the recorded temperature history of a nearby heater, taking into account heat losses by conduction to the rest of the probe and to Titan's cold atmosphere. The model suggests that after impact when forced convective cooling ceased, the inlet temperature rose from similar to 110 K to an asymptotic value of only similar to 145 K. This requires that the inlet was embedded in a surface that acted as an effective heat sink, most plausibly interpreted as wet or damp with liquid methane. The data appear inconsistent with a tar or dry, fine-grained surface, and the inlet was not warm enough to devolatilize methane hydrate. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Lorenz, RD (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ralph.lorenz@jhuapl.edu RI Harpold, Dan/I-3345-2013; Lorenz, Ralph/B-8759-2016 OI Lorenz, Ralph/0000-0001-8528-4644 NR 13 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 11 BP 1705 EP 1714 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 107YV UT WOS:000242207800002 ER PT J AU Parsons-Wingerter, P Chandrasekharan, UM Mckay, TL Radhakrishnan, K DiCorleto, PE Albarran, B Farr, AG AF Parsons-Wingerter, Patricia Chandrasekharan, Unni M. McKay, Terri L. Radhakrishnan, Krishnan DiCorleto, Paul E. Albarran, Brian Farr, Andrew G. TI A VEGF(165)-induced phenotypic switch from increased vessel density to increased vessel diameter and increased endothelial NOS activity SO MICROVASCULAR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE VEGF; angiogenesis; fractal; nitric oxide; NOS; chorioallantoic membrane; CAM; quail; avian ID NITRIC-OXIDE-SYNTHASE; FIBROBLAST-GROWTH-FACTOR; INDUCED ANGIOGENESIS; CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE; FRACTAL ANALYSIS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; VEGF; EXPRESSION; BIOLOGY; INHIBITION AB Although vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF(165)) regulates numerous angiogenic cellular activities, its complex effects on vascular morphology are not highly quantified. By fractal-based, multiparametric branching analysis of 2D vascular pattern in the quail chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), we report that vessel density increased maximally at lower VEGF concentrations, but that vessel diameter and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) increased maximally at higher VEGF concentrations. Following exogenous application of human VEGF(165) to the CAM at embryonic day 7, vessel density and diameter were measured after 24 h at arterial end points by the fractal dimension (D-f) and generational branching parameters for vessel area density (A(v)), vessel length density (L-v) and vessel diameter (D-v) using the computer code VESGEN. The VEGF-dependent phenotypic switch from normal vessels displaying increased vessel density to abnormal, dilated vessels typical of tumor vasculature and other pathologies resulted from an approximate threefold increase in VEGF concentration (1.25 to 5 mu g/CAM) and correlated positively with increased eNOS activity. Relative to control specimens, eNOS activity increased maximally to 60% following VEGF treatment at 5 mu g/CAM, compared to 10% at 1.25 mu g/CAM, and was accompanied by no significant change in activity of inducible NOS. In summary, VEGF165 induced a phenotypic switch from increased vessel density associated with low VEGF concentration, to increased vessel diameter and increased cNOS activity at high VEGF concentration. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, ICOMP, OAI, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Parsons-Wingerter, P (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 110-3, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM patricia.parsons@grc.nasa.gov FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-40711] NR 48 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0026-2862 J9 MICROVASC RES JI Microvasc. Res. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 72 IS 3 BP 91 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.05.008 PG 10 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 115FY UT WOS:000242721400001 PM 16872639 ER PT J AU Crowther, PA Hadfield, LJ Clark, JS Negueruela, I Vacca, WD AF Crowther, Paul A. Hadfield, L. J. Clark, J. S. Negueruela, I. Vacca, W. D. TI A census of the Wolf-Rayet content in Westerlund 1 from near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE stars : Wolf-Rayet; open clusters and associations : individual : Westerlund 1 ID MASS-LOSS RATES; STARBURST CLUSTER WESTERLUND-1; EZ-CANIS-MAJORIS; O-STARS; SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION; FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; TAILORED ANALYSES; STELLAR CONTENT; WIND PROPERTIES AB New Technology Telescope (NTT)/Son of Isaac (SOFI) imaging and spectroscopy of the Wolf-Rayet population in the massive cluster Westerlund 1 are presented. Narrow-band near-infrared (IR) imaging together with follow up spectroscopy reveals four new Wolf-Rayet stars, of which three were independently identified recently by Groh et al., bringing the confirmed Wolf-Rayet content to 24 (23 excluding source S) - representing 8 per cent of the known Galactic Wolf-Rayet population - comprising eight WC stars and 16 (15) WN stars. Revised coordinates and near-IR photometry are presented, whilst a quantitative near-IR spectral classification scheme for Wolf-Rayet stars is presented and applied to members of Westerlund 1. Late subtypes are dominant, with no subtypes earlier than WN5 or WC8 for the nitrogen and carbon sequences, respectively. A qualitative inspection of the WN stars suggests that most (similar to 75 per cent) are highly H deficient. The Wolf-Rayet binary fraction is high (>= 62 per cent), on the basis of dust emission from WC stars, in addition to a significant WN binary fraction from hard X-ray detections according to Clark et al. We exploit the large WN population of Westerlund 1 to reassess its distance (similar to 5.0 kpc) and extinction (A(KS) similar to 0.96 mag), such that it is located at the edge of the Galactic bar, with an oxygen metallicity similar to 60 per cent higher than Orion. The observed ratio of WR stars to red and yellow hypergiants, N(WR)/N(RSG + YHG) similar to 3, favours an age of similar to 4.5-5.0 Myr, with individual Wolf-Rayet stars descended from progenitors of initial mass similar to 40-55 M-circle dot. Qualitative estimates of current masses for non-dusty, H-free WR stars are presented, revealing 10-18 M-circle dot, such that similar to 75 per cent of the initial stellar mass has been removed via stellar winds or close binary evolution. We present a revision to the cluster turn-off mass for other Milky Way clusters in which Wolf-Rayet stars are known, based upon the latest temperature calibration for OB stars. Finally, comparisons between the observed WR population and subtype distribution in Westerlund 1 and instantaneous burst evolutionary synthesis models are presented. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Phys & Astron, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England. Open Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Alicante, Dept Fis Ingn Sistemas & Teoria Senal, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA, URSA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Crowther, PA (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Phys & Astron, Hicks Bldg,Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England. EM Paul.crowther@sheffield.ac.uk RI Negueruela, Ignacio/L-5483-2014; OI Negueruela, Ignacio/0000-0003-1952-3680; Crowther, Paul/0000-0001-6000-6920 NR 69 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD NOV 1 PY 2006 VL 372 IS 3 BP 1407 EP 1424 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10952.x PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 096PN UT WOS:000241389400039 ER PT J AU Li, ZJ Chao, Y McWilliams, JC AF Li, Zhijin Chao, Yi McWilliams, James C. TI Computation of the streamfunction and velocity potential for limited and irregular domains SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; WIND; PREDICTION; MODELS; SYSTEM; FORCE AB An algorithm is proposed for the computation of streamfunction and velocity potential from given horizontal velocity vectors based on solving a minimization problem. To guarantee the uniqueness of the solution and computational reliability of the algorithm, a Tikhonov regularization is applied. The solution implies that the obtained streamfunction and velocity potential have minimal magnitude, while the given velocity vectors can be accurately reconstructed from the computed streamfunction and velocity potential. Because the formulation of the minimization problem allows for circumventing the explicit specification of separate boundary conditions on the streamfunction and velocity potential, the algorithm is easily applicable to irregular domains. By using an advanced minimization algorithm with the use of adjoint techniques, the method is computationally efficient and suitable for problems with large dimensions. An example is presented for coastal oceans to illustrate the practical application of the algorithm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Raytheon Tech Serv Co LLC, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Li, ZJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 300-323,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM zhijin.li@jpl.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 134 IS 11 BP 3384 EP 3394 DI 10.1175/MWR3249.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 109EV UT WOS:000242291600020 ER PT J AU Bertram, T Eckart, A Krips, M Straubmeier, C Fischer, S Staguhn, JG AF Bertram, T. Eckart, A. Krips, M. Straubmeier, C. Fischer, S. Staguhn, J. G. TI Molecular gas in QSO host galaxies SO NEW ASTRONOMY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on QSO Host Galaxies CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Leiden, NETHERLANDS DE galaxies : ISM; quasars : general; galaxies : active; radio lines : galaxies ID IRAS AB We present the results of a survey for CO line emission from a sample of nearby QSO hosts taken from the Hamburg/ESO survey (HES) and the Veron-Cetty and Veron quasar catalogue. From a total of 39 observed sources we clearly detected five objects with > 10 sigma signals (HE 0108-4743, HE 0224-2834, J035818.7 - 612407, HE 1029-1831, and HE 2211-3903). Further six sources show marginal detections on the 2 sigma level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. Submillimeter Array, SMA, SAO, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bertram, T (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. EM bertram@ph1.uni-koeln.de NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1387-6473 J9 NEW ASTRON REV JI New Astron. Rev. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 50 IS 9-10 BP 712 EP 715 DI 10.1016/j.newar.2006.06.014 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 103PE UT WOS:000241898400012 ER PT J AU Cole, JG Gallaway, BJ Martin, LR Nance, JM Longnecker, M AF Cole, John G. Gallaway, Benny J. Martin, Larry R. Nance, James M. Longnecker, Michael TI Spatial allocation of shrimp catch based on fishing effort: Adjusting for the effects of the Texas opening SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC LOGBOOK; FISHERY AB Estimates of fishing effort for the Gulf of Mexico penaeid shrimp fishery depend on the ability of National Marine Fisheries Service port agents to accurately assign fractional catches within a fishing trip to 5-fathom-depth bins within 21 Gulf of Mexico statistical areas. In previous studies. we showed that the method used for assigning landings was inaccurate and developed an algorithm for assigning landings based up observer and captain's logbook data on fishing effort and catch. The resulting algorithm explained over 92% of the variance in actual catch. Results of regression analyses of new observer data collected for over 7,700 tows confirm that the algorithm provides reliable estimates of fractional catches associated with the different subareas fished within a trip (adjusted r(2) = 0. 96 when I I outliers are removed front 1,845 observations). Nine of the I I outliers occurred within a month of the Texas opening, a period when catches are initially high but then decay rapidly. Here. we have incorporated this decay as part of the allocation algorithm for this period. The agreement of expected and actual shrimp catch declined slightly from the regression with outliers removed (adjusted r(2) = 0.95). Nevertheless, we suggest that data front this period should be modeled separately to better evaluate the consequences of management actions that might be taken during the Texas opening time frame. C1 LGL Ecol Res Associates Inc, Btyan, TX 77801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Cole, JG (reprint author), LGL Ecol Res Associates Inc, 1410 Cavitt St, Btyan, TX 77801 USA. EM cole@lgl.com NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 789 EP 792 DI 10.1577/M05-182.1 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 119JR UT WOS:000243009100001 ER PT J AU Georgieva, E Wilson, E Miodek, M Heaps, WS AF Georgieva, Elena Wilson, Emily Miodek, M. Heaps, William S. TI Total column oxygen detection using a Fabry-Perot interferometer SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems IX CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE instrumentation; measurement; and metrology; remote sensing; atmospheric composition; optical instruments; absorption; interferometry; Fabry-Perot ID CLOUD-TOP HEIGHT; OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; A-BAND; BACKSCATTERED RADIANCES; ATMOSPHERIC BANDS; AIR-MASS; ABSORPTION; O-2; POLARIZATION; SIMULATIONS AB A passive instrument based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer was designed and used for oxygen atmospheric column absorption measurements. The instrument operates in the oxygen A-band spectral region from 759 to 771 nm. Surface solar irradiation reflected off the Earth is detected using two channels at two wavelengths-one for pressure sensing and the other for temperature sensing. Each channel of the O-2 column measurement system consists of two subchannels-Fabry-Perot and reference. Solid Fabry-Perot etalons were designed and used to confine the response to the O2 absorption bands. The etalons have free spectral ranges of 0.575, 0.802, and 2.212 nm. Two narrow bandpass filters (760 to 764 and 767 to 771 nm) were also used. The instrument is sensitive to changes in oxygen column as small as 0.88 mbar for ground-based experiments and 5 mbar for airborne measurements. The major advantages of the optical setup are its compactness, high sensitivity, high signal-to-noise ratio, and stability for both ground and airborne experiments. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Georgieva, E (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM egeorgie@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Wilson, Emily/C-9158-2012 OI Wilson, Emily/0000-0001-5634-3713 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 45 IS 11 AR 115001 DI 10.1117/1.2387878 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 112LP UT WOS:000242527700016 ER PT J AU Shertzer, J Temkin, A AF Shertzer, Janine Temkin, Aaron TI Direct calculation of the scattering amplitude without partial-wave analysis. III. Inclusion of correlation effects SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-HYDROGEN SCATTERING; LONG-RANGE FORCES; ATOMIC HYDROGEN; PHASE-SHIFTS; N=2 STATES; EXCITATION; POLARIZATION; PHASESHIFTS; EXPANSION; EXCHANGE AB In the first two papers in this series, we developed a method for studying electron-hydrogen scattering that does not use partial-wave analysis. We constructed an ansatz for the wave function in both the static and static exchange approximations and calculated the full scattering amplitude. Here we go beyond the static exchange approximation, and include correlation in the wave function via a modified polarized orbital. This correlation function provides a significant improvement over the static exchange approximation: the resultant elastic scattering amplitudes are in very good agreement with fully converged partial-wave calculations for electron-hydrogen scattering. A fully variational modification of this approach is discussed in the conclusion. C1 Coll Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shertzer, J (reprint author), Coll Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2006 VL 74 IS 5 AR 052701 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.052701 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 110VH UT WOS:000242408900077 ER PT J AU Bowman, RC Adolphi, NL Hwang, SJ Kulleck, JG Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Wu, H AF Bowman, R. C., Jr. Adolphi, Natalie L. Hwang, Son-Jong Kulleck, J. G. Udovic, T. J. Huang, Q. Wu, H. TI Deuterium site occupancy and phase boundaries in ZrNiDx (0.87 <= x <= 3.0) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SORPTION CRYOCOOLERS; SPACE APPLICATIONS; LEAD NITRATE; H SYSTEM; HYDROGEN; HYDRIDE; OCCUPATION AB ZrNiDx samples with compositions between x=0.87 and x=3.0 were investigated by H-2 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS-NMR), powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS), and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). The rigid-lattice MAS-NMR spectrum for a ZrNiD0.88 sample in the triclinic beta phase shows a single phase with two well-resolved resonances at +11.5 and -1.7 ppm, indicating that two inequivalent D sites are occupied, as was observed previously in ZrNiD1.0. For ZrNiD0.88, the ratio of spectral intensities of the two lines is 1:0.76, indicating that the D site corresponding to the +11.5 ppm line has the lower site energy and is fully occupied. Similarly, the neutron vibrational spectra for ZrNiD0.88 clearly confirm that at least two sites are occupied. For ZrNiD1.0, XRD indicates that similar to 5% of the metal atoms are in the gamma phase, corresponding to an upper composition for the beta phase of x=0.90 +/- 0.04, consistent with the MAS-NMR and neutron vibrational spectra indicating that x=0.88 is single phase. The MAS-NMR and NVS of ZrNiD1.87 indicate a mixed-phase sample (beta+gamma) and clearly show that the two inequivalent sites observed at x=0.88 cannot be attributed to the sites normally occupied in the gamma phase. For ZrNiD2.75, NPD results indicate a gamma-phase boundary of x=2.86 +/- 0.03 at 300 K, increasing to 2.93 +/- 0.02 at 180 K and below, in general agreement with the phase boundary estimated from the NVS and MAS-NMR spectra of ZrNiD1.87. Rigid-lattice H-2 MAS-NMR spectra of ZrNiD2.75 and ZrNiD2.99 show a ratio of spectral intensities of 1.8 +/- 0.1:1 and 2.1 +/- 0.1:1 (Zr3Ni:Zr3Ni2), respectively, indicating complete occupancy of the lower-energy Zr3Ni2 site, consistent with the NPD results. For each composition, the correlation time for deuterium hopping was determined at the temperature where resolved peaks in the MAS-NMR spectrum coalesce due to motion between inequivalent D sites. The measured correlation times are consistent with previously determined motional parameters for ZrNiHx. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. New Mexico Resonance, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bowman, RC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Bowman, Robert/0000-0002-2114-1713 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2006 VL 74 IS 18 AR 184109 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.184109 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 110VJ UT WOS:000242409100020 ER PT J AU Broido, DA Mingo, N AF Broido, D. A. Mingo, N. TI Theory of the thermoelectric power factor in nanowire-composite matrix structures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES; MERIT; FIGURE; SUPERLATTICES; FABRICATION; TRANSPORT; DEVICES AB We present a theory of thermoelectric transport in nanowire-composite matrix (ncm) systems, which incorporates a complete solution of the multi-subband Boltzmann equation for inelastic carrier-phonon scattering with full calculations of the ncm electronic band structure. This theory is used to investigate the thermoelectric power factor, P-ncm, of ncm systems composed of InSb and PbTe. We find that P-ncm can be enhanced significantly compared to the bulk material, but that this enhancement depends sensitively on the carrier effective mass, on the height of the confining potential barrier that separates the ncm from the nanowires, and on the cross-sectional size of the ncm relative to that of the nanowires. These results suggest that care must be taken in the choice of ncm material as well as that of the nanowires in order to optimize the thermoelectric power factor of nanowire-composite structures. C1 Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. NASA, Ames Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Broido, DA (reprint author), Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2006 VL 74 IS 19 AR 195325 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.195325 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 110VK UT WOS:000242409200101 ER PT J AU Luisier, M Schenk, A Fichtner, W Klimeck, G AF Luisier, Mathieu Schenk, Andreas Fichtner, Wolfgang Klimeck, Gerhard TI Atomistic simulation of nanowires in the sp(3)d(5)s(*) tight-binding formalism: From boundary conditions to strain calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; SILICON NANOWIRES; TRANSPORT; SINGLE; TRANSMISSION; DEVICES; SYSTEMS; SURFACE; MODELS; GROWTH AB As the active dimensions of metal-oxide field-effect transistors are approaching the atomic scale, the electronic properties of these "nanowire" devices must be treated on a quantum mechanical level. In this paper, the transmission coefficients and the density of states of biased and unbiased Si and GaAs nanowires are simulated using the sp(3)d(5)s(*) empirical tight-binding method. Each atom, as well as the connections to its nearest neighbors, is represented explicitly. The material parameters are optimized to reproduce bulk band-structure characteristics in various crystal directions and various strain conditions. A scattering boundary method to calculate the open boundary conditions in nanowire transistors is developed to reduce the computational burden. Existing methods such as iterative or generalized eigenvalue problem approaches are significantly more expensive than the transport simulation through the device. The algorithm can be coupled to nonequilibrium Green's function and wave function transport calculations. The speed improvement is even larger if the wire transport direction is different from [100]. Finally, it is demonstrated that strain effects can be easily included in the present nanowire simulations. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Integrated Syst Lab, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Purdue Univ, Network Computat Nanotechnol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Luisier, M (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Integrated Syst Lab, Gloriastr 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RI Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 35 TC 188 Z9 188 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2006 VL 74 IS 20 AR 205323 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.205323 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 110VM UT WOS:000242409400067 ER PT J AU Kletetschka, G AF Kletetschka, Gunther TI Reply to the comment on the paper 'Grain size dependent potential for self generation of magnetic anomalies on Mars via thermoremanent magnetic acquisition and magnetic interaction of hematite and magnetite' by Gunther Kletetschka, Norman F. Ness, J.E.P. Connerney, M.H. Acuna, and P.J. Wasilewski, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 148 (2005) 149-156, made by Jafar Arkani-Hamed (vol 153, pg 238, 2005) SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Correction C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Geol, Prague, Czech Republic. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kletetschka, G (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM gunther.kletetschka@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Kletetschka, Gunther/C-9996-2011 OI Kletetschka, Gunther/0000-0002-0645-9037 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 159 IS 1-2 BP 127 EP 128 DI 10.1016/j.pepi.2006.06.004 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 095RZ UT WOS:000241327000011 ER PT J AU Lester, DF AF Lester, Daniel F, TI Build astronomical observatories on the Moon? - Daniel F. Lester: Not so fast SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Lester, DF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD NOV PY 2006 VL 59 IS 11 BP 50 EP + PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 102TD UT WOS:000241835300023 ER PT J AU Lowman, PD AF Lowman, Paul D., Jr. TI Build astronomical observatories on the Moon? - Paul D. Lowman Jr: Yes SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Lowman, PD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD NOV PY 2006 VL 59 IS 11 BP 50 EP 52 DI 10.1063/1.2435647 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 102TD UT WOS:000241835300022 ER PT J AU Baines, KH Atreya, S Carlson, RW Crisp, D Drossart, P Formisano, V Limaye, SS Markiewicz, WJ Piccioni, G AF Baines, Kevin H. Atreya, Sushil Carlson, Robert W. Crisp, David Drossart, Pierre Formisano, Vittorio Limaye, Sanjay S. Markiewicz, Wojciech J. Piccioni, Giuseppe TI To the depths of Venus: Exploring the deep atmosphere and surface of our sister world with Venus Express SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Venus; Venus express; near-infrared spectroscopy; dynamics; chemistry ID NEAR-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; ZONAL MEAN CIRCULATION; CLOUD TOP LEVEL; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; SEMIDIURNAL TIDE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; GRAVITY-WAVES; THERMAL TIDES AB With its comprehensive suite of near-infrared instruments, Venus Express will perform the first detailed global exploration of the depths of the thick Venusian atmosphere. Through the near-daily acquisition of Visible and Infrared maps and spectra, three infrared-sensing instruments-the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS), the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC), and the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS)-will comprehensively investigate the Thermal structure, meteorology, dynamics, chemistry, and stability of the deep Venus atmosphere. For the surface, these instruments will provide clues to the emissivity of surface materials and provide direct evidence of active volcanism. In so doing, ESA's Venus Express Mission directly addresses numerous high-priority Venus science objectives advanced by America's National Research Council (2003) decadal survey of planetary science. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. DESPA, CNRS UMR 8632, Observ Paris, F-92190 Meudon, France. CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. INAF, IASF, I-00133 Rome, Italy. RP Baines, KH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 183-601,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kbaines@aloha.jpl.nasa.gov; atreya@umich.edu; robert.w.carlson@jpl.nasa.gov; david.crisp@jpl.nasa.gov; pierre.drossart@obspm.fr; Vittorio.Formisano@ifsi.rm.cnr.it; SanjayL@ssec.wisc.edu; markiewicz@linmpi.mpg.de; giuseppe.piccioni@iasf.cnr.it OI Limaye, Sanjay/0000-0001-8659-2104; Piccioni, Giuseppe/0000-0002-7893-6808 NR 89 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 54 IS 13-14 BP 1263 EP 1278 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.034 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 114RA UT WOS:000242682100003 ER PT J AU Formisano, V Angrilli, F Arnold, G Atreya, S Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bezard, B Billebaud, F Biondi, D Blecka, MI Colangeli, L Comolli, L Crisp, D D'Amore, M Encrenaz, T Ekonomov, A Esposito, F Fiorenza, C Fonti, S Giuranna, M Grassi, D Grieger, B Grigoriev, A Helbert, J Hirsch, H Ignatiev, N Jurewicz, A Khatuntsev, I Lebonnois, S Lellouch, E Mattana, A Maturilli, A Mencarelli, E Michalska, M Moreno, JL Moshkin, B Nespoli, F Nikolsky, Y Nuccilli, F Orleanski, P Palomba, E Piccioni, G Rataj, M Rinaldi, G Rossi, M Saggin, B Stam, D Titov, D Visconti, G Zasova, L AF Formisano, V. Angrilli, F. Arnold, G. Atreya, S. Baines, K. H. Bellucci, G. Bezard, B. Billebaud, F. Biondi, D. Blecka, M. I. Colangeli, L. Comolli, L. Crisp, D. D'Amore, M. Encrenaz, T. Ekonomov, A. Esposito, F. Fiorenza, C. Fonti, S. Giuranna, M. Grassi, D. Grieger, B. Grigoriev, A. Helbert, J. Hirsch, H. Ignatiev, N. Jurewicz, A. Khatuntsev, I. Lebonnois, S. Lellouch, E. Mattana, A. Maturilli, A. Mencarelli, E. Michalska, M. Lopez Moreno, J. Moshkin, B. Nespoli, F. Nikolsky, Yu. Nuccilli, F. Orleanski, P. Palomba, E. Piccioni, G. Rataj, M. Rinaldi, G. Rossi, M. Saggin, B. Stam, D. Titov, D. Visconti, G. Zasova, L. TI The planetary fourier spectrometer (PFS) onboard the European Venus Express mission SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Venus; planetary atmosphere; spectroscopy ID NEAR-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; CLOUD STRUCTURE; DARK SIDE; SURFACE; NIGHTSIDE; WATER; RADIATION; EMISSION; SPECTRA AB The planetary fourier spectrometer (PFS) for the Venus Express mission is an infrared spectrometer optimized for atmospheric studies. This instrument has a short wavelength (SW) channel that covers the spectral range from 1700 to 11400 cm(-1) (0.9-5.5 mu m) and a long wavelength (LW) channel that covers 250-1700 cm(-1) (5.5-15 mu m). Both channels have a uniform spectral resolution of 1.3 cm(-1). The instrument field of view FOV is about 1.6 degrees (FWHM) for the short wavelength channel and 2.8 for the LW channel which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 7 and 12 km when Venus is observed from an altitude of 250 km. PFS can provide unique data necessary to improve our knowledge not only of the atmospheric properties but also surface properties (temperature) and the surface-atmosphere interaction (volcanic activity). PFS works primarily around the pericentre of the orbit, only occasionally observing Venus from larger distances. Each measurements takes 4.5 s, with a repetition time of 11.5 s. By working roughly 1.5 h around pericentre, a total of 460 measurements per orbit will be acquired plus 60 for calibrations. PFS is able to take measurements at all local times, enabling the retrieval of atmospheric vertical temperature profiles on both the day and the night side. The PFS measures a host of atmospheric and surface phenomena on Venus. These include the:(]) thermal surface flux at several wavelengths near 1 mu m, with concurrent constraints on surface temperature and emissivity (indicative of composition); (2) the abundances of several highly-diagnostic trace molecular species; (3) atmospheric temperatures from 55 to 100 km altitude; (4) cloud opacities and cloud-tracked winds in the lower-level cloud layers near 50-km altitudes; (5) cloud top pressures of the uppermost haze/cloud region near 70-80km altitude; and (6) oxygen airglow near the 100km level. All of these will be observed repeatedly during the 500-day nominal mission of Venus Express to yield an increased understanding of meteorological, dynamical, photochemical, and thermo-chemical processes in the Venus atmosphere. Additionally, PFS will search for and characterize current volcanic activity through spatial and temporal anomalies in both the surface thermal flux and the abundances of volcanic trace species in the lower atmosphere. Measurement of the 15 mu m CO2 band is very important. Its profile gives, by means of a complex temperature profile retrieval technique, the vertical pressure-temperature relation, basis of the global atmospheric study. PFS is made of four modules called O, E, P and S being, respectively, the interferometer and proximity electronics, the digital control unit, the power supply and the pointing device. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 INAF, IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Padua, CISAS, I-35131 Padua, Italy. DLR, Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt eV, Opt Informat Syst, D-2439 Berlin, Germany. Univ Michigan, Coll Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. Russian Acad Sci, IKI, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. PAS, SRC, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland. Ist Astrofis Spaziale IASF INAF, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Observ Paris, DESPA, Dept Rech Spatiale, F-92195 Meudon, France. CSIC, Ist Astrofis Andalusia, Granada 13030, Spain. Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Fis, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Observ Paris, LESIA, Meudon Sect, F-92195 Meudon, France. Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1093 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Earth & Space Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OAC, I-30131 Naples, Italy. Univ Aquila, Dept Phys, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. Politecn Milan, I-23900 Lecce, Italy. RP Formisano, V (reprint author), INAF, IFSI, Via Fossi I Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy. EM vittorio.formisano@ifsi.rm.cnr.it RI Comolli, Lorenzo/I-7989-2012; Khatuntsev, Igor/B-4248-2015; OI GIURANNA, Marco/0000-0001-8967-9184; saggin, bortolino/0000-0002-4033-3585; Palomba, Ernesto/0000-0002-9101-6774; Piccioni, Giuseppe/0000-0002-7893-6808; Khatuntsev, Igor/0000-0002-3256-122X; D'Amore, Mario/0000-0001-9325-6889; Biondi, David/0000-0002-8860-5674; Esposito, Francesca/0000-0001-9962-1648; Mattana, Andrea/0000-0002-0496-0098; Helbert, Jorn/0000-0001-5346-9505; Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan/0000-0002-7946-2624; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679 NR 42 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 54 IS 13-14 BP 1298 EP 1314 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.033 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 114RA UT WOS:000242682100005 ER PT J AU de Bergh, C Moroz, VI Taylor, FW Crisp, D Bezard, B Zasova, LV AF de Bergh, C. Moroz, V. I. Taylor, F. W. Crisp, D. Bezard, B. Zasova, L. V. TI The composition of the atmosphere of Venus below 100 km altitude: An overview SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Venus; atmospheric composition; water vapor; sulfur compounds; carbon monoxide ID WATER-VAPOR VARIATIONS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; DEEP ATMOSPHERE; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; NIGHT-SIDE; MICROWAVE-SPECTRA; CARBON-MONOXIDE; CLOUD STRUCTURE; ENTRY PROBES; DARK SIDE AB We review the progress in our understanding of the composition of the Venus atmosphere since the publication of the COSPAR Venus International Reference Atmosphere volume in 1985. Results presented there were derived from data compiled in 1982-1983. More recent progress has resulted in large part from Earth-based studies of the near-infrared radiation from the nightside of the planet. These observations allow us to probe the atmosphere between the cloud tops and the surface. Additional insight has been gained through: (i) the analysis of ultraviolet radiation by satellites and rockets; (ii) data collected by the Vega 1 and 2 landers; (iii) complementary analyses of Venera 15 and 16 data; (iv) ground-based and Magellan radio occultation measurements, and (v) re-analyses of some spacecraft measurements made before 1983, in particular the Pioneer Venus and Venera 11, 13 and 14 data. These new data, and re-interpretations of older data, provide a much better knowledge of the vertical profile of water vapor, and more information on sulfur species above and below the clouds, including firm detections of OCS and SO. In addition, some spatial and/or temporal variations have been observed for CO, H2O, H2SO4, SO2, and OCS. New values of the D/H ratio have also been obtained. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. RP de Bergh, C (reprint author), Observ Paris, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France. EM catherine.debergh@obspm.fr NR 57 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 54 IS 13-14 BP 1389 EP 1397 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.020 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 114RA UT WOS:000242682100013 ER PT J AU Ruthruff, E Hazeltine, E Remington, RW AF Ruthruff, Eric Hazeltine, Eliot Remington, Roger W. TI What causes residual dual-task interference after practice? SO PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG LA English DT Article ID PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY-PERIOD; EXECUTIVE COGNITIVE-PROCESSES; COMPUTATIONAL THEORY; CENTRAL POSTPONEMENT; RESPONSE SELECTION; PERFORMANCE; BOTTLENECK; PARALLEL; COMPATIBILITY; ACCOUNTS AB Practice can dramatically reduce dual-task interference, but typically does not eliminate interference entirely. Residual interference after practice is especially large with certain non-preferred modality pairings (e.g., auditory-manual and visual-vocal). Does this residual interference imply the existence of a persistent central-processing bottleneck? To address this question, we transferred participants with previous dual-task practice to a psychological refractory period design. Although we observed residual dual-task costs in all four experiments, there was no evidence for a bottleneck, even with non-preferred modality pairings. We conclude that practice can eliminate the bottleneck limitation, but performance is still subject to other sources of interference, such as competition between central codes of the two tasks. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Psychol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Ruthruff, E (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Psychol, Logan Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM ruthruff@unm.edu OI Hazeltine, Richard/0000-0002-0893-5789 NR 28 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0340-0727 J9 PSYCHOL RES-PSYCH FO JI Psychol. Res.-Psychol. Forsch. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 6 BP 494 EP 503 DI 10.1007/s00426-005-0012-8 PG 10 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 109DY UT WOS:000242289300010 PM 16184395 ER PT J AU Hazeltine, E Ruthruff, E AF Hazeltine, Eliot Ruthruff, Eric TI Modality pairing effects and the response selection bottleneck SO PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE dual-task; modalities; response selection; central bottleneck; psychological refractory period ID PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY-PERIOD; DUAL-TASK PERFORMANCE; MULTIPROCESSOR MODELS; CHRONOMETRIC EVIDENCE; CENTRAL POSTPONEMENT; OVERLAPPING TASKS; VISUAL-ATTENTION; REACTION-TIME; INTERFERENCE; SPECIFICATION AB The present experiment examined the effects of input/output modality pairings on dual-task performance using the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure. Four groups of participants performed two tasks composed of the same sets of inputs (visual and auditory) and the same sets of outputs (manual and vocal), but with different input/output modality pairings. Whereas modality pairings had only small effects on single-task reaction times, they had large effects on dual-task reaction times. The modality pairing effect cannot stem from differences in the difficulty of stimulus classification or response execution, because these task demands were the same across groups. The effect also does not appear to result from changes in stimulus-response compatibility. The present findings suggest dual-task interference arises not only from postponement of central operations (due to a central bottleneck), but also from a slowing of central operations whose magnitude is sensitive to the input/output modality pairings. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hazeltine, E (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, 11 Seashore Hall E, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM eliot-hazeltine@uiowa.edu OI Hazeltine, Richard/0000-0002-0893-5789 NR 51 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0340-0727 J9 PSYCHOL RES-PSYCH FO JI Psychol. Res.-Psychol. Forsch. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 70 IS 6 BP 504 EP 513 DI 10.1007/s00426-005-0017-3 PG 10 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 109DY UT WOS:000242289300011 PM 16151721 ER PT J AU Evans, NR Franz, O Massa, D Mason, B Walker, RL Karovska, M AF Evans, Nancy Remage Franz, Otto Massa, Derck Mason, Brian Walker, Richard L. Karovska, Margarita TI Cepheids in multiple systems: ADS 14859 SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID ICCD SPECKLE OBSERVATIONS; BINARY STARS; CLASSICAL CEPHEID; INTERFEROMETRY AB We have attempted to resolve the system containing the Cepheid V1334 Cyg (=ADS 14859) using both the Faint Object Camera (FOC) and the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) on the Hubble Space Telescope, and also using ground-based speckle interferometry with 4 m class instruments. None of these approaches was successful, leading to upper limits of approximately 20 mas ( depending on the magnitude difference between the stars). We discuss constraints this places on a possible wide orbit as a guide to future observations. C1 Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USN Observ, Dept Astron, Washington, DC 20392 USA. Georgia State Univ, Ctr High Angular Resolut Astron, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. USN Observ, Washington, DC USA. RP Evans, NR (reprint author), Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, MS-4,60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 118 IS 849 BP 1545 EP 1549 DI 10.1086/509791 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 111UF UT WOS:000242479800006 ER PT J AU Palmeri, P Mendoza, C Bautista, MA Garcia, J Kallman, TR AF Palmeri, P. Mendoza, C. Bautista, M. A. Garcia, J. Kallman, T. R. TI K lines in the sulphur isonuclear sequence SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Conference on X-Ray and Inner-Shell Processes CY JUL 04-08, 2005 CL Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA HO Univ Melbourne DE atomic data; atomic processes; X-rays; general ID ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS; SHELL AUGER; SPECTRA; FE AB Accurate and complete sets of atomic data are being computed for the radiative and Auger processes giving rise to K lines in ions of sulphur. AUTOSTRUCTURE, HFR and BPRM codes are used, taking into account configuration interaction, core relaxation and relativistic effects so as to generate data following an approach used in our previous studies on iron and oxygen. Level energies, wavelengths, A-values and Auger rates are compared with available measurements and previous calculations. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Fis, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, EUD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Palmeri, P (reprint author), Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. EM palmer@umh.ac.be NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1465 EP 1470 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.07.009 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 107QH UT WOS:000242185600006 ER PT J AU Gross, RS Chao, BF AF Gross, Richard S. Chao, Benjamin F. TI The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake SO SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE earth rotation; polar motion; length-of-day; gravitational field; earthquake ID MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS; CHANDLER-WOBBLE; VISCOELASTIC EARTH; GRAVITY CHANGES; SEISMIC EXCITATION; DISPLACEMENTS; ORIENTATION; MODEL AB Besides generating seismic waves, which eventually dissipate, an earthquake also generates a static displacement field everywhere within the Earth. This global displacement field rearranges the Earth's mass thereby causing the Earth's rotation and gravitational field to change. The size of this change depends upon the magnitude, focal mechanism, and location of the earthquake. The Sumatran earthquake of December 26, 2004 is the largest earthquake to have occurred since the 1960 Chilean earthquake. Using a spherical, layered Earth model, the coseismic effect of the Sumatran earthquake upon the Earth's length-of-day, polar motion, and low-degree harmonic coefficients of the gravitational field are computed. Using a model of the earthquake source that is composed of five subevents having a total moment-magnitude M-w of 9.3, it is found that this earthquake should have caused the length-of-day to decrease by 6.8 microseconds, the position of the Earth's generalized figure axis to shift 2.32 milliarcseconds towards 127 degrees E longitude, the Earth's oblateness J(2) to decrease by 2.37 x 10(-11) and the Earth's pear-shapedness J(3) to decrease by 0.63 x 10(-11). The predicted change in the length-of-day, position of the generalized figure axis, and J(3) are probably not detectable by current measurement systems. But the predicted change in oblateness is perhaps detectable if other effects, such as those of the atmosphere, oceans, and continental water storage, can be adequately removed from the observations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Coll Earth Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. RP Gross, RS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Richard.S.Gross@jpl.nasa.gov; bfchao@ncu.edu.tw RI Chao, Benjamin Fong/N-6156-2013 NR 42 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-3298 J9 SURV GEOPHYS JI Surv. Geophys. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 27 IS 6 BP 615 EP 632 DI 10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 110GN UT WOS:000242366400003 ER PT J AU Waugh, DW Hall, TM McNeil, BI Key, R Matear, RJ AF Waugh, D. W. Hall, T. M. McNeil, B. I. Key, R. Matear, R. J. TI Anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans estimated using transit time distributions SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (CO2) CY SEP 25-30, 2005 CL Boulder, CO SP NOAA ID SUBPOLAR NORTH-ATLANTIC; INDIAN-OCEAN; TRANSPORT; INCREASE; CARBON; MODELS; AGE AB The distribution of anthropogenic carbon (C-ant) in the oceans is estimated using the transit time distribution (TTD) method applied to global measurements of chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC12). Unlike most other inference methods, the TTD method does not assume a single ventilation time and avoids the large uncertainty incurred by attempts to correct for the large natural carbon background in dissolved inorganic carbon measurements. The highest concentrations and deepest penetration of anthropogenic carbon are found in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans. The estimated total inventory in 1994 is 134 Pg-C. To evaluate uncertainties the TTD method is applied to output from an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and compared the results to the directly simulated C-ant. Outside of the Southern Ocean the predicted C-ant closely matches the directly simulated distribution, but in the Southern Ocean the TTD concentrations are biased high due to the assumption of 'constant disequilibrium'. The net result is a TTD overestimate of the global inventory by about 20%. Accounting for this bias and other centred uncertainties, an inventory range of 94-121 Pg-C is obtained. This agrees with the inventory of Sabine et al., who applied the Delta C* method to the same data. There are, however, significant differences in the spatial distributions: The TTD estimates are smaller than Delta C* in the upper ocean and larger at depth, consistent with biases expected in Delta C* given its assumption of a single parcel ventilation time. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ New S Wales, Sch Math, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. CSIRO, Div Marine Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Waugh, DW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI matear, richard/C-5133-2011; Waugh, Darryn/K-3688-2016; OI Waugh, Darryn/0000-0001-7692-2798; McNeil, Ben/0000-0001-5765-7087 NR 43 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 20 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 58 IS 5 BP 376 EP 389 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00222.x PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095ZT UT WOS:000241347500007 ER PT J AU Krakauer, NY Randerson, JT Primeau, FW Gruber, N Menemenlis, D AF Krakauer, Nir Y. Randerson, James T. Primeau, Francois W. Gruber, Nicolas Menemenlis, Dimitris TI Carbon isotope evidence for the latitudinal distribution and wind speed dependence of the air-sea gas transfer velocity SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (CO2) CY SEP 25-30, 2005 CL Boulder, CO SP NOAA ID LONG-TERM VARIABILITY; WORLD OCEAN MODEL; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; BOMB RADIOCARBON; SURFACE OCEAN; PACIFIC-OCEAN; INTERHEMISPHERIC TRANSPORT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB The air-sea gas transfer velocity is an important determinant of the exchange of gases, including CO2, between the atmosphere and ocean, but the magnitude of the transfer velocity and what factors control it remains poorly known. Here, we use oceanic and atmospheric observations of C-14 and C-13 to constrain the global mean gas transfer velocity as well as the exponent of its wind speed dependence, utilizing the distinct signatures left by the air-sea exchange of (CO2)-C-14 and (CO2)-C-13. While the atmosphere and ocean inventories of (CO2)-C-14 and (CO2)-C-13 constrain the mean gas transfer velocity, the latitudinal pattern in the atmospheric and oceanic C-14 and C-13 distributions contain information about the wind speed dependence. We computed the uptake of bomb C-14 by the ocean for different transfer velocity patterns using pulse response functions from an ocean general circulation model, and evaluated the match between the predicted bomb C-14 concentrations and observationally based estimates for the 1970s-1990s. Using a wind speed climatology based on satellite measurements, we solved either for the best-fit global relationship between gas exchange and mean wind speed or for the mean gas transfer velocity over each of 11 ocean regions. We also compared the predicted consequences of different gas exchange relationships on the rate of change and interhemisphere gradient of C-14 in atmospheric CO2 with tree-ring and atmospheric measurements. Our results suggest that globally, the dependence of the air-sea gas transfer velocity on wind speed is close to linear, with an exponent of 0.5 +/- 0.4, and that the global mean gas transfer velocity at a Schmidt number of 660 is 20 +/- 3 cm/hr, similar to the results of previous analyses. We find that the air-sea flux of C-13 estimated from atmosphere and ocean observations also suggests a lower than quadratic dependence of gas exchange on wind speed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. ETH, Inst Biogeochem & Pollut Dynam, Zurich, Switzerland. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Krakauer, NY (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM niryk@caltech.edu RI Primeau, Francois /A-7310-2011; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Primeau, Francois /0000-0001-7452-9415; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 141 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 16 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 58 IS 5 BP 390 EP 417 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00223.x PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095ZT UT WOS:000241347500008 ER PT J AU Bian, H Kawa, SR Chin, M Pawson, S Zhu, Z Rasch, P Wu, S AF Bian, H. Kawa, S. R. Chin, M. Pawson, S. Zhu, Z. Rasch, P. Wu, S. TI A test of sensitivity to convective transport in a global atmospheric CO2 simulation SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (CO2) CY SEP 25-30, 2005 CL Boulder, CO SP NOAA ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EMISSIONS; FLUXES; SINKS; PARAMETERIZATIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; VARIABILITY; INVERSIONS; CHEMISTRY AB Two approximations to convective transport have been implemented in an offline chemistry transport model (CTM) to explore the impact on calculated atmospheric CO2 distributions. Global CO2 in the year 2000 is simulated using the CTM driven by assimilated meteorological fields from the NASA's Goddard Earth Observation System Data Assimilation System, Version 4 (GEOS-4). The model simulates atmospheric CO2 by adopting the same CO2 emission inventory and dynamical modules as described in Kawa et al. (convective transport scheme denoted as Conv1). Conv1 approximates the convective transport by using the bulk convective mass fluxes to redistribute trace gases. The alternate approximation, Conv2, partitions fluxes into updraft and downdraft, as well as into entrainment and detrainment, and has potential to yield a more realistic simulation of vertical redistribution through deep convection. Replacing Conv1 by Conv2 results in an overestimate of CO2 over biospheric sink regions. The largest discrepancies result in a CO2 difference of about 7.8 ppm in the July NH boreal forest, which is about 30% of the CO2 seasonality for that area. These differences are compared to those produced by emission scenario variations constrained by the framework of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to account for possible land use change and residual terrestrial CO2 sink. It is shown that the overestimated CO2 driven by Conv2 can be offset by introducing these supplemental emissions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC Goddard Earth Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Bian, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC Goddard Earth Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Bian@code916.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 58 IS 5 BP 463 EP 475 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00212.x PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095ZT UT WOS:000241347500013 ER PT J AU Petrie, ME Ryer, CH AF Petrie, Megan E. Ryer, Clifford H. TI Laboratory and field evidence for structural habitat affinity of young-of-the-year lingcod SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE REEF FISH; OPHIODON-ELONGATUS; TAGGED LINGCOD; SEAGRASS BEDS; ABUNDANCE; RECRUITMENT; FLATFISHES; ALASKA; COMMUNITIES; COMPLEXITY AB Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus are an overexploited fisheries species in the Pacific Northwest. Although there has been extensive study of the habitat requirements of adults, particularly during spawning, relatively little is known about the habitat requirements of juveniles. Many juvenile fish use structural components of habitat to alleviate the risk of predation as well as for foraging. Laboratory experiments and a field tagging study were performed to investigate habitat preference in juvenile lingcod. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated an affinity for structure (rock, shell, or seagrass) over bare sand habitats. An acoustic tagging study conducted in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, corroborated the basic habitat preferences seen in laboratory experiments. Juvenile lingcod showed a high degree of site fidelity, remaining in discreet areas of significant structural complexity, as evidenced by underwater video of benthic habitat. Results from both laboratory and field studies establish that juvenile lingeod preferentially use structurally complex habitats. With this information, we can start to identify what constitutes essential fish habitat for juveniles of this important fisheries species. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Petrie, ME (reprint author), Manchester Res Stn, 7305 E Beach Dr, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. EM megpetrie@yahoo.com RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 135 IS 6 BP 1622 EP 1630 DI 10.1577/T05-164.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 124CT UT WOS:000243345500017 ER PT J AU DellaCorte, C AF DellaCorte, Dr Christopher TI The making of a magazine SO TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP DellaCorte, C (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. EM cdellacorte@stle.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS PI PARK RIDGE PA 840 BUSSE HIGHWAY, PARK RIDGE, IL 60068 USA SN 1545-858X J9 TRIBOL LUBR TECHNOL JI Tribol. Lubr. Technol. PD NOV PY 2006 VL 62 IS 11 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 109DZ UT WOS:000242289400001 ER PT J AU Butler, BD Little, T Cogan, V Powell, M AF Butler, B. D. Little, T. Cogan, V. Powell, M. TI Hyperbaric oxygen pre-breathe modifies the outcome of decompression sickness. SO UNDERSEA & HYPERBARIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VASCULAR-PERMEABILITY; LUNG INJURY; AIR EMBOLI; RATS; LEUKOTRIENES; SHEEP; THROMBOXANE; GENERATION; ISCHEMIA; NEUTROPHILS AB Butler BD, Little T, CoganV, Powell M. Hyperbaric oxygen pre-breathe modifies the outcome of decompression sickness. Undersea Hyperb Med 2006; 33(6):407-417. Deep sea divers, aviators and astronauts are at risk of decompression sickness when the ambient pressure reductions exceed a critical threshold. Venous bubbles associated with decompression sickness have the potential to react with the vascular membrane and adjacent blood products, eliciting an inflammatory cascade. Preventive measures usually involve careful decompression procedures to avoid or reduce bubble formation. De-nitrogenation with 100% oxygen pre-breathing as a preventive measure has been well established at least in altitude decompression exposures. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological and biochemical effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Pre-breathe (HBOP) upon decompression from a hyperbaric exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. Two experimental groups received HBOP at 1 and 18 hours prior to decompression, as compared with ground level oxygen or non-treated groups that still experienced decompression stress, and the associated non-decompressed controls. The results showed decreased extravascular lung water (pulmonary edema), bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural protein and arterial, broncho-alveolar lavage, and urine leukotriene E-4 (LKE4) levels in both the 1 Hr and 18Hr HBOP decompressed rats compared to non-oxygenated decompressed rats, as well as a decreased overall expression of signs of decompression sickness. This study indicates that HBOP-treated rats exhibit fewer signs and complications of decompression sickness compared with non-treated or ground level oxygen treated rats. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Baromed Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NASA, JSC, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Butler, BD (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Baromed Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 50 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNDERSEA & HYPERBARIC MEDICAL SOC INC PI DUNKIRK PA 10020 SOUTHER MARYLAND BLVD, PO BOX 1020, DUNKIRK, MD 20754-1020 USA SN 1066-2936 J9 UNDERSEA HYPERBAR M JI Undersea Hyperb. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 407 EP 417 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 121QO UT WOS:000243172300002 PM 17274310 ER PT J AU Vrtovec, B Goos, J Mohammad, GH Starc, V Schlegel, TT Delgado, RM Radovancevic, B AF Vrtovec, Bojan Goos, Jeroen Mohammad, Gaaled H. Starc, Vito Schlegel, Todd T. Delgado, Reynolds M., III Radovancevic, Branislav TI QT variability predicts sudden cardiac death late after heart transplantation SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 79th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 12-15, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 Texas Heart Inst, Houston, TX 77025 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Inst Physiol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Univ Ljubljana, Med Ctr, Ljubljana 61000, Slovenia. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 114 IS 18 SU S BP 469 EP 469 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 102EC UT WOS:000241792803137 ER PT J AU Bosilovich, MG AF Bosilovich, Michael G. TI A comparison of MODIS land surface temperature with in situ observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GREAT-PLAINS; PRODUCTS; VALIDATION AB MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) are compared to in situ observations during the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP). The purpose is to test the utility of global enhanced station data to provide additional information on the consistency of large volumes of remotely sensed data. While comparisons are limited by unresolved spatial and temporal representativeness, many of the comparisons are quite favorable, especially in mid-latitude regions. We note the extent of cloud contamination in the data product, and also some biases that may vary seasonally. Upscaling to 25km, as would be needed for global model comparisons or some mesoscale models, did not overly change the comparison results. The veracity of remotely sensed observations is important to identify and understand as these data begin to be applied to research questions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bosilovich, MG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Earth Sci Directorate, Mail Code 610-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.g.bosilovich@nasa.gov RI Bosilovich, Michael/F-8175-2012 NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20112 DI 10.1029/2006GL027519 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DJ UT WOS:000241865600003 ER PT J AU Livesey, NJ Kovalenko, LJ Salawitch, RJ MacKenzie, IA Chipperfield, MP Read, WG Jarnot, RF Waters, JW AF Livesey, Nathaniel J. Kovalenko, Laurie J. Salawitch, Ross J. MacKenzie, Ian A. Chipperfield, Martyn P. Read, William G. Jarnot, Robert F. Waters, Joe W. TI EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of upper stratospheric BrO: Implications for total bromine SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AURA SATELLITE; MLS; DENITRIFICATION; VALIDATION; NITROGEN; BUDGET; MODEL AB This paper describes new total stratospheric inorganic bromine (Br(y)) abundance estimates inferred from the first global observations of upper stratospheric BrO, made by the EOS Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. Our 'best estimate' of total upper stratospheric bromine loading (based on JPL-2002 kinetics with the addition of a BrONO(2)+O reaction) is 18.6 +/- 5.5 pptv, for the period September 2004 to August 2005, from 55 degrees S to 55 degrees N. This implies a contribution of 3.0 +/- 5.5 pptv from sources other than long lived CH(3)Br and halons. The possibility of such other sources has been raised by balloon, aircraft and satellite observations of BrO in the lower and middle stratosphere. These upper stratospheric observations provide new information to help resolve the current uncertainty in stratospheric bromine loading. The abundance of bromine, particularly in the lower stratosphere, is a significant factor in the budget of stratospheric O(3). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Leeds, Inst Atmospher Sci, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Columbus Technol & Serv Inc, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Livesey, NJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM livesey@mls.jpl.nasa.gov RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; mackenzie, ian/E-9320-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149 NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20817 DI 10.1029/2006GL026930 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DJ UT WOS:000241865600001 ER PT J AU Rangwala, I Miller, J Russell, GL Xu, M AF Rangwala, Imtiaz Miller, Jim Russell, Gary L. Xu, Ming TI Analysis of global climate model experiments to elucidate past and future changes in surface insolation and warming in China SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; EAST-ASIA; AEROSOLS; TRENDS; TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE; SULFATE; CYCLE; HAZE AB Trends in climate variables and their interrelationships over China are examined using a combination of observations and global climate model simulations to elucidate the mechanism for producing an observed 1 degrees C increase in surface temperature despite a significant decrease in surface insolation from 1950 to 2000. For the 21st century, the model simulations suggest that the downward trend in insolation is expected to continue until 2050, primarily forced by the prescribed atmospheric sulfate burden (IPCC SRES A1B). A continuous increase in surface temperature (3 degrees C) and vapor pressure (1mb) is simulated during the 21st century. Our analysis suggests that both the past and the future warming are primarily caused by an increase in downward longwave radiation. This occurs, in part, as a result of both the lower and upper atmospheric water vapor feedbacks, triggered by the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Rangwala, I (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM imtiazr@envsci.rutgers.edu NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20709 DI 10.1029/2006GL027778 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103DJ UT WOS:000241865600007 ER PT J AU Kishore, P Namboothiri, SP Igarashi, K Jiang, JH Ao, CO Romans, LJ AF Kishore, P. Namboothiri, S. P. Igarashi, K. Jiang, Jonathan H. Ao, Chi O. Romans, Larry J. TI Climatological characteristics of the tropopause parameters derived from GPS/CHAMP and GPS/SAC-C measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; LONGITUDINAL VARIATIONS; GLOBAL TROPOPAUSE; GPS/MET; ATMOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION; HEIGHT; CHAMP AB We have analyzed the tropopause parameters using the data retrieved from the GPS occultation experiment on board the CHAMP and SAC-C satellites. In the present study we have considered 3-4 years of data. Tropopause parameters such as temperature, height, pressure, and potential temperature have been separately studied for the tropical and other regions. Comparison of the temperature profiles (obtained near the equator) by the CHAMP and SAC-C satellites with the radiosonde measurements indicates very good agreement at altitudes below the tropopause. Deviations of 1-2 K are seen above the tropopause level. Analysis of the tropopause parameters separately done for the tropics (20 degrees S-20 degrees N) indicates annual variations. The tropopause temperature and pressure variations are strongly correlated, and they both anticorrelate with the tropopause height. Annual oscillation is evident in the variations of tropopause parameters. The sampled data indicate some interannual variations. We have found that there are some differences between the cold point tropopause (CPT) and lapse rate tropopause (LRT) methods of estimates. The global structure of the tropopause indicates clear differences between the tropics and high-latitude regions. Seasonal variation is evident in the parameters; however, they are more prominent in the polar regions. The paper confirms that the CHAMP and SAC-C measurements of the tropopause parameters are complementary as there is very little difference between the two measurements. C1 Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Microwave Atmospher Sci Team, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kishore, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. EM kishore@nict.go.jp NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20110 DI 10.1029/2005JD006827 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 103DP UT WOS:000241866200002 ER PT J AU Liu, L Lacis, AA Carlson, BE Mishchenko, MI Cairns, B AF Liu, Li Lacis, Andrew A. Carlson, Barbara E. Mishchenko, Michael I. Cairns, Brian TI Assessing Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE aerosol climatology using satellite and ground-based measurements: A comparison study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; SULFATE AEROSOLS; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SAHARAN DUST AB A physically based aerosol climatology is important to address questions of global climate change. We evaluate the aerosol climatology used in the GISS ModelE (Schmidt et al., 2006), by characterizing and comparing the geographic distribution and seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and particle size via Angstrom exponent (A) against available satellite and ground-based measurements, i.e., MODIS, MISR, POLDER, AVHRR, and AERONET data. There are a number of model parameters, particularly those related to aerosol size specification, that can be better constrained by comparison to satellite data. Our comparison shows that there are large differences in the satellite and ground-based global distributions of AOD. The differences between the observations increase for the Angstrom exponent. Given the uncertainties associated with satellite retrieval results, the agreement in the distributions of global optical depth between GCM aerosols and satellite data is qualitatively reasonable. However, the Angstrom exponent of the GCM aerosol is clearly biased low compared to satellite data, implying that the GCM aerosol sizes are overestimated. There is qualitative agreement of the ModelE aerosol single scattering albedo pi with TOMS Aerosol Index (AI) and AERONET data. The comparisons show insufficient aerosol absorption at most locations, suggesting a possible underestimation of black carbon distributions in the GCM. However, a more quantitative comparison first requires a readjustment of the GCM aerosol size specification. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. RP Liu, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM lliu@giss.nasa.gov RI Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012; Carlson, Barbara/D-8319-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; OI Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 NR 75 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20212 DI 10.1029/2006JD007334 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 103DP UT WOS:000241866200011 ER PT J AU Roebeling, RA Feijt, AJ Stammes, P AF Roebeling, R. A. Feijt, A. J. Stammes, P. TI Cloud property retrievals for climate monitoring: Implications of differences between Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on METEOSAT-8 and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA-17 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-THICKNESS; LIQUID WATER; ISCCP; MODIS; STRATOCUMULUS; INFERENCE; PRODUCTS; CHANNELS; RADIUS AB In the framework of the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM-SAF) an algorithm was developed to retrieve Cloud Physical Properties (CPP) from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board the Meteosat Second Generation (METEOSAT-8) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. This paper presents the CPP algorithm and determines if SEVIRI can be used together with AVHRR to build a consistent and accurate data set of cloud optical thickness (COT) and cloud liquid water path (CLWP) over Europe for climate research purposes. After quantifying the differences in 0.6 and 1.6 mu m operational calibrated reflectances of SEVIRI and AVHRR, a recalibration procedure is proposed to normalize and absolutely calibrate these reflectances. The effects of recalibration, spatial resolution, and viewing geometry differences on the SEVIRI and AVHRR cloud property retrievals are evaluated. The intercomparison of 0.6 and 1.6 mu m operationally calibrated reflectances indicates similar to 6 and similar to 26% higher reflectances for SEVIRI than for AVHRR. These discrepancies result in retrieval differences between AVHRR and SEVIRI of similar to 8% for COT and similar to 60% for CLWP. Owing to recalibration these differences reduce to similar to 5%, while the magnitude of the median COT and CLWP values of AVHRR decrease similar to 2 and similar to 60% and the SEVIRI values increase similar to 10 and similar to 55%, respectively. The differences in spatial resolution and viewing geometry slightly influence the retrieval precision. Thus the CPP algorithm can be used to build a consistent and high-quality data set of SEVIRI and AVHRR retrieved cloud properties for climate research purposes, provided the instrument reflectances are recalibrated, preferably guided by the satellite operators. C1 Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Roebeling, RA (reprint author), Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, POB 201, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. EM roebelin@knmi.nl; feijt@knmi.nl; stammes@knmi.nl NR 36 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20210 DI 10.1029/2005JD006990 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 103DP UT WOS:000241866200003 ER PT J AU Wong, S Colarco, PR Dessler, AE AF Wong, Sun Colarco, Peter R. Dessler, Andrew E. TI Principal component analysis of the evolution of the Saharan air layer and dust transport: Comparisons between a model simulation and MODIS and AIRS retrievals SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; NORTH-ATLANTIC; GOCART MODEL; AEROSOL; TEMPERATURE; CONVECTION; REANALYSIS AB The onset and evolution of Saharan air layer (SAL) episodes during June-September 2002 are diagnosed by applying principal component analysis to the NCEP reanalysis temperature anomalies at 850 hPa, where the largest SAL-induced temperature anomalies are located along the west coast of Africa. The first principal component (PC) represents the onset of SAL episodes, which are associated with large warm anomalies located at the west coast of Africa. The second PC represents two opposite phases of the evolution of the SAL. The positive phase corresponds to the southwestward migration of the warm anomalies into the tropical-subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, and the negative phase corresponds to the northwestward migration into the subtropical to midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean and the southwest Europe. AIRS retrievals of temperatures in September 2002 verify the migration depicted by the second PC. In addition, a dust transport model (CARMA) and the MODIS retrievals of aerosol optical thickness are used to study the associated effects on dust distribution and deposition. The positive (negative) phase of the second PC corresponds to a strengthening (weakening) of the offshore flows in the lower troposphere around 10-20 degrees N, causing more (less) dust being transported toward the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. The 700-hPa anticyclonic circulation associated with the warm anomalies plays a role in connecting the dust with the warm anomalies. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wong, S (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM swong@ariel.met.tamu.edu RI Dessler, Andrew/G-8852-2012; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012 OI Dessler, Andrew/0000-0003-3939-4820; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662 NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20109 DI 10.1029/2006JD007093 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 103DP UT WOS:000241866200006 ER PT J AU Navarro-Gonzalez, R Navarro, KF de la Rosa, J Iniguez, E Molina, P Miranda, LD Morales, P Cienfuegos, E Coll, P Raulin, F Amils, R McKay, CP AF Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael Navarro, Karina F. de la Rosa, Jose Iniguez, Enrique Molina, Paola Miranda, Luis D. Morales, Pedro Cienfuegos, Edith Coll, Patrice Raulin, Francois Amils, Ricardo McKay, Christopher P. TI The limitations on organic detection in Mars-like soils by thermal volatilization-gas chromatography-MS and their implications for the Viking results SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; detection of organics; search for martian life; extreme environments; deserts ID IRON-OXIDE REDUCTION; ATACAMA DESERT; INTERIM-REPORT; KINETICS; SEARCH; CARBON; DECOMPOSITION; ENVIRONMENT; SURFACE; ACIDS AB The failure of Viking Lander thermal volatilization (TV) (without or with thermal degradation)-gas chromatography (GC)-MS experiments to detect organics suggests chemical rather than biological interpretations for the reactivity of the martian soil. Here, we report that TV-GC-MS may be blind to low levels of organics on Mars. A comparison between TV-GC-MS and total organics has been conducted for a variety of Mars analog soils. in the Antarctic Dry Valleys and the Atacama and Libyan Deserts we find 10-90 mu g of refractory or graphitic carbon per gram of soil, which would have been undetectable by the Viking TV-GC-MS. In iron-containing soils (jarosites from RioTinto and PanocheValley) and the Mars simulant (palogonite), oxidation of the organic material to carbon dioxide (CO2) by iron oxides and/or their salts drastically attenuates the detection of organics. The release of 50-700 ppm Of CO2 by TV-GC-MS in the Viking analysis may indicate that an oxidation of organic material took place. Therefore, the martian surface could have several orders of magnitude more organics than the stated Viking detection limit. Because of the simplicity of sample handling, TV-GC-MS is still considered the standard method for organic detection on future Mars missions. We suggest that the design of future organic instruments for Mars should include other methods to be able to detect extinct and/or extant life. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estudios Planetarios, Inst Ciencias Nucl, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Quim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Paris 12, CNRS UMR 7583, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Paris 07, F-94010 Creteil, France. CSIC, Inst Nacl Tecn Aeroespacial, Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid 28850, Spain. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Navarro-Gonzalez, R (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estudios Planetarios, Inst Ciencias Nucl, Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Univ,POB 70-543, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM navarro@nucleares.unam.mx RI Iniguez, Enrique/D-5208-2009; Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009; De la Rosa, Jose/A-3573-2010; Miranda, Luis/H-2901-2015; Miranda, Luis/J-8864-2016 OI Iniguez, Enrique/0000-0001-8062-8225; Miranda, Luis/0000-0003-0342-8160; Miranda, Luis/0000-0003-0342-8160 NR 36 TC 86 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 41 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 44 BP 16089 EP 16094 DI 10.1073/pnas.0604210103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 103IS UT WOS:000241879500008 PM 17060639 ER PT J AU Dynys, FW Berger, MH Sayir, A AF Dynys, F. W. Berger, M. H. Sayir, A. TI Pulsed laser deposition of high temperature protonic films SO SOLID STATE IONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Solid State Ionics CY 2005 CL Baden Baden, GERMANY DE thin films; pulse laser deposition; protonic; ceramic; perovskite ID THIN-FILMS; CONDUCTION; MICROSTRUCTURE; CERAMICS; BACEO3 AB Pulsed laser deposition has been used to fabricate nanostructured BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-delta films. Protonic conduction of the fabricated BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-delta films was compared to the sintered BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-delta. Sintered samples and laser targets were prepared by sintering BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-delta powders derived by solid state synthesis. Films 1 to 8 mu m thick were deposited by KrF excimer laser on porous Al2O3 substrates. Thin films were fabricated at deposition temperatures of 700 to 950 degrees C at O-2 pressures up to 200 mTorr using laser pulse energy densities of 1.4-3 J/cm(2). Fabricated films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and electrical impedance spectroscopy. Single phase BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-delta films with a columnar growth morphology are observed with preferred crystal growth along the [100] or [001] direction. Results indicate [100] growth dependence upon laser pulse energy. Electrical conductivity of bulk samples produced by solid state sintering and thin film samples were measured over a temperature range of 100 to 900 degrees C. Electrical conduction behavior was dependent upon film deposition temperature. Maximum conductivity occurs at deposition temperature of 900 degrees C the electrical conductivity exceeds the sintered specimen. All other deposited films exhibit a lower electrical conductivity than the sintered specimen. Activation energy for electrical conduction showed dependence upon deposition temperature, it varied from 115 to 54 kJ. Film microstructure was attributed to the difference in electrical conductivity of the BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-delta films. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ecole Mines Paris, F-91003 Evry, France. NASA, GRC, CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Dynys, FW (reprint author), NASA, GRC, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Frederick.W.Dynys@nasa.gov RI Berger, Marie-Helene/B-9785-2013 NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2738 J9 SOLID STATE IONICS JI Solid State Ion. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 177 IS 26-32 BP 2333 EP 2337 DI 10.1016/j.ssi.2006.03.010 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 113QG UT WOS:000242611800026 ER PT J AU Berger, MH Sayir, A Dynys, F Berger, P AF Berger, Marie-Helene Sayir, Ali Dynys, Fred Berger, Pascal TI Microstructural and electrical characterisation of melt grown high temperature protonic conductors SO SOLID STATE IONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Solid State Ionics CY 2005 CL Baden Baden, GERMANY DE high temperature protonic conductors; directional solidification; microstructure; nanodomains; impedance spectroscopy ID COMPLEX PEROVSKITES AB High temperature protonic conductors of SrCe1-xYxO3-delta and Sr3Ca1+xNb2-xO9-delta were fabricated by directional solidification to produce model microstructures. Elongated cells exhibited (100) direction parallel to the growth axis; low degree of disorientation was observed between the cells. In the simple perovskite SrCe1-xYxO3-delta aluminum contamination caused the formation of intergranular second phase. Nuclear microprobe revealed that the second phase was enriched with hydrogen. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that the protons at grain boundaries have a lower mobility than within the cells. The cation distribution was not uniform in the complex perovskite. Inverse gradients in Ca2+ and Nb5+ were observed from the core to the shell of the cells. The Nb5+ substitution decreased from x=0.12 at the core to 0.07 at the shell. Higher Nb5+/Ca2+ ratio at the shell decreased the protonic conductivity. Nanodomain were observed in both perovskite compositions; they differentiate by a 90 degrees rotation of the direction of oxygen cage tilting. In the complex perovskite, stoichiometric domains with an ordered distribution of Nb5+ and Ca2+ were surrounded by nonstoichiometric domains with a random distribution of these cations. Further work and analyses are required to understand the mechanism of proton transfer within domains and across domain interfaces. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ecole Mines Paris, Ctr Mat, Evry, France. NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. CEA, CNRS, Lab Pierre Sue, Saclay, France. RP Berger, MH (reprint author), Ecole Mines Paris, Ctr Mat, Evry, France. EM marie-helene.berger@ensmp.fr RI Berger, Marie-Helene/B-9785-2013 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2738 J9 SOLID STATE IONICS JI Solid State Ion. PD OCT 31 PY 2006 VL 177 IS 26-32 BP 2339 EP 2345 DI 10.1016/j.ssi.2006.04.033 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 113QG UT WOS:000242611800027 ER PT J AU Nikzad, S Cunningham, TJ Hoenk, ME Ruiz, RP Soules, DM Holland, SE AF Nikzad, Shouleh Cunningham, T. J. Hoenk, Michael E. Ruiz, R. P. Soules, D. M. Holland, Stephen E. TI Direct detection of 0.1-20 keV electrons with delta doped, fully depleted, high purity silicon p-i-n diode arrays SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE-COUPLED-DEVICES; BACKSCATTERING; CCDS AB Direct detection of 0.1-20 keV electrons is demonstrated using a boron delta doped high purity Si p-i-n diode array. Molecular beam epitaxy is used to grow a delta layer on the back surface of these fully depletable p-i-n diode arrays to form an electrode for detecting shallow-penetrating ionizing radiation. Device structure, processing, and characterization methods used for device testing and measurement of its response to electrons are discussed. Use of this detector for measuring the Si quantum yield over this wide energy range is also discussed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Nikzad, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM shouleh.nikzad@jpl.nasa.gov RI Holland, Stephen/H-7890-2013 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 18 AR 182114 DI 10.1063/1.2360904 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 101RG UT WOS:000241757500062 ER PT J AU McCormack, JP Eckermann, SD Siskind, DE McGee, TJ AF McCormack, J. P. Eckermann, S. D. Siskind, D. E. McGee, T. J. TI CHEM2D-OPP: A new linearized gas-phase ozone photochemistry parameterization for high-altitude NWP and climate models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; GLOBAL VARIATIONS; UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; MEAN OZONE; TEMPERATURE; MIDDLE; WAVES; SIMULATIONS AB The new CHEM2D-Ozone Photochemistry Parameterization ( CHEM2D-OPP) for high-altitude numerical weather prediction ( NWP) systems and climate models specifies the net ozone photochemical tendency and its sensitivity to changes in ozone mixing ratio, temperature and overhead ozone column based on calculations from the CHEM2D interactive middle atmospheric photochemical transport model. We evaluate CHEM2D-OPP performance using both short-term ( 6-day) and long-term ( 1-year) stratospheric ozone simulations with the prototype high-altitude NOGAPS-ALPHA forecast model. An inter-comparison of NOGAPS-ALPHA 6-day ozone hindcasts for 7 February 2005 with ozone photochemistry parameterizations currently used in operational NWP systems shows that CHEM2D-OPP yields the best overall agreement with both individual Aura Microwave Limb Sounder ozone profile measurements and independent hemispheric ( 10 degrees - 90 degrees N) ozone analysis fields. A 1-year free-running NOGAPS-ALPHA simulation using CHEM2D-OPP produces a realistic seasonal cycle in zonal mean ozone throughout the stratosphere. We find that the combination of a model cold temperature bias at high latitudes in winter and a warm bias in the CHEM2D-OPP temperature climatology can degrade the performance of the linearized ozone photochemistry parameterization over seasonal time scales despite the fact that the parameterized temperature dependence is weak in these regions. C1 USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McCormack, JP (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM john.mccormack@nrl.navy.mil RI McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013; OI McCormack, John/0000-0002-3674-0508 NR 63 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 4943 EP 4972 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100CA UT WOS:000241643600005 ER PT J AU Heer, M Paloski, WH AF Heer, Martina Paloski, William H. TI Space motion sickness: Incidence, etiology, and countermeasures SO AUTONOMIC NEUROSCIENCE-BASIC & CLINICAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Nausea and Vomiting - An Interdisciplinary Approach CY SEP 30-OCT 01, 2005 CL Duesseldorf, GERMANY ID FLIGHT; PROMETHAZINE; SHUTTLE AB Space motion sickness is experienced by 60% to 80% of space travelers during their first 2 to 3 days in microgravity and by a similar proportion during their first few days after return to Earth. Space motion sickness symptoms are similar to those in other forms of motion sickness; they include: pallor, increased body warmth, cold sweating, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, and anorexia, These are important because they may affect the operational performance of astronauts. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain space motion sickness: the fluid shift hypothesis and the sensory conflict hypothesis. The fluid shift hypothesis suggests that space motion sickness results from the cranial shifting of body fluids resulting from the loss of hydrostatic pressure gradients in the lower body when entering microgravity. The cranial fluid shifts lead to visible puffiness in the face, and are thought to increase the intracranial pressure, the cerebrospinal-fluid pressure or the inner ear fluid pressures, altering the response properties of the vestibular receptors and inducing space motion sickness. The sensory conflict hypothesis suggests that loss of tilt-related otolith signals upon entry into microgravity causes a conflict between actual and anticipated signals from sense organs subserving spatial orientation. Such sensory conflicts are thought to induce motion sickness in other environments. Space motion sickness is usually treated using pharmaceuticals, most of which have undesirable side effects. Further studies elucidating the underlying mechanism for space motion sickness may be required for developing new treatments. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 DLR, Inst Aerosp Med, D-51170 Cologne, Germany. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Heer, M (reprint author), DLR, Inst Aerosp Med, D-51170 Cologne, Germany. EM martina.heer@dlr.de NR 19 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0702 J9 AUTON NEUROSCI-BASIC JI Auton. Neurosci-Basic Clin. PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 129 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 77 EP 79 DI 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.07.014 PG 3 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 098RS UT WOS:000241541100011 PM 16935570 ER PT J AU Lundblad, N Thompson, RJ Aveline, DC Maleki, L AF Lundblad, N. Thompson, R. J. Aveline, D. C. Maleki, L. TI Spinor dynamics-driven formation of a dual-beam atom laser SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; MIXING DYNAMICS; GROUND-STATE; DOMAINS AB We demonstrate a novel dual-beam atom laser formed by outcoupling oppositely polarized components of an all-optical F=1 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate whose Zeeman sublevel populations have been coherently evolved through spin dynamics. The condensate is formed through all-optical means using a single-beam running-wave dipole trap. We create a condensate in the magnetic field-insensitive m(F)=0 state, and drive coherent spin-mixing evolution through adiabatic compression of the initially weak trap. Such dual beams, number-correlated through the angular momentum-conserving reaction 2m(0)<-> m(+1) + m(-1), have been proposed as tools to explore entanglement and squeezing in Bose-Einstein condensates, and have potential use in precision phase measurements. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lundblad, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lundblad@caltech.edu RI Lundblad, Nathan/A-9965-2009 OI Lundblad, Nathan/0000-0003-0430-8064 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 22 BP 10164 EP 10170 DI 10.1364/OE.14.010164 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 109QV UT WOS:000242324500004 PM 19529412 ER PT J AU Tian, K Barbastathis, G Hong, J AF Tian, Kehan Barbastathis, George Hong, John TI Localized propagation modes guided by shear discontinuities in photonic crystals SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID BAND-GAP MATERIALS; WAVE-GUIDES; SLOW LIGHT; SPEED; BENDS AB We propose and analyze shear discontinuities as a new type of defect in photonic crystals. This defect can support guided modes with minimum group velocity dispersion (GVD) and maximum bandwidth, provided that the shear shift equals half the lattice constant. A mode gap emerges when the shear shift is different than half the lattice constant. The shear shift can be used to tune the bandwidth, group velocity, and group velocity dispersion ( GVD) of the guided mode. The necessary condition for the existence of guided modes along the shear plane is discussed. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 MIT, Dept Engn Mech, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tian, K (reprint author), MIT, Dept Engn Mech, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Rm 3-461C, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM kehan@mit.edu NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD OCT 30 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 22 BP 10887 EP 10897 DI 10.1364/OE.14.010887 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 109QV UT WOS:000242324500093 PM 19529501 ER PT J AU Bernstein, M AF Bernstein, Max TI Prebiotic materials from on and off the early Earth SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on Conditions for the Emergence of Life on the Early Earth CY FEB 13-14, 2006 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE prebiotic chemistry; exogenous delivery; endogenous synthesis; impact; hydrothermal vents; IDP (interplanetary dust particle) ID AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CORONENE; SIDE-GROUP ADDITION; COSMIC ICE ANALOGS; AMINO-ACIDS; CARBONACEOUS METEORITES; HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOLYSIS; INTERPLANETARY DUST; PRIMITIVE EARTH; ORGANIC-MATTER AB One of the greatest puzzles of all time is how did life arise? It has been universally presumed that life arose in a soup rich in carbon compounds, but from where did these organic molecules come? In this article, I will review proposed terrestrial sources of prebiotic organic molecules, such as Miller-Urey synthesis (including how they would depend on the oxidation state of the atmosphere) and hydrothermal vents and also input from space. While the former is perhaps better known and more commonly taught in school, we now know that comet and asteroid dust deliver tons of organics to the Earth every day, therefore this flux of reduced carbon from space probably also played a role in making the Earth habitable. We will compare and contrast the types and abundances of organics from on and off the Earth given standard assumptions. Perhaps each process provided specific compounds (amino acids, sugars, amphiphiles) that were directly related to the origin or early evolution of life. In any case, whether planetary, nebular or interstellar, we will consider how one might attempt to distinguish between abiotic organic molecules from actual signs of life as part of a robotic search for life in the Solar System. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bernstein, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mbernstein@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 96 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 23 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8436 J9 PHILOS T R SOC B JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD OCT 29 PY 2006 VL 361 IS 1474 BP 1689 EP 1700 DI 10.1098/rstb.2006.1913 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 095TO UT WOS:000241331400003 PM 17008210 ER PT J AU Dentener, F Drevet, J Lamarque, JF Bey, I Eickhout, B Fiore, AM Hauglustaine, D Horowitz, LW Krol, M Kulshrestha, UC Lawrence, M Galy-Lacaux, C Rast, S Shindell, D Stevenson, D Van Noije, T Atherton, C Bell, N Bergman, D Butler, T Cofala, J Collins, B Doherty, R Ellingsen, K Galloway, J Gauss, M Montanaro, V Muller, JF Pitari, G Rodriguez, J Sanderson, M Solmon, F Strahan, S Schultz, M Sudo, K Szopa, S Wild, O AF Dentener, F. Drevet, J. Lamarque, J. F. Bey, I. Eickhout, B. Fiore, A. M. Hauglustaine, D. Horowitz, L. W. Krol, M. Kulshrestha, U. C. Lawrence, M. Galy-Lacaux, C. Rast, S. Shindell, D. Stevenson, D. Van Noije, T. Atherton, C. Bell, N. Bergman, D. Butler, T. Cofala, J. Collins, B. Doherty, R. Ellingsen, K. Galloway, J. Gauss, M. Montanaro, V. Mueller, J. F. Pitari, G. Rodriguez, J. Sanderson, M. Solmon, F. Strahan, S. Schultz, M. Sudo, K. Szopa, S. Wild, O. TI Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; ECOSYSTEMS; EMISSION; CYCLE; AEROCOM; AMMONIA; EUROPE; FUTURE; MODEL AB [1] We use 23 atmospheric chemistry transport models to calculate current and future (2030) deposition of reactive nitrogen (NOy, NHx) and sulfate (SOx) to land and ocean surfaces. The models are driven by three emission scenarios: ( 1) current air quality legislation (CLE); ( 2) an optimistic case of the maximum emissions reductions currently technologically feasible ( MFR); and ( 3) the contrasting pessimistic IPCC SRES A2 scenario. An extensive evaluation of the present-day deposition using nearly all information on wet deposition available worldwide shows a good agreement with observations in Europe and North America, where 60 - 70% of the model-calculated wet deposition rates agree to within +/- 50% with quality-controlled measurements. Models systematically overestimate NHx deposition in South Asia, and underestimate NOy deposition in East Asia. We show that there are substantial differences among models for the removal mechanisms of NOy, NHx, and SOx, leading to +/- 1 sigma variance in total deposition fluxes of about 30% in the anthropogenic emissions regions, and up to a factor of 2 outside. In all cases the mean model constructed from the ensemble calculations is among the best when comparing to measurements. Currently, 36 - 51% of all NOy, NHx, and SOx is deposited over the ocean, and 50 - 80% of the fraction of deposition on land falls on natural (nonagricultural) vegetation. Currently, 11% of the world's natural vegetation receives nitrogen deposition in excess of the "critical load'' threshold of 1000 mg(N) m(-2) yr(-1). The regions most affected are the United States (20% of vegetation), western Europe ( 30%), eastern Europe ( 80%), South Asia (60%), East Asia 40%), southeast Asia (30%), and Japan (50%). Future deposition fluxes are mainly driven by changes in emissions, and less importantly by changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The global fraction of vegetation exposed to nitrogen loads in excess of 1000 mg(N) m(-2) yr(-1) increases globally to 17% for CLE and 25% for A2. In MFR, the reductions in NOy are offset by further increases for NHx deposition. The regions most affected by exceedingly high nitrogen loads for CLE and A2 are Europe and Asia, but also parts of Africa. C1 Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabl, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, WUR, Wageningen, Netherlands. Indian Inst Technol, Analyt & Environm Chem Div, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Atmosph & Environm Sci, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, Atmospher Composit Climate Res & Seismol Dept, De Bilt, Netherlands. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA USA. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Laxenburg, Austria. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Inst Aeron Spatiale Belgique, Brussels, Belgium. Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Atmospher Composit Res Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Dentener, F (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabl, TP290, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. EM frank.dentener@jrc.it; jerome.drevet@epfl.ch; lamar@ucar.edu; bey@epfl.ch; bas.eickhout@mnp.nl; arlene.fiore@noaa.gov; didier@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; larry.horowitz@noaa.gov; krol@phys.uu.nl; umesh_iict@rediffmail.com; lawrence@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; lacc@aero.obs-mip.fr; rast@dkrz.de; dshindell@giss.nasa.gov; davids@met.ed.ac.uk; twan.van.noije@knmi.nl; atherton2@llnl.gov; nbell@giss.nasa.gov; dbergmann@llnl.gov; tmb@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; cofala@iiasa.ac.at; bill.collins@metoffice.com; ruth.doherty@ed.ac.uk; kjerstin.ellingsen@geo.uio.no; jng@virginia.edu; michael.gauss@geo.uio.no; veronica.montanaro@aquila.infn.it; jean-francois.muller@bira-iasb.oma.be; pitari@aquila.infn.it; jrodriguez@hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov; michael.sanderson@metoffice.com; solf@aero.obs-mip.fr; strahan@prometheus.gsfc.nasa.gov; m.schultz@fz-juelich.de; kengo@jamstec.go.jp; sophie.szopa@cea.fr; oliver.wild@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Magana, Felipe/B-6966-2013; Galloway, James/C-2769-2013 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Galloway, James/0000-0001-7676-8698 NR 48 TC 335 Z9 347 U1 84 U2 348 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 28 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 AR GB4003 DI 10.1029/2005GB002672 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100WF UT WOS:000241700200001 ER PT J AU Muscheler, R Beer, J AF Muscheler, R. Beer, J. TI Solar forced Dansgaard/Oeschger events? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COSMOGENIC NUCLIDE PRODUCTION; GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD INTENSITY; ICE-CORE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CAMP CENTURY; HOLOCENE; BE-10; RECORDS; CYCLE; RECONSTRUCTION AB It has been suggested that the strong climatic changes during the last ice age, the so-called Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) events, could have been prompted by solar activity changes. This hypothesis is based on the apparent cyclic occurrence of the D/O events and the solar influence on climate during the Holocene on similar time scales. We test this hypothesis by comparing the (10)Be and delta(18)O records from the GRIP ice core. A superimposed epoch analysis allows us to reduce the noise in the data and to extract estimates of solar activity changes in connection to the D/O events. This comparison does not provide convincing evidence for a persistent solar influence on these strong climatic oscillations during the last ice age. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, Dept Surface Waters, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RP Muscheler, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Mail Code 613-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM raimund@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 27 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20706 DI 10.1029/2006GL026779 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100WD UT WOS:000241700000002 ER PT J AU Szopa, C Freguglia, G Sternberg, R Nguyen, MJ Coll, P Raulin, F Pietrogrande, C Niemann, H AF Szopa, C. Freguglia, G. Sternberg, R. Nguyen, M. J. Coll, P. Raulin, F. Pietrogrande, C. Niemann, H. TI Performances under representative pressure and temperature conditions of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry space experiment to investigate Titan's atmospheric composition SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE space gas chromatography; Titan's atmosphere composition; laboratory calibration; operating conditions; vacuum outlet; experimental study ID IN-SITU ANALYSIS; CAPILLARY COLUMNS; COMETARY NUCLEUS; PERMANENT GASES; INCREASED SPEED; VACUUM-OUTLET; MINIMUM TIME; OPERATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; AEROSOLS AB In the frame of the calibration of the aerosol collector and pyrolyser, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments of the Huygens probe arrived at Titan, systematic experimental studies were led to estimate the influence of the operating conditions on the analyses that should have been achieved in the Titan's atmosphere. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the influence of operating conditions variations induced by (i) instrumental modifications made shortly before the probe launch which can have changed the operating pressures; (ii) the change of the probe environmental conditions (pressure, temperature) during its descent in the atmosphere; (iii) a possible deviation of pressure and temperature regulations from their nominal values because of the long journey of the instrument in space, or of other external events. The secondary objective of this work was to create an analytical database that can be used as a reference to treat the chromatograms obtained in situ, and help to identify chromatographically the analyzed species, complementary to mass spectrometry. Beyond the application to a specific instrument, this work was also useful to experimentally estimate the fundamental evolution of the separation as a function of the changes of operating conditions with time. The obtained results show (i) the significant influence of inlet and outlet pressure variation on the time of analysis, but not on the separation power. It thus enables to significantly shorten the analysis duration, and thus to analyze more compounds within the fixed time of analysis of the instrument; (ii) the significant influence of temperature on the retention. In this frame, the enthalpies of exchange between the gas phase and the stationary phase of the species were determined to be used to retrieve the analyzed species in case of deviation of the operating temperature; (iii) that the possible aging of the columns does not have influence on the columns efficiency and separation power; (iv) the analytical capabilities of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiment within operating conditions representative of those encountered in situ. Finally, in spite of possible operating condition changes, it is shown that results coming from the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer experiment, which are currently under analysis, could bring important information on the Titan's atmosphere and its history. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, UMR 7620, IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7583, LISA, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Paris 12, CMC, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Ferrara, Dept Chem, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Szopa, C (reprint author), CNRS, UMR 7620, IPSL, Serv Aeron, BP3 Reduit Verrieres, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. EM cyril.szopa@aerov.jussieu.fr RI szopa, cyril/C-6865-2015 OI szopa, cyril/0000-0002-0090-4056 NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 27 PY 2006 VL 1131 IS 1-2 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.064 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 097EG UT WOS:000241429000022 PM 16919657 ER PT J AU Harrington, J Hansen, BM Luszcz, SH Seager, S Deming, D Menou, K Cho, JYK Richardson, LJ AF Harrington, Joseph Hansen, Brad M. Luszcz, Statia H. Seager, Sara Deming, Drake Menou, Kristen Cho, James Y. -K. Richardson, L. Jeremy TI The phase-dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet upsilon Andromedae b SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION; HOT JUPITERS; HD 209458B; ATMOSPHERES; TRES-1; STARS AB The star upsilon Andromedae is orbited by three known planets, the innermost of which has an orbital period of 4.617 days and a mass at least 0.69 that of Jupiter. This planet is close enough to its host star that the radiation it absorbs overwhelms its internal heat losses. Here, we present the 24-micrometer light curve of this system, obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope. It shows a variation in phase with the orbital motion of the innermost planet, demonstrating that such planets possess distinct hot substellar ( day) and cold antistellar ( night) faces. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Ctr Astrobiol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ London, Queen Mary, Sch Math Sci, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hansen, BM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM hansen@astro.ucla.edu RI Harrington, Joseph/E-6250-2011 NR 18 TC 152 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 27 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5799 BP 623 EP 626 DI 10.1126/science.1133904 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 098XT UT WOS:000241557800039 PM 17038587 ER PT J AU Tian, BJ Waliser, DE Fetzer, EJ AF Tian, Baijun Waliser, Duane E. Fetzer, Eric J. TI Modulation of the diurnal cycle of tropical deep convective clouds by the MJO SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; PACIFIC WARM POOL; CUMULUS CONVECTION; TOGA COARE; ATMOSPHERE; ISCCP AB [1] The infrared cloud amount with cloud tops above 180 hPa from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project D1 cloud product and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 precipitation product are employed to study the impact of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the diurnal cycle of tropical deep convective cloud amount (DCC). Our analysis demonstrates that the diurnal cycle of tropical DCC is enhanced over both land and water during the convectively active phase of the MJO, while it is reduced during the convectively suppressed phase of the MJO. However, the diurnal phase of DCC is not significantly affected by the MJO. The analysis also indicates that the MJO modulation of the diurnal amplitude is much larger over the eastern Indian Ocean (around 50% of the mean diurnal amplitude) than over the western Pacific and the Maritime Continents (around 20% of the mean diurnal amplitude). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tian, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM baijun.tian@jpl.nasa.gov RI Tian, Baijun/A-1141-2007 OI Tian, Baijun/0000-0001-9369-2373 NR 19 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 26 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20704 DI 10.1029/2006GL027752 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100WC UT WOS:000241699900004 ER PT J AU Podesta, JJ Roberts, DA Goldstein, ML AF Podesta, J. J. Roberts, D. A. Goldstein, M. L. TI Power spectrum of small-scale turbulent velocity fluctuations in the solar wind SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE; EVOLUTION AB [1] It is well known that the power spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind exhibits a Kolmogorov spectrum f(-alpha) in the inertial range of the turbulence with a power law exponent a near 5/3. The power spectrum of velocity fluctuations has not been as well studied, partly because of the lack of high time resolution measurements needed to resolve a significant fraction of the inertial range. In situ measurements in the ecliptic plane at 1 AU acquired by the 3DP instrument on board the Wind spacecraft near solar minimum in 1995 are used to determine power spectra of the proton bulk velocity fluctuations between 10(-5) and 10(-1) Hz. The spectrum for the proton kinetic energy (the sum of the spectra for the individual components V-x, V-y, and V-z) obtained using 3-s velocity data is found to possess the spectral exponent alpha = 1.50 in the inertial range of the turbulence. A similar calculation of the magnetic energy spectrum yields the exponent alpha = 1.67. The Alfven ratio, the ratio of the kinetic to magnetic energy spectrum, is a slowly increasing function of frequency throughout the inertial range increasing from approximately 0.5 to 1 in the frequency interval from 10(-4) to 10(-2) Hz. This indicates that the partition of energy between small-scale velocity and magnetic field fluctuations is frequency-dependent, contrary to some theories. The total energy spectrum (kinetic plus magnetic) has the power law exponent 3/2. A brief investigation of high- and low-speed solar wind streams is also performed, which shows that different spectral exponents for velocity and magnetic field fluctuations are observed in both high- and low-speed wind. C1 NASA, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Podesta, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jpodesta@solar.stanford.edu RI Roberts, Dana/D-4625-2012; Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008 NR 15 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10109 DI 10.1029/2006JA011834 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 100WW UT WOS:000241701900003 ER PT J AU Weinstock, GM Robinson, GE Gibbs, RA Worley, KC Evans, JD Maleszka, R Robertson, HM Weaver, DB Beye, M Bork, P Elsik, CG Hartfelder, K Hunt, GJ Zdobnov, EM Amdam, GV Bitondi, MMG Collins, AM Cristino, AS Lattorff, HMG Lobo, CH Moritz, RFA Nunes, FMF Page, RE Simoes, ZLP Wheeler, D Carninci, P Fukuda, S Hayashizaki, Y Kai, C Kawai, J Sakazume, N Sasaki, D Tagami, M Albert, S Baggerman, G Beggs, KT Bloch, G Cazzamali, G Cohen, M Drapeau, MD Eisenhardt, D Emore, C Ewing, MA Fahrbach, SE Foret, S Grimmelikhuijzen, CJP Hauser, F Hummon, AB Huybrechts, J Jones, AK Kadowaki, T Kaplan, N Kucharski, R Leboulle, G Linial, M Littleton, JT Mercer, AR Richmond, TA Rodriguez-Zas, SL Rubin, EB Sattelle, DB Schlipalius, D Schoofs, L Shemesh, Y Sweedler, JV Velarde, R Verleyen, P Vierstraete, E Williamson, MR Ament, SA Brown, SJ Corona, M Dearden, PK Dunn, WA Elekonich, MM Fujiyuki, T Gattermeier, I Gempe, T Hasselmann, M Kadowaki, T Kage, E Kamikouchi, A Kubo, T Kucharski, R Kunieda, T Lorenzen, MD Milshina, NV Morioka, M Ohashi, K Overbeek, R Ross, CA Schioett, M Shippy, T Takeuchi, H Toth, AL Willis, JH Wilson, MJ Gordon, KHJ Letunic, I Hackett, K Peterson, J Felsenfeld, A Guyer, M Solignac, M Agarwala, R Cornuet, JM Monnerot, M Mougel, F Reese, JT Vautrin, D Gillespie, JJ Cannone, JJ Gutell, RR Johnston, JS Eisen, MB Iyer, VN Iyer, V Kosarev, P Mackey, AJ Solovyev, V Souvorov, A Aronstein, KA Bilikova, K Chen, YP Clark, AG Decanini, LI Gelbart, WM Hetru, C Hultmark, D Imler, JL Jiang, HB Kanost, M Kimura, K Lazzaro, BP Lopez, DL Simuth, J Thompson, GJ Zou, Z De Jong, P Sodergren, E Csuros, M Milosavljevic, A Osoegawa, K Richards, S Shu, CL Duret, L Elhaik, E Graur, D Anzola, JM Campbell, KS Childs, KL Collinge, D Crosby, MA Dickens, CM Grametes, LS Grozinger, CM Jones, PL Jorda, M Ling, X Matthews, BB Miller, J Mizzen, C Peinado, MA Reid, JG Russo, SM Schroeder, AJ St Pierre, SE Wang, Y Zhou, PL Jiang, HY Kitts, P Ruef, B Venkatraman, A Zhang, L Aquino-Perez, G Whitfield, CW Behura, SK Berlocher, SH Sheppard, WS Smith, DR Suarez, AV Tsutsui, ND Wei, XH Wheeler, D Havlak, P Li, BS Liu, Y Sodergren, E Jolivet, A Lee, S Nazareth, LV Pu, LL Thorn, R Stolc, V Newman, T Samanta, M Tongprasit, WA Claudianos, C Berenbaum, MR Biswas, S de Graaf, DC Feyereisen, R Johnson, RM Oakeshott, JG Ranson, H Schuler, MA Muzny, D Chacko, J Davis, C Dinh, H Gill, R Hernandez, J Hines, S Hume, J Jackson, L Kovar, C Lewis, L Miner, G Morgan, M Nguyen, N Okwuonu, G Paul, H Santibanez, J Savery, G Svatek, A Villasana, D Wright, R AF Weinstock, George M. Robinson, Gene E. Gibbs, Richard A. Worley, Kim C. Evans, Jay D. Maleszka, Ryszard Robertson, Hugh M. Weaver, Daniel B. Beye, Martin Bork, Peer Elsik, Christine G. Hartfelder, Klaus Hunt, Greg J. Zdobnov, Evgeny M. Amdam, Gro V. Bitondi, Marcia M. G. Collins, Anita M. Cristino, Alexandre S. Lattorff, H. Michael G. Lobo, Carlos H. Moritz, Robin F. A. Nunes, Francis M. F. Page, Robert E., Jr. Simoes, Zila L. P. Wheeler, Diana Carninci, Piero Fukuda, Shiro Hayashizaki, Yoshihide Kai, Chikatoshi Kawai, Jun Sakazume, Naoko Sasaki, Daisuke Tagami, Michihira Albert, Stefan Baggerman, Geert Beggs, Kyle T. Bloch, Guy Cazzamali, Giuseppe Cohen, Mira Drapeau, Mark David Eisenhardt, Dorothea Emore, Christine Ewing, Michael A. Fahrbach, Susan E. Foret, Sylvain Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P. Hauser, Frank Hummon, Amanda B. Huybrechts, Jurgen Jones, Andrew K. Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko Kaplan, Noam Kucharski, Robert Leboulle, Gerard Linial, Michal Littleton, J. Troy Mercer, Alison R. Richmond, Timothy A. Rodriguez-Zas, Sandra L. Rubin, Elad B. Sattelle, David B. Schlipalius, David Schoofs, Liliane Shemesh, Yair Sweedler, Jonathan V. Velarde, Rodrigo Verleyen, Peter Vierstraete, Evy Williamson, Michael R. Ament, Seth A. Brown, Susan J. Corona, Miguel Dearden, Peter K. Dunn, W. Augustine Elekonich, Michelle M. Fujiyuki, Tomoko Gattermeier, Irene Gempe, Tanja Hasselmann, Martin Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko Kage, Eriko Kamikouchi, Azusa Kubo, Takeo Kucharski, Robert Kunieda, Takekazu Lorenzen, Marce D. Milshina, Natalia V. Morioka, Mizue Ohashi, Kazuaki Overbeek, Ross Ross, Christian A. Schioett, Morten Shippy, Teresa Takeuchi, Hideaki Toth, Amy L. Willis, Judith H. Wilson, Megan J. Gordon, Karl H. J. Letunic, Ivica Hackett, Kevin Peterson, Jane Felsenfeld, Adam Guyer, Mark Solignac, Michel Agarwala, Richa Cornuet, Jean Marie Monnerot, Monique Mougel, Florence Reese, Justin T. Vautrin, Dominique Gillespie, Joseph J. Cannone, Jamie J. Gutell, Robin R. Johnston, J. Spencer Eisen, Michael B. Iyer, Venky N. Iyer, Vivek Kosarev, Peter Mackey, Aaron J. Solovyev, Victor Souvorov, Alexandre Aronstein, Katherine A. Bilikova, Katarina Chen, Yan Ping Clark, Andrew G. Decanini, Laura I. Gelbart, William M. Hetru, Charles Hultmark, Dan Imler, Jean-Luc Jiang, Haobo Kanost, Michael Kimura, Kiyoshi Lazzaro, Brian P. Lopez, Dawn L. Simuth, Jozef Thompson, Graham J. Zou, Zhen De Jong, Pieter Sodergren, Erica Csuroes, Miklos Milosavljevic, Aleksandar Osoegawa, Kazutoyo Richards, Stephen Shu, Chung-Li Duret, Laurent Elhaik, Eran Graur, Dan Anzola, Juan M. Campbell, Kathryn S. Childs, Kevin L. Collinge, Derek Crosby, Madeline A. Dickens, C. Michael Grametes, L. Sian Grozinger, Christina M. Jones, Peter L. Jorda, Mireia Ling, Xu Matthews, Beverly B. Miller, Jonathan Mizzen, Craig Peinado, Miguel A. Reid, Jeffrey G. Russo, Susan M. Schroeder, Andrew J. St Pierre, Susan E. Wang, Ying Zhou, Pinglei Jiang, Huaiyang Kitts, Paul Ruef, Barbara Venkatraman, Anand Zhang, Lan Aquino-Perez, Gildardo Whitfield, Charles W. Behura, Susanta K. Berlocher, Stewart H. Sheppard, Walter S. Smith, Deborah R. Suarez, Andrew V. Tsutsui, Neil D. Wei, Xuehong Wheeler, David Havlak, Paul Li, Bingshan Liu, Yue Sodergren, Erica Jolivet, Angela Lee, Sandra Nazareth, Lynne V. Pu, Ling-Ling Thorn, Rachel Stolc, Viktor Newman, Thomas Samanta, Manoj Tongprasit, Waraporn A. Claudianos, Charles Berenbaum, May R. Biswas, Sunita de Graaf, Dirk C. Feyereisen, Rene Johnson, Reed M. Oakeshott, John G. Ranson, Hilary Schuler, Mary A. Muzny, Donna Chacko, Joseph Davis, Clay Dinh, Huyen Gill, Rachel Hernandez, Judith Hines, Sandra Hume, Jennifer Jackson, LaRonda Kovar, Christie Lewis, Lora Miner, George Morgan, Margaret Nguyen, Ngoc Okwuonu, Geoffrey Paul, Heidi Santibanez, Jireh Savery, Glenford Svatek, Amanda Villasana, Donna Wright, Rita CA Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consort TI Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera SO NATURE LA English DT Review ID DROSOPHILA-NINAG OXIDOREDUCTASE; BEETLE TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; BOMBYX-MORI; FRUIT-FLY; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS AB Here we report the genome sequence of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a key model for social behaviour and essential to global ecology through pollination. Compared with other sequenced insect genomes, the A. mellifera genome has high A+T and CpG contents, lacks major transposon families, evolves more slowly, and is more similar to vertebrates for circadian rhythm, RNA interference and DNA methylation genes, among others. Furthermore, A. mellifera has fewer genes for innate immunity, detoxification enzymes, cuticle-forming proteins and gustatory receptors, more genes for odorant receptors, and novel genes for nectar and pollen utilization, consistent with its ecology and social organization. Compared to Drosophila, genes in early developmental pathways differ in Apis, whereas similarities exist for functions that differ markedly, such as sex determination, brain function and behaviour. Population genetics suggests a novel African origin for the species A. mellifera and insights into whether Africanized bees spread throughout the New World via hybridization or displacement. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Hum Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Australian Natl Univ, ARC, Special Ctr Mol Genet Dev, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Neurosci Program, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Program Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Bee Power LP, Navasota, TX 77868 USA. Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Genet, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13125 Berlin, Germany. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Genet, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Biol Celular & Mol & Bioagentes Patogenicos, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Pret, Dept Biol, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Geneva, Sch Med, CMU, Dept Genet Med & Dev, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Matemat & Estatist, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool Mol Okol, D-06099 Halle, Saale, Germany. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Lab Genome Explorat Res Grp, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan. Inst Med Strahlenkunde & Zellforsch, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Dev Physiol Genom & Prote, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, Lab Evolut & Dev, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Otago, Dept Zool, Dunedin, New Zealand. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Evolut Systemat & Ecol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sudarsky Ctr Computat Biol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst Life Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Biol, Dept Cell Biol & Comparat Zool, Ctr Funct & Comparat Insect Genom, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. NYU, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10003 USA. Free Univ Berlin, FB Biol Chem Pharm, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Univ Oxford, MRC, Funct Genet Unit, Dept Physiol Anat & Genet, Oxford OX1 3QX, England. CSIRO Entomol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. MIT, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Ghent, Lab Zoophysiol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Nevada, Sch Life Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Bioagr Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. CNRS, Lab Evolut Genomes & Speciat, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Fellowship Interpretat Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL 60527 USA. NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. INRA, Ctr Biol & Gest Populat, F-34988 St Gely Du Fesc, France. Univ Texas, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Virginia Tech, Bioinformat Facil, Virginia Bioinformat Inst 0477, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Genet Genom & Dev, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genom Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England. Softberry Inc, Mt Kisco, NY 10549 USA. Univ Penn, Penn Genom Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. USDA ARS, Honey Bee Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Slovak Acad Sci, Bratislava 84551, Slovakia. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CNRS, Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. Umea Univ, Umea Ctr Mol Pathogenesis, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. 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Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, Ctr Rech Sophia Antipolis, UMR 1112, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France. RP Weinstock, GM (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM gwstock@bcm.edu RI Elsik, Christine/C-4120-2017; Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012; Simoes, Zila/H-7314-2014; Carninci, Piero/K-1568-2014; Hauser, Frank/M-2952-2014; TAKEUCHI, HIDEAKI/G-4969-2014; Miller, Jonathan/M-4389-2014; Kunieda, Takekazu/G-4946-2014; FORET, Sylvain/B-9207-2012; Hultmark, Dan/C-5058-2013; Childs, Kevin/C-9513-2014; zou, zhen/C-6134-2016; Kawai, Jun/A-6451-2016; Kaplan, Noam/A-3544-2011; Cristino, Alexandre/A-5834-2012; Sweedler, Jonathan/A-9405-2009; Bitondi, Marcia/E-8014-2012; Thompson, Graham/B-6508-2008; Peinado, Miguel A./A-5591-2008; Schiott, Morten/H-4118-2012; Zdobnov, Evgeny/K-1133-2012; Moritz, Robin/K-6053-2012; Bork, Peer/F-1813-2013; Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011; Oakeshott, John/B-5365-2009; Maleszka, Ryszard/A-6078-2008; Feyereisen, Rene/I-3140-2012; Dearden, Peter/B-7607-2008; Hartfelder, Klaus/A-4293-2009; Beggs, Kyle/A-5843-2009; Jiang, Haobo/A-6519-2008; Letunic, Ivica/A-6032-2009; Blow, joe/C-8616-2009; Nunes, Francis/F-5871-2010; Lattorff, H. Michael/F-6287-2010; Schlipalius, David/B-8155-2011; Gordon, Karl/A-1976-2008; Foret, Sylvain/C-7661-2011; Li, Bingshan/H-1944-2011; Johnson, Reed/H-3742-2011 OI /0000-0001-5576-2887; Gillespie, Joseph/0000-0002-5447-7264; Wilson, Megan/0000-0003-3425-5071; Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis/0000-0001-6486-2046; Bloch, Guy/0000-0003-1624-4926; Ranson, Hilary/0000-0003-2332-8247; Letunic, Ivica/0000-0003-3560-4288; Elsik, Christine/0000-0002-4248-7713; Duret, Laurent/0000-0003-2836-3463; Eisen, Michael/0000-0002-7528-738X; Claudianos, Charles/0000-0002-9799-9572; Mercer, Alison/0000-0001-8110-4247; Ruef, Barbara/0000-0001-8690-979X; Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651; Carninci, Piero/0000-0001-7202-7243; Hauser, Frank/0000-0001-5563-2345; Hultmark, Dan/0000-0002-6506-5855; Childs, Kevin/0000-0002-3680-062X; zou, zhen/0000-0003-3550-7656; Kaplan, Noam/0000-0001-9940-1987; Cristino, Alexandre/0000-0002-3468-0919; Sweedler, Jonathan/0000-0003-3107-9922; Bitondi, Marcia/0000-0002-5619-6378; Peinado, Miguel A./0000-0002-4090-793X; Schiott, Morten/0000-0002-4309-8090; Moritz, Robin/0000-0003-0791-887X; Bork, Peer/0000-0002-2627-833X; Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180; Maleszka, Ryszard/0000-0003-1855-555X; Feyereisen, Rene/0000-0002-9560-571X; Dearden, Peter/0000-0001-7790-9675; Hartfelder, Klaus/0000-0001-7981-8427; Nunes, Francis/0000-0002-7769-3058; Lattorff, H. Michael/0000-0002-8603-6332; Schlipalius, David/0000-0002-8102-7031; Gordon, Karl/0000-0002-4371-0454; Johnson, Reed/0000-0002-2431-0180 NR 180 TC 930 Z9 995 U1 43 U2 362 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 26 PY 2006 VL 443 IS 7114 BP 931 EP 949 DI 10.1038/nature05260 PG 19 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 098LZ UT WOS:000241523400044 ER PT J AU Mierkiewicz, EJ Line, M Roesler, FL Oliversen, RJ AF Mierkiewicz, E. J. Line, M. Roesler, F. L. Oliversen, R. J. TI Radial velocity observations of the extended lunar sodium tail SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LEONID METEOR-SHOWER; ATMOSPHERE; MOON; ENHANCEMENT; DISCOVERY; EXOSPHERE AB We report the first velocity resolved sodium 5889.950 angstrom line profile observations of the lunar sodium tail observed in the anti-lunar direction near new Moon. These observations were made on 29 March 2006, 27 April 2006 and 28 April 2006 from Pine Bluff (WI) observatory with a double etalon Fabry-Perot spectrometer at a resolving power of similar to 80,000. The observations were made within 2-14 hours from new Moon, pointing near the anti-lunar point. The average observed radial velocity of the lunar sodium tail in the vicinity of the anti-lunar point for the three nights reported was 12.4 km s(-1) (from geocentric zero). The average Doppler width of a single Gaussian fit to the emission line was 7.6 km s(-1). In some cases the line profile appears asymmetric, with excess lunar sodium emission at higher velocity (similar to 18 km s(-1) from geocentric zero) that is not accounted for by our single Gaussian fit to the emission. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mierkiewicz, EJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, 1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM emierk@wisp.physics.wisc.edu RI Mierkiewicz, Edwin/N-7926-2016 OI Mierkiewicz, Edwin/0000-0002-4283-3751 NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 25 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20106 DI 10.1029/2006GL027650 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100WB UT WOS:000241699800006 ER PT J AU Woodruff, SL Rubinstein, R AF Woodruff, Stephen L. Rubinstein, Robert TI Multiple-scale perturbation analysis of slowly evolving turbulence SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; MODEL AB A multiple-scale perturbation expansion is applied to extract a closed system of two equations governing the scalar descriptors of the turbulence energy spectrum from a spectral closure model. The result applies when the length scale and total energy input of a force that maintains a steady state of homogeneous isotropic turbulence are perturbed slowly and the energy spectrum consequently evolves slowly compared to the time scales of the turbulence itself. C1 Florida State Univ, Ctr Adv Power Syst, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Computat Aerosci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Woodruff, SL (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Ctr Adv Power Syst, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD OCT 25 PY 2006 VL 565 BP 95 EP 103 DI 10.1017/S0022112006001984 PG 9 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 104YN UT WOS:000241996600004 ER PT J AU Zhou, F Seol, JH Moore, AL Shi, L Ye, QL Scheffler, R AF Zhou, F. Seol, J. H. Moore, A. L. Shi, L. Ye, Q. L. Scheffler, R. TI One-dimensional electron transport and thermopower in an individual InSb nanowire SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBES; LUTTINGER-LIQUID; BEHAVIOR AB We have measured the electrical conductance and thermopower of a single InSb nanowire in the temperature range from 5 to 340 K. Below temperature (T) 220 K, the conductance ( G) shows a power-law dependence on T and the current (I)-voltage (V) curve follows a power-law dependence on V at large bias voltages. These features are the characteristics of one-dimensional Luttinger liquid (LL) transport. The thermopower ( S) also shows linear temperature dependence for T below 220 K, in agreement with the theoretical prediction based on the LL model. Above 220 K, the power law and linear behaviours respectively in the G-T and S-T curves persist but with different slopes from those at low temperatures. The slope changes can be explained by a transition from a single-mode LL state to a multi-mode LL state. C1 Univ Texas, Texas Mat Inst, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Mech Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Nano & Mol Sci & Technol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. ELORET, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA. RP Shi, L (reprint author), Univ Texas, Texas Mat Inst, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM lishi@mail.utexas.edu RI Shi, Li/C-8123-2013; Moore, Arden/G-9227-2014 OI Shi, Li/0000-0002-5401-6839; Moore, Arden/0000-0002-9217-7510 NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 14 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 EI 1361-648X J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD OCT 25 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 42 BP 9651 EP 9657 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/42/011 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 094ZM UT WOS:000241278000014 ER PT J AU Pathier, E Fielding, EJ Wright, TJ Walker, R Parsons, BE Hensley, S AF Pathier, E. Fielding, E. J. Wright, T. J. Walker, R. Parsons, B. E. Hensley, S. TI Displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake from SAR imagery SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE DEFORMATION; TECTONICS AB [1] The 8th October 2005 Kashmir Earthquake M-w 7.6 involved primarily thrust motion on a NE-dipping fault. Sub-pixel correlation of ENVISAT SAR images gives the location of the 80 km-long fault trace (within 300-800 m) and a 3D surface displacement field with a sub-metric accuracy covering the whole epicentral area. The slip distribution inverted using elastic dislocation models indicates that slip occurs mainly in the upper 10 km, between the cities of Muzaffarabad and Balakot. The rupture reached the surface in several places. In the hanging wall, horizontal motions show rotation from pure thrust to oblique right-lateral motion that are not observed in the footwall. A segmentation of the fault near Muzaffarabad is also suggested. North of the city of Balakot, slip decreases dramatically, but a diffuse zone of mainly vertical surface displacements, which could be post-seismic, exists further north, where most of the aftershocks occur, aligned along the NW-SE Indus-Kohistan Seismic Zone. C1 Univ Oxford, Ctr Observat & Modelling Earthquakes & Tecton COM, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pathier, E (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Ctr Observat & Modelling Earthquakes & Tecton COM, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. EM erwan.pathier@earth.ox.ac.uk RI Walker, Richard/D-9908-2011; Wright, Tim/A-5892-2011; NCEO, COMET+`/A-3443-2013; Parsons, Barry/K-4716-2012; Fielding, Eric/A-1288-2007 OI Wright, Tim/0000-0001-8338-5935; Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067 NR 15 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 24 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20310 DI 10.1029/2006GL027193 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100WA UT WOS:000241699700002 ER PT J AU Rose, WI Millard, GA Mather, TA Hunton, DE Anderson, B Oppenheimer, C Thornton, BF Gerlach, TM Viggiano, AA Kondo, Y Miller, TM Ballenthin, JO AF Rose, William I. Millard, Genevieve A. Mather, Tamsin A. Hunton, Donald E. Anderson, Bruce Oppenheimer, Clive Thornton, Brett F. Gerlach, Terrence M. Viggiano, Albert A. Kondo, Yutaka Miller, Thomas M. Ballenthin, John O. TI Atmospheric chemistry of a 33-34 hour old volcanic cloud from Hekla Volcano (Iceland): Insights from direct sampling and the application of chemical box modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MT ST-HELENS; OZONE DEPLETION; NITRIC-ACID; SULFATE AEROSOL; GAS EMISSIONS; 2000 ERUPTION; NITROGEN; WINTER; SIMULATIONS AB [ 1] On 28 February 2000, a volcanic cloud from Hekla volcano, Iceland, was serendipitously sampled by a DC-8 research aircraft during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment ( SOLVE I). It was encountered at night at 10.4 km above sea level ( in the lower stratosphere) and 33 - 34 hours after emission. The cloud is readily identified by abundant SO2 ( <= 1 ppmv), HCl ( <= 70 ppbv), HF ( <= 60 ppbv), and particles ( which may have included fine silicate ash). We compare observed and modeled cloud compositions to understand its chemical evolution. Abundances of sulfur and halogen species indicate some oxidation of sulfur gases but limited scavenging and removal of halides. Chemical modeling suggests that cloud concentrations of water vapor and nitric acid promoted polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation at 201 - 203 K, yielding ice, nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), sulfuric acid tetrahydrate ( SAT), and liquid ternary solution H2SO4/H2O/HNO3 (STS) particles. We show that these volcanically induced PSCs, especially the ice and NAT particles, activated volcanogenic halogens in the cloud producing > 2 ppbv ClOx. This would have destroyed ozone during an earlier period of daylight, consistent with the very low levels of ozone observed. This combination of volcanogenic PSCs and chlorine destroyed ozone at much faster rates than other PSCs that Arctic winter. Elevated levels of HNO3 and NOy in the cloud can be explained by atmospheric nitrogen fixation in the eruption column due to high temperatures and/or volcanic lightning. However, observed elevated levels of HOx remain unexplained given that the cloud was sampled at night. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. RP Rose, WI (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM raman@mtu.edu RI Rose, William/A-7923-2009; Mather, Tamsin/A-7604-2011; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Oppenheimer, Clive/G-9881-2013 OI Mather, Tamsin/0000-0003-4259-7303; Oppenheimer, Clive/0000-0003-4506-7260 NR 66 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 24 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20206 DI 10.1029/2005JD006872 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100WG UT WOS:000241700300001 ER PT J AU Schreyer, HL Sulsky, DL Munday, LB Coon, MD Kwok, R AF Schreyer, H. L. Sulsky, D. L. Munday, L. B. Coon, M. D. Kwok, R. TI Elastic-decohesive constitutive model for sea ice SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID FRACTURE; DISCONTINUITY; DYNAMICS; FAILURE; FLOW AB [ 1] One of the dominant characteristics of Arctic ice is the development and persistence of leads. Leads are critically important for climate modeling since they are a source for new ice and an avenue for heat exchange between the atmosphere and ocean. Therefore a specific representation for leads in a constitutive model for pack ice is considered essential. Presented here is an elastic-decohesive constitutive model whose purpose is to specifically indicate when a lead is initiated, to provide the orientation of the lead, to give the mode of failure, and to allow for the numerical determination of the width of leads. Both laboratory and in situ data of sea ice provide the motivation for the basic structure of the model. Sample paths in stress and strain space are used to illustrate how the model can simulate failure. The model can predict multiple failure planes, a feature that is necessary to simulate crack branching. Preexisting planes of weakness such as those formed from previous leads can also be accommodated. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Mech Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Math & Stat, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schreyer, HL (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Mech Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM schreyer@unm.edu RI Kwok, Ron/A-9762-2008 OI Kwok, Ron/0000-0003-4051-5896 NR 42 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 24 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C11 AR C11S26 DI 10.1029/2005JC003334 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 100WQ UT WOS:000241701300002 ER PT J AU Fiske, DR AF Fiske, David R. TI Error and symmetry analysis of Misner's algorithm for spherical harmonic decomposition on a cubic grid SO CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY LA English DT Article AB Computing spherical harmonic decompositions is a ubiquitous technique that arises in a wide variety of disciplines and a large number of scientific codes. Because spherical harmonics are defined by integrals over spheres, however, one must perform some sort of interpolation in order to compute them when data are stored on a cubic lattice. Misner ( 2004 Class. Quantum Grav. 21 S243) presented a novel algorithm for computing the spherical harmonic components of data represented on a cubic grid, which has been found in real applications to be both efficient and robust to the presence of mesh refinement boundaries. At the same time, however, practical applications of the algorithm require knowledge of how the truncation errors of the algorithm depend on the various parameters in the algorithm. Based on analytic arguments and experience using the algorithm in real numerical simulations, I explore these dependences and provide a rule of thumb for choosing the parameters based on the truncation errors of the underlying data. I also demonstrate that symmetries in the spherical harmonics themselves allow for an even more efficient implementation of the algorithm than was suggested by Misner in his original paper. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Gravitat Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Fiske, DR (reprint author), Decis Analyt Corp, Intelligent Syst Div, 1235 S Clark St, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0264-9381 J9 CLASSICAL QUANT GRAV JI Class. Quantum Gravity PD OCT 21 PY 2006 VL 23 IS 20 BP 5951 EP 5960 DI 10.1088/0264-9381/23/20/016 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 091LT UT WOS:000241031100018 ER PT J AU Chylek, P Robinson, S Dubey, MK King, MD Fu, Q Clodius, WB AF Chylek, Petr Robinson, S. Dubey, M. K. King, M. D. Fu, Q. Clodius, W. B. TI Comparison of near-infrared and thermal infrared cloud phase detections SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-THICKNESS; ACCURATE PARAMETERIZATION; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; AEROSOL PROPERTIES; SPECTRAL RANGE; CLIMATE MODELS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; WATER-VAPOR; ICE; MODIS AB [1] We compare the results of the cloud thermodynamic phase detections that use ( 1) the ratio of the near-infrared and visible bands or ( 2) the brightness temperature difference of two thermal infrared bands. We find that the brightness temperature difference algorithm using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bands is generally consistent with the expectations based on the retrieval of the cloud top radiative temperature. On the other hand, the band ratio method, which uses near-infrared and visible bands, assigns considerably more ice phase compared to the brightness temperature difference method and leads to discrepancies with the expectations based on the cloud top radiative temperature. When the cloud phase algorithm, developed originally for the Department of Energy Multispectral Thermal Imager research satellite, is applied to the MODIS imagery, the cloud phase assignments are close to the brightness temperature difference results and are in better agreement with the expectations based on the cloud top radiative temperature. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chylek, P (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM chylek@lanl.gov RI Dubey, Manvendra/E-3949-2010; King, Michael/C-7153-2011 OI Dubey, Manvendra/0000-0002-3492-790X; King, Michael/0000-0003-2645-7298 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20203 DI 10.1029/2006JD007140 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100UT UT WOS:000241695500007 ER PT J AU Schoeberl, MR Kawa, SR Douglass, AR Mcgee, TJ Browell, EV Waters, J Livesey, N Read, W Froidevaux, L Santee, ML Pumphrey, HC Lait, LR Twigg, L AF Schoeberl, M. R. Kawa, S. R. Douglass, A. R. Mcgee, T. J. Browell, E. V. Waters, J. Livesey, N. Read, W. Froidevaux, L. Santee, M. L. Pumphrey, H. C. Lait, L. R. Twigg, L. TI Chemical observations of a polar vortex intrusion SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WINTERTIME ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; AIRBORNE LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; AURA SATELLITE; NITRIC-ACID; EOS MLS; OZONE; DENITRIFICATION; PARTICLES; TRANSPORT; CLOUDS AB [1] An intrusion of vortex edge air into the interior of the Arctic polar vortex was observed on the 31 January 2005 flight of the NASA DC-8 aircraft. This intrusion was identified as anomalously high values of ozone by Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar (AROTAL) and Differential Absorption Lidar ( DIAL). Our analysis shows that this intrusion formed when a blocking feature near Iceland collapsed, allowing edge air to sweep into the vortex interior. Analysis of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations made along the DC-8 flight track also shows the intrusion in both ozone and HNO3. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) were observed by the DIAL lidar on the DC-8. The spatial variability of the PSCs can be explained using MLS HNO3 and H2O observations and meteorological analysis temperatures. We also estimate vortex denitrification using the relationship between N2O and HNO3. Reverse domain fill back trajectory calculations are used to focus on the features in the MLS data. The trajectory results improve the agreement between lidar measured ozone and MLS ozone and also improve the agreement between the HNO3 measurements and PSC locations. The back trajectory calculations allow us to compute the local denitrification rate and reduction of HCl within the filament. We estimate a denitrification rate of about 10% per day after exposure to below - PSC formation temperature. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. SSAI Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20706 USA. RP Schoeberl, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 910, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mark.r.schoeberl@nasa.gov RI Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20306 DI 10.1029/2006JD007134 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100UT UT WOS:000241695500006 ER PT J AU Tripathi, OP Leblanc, T McDermid, IS Lefevre, F Marchand, M Hauchecorne, A AF Tripathi, Om Prakash Leblanc, Thierry McDermid, I. Stuart Lefevre, Frank Marchand, Marion Hauchecorne, Alain TI Forecast, measurement, and modeling of an unprecedented polar ozone filament event over Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC ARCTIC VORTEX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; CONTOUR ADVECTION; TRANSPORT MODEL; WINTER; LIDAR; SIMULATIONS; DEPLETION; LAMINAE; AIR AB [ 1] In mid-March 2005 the northern lower stratospheric polar vortex experienced a severe stretching episode, bringing a large polar filament far south of Alaska toward Hawaii. This meridional intrusion of rare extent, coinciding with the polar vortex final warming and breakdown, was followed by a zonal stretching in the wake of the easterly propagating subtropical main flow. This caused polar air to remain over Hawaii for several days before diluting into the subtropics. After being successfully forecasted to pass over Hawaii by the high-resolution potential vorticity advection model Modele Isentrope du transport Meso-echelle de l'Ozone Stratospherique par Advection ( MIMOSA), the filament was observed on isentropic surfaces between 415 K and 455 K ( 17 - 20 km) by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory stratospheric ozone lidar measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, between 16 and 19 March 2005. It was materialized as a thin layer of enhanced ozone peaking at 1.6 ppmv in a region where the climatological values usually average 1.0 ppmv. These values were compared to those obtained by the three-dimensional Chemistry-Transport Model MIMOSA-CHIM. Agreement between lidar and model was excellent, particularly in the similar appearance of the ozone peak near 435 K (18.5 km) on 16 March, and the persistence of this layer at higher isentropic levels for the following three days. Passive ozone, also modeled by MIMOSA-CHIM, was at about 3 - 4 ppmv inside the filament while above Hawaii. A detailed history of the modeled chemistry inside the filament suggests that the air mass was still polar ozone depleted when passing over Hawaii. The filament quickly separated from the main vortex after its Hawaiian overpass. It never reconnected and, in less than 10 days, dispersed entirely in the subtropics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Tripathi, OP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. EM leblanc@tmf.jpl.nasa.gov RI Hauchecorne, Alain/A-8489-2013; OI Hauchecorne, Alain/0000-0001-9888-6994 NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20308 DI 10.1029/2006JD007177 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100UT UT WOS:000241695500008 ER PT J AU Riechers, DA Walter, F Carilli, CL Knudsen, KK Lo, KY Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Hunter, TR Bertoldi, F Henkel, C Menten, KM Weiss, A Yun, MS Scoville, NZ AF Riechers, Dominik A. Walter, Fabian Carilli, Christopher L. Knudsen, Kirsten K. Lo, K. Y. Benford, Dominic J. Staguhn, Johannes G. Hunter, Todd R. Bertoldi, Frank Henkel, Christian Menten, Karl M. Weiss, Axel Yun, Min S. Scoville, Nick Z. TI Co(1-0) in z greater than or similar to 4 quasar host galaxies: No evidence for extended molecular gas reservoirs SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; galaxies : active; galaxies : formation; galaxies : high-redshift; galaxies : ISM; galaxies : starburst ID INFRARED-LUMINOUS GALAXIES; HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS; LYMAN-ALPHA EMITTERS; SUBARU DEEP FIELD; APM 08279+5255; STAR-FORMATION; DUST EMISSION; STELLAR OBJECT; RADIO GALAXY; CO EMISSION AB We present (CO)-C-12(J = 1 -> 0) observations of the high-redshift quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) BR 1202-0725 (z = 4.69), PSS J2322+1944 (z = 4.12), and APM 08279+5255 (z = 3.91) using the NRAO Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and the MPIfR Effelsberg 100 m telescope. We detect, for the first time, the CO ground-level transition in BR 1202-0725. For PSS J2322+1944 and APM 08279+5255, our observations result in line fluxes that are consistent with previous NRAO Very Large Array (VLA) observations, but they reveal the full line profiles. We report a typical lensing-corrected velocity-integrated intrinsic (CO)-C-12(J = 1 -> 0) line luminosity of L '(CO) 5 x 10(10) K kms(-1) pc(2) and a typical total H-2 mass of M(H-2) 4 x 10(10) M-circle dot for the sources in our sample. The CO/FIR luminosity ratios of these high-z sources follow the same trend as seen for low-z galaxies, leading to a combined solution of log L-FIR (1.39 +/- 0.05) log L-CO - 1.76. It has previously been suggested that the molecular gas reservoirs in some quasar host galaxies may exhibit luminous, extended 12 CO(J = 1 -> 0) components that are not observed in the higher J CO transitions. Using the line profiles and the total intensities of our observations and large velocity gradient (LVG) models based on previous results for higher J CO transitions, we derive that emission from all CO transitions is described well by a single gas component in which all molecular gas is concentrated in a compact nuclear region. Thus, our observations and models show no indication of a luminous extended, low surface brightness molecular gas component in any of the high-redshift QSOs in our sample. If such extended components exist, their contribution to the overall luminosity is limited to at most 30%. C1 Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Observ Cosmol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Riechers, DA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg/0000-0002-7821-8873 NR 55 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP 604 EP 613 DI 10.1086/507014 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CD UT WOS:000241497700007 ER PT J AU Ghosh, KK Rappaport, S Tennant, AF Swartz, DA Pooley, D Madhusudhan, N AF Ghosh, Kajal K. Rappaport, Saul Tennant, Allyn F. Swartz, Douglas A. Pooley, David Madhusudhan, N. TI Discovery of a 3.6 hr eclipsing luminous X-ray binary in the galaxy NGC 4214 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE binaries : eclipsing; binaries : general; galaxies : individual (NGC 4214); galaxies : starburst; stars : Wolf-Rayet; X-rays : binaries ID XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATIONS; CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES; HELIUM STARS; PRESUPERNOVA EVOLUTION; CORE COLLAPSE; MASS-LOSS; CHANDRA; MODELS; WINDS; COMPANION AB We report the discovery of an eclipsing X-ray binary with a 3.62 hr period within 24" of the center of the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4214. The orbital period places interesting constraints on the nature of the binary and allows for a few very different interpretations. The most likely possibility is that the source lies within NGC 4214 and has an X-ray luminosity, L-X, of up to 7 x 10(38) ergs s(-1). In this case, the binary may well be comprised of a naked He-burning donor star with a neutron star accretor, although a stellar-mass black hole accretor cannot be completely excluded. There is no obvious evidence for a strong stellar wind in the X-ray orbital light curve that would be expected from a massive He star; thus, the mass of the He star should be less than or similar to 3-4 M-circle dot. If correct, this would represent a new class of very luminous X-ray binary - perhaps related to Cyg X-3. Other, less likely possibilities include a conventional low-mass X-ray binary that somehow manages to produce such a high X-ray luminosity and is apparently persistent over an interval of years; or a foreground AM Her binary of much lower luminosity that fortuitously lies in the direction of NGC 4214. Any model for this system must accommodate the lack of an optical counterpart down to a limiting magnitude of 22.6 in the visible. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NASA, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ghosh, KK (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NASA, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP 872 EP 878 DI 10.1086/507124 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CD UT WOS:000241497700027 ER PT J AU Fabbiano, G Kim, DW Fragos, T Kalogera, V King, AR Angelini, L Davies, RL Gallagher, JS Pellegrini, S Trinchieri, G Zepf, SE Zezas, A AF Fabbiano, G. Kim, D. -W. Fragos, T. Kalogera, V. King, A. R. Angelini, L. Davies, R. L. Gallagher, J. S. Pellegrini, S. Trinchieri, G. Zepf, S. E. Zezas, A. TI The modulated emission of the ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 3379 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : individual ( NGC 3379); X-rays : binaries ID MASS BLACK-HOLES; EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; OBSERVATIONAL APPEARANCE; MAGNETIC BRAKING; BINARY-SYSTEMS; EVOLUTION; CATALOG; POPULATION; DISTANCES AB We report recent Chandra observations of the ULX in the elliptical galaxy NGC 3379 that clearly detect two flux variability cycles. Comparing these data with the Chandra observation of similar to 5 years ago, we measure a flux modulation with a period of similar to 12.6 hr. Moreover, we find that the emission undergoes a correlated spectral modulation, becoming softer at low flux. We argue that our results establish this source as a ULX binary in NGC 3379. Given the old stellar population of this galaxy, the ULX is likely to be a soft transient; however, historical X-ray sampling suggests that the current "on'' phase has lasted similar to 10 yr. We discuss our results in terms of ADC and wind-feedback models. If the flux modulation is orbital, we can constrain the donor mass and orbital period at the onset of mass transfer within 1.15-1.4 M-circle dot and 12.5-17 hr, respectively. The duration of the mass transfer phase so far is probably similar to 1 Gyr, and the binary has been a soft X-ray transient throughout this time. These constraints are insensitive to the mass of the accretor. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Oxford, Oxford, England. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-20121 Milan, Italy. Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Fabbiano, G (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM gfabbiano@cfa.harvard.edu; kim@cfa.harvard.edu; tassosfragos@northwestern.edu; vicky@northwestern.edu; ark@star.le.ac.uk; angelini@davide.gsfc.nasa.gov; rld@astro.ox.ac.uk; jsg@astro.wisc.edu; silvia.pellegrini@unibo.it; ginevra@brera.mi.astro.it; zepf@pa.msu.edu; azezas@cfa.harvard.edu RI Zezas, Andreas/C-7543-2011; Fragos, Tassos/A-3581-2016 OI Zezas, Andreas/0000-0001-8952-676X; Trinchieri, Ginevra/0000-0002-0227-502X; Fragos, Tassos/0000-0003-1474-1523 NR 56 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP 879 EP 884 DI 10.1086/507018 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CD UT WOS:000241497700028 ER PT J AU Speck, AK Cami, J Markwick-Kemper, C Leisenring, J Szczerba, R Dijkstra, C Van Dyk, S Meixner, M AF Speck, Angela K. Cami, Jan Markwick-Kemper, Ciska Leisenring, Jarron Szczerba, Ryszard Dijkstra, Catharinus Van Dyk, Schuyler Meixner, Margaret TI The unusual Spitzer spectrum of the carbon star IRAS 04496-6958: A different condensation sequence in the LMC? SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; dust, extinction; infrared : stars; stars : carbon; stars : individual (IRAS 04496-6958) ID LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; SILICON-CARBIDE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SPACE-TELESCOPE; DUST SHELLS; CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVELOPES; INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH; AGB STARS; C-STARS; EVOLUTION AB We present a new Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectrum of the carbon star IRAS 04496-6958 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which exhibits a fairly broad absorption feature at similar to 11 mu m. This feature is consistent with SiC absorption, as seen in a few Galactic sources. Furthermore, the C2H2 (and other molecular) absorption bands are the deepest ever observed, indicative of a very high column density. While the Galactic sources with SiC absorption have cool colors (continuum temperature approximate to 300 K), IRAS 04496-6958 is much bluer, with a continuum temperature of approximate to 600 K. Based on the Galactic sample, SiC dust at this temperature should still display an emission feature at similar to 11 mu m. If SiC is the cause of the absorption feature, it suggests a subtly different evolutionary path and a change to a different condensation sequence than assumed for Galactic carbon stars. An alternative explanation for this feature is molecular line absorption; however, currently available line lists are not sufficient to properly assess this hypothesis. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Nicholas Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Speck, AK (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM speckan@missouri.edu RI Kemper, Francisca/D-8688-2011; OI Kemper, Francisca/0000-0003-2743-8240; Cami, Jan/0000-0002-2666-9234; Van Dyk, Schuyler/0000-0001-9038-9950 NR 52 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP 892 EP 900 DI 10.1086/507178 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CD UT WOS:000241497700030 ER PT J AU Wassell, EJ Grady, CA Woodgate, B Kimble, RA Bruhweiler, FC AF Wassell, E. J. Grady, C. A. Woodgate, B. Kimble, R. A. Bruhweiler, F. C. TI An asymmetric outflow from the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : Herbig-Haro objects; ISM : individual (HH 409 A, HH409C); ISM : jets and outflows; shock waves; stars : individual (HD 163296); stars : pre-main-sequence ID INTERMEDIATE-MASS STARS; AE/BE STARS; YOUNG STARS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; HARO OBJECTS; STELLAR JETS; BOW SHOCK; EMISSION AB We present an observational picture of the HH 409 bipolar outflow including the detection of six previously unreported Herbig-Haro knots from the Herbig Ae star HD 163296. This study combines seven years of data from ground-based Fabry-Pe rot and HST coronagraphic imagery, as well as HST long-slit spectral imagery. The redshifted counterjet includes a chain of six Herbig-Haro knots spanning > 27" to the northeast (P.A. approximate to 42 degrees) of the source and has been active for > 80 yr. The brightest knot in the counterjet is HH 409 C, a low-excitation bow shock with a shock velocity Vs similar to 50 km s(-1) and total space motion V-jet approximate to 260 km s(-1). The presence of additional knots in the counterjet beyond the bow shock may indicate precession of the jet axis. The blueshifted jet includes two closely spaced knots within 10" and a distant bow shock (approximate to 21") southwest (P.A. approximate to 223 degrees) of the source. The brightest knot in the jet is HH 409 A, a higher excitation more bullet-like shock with V-s similar to 90 km s(-1) and Vjet approximate to 360 km s(-1). The average opening angles for both the jet and counterjet are similar, alpha(a) similar to 2 degrees, and consistent with opening angles of lower mass T Tauri stars. The mass-loss rates in both lobes of the flow, despite the asymmetry of the knots, are also comparable, M-out similar to 1.0 x 10(-8) M-circle dot yr(-1). This suggests that variations in the mass outflow rate are not more than a factor of similar to 2. C1 Thomas Aquinas Coll, Santa Paula, CA 93060 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Inst Astrophys & Computat Sci, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Eureka Sci Inc, Oakland, CA 94602 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exo Planets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wassell, EJ (reprint author), Thomas Aquinas Coll, 10000 N Ojai Rd, Santa Paula, CA 93060 USA. EM ewassell@thomasaquinas.edu RI Kimble, Randy/D-5317-2012 NR 32 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP 985 EP 997 DI 10.1086/507268 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CD UT WOS:000241497700037 ER PT J AU Wibberenz, G Cane, HV AF Wibberenz, G. Cane, H. V. TI Multi-spacecraft observations of solar flare particles in the inner heliosphere SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE acceleration of particles; diffusion; Sun : flares; Sun : particle emission ID HIGH HELIOGRAPHIC LATITUDES; RANDOM MAGNETIC-FIELDS; COSMIC-RAYS; ENERGETIC PARTICLES; RADIO-BURSTS; EVENTS; TRANSPORT; PROPAGATION; ELECTRONS; ACCELERATION AB For a number of impulsive solar particle events we examine variations of maximum intensities and times to maximum intensity as a function of longitude, using observations from the two Helios spacecraft and near the Earth. We find that electrons in the MeV range can be detected more than 80 degrees from the flare longitude, corresponding to a considerablywider "well connected'' region than that (similar to 20 degrees half-width) reported for He-3-rich impulsive solar events. This wide range and the decrease of peak intensities with increasing connection angle revive the concept of some diffusive propagation process in the low corona. Delays to intensity maxima are not systematically correlated with connection angles. We argue that interplanetary scattering parallel to the average interplanetary magnetic field, which varies with position in space, plays an important role in flare particle events. In a specific case variations of the time profiles with radial distance and with particle rigidity are used to quantitatively confirm spatial diffusion. For a few cases near the edges of the well-connected region, the very long times to maximum intensity might result from interplanetary lateral transport. C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Tasmania, Sch Math & Phys, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Wibberenz, G (reprint author), Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. NR 49 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP 1199 EP 1207 DI 10.1086/506598 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CD UT WOS:000241497700057 ER PT J AU Lloyd, JP Martinache, F Ireland, MJ Monnier, JD Pravdo, SH Shaklan, SB Tuthill, PG AF Lloyd, James P. Martinache, Frantz Ireland, Michael J. Monnier, John D. Pravdo, Steven H. Shaklan, Stuart B. Tuthill, Peter G. TI Direct detection of the brown dwarf GJ 802B with adaptive optics masking interferometry SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE instrumentation : adaptive optics; stars : low-mass, brown dwarfs; techniques : interferometric ID EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; SPECKLE NOISE; CORONAGRAPHY; TELESCOPE; MASSES; PHASE AB We have used the Palomar 200'' adaptive optics (AO) system to directly detect the astrometric brown dwarf GJ 802B reported by Pravdo et al. This observation is achieved with a novel combination of aperture masking interferometry and AO. The dynamical masses are and 0.175 +/- 0.021 and 0.064 +/- 0.032 M-circle dot for the primary and secondary, respectively. The inferred absolute H-band magnitude of GJ 802B is M-H = 12.8 resulting in a model- dependent of Teff of 1850 +/- 50K and mass range of 0.057 - 0.074M(circle dot). C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Lloyd, JP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP L131 EP L134 DI 10.1086/508771 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CE UT WOS:000241497800010 ER PT J AU Yashiro, S Akiyama, S Gopalswamy, N Howard, RA AF Yashiro, S. Akiyama, S. Gopalswamy, N. Howard, R. A. TI Different power-law indices in the frequency distributions of flares with and without coronal mass ejections SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun : corona; Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : flares ID SOLAR-FLARES; BRIGHTENINGS; NANOFLARES; LASCO AB We investigated the frequency distributions of flares with and without coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as a function of flare parameters ( peak flux, fluence, and duration of soft X-ray flares). We used CMEs observed by the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission and soft X-ray flares (C3.2 and above) observed by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) during 1996-2005. We found that the distributions obey a power law of the form dN/dX proportional to X(-alpha), where X is a flare parameter and dN is the number of events recorded within the interval [X, X + dX]. For the flares with (without) CMEs, we obtained the power-law index alpha = 1.98 +/- 0.05 (alpha = 2.52 +/- 0.03) for the peak flux, alpha = 1.79 +/- 0.05 (alpha = 2.47 +/- 0.11) for the fluence, and alpha = 1.98 +/- 0.05 (alpha = 3.22 +/- 0.15) for the duration. The power-law indices for flares without CMEs are steeper than those for flares with CMEs. The larger power-law index for flares without CMEs supports the possibility that nanoflares contribute to coronal heating. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Yashiro, S (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 19 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 2 BP L143 EP L146 DI 10.1086/508876 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 098CE UT WOS:000241497800013 ER PT J AU Kwok, R Coon, MD AF Kwok, Ron Coon, Max D. TI Introduction to special section: Small-scale sea ice kinematics and dynamics SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NW Res Associates, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA. RP Kwok, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ron.kwok@jpl.nasa.gov RI Kwok, Ron/A-9762-2008 OI Kwok, Ron/0000-0003-4051-5896 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C11 AR C11S21 DI 10.1029/2006JC003877 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 100UZ UT WOS:000241696200002 ER PT J AU Fok, MC Moore, TE Brandt, PC Delcourt, DC Slinker, SP Fedder, JA AF Fok, Mei-Ching Moore, Thomas E. Brandt, Pontus C. Delcourt, Dominique C. Slinker, Steven P. Fedder, Joel A. TI Impulsive enhancements of oxygen ions during substorms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL MHD SIMULATION; PLASMA SHEET; RING CURRENT; EARTHS MAGNETOSPHERE; IONOSPHERIC OUTFLOWS; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; ENERGY; MAGNETOTAIL; ACCELERATION AB [ 1] It has been observed that H+ is the dominant ion species in the plasma sheet and the ring current during quiet times. However, the O+/H+ density ratio increases with increasing geomagnetic storm and substorm activity. Energetic neutral atom ( ENA) images from Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration/High Energy Neutral Atom ( IMAGE/HENA) reveal the rapid increase of O+ ring current at substorm expansion. Finding the cause of this substorm-associated O+ enhancement is the main focus of this paper. Two possible sources are suggested: direct injection from the ionosphere and energization of the preexisting oxygen ions in the magnetosphere. We perform numerical simulations to examine these two mechanisms. Millions of O+ are released from the auroral region during a simulated substorm by the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry MHD model. The subsequent trajectories of these outflowing ions are calculated by solving the full equation of particle motion. A few minutes into the substorm expansion phase, an enhancement in O+ pressure is found on the nightside at similar to 12 R-E. After careful analysis, we conclude that this pressure peak is coming from energization of the preexisting O+ in the plasma sheet. The direct injection mechanism will introduce a significant time lag between strong ionospheric outflow and magnetospheric enhancement, so that it cannot explain the observed O+ bursts. Using the temperature and density established by the test-particle calculations as boundary conditions to a ring current model, we calculate the O+ fluxes and the corresponding ENA emissions during the model substorm. We are able to reproduce observable features of oxygen ENA enhancements as seen by IMAGE/HENA. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Observ St Maur, Ctr Etude Environm Terr & Planetaires, F-94107 St Maur des Fosses, France. Leading Edge Technol Inc, Alexandria, VA 22308 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Fok, MC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code73, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mei-ching.h.fok@nasa.gov RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012; Fok, Mei-Ching/D-1626-2012; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016 OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137; Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306 NR 47 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10222 DI 10.1029/2006JA011839 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 100VM UT WOS:000241697700001 ER PT J AU Michalek, G Gopalswamy, N Lara, A Yashiro, S AF Michalek, G. Gopalswamy, N. Lara, A. Yashiro, S. TI Properties and geoeffectiveness of halo coronal mass ejections SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MAGNETIC CLOUDS; RADIO-EMISSION; INTENSITY; SPEEDS; EARTH; CMES AB [ 1] Halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) originating from regions close to the center of the Sun are likely to be geoeffective. Assuming that the shape of HCMEs is a cone and that the HCMEs propagate with constant angular widths and velocities, at least in their early phase, we have developed a technique which allowed us to obtain the space speed, width, and source location. We apply this technique to obtain the parameters of all full HCMEs observed by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission's Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) experiment until the end of 2002. Using this data, we examine which parameters determine the geoeffectiveness of HCMEs. We show that in the considered period of time, only fast halo CMEs ( with space velocities higher than similar to 1000 km/s) and originating from the Western Hemisphere close to the solar center could cause intense geomagnetic storms. We illustrate how the HCME parameters can be used for space weather forecast. It is also demonstrated that the strength of a geomagnetic storm does not depend on the determined width of HCMEs. This means that HCMEs do not have to be very large to cause major geomagnetic storms. C1 Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Catholic Univ Amer, Ctr Solar & Space Weather, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Michalek, G (reprint author), Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland. EM michalek@oa.uj.edu.pl RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012; OI Lara, Alejandro/0000-0001-6336-5291 NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 10 AR S10003 DI 10.1029/2005SW000218 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096XF UT WOS:000241409400002 ER PT J AU Viljanen, A Pulkkinen, A Pirjola, R Pajunpaa, K Posio, P Koistinen, A AF Viljanen, A. Pulkkinen, A. Pirjola, R. Pajunpaa, K. Posio, P. Koistinen, A. TI Recordings of geomagnetically induced currents and a nowcasting service of the Finnish natural gas pipeline system SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID POWER INDUSTRY; FIELD AB [ 1] The geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in the Finnish natural gas pipeline have been measured at one site in southern Finland since November 1998. We give an overview of this long and uniform time series covering one sunspot maximum. We also briefly discuss the conventional magnetic activity indices K and Ak, and, additionally, the range of the magnetic field and of its time derivative, as indicators of the GIC activity. The measured GIC data formed the basis of the development of a nowcasting service ( GIC Now!), which was implemented within the European Space Agency Space Weather Applications Pilot Project. The service provides a near-real-time view of the geomagnetic activity level and nowcast estimates of GIC and pipe-to-soil voltages in the Finnish natural gas pipeline system. We describe the operation and validation of this service in this paper. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space Res Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Viljanen, A (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space Res Unit, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM ari.viljanen@fmi.fi; antti.pulkkinen@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 32 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD OCT 20 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 10 AR S10004 DI 10.1029/2006SW000234 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096XF UT WOS:000241409400001 ER PT J AU Fenton, LK AF Fenton, Lori K. TI Dune migration and slip face advancement in the Rabe Crater dune field, Mars SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORBITER CAMERA; SURFACE-PROPERTIES; AEOLIAN PROCESSES; PROCTOR CRATER; SLOPE STREAKS; SAND DUNES; SEDIMENT; HISTORY; VIKING; TERRA AB [ 1] Eight overlapping images of a dune slip face in Rabe Crater ( 35 degrees E, 44 degrees S) from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera show changes interpreted to be multiple grainflow events that would indicate present-day sand saltation and dune migration. New occurrences of these features appear sporadically throughout late southern summer and early fall, and then no further changes occur throughout winter. By the following summer the pattern of old streaks had been almost completely covered by new dark streaks. Assuming that this activity is typical from year to year, migration rates are estimated to be on the order of 1-2 cm per martian year, produced by south to southeasterly winds that blow mostly during the southern spring and early summer. This slow migration rate is consistent with a present-day sediment state that is either transport or availability limited. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Search Extraterr Intelligence Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Fenton, LK (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Search Extraterr Intelligence Inst, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM lkfenton@asu.edu NR 26 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20201 DI 10.1029/2006GL027133 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100UJ UT WOS:000241694400003 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, A Klimas, A Vassiliadis, D Uritsky, V AF Pulkkinen, Antti Klimas, Alex Vassiliadis, Dimitris Uritsky, Vadim TI Role of stochastic fluctuations in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system: A stochastic model for the AE index variations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUBSTORM EXPANSION ONSETS; AURORAL ELECTROJET INDEX; FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATION; NONTRIGGERED SUBSTORMS; NORTHWARD TURNINGS; CURRENT DISRUPTION; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ART.; WIND; IMF AB [ 1] A new stochastic model for the AE index variations is developed to investigate the role of stochastic fluctuations in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. In contrast to pioneering stochastic models by Hnat et al. ( 2003, 2005), here the model is set up for the actual integrated quantity, i.e., AE index itself, instead of differenced variables, i.e., AE(t + Delta t) - AE( t) and because of the different approach used in the derivation of the model, we do not restrict our model parameters to the power law behavior only. Also, we integrate the model to obtain a time series to which the observed AE is then compared to. The model suggests that the fluctuations are of internal magnetospheric origin, though the bursts can be triggered by an external perturbation, and are an interplay of deterministic and stochastic components of a stationary out-of-equilibrium system. The fundamental result of the study is that stochastic fluctuations play a central role in the evolution of the AE index and cannot be grossly neglected. Also, in the model, the basic mechanism for all burst sizes is the same and thus no specific "substorm''-related bursts can be extracted from the AE index fluctuations. This suggests that from the global perspective, a specific well-defined "class of substorms'' may not exist. On the basis of their assumed spatiotemporal locality, impulsive dissipation events (IDE) (Sergeev et al., 1996) were proposed to be the fundamental physical building block of the AE index fluctuations. The average temporal size of IDEs may explain the 3 mHz break in the power spectra of the time derivative of the AE index reported here. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ St Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russia. RP Pulkkinen, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM antti.pulkkinen@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 48 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10218 DI 10.1029/2006JA011661 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 100VK UT WOS:000241697500010 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y Lui, ATY Fok, MC Anderson, BJ Brandt, PC Immel, TJ Mitchell, DG AF Zheng, Y. Lui, A. T. Y. Fok, M. -C. Anderson, B. J. Brandt, P. C. Immel, T. J. Mitchell, D. G. TI Relationship between Region 2 field-aligned current and the ring current: Model results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; BIRKELAND CURRENTS; MAGNETOMETER DATA; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; PLASMA SHEET; IONOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITIES; MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION; QUANTITATIVE SIMULATION; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; IMAGE SPACECRAFT AB [ 1] Detailed investigations on the relationship between the ring current and Region 2 field-aligned currents ( FACs) have been tenuous. Using the Comprehensive Ring Current Model ( CRCM), we first studied their relationship for two GEM storm events ( 22 April 2001 and 21 October 2001) through model and data comparison. The simulated Region 2 FACs for two different magnetic storm events capture major characteristics of the Iridium measurements, and the simulated ENA flux has a reasonable agreement with the IMAGE/HENA data. We then examined the effects of polar cap potential drop, ionospheric conductivity, plasma sheet density and different magnetic field models on the development of Region 2 FACs, and the relationship between Region 2 FACs and the ring current, either through one of the two GEM events or the 12 August 2000 storm. It is shown that an increase in polar cap potential, ionospheric conductivity, or plasma sheet density generally results in an increase in Region 2 FACs' intensity, but Region 2 FACs display different local time and latitudinal distributions for changes in each parameter due to the different mechanisms involved. The CRCM run in the Tsyganenko 2004 magnetic field model for storm times ( T04S), which includes a partial ring current, produces the dawn-dusk asymmetry in Region 2 FACs during geomagnetically active times, as reported by Anderson et al. ( 2005): more intense currents flow into the ionosphere around dusk, compared to those that flow out of the ionosphere around dawn, and the dusk currents shift further equatorward than do the dawn currents. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM yihua.zheng@jhuapl.edu; tony.liu@jhuapl.edu; mei-ching.h.fok@nasa.gov; brian.anderson@jhuapl.edu; brandpc1@jhuapl.edu; immel@ssl.berkeley.edu; donald.g.mitchell@jhuapl.edu RI Zheng, Yihua/D-7368-2012; Fok, Mei-Ching/D-1626-2012; Anderson, Brian/I-8615-2012; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016 OI Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306 NR 65 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S06 DI 10.1029/2006JA011603 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 100VN UT WOS:000241697800001 ER PT J AU Liu, X Bigioni, TP Xu, Y Cassell, AM Cruden, BA AF Liu, Xi Bigioni, Terry P. Xu, Yuan Cassell, Alan M. Cruden, Brett A. TI Vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube growth with diameter control by block copolymer micelle catalyst templates SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID METAL NANOPARTICLES; REGULAR ARRAYS; FIELD-EMISSION; THIN-FILMS; NANOCLUSTERS; PLASMA; DEPOSITION AB We have grown a dense array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a controlled distribution of diameters by using block copolymer micelles to form and pattern catalyst particles. The block copolymer poly(styrene-block-acrylic acid) (PS16500-PAA(4500)) was dissolved in toluene to form micelles and then loaded with FeCl3. The metal-loaded micelles were spin-coated on Si and then thermally treated to remove the polymer. Using this process, we produced surfaces patterned with iron oxide catalyst particles with particle densities ranging from 1400 mu m(-2) to 3800 mu m(-2) and a size distribution of (6.9 +/- 0.8) nm. CNT growth by thermal chemical vapor deposition was then performed on these samples. The low-density catalyst sample produced unaligned, low-density CNTs, whereas the high-density catalyst sample produced vertically aligned, dense CNTs about 10 Am in length. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the CNTs typically had double and triple graphitic layers with normally distributed diameters of (4.5 +/- 1.1) nm. For comparison, CNTs grown from the standard approach of blanket Fe films had a wide distribution of diameters between 6 and 21 nm. This catalyst preparation approach dramatically sharpens the size distribution of CNTs, compared to standard approaches, and provides a simple means of controlling the areal density of CNTs. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Ames Univ Affiliated Unit Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cruden, BA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Ames Univ Affiliated Unit Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Mail Stop 223-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 25 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 41 BP 20102 EP 20106 DI 10.1021/jp0647378 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 093TK UT WOS:000241192200009 PM 17034181 ER PT J AU Yang, SY Shin, K Kim, SH Jeon, H Kang, JH Yang, HC Park, CE AF Yang, Sang Yoon Shin, Kwonwoo Kim, Se Hyun Jeon, Hayoung Kang, Jin Ho Yang, Hoichang Park, Chan Eon TI Enhanced electrical percolation due to interconnection of three-dimensional pentacene islands in thin films on low surface energy polyimide gate dielectrics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; TRANSISTORS; TRANSPORT; MORPHOLOGY; MOBILITY; GROWTH; MONOLAYER; OXIDE AB The role of lateral interconnections between three-dimensional pentacene islands on low surface energy polyimide gate dielectrics was investigated by the measurement of the surface coverage dependence of the charge mobility and the use of conducting-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). From the correlation between the electrical characteristics and the morphological evolution of the three-dimensionally grown pentacene films-based field-effect transistors, we found that during film growth, the formation of interconnections between the three-dimensional pentacene islands that are isolated at the early stage contributes significantly to the enhancement process of charge mobility. The CP-AFM current mapping images of the pentacene films also indicate that the lateral interconnections play an important role in the formation of good electrical percolation pathways between the three-dimensional pentacene islands. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Rensselaer Nanotechnol Ctr, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Polymer Res Inst, Pohang 790784, South Korea. NIA, NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Yang, HC (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Rensselaer Nanotechnol Ctr, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM yangh3@rpi.edu; cep@postech.ac.kr NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD OCT 19 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 41 BP 20302 EP 20307 DI 10.1021/jp0646527 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 093TK UT WOS:000241192200039 PM 17034211 ER PT J AU Liu, HY Crawford, JH Pierce, RB Norris, P Platnick, SE Chen, G Logan, JA Yantosca, RM Evans, MJ Kittaka, C Feng, Y Tie, XX AF Liu, Hongyu Crawford, James H. Pierce, Robert B. Norris, Peter Platnick, Steven E. Chen, Gao Logan, Jennifer A. Yantosca, Robert M. Evans, Mat J. Kittaka, Chieko Feng, Yan Tie, Xuexi TI Radiative effect of clouds on tropospheric chemistry in a global three-dimensional chemical transport model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PHOTODISSOCIATION RATE COEFFICIENTS; PHOTOLYSIS FREQUENCIES; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE OZONE; TRACER MODEL; ART.; OVERLAP; POLLUTION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; DISTRIBUTIONS AB [1] Clouds exert an important influence on tropospheric photochemistry through modification of solar radiation that determines photolysis frequencies (J-values). We assess the radiative effect of clouds on photolysis frequencies and key oxidants in the troposphere with a global three-dimensional (3-D) chemical transport model (GEOS-CHEM) driven by assimilated meteorological observations from the Goddard Earth Observing System data assimilation system (GEOS DAS) at the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). We focus on the year of 2001 with the GEOS-3 meteorological observations. Photolysis frequencies are calculated using the Fast-J radiative transfer algorithm. The GEOS-3 global cloud optical depth and cloud fraction are evaluated and generally consistent with the satellite retrieval products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Results using the linear assumption, which assumes linear scaling of cloud optical depth with cloud fraction in a grid box, show global mean OH concentrations generally increase by less than 6% because of the radiative effect of clouds. The OH distribution shows much larger changes ( with maximum decrease of similar to 20% near the surface), reflecting the opposite effects of enhanced ( weakened) photochemistry above ( below) clouds. The global mean photolysis frequencies for J[(OD)-D-1] and J[NO2] in the troposphere change by less than 5% because of clouds; global mean O-3 concentrations in the troposphere increase by less than 5%. This study shows tropical upper tropospheric O3 to be less sensitive to the radiative effect of clouds than previously reported ( similar to 5% versus similar to 20 - 30%). These results emphasize that the dominant effect of clouds is to influence the vertical redistribution of the intensity of photochemical activity while global average effects remain modest, again contrasting with previous studies. Differing vertical distributions of clouds may explain part, but not the majority, of these discrepancies between models. Using an approximate random overlap or a maximum-random overlap scheme to take account of the effect of cloud overlap in the vertical reduces the impact of clouds on photochemistry but does not significantly change our results with respect to the modest global average effect. C1 Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Liu, HY (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM hyl@nianet.org RI Liu, Hongyu/A-5867-2008; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Evans, Mathew/A-3886-2012; Norris, Peter/H-2008-2012; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Yantosca, Robert/F-7920-2014; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Evans, Mathew/0000-0003-4775-032X; Norris, Peter/0000-0001-6807-9884; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Yantosca, Robert/0000-0003-3781-1870; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567; NR 65 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20303 DI 10.1029/2005JD006403 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100US UT WOS:000241695400001 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Sohl-Dickstein, J Grundy, WM Arvidson, RE Bell, J Christensen, P Graff, T Guinness, EA Kinch, K Morris, R Shepard, MK AF Johnson, Jeffrey R. Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha Grundy, William M. Arvidson, Raymond E. Bell, James, III Christensen, Phil Graff, Trevor Guinness, Edward A. Kinch, Kjartan Morris, Richard Shepard, Michael K. TI Radiative transfer modeling of dust-coated Pancam calibration target materials: Laboratory visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; MARS PATHFINDER; PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES; GUSEV CRATER; SCATTERING PROPERTIES; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; SOLAR WAVELENGTHS; SPIRIT ROVER AB [ 1] Laboratory visible/near-infrared multispectral observations of Mars Exploration Rover Pancam calibration target materials coated with different thicknesses of Mars spectral analog dust were acquired under variable illumination geometries using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer. The data were fit with a two-layer radiative transfer model that combines a Hapke formulation for the dust with measured values of the substrate interpolated using a He-Torrance approach. We first determined the single-scattering albedo, phase function, opposition effect width, and amplitude for the dust using the entire data set ( six coating thicknesses, three substrates, four wavelengths, and phase angles 3 degrees - 117 degrees). The dust exhibited single-scattering albedo values similar to other Mars analog soils and to Mars Pathfinder dust and a dominantly forward scattering behavior whose scattering lobe became narrower at longer wavelengths. Opacity values for each dust thickness corresponded well to those predicted from the particles sizes of the Mars analog dust. We then restricted the number of substrates, dust thicknesses, and incidence angles input to the model. The results suggest that the dust properties are best characterized when using substrates whose reflectances are brighter and darker than those of the deposited dust and data that span a wide range of dust thicknesses. The model also determined the dust photometric properties relatively well despite limitations placed on the range of incidence angles. The model presented here will help determine the photometric properties of dust deposited on the MER rovers and to track the multiple episodes of dust deposition and erosion that have occurred at both landing sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Bloomsburg Univ, Dept Geol & Geosci, Bloomsburg, PA 17815 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jrjohnson@usgs.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Kinch, Kjartan/C-5742-2015; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016; Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010 OI Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407; Kinch, Kjartan/0000-0002-4629-8880; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X; Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136 NR 74 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E12 AR E12S07 DI 10.1029/2005JE002658 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 100VB UT WOS:000241696500001 ER PT J AU Crowley, G Hackert, CL Meier, RR Strickland, DJ Paxton, LJ Pi, X Mannucci, A Christensen, AB Morrison, D Bust, GS Roble, RG Curtis, N Wene, G AF Crowley, G. Hackert, C. L. Meier, R. R. Strickland, D. J. Paxton, L. J. Pi, X. Mannucci, A. Christensen, A. B. Morrison, D. Bust, G. S. Roble, R. G. Curtis, N. Wene, G. TI Global thermosphere-ionosphere response to onset of 20 November 2003 magnetic storm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; SEPTEMBER 18-19; MIDDLE; ELECTRODYNAMICS; SIMULATIONS; HEMISPHERE; LATITUDES; DYNAMICS; WEATHER AB [ 1] There is great interest in understanding how the thermosphere-ionosphere system responds to geomagnetic storms. New insights are possible using the new generation of fully coupled three-dimensional models, together with extensive ionospheric databases. The period of postsolar maximum geomagnetic storms in October and November 2003 were some of the largest storms ever recorded. In this paper, we explore how the thermosphere-ionosphere system responded to the onset of the 20 November 2003 geomagnetic storm, using the NCAR TIMEGCM. The model simulates dramatic changes in the thermospheric equatorward winds, O/N-2, and corresponding ionospheric electron densities. The model is used as a framework to interpret an increase in the observed ionospheric total electron content, and F region electron density, in the European and North African sector, in terms of changes in the neutral gas. Corresponding compositional effects observed by the GUVI instrument on the TIMED satellite lend credence to the model results. We describe some of the important physical processes that will affect planning for the utilization of measurements from the Geospace investigations in NASA's Living With a Star Program. The study illustrates the value of measuring both the neutral and ionized gases, of obtaining quasi-global views from imaging instruments, and the synergy between satellite data, ground-based measurements, and models. C1 SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Northrop Grumman Corp, Corp Headquarters, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Texas San Antonio, Appl Res Lab, Austin, TX USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. RP Crowley, G (reprint author), Atmospher & Space Technol Res Associates, 11118 Quail Pass, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. EM gcrowley@astraspace.net; chackert@swri.org; rmeier@gmu.edu; dstrick@cpi.com; larry.paxton@jhuapl.edu; xiaoqing.pi@jpl.nasa.pi; tony.mannucci@jpl.nasa.gov; andy.christensen@ngc.com; daniel.morrison@jhuapl.edu; gbust@astraspace.net; roble@hao.ucar.edu; ncurtis@astraspace.net; gwene@utsa.edu RI Mannucci, Anthony/A-1349-2007; Meier, Robert/G-4749-2014; Paxton, Larry/D-1934-2015 OI Mannucci, Anthony/0000-0003-2391-8490; Meier, Robert/0000-0001-8497-7115; Paxton, Larry/0000-0002-2597-347X NR 24 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10S18 DI 10.1029/2005JA011518 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 100VI UT WOS:000241697300001 ER PT J AU Vaughan, RG Hook, SJ AF Vaughan, R. Greg Hook, Simon J. TI Using satellite data to characterize the temporal thermal behavior of an active volcano: Mount St. Helens, WA SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; EMISSION; ERUPTION; DOME AB [ 1] ASTER thermal infrared data over Mt. St Helens were used to characterize its thermal behavior from Jun 2000 to Feb 2006. Prior to the Oct 2004 eruption, the average crater temperature varied seasonally between -12 and 6 C. After the eruption, maximum single-pixel temperature increased from 10 C ( Oct 2004) to 96 C ( Aug 2005), then showed a decrease to Feb 2006. The initial increase in temperature was correlated with dome morphology and growth rate and the subsequent decrease was interpreted to relate to both seasonal trends and a decreased growth rate/increased cooling rate, possibly suggesting a significant change in the volcanic system. A single-pixel ASTER thermal anomaly first appeared on Oct 1, 2004, eleven hours after the first eruption -10 days before new lava was exposed at the surface. By contrast, an automated algorithm for detecting thermal anomalies in MODIS data did not trigger an alert until Dec 18. However, a single-pixel thermal anomaly first appeared in MODIS channel 23 ( 4 um) on Oct 13, 12 days after the first eruption -2 days after lava was exposed. The earlier thermal anomaly detected with ASTER data is attributed to the higher spatial resolution ( 90 m) compared with MODIS ( 1 km) and the earlier visual observation of anomalous pixels compared to the automated detection method suggests that local spatial statistics and background radiance data could improve automated detection methods. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vaughan, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MKS 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM greg.vaughan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 17 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 20 AR L20303 DI 10.1029/2006GL027957 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100UH UT WOS:000241694100004 ER PT J AU Tian, WS Chipperfield, MP Gray, LJ Zawodny, JM AF Tian, Wenshou Chipperfield, Martyn P. Gray, Lesley J. Zawodny, Joseph M. TI Quasi-biennial oscillation and tracer distributions in a coupled chemistry-climate model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GRAVITY-WAVE PARAMETERIZATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; DIMENSIONAL MODEL; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; OZONE QBO; STRATOSPHERE; SIMULATION; IMPACT AB [ 1] We have used a fully coupled chemistry-climate model (CCM), which generates its own wind and temperature quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), to study the effect of coupling on the QBO and to examine the QBO signals in stratospheric trace gases, particularly ozone. Radiative coupling of the interactive chemistry to the underlying general circulation model tends to prolong the QBO period and to increase the QBO amplitude in the equatorial zonal wind in the lower and middle stratosphere. The model ozone QBO agrees well with Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer satellite observations in terms of vertical and latitudinal structure. The model captures the ozone QBO phase change near 28 km over the equator and the column phase change near +/- 15 degrees latitude. Diagnosis of the model chemical terms shows that variations in NOx are the main chemical driver of the O-3 QBO around 35 km, i.e., above the O-3 phase change. C1 Univ Leeds, Inst Atmospher Sci, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Ctr Global Atmospher Modeling, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tian, WS (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Inst Atmospher Sci, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM wenshou@env.leeds.ac.uk RI Gray, Lesley/D-3610-2009; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013 OI Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149 NR 29 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 17 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D20 AR D20301 DI 10.1029/2005JD006871 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 100UR UT WOS:000241695300003 ER PT J AU Xie, H Gopalswamy, N Ofman, L St Cyr, OC Michalek, G Lara, A Yashiro, S AF Xie, H. Gopalswamy, N. Ofman, L. St. Cyr, O. C. Michalek, G. Lara, A. Yashiro, S. TI Improved input to the empirical coronal mass ejection (CME) driven shock arrival model from CME cone models SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; INTERPLANETARY EJECTA; MAGNETIC CLOUDS; 1-AU ARRIVAL; SOLAR; EARTH AB [1] We study the Sun-Earth travel time of interplanetary shocks driven by coronal mass ejections ( CMEs) using empirical cone models. Three different cone models have been used to obtain the radial speeds of the CMEs, which are then used as input to the empirical shock arrival (ESA) model to obtain the Sun to Earth travel time of the shocks. We compare the predicted and observed shock transit times and find that the accuracy of the ESA model is improved by applying CME radial speeds from the cone models. There are two ways of calculating the shock travel time: using the ESA model or using the simplified ESA formula obtained by an exponential fit to the ESA model. The average mean error in the travel time with the cone model speeds is 7.8 hours compared to 14.6 hours with the sky plane speed, which amounts to an improvement of 46%. With the ESA formula, the corresponding mean errors are 9.5 and 11.7 hours, respectively, representing an improvement of 19%. The cone models minimize projection effects and hence can be used to obtain CME radial speeds. When input to the ESA model, the large scatter in the shock travel time is reduced, thus improving CME-related space weather predictions. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Xie, H (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM hong.xie@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012; OI Lara, Alejandro/0000-0001-6336-5291 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD OCT 17 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 10 AR S10002 DI 10.1029/2006SW000227 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096XD UT WOS:000241409200001 ER PT J AU Yang, S Smith, EA AF Yang, Song Smith, Eric A. TI Mechanisms for diurnal variability of global tropical rainfall observed from TRMM SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER CIRCULATIONS; NORTHWESTERN SOUTH-AMERICA; MEASURING MISSION TRMM; PACIFIC WARM POOL; LOW-LEVEL JET; 3-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL-MODEL; LATENT HEATING DISTRIBUTIONS; PASSIVE MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY AB The behavior and various controls of diurnal variability in tropical-subtropical rainfall are investigated using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation measurements retrieved from the three level-2 TRMM standard profile algorithms for the 1998 annual cycle. Results show that diurnal variability characteristics of precipitation are consistent for all three algorithms, providing assurance that TRMM retrievals are producing consistent estimates of rainfall variability. As anticipated, most ocean areas exhibit more rainfall at night, while over most land areas, rainfall peaks during daytime; however, important exceptions are noted. The dominant feature of the oceanic diurnal cycle is a rainfall maximum in late-evening-early-morning (LE-EM) hours, while over land the dominant maximum occurs in the mid- to late afternoon (MLA). In conjunction with these maxima are pronounced seasonal variations of the diurnal amplitudes. Amplitude analysis shows that the diurnal pattern and its seasonal evolution are closely related to the rainfall accumulation pattern and its seasonal evolution. In addition, the horizontal distribution of diurnal variability indicates that for oceanic rainfall, there is a secondary MLA maximum coexisting with the LE-EM maximum at latitudes dominated by large-scale convergence and deep convection. Analogously, there is a preponderancy for an LE-EM maximum over land coexisting with the stronger MLA maximum, although it is not evident that this secondary continental feature is closely associated with the large-scale circulation. Neither of the secondary maxima exhibit phase behavior that can be considered semidiurnal in nature. Diurnal rainfall variability over the ocean associated with large-scale convection is clearly an integral component of the general circulation. Phase analysis reveals differences in regional and seasonal features of the diurnal cycle, indicating that underlying forcing mechanisms differ from place to place. This is underscored by the appearance of secondary ocean maxima in the presence of large-scale convection, along with other important features. Among these, there are clear-cut differences between the diurnal variability of seasonal rainfall over the mid-Pacific and Indian Ocean Basins. The mid-Pacific exhibits double maxima in spring and winter but only LE-EM maxima in summer and autumn, while the Indian Ocean exhibits double maxima in spring and summer and only an LE-EM maximum in autumn and winter. There are also evident daytime maxima within the major large-scale marine stratocumulus regions off the west coasts of continents. The study concludes with a discussion concerning how the observational evidence either supports or repudiates possible forcing mechanisms that have been suggested to explain diurnal rainfall variability. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Smith, EA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eric.a.smith@nasa.gov RI Zhang, YIng/F-5751-2011 NR 263 TC 116 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 20 BP 5190 EP 5226 DI 10.1175/JCLI3883.1 PG 37 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QQ UT WOS:000241755900011 ER PT J AU Naud, CM Del Genio, AD Bauer, M AF Naud, Catherine M. Del Genio, Anthony D. Bauer, Mike TI Observational constraints on the cloud thermodynamic phase in midlatitude storms SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TOP HEIGHTS; MODIS; PACIFIC; CLIMATE; TRACK; WATER; TEMPERATURE; SCHEME; LIDAR AB The conditions under which supercooled liquid water gradually gives way to ice in the mixed-phase regions of clouds are still poorly understood and may be an important source of cloud feedback uncertainty in general circulation model projections of long-term climate change. Two winters of cloud phase discrimination, cloud-top temperature, sea surface temperature, and precipitation from several satellite datasets (the NASA Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) for the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins are analyzed to better understand these processes. Reanalysis surface pressures and vertical velocities are used in combination with a synoptic storm-tracking algorithm to define storm tracks, create composite storm dynamical and cloud patterns, and examine changes in storm characteristics over their life cycles. Characteristically different storm cloud patterns exist in the Atlantic and Pacific and on the west and east sides of each ocean basin. This appears to be related to the different spatial patterns of sea surface temperature in the two ocean basins. Glaciation occurs at very warm temperatures in the high, thick, heavily precipitating clouds typical of frontal ascent regions, except where vertical velocities are strongest, similar to previous field experiments. Outside frontal regions, however, where clouds are shallower, supercooled water exists at lower cloud-top temperatures. This analysis is the first large-scale assessment of cloud phase and its relation to dynamics on climatologically representative time scales. It provides a potentially powerful benchmark for the design and evaluation of mixed-phase process parameterizations in general circulation models and suggests that assumptions made in some existing models may negatively bias their cloud feedback estimates. C1 SGT Inc, Goddard Inst Space Studies, NASA, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. RP Naud, CM (reprint author), SGT Inc, Goddard Inst Space Studies, NASA, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM cnaud@giss.nasa.gov RI Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012 OI Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359 NR 47 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 20 BP 5273 EP 5288 DI 10.1175/JCLI3919.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QQ UT WOS:000241755900014 ER PT J AU Szewczyk, NJ Udranszky, IA Kozak, E Sunga, J Kim, SK Jacobson, LA Conley, CA AF Szewczyk, Nathaniel J. Udranszky, Ingrid A. Kozak, Elena Sunga, June Kim, Stuart K. Jacobson, Lewis A. Conley, Catharine A. TI Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration in C-elegans under dietary restriction SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE health; life style; growth and development; aging; axenic animals ID NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; CHEMICALLY-DEFINED MEDIUM; GENE-EXPRESSION; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; AXENIC CULTURE; RNAI SCREEN; DAF-16; PROTEIN; STRESS; GROWTH AB Studies of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans have almost exclusively utilized growth on a bacterial diet. Such culturing presents a challenge to automation of experimentation and introduces bacterial metabolism as a secondary concern in drug and environmental toxicology studies. Axenic cultivation of C. elegans can avoid these problems, yet past work suggests that axenic growth is unhealthy for C. elegans. Here we employ a chemically defined liquid medium to culture C. elegans and find development slows, fecundity declines, lifespan increases, lipid and protein stores decrease, and gene expression changes relative to that on a bacterial diet. These changes do not appear to be random pathologies associated with malnutrition, as there are no developmental delays associated with starvation, such as L1 or dauer diapause. Additionally, development and reproductive period are fixed percentages of lifespan regardless of diet, suggesting that these alterations are adaptive. We propose that C. elegans can exist as a healthy animal with at least two distinct adult life histories. One life history maximizes the intrinsic rate of population increase, the other maximizes the efficiency of exploitation of the carrying capacity of the environment. Microarray analysis reveals increased transcript levels of daf-16 and downstream targets and past experiments demonstrate that DAF-16 (FOXO) acting on downstream targets can influence all of the phenotypes we see altered in maintenance medium. Thus, life history alteration in response to diet may be modulated by DAF-16. Our observations introduce a powerful system for automation of experimentation on healthy C. elegans and for systematic analysis of the profound impact of diet on animal physiology. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Wyle Labs, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Szewczyk, NJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 239-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM nate@alumni.cmu.edu OI Szewczyk, Nathaniel/0000-0003-4425-9746 FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG025941] NR 49 TC 58 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 14 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 209 IS 20 BP 4129 EP 4139 DI 10.1242/jeb.02492 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 106WG UT WOS:000242132100022 PM 17023606 ER PT J AU Fuss, T Mogus-Milankovic, A Ray, CS Lesher, CE Youngman, R Day, DE AF Fuss, T. Mogus-Milankovic, A. Ray, C. S. Lesher, C. E. Youngman, R. Day, D. E. TI Ex situ XRD, TEM, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy of crystallization of lithium disilicate glass at high pressure SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE crystals; Raman scattering; pressure effects; nuclear magnetic (and quadrupole) resonance; FTIR measurements; silicates; medium-range order; short-range order; X-ray diffraction ID SILICATE-GLASSES; VIBRATIONAL INTERACTIONS; STRUCTURAL-CHANGES; TETRAHEDRA; CRYSTALS; MELTS; DIFFRACTION; VISCOSITY; SYSTEMS; GPA AB The structure of Li2O center dot 2SiO(2) (LS2) glass was investigated as a function of pressure and temperature up to 6 GPa and 750 degrees C) respectively, using XRD, TEM, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy. Glass densified at 6 GPa has an average Si-O-Si bond angle similar to 7 degrees lower than that found in glass processed at 4.5 GPa. At 4.5 GPa, lithium disilicate crystallizes from the glass, while at 6 GPa new high pressure form of lithium metasilicate crystallizes. This new phase, while having lithium metasilicate crystal symmetry, contains at least four different Si sites. NMR results for 6 GPa indicate the presence of Q(4) species with (Q(4))Si-O-Si(Q(4)) bond angles of similar to 157 degrees. This is the first reported occurrence of Q(4) species with such large bond angles in alumina free alkali silicate glass. No five- or six-coordinated Si are found. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Ceram Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Univ Missouri, Grad Ctr Mat Res, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Corning Inc, Div Sci & Technol, Corning, NY 14831 USA. RP Fuss, T (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Ceram Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM Tihana.Fuss@saint-gobain.com RI Lesher, Charles/A-2468-2015 NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 352 IS 38-39 BP 4101 EP 4111 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.06.038 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 097WD UT WOS:000241479200022 ER PT J AU Laird, CE Harmon, BA Wilson, CA Hunter, D Isaacs, J AF Laird, C. E. Harmon, B. A. Wilson, Colleen A. Hunter, David Isaacs, Jason TI Low energy response calibration of the BATSE large area detectors onboard the Compton Observatory SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE spaceborne gamma-ray detectors; radiation detectors ID RAY SOURCES; X-RAY; BURST AB The low-energy attenuation of the covering material of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) large area detectors (LADs) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as well as the small-angle response of the LADs have been studied. These effects are shown to be more significant than previously assumed. The LAD entrance window included layers of an aluminum-epoxy composite (hexel) that acted as a collimator for the lowest energy photons entering the detector just above threshold (20-50 keV). Simplifying assumptions made concerning the entrance window materials and the angular response at incident angles near normal to the detector face in the original BATSE response matrix formalism had little effect on gamma-ray burst measurements; however, these assumptions created serious errors in measured fluxes of galactic sources, whose emission is strongest near the LAD energy threshold. Careful measurements of the angular and low-energy dependence of the attenuation due to the hexel plates only partially improved the response. A systematic study of Crab Nebula spectra showed the need for additional corrections: an angular-dependent correction for all detectors and an angular-independent correction for each detector. These corrections have been applied as part of an overall energy and angular-dependent correction to the BATSE response matrices. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Eastern Kentucky Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Richmond, KY 40475 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, XD12, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Laird, CE (reprint author), Eastern Kentucky Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Moore 351,521 Lancaster Ave, Richmond, KY 40475 USA. EM Chris.Laird@eku.edu NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 566 IS 2 BP 433 EP 441 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.06.075 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 095KU UT WOS:000241307400026 ER PT J AU Palacios, DM Hunyadi, SL AF Palacios, David M. Hunyadi, Sarah L. TI Low-order aberration sensitivity of an optical vortex coronagraph SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-MASK; PLANETS AB We describe a high-contrast imaging technique capable of directly measuring light from a terrestrial planet by using a vortex mask of topological charge m = 5. We demonstrate that this technique is relatively insensitive to low-order aberrations and compare its performance to that of a band-limited Lyot coronagraph. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Palacios, DM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.M.Palacios@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 20 BP 2981 EP 2983 DI 10.1364/OL.31.002981 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 092RY UT WOS:000241116200009 PM 17001373 ER PT J AU Yang, W Shabanov, NV Huang, D Wang, W Dickinson, RE Nemani, RR Knyazikhin, Y Myneni, RB AF Yang, W. Shabanov, N. V. Huang, D. Wang, W. Dickinson, R. E. Nemani, R. R. Knyazikhin, Y. Myneni, R. B. TI Analysis of leaf area index products from combination of MODIS Terra and Aqua data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE MODIS; Terra; Aqua; leaf area index ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; VEGETATION INDEX; TIME-SERIES; LAND-COVER; VALIDATION; PHENOLOGY; ALGORITHM; AFRICA; LAI; CLIMATOLOGY AB A prototype product suite, containing the Terra 8-day, Aqua 8-day, Terra-Aqua combined 8- and 4-day products, was generated as part of testing for the next version (Collection 5) of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) leaf area index (LAI) products. These products were analyzed for consistency between Terra and Aqua retrievals over the following data subsets in North America: single 8-day composite over the whole continent and annual time series over three selected MODIS tiles (1200 X 1200 km). The potential for combining retrievals from the two sensors to derive improved products by reducing the impact of environmental conditions and temporal compositing period was also explored. The results suggest no significant discrepancies between large area (from continent to MODIS tile) averages of the Terra and Aqua 8-day LAI and surface reflectances products. The differences over smaller regions, however, can be large due to the random nature of residual atmospheric effects. High quality retrievals from the radiative transfer based algorithm can be expected in 90-95% of the pixels with mostly herbaceous cover and about 50-75% of the pixels with woody vegetation during the growing season. The quality of retrievals during the growing season is mostly restricted by aerosol contamination of the MODIS data. The Terra-Aqua combined 8-day product helps to minimize this effect and increases the number of high quality retrievals by 10-20% over woody vegetation. The combined 8-day product does not improve the number of high quality retrievals during the winter period because the extent of snow contamination of Terra and Aqua observations is similar. Likewise, cloud contamination in the single-sensor and combined products is also similar. The LAI magnitudes, seasonal profiles and retrieval quality in the combined 4-day product are comparable to those in the single-sensor 8-day products. Thus, the combined 4-day product doubles the temporal resolution of the seasonal cycle, which facilitates phenology monitoring in application studies during vegetation transition periods. Both Terra and Aqua LAI products show anomalous seasonality in boreal needle leaf forests, due to limitations of the radiative transfer algorithm to model seasonal variations of MODIS surface reflectance data with respect to solar zenith angle. Finally, this study suggests that further improvement of the MODIS LAI products is mainly restricted by the accuracy of the MODIS observations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Yang, W (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM ywze@crsa.bu.edu RI Yang, Wenze/B-8356-2012; Huang, Dong/H-7318-2014; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012 OI Yang, Wenze/0000-0001-8514-2742; Huang, Dong/0000-0001-9715-6922; NR 41 TC 88 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 297 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.016 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 092ER UT WOS:000241080300004 ER PT J AU Naud, C Muller, JP Clothiaux, EE AF Naud, Catherine Muller, Jan-Peter Clothiaux, Eugene E. TI Assessment of multispectral ATSR2 stereo cloud-top height retrievals SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cloud-top height; remote sensing; stereo; ATSR2; ground-based radar; assessment ID TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; SATELLITE; MISR; FEASIBILITY AB The Along-Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR2) instrument has a dual view capability that allows for stereo height retrievals. Stereo heights were retrieved for selected scenes over the United Kingdom Chilbolton Facility for Atmospheric and Radio Research and the United States Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program Southern Great Plains site from 1997 to 2000. Stereo cloud-top heights obtained with the 11 mu m and 1.6 mu m channels of ATSR2 were compared with ground-based millimeter-wave cloud radar measurements at both sites. On average ATSR2 11 mu m channel cloud-top height retrievals were 350 m higher than those from radar with a standard deviation of 1 km. This difference increased with decreasing cloud-top height. One major problem found in the 11 mu m channel cloud-top height retrievals was poor delineation between surface (i.e., clear) and low-altitude cloud pixels, though this tends to lower cloud-top heights rather than raise them. The ATSR2 1.6 mu m channel stereo cloud-top heights had large discrepancies compared to radar because of the 1.6 mu m channel sensitivity to a lower layer in the case of multilayer clouds or the terrain in the case of optically thin single-layer clouds. For single-layer clouds, the agreement between the ATSR2 1.6 mu m channel and the radar cloud-top heights was similar to that between ATSR2 11 mu m channel and radar cloud-top heights. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Goddard Inst Space Studies, NASA, New York, NY 10025 USA. UCL, London, England. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Naud, C (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Goddard Inst Space Studies, NASA, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM cnaud@giss.nasa.gov OI Muller, Jan-Peter/0000-0002-5077-3736 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 337 EP 345 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.008 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 092ER UT WOS:000241080300007 ER PT J AU Berger, P Gallien, JP Khodja, H Daudin, L Berger, MH Sayir, A AF Berger, P. Gallien, J. -P. Khodja, H. Daudin, L. Berger, M. -H. Sayir, A. TI Nuclear microprobe local hydrogen measurements in HTPC SO SOLID STATE IONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Solid State Ionics CY 2005 CL Baden Baden, GERMANY DE hydrogen; perovskite; nuclear microprobe; forward scattering ID RECOIL COINCIDENCE SPECTROMETRY; SCATTERING; MICROSCOPY AB High-temperature protonic conducting ceramics (HTPC) exhibit promising protonic conductivities at intermediate temperatures (400-600 degrees C), with a potential for a broad range of practical applications: electrolytes in electrochemical cells, batteries, sensors, etc. A balance still has to be found between high protonic conductivity and chemical stability in a wet environment. In addition to bulk conductivity measurements, local investigations of protonic transport are recommended to evidence limitations induced by their microstructure, such as the role of grain boundaries or intergranular secondary phases. Methods for local hydrogen concentration measurement with spatial resolution at the micrometer level are scarce. The nuclear microanalysis meets this demand. We report here the first application of a nuclear microprobe technique to the study of HTPC perovskites, synthesized according to a melt-process developed at NASA GRC. Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) combined with Rutherford back-scattering (RBS) was first exploited for perovskites containing very low hydrogen contents. A less common method has been developed for thin samples which utilized (1)H(p,p)(1)H forward scattering with coincidence detection (ERCS). From the broad compositional and structural range of perovskites, we have limited our efforts to SrCe(0.9)Y(0.1)O(3-delta) and Sr(3)Ca(1+x)Nb(1.82)O(9-delta), compositions which represent simple and complex perovskite structures, respectively. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CEA Saclay, Lab Pierre Sue, CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Ecole Mines Paris, Ctr PM Fourt, F-91003 Evry, France. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Berger, P (reprint author), CEA Saclay, Lab Pierre Sue, CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM pascal.berger@cea.fr RI DAUDIN, laurent/A-8801-2008; Berger, Marie-Helene/B-9785-2013; Khodja, Hicham/A-1869-2016 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2738 J9 SOLID STATE IONICS JI Solid State Ion. PD OCT 15 PY 2006 VL 177 IS 19-25 BP 1655 EP 1658 DI 10.1016/j.ssi.2006.05.050 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 112VH UT WOS:000242555200021 ER PT J AU Shindell, DT Faluvegi, G Stevenson, DS Krol, MC Emmons, LK Lamarque, JF Petron, G Dentener, FJ Ellingsen, K Schultz, MG Wild, O Amann, M Atherton, CS Bergmann, DJ Bey, I Butler, T Cofala, J Collins, WJ Derwent, RG Doherty, RM Drevet, J Eskes, HJ Fiore, AM Gauss, M Hauglustaine, DA Horowitz, LW Isaksen, ISA Lawrence, MG Montanaro, V Muller, JF Pitari, G Prather, MJ Pyle, JA Rast, S Rodriguez, JM Sanderson, MG Savage, NH Strahan, SE Sudo, K Szopa, S Unger, N van Noije, TPC Zeng, G AF Shindell, D. T. Faluvegi, G. Stevenson, D. S. Krol, M. C. Emmons, L. K. Lamarque, J. -F. Petron, G. Dentener, F. J. Ellingsen, K. Schultz, M. G. Wild, O. Amann, M. Atherton, C. S. Bergmann, D. J. Bey, I. Butler, T. Cofala, J. Collins, W. J. Derwent, R. G. Doherty, R. M. Drevet, J. Eskes, H. J. Fiore, A. M. Gauss, M. Hauglustaine, D. A. Horowitz, L. W. Isaksen, I. S. A. Lawrence, M. G. Montanaro, V. Mueller, J. -F. Pitari, G. Prather, M. J. Pyle, J. A. Rast, S. Rodriguez, J. M. Sanderson, M. G. Savage, N. H. Strahan, S. E. Sudo, K. Szopa, S. Unger, N. van Noije, T. P. C. Zeng, G. TI Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; AIRCRAFT MOZAIC DATA; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; OZONE SIMULATIONS; METHANE EMISSIONS; WESTERN PACIFIC; CLIMATE-CHANGE; 3-D MODELS AB We analyze present-day and future carbon monoxide (CO) simulations in 26 state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry models run to study future air quality and climate change. In comparison with near-global satellite observations from the MOPITT instrument and local surface measurements, the models show large underestimates of Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical CO, while typically performing reasonably well elsewhere. The results suggest that year-round emissions, probably from fossil fuel burning in east Asia and seasonal biomass burning emissions in south-central Africa, are greatly underestimated in current inventories such as IIASA and EDGAR3.2. Variability among models is large, likely resulting primarily from intermodel differences in representations and emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and in hydrologic cycles, which affect OH and soluble hydrocarbon intermediates. Global mean projections of the 2030 CO response to emissions changes are quite robust. Global mean midtropospheric (500 hPa) CO increases by 12.6 +/- 3.5 ppbv (16%) for the high-emissions (A2) scenario, by 1.7 +/- 1.8 ppbv (2%) for the midrange (CLE) scenario, and decreases by 8.1 +/- 2.3 ppbv (11%) for the low-emissions (MFR) scenario. Projected 2030 climate changes decrease global 500 hPa CO by 1.4 +/- 1.4 ppbv. Local changes can be much larger. In response to climate change, substantial effects are seen in the tropics, but intermodel variability is quite large. The regional CO responses to emissions changes are robust across models, however. These range from decreases of 10-20 ppbv over much of the industrialized NH for the CLE scenario to CO increases worldwide and year-round under A2, with the largest changes over central Africa (20-30 ppbv), southern Brazil (20-35 ppbv) and south and east Asia (30-70 ppbv). The trajectory of future emissions thus has the potential to profoundly affect air quality over most of the world's populated areas. C1 Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Rdscientific, Newbury RG14 6LH, Berks, England. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. Inst Aeron Spatiale Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 21228 USA. RP Shindell, DT (reprint author), Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM dshindell@giss.nasa.gov RI Rodriguez, Jose/G-3751-2013; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Magana, Felipe/B-6966-2013; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014 OI Rodriguez, Jose/0000-0002-1902-4649; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Savage, Nicholas/0000-0001-9391-5100; Derwent, Richard/0000-0003-4498-645X; Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074 NR 74 TC 138 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 14 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D19 AR D19306 DI 10.1029/2006JD007100 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095GY UT WOS:000241297400004 ER PT J AU Dong, XQ Xi, BK Minnis, P AF Dong, Xiquan Xi, Baike Minnis, Patrick TI Observational evidence of changes in water vapor, clouds, and radiation at the ARM SGP site SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE CONTINENTAL CLOUDS; CENTRAL FACILITY; SOLAR-RADIATION; SURFACE; CLIMATOLOGY; RADAR AB Characterizing water vapor and cloud effects on the surface radiation budget is critical for understanding the current climate because water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and clouds are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in predicting potential future climate change. Several studies have shown that insolation over land declined until 1990 then increased until the present. Using 8 years of data collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) surface site, we found that the insolation increased from 1997 to 2000, but significantly decreased from 2001 to 2004, changes that exactly mirror the variation in the second-order fit of cloud fraction. Under clear-sky conditions, the rates of change of water vapor, insolation and downwelling longwave (LW) flux are -0.0166 cm/yr, 0.48 Wm(-2)/yr, and -1.16 Wm(-)2/yr, respectively, indicating that water vapor changes are more important for LW flux than for insolation. C1 Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Dong, XQ (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. EM dong@aero.und.edu RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 13 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19818 DI 10.1029/2006GL027132 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 095GB UT WOS:000241295100006 ER PT J AU Gary, BL AF Gary, B. L. TI Mesoscale temperature fluctuations in the stratosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-WAVES; CLOUDS; OZONE; AIRCRAFT; PROFILER; ICE AB An airborne instrument that measures altitude temperature profiles is ideally suited for the task of characterizing statistical properties of the vertical displacement of isentrope surfaces. Prior measurements of temperature fluctuations during level flight could not be used to infer isentrope altitude variations because lapse rate information was missing. The Microwave Temperature Profiler instrument, which includes lapse rate measurements at flight level as a part of temperature profiles, has been used on hundreds of flights to produce altitude versus ground track cross-sections of potential temperature. These cross-sections show isentrope altitude variations with a horizontal resolution of similar to 3 km for a > 6 km altitude region. An airborne isentropealtitude cross-section (IAC) can be compared with a counterpart IAC generated from synoptic scale data, based on radiosondes and satellite instruments, in order to assess differences between the altitudes of isentrope surfaces sampled at mesoscale versus synoptic scale. It has been found that the synoptic scale isentropes fail to capture a significant component of vertical displacement of isentrope surfaces, especially in the vicinity of jet streams. Under the assumptions that air parcels flow along isentrope surfaces, and change temperature adiabatically while undergoing altitude displacements, it is possible to compute mesoscale temperature fluctuations that are not present in synoptic scale back trajectory parcel temperature histories. It has been found that the magnitude of the mesoscale component of temperature fluctuations varies with altitude, season, latitude and underlying topography. A model for these dependences is presented, which shows, for example, that mesoscale temperature fluctuations increase with altitude in a systematic way, are greatest over mountainous terrain, and are greater at polar latitudes during winter. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gary, BL (reprint author), 5320 E Calle Manzana, Hereford, AZ 85615 USA. EM blgary@umich.edu NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 12 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 4577 EP 4589 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093YM UT WOS:000241206200002 ER PT J AU Jin, JJ Semeniuk, K Manney, GL Jonsson, AI Beagley, SR McConnell, JC Rinsland, CP Boone, CD Walker, KA Bernath, PF AF Jin, J. J. Semeniuk, K. Manney, G. L. Jonsson, A. I. Beagley, S. R. McConnell, J. C. Rinsland, C. P. Boone, C. D. Walker, K. A. Bernath, P. F. TI Denitrification in the Arctic winter 2004/2005: Observations from ACE-FTS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR VORTEX AIR; OZONE LOSS; STRATOSPHERE; PARTICLES AB Arctic denitrification in the winter 2004/2005 is analyzed using measurements from the satellite instrument ACE-FTS. Two methods based on changes in the correlations of odd nitrogen (NOy) versus methane and versus an artificial long-lived tracer are employed. The observations show that significant denitrification occurred in the region 15 km - 20 km and that it was spatially inhomogeneous within the polar vortex. Before the vortex breakup in mid-March 2005 a maximum denitrification of 8 +/- 0.8 ppbv, accounting for a relative reduction of over 50%, was observed at similar to 450 K ( similar to 17 km) using both methods. When averaged over the polar vortex for the first half of March, the denitrification at this level was about 4.4 ppbv and 5.0 ppbv from the artificial tracer method and the correlation method, respectively. C1 York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 1L2, Canada. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Jin, JJ (reprint author), York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1L2, Canada. EM jin@nimbus.yorku.ca; kirill@nimbus.yorku.ca; manney@mls.jpl.nasa.gov; jonsson@yorku.ca; beagley@nimbus.yorku.ca; jack@nimbus.yorku.ca; curtis.p.rinsland@nasa.gov; cboone@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca; kawalker@acebox.uwaterloo.ca; bernath@uwaterloo.ca RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Jin, Jianjun/G-8357-2012; Jonsson, Andreas/B-3887-2013 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Jonsson, Andreas/0000-0003-0321-6213 NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 12 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19814 DI 10.1029/2006GL027687 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 095FZ UT WOS:000241294900006 ER PT J AU Jones, ST Fok, MC Brandt, PC AF Jones, S. T. Fok, M. -C. Brandt, P. C. TI Modeling global O+ substorm injection using analytic magnetic field model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PLASMA SHEET; RING CURRENT; DIPOLARIZATION; DYNAMICS; PHASE AB During storm-time substorms the IMAGE/High-Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) global magnetospheric plasma imager observes dramatic rise and fall of the oxygen energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes in the 29-180 keV range that are well correlated with substorm onsets. The corresponding hydrogen ENA flux (10-198 keV) shows a much more gradual rise and fall. We use a three-dimensional test particle code in time varying electric and magnetic fields to study mechanisms causing the dramatic oxygen variation. Consistent with our previous work, we find that nonadiabatic heating occurs during the dipolarization of the geomagnetic field. The simulation model reproduces key features including the high-altitude increase of the ENA flux and enhancement timescale. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Jones, ST (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Phys, POB 19059, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. EM samjones@uta.edu RI Fok, Mei-Ching/D-1626-2012; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016 OI Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306 NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 12 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S07 DI 10.1029/2006JA011607 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 095IR UT WOS:000241301900001 ER PT J AU Vonmoos, M Beer, J Muscheler, R AF Vonmoos, Maura Beer, Juerg Muscheler, Raimund TI Large variations in Holocene solar activity: Constraints from Be-10 in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COSMOGENIC NUCLIDE PRODUCTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MAUNDER MINIMUM; EARTHS ATMOSPHERE; TOTAL IRRADIANCE; BERYLLIUM 10; COSMIC-RAYS; MODULATION; VARIABILITY; RECORD AB [ 1] Cosmogenic radionuclides extracted from ice cores hold a unique potential for reconstructing past solar activity changes beyond the direct instrumental period. Taking the geomagnetic modulation into account, the solar activity in terms of the heliospheric modulation function can quantitatively be reconstructed in high resolution throughout the Holocene. For this period our results reveal changes in heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays significantly larger than the variations reconstructed on the basis of neutron monitor measurements of galactic cosmic rays for the last 50 years. Moreover, the Be-10 data from the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core as well as C-14 support a high current solar activity. However, although the reconstruction of solar activity on long timescales is difficult, our result suggests that the modern activity state of the Sun is not that exceptional regarding the entire Holocene. This extended solar activity record provides the basis for further detailed investigations on solar and cosmic ray physics, as well as on solar forcing of the Earth's climate whose importance is suggested by increasing paleoclimatic evidences. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, NASA,Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Vonmoos, M (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Ueberlandstr 133, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. EM maura.vonmoos@eawag.ch; beer@eawag.ch; raimund@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 74 TC 137 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 12 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10105 DI 10.1029/2005JA011500 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 095IL UT WOS:000241301300001 ER PT J AU Oates, SR Mundell, CG Piranomonte, S Page, KL De Pasquale, M Monfardini, A Melandri, A Zane, S Guidorzi, C Malesani, D Gomboc, A Bannister, N Blustin, AJ Capalbi, M Carter, D D'Avanzo, P Kobayashi, S Krimm, HA O'Brien, PT Page, MJ Smith, RJ Steele, IA Tanvir, N AF Oates, S. R. Mundell, C. G. Piranomonte, S. Page, K. L. De Pasquale, M. Monfardini, A. Melandri, A. Zane, S. Guidorzi, C. Malesani, D. Gomboc, A. Bannister, N. Blustin, A. J. Capalbi, M. Carter, D. D'Avanzo, P. Kobayashi, S. Krimm, H. A. O'Brien, P. T. Page, M. J. Smith, R. J. Steele, I. A. Tanvir, N. TI Anatomy of a dark burst - the afterglow of GRB 060108 SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE gamma-rays : bursts ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; HUBBLE-DEEP-FIELDS; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS; ENERGY INJECTION; OPTICAL-EMISSION; THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS; LIVERPOOL-TELESCOPE; STAR-FORMATION; LIGHT CURVES AB We present a multiwavelength study of GRB 060108 - the 100th gamma-ray burst discovered by Swift. The X-ray flux and light curve (three segments plus a flare) detected with the X-ray Telescope are typical of Swift long bursts. We report the discovery of a faint optical afterglow detected in deep BVRi'-band imaging obtained with the Faulkes Telescope North beginning 2.75 min after the burst. The afterglow is below the detection limit of the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope within 100 s of the burst, while is evident in K-band images taken with the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope 45 min after the burst. The optical light curve is sparsely sampled. Observations taken in the R and i' bands can be fitted either with a single power-law 1000 s after the burst, from the optical to the X-ray range, is best fitted by a simple power law, decay in flux, F(t) alpha t(-alpha) where alpha = 0.43 +/- 0.08, or with a two-segment light curve with an initial steep decay alpha(1) < 0.88 +/- 0.2, flattening to a slope alpha(2) similar to 0.31 +/- 0.12. A marginal evidence for rebrightening is seen in the i' band. Deep R-band imaging obtained similar to 12 d post-burst with the Very Large Telescope reveals a faint, extended object (R similar to 23.5 mag) at the location of the afterglow. Although the brightness is compatible with the extrapolation of the slow decay with index a2, significant flux is likely due to a host galaxy. This implies that the optical light curve had a break before 12 d, akin to what observed in the X-rays. We derive the maximum photometric redshift z < 3.2 for GRB 060108. We find that the spectral energy distribution at 1000 s after the burst, from the optical to the X-ray range, is best fitted by a simple power law, F(nu) proportional to nu(-beta), with beta(OX) = 0.54 and a small amount of extinction. The optical to X-ray spectral index (beta(OX)) confirms GRB 060108 to be one of the optically darkest bursts detected. Our observations rule out a high redshift as the reason for the optical faintness of GRB 060108. We conclude that a more likely explanation is a combination of an intrinsic optical faintness of the burst, a hard optical to X-ray spectrum and a moderate amount of extinction in the host galaxy. C1 UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England. Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. IRST, ITC, I-38050 Trento, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-38050 Trento, Italy. SISSA, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. Univ Ljubljana, Dept Phys, Ljubljana 6100, Slovenia. ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy. INAF, Osserv Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. RP Oates, SR (reprint author), UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. EM sro@mssl.ucl.ac.uk NR 77 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD OCT 11 PY 2006 VL 372 IS 1 BP 327 EP 337 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10866.x PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 088PO UT WOS:000240823800032 ER PT J AU Perera, TA Downes, TP Meyer, SS Crawford, TM Cheng, ES Chen, TC Cottingharn, DA Sharp, EH Silverberg, RF Finkbeiner, FM Fixsen, DJ Logan, DW Wilson, GW AF Perera, T. A. Downes, T. P. Meyer, S. S. Crawford, T. M. Cheng, E. S. Chen, T. C. Cottingharn, D. A. Sharp, E. H. Silverberg, R. F. Finkbeiner, F. M. Fixsen, D. J. Logan, D. W. Wilson, G. W. TI Optical performance of frequency-selective bolometers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION EDGE SENSORS; SPEED CAMERA; SUBMILLIMETER; SCATTERING; ARRAYS AB Frequency-selective bolometers (FSBs) are a new type of detector for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths that are transparent to all but a narrow range of frequencies as set by characteristics of the absorber itself Therefore stacks of FSBs tuned to different frequencies provide a low-loss compact method for utilizing a large fraction of the light collected by a telescope. Tests of prototype FSBs indicate that the absorption spectra are well predicted by models, that peak absolute absorption efficiencies of the order of 50% are attainable, and that their out-of-band transmission is high. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Conceptual Analyt, Glenn Dale, MD 20769 USA. Global Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Astron & Solar Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Perera, TA (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM perera@astro.umass.edu NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 29 BP 7643 EP 7651 DI 10.1364/AO.45.007643 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 092GF UT WOS:000241084300013 PM 17068598 ER PT J AU Monkman, E Sills, A Howell, J Guhathakurta, P de Angeli, F Beccari, G AF Monkman, Eric Sills, Alison Howell, Justin Guhathakurta, Puragra de Angeli, Francesca Beccari, Giacomo TI Tracing the dynamical history of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE blue stragglers; globular clusters : general; globular clusters : individual (47 Tucanae); stars : luminosity function, mass function ID GALACTIC GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS; BLUE STRAGGLER POPULATION; OLD OPEN CLUSTERS; 47 TUCANAE; MAIN-SEQUENCE; STARS; 47-TUCANAE; NGC-6752; BINARIES; NGC-6397 AB We use two stellar populations in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae to trace its dynamical history: blue stragglers and low-mass main-sequence stars. We assumed that the blue stragglers were formed through stellar collisions in all regions of the cluster. We find that in the core of the cluster, models of collisional blue stragglers agree well with the observations as long as blue stragglers are still continuing to form and the mass function in the cluster is extremely biased toward massive stars ( x = -8, where a Salpeter mass function has x = +1.35). We show that such an extreme mass function is supported by direct measurements of the luminosity function of main-sequence stars in the center of the cluster. In the middle region of our data set ( 25 ''-130 '' from the cluster center), blue straggler formation seems to have stopped about half a billion years ago. In the outskirts of the cluster, our models are least successful at reproducing the blue straggler data. Taken at face value, they indicate that blue straggler formation has been insignificant over the past billion years and that a Salpeter mass function applies. However, it is more likely that the dominant formation mechanism in this part of the cluster is not the collisional one and that our models are not appropriate for this region of the cluster. We conclude that blue stragglers can be used as tracers of dynamics in globular clusters, despite our incomplete understanding of how and where they were formed. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, UCO Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. Osservatorio Astron Bologna, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Univ Teramo, Dipartimento Sci Comun, I-64100 Teramo, Italy. Osservatorio Astron Collurania, INAF, I-64100 Teramo, Italy. RP Monkman, E (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. EM monkmae@mcmaster.ca; asills@mcmaster.ca; jhhowell@ipac.caltech.edu; raja@ucolick.org; fda@ast.cam.ac.uk; giacomo.beccari@bo.astro.it NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.1086/507323 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400016 ER PT J AU Bouchet, P Dwek, E Danziger, J Arendt, RG De Buizer, IJM Park, S Suntzeff, NB Kirshner, RP Challis, P AF Bouchet, Patrice Dwek, Eli Danziger, John Arendt, Richard G. De Buizer, I. James M. Park, Sangwook Suntzeff, Nicholas B. Kirshner, Robert P. Challis, Peter TI SN 1987A after 18 years: Mid-infrared gemini and Spitzer observations of the remnant SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; infrared : ISM; supernovae : individual (SN 1987A); supernova remnants ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; SN 1987A; SUPERNOVA REMNANT; INTERSTELLAR DUST; CIRCUMSTELLAR RING; INFRARED-EMISSION; RADIO REMNANT; CASSIOPEIA-A; ABUNDANCES AB Using the Gemini South 8 m telescope, we obtained high-resolution 11.7 and 18.3 mu m mid-IR images of SN 1987A on day 6526 since the explosion. All the emission arises from the equatorial ring. Nearly contemporaneous spectra obtained at 5-38 mu m with the Spitzer Space Telescope show that this is thermal emission from silicate dust that condensed out in the red giant wind of the progenitor star. The dust temperature is 166(-12)(+18) K, and the emitting dust mass is 2.6(-1.4)(+2.0) x 10(-6) M-circle dot. Comparison of the Gemini 11.7 mu m image with Chandra X-ray images, HST UV-optical images, and ATCA radio synchrotron images shows generally good correlation across all wavelengths. If the dust resides in the diffuse X-ray-emitting gas then it is collisionally heated. The IR emission can then be used to derive the plasma temperature and density, which were found to be in good agreement with those inferred from the X-rays. Alternatively, the dust could reside in the dense UV-optical knots and be heated by the radiative shocks that are propagating through the knots. In either case the dust-to-gas mass ratio in the CSM around the supernova is significantly lower than that in the general interstellar medium of the LMC, suggesting either a low condensation efficiency in the wind of the progenitor star or the efficient destruction of the dust by the SN blast wave. Overall, we are witnessing the interaction of the SN blast wave with its surrounding medium, creating an environment that is rapidly evolving at all wavelengths. C1 Observ Paris, GEPI, F-92195 Meudon, France. Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, Natl Opt Astron Observ, La Serena, Chile. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Osserv Astron Trieste, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. AURA Inc, Gemini Observ, So Operat Ctr, La Serena, Chile. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Bouchet, P (reprint author), Observ Paris, GEPI, Site Meudon,5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France. EM patrice.bouchet@obspm.fr OI Arendt, Richard/0000-0001-8403-8548 NR 57 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 212 EP 227 DI 10.1086/505929 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400018 ER PT J AU Hrivnak, BJ Kelly, DM Su, KYL Kwok, S Sahai, R AF Hrivnak, Bruce J. Kelly, Douglas M. Su, Kate Y. L. Kwok, Sun Sahai, Raghvendra TI A study of H-2 emission in the bipolar proto-planetary nebula IRAS 17150-3224 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; infrared : stars; planetary nebulae : general; stars : AGB and post-AGB; stars : mass loss ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN EMISSION; PLANETARY-NEBULAE; SHOCK-WAVES; SPECTROSCOPY; OUTFLOW; PRECURSORS; EXCITATION; EVOLUTION AB H-2 emission has been detected in the bipolar proto - planetary nebula IRAS 17150 - 3224 from the 1 - 0 S( 1), 1 - 0 S( 0), and 2 - 1 S( 1) transitions in the 2 mu m region. Line ratios suggest that this emission is due to collisional excitation. High-resolution imaging with NICMOS on HST shows that the emission comes from four regions: clumps near the ends of the lobes ( the brightest region), the lobes in general, a particular region outside the northwest lobe, and a faint loop in the equatorial region. Spatially resolved high-resolution spectra at 2.12 mu m reveal that the H-2 1 - 0 S( 1) line has a velocity width of about 35 km s(-1) in the lobes, consistent with C-type shocks. The emission from the clumps in the lobes appears to arise from the impact of a fast wind with the slower moving material in the AGB wind. C1 Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hrivnak, BJ (reprint author), Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. EM bruce.hrivnak@valpo.edu; dkelly@as.arizona.edu; ksu@as.arizona.edu; sunkwok@hku.hk; raghvendra.sahai@jpl.nasa.gov RI Kwok, Sun/D-3080-2009 OI Kwok, Sun/0000-0001-7708-081X NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 237 EP 245 DI 10.1086/506014 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400020 ER PT J AU Chen, X Zhang, SN Ding, GQ AF Chen, Xie Zhang, Shuang Nan Ding, Guo Qiang TI Propeller-driven spectral state transition in the low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1608-52 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; stars : individual (4U 1608-52); stars : neutron; X-rays : binaries ID BLACK-HOLE; EARTH OCCULTATION; QUIESCENCE; TRANSIENTS; LUMINOSITY; ACCRETION; RXTE AB Spectral state transitions in neutron star-low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) systems have been widely observed, but are not well understood. Here we report an abrupt spectral change in 4U 1608-52, a typical atoll source, during the decay phase of its 2004 outburst. The source is found to undergo sudden changes in spectral hardness and other properties. The transition occurred when its luminosity was between 3.3; 10(36) and 5.3; 10(36) ergs s(-1), assuming a distance of 3.6 kpc. Interpreting this event in terms of the "propeller effect,'' we derive a neutron star surface magnetic field of 1.4-1.8 x 10(8) G. We also briefly discuss similarities and differences between the spectral states of neutron star and black hole binary systems. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, Beijing 100864, Peoples R China. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Chen, X (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM carolchenxie@gmail.com; zhangsn@tsinghua.edu.cn; dinggq@mail.tsinghua.edu NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 299 EP 302 DI 10.1086/506338 PN 1 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400027 ER PT J AU Schneider, G Silverstone, MD Hines, DC Augereau, JC Pinte, C Menard, F Krist, J Clampin, M Grady, C Golimowski, D Ardila, D Henning, T Wolf, S Rodmann, J AF Schneider, Glenn Silverstone, Murray D. Hines, Dean C. Augereau, Jean-Charles Pinte, Christophe Menard, Francois Krist, John Clampin, Mark Grady, Carol Golimowski, David Ardila, David Henning, Thomas Wolf, Sebastian Rodmann, Jens TI Discovery of an 86 AU radius debris ring around HD 181327 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; infrared : stars; planetary systems : protoplanetary disks; stars : individual (HD 181327) ID TUCANA-HOROLOGIUM ASSOCIATION; PICTORIS DUST DISK; BETA-PICTORIS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK; AU-MICROSCOPII; SPACE-TELESCOPE; STAR-FORMATION; ASYMMETRIES; DYNAMICS; COMPANIONS AB HST NICMOS PSF-subtracted coronagraphic observations of HD 181327 have revealed the presence of a ringlike disk of circumstellar debris seen in 1.1 mu m light scattered by the disk grains, surrounded by a diffuse outer region of lower surface brightness. The annular disk appears to be inclined by 31.degrees 7 +/- 1.degrees 6 from face-on, with the disk major-axis P. A. at 107 degrees +/- 2 degrees. The total 1.1 mu m flux density of the light scattered by the disk (at 1."2 < r < 5."0) of 9.6 +/- 0.8 mJy is 0.17% +/- 0.015% of the starlight. Seventy percent of the light from the scattering grains appears to be confined in a 36 AU wide annulus centered on the peak of the radial surface brightness (SB) profile 86.3 +/- 3.9 AU from the star, well beyond the characteristic radius of thermal emission estimated from IRAS and Spitzer flux densities, assuming black-body grains (approximate to 22 AU). The 1.1 mu m light scattered by the ring (1) appears bilaterally symmetric, (2) exhibits directionally preferential scattering well represented by a Henyey-Greenstein scattering phase function with g(HG) = 0.30 +/- 0.03, and (3) has a median SB (over all azimuth angles) at the 86.3 AU radius of peak SB of 1.00 +/- 0.07 mJy arcsec(-2). No photocentric offset is seen in the ring relative to the position of the central star. A low SB diffuse halo is seen in the NICMOS image to a distance of similar to 4". Deeper 0.6 mu m Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ACS PSF-subtracted coronagraphic observations reveal a faint (V approximate to 21.5 mag arcsec(-2)) outer nebulosity at 4" < r < 9", asymmetrically brighter to the north of the star. We discuss models of the disk and properties of its grains, from which we infer a maximum vertical scale height of 4-8 AU at the 87.6 AU radius of maximum surface density, and a total maximum dust mass of collisionally replenished grains with minimum grain sizes of approximate to 1 mu m of approximate to 4M(Moon). C1 Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Jet Prop Lab, F-38041 Grenoble, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Eureka Sci, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 20218 USA. Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Schneider, G (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 68 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 414 EP 431 DI 10.1086/506507 PN 1 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400036 ER PT J AU Nitta, NV Reames, DV DeRosa, ML Liu, Y Yashiro, S Gopalswamy, N AF Nitta, Nariaki V. Reames, Donald V. DeRosa, Marc L. Liu, Yang Yashiro, Seiji Gopalswamy, Natchimuthuk TI Solar sources of impulsive solar energetic particle events and their magnetic field connection to the Earth SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun : flares; Sun : magnetic fields; Sun : particle emission; Sun : X-rays, gamma rays ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; X-RAY TELESCOPE; ELECTRON EVENTS; HE-3-RICH EVENTS; WIND SPACECRAFT; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; RADIO-BURSTS; A MISSION; ACCELERATION; FLARES AB This paper investigates the solar origin of impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events, often referred to as (3)He-rich flares, by attempting to locate the source regions of 117 events as observed at similar to 2-3 MeVamu(-1). Given large uncertainties as to when ions at these energies were injected, we use type III radio bursts that occur within a 5 hr time window preceding the observed ion onset, and search in EUV and X-ray full-disk images for brightenings around the times of the type III bursts. In this way we find the solar sources in 69 events. High cadence EUV images often reveal a jet in the source region shortly after the type III burst. We also study magnetic field connections between the Earth and the solar sources of impulsive SEP events as identified above, combining the potential field source surface (PFSS) model for the coronal field and the Parker spiral for the interplanetary magnetic field. We find open field lines in and around similar to 80% of the source regions. But only in similar to 40% of the cases, can we find field lines that are both close to the source region at the photosphere and to the Parker spiral coordinates at the source surface, suggesting challenges in understanding the Sun-Earth magnetic field with observations available at present and in near future. C1 Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophys Lab, Dept ADBS, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nitta, NV (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophys Lab, Dept ADBS, B-252,3251 Hanover St, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM nitta@lmsal.com; reames@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; derosa@lmsal.com; yliu@quake.stanford.edu; yashiro@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; gopals@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012; OI Gopalswamy, Nat/0000-0001-5894-9954 NR 50 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 438 EP 450 DI 10.1086/507442 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400038 ER PT J AU DiSanti, MA Bonev, BP Magee-Sauer, K Dello Russo, N Mumma, MJ Reuter, DC Villanueva, GL AF DiSanti, M. A. Bonev, B. P. Magee-Sauer, K. Dello Russo, N. Mumma, M. J. Reuter, D. C. Villanueva, G. L. TI Detection of formaldehyde emission in comet C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) at infrared wavelengths: Line-by-line validation of modeled fluorescent intensities SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrochemistry; comets : individual (C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)); infrared : solar system ID O1 HALE-BOPP; C/1996 B2 HYAKUTAKE; WATER PRODUCTION; HYDROGEN-CYANIDE; PARENT VOLATILES; EXTENDED SOURCES; HALLEYS-COMET; H1 LEE; SPECTRUM; 153P/IKEYA-ZHANG AB Formaldehyde ( H2CO) was observed in comet C/2002 T7 ( LINEAR) with spectral resolving power lambda/Delta lambda similar to 2.5; 104 using the Cryogenic Echelle Spectrometer ( CSHELL) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, on UT 2004 May 5, 7, and 9. The observations, which sampled emission in the nu(1) and nu(5) rovibrational bands between 3.53 and 3.62 mu m, represent the first spectrally resolved detection, at infrared wavelengths, of monomeric H2CO spanning a range of rotational energies. A comparison of measured line intensities with an existing fluorescence model permitted extraction of rotational temperatures and production rates. Two complementary approaches were used: ( 1) a correlation analysis that provided a direct global comparison of the observed cometary emissions with the model and ( 2) an excitation analysis that provided a robust line-by-line comparison. Our results validate the fluorescence model. The overall correlation coefficient was near or above 0.9 in our two principal grating settings. The excitation analysis provided accurate measures of rotational excitation ( rotational temperature) on all three dates, with retrieved values of Trot clustering near 100 K. Through simultaneous measurement of OH prompt emission, which we use as a proxy for H2O, we obtained native production rates and mixing ratios for H2CO. The native production of H2CO varied from day to day, but its abundance relative to H2O, X-native, remained approximately constant within the errors, which may suggest an overall homogeneous composition of the nucleus. We measured a mean mixing ratio Xnative = ( 0.79 +/- 0.09); 10(-2) for the three dates. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Rowan Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP DiSanti, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM disanti@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI mumma, michael/I-2764-2013; Magee-Sauer, Karen/K-6061-2015; Dello Russo, Neil/G-2727-2015 OI Magee-Sauer, Karen/0000-0002-4979-9875; Dello Russo, Neil/0000-0002-8379-7304 NR 53 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP 470 EP 483 DI 10.1086/507118 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TR UT WOS:000241193400041 ER PT J AU Villanueva, GL Bonev, BP Mumma, MJ Magee-Sauer, K DiSanti, MA Salyk, C Blake, GA AF Villanueva, Geronimo L. Bonev, Boncho P. Mumma, Michael J. Magee-Sauer, Karen DiSanti, Michael A. Salyk, C. Blake, Geoffrey A. TI The volatile composition of the split ecliptic comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3: a comparison of fragments C and B SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comets : individual (73P/SW3); Kuiper Belt; solar system : formation ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; KUIPER-BELT; PARENT VOLATILES; OORT CLOUD; 21P/GIACOBINI-ZINNER; CHEMISTRY; EVOLUTION; METHANE; ORIGIN; ETHANE AB The composition of fragments C and B of the Jupiter-family comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 (SW3) was investigated in early April of 2006 at IR wavelengths using high-dispersion echelle spectroscopy. Both fragments were depleted in ethane, and C was depleted in most forms of volatile carbon. In particular, fragment C shows a severe depletion of CH3OH but a "normal" abundance of HCN (which has a similar volatility). Thermal processing is a possible explanation, but since fragment B is perhaps sublimating fresher material because of the frequent outbursts and fragmentation, the observed depletions might have cosmogonic implications. The chemistry of the volatile ices in SW3, like in the Oort Cloud comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR), may be associated with sublimation of icy mantles from precometary grains followed by subsequent gas-phase chemistry and recondensation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Rowan Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Villanueva, GL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Planetary Syst Lab, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM villanueva@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI mumma, michael/I-2764-2013; Magee-Sauer, Karen/K-6061-2015 OI Magee-Sauer, Karen/0000-0002-4979-9875 NR 41 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2006 VL 650 IS 1 BP L87 EP L90 DI 10.1086/508806 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093TS UT WOS:000241193500022 ER PT J AU Petukhov, AG Osipov, VV Smelyanskiy, VN AF Petukhov, A. G. Osipov, V. V. Smelyanskiy, V. N. TI Electronic control and readout of qubits based on single impurity states in semiconductors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SILICON AB The authors demonstrate that a semiconductor n(+)/i/n(+) junction is the most suitable candidate for electronic control and readout of semiconductor qubits based on shallow impurities. Tuning of the doping levels in n(+) regions and self-induced interface barriers ensure that an impurity atom placed in i region is populated with one electron in equilibrium. They analyze Li donors in Si and show that a large signal qubit readout can be realized via polarization selective photoexcitation of resonant cotunneling current through an excited impurity state. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Phys, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. Mission Crit Technol Inc, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Petukhov, AG (reprint author), S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Phys, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. EM andre.petukhov@sdsmt.edu NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 9 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 15 AR 153127 DI 10.1063/1.2362584 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 094OD UT WOS:000241247900119 ER PT J AU Drasco, S AF Drasco, Steve TI Strategies for observing extreme mass ratio inspirals SO CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Gravitational Wave Data Analysis Workshop CY DEC 14-17, 2005 CL Brownsville, TX ID GRAVITATIONAL-RADIATION REACTION; ROTATING BLACK-HOLE; KERR SPACETIME; PERTURBATIONS; FIELD; EQUATIONS; ORBIT; LISA AB I review the status of research, conducted by a variety of independent groups, aimed at the eventual observation of extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs) with gravitational wave detectors. EMRIs are binary systems in which one of the objects is much more massive than the other, and which are in a state of dynamical evolution that is dominated by the effects of gravitational radiation. Although these systems are highly relativistic, with the smaller object moving relative to the larger at nearly light-speed, they are well described by perturbative calculations which exploit the mass ratio as a natural small parameter. I review the use of such approximations to generate waveforms needed by data analysis algorithms for observation. I also briefly review the status of developing the data analysis algorithms themselves. Although this paper is almost entirely a review of previous work, it includes (as an appendix) a new analytical estimate for the time over which the influence of radiation on the binary itself is observationally negligible. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Drasco, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0264-9381 J9 CLASSICAL QUANT GRAV JI Class. Quantum Gravity PD OCT 7 PY 2006 VL 23 IS 19 SI SI BP S769 EP S784 DI 10.1088/0264-9381/23/19/S16 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 091IY UT WOS:000241021800017 ER PT J AU Zheng, YH Lui, ATY Li, XL Fok, MC AF Zheng, Yihua Lui, Anthony T. Y. Li, Xinlin Fok, Mei-Ching TI Characteristics of 2-6 MeV electrons in the slot region and inner radiation belt SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VAN-ALLEN RADIATION; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; MAGNETIC STORM; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; ACCELERATION; DIFFUSION; ULF; MAGNETOSPHERE; ENERGIZATION; SAMPEX AB [ 1] In this paper, the long-term relativistic electron behavior in the often overlooked "slot'' region and the inner belt was studied using the 2 - 6 MeV electron data from the SAMPEX satellite during 1992 - 2004. In particular, we investigated the penetration of the 2 - 6 MeV electrons to the slot region, their flux enhancement in the inner belt, and how these two processes are related to magnetospheric activity levels and solar wind parameters. It is found that the 2 - 6 MeV electron penetration ( L < 3) usually takes place after those intense storms whose Dst(min) is less than - 130 nT. The penetration distance has a good correlation with the daily Dst minimum delayed by 3 days. However, it has little or no correlation with any of the individual daily solar wind parameters. A superposed epoch analysis shows a similar time lag between the peak values of the solar wind parameters/Dst index and the flux peak in the slot region at L = 2.5. Although the inner belt has fewer variations compared to the outer belt, it has its own response to different conditions. Analysis of the inner belt indicates that the flux enhancement is associated with high solar wind speed (> 550 km s(-1)) as well as low solar wind density ( similar to 4.4 cm(-3)). Either a couple of very extreme storms or recurrent intense storms will create conditions favorable for the MeV electron enhancement in the inner belt. However, without high-speed solar wind on average, a series of intense storms alone are not sufficient to create inner belt electron flux enhancement. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zheng, YH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM yihua.zheng@jhuapl.edu; tony.lui@jhuapl.edu; xinlin.li@lasp.colorado.edu; mei-ching.h.fok@nasa.gov RI Zheng, Yihua/D-7368-2012; Fok, Mei-Ching/D-1626-2012 NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10204 DI 10.1029/2006JA011748 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 092UM UT WOS:000241122800002 ER PT J AU Pickett, HM Read, WG Lee, KK Yung, YL AF Pickett, H. M. Read, W. G. Lee, K. K. Yung, Y. L. TI Observation of night OH in the mesosphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EMISSION; O(S-1); AURA AB Satellite measurements from the Aura MLS instrument show a layer of OH near 82 km in the night. This layer confirms earlier measurements by ground-based LIDAR. The MLS and LIDAR observations measure OH in the lowest vibrational state and are distinct, but related chemically, from vibrationally-excited emission from the OH Meinel bands in the near infrared. The Caltech 1-D model has been extended to include vibrational dependence of OH reactions and shows good agreement with MLS OH data and with observations of the Meinel bands. The model shows a chemical lifetime of HO(x) that increases from less than a day at 80 km to over a month at 87 km. Above this altitude transport processes become an important part of HOx chemistry. The model predicts that ground state OH represents 99% of the total OH up to 84 km. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Pickett, HM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM herbert.m.pickett@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 6 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19808 DI 10.1029/2006GL026910 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 092SU UT WOS:000241118400003 ER PT J AU Grzegorski, M Wenig, M Platt, U Stammes, P Fournier, N Wagner, T AF Grzegorski, M. Wenig, M. Platt, U. Stammes, P. Fournier, N. Wagner, T. TI The Heidelberg iterative cloud retrieval utilities (HICRU) and its application to GOME data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; BAND MEASUREMENTS; OXYGEN; ISCCP; NO2 AB Information about clouds, in particular the accurate identification of cloud free pixels, is crucial for the retrieval of tropospheric vertical column densities from space. The Heidelberg Iterative Cloud Retrieval Utilities (HICRU) retrieve effective cloud fraction using spectra of two instruments designed for trace gas retrievals from space: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on ENVISAT. HICRU applies the widely used threshold method to the so-called Polarization Monitoring Devices (PMDs) with higher spatial resolution compared to the channels used for trace gas retrievals. Cloud retrieval and in particular the identification of cloud free pixels is improved by HICRU through a sophisticated, iterative retrieval of the thresholds which takes their dependency on different instrumental and geometrical parameters into account. The lower thresholds, which represent the surface albedo and strongly affect the results of the algorithm, are retrieved accurately through a four stage classification scheme using image sequence analysis. The design and the results of the algorithm applied to GOME data are described and compared to several other cloud algorithms for GOME. The differences to other cloud algorithms are discussed with respect to the particular characteristics of the algorithms. C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Phys, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. KNMI, Climate Res & Seismol Dept, De Bilt, Netherlands. RP Grzegorski, M (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Phys, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. EM mgrzegor@iup.uni-heidelberg.de RI Wenig, Mark/K-7279-2012 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 5 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 4461 EP 4476 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093YD UT WOS:000241205300001 ER PT J AU Ziemke, JR Chandra, S Duncan, BN Froidevaux, L Bhartia, PK Levelt, PF Waters, JW AF Ziemke, J. R. Chandra, S. Duncan, B. N. Froidevaux, L. Bhartia, P. K. Levelt, P. F. Waters, J. W. TI Tropospheric ozone determined from aura OMI and MLS: Evaluation of measurements and comparison with the Global Modeling Initiative's Chemical Transport Model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MAPPING SPECTROMETER TOMS; BIOMASS-BURNING EMISSIONS; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; MONITORING INSTRUMENT; ACCURATE SIMULATION; AIR-POLLUTION; CHEMISTRY; PARAMETERIZATION; ATLANTIC; STRATOSPHERE AB [ 1] Ozone measurements from the OMI and MLS instruments on board the Aura satellite are used for deriving global distributions of tropospheric column ozone (TCO). TCO is determined using the tropospheric ozone residual method which involves subtracting measurements of MLS stratospheric column ozone (SCO) from OMI total column ozone after adjusting for intercalibration differences of the two instruments using the convective-cloud differential method. The derived TCO field, which covers one complete year of mostly continuous daily measurements from late August 2004 through August 2005, is used for studying the regional and global pollution on a timescale of a few days to months. The seasonal and zonal characteristics of the observed TCO fields are also compared with TCO fields derived from the Global Modeling Initiative's Chemical Transport Model. The model and observations show interesting similarities with respect to zonal and seasonal variations. However, there are notable differences, particularly over the vast region of the Saharan desert. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. RP Ziemke, JR (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. EM ziemke@jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 NR 60 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 5 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 5 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D19 AR D19303 DI 10.1029/2006JD007089 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 092TH UT WOS:000241119700005 ER PT J AU Khazanov, GV Gamayunov, KV Gallagher, DL Kozyra, JU AF Khazanov, G. V. Gamayunov, K. V. Gallagher, D. L. Kozyra, J. U. TI Self-consistent model of magnetospheric ring current and propagating electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: Waves in multi-ion magnetosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; EQUATORIAL MAGNETOSPHERE; DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; RESONANT INTERACTIONS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; CURRENT EVOLUTION; KINETIC-MODEL; HEAVY-IONS; OMEGA-HE AB [ 1] The further development of a self-consistent theoretical model of interacting ring current ions and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (Khazanov et al., 2003) is presented. In order to adequately take into account wave propagation and refraction in a multi-ion magnetosphere, we explicitly include the ray tracing equations in our previous self-consistent model and use the general form of the wave kinetic equation. This is a major new feature of the present model and, to the best of our knowledge, the ray tracing equations for the first time are explicitly employed on a global magnetospheric scale in order to self-consistently simulate the spatial, temporal, and spectral evolution of the ring current and of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. To demonstrate the effects of EMIC wave propagation and refraction on the wave energy distribution and evolution, we simulate the May 1998 storm. The main findings of our simulation can be summarized as follows. First, owing to the density gradient at the plasmapause, the net wave refraction is suppressed, and He+-mode grows preferably at the plasmapause. This result is in total agreement with previous ray tracing studies and is very clearly found in presented B field spectrograms. Second, comparison of global wave distributions with the results from another ring current model (Kozyra et al., 1997) reveals that this new model provides more intense and more highly plasmapause-organized wave distributions during the May 1998 storm period. Finally, it is found that He+-mode energy distributions are not Gaussian distributions and most important that wave energy can occupy not only the region of generation, i.e., the region of small wave normal angles, but all wave normal angles, including those to near 90 degrees. The latter is extremely crucial for energy transfer to thermal plasmaspheric electrons by resonant Landau damping and subsequent downward heat transport and excitation of stable auroral red arcs. C1 NASA, Dept Space Sci, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 49109 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Dept Space Sci, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM george.khazanov@msfc.nasa.gov; konstantin.gamayunov@msfc.nasa.gov; dennis.l.gallagher@nasa.gov; jukozyra@umich.edu RI Gamayunov, Konstantin/A-8505-2009 OI Gamayunov, Konstantin/0000-0002-8768-8527 NR 74 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 5 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10202 DI 10.1029/2006JA011833 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 092UH UT WOS:000241122300007 ER PT J AU Matteini, L Landi, S Hellinger, P Velli, M AF Matteini, Lorenzo Landi, Simone Hellinger, Petr Velli, Marco TI Parallel proton fire hose instability in the expanding solar wind: Hybrid simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPY; EXCITATION; EVOLUTION; FIELD; MODEL AB [ 1] We report a study of the properties of the parallel proton fire hose instability comparing the results obtained by the linear analysis, from one-dimensional (1-D) standard hybrid simulations and 1-D hybrid expanding box simulations. The three different approaches converge toward the same instability threshold condition which is in good agreement with in situ observations, suggesting that such instability is relevant in the solar wind context. We investigate also the effect of the wave-particle interactions on shaping the proton distribution function and on the evolution of the spectrum of the magnetic fluctuations during the expansion. We find that the resonant interaction can provide the proton distribution function to depart from the bi-Maxwellian form. C1 Univ Florence, Dipartimento Astron & Sci Spazio, I-50125 Florence, Italy. Observ Paris, Lesia, F-75014 Paris, France. AS CR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague 14131, Czech Republic. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Matteini, L (reprint author), Univ Florence, Dipartimento Astron & Sci Spazio, Largo E Fermi 2, I-50125 Florence, Italy. EM petr.hellinger@cas.cz RI Hellinger, Petr/F-5267-2014; Landi, Simone/G-7282-2015 OI Hellinger, Petr/0000-0002-5608-0834; Landi, Simone/0000-0002-1322-8712 NR 18 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 5 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10101 DI 10.1029/2006JA011667 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 092UH UT WOS:000241122300005 ER PT J AU Xie, HM Wang, RS Ying, JR Zhang, LY Jalbout, AF Yu, HY Yang, GL Pan, XM Su, ZM AF Xie, Hai-Ming Wang, Rong-Shun Ying, Jie-Rong Zhang, Ling-Yun Jalbout, Abraham F. Yu, Hai-Ying Yang, Gui-Ling Pan, Xiu-Mei Su, Zhong-Min TI Optimized LiFePO4-polyacene cathode material for lithium-ion batteries SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LIFEPO4 AB A novel core/shell compound has been developed by coating a spherical LiFePO4 structure with a specific pi-bond character planar polymer (polyacene, PAS). The electronic conductivity, low-temperature character, and tap density of the LiFePO4 PAS composite were significantly improved compared to LiFePO4, which may lead to use in lithium-ion battery applications. C1 NE Normal Univ, Dept Chem, Inst Funct Mat, Changchun 130024, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Inst Nucl & New Energy Technol, Beijing 102201, Peoples R China. Univ Arizona, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, NASA, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Wang, RS (reprint author), NE Normal Univ, Dept Chem, Inst Funct Mat, Changchun 130024, Peoples R China. EM wangrs@nenu.edu.cn; zmsu@nenu.edu.cn RI Su, Zhong-Min/H-4734-2011 NR 21 TC 204 Z9 230 U1 21 U2 121 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD OCT 4 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 19 BP 2609 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200600578 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 095NO UT WOS:000241314800022 ER PT J AU Shindell, DT Faluvegi, G Unger, N Aguilar, E Schmidt, GA Koch, DM Bauer, SE Miller, RL AF Shindell, D. T. Faluvegi, G. Unger, N. Aguilar, E. Schmidt, G. A. Koch, D. M. Bauer, S. E. Miller, R. L. TI Simulations of preindustrial, present-day, and 2100 conditions in the NASA GISS composition and climate model G-PUCCINI SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE OZONE MEASUREMENTS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; IN-SITU; GREENHOUSE-GAS; NITROUS-OXIDE; AGE SPECTRA; NITRIC-ACID; TRENDS AB A model of atmospheric composition and climate has been developed at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) that includes composition seamlessly from the surface to the lower mesosphere. The model is able to capture many features of the observed magnitude, distribution, and seasonal cycle of trace species. The simulation is especially realistic in the troposphere. In the stratosphere, high latitude regions show substantial biases during period when transport governs the distribution as meridional mixing is too rapid in this model version. In other regions, including the extrapolar tropopause region that dominates radiative forcing (RF) by ozone, stratospheric gases are generally well-simulated. The model's stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) agrees well with values inferred from observations for both the global mean flux and the ratio of Northern (NH) to Southern Hemisphere (SH) downward fluxes. Simulations of preindustrial (PI) to present-day (PD) changes show tropospheric ozone burden increases of 11% while the stratospheric burden decreases by 18%. The resulting tropopause RF values are - 0.06 W/m(2) from stratospheric ozone and 0.40 W/m(2) from tropospheric ozone. Global mean mass-weighted OH decreases by 16% from the PI to the PD. STE of ozone also decreased substantially during this time, by 14%. Comparison of the PD with a simulation using 1979 pre-ozone hole conditions for the stratosphere shows a much larger downward flux of ozone into the troposphere in 1979, resulting in a substantially greater tropospheric ozone burden than that seen in the PD run. This implies that reduced STE due to stratospheric ozone depletion may have offset as much as 2/3 of the tropospheric ozone burden increase from PI to PD. However, the model overestimates the downward flux of ozone at high Southern latitudes, so this estimate is likely an upper limit. In the future, the tropospheric ozone burden increases by 101% in 2100 for the A2 scenario including both emissions and climate changes. The primary reason is enhanced STE, which increases by 124% (168% in the SH extratropics, and 114% in the NH extratropics). Climate plays a minimal role in the SH increases, but contributes 38% in the NH. Chemistry and dry deposition both change so as to reduce tropospheric ozone, partially in compensation for the enhanced STE, but the increased ozone influx dominates the burden changes. The net RF due to projected ozone changes is 0.8 W/m(2) for A2. The influence of climate change alone is - 0.2 W/m(2), making it a substantial contributor to the net RF. The tropospheric oxidation capacity increases seven percent in the full A2 simulation, and 36% due to A2 climate change alone. C1 NASA, Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Geophys, New Haven, CT USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Shindell, DT (reprint author), NASA, Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM dshindell@giss.nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015 OI Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; NR 68 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 4 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 4427 EP 4459 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093YB UT WOS:000241205100002 ER PT J AU Kato, S Loeb, NG Minnis, P Francis, JA Charlock, TP Rutan, DA Clothiaux, EE Sun-Mack, S AF Kato, Seiji Loeb, Norman G. Minnis, Patrick Francis, Jennifer A. Charlock, Thomas P. Rutan, David A. Clothiaux, Eugene E. Sun-Mack, Szedung TI Seasonal and interannual variations of top-of-atmosphere irradiance and cloud cover over polar regions derived from the CERES data set SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION MODELS; RADIATIVE FLUX ESTIMATION; ENERGY SYSTEM INSTRUMENT; ARCTIC-OCEAN; ANNUAL CYCLE; WATER-VAPOR; ICE COVER; PART I; SATELLITE; TEMPERATURE AB The daytime cloud fraction derived by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) cloud algorithm using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiances over the Arctic from March 2000 through February 2004 increases at a rate of 0.047 per decade. The trend is significant at an 80% confidence level. The corresponding top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave irradiances derived from CERES radiance measurements show less significant trend during this period. These results suggest that the influence of reduced Arctic sea ice cover on TOA reflected shortwave radiation is reduced by the presence of clouds and possibly compensated by the increase in cloud cover. The cloud fraction and TOA reflected shortwave irradiance over the Antarctic show no significant trend during the same period. C1 NASA, Climate Sci Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Analyt Serv & Mat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA USA. RP Kato, S (reprint author), NASA, Climate Sci Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM s.kato@larc.nasa.gov RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 4 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19804 DI 10.1029/2006GL026685 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 092SQ UT WOS:000241118000001 ER PT J AU Glotch, TD Bandfield, JL AF Glotch, Timothy D. Bandfield, Joshua L. TI Determination and interpretation of surface and atmospheric Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectral end-members at the Meridiani Planum landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID OPPORTUNITY ROVER; HEMATITE MINERALIZATION; ACIDIC GROUNDWATER; TERRA-MERIDIANI; SINUS MERIDIANI; EARLY MARS; MINI-TES; JAROSITE; WATER; MINERALOGY AB [ 1] Factor analysis and target transformation techniques have been applied to Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra to isolate the end-member surface and atmospheric component spectral shapes at Meridiani Planum. The surface spectral shapes recovered from the Mini-TES data set include coarse, gray hematite, surface dust, basaltic sand, and the silica/sulfate-rich outcrop. In addition, two atmospheric spectral shapes are identified, indicating the variable nature of the atmosphere over the course of the MER rover missions. Linear deconvolution of the basaltic spectral shape indicates that it is high in plagioclase and pyroxene, including pigeonite, with smaller amounts of glass/ phyllosilicate and olivine. Linear deconvolution of the outcrop spectral shape indicates that it is composed primarily of amorphous silica/glass/phyllosilicates and Mg-, Ca-, and Fe-bearing sulfates, with smaller amounts of plagioclase. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Glotch, TD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MC 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tglotch@gps.caltech.edu RI Glotch, Timothy/B-6829-2008 NR 56 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 4 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E12 AR E12S06 DI 10.1029/2005JE002671 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 092TW UT WOS:000241121200001 ER PT J AU Webb, PA Benson, RF Grebowsky, JM AF Webb, Phillip A. Benson, Robert F. Grebowsky, Joseph M. TI Technique for determining midlatitude O+/H+ transition heights from topside ionograms SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-DENSITY PROFILES; UPPER IONOSPHERE; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; PLASMASPHERE; ATMOSPHERE AB [ 1] The midlatitude O+/H+ transition height ( where the H+ and O+ number densities are equal) is of importance because it is where the topside altitude distribution of the dominant ions transitions from the ionospheric F region into the plasmasphere, which is considered the inner region of the magnetosphere. This transition height can be determined by fitting ionospheric topside sounder - derived electron density (N-e) profiles to analytical H+ and O+ functions. There are four variables involved in this process, two involving ion number densities and two involving the electron temperature T-e. The density variables are the H+ density at the height of the satellite and the O+ density at the base of the profile ( taken as 400 km). The temperature variables have been treated using different approaches. In an earlier investigation, diffusive equilibrium ion density profiles, based on an earlier Titheridge height-varying electron temperature function, were used to fit the N-e profiles in which the electron temperature T-e and the T-e altitude gradient at a base height of 400 km, denoted by T-0 and G(0), respectively, were free variables. In the present work, T-0 and G(0) are constrained by using a later Titheridge empirical temperature model. Alternatively, when in situ Langmuir probe T-e determinations are available, the problem reduces to one with only one free temperature variable. All three of these approaches, using Titheridge's revised height-varying electron temperature function, are applied to a sequence of midlatitude ISIS 2 - derived Ne profiles obtained during a period of prolonged high magnetic activity. The results indicate that in the inner plasmasphere, where the transition height is slowly varying, the approach based on the two free Te parameters (T-0 and G(0)) agrees well with the one using the Langmuir probe input. In the region where the transition height is rapidly increasing, however, the approach based on the empirical temperature model produced the most consistent results for the O+/ H+ transition height. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth & Sci Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Space Weather Lab, Heliophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Geospace Phys Lab, Heliophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Planetary Magnetospheres Lab, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Webb, PA (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth & Sci Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM phillip.a.webb.1@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Grebowsky, Joseph/I-7185-2013 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 EI 1944-799X J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD OCT 4 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 6 AR RS6S34 DI 10.1029/2005RS003391 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 092UV UT WOS:000241123700002 ER PT J AU Huang, JP Lin, B Minnis, P Wang, TH Wang, X Hu, YX Yi, YH Ayers, JK AF Huang, Jianping Lin, Bing Minnis, Patrick Wang, Tianhe Wang, Xin Hu, Yongxiang Yi, Yuhong Ayers, J. Kirk TI Satellite-based assessment of possible dust aerosols semi-direct effect on cloud water path over East Asia SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL-VARIATION; CLIMATE RESPONSE; DROPLET SIZE; POLLUTION; ALBEDO AB The semi-direct effects of dust aerosols are analyzed over eastern Asia using 2 years (June 2002 to June 2004) of data from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanning radiometer and MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite, and 18 years (1984 to 2001) of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data. The results show that the water path of dust-contaminated clouds is considerably smaller than that of dust-free clouds. The mean ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP) of dusty clouds are less than their dust-free counterparts by 23.7% and 49.8%, respectively. The long-term statistical relationship derived from ISCCP also confirms that there is significant negative correlation between dust storm index and ISCCP cloud water path (CWP). These results suggest that dust aerosols warm clouds, increase the evaporation of cloud droplets and further reduce the CWP, the so-called semi-direct effect. The semi-direct effect may play a role in cloud development over arid and semi-arid areas of East Asia and contribute to the reduction of precipitation. C1 Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Analyt Serv & Mat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Huang, JP (reprint author), Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. EM hjp@lzu.edu.cn RI Wang, Tianhe/F-8236-2012; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012; wang, xin/H-3936-2015 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; wang, xin/0000-0002-8839-8345 NR 25 TC 107 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 3 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19802 DI 10.1029/2006GL026561 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 092SO UT WOS:000241117800003 ER PT J AU Lyatsky, W Tan, A Khazanov, GV AF Lyatsky, W. Tan, Arjun Khazanov, G. V. TI A simple analytical model for subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ION DRIFTS; PLASMA SHEET; SUBSTORM GENERATION; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; AURORAL ARC; DEMAGNETIZATION; MAGNETOSPHERE; CONVECTION; EVOLUTION; STORM AB The subauroral polarization streams (SAPS), associated with strong electric fields in the subauroral region, play an important role in energization and transporting electrons and ions in the inner magnetosphere. A new mechanism for SAPS generation is considered. The mechanism is based on a self-consistent solution for plasma convection in nightside magnetosphere. In accordance with most researchers, we suggest that SAPS appears between the ion and electron Alfven layers in the nightside magnetosphere. However, our model for the SAPS generation does not require the ion Alfven layer to be located closer to the Earth than the electron Alfven layer. Rather the opposite, we assume that due to lower temperature of plasma-sheet electrons, the electron Alfven layer at the nightside is located predominantly if not entirely inside the ion Alfven layer. This mechanism explains the generation of the SAPS in a wide longitudinal sector from the evening to post-midnight, and the magnitudes of potential drop across the SAPS region and the electric field in the stream are well consistent with experimental data. We also obtained simple formulas deriving the parameters of the polarization stream. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Lyatsky, W (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, 4900 Meridian St, Normal, AL 35762 USA. EM lyatsky@cspar.uah.edu; arjun.tan@email.aamu.edu; khazagv@ssl.msfc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 3 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19101 DI 10.1029/2006GL025949 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 092SO UT WOS:000241117800001 ER PT J AU Knijnenberg, A Weiser, ES StClair, TL Mendes, E Dingemans, TJ AF Knijnenberg, A. Weiser, E. S. StClair, T. L. Mendes, E. Dingemans, T. J. TI Synthesis and characterization of aryl ethynyl terminated liquid crystalline oligomers and their cured polymers SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID RIGID-ROD THERMOSETS; AROMATIC POLYESTERS; MOLECULES; MONOMERS AB In this paper the synthesis and characterization of two series wholly aromatic, main-chain, reactive liquid crystalline oligomers is reported. Phenylethynyl end-capped oligomers, based on 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), were successfully synthesized using standard high-temperature melt-condensation techniques. Melt processable oligomers, with M-n = 1000, 5000, 9000, and 13 000 g mol(-1), and oligomers with HBA or HNA concentrations as high as 95 mol % were prepared. All oligomers showed well-defined, homogeneous, nematic melt behavior over a broad temperature range. The phenylethynyl end-capped oligomers could be cured at 370 C and formed films with excellent mechanical and thermal properties, and without losing the nematic order. Low molecular weight oligomers, i.e. M-n < 5000 g mol(-1), tend to form nematic thermosets, while oligomers with M-n > 5000 g mol(-1), polymerize predominantly via chain extension chemistry. The fully cured nematic polymers exhibit glass-transition temperatures (T-g) up to 203 C, as determined by DMTA measurements, and thermal stabilities (5 wt % loss) up to 500 C in both air and nitrogen atmosphere. The cured 1000 and 5000 g mol(-1) oligomers, with 95 mol % HBA or HNA compositions, show significant improvements in storage modulus at elevated temperatures as compared to their high-molecular weight counterparts. Rheology experiments showed that these reactive nematic oligomers are melt-stable for at least 30 min at 300 C and exhibit complex melt viscosities vertical bar eta*vertical bar as low as 1 Pa(.)s at 100 rad(.)s(-1). In all examples no loss of mesophase could be observed during chain extension or cross-linking, which indicates that phenylethynyl cross-link chemistry is completely compatible with mesophase formation. C1 Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Fundamentals Adv Mat Grp, NL-2629 HS Delft, Netherlands. Delft Univ Technol, Sect Nanostruct Mat, NL-2628 BL Delft, Netherlands. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Dingemans, TJ (reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Fundamentals Adv Mat Grp, Kluyverweg 1, NL-2629 HS Delft, Netherlands. EM t.j.dingemans@tudelft.nl RI Dingemans, Theo/E-3532-2017; OI Mendes, Eduardo /0000-0002-7519-0668 NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD OCT 3 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 20 BP 6936 EP 6943 AR MA060441O DI 10.1021/ma060441o PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 087OY UT WOS:000240752900022 ER PT J AU Green, RO Painter, TH Roberts, DA Dozier, J AF Green, Robert O. Painter, Thomas H. Roberts, Dar A. Dozier, Jeff TI Measuring the expressed abundance of the three phases of water with an imaging spectrometer over melting snow SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION LIQUID WATER; SIR-C/X-SAR; GRAIN-SIZE; AVIRIS; VAPOR; COVER; SPACE; DEPTH; MODEL; AREA AB [ 1] From imaging spectrometer data, we simultaneously estimate the abundance of the three phases of water in an environment that includes melting snow, basing the analysis on the spectral shift in the absorption coefficient between water vapor, liquid water, and ice at 940, 980, and 1030 nm respectively. We apply a spectral fitting algorithm that measures the expressed abundance of the three phases of water to a data set acquired by the Airborne Visible/ Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over Mount Rainier, Washington, on 14 June 1996. Precipitable water vapor varies from 1 mm over the summit of Mount Rainier to 10 mm over the lower valleys to the northwest. Equivalent path absorption of liquid water varies from 0 to 13 mm, with the zero values over rocky areas and high-elevation snow and the high values associated with liquid water held in vegetation canopies and in melting snow. Ice abundance varies from 0 to 30 mm equivalent path absorption in the snow- and glacier-covered portions of Mount Rainier. The water and ice abundances are related to the amount of liquid water and the sizes of the ice grains in the near-surface layer. Precision of the estimates, calculated over locally homogeneous areas, indicates an uncertainty of better than 1.5% for all three phases, except for liquid water in vegetation, where an optimally homogeneous site was not found. The analysis supports new strategies for hydrological research and applications as imaging spectrometers become more available. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Green, RO (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM robert.o.green@jpl.nasa.gov; dar@geog.ucsb.edu; dozier@bren.ucsb.edu RI Dozier, Jeff/B-7364-2009; Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016 OI Dozier, Jeff/0000-0001-8542-431X; NR 49 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT 3 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 AR W10402 DI 10.1029/2005WR004509 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 092VE UT WOS:000241124600001 ER PT J AU Pisacane, VL Kuznetz, LH Logan, JS Clark, JB Wissler, EH AF Pisacane, V. L. Kuznetz, L. H. Logan, J. S. Clark, J. B. Wissler, E. H. TI Thermoregulatory models of safety-for-flight issues for space operations SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION; SYSTEM AB This study investigates the use of a mathematical model for thermoregulation as a tool in safety-of-flight issues and proposed solutions for mission operations of the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. Specifically, this study assesses the effects of elevated cabin temperature and metabolic loads on astronauts wearing the Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) and the Liquid Cooled Ventilation Garment (LCVG). The 225-node Wissler model is validated by comparison with two ground-based human subject tests, firefighters, and surrogate astronauts under anomalous conditions that show good agreement. Subsequent simulations indicate that the performance of the ACES/LCVG is marginal. Increases in either workload or cabin temperature from the nominal will increase rectal temperature, stored heat load, heart rate, and sweating leading to possible deficits in the ability of the astronauts to perform cognitive and motor tasks that could affect the safety of the mission, especially the safe landing of the Shuttle. Specific relationships are given between cabin temperature and metabolic rate that define the threshold for decreased manual dexterity and loss of tracking skills. Model results indicate that the most effective mitigation strategy would be to decrease the LCVG inlet temperature. Methods of accomplishing this are also proposed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Occupat Med Branch, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Pisacane, VL (reprint author), USN Acad, Mail Stop 11B,590 Holloway Rd, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. EM pisacane@usna.edu NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 59 IS 7 BP 531 EP 546 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.04.007 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 073AV UT WOS:000239715500003 ER PT J AU Landis, GA AF Landis, Geoffrey A. TI Robotic exploration of the surface and atmosphere of Venus SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 55th International-Astronautical-Federation Congress (IAF) CY 2004 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Int Astronaut Federat ID ACTUATOR; DESIGN AB Venus, the "greenhouse planet," is a scientifically fascinating place. The US National Academies of Sciences listed a Venus surface in situ explorer as one of the highest priority planetary science missions. A mission concept for a robotic mission to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus has been designed. The mission includes both surface robots, designed with an operational lifetime of 50 days on the surface of Venus, and also solar-powered airplanes to probe the middle atmosphere. At 450 degrees C, and with 90 atmospheres of pressure of carbon-dioxide atmosphere, the surface of Venus is a hostile place for operation of a probe. The mission design trade-off looked at three options for surface operation: developing technology to operate at Venus surface temperatures, using an active refrigeration system to lower the temperature inside a "cool electronics enclosure," or developing a hybrid system, where the computer system and the most temperature- sensitive electronics are on an aerial platform at lower temperature, and less sophisticated surface electronics operate at the ambient surface temperature. This paper presents the mission objectives, discusses the technology options for materials, power systems, electronics, and instruments, and presents a short summary of the mission. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, John Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Landis, GA (reprint author), NASA, John Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM geoffrey.a.landis@nasa.gov NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 59 IS 7 BP 570 EP 579 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.04.011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 073AV UT WOS:000239715500006 ER PT J AU Esper, J AF Esper, Jaime TI The Neptune/Triton Explorer mission: A concept feasibility study SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th IAA International Conference on Low-Cost Planetary Missions CY SEP 24-26, 2003 CL European Space Res & Technol Ctr, Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS HO European Space Res & Technol Ctr AB Technological advances over the next 10-15 years promise to enable a number of smaller, more capable science missions to the outer planets. With the inception of miniaturized spacecraft for a wide range of applications, both in large clusters around Earth, and for deep space missions, NASA is currently in the process of redefining the way science is being gathered. Technologies such as 3-dimensional multi-chip modules, micro-machined electromechanical devices, multi functional structures, miniaturized transponders, miniaturized propulsion systems, variable emissivity thermal coatings, and artificial intelligence systems are currently in research and development, and are scheduled to fly (or have flown) in a number of missions. This study will leverage on these and other technologies in the design of a lightweight Neptune orbiter unlike any other that has been proposed to date. The Neptune/Triton Explorer (NExTEP) spacecraft uses solar electric earth gravity assist and aero capture maneuvers to achieve its intended target orbit. Either a Taurus or Delta-class launch vehicle may be used to accomplish the mission. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Esper, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jaime.Esper-l@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 59 IS 8-11 BP 627 EP 637 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.07.020 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 079ZK UT WOS:000240216200009 ER PT J AU Lyver, JW Blaisten-Barojas, E AF Lyver, John W. Blaisten-Barojas, Estela TI Computational study of heat transport in compositionally disordered binary crystals SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE binary solids; compositional disorder; Monte Carlo; thermal conductivity; molecular dynamics ID LATTICE THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; SOLID ARGON AB The thermal conductivity of compositionally disordered binary crystals with atoms interacting through Lennard-Jones potentials has been studied as a function of temperature. The two species in the crystal differ in mass, hard-core atomic diameter, well depth and relative concentration. The isobaric Monte Carlo was used to equilibrate the samples at near-zero pressure. The isoenergy molecular dynamics combined with the Green-Kubo approach was taken to calculate the heat current time-dependent autocorrelation function and determine the lattice thermal conductivity of the sample. The inverse temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity was shown to fail at low temperatures when the atomic diameters of the two species differ. Instead, the thermal conductivity was nearly a constant across temperatures for species with different atomic diameters. Overall, it is shown that there is a dramatic decrease of the lattice thermal conductivity with increasing atomic radii ratio between species and a moderate decrease due to mass disorder. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 George Mason Univ, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, Coll Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NASA, Off Safety & Mission Assurance, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Blaisten-Barojas, E (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, Coll Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM blaisten@gmu.edu RI Blaisten-Barojas, Estela/B-9520-2009 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 17 BP 4633 EP 4639 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.05.050 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 092ZR UT WOS:000241137300022 ER PT J AU Smart, MK Hass, NE Paull, A AF Smart, Michael K. Hass, Neal E. Paull, Allan TI Flight data analysis of the HyShot 2 scramjet flight experiment SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The development of scramjet propulsion for alternative launch and payload delivery capabilities has been composed largely of ground experiments for the last 40 years. With the goal of validating the use of short duration ground test facilities, a ballistic reentry vehicle experiment called HyShot was devised to achieve supersonic combustion in flight above Mach 7.5. It consisted of a double wedge intake and two back-to-back constant area combustors; one supplied with hydrogen fuel at an equivalence ratio of 0.34 and the other unfueled. Of the two flights conducted, HyShot 1 failed to reach the desired altitude due to booster failure, whereas HyShot 2 successfully accomplished both the desired trajectory and satisfactory scramjet operation. Postflight data analysis of HyShot 2 confirmed the presence of supersonic combustion during the approximately 3 s test window at altitudes between 35 and 29 km. Reasonable correlation between flight and some preflight shock tunnel tests was observed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hyperson Airbreathing Prop Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Queensland, Div Mech Engn, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Smart, MK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hyperson Airbreathing Prop Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Smart, Michael/C-8823-2013 NR 13 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2366 EP 2375 DI 10.2514/1.20661 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 097GA UT WOS:000241433800022 ER PT J AU Lofgren, GE Huss, GR Wasserburg, GJ AF Lofgren, Gary E. Huss, Gary R. Wasserburg, G. J. TI An experimental study of trace-element partitioning between Ti-Al-clinopyroxene and melt: Equilibrium and kinetic effects including sector zoning SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE partitioning of trace elements; clinopyroxene-melt; equilibrium experiments; rare earth elements; dynamic crystallization experiments; distribution coefficients ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; ANGRA-DOS-REIS; DYNAMIC CRYSTALLIZATION; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; METEORITES; MINERALS AB Equilibrium and dynamic crystallization experiments were used to determine distribution coefficients (D-values) for the REE and the trace elements Se, V, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Hf, Th, and U between Ti-Al-clinopyroxene and melt. Equilibrium values for D correlate well with previous studies where values have been determined. The D-values were also studied as a function of cooling rate. Increased cooling rates produce higher growth rates. At growth rates that exceed the diffusion rates in the crystals, the D-values increase to near unity and the HREE D-values exceed unity only at the most rapid crystal growth rates. The increase in D-values is the result of the inclusion of components into the growing pyroxene from the boundary layer that develops at the crystal-melt interface because of the disparity between the growth and diffusion rates. The origin of sector zoning is best explained as an interplay of primarily crystallographic control with kinetic effects. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, KT, Houston, TX 77058 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Lunatic Asylum, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lofgren, GE (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, KT, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM gary.e.lofgren@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 17 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 91 IS 10 BP 1596 EP 1606 DI 10.2138/am.2006.2108 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 095MU UT WOS:000241312700014 ER PT J AU Schwandt, CS Mckay, GA AF Schwandt, Craig S. McKay, Gordon A. TI Minor- and trace-element sector zoning in synthetic enstatite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE enstatite; sector zoning; charge-coupled substitution; kinetic mechanisms; crystal growth ID ILIMAUSSAQ ALKALINE INTRUSION; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; SOUTH GREENLAND; ZONED AEGIRINE; CLINOPYROXENE; PYROXENE; COEFFICIENTS; STAUROLITE; OLIVINE; CALCITE AB Minor- and trace-element sector zoning is nearly ubiquitous in pyroxene grown from basaltic melts using 1 atm gas-mixing furnaces. Mineral/melt partition coefficients can differ between sectors by more than a factor of five. A synthesized hypersthene-normative basalt composition was doped with Al, Cr, and Ti using a matrix of doping experiments, to understand better the mechanisms behind the formation of sector zoning. Isothermal and control led-cooling experiments were conducted. The {010} sectors contain higher enrichments of Al, Cr, and Ti than {100} sectors, at the expense of Mg and Si. Evaluation of these relative sector enrichments indicates that sector zoning results from several kinetic mechanisms, which exert influence even when attempting laboratory conditions that approximate equilibrium: (1) rapid growth rate, not necessarily synonymous with rapid cooling; (2) crystal-chemical control by means of charge-coupled substitutions; and (3) diffusion limitations of Si tetrahedra in the melt boundary layers respective to the different crystal faces. C1 Jacobs ESCG, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Schwandt, CS (reprint author), Jacobs ESCG, 2224 Bay Area Blvd,JE23, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM craig.s.schwandt@nasa.gov NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 91 IS 10 BP 1607 EP 1615 DI 10.2138/am.2006.2093 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 095MU UT WOS:000241312700015 ER PT J AU Righter, K Sutton, SR Newville, M Lei, L Schwandt, CS Uchida, H Lavina, B Downs, RT AF Righter, K. Sutton, S. R. Newville, M. Lei, L. Schwandt, C. S. Uchida, H. Lavina, B. Downs, R. T. TI An experimental study of the oxidation state of vanadium in spinel and basaltic melt with implications for the origin of planetary basalt SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE vanadium; oxygen fugacity; basalt; spinel ID CORE FORMATION; SILICATE MELT; HIGH-PRESSURE; EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS; MAGMA OCEAN; SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS; CHROMIAN SPINELS; BALTIC SHIELD; SHERGOTTITE; PETROLOGY AB The distribution of V in magmatic rocks is controlled primarily by spinel stability. Extensive previous experimental work at oxidized conditions on doped (V-rich) compositions has led to the recognition of the importance of temperature, oxygen fugacity, and spinet composition, but also left ambiguity with respect to the relative importance of these variables in controlling D(v)(spinel/melt). One major uncertainty has been the valence of V in the spinet and glass. Spinel-melt pairs were equilibrated at low and variable oxygen fugacities, with a range of V and Ti contents. XANES spectra were measured on the spinet and glass products, and pre-edge peaks measured and calibrated against valence with the use of glass and oxide standards. The valence of V is always greater in the glass than in the spinels. In spinet, V is dominantly 3+ at oxygen fugacities near the FMQ (fayalite magnetite quartz) buffer, but we find evidence for mixed 3+, 4+, and 5+ at oxidized conditions (FMQ to air), and 2+ and 3+ at very reduced conditions [FMQ to IW-1 (1 log f(O2) unit below the iron wustite buffer)]. Increased V contents in spinels are correlated with increased D(v)(spinel-melt), at constant temperature and oxygen fugacity. However, increased Ti content causes only a slight decrease in D(v)(spinel-melt) and a shift to more reduced V (smaller pre-edge peak), which may be related to Fe-V exchange equilibria. Using the new partition coefficients, together with published results and valence information, expressions have been derived to predict D(v)(spinel/melt) for basaltic systems. Application of these expressions to natural suites illustrate their utility and also the great range of D(v)(spinel/melt) values relevant to natural systems. Calculation of V depletions in planetary mantles from basalt suites must take silicate, oxide, and metal fractionation into account, as is demonstrated using terrestrial, lunar, martian, and eucritic samples. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geog Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, GSECARS, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Jacobs Sverdrup Engn & Sci, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Padua, Dipartimento Mineral & Petrol, I-35100 Padua, Italy. RP Righter, K (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mailcode KT,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM kevin.righter-1@nasa.gov RI Lavina, Barbara/A-1015-2010 OI Lavina, Barbara/0000-0002-8556-7916 NR 84 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 13 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 91 IS 10 BP 1643 EP 1656 DI 10.2138/am.2006.2111 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 095MU UT WOS:000241312700018 ER PT J AU Rietmeijer, FJM Nuth, JA Rochette, P Marfaing, J Pun, A Karner, JM AF Rietmeijer, Frans J. M. Nuth, Joseph A. Rochette, Pierre Marfaing, Jannie Pun, Aurora Karner, James M. TI Deep metastable eutectic condensation in Al-Fe-SiO-H-2-O-2 vapors: Implications for natural Fe-aluminosilicates SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE vapor phase condensation; ferroaluminosilica vapor; non-equilibrium condensation; deep metastable eutectics; magnetic measurements; Fe-cordierite ID ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLE; MARINE TERTIARY TEPHRA; SOLAR NEBULA; PHASE-DIAGRAM; CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST; SOLID CONDENSATION; ALLENDE METEORITE; SYSTEM; GRAINS AB Vapors of Al-Fe-SiO-O-2-H-2 having two different compositions produced ferroaluminosilica grains as a function of agglomeration and fusion along mixing lines in the Al2O3-FeO-SiO2 System that are defined by the predictable, deep metastable eutectic (DME) compositions of the smallest condensate grains. Disorder of these amorphous grains is higher than in quenched glass of identical composition, which is the very property of dissipative structures (Prigogine 1978, 1979) that are states of organization of matter where disequilibrium becomes a source of order. Iron-oxidation states control ferrosilica condensate compositions. We present the first magnetic measurements showing a high Fell content in condensed ferrosilica grains. The Fe-cordierite grain composition is primarily the result of predictable non-equilibrium condensation, not the bulk gas phase composition. Natural terrestrial and anthropogenic (e.g., smelters, coal fly ash) Fe-corderite might well be a metastable phase due to kinetically controlled processes. Amorphous Mg,Fe-bearing aluminosilica dust in chondritic interplanetary dust aggregates and (rare) Mg,Fe-aluminosilicates in meteorites might have condensed via similar processes. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Aix Marseille 1, CNRS, CEREGE, F-13545 Aix En Provence 4, France. Univ Aix Marseille 3, Fac Sci St Jerome, CNRS, L2MP, F-13397 Marseille 20, France. RP Rietmeijer, FJM (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, MSC03-2040,1, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM fransjmr@unm.edu RI Nuth, Joseph/E-7085-2012 NR 68 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 91 IS 10 BP 1688 EP 1698 DI 10.2138/am.2006.2102 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 095MU UT WOS:000241312700022 ER PT J AU Shafaat, HS Ponce, A AF Shafaat, Hannah S. Ponce, Adrian TI Applications of a rapid endospore viability assay for monitoring UV inactivation and characterizing Arctic ice cores SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERBIUM DIPICOLINATE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS SPORES; BACTERIAL-SPORES; SUBTILIS SPORES; SMOKE DETECTOR; ACID; GERMINATION; RESISTANCE; SURVIVAL; DECONTAMINATION AB We have developed a rapid endospore viability assay (EVA) in which endospore germination serves as an indicator for viability and applied it to (i) monitor UV inactivation of endospores as a function of dose and (ii) determine the proportion of viable endospores in arctic ice cores (Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 [GISP2] cores; 94 m). EVA is based on the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA), which is released from endospores during germination. DPA concentrations were determined using the terbium ion (Tb3+)-DPA luminescence assay, and germination was induced by L-alanine addition. The concentrations of germinable endospores were determined by comparison to a standard curve. Parallel EVA and phase-contrast microscopy experiments to determine the percentage of germinable spores yielded comparable results (54.3% +/- 3.8% and 48.9% +/- 4.5%, respectively), while only 27.8% +/- 7.6% of spores produced CFU. EVA was applied to monitor the inactivation of spore suspensions as a function of UV dose, yielding reproducible correlations between EVA and CFU inactivation data. The 90% inactivation doses were 2,773 J/m(2), 3,947 J/m(2), and 1,322 J/m(2) for EVA, phase-contrast microscopy, and CFU reduction, respectively. Finally, EVA was applied to quantify germinable and total endospore concentrations in two GISP2 ice cores. The first ice core contained 295 +/- 19 germinable spores/ml and 369 +/- 36 total spores/ml (i.e., the percentage of germinable endospores was 79.9% +/- 9.3%), and the second core contained 131 +/- 4 germinable spores/ml and 162 +/- 17 total spores/ml (i.e., the percentage of germinable endospores was 80.9% +/- 8.8%), whereas only 2 CFU/ml were detected by culturing. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ponce, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 302-205,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Adrian.Ponce@jpl.nasa.gov NR 50 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 6808 EP 6814 DI 10.1128/AEM.00255-06 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 093LR UT WOS:000241170300048 PM 17021233 ER PT J AU Pearson, CL Manning, SW Coleman, M Jarvis, K AF Pearson, Charlotte L. Manning, Sturt W. Coleman, Max Jarvis, Kym TI A dendrochemical study of Pinus sylvestris from Siljansfors Experimental Forest, central Sweden SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Union Geosci ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TREE-RINGS; GEOCHEMISTRY; SCANDINAVIA; DEPOSITION; ICELAND AB Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to investigate changes in trace element concentration in two high resolution sequences of tree rings from central Sweden. Individual annual growth increments from 18002002 to 1930-2002 were sampled from two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees from the Siljansfors Experimental Forest. The aims of the study were: to test the viability of conventional solution induction ICP-MS as a technique for investigating the multi-elemental chemistry of long tree ring sequences at annual resolution, and, to test this specifically with a view to detecting changes in elemental concentrations of Swedish tree rings contemporary with the major (and relatively proximal) Icelandic eruption of Askja (1875). It was found that despite a time consuming sample preparation process, it was possible to use conventional ICP-MS for multi-elemental analysis of a long sequence of tree rings at annual resolution. Although promising data were produced, no truly conclusive concentration anomaly could be detected in the sequence to indicate the impact of the Askja eruption on environmental chemistry. Overall findings underlined the complexity of the tree/environment interaction and the cautious approach to data interpretation essential for any dendrochemical study. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Reading, Sch Human & Environm Sci, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England. Cornell Univ, Cornell Tree Ring Lab, Malcolm & Carolyn Wiener Lab Aegean & Eastern Den, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Ctr Life Detect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Kingston Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Geog, NERC ICP MS Facil, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, England. Cornell Univ, Dept Class, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Pearson, CL (reprint author), Univ Reading, Sch Human & Environm Sci, POB 227, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England. EM c.l.pearson@reading.ac.uk RI Coleman, Max/A-1303-2007 OI Coleman, Max/0000-0002-5514-1826 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 10 BP 1681 EP 1691 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.07.006 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 100BB UT WOS:000241641000007 ER PT J AU D'Sa, EJ Miller, RL Del Castillo, C AF D'Sa, Eurico J. Miller, Richard L. Del Castillo, Carlos TI Bio-optical properties and ocean color algorithms for coastal waters influenced by the Mississippi River during a cold front SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID INHERENT OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; GULF-OF-MEXICO; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE; QUANTUM YIELD; CHLOROPHYLL-A; WAVE-GUIDE; PHYTOPLANKTON AB During the passage of a cold front in March 2002, bio-optical properties examined in coastal waters impacted by the Mississippi River indicated that westward advective flows and increasing river discharge containing high concentrations of nonalgal particles contributed significantly to surface optical variability. A comparison of seasonal data from three cruises indicated spectral models of absorption and scattering to be generally consistent with other coastal environments, while their parameterization in terms of chlorophyll (Chl) a concentration showed seasonal variability. The exponential slope of the colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) averaged 0.0161 +/- 0.00054 nm(-1) and nonalgal absorption averaged 0.011 nm(-1) with deviations from general trends observed due to anomalous water properties. Although the phytoplankton specific absorption coefficients varied over a wide range [0.02 to 0.1 m(2) (mg Chl)(-1) at 443 nm] being higher in offshore surface waters, values of phytoplankton absorption spectra at the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) wave bands were highly correlated to modeled values. Particulate scattering characteristics were similar to observations for other coastal waters, while backscattering ratios were on average lower in phytoplankton-dominated surface waters (0.011 +/- 0.003) and higher in low Chl near-bottom waters (0.0191 +/- 0.0045). Average percent differences in remote sensing reflectance R-rs derived from modeled and in-water radiometric measurements were highest in the blue wave bands (52%) and at locations with more stratified water columns. SeaWiFS estimates of Chl and CDOM absorption derived using regional empirical algorithms were highly correlated to in situ data. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Studies Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, Appl Sci Directorate, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP D'Sa, EJ (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Studies Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, 306 Howe Russell Geosci Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM ejdsa@lsu.edu RI Del Castillo, Carlos/N-2601-2013 NR 65 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 28 BP 7410 EP 7428 DI 10.1364/AO.45.007410 PG 19 WC Optics SC Optics GA 089MZ UT WOS:000240886000028 PM 16983431 ER PT J AU Jin, ZH Charlock, TP Rutledge, K Stamnes, K Wang, YJ AF Jin, Zhonghai Charlock, Thomas P. Rutledge, Ken Stamnes, Knut Wang, Yingjian TI Analytical solution of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with a rough surface SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-RADIATION; LAYERED MEDIA; AEROSOL; WATERS; SCATTERING; ALGORITHM; WAVES; SUN AB Using the computationally efficient discrete-ordinate method, we present an analytical solution for radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with a rough air-water interface. The theoretical formulations of the radiative transfer equation and solution are described. The effects of surface roughness on the radiation field in the atmosphere and ocean are studied and compared with satellite and surface measurements. The results show that ocean surface roughness has significant effects on the upwelling radiation in the atmosphere and the downwelling radiation in the ocean. As wind speed increases, the angular domain of sunglint broadens, the surface albedo decreases, and the transmission to the ocean increases. The downward radiance field in the upper ocean is highly anisotropic, but this anisotropy decreases rapidly as surface wind increases and as ocean depth increases. The effects of surface roughness on radiation also depend greatly on both wavelength and angle of incidence (i.e., solar elevation); these effects are significantly smaller throughout the spectrum at high Sun. The model-observation discrepancies may indicate that the Cox-Munk surface roughness model is not sufficient for high wind conditions. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 AS&M Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Phys & Engn Phys, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Anhui Inst Opt & Fine Mech, Hefei 230031, Anhui, Peoples R China. RP Jin, ZH (reprint author), AS&M Inc, 1 Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 300, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM zjin@larc.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 28 BP 7443 EP 7455 DI 10.1364/AO.45.007443 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 089MZ UT WOS:000240886000030 PM 16983433 ER PT J AU Talbot, SL Wyllie-Echeverria, S Ward, DH Rearick, JR Sage, GK Chesney, B Phillips, RC AF Talbot, S. L. Wyllie-Echeverria, S. Ward, D. H. Rearick, J. R. Sage, G. K. Chesney, B. Phillips, R. C. TI Genetic characterization of Zostera asiatica on the Pacific Coast of North America SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Zostera marina; Z. japonica; Z. asiatica; ITS; matK ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FLOWERING TIME; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; SEQUENCE DATA; DNA BARCODES; MARINA L.; SEAGRASSES; EELGRASS; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATIONS AB We gathered sequence information from the nuclear 5.8S rDNA gene and associated internal transcribed spacers, ITS-1 and ITS-2 (5.8S rDNA/ ITS), and the chloroplast maturase K (matK) gene, from Zostera samples collected from subfidal habitats in Monterey and Santa Barbara (Isla Vista) bays, California, to test the hypothesis that these plants are conspecific with Z asiatica Miki of Asia. Sequences from approximately 520 base pairs of the nuclear 5.8S rDNA/ITS obtained from the subtidal Monterey and Isla Vista Zostera samples were identical to homologous sequences obtained from Z marina collected from intertidal habitats in Japan, Alaska, Oregon and California. Similarly, sequences from the matK gene from the subfidal Zostera samples were identical to matK sequences obtained from Z marina collected from interfidal habitats in Japan, Alaska, Oregon and California, but differed from Z asiatica sequences accessioned into GenBank. This suggests the subtidal plants are conspecific with Z marina, not Z asiatica. However, we found that herbarium samples accessioned into the Kyoto University Herbarium, determined to be Z asiatica, yielded 5.8S rDNA/ITS sequences consistent with either Z japonica, in two cases, or Z marina, in one case. Similar results were observed for the chloroplast matK gene; we found haplotypes that were inconsistent with published matK sequences from Z asiatica collected from Japan. These results underscore the need for closer examination of the relationship between Z marina along the Pacific Coast of North America, and Z asiatica of Asia, for the retention and verification of specimens examined in scientific studies, and for assessment of the usefulness of morphological characters in the determination of taxonomic relationships within Zosteraceae. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resouces, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. Inst Biol So Seas, UA-99011 Crimea, Ukraine. RP Talbot, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 701, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM sandy_talbot@usgs.gov RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 85 IS 3 BP 169 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.03.011 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 072YG UT WOS:000239708500001 ER PT J AU Beaty, DW Buxbaum, KL AF Beaty, David W. Buxbaum, Karen L. CA MEPAG Special Regions-Science Ana TI Findings of the mars special regions science analysis group SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT News Item ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; RESOLUTION STEREO CAMERA; ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; SOIL-WATER BALANCE; LIQUID WATER; MARTIAN GULLIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DEBRIS FLOWS; HIGH OBLIQUITY C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mars Program Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Denver, CO USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA USA. Foils Engn, Fremont, CA USA. Brown Univ, Pasadena, CA USA. Canadian Space Agcy, St Hubert, PQ, Canada. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, Pescara, Italy. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Florida, Kennedy Space Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Biol Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20005 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Beaty, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mars Program Off, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-345, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.Beaty@jpl.nasa.gov; Karen.L.Buxbaum@jpl.nasa.gov OI Edgett, Kenneth/0000-0001-7197-5751; ORI, Gian Gabriele/0000-0002-6460-1476 NR 207 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 9 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 EI 1557-8070 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD OCT PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 677 EP 732 PG 56 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 099ZO UT WOS:000241636900001 ER PT J AU Morrison, D AF Morrison, David TI Introduction to the astrobiology primer SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Morrison, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM dmorrison@arc.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD OCT PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 733 EP 733 DI 10.1089/ast.2006.6.733 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 099ZO UT WOS:000241636900002 ER PT J AU Koenigsberger, G Fullerton, AW Massa, D Auer, LH AF Koenigsberger, Gloria Fullerton, Alexander W. Massa, Derck Auer, Lawrence H. TI FUSE observations of HD 5980: The wind structure of the eruptor SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE binaries : eclipsing; stars : individual (HD 5980); stars : winds, outflows; stars : Wolf-Rayet ID SMALL-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER; RAYET STAR HD-5980; BINARY HD 5980; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET; SYSTEM HD-5980; TERMINAL VELOCITIES; SUPERGIANTS; COMPONENTS; SPECTRUM AB HD 5980 is a unique system containing one massive star ( star A) that is apparently entering the luminous blue variable phase and an eclipsing companion ( star B) that may have already evolved beyond this phase to become a Wolf-Rayet star. In this paper we present the results from FUSE observations obtained in 1999, 2000, and 2002, and one far-UV observation obtained by ORFEUS BEFS in 1993 shortly before the first eruption of HD 5980. The eight phase-resolved spectra obtained by FUSE in 2002 are analyzed in the context of a wind-eclipse model. This analysis shows that the wind of the eruptor obeyed a very fast velocity law in 2002, which is consistent with the line-driving mechanism. Large-amplitude line-profile variations on the orbital period are shown to be due to the eclipse of star B by the wind of star A, although the eclipse due to gas flowing in the direction of star B is absent. This can only be explained if the wind of star A is not spherically symmetric or if the eclipsed line radiation is "filled in'' by emission originating from somewhere else in the system, e. g., in the wind-wind collision region. Except for a slightly lower wind speed, the ORFEUS BEFS spectrum is very similar to the spectrum obtained by FUSE at the same orbital phase; there is no indication of the impending eruption. However, the trend for decreasing wind velocity suggests the occurrence of the "bistability'' mechanism, which in turn implies that the restructuring of the circumbinary environment caused by the transition from fast, rarefied wind to slow, dense wind was observed as the eruptive event. The underlying mechanism responsible for the long-term decrease in wind velocity that precipitated this change remains an open issue. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Fis, Cuernavaca 62251, Morelos, Mexico. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Koenigsberger, G (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Fis, Apartado Postal 48-3, Cuernavaca 62251, Morelos, Mexico. EM gloria@fis.unam.mx; awf@pha.jhu.edu; massa@taotaomona.gsfc.nasa.gov; lhainnm@mindspring.com NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 4 BP 1527 EP 1538 DI 10.1086/506966 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093IJ UT WOS:000241161700011 ER PT J AU Temim, T Gehrz, RD Woodward, CE Roellig, TL Smith, N Rudnick, L Polomski, EF Davidson, K Yuen, LM Onaka, T AF Temim, Tea Gehrz, Robert D. Woodward, Charles E. Roellig, Thomas L. Smith, Nathan Rudnick, Lawrence Polomski, Elisha F. Davidson, Kris Yuen, Lunming Onaka, Takashi TI Spitzer Space Telescope infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the Crab Nebula SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE acceleration of particles; cosmic rays; ISM : individual (Crab Nebula); pulsars : individual (Crab Nebula); radiation mechanisms : nonthermal; supernova remnants ID SUPERNOVA-REMNANTS; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; SYNCHROTRON NEBULA; TIME RESOLUTION; RADIO-EMISSION; ARRAY CAMERA; DUST; FILAMENTS; PULSAR; 1987A AB We present 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0, 24, and 70 mu m images of the Crab Nebula obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope IRAC and MIPS cameras, low- and high-resolution Spitzer IRS spectra of selected positions within the nebula, and a near-infrared ground-based image made in the light of [Fe II] 1.644 mu m. The 8.0 mu m image, made with a bandpass that includes [Ar II] 7.0 mu m, resembles the general morphology of visible H alpha and near-IR [Fe II] line emission, while the 3.6 and 4.5 mu m images are dominated by continuum synchrotron emission. The 24 and 70 mu m images show enhanced emission that may be due to line emission or the presence of a small amount of warm dust in the nebula on the order of less than 1% of a solar mass. The ratio of the 3.6 and 4.5 mu m images reveals a spatial variation in the synchrotron power-law index ranging from approximately 0.3 to 0.8 across the nebula. Combining this information with optical and X-ray synchrotron images, we derive a broadband spectrum that reflects the superposition of the flatter spectrum of the jet and torus with the steeper spectrum of the diffuse nebula. We also see suggestions of the expected pileup of relativistic electrons just before the exponential cutoff in the X-ray. The pulsar, and the associated equatorial toroid and polar jet structures seen in Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope images (Hester et al. 2002), can be identified in all of the IRAC images. We present the IR photometry of the pulsar. The forbidden lines identified in the high-resolution IR spectra are all double due to Doppler shifts from the front and back of the expanding nebula and give an expansion velocity of approximate to 1264 km s(-1). C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Dept Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Technosci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. RP Temim, T (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Dept Astron, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM ttemim@astro.umn.edu; gehrz@astro.umn.edu; chelsea@astro.umn.edu; thomas.l.roellig@nasa.gov; nathans@casa.colorado.edu; elwood@astro.umn.edu; larry@astro.umn.edu; kd@astro.umn.edu; lyuen@mail.arc.nasa.gov; onaka@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp OI Temim, Tea/0000-0001-7380-3144 NR 57 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 4 BP 1610 EP 1623 DI 10.1086/507076 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 093IJ UT WOS:000241161700019 ER PT J AU Stelzer, B Micela, G Hamaguchi, K Schmitt, JHMM AF Stelzer, B. Micela, G. Hamaguchi, K. Schmitt, J. H. M. M. TI On the origin of the X-ray emission from Herbig Ae/Be stars SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE X-rays : stars; stars : early-type; stars : pre-main sequence; stars : activity; binaries : general ID MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; Z-CANIS MAJORIS; ORION-NEBULA-CLUSTER; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; ALL-SKY SURVEY; AE STAR; FORMATION REGION; TY CRA; CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVIRONMENT; CONFIDENCE-LIMITS AB Context. Herbig Ae/Be stars are fully radiative and not expected to support dynamo action analogous to their convective lower-mass counterparts, the T Tauri stars. Alternative X-ray production mechanisms, related to stellar winds or star-disk magnetospheres have been proposed, but their X-ray emission has remained a mystery. Aims. A study of Herbig Ae/Be stars' global X-ray properties (such as detection rate, luminosity, temperature, variability), helps to constrain the emission mechanism by comparison to other types of stars, e. g. similar-age but lower-mass T Tauri stars, similar-mass but more evolved main-sequence A- and B-type stars, and with respect to model predictions. Methods. We performed a systematic search for Chandra archival observations of Herbig Ae/Be stars. The superior spatial resolution of this satellite with respect to previous X-ray instrumentation has allowed us to also examine the possible role of late-type companions in generating the observed X-rays. Results. In the total sample of 17 Herbig Ae/Be stars, 8 are resolved from X-ray emitting faint companions or other unrelated X-ray bright objects within 10". The detection fraction of Herbig Ae/Be stars is 76%, but decreases to 35% if all emission is attributed to further known and unresolved companions. The spectral analysis confirms the high X-ray temperatures (similar to 20MK) and large range of fractional X-ray luminosities (log L-x/L-*) of this class derived from earlier studies of individual objects. Conclusions. Radiative winds are ruled out as an emission mechanism on the basis of the high temperatures. The X-ray properties of Herbig Ae/Be stars are not vastly different from those of their late-type companion stars (if such are known), nor from other young late-type stars used for comparison. Therefore, either a similar kind of process takes place in both classes of objects, or there must be as yet undiscovered companion stars. C1 INAF, Astron Observ Palermo, I-90134 Palermo, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany. RP Stelzer, B (reprint author), INAF, Astron Observ Palermo, Piazza Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo, Italy. EM stelzer@astropa.unipa.it OI Micela, Giuseppina/0000-0002-9900-4751 NR 122 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 457 IS 1 BP 223 EP U160 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065006 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 083YL UT WOS:000240495300027 ER PT J AU Hatzes, AP Cochran, WD Endl, M Guenther, EW Saar, SH Walker, GAH Yang, S Hartmann, M Esposito, M Paulson, DB Dollinger, MP AF Hatzes, A. P. Cochran, W. D. Endl, M. Guenther, E. W. Saar, S. H. Walker, G. A. H. Yang, S. Hartmann, M. Esposito, M. Paulson, D. B. Doellinger, M. P. TI Confirmation of the planet hypothesis for the long-period radial velocity variations of beta Geminorum SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE star : individual : beta Gem; techniques : radial velocities; planetary systems ID LOW-AMPLITUDE; SUBSTELLAR COMPANIONS; STELLAR; PULSATIONS; STARS; SPECTROMETER; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; EMISSION; ARCTURUS AB Aims: Our aim is to confirm the nature of the long period radial velocity measurements for beta Gem first found by Hatzes & Cochran (1993). Methods. We present precise stellar radial velocity measurements for the K giant star beta Gem spanning over 25 years. An examination of the Ca II K emission, spectral line shapes from high resolution data (R = 210000), and Hipparcos photometry was also made to discern the true nature of the long period radial velocity variations. Results. The radial velocity data show that the long period, low amplitude radial velocity variations found by Hatzes & Cochran (1993) are long-lived and coherent. Furthermore, the Ca II K emission, spectral line bisectors, and Hipparcos photometry show no significant variations of these quantities with the radial velocity period. An orbital solution assuming a stellar mass of 1.7 M-circle dot yields a period, P = 589.6 days, a minimum mass of 2.3 M-Jupiter, and a semi-major axis, a = 1.6 AU. The orbit is nearly circular (e = 0.02). Conclusions. The data presented here confirm the planetary companion hypothesis suggested by Hatzes & Cochran (1993). beta Gem is one of six intermediate mass stars known to host a sub-stellar companion and suggests that planet- formation around stars much more massive than the sun may common. C1 Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany. Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Hatzes, AP (reprint author), Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany. EM artie@tls-tautenburg.de NR 34 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 457 IS 1 BP 335 EP U230 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065445 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 083YL UT WOS:000240495300037 ER PT J AU Sturrock, PA Caldwell, DO Scargle, JD AF Sturrock, P. A. Caldwell, D. O. Scargle, J. D. TI Comparative analysis of GALLEX and GNO solar neutrino data SO ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE sun; neutrinos ID TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; SUPER-KAMIOKANDE-I; DAY PERIODICITY; ROTATING STARS; FLUX; OSCILLATIONS; SEARCH; MODULATION; PRECESSION; CYCLE-22 AB Since the GALLEX and GNO datasets were derived from closely related experiments, there is a natural tendency to merge them. This is perhaps appropriate for any analysis based on the hypothesis that the solar neutrino flux is constant, but it is not necessarily appropriate for an analysis that allows for possible variability, since the GALLEX and GNO experiments belong to different solar cycles. Moreover, we find significant differences between the GALLEX and GNO datasets. It appears, from inspection of the time series and histograms, that GNO measurements are compatible with the assumption that the solar neutrino flux is constant, but GALLEX measurements are not. Furthermore, power-spectrum analysis yields evidence of rotational modulation in GALLEX data but not in GNO data. We compare our results with those of Pandola, who claims that GALLEX-GNO data show no evidence for variability. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Ctr Space Sci & Astrophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sturrock, PA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Ctr Space Sci & Astrophys, Varian 302, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM sturrock@stanford.edu NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-6505 J9 ASTROPART PHYS JI Astropart Phys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 174 EP 185 DI 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.06.001 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 103LA UT WOS:000241885500002 ER PT J AU Koopmans, LVE Treu, T Bolton, AS Burles, S Moustakas, LA AF Koopmans, Leon V. E. Treu, Tommaso Bolton, Adam S. Burles, Scott Moustakas, Leonidas A. TI The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. III. The structure and formation of early-type galaxies and their evolution since z approximate to 1 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE galaxies : elliptical and lenticular, cD; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation; galaxies : structure; gravitational lensing ID COLD DARK-MATTER; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; HIGH-REDSHIFT SUPERNOVAE; FIELD E/S0 GALAXIES; GROTH STRIP SURVEY; GRAVITATIONAL LENS; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; FUNDAMENTAL PLANE; VIOLENT RELAXATION; INTERNAL STRUCTURE AB We present a joint gravitational lensing and stellar-dynamical analysis of 15 massive field early-type galaxies selected from the Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) Survey. The following numerical results are found: (1) A joint likelihood gives an average logarithmic density slope for the total mass density of = 2.01(-0.03)(+0.02) (68% CL; rho(tot) proportional to r(-gamma')) < R-Einst > = 4.2 +/- 0.4 kpc (rms of 1.6 kpc) for isotropic models. The inferred intrinsic rms spread in logarithmic density slopes is sigma(gamma') = 0.12. (2) The average position-angle difference between the light distribution and the total mass distribution is found to be = 0 degrees +/- 3 degrees (rms of 10 degrees), setting an upper limit of less than or similar to 0.035 on the average external shear. The total mass has an average ellipticity < q(SIE)> = 0.78 +/- 0.03 (rms of 0.12), which correlates extremely well with the stellar ellipticity, q(*), resulting in < q(SIE)/q(*)> = 0.99 +/- 0.03 (rms of 0.11) for sigma greater than or similar to 225 km s(-1) omitting three S0 lens galaxies. (3) The average projected dark matter mass fraction is inferred to be < f(DM)> = 0.25 +/- 0.06 (rms of 0.22) inside < R-Einst >, using the stellar mass-to-light ratios derived from the fundamental plane as priors. (4) Combined with results from the Lenses Structure and Dynamics (LSD) Survey at z greater than or similar to 0.3, we find no significant evolution of the total density slope inside one effective radius for galaxies with sigma(ap) >= 200 km s(-1): a linear fit gives alpha(gamma') equivalent to d / dz = 0.23 +/- 0.16 (1 sigma) for the range z = 0.08-1.01. The small scatter and absence of significant evolution in the inner density slopes suggest a collisional scenario in which gas and dark matter strongly couple during galaxy formation, leading to a total mass distribution that rapidly converges to dynamical isothermality. C1 Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Koopmans, LVE (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. EM koopmans@astro.rug.nl; ttreu@physics.ucsb.edu; abolton@cfa.harvard.edu; burles@mit.edu; leonidas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 138 TC 301 Z9 302 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 599 EP 615 DI 10.1086/505696 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200005 ER PT J AU Winter, LM Mushotzky, RF Reynolds, CS AF Winter, Lisa M. Mushotzky, Richard F. Reynolds, Christopher S. TI XMM-Newton archival study of the ultraluminous X-ray population in nearby galaxies SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; galaxies : general; surveys; X-rays : binaries ID MASS BLACK-HOLES; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; FORMATION RATE INDICATOR; SCALE KEY PROJECT; EPIC OBSERVATIONS; CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS; OPTICAL COUNTERPART; GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS; STARBURST GALAXY; SPIRAL GALAXIES AB We present the results of an archival XMM-Newton study of the bright X-ray point sources (L-X > 10(38) ergs s(-1)) in 32 nearby galaxies. From our list of approximately 100 point sources, we attempt to determine if there is a low-state counterpart to the ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) population, searching for a soft-hard state dichotomy similar to that known for Galactic X-ray binaries and testing the specific predictions of the intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) hypothesis. To this end, we searched for "low-state'' objects, which we defined as objects within our sample that had a spectrum well fitted by a simple absorbed power law, and "high-state'' objects, which we defined as objects better fitted by a combined blackbody and a power law. Assuming that low-state objects accrete at approximately 10% of the Eddington luminosity (as found by Done & Gierlinski) and that high-state objects accrete near the Eddington luminosity, we further divided our sample of sources into low- and high-state ULX sources. We classify 16 sources as low-state ULXs and 26 objects as high-state ULXs. As in Galactic BH systems, the spectral indices, Gamma, of the low-state objects, as well as the luminosities, tend to be lower than those of the high-state objects. The observed range of blackbody temperatures for the high state is 0.1-1 keV, with the most luminous systems tending toward the lowest temperatures. We therefore divide our high-state ULXs into candidate IMBHs (with blackbody temperatures of approximately 0.1 keV) and candidate stellar mass BHs (with blackbody temperatures of approximately 1.0 keV). A subset of the candidate stellar mass BHs have spectra that are well fitted by a Comptonization model, a property similar to Galactic BHs radiating in the "very high'' state near the Eddington limit. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Winter, LM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lwinter@astro.umd.edu; richard@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; chris@astro.umd.edu OI Winter, Lisa/0000-0002-3983-020X NR 71 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 730 EP 752 DI 10.1086/506579 PN 1 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200016 ER PT J AU Padoan, P Cambresy, L Juvela, M Kritsuk, A Langer, WD Norman, ML AF Padoan, Paolo Cambresy, Laurent Juvela, Mika Kritsuk, Alexei Langer, William D. Norman, Michael L. TI Can we trust the dust? Evidence of dust segregation in molecular clouds SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; ISM : clouds ID COMPOSITE INTERSTELLAR GRAINS; INFRARED REFLECTION NEBULA; DARK-CLOUD; EXTINCTION LAW; CO; PHOTODISSOCIATION; POLARIZATION; TURBULENCE; REGIONS; COMPLEX AB Maps of estimated dust column density in molecular clouds are usually assumed to reliably trace the total gas column density structure. In this work we present results showing a clear discrepancy between the dust and the gas distribution in the Taurus molecular cloud complex. We compute the power spectrum of a 2MASS extinction map of the Taurus region and find that it is much shallower than the power spectrum of a (CO)-C-13 map of the same region that was previously analyzed. This discrepancy could be explained as the effect of grain growth on the grain extinction efficiency. However, this would require a wide range of maximum grain sizes, which is ruled out based on constraints from the extinction curve and the available grain models. We show that major effects due to CO formation and depletion are also ruled out. Our result may therefore suggest the existence of intrinsic spatial fluctuations of the dust-to-gas ratio, with amplitude increasing toward smaller scales. Preliminary results of numerical simulations of trajectories of inertial particles in turbulent flows illustrate how the process of clustering of dust grains by the cloud turbulence may lead to observable effects. However, these results cannot be directly applied to large-scale supersonic and magnetized turbulence at present. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, CASS, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Astron Observ, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Univ Observ, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Padoan, P (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, CASS, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM ppadoan@ucsd.edu RI Juvela, Mika/H-6131-2011; OI Juvela, Mika/0000-0002-5809-4834; Padoan, Paolo/0000-0002-5055-5800 NR 43 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 807 EP 815 DI 10.1086/507068 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200021 ER PT J AU Williams, PKG Charbonneau, D Cooper, CS Showman, AP Fortney, JJ AF Williams, Peter K. G. Charbonneau, David Cooper, Curtis S. Showman, Adam P. Fortney, Jonathan J. TI Resolving the surfaces of extrasolar planets with secondary eclipse light curves SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE binaries : eclipsing; infrared : stars; planetary systems; stars : individual (HD 209458); techniques : high angular resolution; techniques : photometric ID SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; HD 209458B; TRANSITING PLANET; TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; SEARCH; SPECTRUM; ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERE; EXOSPHERE AB We present a method that employs the secondary eclipse light curves of transiting extrasolar planets to probe the spatial variation of their thermal emission. This technique permits an observer to resolve the surface of the planet without the need to spatially isolate its light from that of the central star. We evaluate the feasibility of this technique for the HD 209458 system by simulating observations made with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC). We consider two representations of the planetary thermal emission: a simple model parameterized by a sinusoidal dependence on longitude and latitude, and the results of a three-dimensional dynamical simulation of the planetary atmosphere previously published by Cooper & Showman. We find that observations of the secondary eclipse light curve are most sensitive to a longitudinal asymmetry in the dayside planetary emission. To quantify this signal, we define a new parameter, the "uniform time offset,'' which measures the time lag between the observed secondary eclipse and that predicted by a planet with spatially uniform emission. We compare the predicted amplitude of this parameter for HD 20948 with the precision with which it could be measured with IRAC. We find that IRAC observations at 3.6 mu m of a single secondary eclipse should permit sufficient precision to confirm or reject the Cooper & Showman model of the surface flux distribution for this planet. We quantify the signal-to-noise ratio for this offset in the remaining IRAC bands and find that a modest improvement in photometric precision should permit a similarly robust detection. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Williams, PKG (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM pwilliams@cfa.harvard.edu; dcharbonneau@cfa.harvard.edu; curtis@lpl.arizona.edu; showman@lpl.arizona.edu; jfortney@arc.nasa.gov OI Fortney, Jonathan/0000-0002-9843-4354; Williams, Peter/0000-0003-3734-3587; Charbonneau, David/0000-0002-9003-484X NR 46 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 1020 EP 1027 DI 10.1086/506468 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200041 ER PT J AU Richardson, LJ Harrington, J Seager, S Deming, D AF Richardson, L. Jeremy Harrington, Joseph Seager, Sara Deming, Drake TI A Spitzer infrared radius for the transiting extrasolar planet hd 209458b SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE eclipses; infrared : general; stars : individual (HD 209458) ID PARAMETERS; ATMOSPHERE; HD-209458; SEARCH; TIDES; STAR AB We have measured the infrared transit of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b using the Spitzer Space Telescope. We observed two primary eclipse events ( one partial and one complete transit) using the 24 mu m array of the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). We analyzed a total of 2392 individual images (10 s integrations) of the planetary system, recorded before, during, and after transit. We performed optimal photometry on the images and used the local zodiacal light as a short-term flux reference. At this long wavelength, the transit curve has a simple boxlike shape, allowing robust solutions for the stellar and planetary radii independent of stellar limb darkening, which is negligible at 24 mu m. We derive a stellar radius of R-* (1.06 +/- 0.07) R-circle dot, a planetary radius of R-p = (1.26 +/- 0.08)R-J, and a stellarmass of 1.17M(circle dot). Within the errors, our results agree with themeasurements at visible wavelengths. The 24 mu m radius of the planet therefore does not differ significantly compared to the visible result. We point out the potential for deriving extrasolar transiting planet radii to high accuracy using transit photometry at slightly shorter IR wavelengths where greater photometric precision is possible. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Richardson, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Mail Code 667, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM richardsonlj@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; jharring@physics.ucf.edu; seager@dtm.ciw.edu; ddeming@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Harrington, Joseph/E-6250-2011; OI Harrington, Joseph/0000-0002-8955-8531 NR 24 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 1043 EP 1047 DI 10.1086/506503 PN 1 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200043 ER PT J AU Milam, SN Remijan, AJ Womack, M Abrell, L Ziurys, LM Wyckoff, S Apponi, AJ Friedel, DN Snyder, LE Veal, JM Palmer, P Woodney, LM A'Hearn, MF Forster, JR Wright, MCH de Pater, I Choi, S Gesmundo, M AF Milam, Stefanie N. Remijan, Anthony J. Womack, Maria Abrell, Leif Ziurys, L. M. Wyckoff, Susan Apponi, A. J. Friedel, D. N. Snyder, L. E. Veal, J. M. Palmer, Patrick Woodney, L. M. A'Hearn, Michael F. Forster, J. R. Wright, M. C. H. de Pater, I. Choi, S. Gesmundo, M. TI Formaldehyde in comets C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), and C/2001 Q4 (NEAT): Investigating the cometary origin of H2CO SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; comets : individual (Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1); NEAT (C/2001 Q4); LINEAR (C/2002 T7)); radio lines : solar system; techniques : interferometric ID MASS-SPECTRA; HALLEY; MOLECULES; COMA; GLYCOLALDEHYDE; EVOLUTION; GRAINS; GIOTTO; DUST; IONS AB Observations of formaldehyde (H2CO) have been conducted toward comets C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), C/2001 Q4 ( NEAT), and C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) using the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO) 12 m telescope at 1.2 and 2 mm. Aperture synthesis maps of H2CO at 3 mm were made using the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) interferometer toward comet Hale-Bopp. These data indicate that the production rate of H2CO is similar to 3.7; 10(28) s(-1) at similar to 1 AU in comet Hale-Bopp, using a simple Monte Carlo model, if a nuclear origin for the molecule is assumed. However, maps of H2CO in Hale-Bopp, in comparison with CO, show an extended distribution (r(s) similar to 15,000 km) with small-scale structure oriented roughly along the comet-Sun direction. This result suggests a source of H2CO other than the comet nucleus. The extended source of formaldehyde is probably grains composed of a mixture of silicates and organic material. The production rate for H2CO increases to Q similar to 1.4; 10(29) s(-1) assuming such an extended grain source. This value implies a Q/Q(H2O) similar to 1.4%, which is similar to the production rate ratio of Q/Q(H2O) similar to 4% derived from in situ measurements of H2CO in comet Halley. Production rates for H2CO toward comets C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) and C/2001 Q4 ( NEAT) are 1.4; 10(27) and 5.6; 10(26) s(-1), respectively, modeled using the extended grain source. The spectra of H2CO measured toward comet C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) show evidence for a second velocity component, most likely arising from comet fragmentation. C1 Univ Arizona, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CNR, Resident Res Associate, Washington, DC 20418 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Phys & Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Phys, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Milam, SN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Dept Chem, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM stemil@as.arizona.edu; aremijan@nrao.edu; mwomack@stcloudstate.edu; abrell@u.arizona.edu; lziurys@as.arizona.edu; aapponi@as.arizona.edu; friedel@astro.uiuc.edu; snyder@astro.uiuc.edu; jveal@swc.cc.ca.us; ppalmer@oskar.uchicago.edu; woodney@csusb.edu; ma@astro.umd.edu; rforster@astro.berkeley.edu; wright@astro.berkeley.edu; imke@floris.berkeley.edu RI Milam, Stefanie/D-1092-2012; OI Milam, Stefanie/0000-0001-7694-4129; Womack, Maria/0000-0003-4659-8653 NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 1169 EP 1177 DI 10.1086/506501 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200054 ER PT J AU Nuth, JA Ferguson, FT AF Nuth, Joseph A., III Ferguson, Frank T. TI Silicates do nucleate in oxygen-rich circumstellar outflows: New vapor pressure data for SiO SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrochemistry; methods : laboratory; stars : mass loss ID PRESOLAR AL2O3; DUST SHELLS; GRAINS; STARS; CONDENSATION; GRAPHITE AB We havemeasured the vapor pressure of solid SiO as a function of temperature over the range from 1325 up to 1785K in vacuo using a modified Thermo-Cahn thermogravimetric system. Although an extrapolation of the current vapor pressure data to 2200 K is close to that predicted from the work of Schick under reducing conditions, the vapor pressures measured at successively lower temperatures diverge significantly from such predictions and are several orders of magnitude lower than predicted at 1200 K. This new vapor pressure data has been inserted into a simple model for the gas expanding from a late-stage star. Using the new vapor pressure curve makes a significant difference in the temperature and stellar radius at which SiO gas becomes supersaturated, although SiO still becomes supersaturated at temperatures that are too low to be consistent with observations. We have therefore also explored the effects of vibrational disequilibrium ( as explored by Nuth & Donn) of SiO in the expanding shell on the conditions under which nucleation occurs. These calculations are much more interesting in that supersaturation now occurs at much higher kinetic temperatures. We note, however, that both vibrational disequilibrium and the new vapor pressure curve are required to induce SiO supersaturation in stellar outflows at temperatures above 1000 K. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Nuth, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Lab, Code 691, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ferguson, Frank/C-9493-2012; Nuth, Joseph/E-7085-2012 NR 41 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP 1178 EP 1183 DI 10.1086/506264 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BF UT WOS:000240854200055 ER PT J AU Mazzuca, LM Sarzi, M Knapen, JH Veilleux, S Swaters, R AF Mazzuca, L. M. Sarzi, M. Knapen, J. H. Veilleux, S. Swaters, R. TI Minor merger origin for the circumnuclear starburst in NGC 7742 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : nuclei; galaxies : spiral; galaxies : starburst; galaxies : structure ID SAURON PROJECT; STAR-FORMATION; GALAXIES; EVOLUTION; REGION AB We present an emission-line diagnostic analysis of integral-field spectroscopic observations that cover the central kiloparsec of NGC 7742. This Sa galaxy hosts a spectacular nuclear starburst ring and nuclear regions characterized by low-ionization emission. The gas in the ring rotates in the opposite sense to the stars in the galaxy, suggesting a recent merging or acquisition event. The combination of integral-field measurements for the H alpha +[N II] emission lines from DensePak and the H beta and [O III] emission from SAURON allow the construction of diagnostic diagrams that highlight the transition from star formation in the nuclear ring to excitation by high-velocity shocks or by an active galactic nucleus toward the center. DensePak measurements for the [ S ii] line ratio reveal very low gas densities in the nuclear ring, N-3 < 100 cm(-3), characteristic of massive H ii regions. Comparison with MAPPINGS III models for starbursts with low gas densities show that the ring is of roughly solar metallicity. This suggests that the gas in the nuclear ring originated in a stellar system capable of substantially enriching the gas metallicity through sustained star formation. We propose that NGC 7742 cannibalized a smaller galaxy rich in metal-poor gas, and that star formation episodes in the ring have since increased the metallicity to its present value. The techniques explored here can be widely used to study similar systems, including composite (AGN + starburst) galaxies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mazzuca, LM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP L79 EP L82 DI 10.1086/508461 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BK UT WOS:000240854700006 ER PT J AU Zuckerman, B Bessell, MS Song, I Kim, S AF Zuckerman, B. Bessell, M. S. Song, Inseok Kim, S. TI The Carina-Near moving group SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE open clusters and associations : individual (HR 3070 moving group); stars : evolution; stars : kinematics; stars : pre-main-sequence ID YOUNG STARS; M-DWARF; SYSTEM AB We identify a group of similar to 20 comoving, mostly southern hemisphere, similar to 200 Myr old stars near Earth. Of the stars likely to be members of this Carina-Near moving group, in either its nucleus (similar to 30 pc from Earth) or its surrounding stream, all but three are plausible members of a multiple star system. The nucleus is ( coincidentally) located quite close to the nucleus of the AB Doradus moving group notwithstanding that the two groups have substantially different ages and Galactic space motions, UVW. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Inst Adv Studies, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia. Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Zuckerman, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM ben@astro.ucla.edu; bessell@mso.anu.edu.au; song@gemini.edu; skim@gemini.edu NR 14 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 2 BP L115 EP L118 DI 10.1086/508060 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 089BK UT WOS:000240854700015 ER PT J AU Kommu, SS Andrews, RJ Mah, RW AF Kommu, Sashi S. Andrews, Russell J. Mah, Robert W. TI The future role of intelligent probes in detecting and managing prostate cancer SO BJU INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID MICROSENSOR TISSUE RECOGNITION; DIAGNOSIS; BIOPSY; BIOIMPEDANCE; KIDNEY; NEEDLE C1 Inst Canc Res, London SW3 6JB, England. Royal Marsden NHS Fdn Trust, London SW3 6JB, England. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kommu, SS (reprint author), Inst Canc Res, London SW3 6JB, England. EM Sashi.Kommu@icr.ac.uk NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1464-4096 J9 BJU INT JI BJU Int. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 98 IS 4 BP 717 EP 719 DI 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06337.x PG 3 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 081WT UT WOS:000240349000002 PM 16978262 ER PT J AU Fujioka, JT AF Fujioka, Jeffrey T. TI A model for evaluating fishing impacts on habitat and comparing fishing closure strategies SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-SEA; SHELF; ALASKA AB In response to increasing concern with the effects of fishing on benthic habitat, I show a mathematical model using state transition equations to compute habitat reduction by unifying the processes of fishing impact and habitat recovery. The model assumes habitat is either in an unimpacted state or in an impacted state. The state transition equations describe that fishing decreases unimpacted habitat and the recovery process decreases impacted habitat. The equations are integrated under constant fishing effort for habitat trajectories over time, and the equilibrium habitat level is derived. A difference equation is also derived to model habitat trajectories under varying fishing effort. An exploration of the joint properties of the habitat reduction and catch equations provides guidance in choosing or designing habitat protection measures. Illustrations with the model demonstrate that when harvest levels are maintained, closing heavily fished areas rather than lightly fished areas can result in increased habitat reduction. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Fujioka, JT (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jeff.fujioka@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 63 IS 10 BP 2330 EP 2342 DI 10.1139/F06-120 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 099HX UT WOS:000241585400018 ER PT J AU Druyan, LM Fulakeza, M Lonergan, P AF Druyan, Leonard M. Fulakeza, Matthew Lonergan, Patrick TI Mesoscale analyses of West African summer climate: focus on wave disturbances SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID EASTERLY WAVES; UNITED-STATES; REGIONAL MODEL; PHASE III; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC; RAINFALL; RESOLUTION; SAHEL AB A mesoscale climate data set is created from simulations with a regional (limited area) model over West Africa on a 0.5 degrees grid, covering six summers (June-September), 1998-2003. The Regional Model 3 (RM3) is the latest version run at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies and the (Columbia University) Center for Climate Systems Research. RM3 simulations are driven by synchronous lateral boundary data four times daily from the National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis (NCPR) on a 2.5 degrees grid and sea-surface temperatures from the reanalysis. Characteristics of African wave disturbances (AWD) are analyzed from the mesoscale data set and compared to prior published descriptions. Results show a remarkably high correlation in time and space between RM3 modeled precipitation and Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission daily estimates, although the RM3 underestimates the frequency of the most extreme (high and low) precipitation rates. In addition, regional model precipitation was validated against gridded seasonal means from the East Anglia University data set and against a time series of daily rain gauge observations near Niamey, Niger. RM3 700 mb circulation shows evidence of considerable interannual variability in spectral properties that relate to AWD. Spectral amplitudes for 700 mb meridional wind time series peak most often in the range of 4 to 6-day periods over swaths traversed by AWD, often detected along 17 degrees N and 4 degrees N. AWD also create westward propagating bands of alternating southerlies and northerlies in NCPR, European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40) and RM3 700 mb circulations. RM3 700 mb meridional winds are highly correlated with corresponding NCPR and ERA-40 values, but are usually weaker, so RM3 AWD generally have lower amplitudes. Significant rain events are not always associated with AWD. The RM3 shows good potential for sensitivity experiments that will contribute to our understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying the variability of the West African monsoon. An RM3 West Africa mesoscale climatology could also prove useful for future climate research. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. Stinger Ghaffarian Technol Inc, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Druyan, LM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM LDruyan@giss.nasa.gov NR 48 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 27 IS 5 BP 459 EP 481 DI 10.1007/s00382-006-0141-9 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076KM UT WOS:000239956700002 ER PT J AU Zwart, SR DeKerlegand, DE Davis-Street, JE Smith, SM AF Zwart, Sara R. DeKerlegand, Diane E. Davis-Street, Janis E. Smith, Scott M. TI Assessment of urinary N-telopeptide: Point-of-care testing, sample types, and relationship to urinary helical peptide excretion SO CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE bone resorption; collagen crosslinks; ELISA; helical peptide; N-telopeptide; point-of-care testing ID INDUCED BONE LOSS; SPACE-FLIGHT; BED REST; CALCIUM-METABOLISM; RESORPTION; VARIABILITY; MARKERS AB Background: A point-of-care (POC) device would be useful in the space program for measuring N-telopeptide (NTX), a marker of bone resorption. This study was done to establish whether NTX measurements from a POC device compare favorably with standard (ELISA) techniques. We also compared results from fresh and frozen urine samples, samples collected on consecutive days, and second voids (of the day) and 24-h urine pools. Helical peptide (HP), another crosslink, was compared in second voids and 24-h urine pools. Methods: Ten subjects collected urine for 96 h. NTX was measured with the POC device and by ELISA, and HP measured by ELISA. Seven subjects collected 24-h urine pools, and samples were analyzed fresh and after 27 days of freezing. Results: Excretion of NTX was greater (P < 0.05) when measured by the POC device than when measured by ELISA, but was not different between second voids and 24-h urine pools, or among days. HP was similar in second voids and 24-h pools. Less NTX (P < 0.05) was found in fresh 24-h pools [mean (S.D.) values, 38.4 (11.6) and 33.6 (9.2) nmol/mmol creatinine for the POC device and ELISA] than in previously frozen 24-h pools [42.7 (17.4) and 41.5 (12.5) nmol/mmol creatinine for the POC device and ELISA]. Conclusions: Comparisons between NTX measurements from frozen and fresh samples and those analyzed by POC and ELISA techniques should be made with caution. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Enterprise Advisory Serv Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Smith, SM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, ATTN Mail Code SK3-Scott M Smith,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM scott.m.smith@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-8981 J9 CLIN CHIM ACTA JI Clin. Chim. Acta PD OCT PY 2006 VL 372 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 69 DI 10.1016/j.cca.2006.03.013 PG 5 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 091HD UT WOS:000241016900008 PM 16678144 ER PT J AU Ghose, S Watson, KA Sun, KJ Criss, JM Siochi, EJ Connell, JW AF Ghose, Sayata Watson, Kent A. Sun, Keun J. Criss, Jim M. Siochi, Emilie J. Connell, John W. TI High temperature resin/carbon nanotube composite fabrication SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phenylethynyl terminated imides; polymer matrix composites; scanning electron microscopy; injection molding; nanostructures ID WALL CARBON NANOTUBES; ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE MITIGATION; BALL-MILLED CARBON; IMIDE OLIGOMERS; PHENYLETHYNYL; MORPHOLOGY; BEHAVIOR AB For the purpose of incorporating multifunctionality into advanced composites, blends of PETI-330 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared, characterized and fabricated into moldings. PETI-330/MWCNT mixtures were prepared at concentrations ranging from 3 to 25 wt% by dry mixing the components in a ball mill. The resulting powders were characterized for degree of mixing, thermal and theological properties. Based on the characterization results, PETI-330/MWCNT samples were scaled up to similar to 300 g and used to fabricate moldings by injecting the mixtures at 260-280 degrees C into a stainless steel tool followed by curing for 1 h at 371 degrees C. The tool was designed to impart a degree of shear during the injection process in an attempt to achieve some alignment of the MWCNTs in the flow direction. Obtained moldings were subsequently characterized for thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. The degree of dispersion and alignment of MWCNTs were investigated using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The preparation and preliminary characterization of PETI-330/MWCNT composites will be discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. M&P Technol Inc, Marietta, GA 30068 USA. RP Connell, JW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM fn.s.ghose@larc.nasa.gov NR 37 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 66 IS 13 BP 1995 EP 2002 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.008 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 081FY UT WOS:000240303800011 ER PT J AU Carver, D Hoelzeman, R Aylor, J Hinchey, M AF Carver, Doris Hoelzeman, Ron Aylor, Jim Hinchey, Mike TI The IEEE Computer Society's 60th anniversary SO COMPUTER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Louisiana State Univ, Off Res & Econ Dev, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NASA, Software Engn Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Loyola Coll, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. RP Carver, D (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Off Res & Econ Dev, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM carver@bit.csc.lsu.edu; r.hoelzeman@computer.org; jha@virginia.edu; michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9162 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD OCT PY 2006 VL 39 IS 10 BP 22 EP 25 DI 10.1109/MC.2006.356 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 093IQ UT WOS:000241162400011 ER PT J AU Chen, F Kissel, DE West, LT Adkins, W Rickman, D Luvall, JC AF Chen, Feng Kissel, David E. West, Larry T. Adkins, W. Rickman, Doug Luvall, J. C. TI Feature selection and similarity analysis of crop fields for mapping organic carbon concentration in soil SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE field similarity; feature extraction; soil organic carbon; remote sensing; artificial neural network ID IMAGE RETRIEVAL; TEXTURE; MATTER; SHAPE; DISTANCE; VIDEO AB High-resolution, remotely sensed imagery of bare soil has been used to quantitatively map the spatial variation of soil organic-C concentration (SOC) with a greatly reduced cost compared with grid sampling. However, the procedure requires that each crop field must be sampled and mapped separately. Examination of a remotely sensed image revealed that some fields had similar image properties. If similar image properties also indicate the similarity of field properties such as soil organic carbon distribution and crop residue amount, fields could be placed in groups with similar image properties. Therefore, maps could be developed for a group of fields instead of a single field. The cost of mapping could be further reduced in proportion to the number of fields in the group. In this study, 50 rectangular areas were selected from a 1999 digital orthophotograph to examine different features for use in measuring field similarity. Three features, including color histograms, color slopes, and wavelets, were extracted from the 50 rectangular field areas. Two similarity measurement methods, statistical clustering with Euclidean distance and the Ward neural network system, were tested for grouping fields with similar image characteristics. The Ward neural network system, using the color histogram feature, gave the best result for grouping similar fields. Based on this result, two bare surface fields were selected from a NASA ATLAS image. Soil samples were collected from the two fields. The similarity of the two fields was computed with the Ward neural network system using the color histogram features. Because of the high similarity between the two fields, maps of soil organic carbon concentration for the two fields were developed with a single mapping procedure. The resulting maps were checked based on a second set of soil samples that were different from that used in model development. There was a good agreement with an r(2) value of 0.81. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NASA, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Chen, F (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM fchen@uga.edu OI Rickman, Doug/0000-0003-3409-2882 NR 47 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 EI 1872-7107 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 8 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.compag.2006.06.003 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 099TF UT WOS:000241618100002 ER PT J AU Meech, K AF Meech, Karen TI Elements in the classroom SO ELEMENTS LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Hawaii, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Meech, K (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1811-5209 J9 ELEMENTS JI Elements PD OCT PY 2006 VL 2 IS 5 BP 262 EP 262 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 100CY UT WOS:000241646200005 ER PT J AU Han, B Vucetic, S Braverman, A Obradovic, Z AF Han, Bo Vucetic, Slobodan Braverman, Amy Obradovic, Zoran TI A statistical complement to deterministic algorithms for the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness from radiance data SO ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE geophysical retrievals; aerosols; regression AB As a complement to the conventional deterministic geophysical algorithms, we consider a faster, but less accurate approach: training regression models to predict aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from radiance data. In our study, neural networks trained on a global data set are employed as a global retrieval method. Inverse distance spatial interpolation and region-specific neural networks trained on restricted, localized areas provide local models. We then develop two integrated statistical methods: local error correction of global retrievals and an optimal weighted average of global and local components. The algorithms are evaluated on the problem of deriving AOT from raw radiances observed by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument onboard NASA's Terra satellite. Integrated statistical approaches were clearly superior to global and local models alone. The best compromise between speed and accuracy was obtained through the weighted averaging of global neural networks and spatial interpolation. The results show that, while much faster, statistical retrievals can be quite comparable in accuracy to the far more computationally demanding deterministic methods. Differences in quality vary with season and model complexity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Temple Univ, Ctr Informat Sci & Technol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Obradovic, Z (reprint author), Temple Univ, Ctr Informat Sci & Technol, 1805 N Broad, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. EM zoran@ist.temple.edu NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0952-1976 J9 ENG APPL ARTIF INTEL JI Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 19 IS 7 SI SI BP 787 EP 795 DI 10.1016/j.engappai.2006.05.009 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA 103LT UT WOS:000241887500008 ER PT J AU Stenchikov, G Lahoti, N Diner, DJ Kahn, R Lioy, PJ Georgopoulos, PG AF Stenchikov, Georgiy Lahoti, Nilesh Diner, David J. Kahn, Ralph Lioy, Paul J. Georgopoulos, Panos G. TI Multiscale plume transport from the collapse of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE aerosol plume; particulate matter; transport; urban pollution; Regional Atmospheric Modeling System; Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport Model; Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer; World Trade Center; 9/11; terrorist attack ID LARGE-SCALE FLOW; UNITED-STATES; CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION; MODEL; PREDICTION; CLIMATE; MISR; SIMULATIONS; COORDINATE; ATMOSPHERE AB The collapse of the world trade center (WTC) produced enhanced levels of airborne contaminants in New York City and nearby areas on September 11, 2001 through December, 2001. This catastrophic event revealed the vulnerability of the urban environment, and the inability of many existing air monitoring systems to operate efficiently in a crisis. The contaminants released circulated within the street canyons, but were also lifted above the urban canopy and transported over large distances, reflecting the fact that pollutant transport affects multiple scales, from single buildings through city blocks to mesoscales. In this study, ground-and space-based observations were combined with numerical weather forecast fields to initialize fine-scale numerical simulations. The effort is aimed at reconstructing pollutant dispersion from the WTC in New York City to surrounding areas, to provide means for eventually evaluating its effect on population and environment. Atmospheric dynamics were calculated with the multi-grid Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), covering scales from 250 m to 300 km and contaminant transport was studied using the Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport (HYPACT) model that accepts RAMS meteorological output. The RAMS/HYPACT results were tested against PM2.5 observations from the roofs of public schools in New York City (NYC), Landsat images, and Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) retrievals. Calculations accurately reproduced locations and timing of PM2.5 peak aerosol concentrations, as well as plume directionality. By comparing calculated and observed concentrations, the effective magnitude of the aerosol source was estimated. The simulated pollutant distributions are being used to characterize levels of human exposure and associated environmental health impacts. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stenchikov, G (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM gera@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 EI 1573-1510 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 425 EP 450 DI 10.1007/s10652-006-9001-8 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 088IR UT WOS:000240805900002 ER PT J AU Moisander, PH Shiue, L Steward, GF Jenkins, BD Bebout, BM Zehr, JP AF Moisander, Pia H. Shiue, Lily Steward, Grieg F. Jenkins, Bethany D. Bebout, Brad M. Zehr, Jonathan P. TI Application of a nifH oligonucleotide microarray for profiling diversity of N-2-fixing microorganisms in marine microbial mats SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; GENE DIVERSITY; NITROGEN-FIXATION; DNA MACROARRAY; GUERRERO-NEGRO; LYNGBYA-SP; BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTS; SAMPLES AB Diazotrophic community structure in microbial mats from Guerrero Negro (GN), Baja California, Mexico, was studied using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nifH gene and a newly developed nifH oligonucleotide microarray. Ninety-six oligonucleotide probes designed for nifH sequences from cultivated isolates and the environment were printed on glass microarrays. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the probes represented all of the main nifH clusters. Specificity was tested by (i) evaluation of cross hybridization using individual targets, and (ii) comparison of the observed hybridization signals and those predicted from the sequences cloned from microbial mats. Signal intensity had a positive relationship with target concentration and the percentage identity between probe and target. Under moderate stringency and high target concentration, specificity of the probes varied from 77% to 100% with the individual targets tested. At the end of a 7-month long nutrient manipulation experiment in GN microbial mats, no expression of nitrogen fixation under nitrogen loading was detected, although a diverse community of diazotrophs was detected. The diversity in diazotrophic population present was higher than in the population expressing the nifH gene, and there were taxa specific differences in response to nutrients. The nifH microarray is a powerful tool for diazotroph community analysis in the marine environment. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Moisander, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM pmoisander@pmc.ucsc.edu RI Steward, Grieg/D-9768-2011; Zehr, Jonathan/B-3513-2014 OI Steward, Grieg/0000-0001-5988-0522; Zehr, Jonathan/0000-0002-5691-5408 NR 33 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1462-2912 EI 1462-2920 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 8 IS 10 BP 1721 EP 1735 DI 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01108.x PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 079VE UT WOS:000240205200005 PM 16958753 ER PT J AU Kumar, SV Peters-Lidard, CD Tian, Y Houser, PR Geiger, J Olden, S Lighty, L Eastman, JL Doty, B Dirmeyer, P Adams, J Mitchell, K Wood, EF Sheffield, J AF Kumar, S. V. Peters-Lidard, C. D. Tian, Y. Houser, P. R. Geiger, J. Olden, S. Lighty, L. Eastman, J. L. Doty, B. Dirmeyer, P. Adams, J. Mitchell, K. Wood, E. F. Sheffield, J. TI Land information system: An interoperable framework for high resolution land surface modeling SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE land surface modeling; high performance computing; object-oriented frameworks; interoperability; earth system studies ID RADIATION; DESIGN AB Knowledge of land surface water, energy, and carbon conditions are of critical importance due to their impact on many real world applications such as agricultural production, water resource management, and flood, weather, and climate prediction. Land Information System (LIS) is a software framework that integrates the use of satellite and ground-based observational data along with advanced land surface models and computing tools to accurately characterize land surface states and fluxes. LIS employs the use of scalable, high performance computing and data management technologies to deal with the computational challenges of high resolution land surface modeling. To make the LIS products transparently available to the end users, LIS includes a number of highly interactive visualization components as well. The LIS components are designed using object-oriented principles, with flexible, adaptable interfaces and modular structures for rapid prototyping and development. In addition, the interoperable features in LIS enable the definition, intercomparison, and validation of land surface modeling standards and the reuse of a high quality land surface modeling and computing system. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, NWS, Camp Springs, MD USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Kumar, SV (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM sujay@hsb.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Kumar, Sujay/B-8142-2015; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016; OI Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752; Sheffield, Justin/0000-0003-2400-0630 NR 34 TC 177 Z9 181 U1 3 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 EI 1873-6726 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 10 BP 1402 EP 1415 DI 10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.07.004 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 069RU UT WOS:000239466700002 ER PT J AU Underwood, EC Mulitsch, MJ Greenberg, JA Whiting, ML Ustin, SL Kefauver, SC AF Underwood, E. C. Mulitsch, M. J. Greenberg, J. A. Whiting, M. L. Ustin, S. L. Kefauver, S. C. TI Mapping invasive aquatic vegetation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta using hyperspectral imagery SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Brazilian waterweed; California; Egeria densa; Eichhornia crassipes; hyperspectral imagery; HyMap; remote sensing; submerged aquatic vegetation; spectral mixture analysis; water hyacinth ID PLANTS; MARSH AB The ecological and economic impacts associated with invasive species are of critical concern to land managers. The ability to map the extent and severity of invasions would be a valuable contribution to management decisions relating to control and monitoring efforts. We investigated the use of hyperspectral imagery for mapping invasive aquatic plant species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the Central Valley of California, at two spatial scales. Sixty-four flightlines of HyMap hyperspectral imagery were acquired over the study region covering an area of 2,139 km(2) and field work was conducted to acquire GPS locations of target invasive species. We used spectral mixture analysis to classify two target invasive species; Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa), a submerged invasive, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a floating emergent invasive. At the relatively fine spatial scale for five sites within the Delta (average size 51 ha) average classification accuracies were 93% for Brazilian waterweed and 73% for water hyacinth. However, at the coarser, Delta-wide scale (177,000 ha) these accuracy results were 29% for Brazilian waterweed and 65% for water hyacinth. The difference in accuracy is likely accounted for by the broad range in water turbidity and tide heights encountered across the Delta. These findings illustrate that hyperspectral imagery is a promising tool for discriminating target invasive species within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta waterways although more work is needed to develop classification tools that function under changing environmental conditions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, CSTARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Underwood, EC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, CSTARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM eunderwoodrussell@ucdavis.edu OI Greenberg, Jonathan/0000-0001-8435-9077; Kefauver, Shawn/0000-0002-1687-1965 NR 33 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 121 IS 1-3 BP 47 EP 64 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-9106-4 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 097NA UT WOS:000241453500004 PM 16741793 ER PT J AU Koren, I Kaufman, YJ Washington, R Todd, MC Rudich, Y Martins, JV Rosenfeld, D AF Koren, Ilan Kaufman, Yoram J. Washington, Richard Todd, Martin C. Rudich, Yinon Martins, J. Vanderlei Rosenfeld, Daniel TI The Bodele depression: a single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Sahara; Amazon; dust; aerosols; rainforest; fertilization ID AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SOLAR SPECTRUM; WET SEASON; ART.; SPECTROMETER; TRANSPORT; MODEL; BASIN; CHAD AB About 40 million tons of dust are transported annually from the Sahara to the Amazon basin. Saharan dust has been proposed to be the main mineral source that fertilizes the Amazon basin, generating a dependence of the health and productivity of the rain forest on dust supply from the Sahara. Here we show that about half of the annual dust supply to the Amazon basin is emitted from a single source: the Bodele depression located northeast of Lake Chad, approximately 0.5% of the size of the Amazon or 0.2% of the Sahara. Placed in a narrow path between two mountain chains that direct and accelerate the surface winds over the depression, the Bodele emits dust on 40% of the winter days, averaging more than 0.7 million tons of dust per day. C1 [Koren, Ilan; Rudich, Yinon] Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. [Kaufman, Yoram J.; Martins, J. Vanderlei] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Washington, Richard] Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Lab, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. [Todd, Martin C.] UCL, Dept Geog, London WC1E 6BT, England. [Martins, J. Vanderlei] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Martins, J. Vanderlei] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Rosenfeld, Daniel] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Koren, I (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RI Koren, Ilan/K-1417-2012; Rudich, Yinon/K-1498-2012; todd, martin/I-4143-2015; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016; OI Koren, Ilan/0000-0001-6759-6265; Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656; Rudich, Yinon/0000-0003-3149-0201 NR 27 TC 135 Z9 136 U1 3 U2 30 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 1 IS 1 AR 014005 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V44AN UT WOS:000202975700008 ER PT J AU Remer, LA AF Remer, Lorraine A. TI Dust, fertilization and sources SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Remer, Lorraine A.] NASA, MODIS Atmosphere Dept, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Remer, LA (reprint author), NASA, MODIS Atmosphere Dept, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 1 IS 1 AR 011001 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/011001 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V44AN UT WOS:000202975700002 ER PT J AU Moore, ST MacDougall, HG Peters, BT Bloomberg, JJ Curthoys, IS Cohen, HS AF Moore, Steven T. MacDougall, Hamish G. Peters, Brian T. Bloomberg, Jacob J. Curthoys, Ian S. Cohen, Helen S. TI Modeling locomotor dysfunction following spaceflight with Galvanic vestibular stimulation SO EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE space adaptation syndrome; microgravity; head stabilization; DVA; GVS ID HUMAN HEAD STABILIZATION; ORBITAL SPACE-FLIGHT; HUMAN POSTURAL SWAY; BODY-SWAY; VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; HORIZONTAL PLANE; RANDOM ROTATIONS; OCULAR TORSION; VISUAL-ACUITY AB In this study locomotor and gaze dysfunction commonly observed in astronauts following spaceflight were modeled using two Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) paradigms: (1) pseudorandom, and (2) head-coupled (proportional to the summed vertical linear acceleration and yaw angular velocity obtained from a head-mounted Inertial Measurement Unit). Locomotor and gaze function during GVS were assessed by tests previously used to evaluate post-flight astronaut performance; dynamic visual acuity (DVA) during treadmill locomotion at 80 m/min, and navigation of an obstacle course. During treadmill locomotion with pseudorandom GVS there was a 12% decrease in coherence between head pitch and vertical translation at the step frequency relative to the no GVS condition, which was not significantly different to the 15% decrease in coherence observed in astronauts following shuttle missions. This disruption in head stabilization likely resulted in a decrease in DVA equivalent to the reduction in acuity observed in astronauts 6 days after return from extended missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). There were significant increases in time-to-completion of the obstacle course during both pseudorandom (21%) and head-coupled (14%) GVS, equivalent to an ISS astronaut 5 days post-landing. An attempt to suppress head movement was evident during both pseudorandom and head-coupled GVS while negotiating the obstacle course, with a 20 and 16%, decrease in head pitch and yaw velocity, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that pseudorandom GVS generates many of the salient features of post-flight locomotor dysfunction observed in astronauts following short and long duration missions. An ambulatory GVS system may prove a useful adjunct to the current pre-flight astronaut training regimen. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Human Aerosp Lab, New York, NY 10029 USA. Wyle Life Sci, Neurosci Lab, Houston, TX USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Psychol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Baylor Coll Med, Bobby Alford Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Moore, ST (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Human Aerosp Lab, 1 E 100th St,Box 1135, New York, NY 10029 USA. EM steven.moore@mssm.edu OI Moore, Steven/0000-0003-3995-4912; Curthoys, Ian/0000-0002-9416-5038 NR 66 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0014-4819 J9 EXP BRAIN RES JI Exp. Brain Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 174 IS 4 BP 647 EP 659 DI 10.1007/s00221-006-0528-1 PG 13 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 090VN UT WOS:000240980800007 PM 16763834 ER PT J AU Butler, J Neuman, M Pinkard, D Kvitek, R Cochrane, G AF Butler, John Neuman, Melissa Pinkard, Deanna Kvitek, Rikk Cochrane, Guy TI The use of multibeam sonar mapping techniques to refine population estimates of the endangered white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL-ISLANDS; CALIFORNIA; HABITAT AB Multibeam sonar mapping techniques provide detailed benthic habitat information that can be combined with the data on species-specific habitat preferences to provide highly accurate calculations of populations in a particular area. The amount of suitable habitat available for the endangered white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) was quantified to aid in obtaining an accurate estimate of the number of remaining individuals at two offshore banks and one island site off the coast of southern California. Habitat was mapped by using multibeam sonar survey techniques and categorized by using rugosity and topographic position analysis. Abalone densities were evaluated by using a remotely operated vehicle and video transect methods. The total amount of suitable habitat at these three sites was far greater than that previously estimated. Therefore, although present estimates of white abalone densities are several orders of magnitude lower than historic estimates, the total population is likely larger than previously reported because of the additional amount of habitat surveyed in this study. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. Calif State Univ, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. US Geol Serv, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Butler, J (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM John.Butler@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 521 EP 532 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900004 ER PT J AU Burks, CM Driggers, WB Mullin, KD AF Burks, Carolyn M. Driggers, William B., III Mullin, Keith D. TI Abundance and distribution of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; NINGALOO REEF; BEHAVIOR; WATERS; MOVEMENTS; FISHES; SHELF; SLOPE AB Information on the seasonal abundance and distribution of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) is largely unknown throughout range of the species. Between 1989 and 1998, three spatially and temporally intensive aerial surveys were conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories that provided information on seasonality, distribution, and aggregations of whale sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Transects totaling 89,369 km were surveyed over the course of the study and a total of 119 whale sharks were counted during 81 sighting events. There was no statistical difference in the sightings per unit of effort (SPUE) of whale sharks between the eastern and western continental slope waters of the Gulf of Mexico. In the continental slope waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico, whale sharks were more abundant during the summer than in the winter. In the western Gulf of Mexico, whale shark SPUE was significantly greater in the summer than during the fall or winter; there was no significant difference between summer and spring. There was also no significant difference in whale shark SPUE among spring, fall, and winter in the western Gulf of Mexico. Aggregations of whale sharks were seen only during the winter and summer, and there were significantly more individuals per aggregation during the summer. The largest aggregation of whale sharks observed during the study consisted of 23 individuals. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmsopher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Driggers, WB (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmsopher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. EM William.Driggers@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 579 EP 584 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900010 ER PT J AU Thedinga, JF Johnson, SW Mortensen, DG AF Thedinga, John F. Johnson, Scott W. Mortensen, Donald G. TI Habitat, age, and diet of a forage fish in southeastern Alaska: Pacific sandfish (Trichodon trichodon) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AREA C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thedinga, JF (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM John.Thedinga@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 631 EP 637 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900017 ER PT J AU Ord, GN Gualtieri, JA Mann, RB AF Ord, G. N. Gualtieri, J. A. Mann, R. B. TI A discrete, deterministic construction of the phase in Feynman paths SO FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Feynman chessboard model; path integral; ontic model ID QUANTUM-MECHANICS; CHESSBOARD; EQUATION; MODEL AB In the path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the phase factor e(iS(x[t])) is associated with every path x[t]. Summing this factor over all paths yields Feynman's propagator as a sum-over-paths. In the original formulation, the complex phase was a mathematical device invoked to extract wave behaviour in a particle framework. In this paper we show that the continuous phase itself can have a discrete origin in time reversal and that the propagator can be drawn by a single deterministic path. C1 Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, Waterloo, ON, Canada. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Appl Informat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Ord, GN (reprint author), Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, Waterloo, ON, Canada. EM gord@ryerson.ca NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0894-9875 J9 FOUND PHYS LETT JI Found. Phys. Lett. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 471 EP 480 DI 10.1007/s10702-006-0905-9 PG 10 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 080OR UT WOS:000240257900005 ER PT J AU Collins, SL Bettencourt, LMA Hagberg, A Brown, RF Moore, DI Bonito, G Delin, KA Jackson, SP Johnson, DW Burleigh, SC Woodrow, RR McAuley, JM AF Collins, Scott L. Bettencourt, Luis M. A. Hagberg, Aric Brown, Renee F. Moore, Douglas I. Bonito, Greg Delin, Kevin A. Jackson, Shannon P. Johnson, David W. Burleigh, Scott C. Woodrow, Richard R. McAuley, J. Michael TI New opportunities in ecological sensing using wireless sensor networks SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SHRUBLAND; GRASSLAND; DESERTIFICATION; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS; CARBON; SOIL; WEB AB Measuring environmental variables at appropriate temporal and spatial scales remains an important challenge in ecological research. New developments in wireless sensors and sensor networks will free ecologists from a wired world and revolutionize our ability to study ecological systems at relevant scales. In addition, sensor networks can analyze and manipulate the data they collect, thereby moving data processing from the end user to the sensor network itself. Such embedded processing will allow sensor networks to perform data analysis procedures, identify outlier data, alter sampling regimes, and ultimately control experimental infrastructure. We illustrate this capability using a wireless sensor network, the Sensor Web, in a study of microclimate variation under shrubs in the Chihuahuan Desert. Using Sensor Web data, we propose simple analytical protocols for assessing data quality "on-the-fly" that can be programmed into sensor networks. The ecological community can influence the evolution of environmental sensor networks by working across disciplines to infuse new ideas into sensor network development. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Collins, SL (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM scollins@sevilleta.unm.edu RI Collins, Scott/P-7742-2014; OI Collins, Scott/0000-0002-0193-2892; Brown, Renee F./0000-0002-4986-7663 NR 21 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 4 IS 8 BP 402 EP 407 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[402:NOIESU]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 091AE UT WOS:000240997000016 ER PT J AU Love, SG Allton, JH AF Love, Stanley G. Allton, Judith H. TI Micrometeoroid impact crater statistics at the boundary of Earth's gravitational sphere of influence SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE cratering; interplanetary dust ID PARTICLES; DUST AB We surveyed craters on a space-exposed surface from the Genesis solar wind sample return mission to find new constraints on the population of micrometeoroids at the edge of the Earth's gravitational sphere of influence. The target was made of 6061-T6 aluminum, identical to the composition of the space-facing end of the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite, which recorded micrometeoroid impacts in low Earth orbit. We use data from both locations to compare crater frequency as a function of size, with and without gravitational focussing by the Earth. We find that the cratering flux near the Earth-Sun L1 libration point is indistinguishable, within the similar to 40% uncertainty of this study, from that in low Earth orbit. The small degree of gravitational focussing between the two locations indicates that particles with geocentric free-space velocities less than a few kilometers per second comprise no more than a few percent of the interplanetary dust complex. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Love, SG (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM stanley.g.love@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 302 EP 307 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.023 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200002 ER PT J AU Foley, CN Nittler, LR Mccoy, TJ Lim, LF Brown, MRM Starr, RD Trombka, JI AF Foley, C. N. Nittler, L. R. McCoy, T. J. Lim, L. F. Brown, M. R. M. Starr, R. D. Trombka, J. I. TI Minor element evidence that Asteroid 433 Eros is a space-weathered ordinary chondrite parent body SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE asteroids; composition; solar radiation; meteorites; spectroscopy; asteroids; surfaces ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; SULFUR; SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE AB The NEAR mission to 433 Eros provided detailed data on the geology, mineralogy, and chemistry of this S-class asteroid [McCoy, T.J., Robinson, M.S., Nittler, L.R., Burbine, T.H., 2002. Chem. Erde 62, 89-121; Cheng, A.E, 1997. Space Sci. Rev. 82, 3-29] with a key science goal of understanding the relationship between asteroids and meteorites [Cheng, A.F., 1997. Space Sci. Rev. 82, 3-29; Gaffey, M.J., Burbine, T.H., Piatek, J.L., Reed, K.L., Chaky, D.A., Bell, J.F., Brown, R.H., 1993a. Icarus 106, 573-602]. Previously reported major element data revealed a bulk surface similar to that of ordinary chondrites, with the notable exception of sulfur, which was highly depleted [Trombka, J.I., and 23 colleagues, 2000. Science 289, 2101-2105; Nittler, L.R., and 14 colleagues, 2001. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 1673-1695]. The origin of this sulfur deficiency, and hence the fundamental nature of the asteroid's surface, has remained controversial. We report a new analysis of NEAR X-ray spectrometer data, indicating that Eros has Cr/Fe, Mn/Fe, and Ni/Fe ratios similar to ordinary chondrite meteorites of type LL or L. Chondritic levels of Cr, Mn, and Ni argue strongly against a partial melting explanation for the sulfur depletion. Instead, our results provide definitive evidence that Eros is a primitive body with composition and mineralogy similar to ordinary chondrites, but with a surface heavily modified by interactions with the solar wind and micrometeorites, processes collectively termed space weathering. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Nittler, LR (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. EM lrn@dtm.ciw.edu RI Lim, Lucy/C-9557-2012 OI Lim, Lucy/0000-0002-9696-9654 NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 338 EP 343 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.011 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200006 ER PT J AU Sprague, AL Hunten, DM Doose, LR Hill, RE Boynton, WV Smith, MD Pearl, JC AF Sprague, A. L. Hunten, D. M. Doose, L. R. Hill, R. E. Boynton, W. V. Smith, M. D. Pearl, J. C. TI Mars atmospheric water vapor abundance: 1991-1999, emphasis 1998-1999 SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars, atmosphere; abundances, atmospheres; spectroscopy ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; TES OBSERVATIONS; DUST OPACITY; ICE; LATITUDE; BEHAVIOR; AEROBRAKING AB Our ground-based measurements of martian atmospheric water vapor, made throughout L(S) = 34 degrees to 249 degrees, 24 September 1998 to 23 November 1999, during Mars year 24 (MY 24), show changes in Mars' humidity on hourly, daily, and seasonal timescales. We made concomitant measurement of nearby CO(2) bands, and when possible, results were corrected for aerosol extinction using aerosol optical depths derived from our own CO(2) analysis. Where there is spatial and temporal overlap, similar results are obtained for water vapor abundances and aerosol opacities as those observed from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor. In addition some further discussion of our published earlier water vapor measurements (1991-1995) is included. Six results from this data set are: (1) the measured aerosol opacity in Mars atmosphere was variable but not greater than tau = 1, with almost no clear atmosphere being observed, (2) measurements made with the slit crossing many hours of local time on Mars' Earth-facing disk show a diurnal pattern with highest abundances at mid-day and low abundance in very early morning and late afternoon for some but not all measurements, (3) water vapor abundance is patchy on hourly and daily time scales but follows the usual seasonal trends seen by instrumentation on the Mars Atmospheric Water Detector on the Viking Orbiters and by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor, (4) there is a slight longitudinal correlation with the ground-ice observed by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer on Mars Odyssey, (5) there is evidence of the Low Southern Latitude Summer Minimum in our water vapor measurements but our data set for southern summer is limited, and (6) MY 24 appears to be wetter than MY 22 and MY 23. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Baltimore, MD 20771 USA. RP Sprague, AL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM sprague@lpl.arizona.edu RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 372 EP 400 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.021 PG 29 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200009 ER PT J AU Davies, AG Wilson, L Matson, D Leone, G Keszthelyi, L Jaeger, W AF Davies, Ashley Gerard Wilson, Lionel Matson, Dennis Leone, Giovanni Keszthelyi, Laszlo Jaeger, Windy TI The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; Jupiter, satellites; geological processes; Earth; volcanism; data reduction techniques ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; GALILEO NIMS DATA; JUPITERS MOON IO; KILAUEA VOLCANO; LAVA FLOWS; SILICATE VOLCANISM; ERUPTION; MAGMA; HAWAII; TEMPERATURE AB The temporal signature of thermal emission from a volcano is a valuable clue to the processes taking place both at and beneath the surface. The Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) observed the volcano Prometheus, on the jovian moon Io, on multiple occasions between 1996 and 2002. The 5 micron (pm) brightness of this volcano shows considerable variation from orbit to orbit. Prometheus exhibits increases in thermal emission that indicate episodic (though non-periodic) effusive activity in a manner akin to the current Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha (afterwards referred to as the Pu'u 'O'o) eruption of Kilauea, Hawai'i. The volume of material erupted during one Prometheus eruption episode (defined as the interval from minimum thermal emission to peak and back to minimum) from 6 November 1996 to 7 May 1997 is estimated to be similar to 0.8 km(3), with a peak instantaneous volumetric flux (effusion rate) of similar to 140 m(3) s(-1), and an averaged volumetric flux (eruption rate) of similar to 49 m(3) s(-1). These quantities are used to model subsurface structure, magma storage and magma supply mechanisms, and likely magma chamber depth. Prometheus appears to be supplied by magma from a relatively shallow magma chamber, with a roof at a minimum depth of similar to 2-3 km and a maximum depth of 14 km. This is a much shallower depth range than sources of supply proposed for explosive, possibly ultramafic, eruptions at Pillan and Tvashtar. As Prometheus-type effusive activity is widespread on Io, shallow magma chambers containing magma of basaltic or near-basaltic composition and density may be common. This analysis strengthens the analogy between Prometheus and Pu'u 'O'o, at least in terms of eruption style. Even though the style of eruption appears to be similar (effusive emplacement of thin, insulated, compound pahoehoe flows) the scale of activity at Prometheus greatly exceeds current activity at Pu'u 'O'o in terms of volume erupted, area covered, and magma flux. Whereas the estimated magma chamber at Prometheus dwarfs the Pu'u 'O'o magma chamber, it fits within expectations if the Pu'u 'O'o chamber were scaled for the greater volumetric flux and lower gravity of Io. Recent volumetric eruption rates derived from Galileo data for Prometheus were considerably smaller than the rate that produced the extensive flows formed in the similar to 17 years between the Voyager and Galileo missions. These smaller eruption rates, coupled with the fact that flows are not expanding laterally, may mean that the immediate heat source that generates the Prometheus plume is simultaneously running out of available volatiles and the thermal energy that drives mobilization of volatiles. This raises the question of whether the current Prometheus eruption is in its last throes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, Lancashire, England. United States Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Davies, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ashley.davies@jpl.nasa.gov NR 65 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 460 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200014 ER PT J AU Lellouch, E Bezard, B Strobel, DF Bjoraker, GL Flasar, FM Romani, PN AF Lellouch, E. Bezard, B. Strobel, D. F. Bjoraker, G. L. Flasar, F. M. Romani, P. N. TI On the HCN and CO2 abundance and distribution in Jupiter's stratosphere SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Jupiter, atmosphere; atmospheres, dynamics; atmospheres, composition ID SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9; INFRARED IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY; COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY-9; CARBON-MONOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; JOVIAN MAGNETOSPHERE; MERIDIONAL TRANSPORT; OUTER PLANETS; VOYAGER IRIS; SL9 IMPACTS AB Observations of Jupiter by Cassini/CIRS, acquired during the December 2000 flyby, provide the latitudinal distribution of HCN and CO2 in Jupiter's stratosphere with unprecedented spatial resolution and coverage. Following up on a preliminary study by Kunde et al. [Kunde, VG., and 41 colleagues, 2004. Science 305, 1582-1587], the analysis of these observations leads to two unexpected results (i) the total HCN mass in Jupiter's stratosphere in 2000 was (6.0 +/- 1.5) x 10(13) g, i.e., at least three times larger than measured immediately after the Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) impacts in July 1994 and (ii) the latitudinal distributions of HCN and CO2 are strikingly different: while HCN exhibits a maximum at 45 S and a sharp decrease towards high Southern latitudes, the CO2 column densities peak over the South Pole. The total CO2 mass is (2.9 +/- 1.2) x 10(13) g. A possible cause for the HCN mass increase is its production from the photolysis of NH3, although a problem remains because, while millimeter-wave observations clearly indicate that HCN is currently restricted to submillibar (similar to 0.3 mbar) levels, immediate post-impact infrared observations have suggested that most of the ammonia was present in the lower stratosphere near 20 mbar. HCN appears to be a good atmospheric tracer, with negligible chemical losses. Based on 1-dimensional (latitude) transport models, the HCN distribution is best interpreted as resulting from the combination of a sharp decrease (over an order of magnitude in K-yy) of wave-induced eddy mixing poleward of 40 and an equatorward transport with similar to 7 cm s(-1) velocity. The CO2 distribution was investigated by coupling the transport model with an elementary chemical model, in which CO2 is produced from the conversion of water originating either from SL9 or from auroral input. The auroral source does not appear adequate to reproduce the CO2 peak over the South Pole, as required fluxes are unrealistically high and the shape of the CO2 bulge is not properly matched. In contrast, the CO2 distribution can be fit by invoking poleward transport with a similar to 30 cm s(-1) velocity and vigorous eddy mixing (K-yy = 2 x 10(11) cm(2) s(-1)). While the vertical distribution of CO2 is not measured, the combined HCN and CO2 results imply that the two species reside at different stratospheric levels. Comparing with the circulation regimes predicted by earlier radiative-dynamical models of Jupiter's stratosphere, and with inferences from the ethane and acetylene stratospheric latitudinal distribution, we suggest that CO2 lies in the middle stratosphere near or below the 5-mbar level. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lellouch, E (reprint author), Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. EM emmanuel.lellouch@obspm.fr RI Flasar, F Michael/C-8509-2012; Romani, Paul/D-2729-2012; Bjoraker, Gordon/D-5032-2012 NR 59 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 478 EP 497 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.018 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200015 ER PT J AU Rubincam, DP AF Rubincam, David Parry TI Saturn's rings, the Yarkovsky effects, and the Ring of Fire SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE celestial mechanics; ices; planetary rings; Saturn ID SIZED ASTEROIDAL FRAGMENTS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; PLANETARY RINGS; SEMIMAJOR AXIS; PARTICLE SIZES; ROTATION RATES; THERMAL DRAG; EVOLUTION; RADIATION; ORBIT AB Saturn's icy ring particles, with their low thermal conductivity, are almost ideal for the operation of the Yarkovsky effects (photon thrust due to temperature gradients across the ring particles). An extremely simple case of the Yarkovsky effects is examined here, in which orbital evolution is computed as though each particle travels around Saturn alone in a circular orbit, so that there are no collisions, shadowing, or irradiance from other particles; nor are resonances, tumbling, or micrometeoroid erosion considered. The orbital evolution for random spin orientations appears to be a competition between two effects: the seasonal Yarkovsky effect, which makes orbits contract, and the Yarkovsky-Schach effect, which makes orbits expand. There are values of the far infrared and visible particle albedos for which (working radially out from the planet) the along-track particle acceleration S is negative, then positive, and then negative again; the region for which S > 0 is interpreted as a region where stable rings are possible. Typical timescales for centimeter-sized particles to travel half a Saturn radius are 10(7)-10(8) yr. Collisions, shadowing, and resonances may lengthen the timescales, perhaps considerably. It is speculated here that the C ring may be depleted of particles because of the seasonal Yarkovsky effect, and small particles that are present in the C ring ultimately fall on Saturn, possibly creating a "Ring of Fire" as they enter the planet's atmosphere. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rubincam, DP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Code 698,Bldg 33,Room G308, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.p.rubincam@nasa.gov RI Rubincam, David/D-2918-2012 NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 532 EP 542 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.017 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200019 ER PT J AU Gomes, RS Matese, JJ Lissauer, JJ AF Gomes, Rodney S. Matese, John J. Lissauer, Jack J. TI A distant planetary-mass solar companion may have produced distant detached objects SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE trans-neptunian belt; comets, dynamics ID OORT CLOUD; ORIGIN; ORBITS; SYSTEM AB Most known traps-neptunian objects (TNO's) are either on low eccentricity orbits or could have been perturbed to their current trajectories via gravitational interactions with known bodies. However, one or two recently-discovered TNO's are distant detached objects (DDO's) (perihelion, q > 40 AU and semimajor axis, a > 50 AU) whose origins are not as easily understood. We investigate the parameter space of a hypothetical distant planetary-mass solar companion which could detach the perihelion of a Neptune-dominated TNO into a DDO orbit. Perturbations of the giant planets are also included. The problem is analyzed using two models. In the first model, we start with a distribution of undetached, low-inclination TNO's having a wide range of semimajor axes. The planetary perturbations and the companion perturbation are treated in the adiabatic, secularly averaged tidal approximation. This provides a starting point for a more detailed analysis by providing insights as to the companion parameter space likely to create DDO's. The second model includes the companion and the planets and numerically integrates perturbations on a sampling that is based on the real population of scattered disk objects (SDO's). A single calculation is performed including the mutual interactions and migration of the planets. By comparing these models, we distinguish the distant detached population that can be attributable to the secular interaction from those that require additional planetary perturbations. We find that a DDO can be produced by a hypothetical Neptune-mass companion having semiminor axis, b(c) <= 2000 AU or a Jupiter-mass companion with b(c) <= 5000 AU. DDO's produced by such a companion are likely to have small inclinations to the ecliptic only if the companion's orbit is significantly inclined. We also discuss the possibility that the tilt of the planets' invariable plane relative to the solar equatorial plane has been produced by such a hypothetical distant planetary-mass companion. Perturbations of a companion on Oort cloud comets are also considered. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Phys, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Observ Nacl, BR-20921400 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Matese, JJ (reprint author), Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Phys, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. EM matese@louisiana.edu RI gomes, rodney/G-8091-2011 NR 18 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 589 EP 601 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.026 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200024 ER PT J AU Burgdorf, M Orton, G van Cleve, J Meadows, V Houck, J AF Burgdorf, Martin Orton, Glenn van Cleve, Jeffrey Meadows, Victoria Houck, James TI Detection of new hydrocarbons in Uranus' atmosphere by infrared spectroscopy SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE abundances, atmospheres; atmospheres; composition; infrared observations; Uranus ID D/H ISOTOPIC RATIO; GIANT PLANETS; NEPTUNE; SPECTRA; CH3D; C2H2; NH3; PH3; ISO AB Ethane (C2H6), methylacetylene (CH3C2H or C3H4) and diacetylene (C4H2) have been discovered in Spitzer 10-20 mu m spectra of Uranus, with 0.1-mbar volume mixing ratios of (1.0 +/- 0.1) x 10(-8), (2.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(-10), and (1.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(-10), respectively. These hydrocarbons complement previously detected methane (CH4) and acetylene (C2H2). Carbon dioxide (CO2) was also detected at the 7-sigma level with a 0.1-mbar volume mixing ratio of (4 +/- 0.5) x 10(-11). Although the reactions producing hydrocarbons in the atmospheres of giant planets start from radicals, the methyl radical (CH3) was not found in the spectra, implying much lower abundances than in the atmospheres of Saturn or Neptune where it has been detected. This finding underlines the fact that Uranus' atmosphere occupies a special position among the giant planets, and our results shed light on the chemical reactions happening in the absence of a substantial internal energy source. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, IRS Sci Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Burgdorf, M (reprint author), Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, 12 Quays House,Egerton Wharf, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England. EM mjb@astro.livjm.ac.uk NR 24 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2006 VL 184 IS 2 BP 634 EP 637 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.006 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 091DT UT WOS:000241007200028 ER PT J AU Kent, BM Freundl, K Griffith, AD AF Kent, Brian M. Freundl, Kyle Griffith, Anthony D. TI Mobile diagnostic laboratory measurements of the transient scattering characteristics of a NASA shuttle booster separation motor plume SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE radar cross sections; radar measurements; electromagnetic measurements; electromagnetic scattering by plasma media; rockets AB Field-level RCS measurements are difficult to perform in rugged, unimproved environments, even under the best of conditions. Recently, NASA tasked AFRL to measure the scattering characteristics of a Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) Booster Separation Motor (BSM) plume at China Lake's "Skytop" measurement facility, as part of characterizations needed to return the Shuttle to safe flight. AFRL's Mobile Diagnostic Laboratory (MDL) was used to measure the RCS of six sequential Booster Separation Motor plume firings, a major technical challenge since each burn lasts only 0.8 s. The residual smoke plume RCS was also measured during the post-firing period. The experimental setup and scattering results are described. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, SNS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Kent, BM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, SNS, Bldg 254,2591 K St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1045-9243 EI 1558-4143 J9 IEEE ANTENN PROPAG M JI IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 48 IS 5 BP 186 EP 191 DI 10.1109/MAP.2006.277135 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 108RE UT WOS:000242256100020 ER PT J AU Roy, DP Lewis, P Schaaf, CB Devadiga, S Boschetti, L AF Roy, D. P. Lewis, P. Schaaf, C. B. Devadiga, S. Boschetti, L. TI The global impact of clouds on the production of MODIS bidirectional reflectance model-based composites for terrestrial monitoring SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF); cloud; compositing; direct broadcast; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); remote sensing ID AVHRR DATA; LAND; CONTAMINATION; ALGORITHMS; IMAGES; TERRA; BRDF AB A global data set of cloud occurrence probability derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua gridded daily data is analyzed to investigate the probability of obtaining at least a minimum number of cloud-free observations within various compositing periods. The probabilities derived from Terra and Aqua, with morning and afternoon overpass times, respectively, are similar and increase with compositing period. Compositing both Terra and Aqua observations results in considerably higher probabilities of obtaining a sufficient number of observations for bidirectional reflectance model-based compositing. Given that the only alternative to obtaining sufficient samples is to extend the observation period, which can cause significant problems when the surface state changes, it is concluded that using data from the two MODIS sensors provides the most effective way of generating composited products. Findings with respect to the availability of cloud-free composites when n-day composites are generated on a temporally overlapping daily rolling basis, i.e., every day, rather than every n-days, are also discussed for regional and global applications. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. UCL, Remote Sensing Unit, London WC1H 0AP, England. UCL, NERC, Ctr Terr Carbon Dynam, Dept Geog, London WC1H 0AP, England. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20071 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Roy, DP (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM david.roy@sdstate.edu; plewis@geog.ucl.ac.uk; schaaf@stanislaus.bu.edu; devadiga@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; luigi.boschetti@hermes.geog.umd.edu RI Boschetti, Luigi/C-6198-2008; Lewis, Philip/C-1588-2008 OI Boschetti, Luigi/0000-0001-6525-4413; Lewis, Philip/0000-0002-8562-0633 NR 17 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP 452 EP 456 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.875433 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 097WA UT WOS:000241478900004 ER PT J AU Qu, JJ Hao, XJ Kafatos, M Wang, LL AF Qu, John J. Hao, Xianjun Kafatos, Menas Wang, Lingli TI Asian dust storm monitoring combining terra and aqua MODIS SRB measurements SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE aerosol; Asian; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); normalized difference dust index (NDDI); sand and dust storm (SDS); satellite remote sensing (RS); Terra and Aqua ID SPACE AB Sand and dust storms (SDSs), which present environmental risks and affect the regional climate, have been worsened in the East Asian regions over the last decade. Monitoring SDS from space using satellite remote sensing (RS) has become one of the most important issues in this field. At present, satellite RS of SDS is limited to using true-color images or aerosol optical thickness (AOT), or a new algorithm called "Deep Blue." Using current existing approaches makes it difficult to identify SDS from clouds. The authors have detected SDS by combining Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) solar reflectance band (SRB) measurements. Based on the dust spectral characteristic, this letter proposes a normalized difference dust index (NDDI) using MODIS reflectance measurements and applies it to the Asian SDS cases. The simple NDDI index is found to be able to identify SDS and clouds easily. The results suggest that NDDI could be used to detect SDS over bright surfaces where the MODIS AOT product is not available. C1 George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Qu, JJ (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM jqu@scs.gmu.edu RI Hao, Xianjun/F-7253-2016; Hao, Xianjun/C-9543-2011 OI Hao, Xianjun/0000-0002-8186-6839; Hao, Xianjun/0000-0002-8186-6839 NR 14 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X EI 1558-0571 J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP 484 EP 486 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.877752 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 097WA UT WOS:000241478900011 ER PT J AU Remer, LA Kaufman, YJ Kleidman, RG AF Remer, Lorraine A. Kaufman, Yoram J. Kleidman, Richard G. TI Comparison of three years of Terra and Aqua MODIS aerosol optical thickness over the global oceans SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE aerosols; aerosol optical thickness (AOT); Aqua; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); remote sensing; satellite; Terra; time series ID SATELLITES; AERONET; NETWORK AB Far from land-based sources, long-term statistics of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over the oceans is expected to have a negligible diurnal signal. Therefore, comparing large-scale regional and global mean AOT derived independently from Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data will provide a measure of the precision of the overall product. Three years of overlapping records of quality and pixel-weighted level-3 statistics were analyzed. These data show that the instruments' measurement of the long-term global annual mean agree to within 1% or 0.0014-in optical thickness with an rms difference of 0.004, which is calculated from global monthly means. Two-thirds of the regions have long-term annual regional means that agree to within 2.5%. The highest regional difference is 5%, which is found over the southern circumpolar ocean. Other aerosol parameters such as particle size will show larger differences. Datasets that are not quality and pixel weighted may also show larger differences. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Remer, LA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Lorraine.A.Remer@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP 537 EP 540 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.879562 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 097WA UT WOS:000241478900023 ER PT J AU Kirkham, H AF Kirkham, Harold TI Measurement of electric fields generated from alternating current SO IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT MAGAZINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Technol Off, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Kirkham, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Technol Off, Pasadena, CA USA. EM Harold.Kirkham@jpl.nasa.gov OI Kirkham, Harold/0000-0003-2893-7586 NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1094-6969 J9 IEEE INSTRU MEAS MAG JI IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 9 IS 5 BP 58 EP 61 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 089LJ UT WOS:000240881800016 ER PT J AU Li, J Lu, YJ Meyyappan, M AF Li, Jing Lu, Yijiang Meyyappan, M. TI Nano chemical sensors with polymer-coated carbon nanotubes SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE carbon nanotubes (CNTs); chemical sensing; nanotechnology; polymer coating; sensors AB A simple sensor platform consisting of an interdigitated electrode (IDE) pattern has been fabricated for sensing gas and organic vapors. Purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in the form of a network laid on the IDE by solution casting serve as the sensor material. The electrical conductivity of the SWNT network changes reproducibly upon exposure to various gases and vapors. Selectivity to specific gases, for example, chlorine and hydrochloric acid vapor, is demonstrated by coating the SWNTs with polymers such as chlorosulfonated polyethylene and hydroxypropyl cellulose. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jingli@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 1047 EP 1051 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2006.881018 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 086UJ UT WOS:000240698200003 ER PT J AU Han, CM Huang, J Chang, K AF Han, Chulmin Huang, John Chang, Kai TI Cassegrain offset subreflector-fed X/Ka dual-band reflectarray with thin membranes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE Cassegrain system; inflatable membrane; microstrip ring; reflectarray antenna; subreflector (SR) ID CIRCULARLY-POLARIZED REFLECTARRAY; VARIABLE ROTATION ANGLES; MICROSTRIP RING ELEMENTS; HIGH-EFFICIENCY; ARRAY ANTENNA; DESIGN AB The development of a 0.75-m Cassegrain offset subreflector-fed X/Ka dual-band reflectarray antenna is presented. The subreflector (SR) is fabricated using combinations of prescribed geometric parameters and two left-hand circularly polarized microstrip patch arrays are designed as feed networks with one covering X-band and the other covering Ka-band. The phase corrections in the reflectarray required to form a planar phase front are realized by rotating microstrip ring elements. Low-dielectric constant foam layers are inserted below both the X- and Ka-band membranes to act as support structures and to minimize the degrading effects of thin substrates. It is believed that this is the first Cassegrain offset-fed reflectarray ever been developed. The measured results show efficiencies around 50% for both frequency bands with room for improvements. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Han, CM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM chulmin-han@neo.tamu.edu; jhuang@pop.jpl.nasa.gov; chang@ee.tamu.edu NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 10 BP 2838 EP 2844 DI 10.1109/TAP.2006.882176 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 097VU UT WOS:000241478100018 ER PT J AU Quirk, KJ Srinivasan, M AF Quirk, Kevin J. Srinivasan, Meera TI PN code tracking using noncommensurate sampling SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2002 CL NEW YORK, NY SP IEEE Commun Soc, ICC GLOBECOM, IEEE, AT&T Labs, Avaya Labs, Nippon Telegraph & Telephone, Nokia, Polytechn Univ, Verizon Commun DE code-division multiaccess; global positioning system (GPS); sampling methods; spread-spectrum communication; tracking loops ID PERFORMANCE; RECEIVERS; SIGNALS; LOOPS AB The use of a noninteger symbol to sample time ratio, noncommensurate sampling, in pseudonoise (PN) code-tracking loops is investigated. A noncoherent PN code-tracking loop using noncommensurate sampling and single-bit quantization is presented. An analysis method is developed to characterize the system and determine the steady-state error variance of the timing estimate. The performance of an equivalent analog code-tracking loop is derived and compared with the digital loop to investigate the degradation incurred through sampling and quantization. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Quirk, KJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Digital Signal Proc Res Grp, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM kquirk@jpl.nasa.gov; msrini@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0090-6778 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 10 BP 1845 EP 1856 DI 10.1109/TCOMM.2006.881259 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 098QO UT WOS:000241538100020 ER PT J AU Kern, B AF Kern, Brian TI Charge-injection noise in CCDs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE charge-coupled devices (CCDs); diffusion processes; MOSFETs; shot noise ID COUPLED-DEVICES; IMAGING SPECTROMETER; RADIATION-DAMAGE; RAY; SATELLITE AB An analysis of the noise associated with electronic charge injection in charge-coupled devices (CCDs) is presented, including the effects of diffusion currents. The capacitance of the injection circuit determines the charge-injection noise, and specification of the noise requires consideration of the quoted capacitance; for large charge packets, the noise has a characteristic variance of kTC/2 or kTC, depending on whether the capacitance is defined by microscopic (internal) or macroscopic (external) potentials. The variance is Poissonian for small charge packets. The noise values presented in this paper may serve as a target when optimizing charge-injection operation of a CCD. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91019 USA. RP Kern, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91019 USA. EM Brian.D.Kern@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9383 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD OCT PY 2006 VL 53 IS 10 BP 2478 EP 2484 DI 10.1109/TED.2006.882271 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 090BT UT WOS:000240926300009 ER PT J AU Tedesco, M Kim, EJ AF Tedesco, Marco Kim, Edward J. TI Intercomparison of electromagnetic models for passive microwave remote sensing of snow SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Intenational Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm DE electromagnetic models; microwave; remote sensing; snow ID WATER EQUIVALENT RETRIEVAL; STRONG FLUCTUATION THEORY; EMISSION MODEL; DRY SNOW; SCATTERING; PERMITTIVITY; RANGE; MEDIA AB Electromagnetic models can be used for understanding the interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter, interpreting experimental data, and retrieving geophysical parameters. Comparing the results of different snow models, when driven with the same set of input parameters, can benefit remote sensing of snow. Microwave brightness temperatures of snow at 19 and 37 GHz for six different classes of snow (prairie, tundra, taiga, alpine, maritime, and ephemeral) are simulated by means of four different electromagnetic models: the Helsinki University of Technology snow emission model, the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks, a dense-medium radiative-transfer theory model, and a strong fluctuation theory model. The frequency behavior of the extinction coefficients obtained with the different models between 5 and 90 GHz is also studied. The four models are also driven with inputs derived from snow-pit data, and the outputs are compared with ground-based measurements of brightness temperatures at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz. Significant differences among the brightness temperatures and the extinction coefficients simulated with the four models in the cases of the six classes of snow are observed. Moreover, no particular model is found to be able to systematically reproduce all of the experimental data. The results highlight the need to more closely examine the relationships relating mean grain size and correlation length, introduce multiple layers in each model, and to perform controlled laboratory measurements on materials with well-known electromagnetic properties in order to improve the understanding of the causes of the observed differences and to improve model performance. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21128 USA. RP Tedesco, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Tedesco, Marco/F-7986-2015 NR 25 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2654 EP 2666 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.873182 PN 1 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 089LB UT WOS:000240881000005 ER PT J AU Franceschetti, G Iodice, A Perna, S Riccio, D AF Franceschetti, Giorgio Iodice, Antonio Perna, Stefano Riccio, Daniele TI Efficient simulation of airborne SAR raw data of extended scenes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE motion compensation; simulation; synthetic aperture radar (SAP) ID TRAJECTORY DEVIATIONS; SIGNAL SIMULATOR; COMPENSATION AB In a previous paper, a two-dimensional Fourier domain synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw signal simulator that exploits the efficiency of fast Fourier transform algorithms was presented. It accounts for the effects of sensor, trajectory deviations and is able to generate the raw signal corresponding to extended scenes in a few seconds. However, a narrow-beam-slow-deviation assumption is made; hence, the approach can be applied only to some SAR systems and/or trajectory deviations. To overcome this limitation, in this paper, we show that the narrow-beam-slow-deviation assumption can be relaxed, at the expense of computation efficiency, if use is made of one-dimensional azimuth Fourier domain processing followed by range time-domain integration. The latter approach only requires some reasonable assumptions on the sensor motion and on the SAR system features; hence, it can be used for airborne SAR systems, and turns out to be still much more efficient than the time-domain one; hence, extended scenes can still be considered. Validity limits of the approach are also analytically evaluated, and several simulation results are finally presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed simulation scheme. C1 Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Elettr & Telecomun, I-80125 Naples, Italy. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ist Rilevaniento Elettromagnet Ambiente, I-80124 Naples, Italy. RP Franceschetti, G (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Elettr & Telecomun, I-80125 Naples, Italy. EM gfrance@unina.it; iodice@unina.it; steperna@unina.it; daniele.riccio@unina.it OI Iodice, Antonio/0000-0001-6173-3601; Perna, Stefano/0000-0002-3951-5816 NR 12 TC 48 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2851 EP 2860 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.875786 PN 2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 089LE UT WOS:000240881300001 ER PT J AU Jackson, TL Farrell, WM AF Jackson, Telana L. Farrell, William M. TI Electrostatic fields in dust devils: An analog to mars SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric measurements; electric field measurements; meteorology ID ELECTRIC FIELD; STORMS; SIMULATIONS; MODEL AB Mars has a dynamic atmosphere with dust devils and global dust storms. It is possible that dust devils on this planet may be electrical in nature. In order to understand the electrical nature of Martian dust storms, terrestrial dust devils are treated as an analog, and measurements of terrestrial dust devil electrostatic fields are obtained. Specifically, the construction of an electrometer designed to measure the anticipated large fields in the convective features is described. The large electric fields (E-fields) in dust devils have saturated previous test instruments, thus foiling previous attempts to obtain internal dust devil E-fields. Once the electrometer was built and calibrated, unique measurements of the horizontal E-field within a well-formed dust devil in the Mojave desert were obtained. It is found that peak horizontal E-field values exceeded 100 kV/m within the dust devils. Each transit through the dust devil (i.e., from outside to the dust devil center and back out) created a consistent "twin-peak" horizontal E-field signature, with E-fields having the distinct minimum in the dust devil center. Using a model, the electric dipole moment of the dust devil was characterized via a comparison of observed and modeled E-fields. The twin-peak signature is also a feature found in the model as well. The electric dipole moment was found to be -0.168 C center dot m, with the negative sign indicative of a downward-directed dipole moment. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jackson, TL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Jackson, Telana/E-9102-2012; Farrell, William/I-4865-2013 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2942 EP 2949 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.875785 PN 2 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 089LE UT WOS:000240881300010 ER PT J AU Lai, ST Garrett, HB Cho, MH Hilgers, A AF Lai, Shu T. Garrett, Henry B. Cho, Mengu Hilgers, Alain TI Guest editorial - Special issue on spacecraft charging technology SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Kyushu Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804855, Japan. European Space Agcy, Estec, TOS EMA, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. RP Lai, ST (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM Shu.Lai@Hanscom.af.mil; Henry.B.Garrett@jpl.nasa.gov; cho@ele.kyutech.ac.jp; Alain.Hilgers@esa.int NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1946 EP 1947 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.883393 PN 2 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 097IE UT WOS:000241439800001 ER PT J AU Ferguson, DC Vayner, BV Galofaro, JT Hillard, GB Vaughn, J Schneider, T AF Ferguson, Dale C. Vayner, Boris V. Galofaro, Joel T. Hillard, G. Barry Vaughn, Jason Schneider, Todd TI NASA GRC and MSFC space plasma arc testing procedures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference CY APR, 2005 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN SP Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy Japan DE aerospace simulation; arc discharges; environmental testing; plasma measurements ID VOLTAGE SOLAR-ARRAYS; ENVIRONMENT AB Tests of arcing and current collection in simulated-space-plasma conditions have been performed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) in Cleveland, OH, for over 30 years and at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, AL, for almost as long. During this period, proper test conditions for an accurate and meaningful space simulation have been worked out, comparisons with actual space performance in spaceflight tests and with real operational satellites have been made, and NASA has achieved the authors' own internal standards for test protocols. It is the purpose of this paper to communicate the test conditions, test procedures, and types of analysis used at the NASA GRC and MSFC to the space environmental testing community at large, to help with international space-plasma arcing-testing standardization. Discussed herein are the neutral gas conditions, plasma densities and uniformity, vacuum chamber sizes, sample sizes and Debye lengths, biasing samples, versus self-generated voltages, floating samples versus grounded samples, test electrical conditions, arc detection, preventing sustained discharges during testing, real samples versus idealized samples, validity of low Earth orbit tests for geosynchronous; Earth orbit samples, extracting arc threshold information from an arc rate versus voltage tests, snapover, current collection and glows at the positive sample bias, Kapton pyrolysis, thresholds for trigger arcs, sustained arcs, dielectric breakdown and Paschen discharge, tether arcing and testing in very dense plasmas (i.e., thruster plumes), arc mitigation strategies, charging mitigation strategies, models, and analysis of test results. Finally, the necessity of testing will be emphasized, not to the exclusion of modeling, but as part of a complete strategy for determining when and if arcs will occur, and preventing them from occurring in space. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Ohio Aerosp Inst, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ferguson, DC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM dale.c.ferguson@nasa.gov; boris.v.vayner@nasa.gov; grover.b.hillard@nasa.gov NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1948 EP 1958 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.879093 PN 2 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 097IE UT WOS:000241439800002 ER PT J AU Green, NW Frederickson, AR Dennison, JR AF Green, Nelson Wesley Frederickson, Arthur Robb Dennison, J. R. TI Experimentally derived resistivity for dielectric samples from the CRRES internal discharge monitor SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference CY APR, 2005 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN SP Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy Japan DE conductivity; dielectric; materials testing; resistivity; spacecraft charging; space environment effects ID CHARGE STORAGE; PULSES AB Resistivity values were experimentally determined using charge-storage methods for six samples remaining from the construction of the internal discharge monitor flown on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES). Three tests were performed over a period of three to five weeks each in a vacuum of similar to 5 x 10(-6) torr with an average temperature of similar to 25 degrees C to simulate a space environment. Samples tested included FR4, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and alumina with copper electrodes attached to one or more of the sample surfaces. FR4 circuit-board material was found to have a dark-current resistivity of similar to 1 x 10(18) Omega (.) cm and a moderately high polarization current. Fiber-filled PTFE exhibited little polarization current and a dark-current resistivity of similar to 3 x 10(20) Omega (.) cm. Alumina had a measured dark-current resistivity of similar to 3 (.) 10(17) Omega (.) cm, with a very large and more rapid polarization. Experimentally determined resistivity values were two to three orders of magnitude more than found using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test methods. The 1-min wait time suggested for the standard ASTM tests is much shorter than the measured polarization current-decay times for each sample indicating that the primary currents used to determine ASTM resistivity are caused by the polarization of molecules in the applied electric field rather than charge transport through the bulk of the dielectric. Testing over much longer periods of time in vacuum is required to allow this polarization current to decay away and to allow the observation of charged-particle transport through a dielectric material. Application of a simple physics-based model allows separation of the polarization current and dark-current components from long-duration measurements of resistivity over day- to month-long time scales. Model parameters are directly related to the magnitude of charge transfer and storage and the rate of charge transport. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Engn Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Phys, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Green, NW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Engn Off, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Nelson.W.Green@jpl.nasa.gov; JR.Dennison@usu.edu RI Dennison, John/C-1225-2014; OI Dennison, JR/0000-0002-5504-3353 NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1973 EP 1978 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.883372 PN 2 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 097IE UT WOS:000241439800005 ER PT J AU Wang, J Cao, Y Kafafy, R Pierru, J Decyk, VK AF Wang, Joseph Cao, Yong Kafafy, Raed Pierru, Julien Decyk, Viktor K. TI Simulations of ion thruster plume-spacecraft interactions on parallel supercomputer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference CY APR, 2005 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN SP Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy Japan DE ion propulsion plume; parallel electrostatic Particle-In-Cell (PIC); parallel immersed finite element (IFE); spacecraft-plasma interaction ID PARTICLE-IN-CELL; PROPULSION PLASMA ENVIRONMENT; BACKFLOW CONTAMINATION; DEEP-SPACE-1; COMPUTERS AB A parallel three-dimensional electrostatic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code is developed for large-scale simulations of ion thruster plume-spacecraft interactions on,parallel supercomputers. This code is based on a newly developed immersed finite-element (IFE) PIC. The IFE-PIC is designed to handle complex boundary conditions accurately while maintaining the computational speed of the standard PIC code. Domain decomposition is used in both field solve and particle push to divide the computation among processors. A high-resolution simulation of multiple ion thruster plume interactions for a realistic spacecraft using a domain enclosing the entire solar array panel is carried out to demonstrate the capability of the code. A standard finite-difference PIC (FD-PIC) code is also parallelized for comparison. Both the IFE-PIC and FD-PIC run with similar overall speed, and the IFE-PIC achieves a high parallel efficiency of > 90%. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Aerosp & Ocean Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Aerosp & Ocean Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM jowang@vt.edu; decyk@physics.ucla.edu RI Kafafy, Raed/D-6091-2013 NR 22 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 5 BP 2148 EP 2158 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.883406 PN 2 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 097IE UT WOS:000241439800025 ER PT J AU Dennison, JR Brunson, J Swaminathan, P Green, NW Frederickson, AR AF Dennison, John R. Brunson, Jerilyn Swaminathan, Prasanna Green, Nelson Wesley Frederickson, Arthur Robb TI Methods for high resistivity measurements related to spacecraft charging SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference CY APR, 2005 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN SP Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy Japan DE materials testing; resistivity; spacecraft-charging; space environment effects ID INSULATOR DISCHARGE PULSES; DECAY; INJECTION; STORAGE AB A key parameter in modeling differential spacecraft charging is the resistivity of insulating materials. This parameter determines how charge will accumulate and redistribute across the spacecraft, as well as the timescale for charge transport and dissipation. American Society for Testing and Materials constant-voltage methods are shown to provide inaccurate resistivity measurements for materials with resistivities greater than similar to 10(17) Omega (.) cm or with long polarization decay times such as are found in many polymers. These data have been shown to often be inappropriate for spacecraft charging applications and have been found to underestimate charging effects by one to four orders of magnitude for many materials. The charge storage decay method is shown to be the preferred method to determine the resistivities; of such highly insulating materials. A review is presented of methods to measure the resistivity of highly insulating materials-including the electrometer in resistance method, the electrometer in constant-voltage method, and the charge storage method. The different methods are found to be appropriate for different resistivity ranges and for different charging circumstances. A simple macroscopic physics-based model of these methods allows separation of the polarization current and dark current components from long-duration measurements of resistivity over day-to month-long timescales. Model parameters are directly related to the magnitude of charge transfer and storage and the rate of charge transport. The model largely explains the observed differences in resistivity found using the different methods and provides a framework for recommendations for the appropriate test method for spacecraft materials with different resistivities and applications. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Phys, Logan, UT 84322 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Engn Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dennison, JR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Phys, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM JR.Dennison@usu.edu; Nelson.W.Green@jpl.nasa.gov; Arthur.R.Frederickson@jpl.nasa.gov RI Dennison, John/C-1225-2014; OI Dennison, JR/0000-0002-5504-3353 NR 33 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 5 BP 2191 EP 2203 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.883400 PN 2 PG 13 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 097IE UT WOS:000241439800030 ER PT J AU Patnaik, SN Pai, SS AF Patnaik, Surya N. Pai, Shantaram S. TI Boundary compatibility condition and rotation in elasticity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE indeterminate; completed; Beltrami; Michell AB The boundary compatibility condition in elasticity that was missed for more than one century has been formulated. The new condition has completed the Beltrami-Michell formulation in elasticity. The completed formulation can solve stress, displacement, and mixed boundary value problems. The boundary compatibility condition, which is not a rotation, should be imposed on an indeterminate boundary. The use of the new condition is illustrated through the solution of a mixed boundary value problem. C1 [Patnaik, Surya N.; Pai, Shantaram S.] NASA, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Patnaik, SN (reprint author), NASA, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 49-8,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Surya.N.Patnaik@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC JOURNALS PI VICTORIA ISLAND PA P O BOX 5170-00200 NAIROBI, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS 73023, NIGERIA SN 1992-1950 J9 INT J PHYS SCI JI Int. J. Phys. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 1 IS 2 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA V67KY UT WOS:000204557600005 ER PT J AU Balint, TS AF Balint, Tibor S. TI Exploring Triton with multiple landers SO JBIS-JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th International Astronautical Congress CY OCT 17-21, 2005 CL Fukuoka, JAPAN SP Int Astronaut Federat DE Triton; lander; solar system exploration; radioisotope power system AB In our pathway for Outer Planetary Exploration several mission concepts were considered, based on the proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission architecture. This paper describes a JIMO follow-on mission concept to Neptune's largest moon. Triton is a target of interest for outer solar system studies. It has a highly inclined retrograde orbit, suggesting that it may have been a Kuiper Belt object, captured by Neptune. Given this assumption, its composition, which may include organic materials, would be of significant scientific interest. The present concept considers a surface mission architecture with two landers, each powered by a standard multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG). The landers would operate on the surface for several years providing science data, thus expanding our understanding of the environment, the dynamic surface and atmospheric processes, and some of the seasonal variations. A JIMO class orbiter would provide telecommunication link between the landers and Earth, and would be instrumented to observe both Triton and Neptune. In this paper all key aspects of the mission architecture are addressed, including the science instruments, the main subsystems, trade options for the power system, and a conceptual design for the landers. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Balint, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-170U, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tibor.balint@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC PI LONDON PA 27-29 S LAMBETH RD, LONDON SW8 1SZ, ENGLAND SN 0007-084X J9 JBIS-J BRIT INTERPLA JI JBIS-J. Br. Interplanet. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 59 IS 10 BP 355 EP 363 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA 087UQ UT WOS:000240768500003 ER PT J AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Yoseph TI Biomimetics using electroactive polymers (EAP) as artificial muscles - A review SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Review AB Evolution has resolved many of nature's challenges leading to lasting solutions with maximal performance and effective use of resources. Nature's inventions have always inspired human achievements leading to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems and many other benefits. The field of mimicking nature is known as Biomimetics and one of its topics includes electroactive polymers (EAP) that are also known as artificial muscles. Initially, EAP received relatively little attention due to their limited actuation capability. In the last fifteen years a series of EAP materials have emerged that exhibit a significant shape change in response to electrical stimulation. Using these materials various novel mechanisms and devices were already demonstrated including robot fish, catheter steering element, robotic arm, gripper, loudspeaker, active diaphragm, and dust-wiper. This paper reviews the state of the art, challenges and potential applications of EAP materials. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM yosi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 33 PU SAMPE PUBLISHERS PI COVINA PA 1161 PARKVIEW DRIVE, COVINA, CA 91722 USA SN 1070-9789 J9 J ADV MATER-COVINA JI J. Adv. Mater. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 100MR UT WOS:000241673700001 ER PT J AU Koshak, WJ AF Koshak, W. J. TI Retrieving storm electric fields from aircraft field mill data. Part I: Theory SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION; AIRPLANE; CHARGE AB It is shown that the problem of retrieving storm electric fields from an aircraft instrumented with several electric field mill sensors can be expressed in terms of a standard Lagrange multiplier optimization problem. The method naturally removes aircraft charge from the retrieval process without having to use a high-voltage stinger and linearly combined mill data values. It allows a variety of user-supplied physical constraints (the so-called side constraints in the theory of Lagrange multipliers) and also helps improve absolute calibration. Additionally, this paper introduces an alternate way of performing the absolute calibration of an aircraft that has some benefits over conventional analyses. It is accomplished by using the time derivatives of mill and pitch data for a pitch down maneuver performed at high (> 1 km) altitude. In Part II of this study, the above methods are tested and then applied to complete a full calibration of a Citation aircraft. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Koshak, WJ (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Code VP61,Bud Cramer Res Hall,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM william.koshak@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1289 EP 1302 DI 10.1175/JTECH1917.1 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 094DR UT WOS:000241220100002 ER PT J AU Koshak, WJ Mach, DM Christian, HJ Stewart, MF Bateman, MG AF Koshak, W. J. Mach, D. M. Christian, H. J. Stewart, M. F. Bateman, M. G. TI Retrieving storm electric fields from aircraft field mill data. Part II: Applications SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION; AIRPLANE AB The Lagrange multiplier theory developed in Part I of this study is applied to complete a relative calibration of a Citation aircraft that is instrumented with six field mill sensors. When side constraints related to average fields are used, the Lagrange multiplier method performs well in computer simulations. For mill measurement errors of 1 V m(-1) and a 5 V m(-1) error in the mean fair-weather field function, the 3D storm electric field is retrieved to within an error of about 12%. A side constraint that involves estimating the detailed structure of the fair-weather field was also tested using computer simulations. For mill measurement errors of 1 V m(-1), the method retrieves the 3D storm field to within an error of about 8% if the fair-weather field estimate is typically within 1 V m(-1) of the true fair-weather field. Using this type of side constraint and data from fair-weather field maneuvers taken on 29 June 2001, the Citation aircraft was calibrated. Absolute calibration was completed using the "pitch down method" developed in Part I, and conventional analyses. The resulting calibration matrices were then used to retrieve storm electric fields during a Citation flight on 2 June 2001. The storm field results are encouraging and agree favorably in many respects with results derived from earlier (iterative) techniques of calibration. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Koshak, WJ (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Code VP61,Bud Cramer Res Hall,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM william.koshak@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1303 EP 1322 DI 10.1175/JTECH1918.1 PG 20 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 094DR UT WOS:000241220100003 ER PT J AU Gusev, O Kaufmann, M Grossmann, KU Schmidlin, FJ Shepherd, MG AF Gusev, O. Kaufmann, M. Grossmann, K. -U. Schmidlin, F. J. Shepherd, M. G. TI Atmospheric neutral temperature distribution at the mesopause altitude SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE CRISTA; non-LTE; temperature; mesosphere; thermosphere; mesopause ID ACCELERATED LAMBDA ITERATION; CRYOGENIC INFRARED SPECTROMETERS; MULTILEVEL RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; LOWER THERMOSPHERE; ATOMIC OXYGEN; CO2; MESOSPHERE; CRISTA; DENSITIES AB In November 1994 and August 1997 the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) instrument performed a global measurement (72 degrees S-72 degrees N) of infrared limb radiance from 4 to 71 mu m in the altitude range 6-180 km. Using a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) model that couples the collisional, radiative and photochemical processes, the kinetic temperature was recovered from 15 mu m CO2 emission for CRISTA-1 and -2 missions by direct assimilation of the integrated limb radiances between 72 and 120 km. Falling sphere and airglow validation measurements at NASA/GSFC Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) and the Mesosphere-Thermosphere Emissions for Ozone Remote Sensing (METEORS) experiment at White Sands Missile Range were coordinated with CRISTA during the field campaign. The derived temperatures show good agreement with these rocket soundings, partial climatology obtained from Rayleigh scattering observations by Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and NRLMSISE-00 model. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wuppertal, Dept Math & Nat Sci, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany. Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG I Stratosphare, D-52425 Julich, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. RP Gusev, O (reprint author), Univ Wuppertal, Dept Math & Nat Sci, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany. EM oleg@crista.uni-wuppertal.de RI Kaufmann, Martin/A-3905-2013 NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 15 BP 1684 EP 1697 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.12.010 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101PH UT WOS:000241752200002 ER PT J AU Offermann, D Jarisch, M Oberheide, J Gusev, O Wohltmann, I Russell, JM Mlynczak, MG AF Offermann, D. Jarisch, M. Oberheide, J. Gusev, O. Wohltmann, I. Russell, J. M., III Mlynczak, M. G. TI Global wave activity from upper stratosphere to lower thermosphere: A new turbopause concept SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE middle atmosphere; lower thermosphere; turbopause ID MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; GRAVITY-WAVE; UPPER MESOSPHERE; PLANETARY-WAVES; DIURNAL TIDES; WIND FIELDS; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; CRISTA; VARIANCE AB Global temperature measurements are available from CRISTA (CRyogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere) and from SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) up to 110 km. Standard deviation from zonal mean temperature is used as a wave activity indicator (proxy). Altitude/latitude plots of these standard deviations sigma or variances sigma(2) show a structure that is dependent on the season. There is also substantial zonal asymmetry. Vertical cuts through the sigma-field show a remarkable transition between 90 and 100 km: linear fit curves above 100 km have a gradient similar to the amplitude increase of freely (upward) propagating waves. The corresponding gradients below 90 km are much flatter and thus indicate considerable wave damping. The intersection of the two fit curves is dubbed the "wave-turbopause" here, and is believed to be near the turbulent or transport turbopause. This wave-turbopause is found in the vicinity of 90-95 km for CRISTA-1, CRISTA-2, and SABER. It is compared to the corresponding cold point mesopause and to the isolines of estimated potential vorticities to show similarities with the tropopause. The height of the wave-turbopause depends on latitude. It also has considerable seasonal variation, which is very different at high and low latitudes. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, Wuppertal, Germany. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Dept Climate Syst Phys & Chem Proc Atmosphere, Potsdam, Germany. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Jarisch, M (reprint author), Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, Wuppertal, Germany. EM jarisch@uni-wuppertal.de RI Wohltmann, Ingo/C-1301-2010; Oberheide, Jens/C-6156-2011; Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012 OI Wohltmann, Ingo/0000-0003-4606-6788; Oberheide, Jens/0000-0001-6721-2540; NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 15 BP 1709 EP 1729 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.01.013 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101PH UT WOS:000241752200004 ER PT J AU Preusse, P Ern, M Eckermann, SD Warner, CD Picard, RH Knieling, P Krebsbach, M Russell, JM Mlynczak, MG Mertens, CJ Riese, M AF Preusse, Peter Ern, Manfred Eckermann, Stephen D. Warner, Christopher D. Picard, Richard H. Knieling, Peter Krebsbach, Mac Russell, James M., III Mlynczak, Martin G. Mertens, Christopher J. Riese, Martin TI Tropopause to mesopause gravity waves in August: Measurement and modeling SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE satellite measurements; stratosphere; mesosphere; gravity waves; ray tracing ID CRYOGENIC INFRARED SPECTROMETERS; STRATOSPHERIC MOUNTAIN WAVES; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; CRISTA TEMPERATURES; SATELLITE DATA; MOMENTUM FLUX; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME; LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; SABER EXPERIMENT AB Global gravity wave (GW) distributions are retrieved from infrared emission limb soundings taken by the CRISTA instrument in August 1997 and by the SABER instrument in August 2003. The investigated altitudes cover the whole middle atmosphere from the tropopause to the mesopause. The data agree semi-quantitatively in their salient features and only small deviations due to the different meteorological conditions in the two years are observed. Of particular interest is the decrease of GW activity at the top of the southern polar vortex and an accompanying shift of GW activity towards the subtropics in the mesosphere. We emulate this feature by two conceptionally different models, the Warner and McIntyre spectral parameterization scheme and the GROGRAT GW ray tracer. Both models indicate that saturation limits and GW breaking are the governing processes in creating this structure. Also, both models can well reproduce the global distributions except for two important points: (1) convectively generated GWs in the northern subtropics are largely underestimated; (2) northern hemisphere high latitude activity is grossly overestimated. These points indicate that GW distribution in general circulation models are not fully realistic. Refined measurements are required to constrain more realistic GW source distributions. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG I, Julich, Germany. USN, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge, England. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. Wuppertal Univ, Dept Phys, Wuppertal, Germany. Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Preusse, P (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG I, Julich, Germany. EM p.preusse@fz-juelich.de RI Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; Preusse, Peter/A-1193-2013; Riese, Martin/A-3927-2013; Ern, Manfred/I-8839-2016 OI Preusse, Peter/0000-0002-8997-4965; Riese, Martin/0000-0001-6398-6493; Ern, Manfred/0000-0002-8565-2125 NR 58 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 15 BP 1730 EP 1751 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.019 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101PH UT WOS:000241752200005 ER PT J AU Starc, V Schlegel, TT AF Starc, Vito Schlegel, Todd T. TI Real-time multichannel system for beat-to-beat QT interval variability SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE singular value decomposition; principal component analysis; T-wave morphology; signal averaging; electrocardiography ID REPOLARIZATION LABILITY; WAVE MORPHOLOGY; VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION; CORONARY-PATIENTS; DISPERSION; DISEASE; VECTORCARDIOGRAM; REPRODUCIBILITY; CARDIOMYOPATHY; RISK AB The measurement of beat-to-beat QT interval variability (QTV) shows clinical promise for identifying several types of cardiac pathology. However, until now, there has been no device capable of displaying, in real time on a beat-to-beat basis, changes in QTV in all 12 conventional leads in a continuously monitored patient. Although several software programs have been designed to analyze QTV, heretofore, such programs have all involved only a few channels (at most) and/or have required laborious user interaction or offline calculations and postprocessing, limiting their clinical utility. This article describes a PC-based electrocardiogram software program recently codeveloped by our laboratories that, in real time, acquires, analyzes, and displays QTV in each of the 8 independent channels that constitute the 12-lead conventional electrocardiogram. The system also analyzes and displays the QTV from QT-interval signals that are derived from multiple channels and from singular value decomposition such that the effect of noise and other artifacts on the QTV results are substantially reduced compared with existing single-channel methods. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Ljubljana, Sch Med, Inst Physiol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Starc, V (reprint author), Univ Ljubljana, Sch Med, Inst Physiol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. EM vito.starc@mf.uni-lj.si NR 30 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI PHILADELPHIA PA CURTIS CENTER, INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-0736 J9 J ELECTROCARDIOL JI J. Electrocardiol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 39 IS 4 BP 358 EP 367 DI 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.03.004 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 098TW UT WOS:000241546700002 PM 16919668 ER PT J AU Buhler, C Calle, C Clements, S Ritz, M Starnes, J AF Buhler, Charles Calle, Carlos Clements, Sid Ritz, Mindy Starnes, Jeff TI Test methodology to evaluate the safety of materials using spark incendivity SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROSTATICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual International Electrical Overstress/Electrostatic Discharge Symposium (EOS/EDS)20 CY SEP 11-15, 2005 CL Anaheim, CA SP ESD Assoc, IEEE, Electron Devices Soc DE electrostatic hazards; spark incendivity; triboelectricity; corona discharge; ignition; surface resistivity; safety AB For many years scientists and engineers have been searching for the proper test method to evaluate an electrostatic risk for materials used in hazardous environments. A new test standard created by the International Electrotechnical Commission is a promising addition to conventional test methods used throughout the industry. The purpose of this paper is to incorporate this test into a proposed new methodology for the evaluation of materials exposed to flammable environments. However, initial testing using this new standard has uncovered some unconventional behavior in materials that conventional test methods were thought to have reconciled. For example some materials tested at higher humidities were more susceptible to incendive discharges than at lower humidity even though the surface resistivity was lower. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ASRC Aerosp, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Appalachian State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Boone, NC 28608 USA. RP Buhler, C (reprint author), ASRC Aerosp, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM BuhleCR@kscems.ksc.nasa.gov; carlos.i.calle@nasa.gov; clementsjs@appstate.edu NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3886 J9 J ELECTROSTAT JI J. Electrost. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 64 IS 11 BP 744 EP 751 DI 10.1016/j.elstat.2006.04.001 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 087SB UT WOS:000240761500004 ER PT J AU Prevey, PS Ravindranath, RA Shepard, M Gabb, T AF Prevey, Paul S. Ravindranath, Ravi A. Shepard, Michael Gabb, Timothy TI Case studies of fatigue life improvement using low plasticity burnishing in gas turbine engine applications SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 16-19, 2003 CL ATLANTA, GA SP ASME ID MECHANICAL SURFACE TREATMENTS; STEEL; DEFORMATION; STRENGTH; MICROSTRUCTURES; RESISTANCE; ALLOY; PARTS AB Surface enhancement technologies such as shot peening, laser shock peening, and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) can provide substantial fatigue life improvement. However to be effective, the compressive residual stresses that increase fatigue strength must be retained in service. For successful integration into turbine design, the process must be affordable and compatible with the manufacturing environment. LPB provides thermally stable compression of comparable magnitude and even greater depth than other methods, and can be performed in conventional machine shop environments on CNC machine tools. LPB provides a means to extend the fatigue lives of both new and legacy aircraft engines and ground-based turbines. Improving fatigue performance by introducing deep stable layers of compressive residual stress avoids the generally cost prohibitive alternative of modifying either material or design. The x-ray diffraction based background studies of thermal and mechanical stability of surface enhancement techniques are briefly reviewed, demonstrating the importance of minimizing cold work. The LPB process, tooling, and control systems are described. An overview of current research programs conducted for engine OEMs and the military to apply LPB to a variety of engine and aging aircraft components are presented. Fatigue performance and residual stress data developed to date for several case studies are presented including the following. (1) The effect of LPB on the fatigue performance of the nickel based super alloy IN718, showing the fatigue benefit of thermal stability at engine temperatures. (2) An order of magnitude improvement in damage tolerance of LPB processed Ti-6-4 fan blade leading edges. (3) Elimination of the fretting fatigue debit for Ti-6-4 with prior LPB. (4) Corrosion fatigue mitigation with LPB in Carpenter 450 steel. (5) Damage tolerance improvement in 17-4 PH steel. Where appropriate, the performance of LPB is compared to conventional shot peening after exposure to engine operating temperatures. C1 Lambda Res, Cincinnati, OH 45227 USA. NAVAIR, Patuxent River, MD 20670 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Prevey, PS (reprint author), Lambda Res, 5521 Fair Lane, Cincinnati, OH 45227 USA. EM pprevey@lambda-research.com; ravindranara@navair.navy.mil; michael.Shepard@wpafb.af.mil; timothy.gabb@lerc.nasa.gov NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 31 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD OCT PY 2006 VL 128 IS 4 BP 865 EP 872 DI 10.1115/1.1807414 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 091RI UT WOS:000241045600016 ER PT J AU Arakere, NK Knudsen, E Swanson, GR Duke, G Ham-Battista, G AF Arakere, Nagaraj K. Knudsen, Erik Swanson, Gregory R. Duke, Gregory Ham-Battista, Gilda TI Subsurface stress fields in face-centered-cubic single-crystal anisotropic contacts SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID FRETTING-FATIGUE; MECHANICS AB Single-crystal superalloy turbine blades used in high-pressure turbomachinery are subject to conditions of high temperature, triaxial steady and alternating stresses, fretting stresses in the blade attachment and damper contact locations, and exposure to high-pressure hydrogen. The blades are also subjected to extreme variations in temperature during start-up and shutdown transients. The most prevalent high-cycle fatigue (HCF) failure modes observed in these blades during operation include crystallographic crack initiation/propagation on octahedral planes and noncrystallographic initiation with crystallographic growth. Numerous cases of crack initiation and crack propagation at the blade. leading edge tip, blade attachment regions, and damper contact locations have been documented. Understanding crack initiation/propagation under mixed-mode loading conditions is critical for establishing a systematic procedure for evaluating HCF life of single-crystal turbine blades. This paper presents analytical and numerical techniques for evaluating two- and three-dimensional (3D) subsurface stress fields in anisotropic contacts. The subsurface stress results are required for evaluating contact fatigue life at damper contacts and dovetail attachment regions in single-crystal nickel-base superalloy turbine blades. An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the subsurface stresses in the elastic half-space, based on the adaptation of a stress function method outlined by Lekhnitskii (1963, Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Elastic Body, Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, pp. 1-40). Numerical results are presented for cylindrical and spherical anisotropic contacts, using finite element analysis. Effects of crystal orientation on stress response and fatigue life are examined. Obtaining accurate subsurface stress results for anisotropic single-crystal contact problems require extremely refined 3D finite element grids, especially in the edge of contact region. Obtaining resolved shear stresses on the principal slip planes also involves considerable postprocessing work. For these reasons, it is very advantageous to develop analytical solution schemes for subsurface stresses, whenever possible. C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Struct Mech Grp, Huntsville, AL USA. JE Sverdrup, Huntsville, AL USA. ERC Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Arakere, NK (reprint author), Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM nagaraj@ufl.edu; greg.swanson@nasa.gov; greg.duke@mstc.nasa.gov; battista@msfc.nasa.gov RI yang, lin/G-6662-2011 NR 29 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD OCT PY 2006 VL 128 IS 4 BP 879 EP 888 DI 10.1115/1.2180276 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 091RI UT WOS:000241045600018 ER PT J AU Green, C Hummel, JE AF Green, Collin Hummel, John E. TI Familiar interacting object pairs are perceptually grouped SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive-Science-Society CY JUL 21-24, 2005 CL Stresa, ITALY SP Cognit Sci Soc DE scene perception; object recognition; context effects; functional group; perceptual grouping ID NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; TEMPORAL INTEGRATION; LETTER PERCEPTION; ACTIVATION MODEL; NATURAL SCENES; IDENTIFICATION; CONTEXT; RECOGNITION; PICTURES AB Identification of objects in a scene may be influenced by functional relations among those objects. In this study, observers indicated whether a target object matched a label. Each target was presented with a distractor object, and these were sometimes arranged to interact (as if being used together) and sometimes not to interact. When the distractor was semantically related to the label, identification was more accurate for targets arranged to interact with that distractor. This effect depended on observers' ability to perceptually integrate the stimulus objects, suggesting that it was perceptual in nature. The effect was not attributable to attentional cuing and did not depend on expectation of certain object pairs. These data suggest that familiar functional groupings of objects are perceptually grouped. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Green, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cgreen@arc.nasa.gov FU NINDS NIH HHS [F31-NS43892-02] NR 50 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC/EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING FOUNDATION PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0096-1523 J9 J EXP PSYCHOL HUMAN JI J. Exp. Psychol.-Hum. Percept. Perform. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1107 EP 1119 DI 10.1037/0096-1523.32.5.1107 PG 13 WC Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 089MM UT WOS:000240884700003 PM 17002525 ER PT J AU Smith, TM Arkin, PA Bates, JJ Huffman, GJ AF Smith, Thomas M. Arkin, Phillip A. Bates, John J. Huffman, George J. TI Estimating bias of satellite-based precipitation estimates SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; MODEL; RAINFALL AB Systematic biases in satellite-based precipitation estimates can be the dominant component of their uncertainty. These biases may not be reduced by averaging, which makes their evaluation particularly important. Described here are several methods of evaluating the biases and their characteristics. Methods are developed and tested using monthly average precipitation estimates from several satellites. Direct estimates of bias are obtained from analysis of satellite-gauge estimates, and they indicate the general bias patterns and magnitudes over land. Direct estimates cannot be computed over the oceans, so indirect-bias estimates based on ensembles of satellite and gauge estimates are also developed. These indirect estimates are consistent with direct estimates in locations where they can be compared, while giving near-global coverage. For both bias estimates computed here, the bias uncertainty is higher than nonsystematic error estimates, caused by random or sampling errors and which have been previously reported by others for satellite estimates. Because of their greater spatial coverage, indirect-bias estimates are preferable for bias adjustment of satellite-based precipitation. The adjustment methods developed reduce the bias associated with each satellite while estimating the remaining bias uncertainty for the satellite. By adjusting all satellites to a consistent base, the bias adjustments also minimize artificial climate-scale variations in analyses that could be caused by the addition or removal of satellite products as their availability changes. C1 Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr,ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, ESSIC, CICS, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Smith, TM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr,ESSIC, 4115 CSS Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM tom.smith@noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Huffman, George/F-4494-2014; Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308; Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 23 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 841 EP 856 DI 10.1175/JHM524.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QP UT WOS:000241755800001 ER PT J AU Koster, RD Suarez, MJ Schubert, SD AF Koster, Randal D. Suarez, Max J. Schubert, Siegfried D. TI Distinct hydrological signatures in observed historical temperature fields SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE COUPLING EXPERIMENT; SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE; PRECIPITATION; WETNESS; CLIMATE; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; CIRCULATION AB In an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the physical bounds on soil moisture content and the nonlinear relationship between soil moisture and evaporation lead to distinct geographical patterns in key surface energy and water balance variables. In particular, simple hydrological considerations suggest-and extensive AGCM simulations confirm-that the variance and skew of seasonally averaged [June-August (JJA)] air temperature on the planet should be maximized in specific, and different, regions: a variance maximum should appear on the dry side of the soil moisture variance maximum, and a positive skew maximum should appear on the wet side of the temperature variance maximum. These ideas are tested with multidecade observational temperature data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). In the United States, where sufficient data exist, the predicted patterns in the seasonal temperature moments show up where expected. These results suggest that hydrological considerations do indeed control the patterns of seasonal temperature variance and skew in nature. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Koster, RD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Code 6101, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM randal.d.koster@nasa.gov RI Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012 OI Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1061 EP 1075 DI 10.1175/JHM530.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QP UT WOS:000241755800015 ER PT J AU Seneviratne, SI Koster, RD Guo, ZC Dirmeyer, PA Kowalczyk, E Lawrence, D Liu, P Lu, CH Mocko, D Oleson, KW Verseghy, D AF Seneviratne, Sonia I. Koster, Randal D. Guo, Zhichang Dirmeyer, Paul A. Kowalczyk, Eva Lawrence, David Liu, Ping Lu, Cheng-Hsuan Mocko, David Oleson, Keith W. Verseghy, Diana TI Soil moisture memory in AGCM simulations: Analysis of global land-atmosphere coupling experiment (GLACE) data SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGE; SURFACE MODELS; CLIMATE MODELS; PART II; PRECIPITATION; SCALES; SCHEME; GCM; PREDICTABILITY AB Soil moisture memory is a key aspect of land-atmosphere interaction and has major implications for seasonal forecasting. Because of a severe lack of soil moisture observations on most continents, existing analyses of global-scale soil moisture memory have relied previously on atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments, with derived conclusions that are probably model dependent. The present study is the first survey examining and contrasting global-scale (near) monthly soil moisture memory characteristics across a broad range of AGCMs. The investigated simulations, performed with eight different AGCMs, were generated as part of the Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Overall, the AGCMs present relatively similar global patterns of soil moisture memory. Outliers are generally characterized by anomalous water-holding capacity or biases in radiation forcing. Water-holding capacity is highly variable among the analyzed AGCMs and is the main factor responsible for intermodel differences in soil moisture memory. Therefore, further studies on this topic should focus on the accurate characterization of this parameter for present AGCMs. Despite the range in the AGCMs' behavior, the average soil moisture memory characteristics of the models appear realistic when compared to available in situ soil moisture observations. An analysis of the processes controlling soil moisture memory in the AGCMs demonstrates that it is mostly controlled by two effects: evaporation's sensitivity to soil moisture, which increases with decreasing soil moisture content, and runoff's sensitivity to soil moisture, which increases with increasing soil moisture content. Soil moisture memory is highest in regions of medium soil moisture content, where both effects are small. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camps Springs, MD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Seneviratne, SI (reprint author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM sonia.seneviratne@env.ethz.ch RI Oleson, Keith/A-9328-2008; Lawrence, David/C-4026-2011; Seneviratne, Sonia/G-8761-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016 OI Lawrence, David/0000-0002-2968-3023; Seneviratne, Sonia/0000-0001-9528-2917; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752 NR 54 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1090 EP 1112 DI 10.1175/JHM533.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QP UT WOS:000241755800017 ER PT J AU Chen, GF Lee, KN Tewari, SN AF Chen, Guofeng Lee, Kang N. Tewari, Surendra N. TI Emission spectroscopy analysis for the non-destructive evaluation of the health of thermal barrier coatings SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GROWN OXIDE; STRESS AB Lithium oxide was selected as an emission spectroscopic marker in yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The spectral response of excited lithium atoms from dip-coated YSZ containing 5, 3, 1, and 0.3 wt.% lithium oxide and plasma-sprayed YSZ containing I wt% lithium oxide was examined under an oxy-acetylene flame. Results showed that the intensity of lithium emission spectrum is a function of the concentration of lithium oxide in the YSZ, the flame temperature, and the degree of TBC degradation. It indicates that an emission spectroscopy can be used to monitor the degradation of TBCs. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chen, GF (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. EM gfchen@gmail.com NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 41 IS 20 BP 6855 EP 6860 DI 10.1007/s10853-006-0945-3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 109XU UT WOS:000242343700030 ER PT J AU Yang, EH Hishinuma, Y Cheng, HG Trolier-McKinstry, S Bloemhof, E Levine, BM AF Yang, Eui-Hyeok (EH) Hishinuma, Yoshikazu Cheng, Han-Gong Trolier-McKinstry, Susan Bloemhof, Eric Levine, B. Martin TI Thin-film piezoelectric unimorph actuator-based deformable mirror with a transferred silicon membrane SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE deformable mirror; large-area mirror; PZT thin-film; unimorph actuator ID TERRESTRIAL-PLANET-FINDER AB This paper describes a proof-of-concept deformable mirror (DM) technology, with a continuous single-crystal silicon membrane reflecting surface, based on PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) unimorph membrane microactuators. A potential application for a terrestrial planet finder adaptive nuller is also discussed. The DM comprises a continuous, large-aperture, silicon membrane "transferred" onto a 20 x 20 piezoelectric unimorph actuator array. The actuator array was prepared on an electroded silicon substrate using chemical-solution-deposited 2-mu m-thick PZT films working in a d(.31) mode. The substrate was subsequently bulk-micromachined to create membrane structures with residual silicon acting as the passive layer in the actuator structure. A mathematical model simulated the membrane microactuator performance and aided in the optimization of membrane thicknesses and electrode geometries. Excellent agreement was obtained between the model and the experimental results. The resulting piezoelectric unimorph actuators with patterned PZT films produced large strokes at low voltages. A PZT unimorph actuator, 2.5 mm in diameter with optimized PZT/silicon thickness and design showed a deflection of 5.7 pm at 20 V. A DM structure with a 20-mu m-thick silicon membrane mirror (50 mm x 50 mm area) supported by 400 PZT unimorph actuators was successfully fabricated and optically characterized. The measured maximum mirror deflection at 30 V was approximately 1 mu m. An assembled DM showed an operating frequency bandwidth of 30 kHz and an influence function of approximately 30%. C1 Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd, Kanagawa 2588538, Japan. Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Microsyst & Informat Technol, Shanghai 200050, Peoples R China. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Hishinuma, Y (reprint author), Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. EM ehyang@ieee.org OI Trolier-McKinstry, Susan/0000-0002-7267-9281; Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1214 EP 1225 DI 10.1109/JMEMS.2006.880208 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096XR UT WOS:000241410600020 ER PT J AU Toth, RA Brown, LR Miller, CE Devi, VM Benner, DC AF Toth, R. A. Brown, L. R. Miller, C. E. Devi, V. Malathy Benner, D. Chris TI Line strengths of (CO2)-C-12-O-16: 4550-7000 cm(-1) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; line positions; intensities; near infrared ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; PRESSURE-BROADENING COEFFICIENTS; NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; 1.6 MU-M; DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES; ABSOLUTE INTENSITIES; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ROVIBRATIONAL INTENSITIES; FOURIER-TRANSFORM AB Line positions and strengths of (CO2)-C-12-O-16 were measured between 4550 and 7000 cm(-1) using near infrared absorption spectra recorded at 0.01-0.013 cm(-1) resolution with the McMath-Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer located at the National Solar Observatory at Kitt Peak, Arizona. These were retrieved from 42 laboratory spectra obtained at room temperature with five absorption cells having various optical path lengths (from 0.1 to 409 m) filled with natural and enriched samples Of CO2 at pressures ranging from 2 to 581 Torr. In all, band strengths and Herman-Wallis-like F-factor coefficients were determined for 58 vibration-rotation bands from the least-squares fits of over 2100 unblended line strengths; strengths of 34 of these bands had not been previously reported. Band strengths in natural abundance generally ranged from 3.30 x 10(-20) to 2.8 x 10(-25) cm(-1)/molecule cm(-2) at 296 K. It was found that the high J transitions (J' >= 61) of the 20012 <- 00001 band centered at 4977.8347 cm(-1) are perturbed, affecting both measured positions and strengths. Two other interacting bands, 21113e <- 01101e and 40002e <- 01101e, were also analyzed using degenerate perturbation theory. Comparisons with corresponding values from the literature indicate that absolute accuracies better than 1% and precisions of 0.5% were achieved for the strongest bands. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Toth, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-301,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Robert.A.Toth@jpl.nasa.gov NR 47 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 239 IS 2 BP 221 EP 242 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2006.08.001 PG 22 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 109KO UT WOS:000242307000011 ER PT J AU Toth, RA Brown, LR Miller, CE Devi, VM Benner, DC AF Toth, R. A. Brown, L. R. Miller, C. E. Devi, V. Malathy Benner, D. Chris TI Self-broadened widths and shifts of (CO2)-C-12-O-16: 4750-7000 cm(-1) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; CO2; self-broadening; near infrared; Lorentz widths; pressure shifts ID 2 MU-M; DIODE-LASER; DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES; HALF-WIDTHS; SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; MULTISPECTRUM ANALYSIS; ABSOLUTE INTENSITIES; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; CO2; BAND AB In the previous. paper we report line strength measurements for 58 bands of (CO2)-C-12 between 4550 and 7000 cm(-1) [R.A. Toth, L.R. Brown, C.E. Miller, V. Malathy Devi, D. Chris Benner, J. Mol. Spectrosc., this issue, doi:10.1016/j.jms.2006.08.001.]. In the present study, self-broadened width and self-induced pressure shift coefficients are determined in two intervals: (a) between 4750 and 5400 cm(-1) for bands of the Fermi triad (20011 <- 00001, 20012 <- 00001, 20013 <- 00001), three corresponding hot bands (21111 <- 01101, 21112 <- 01101, 21113 <- 01101) and the 01121 <- 00001 combination band; (b) between 6100 and 7000 cm(-1) for the Fermi tetrad (30014 <- 00001, 30013 <- 00001, 30012 <- 00001, 30011 <- 00001), two associated hot bands (31113 <- 01101, 31112 <- 01101), as well as 00031 <- 00001 and its hot band 01131 <- 01101. Least-squares fits of the experimental width and pressure shift coefficients are modeled using empirical expressions: b(0) = exp [Sigma(i)a(i)x(i)] for widths where x(1) = 1, x(2) = vertical bar m vertical bar, x(3) = m(2), x(4) = vertical bar m vertical bar(3), x(5) = m(4), x(6) = 1/vertical bar m vertical bar, and d(0) = Sigma(i)a(i)x(i) for pressure shifts where x(1) = 1, x(2) = 1/vertical bar m vertical bar, x(3) = m, x(4) = m(2), x(5) = 1/m(2), x(6) = 1/m(3), x(7) = m(3), x(8) = m/vertical bar m vertical bar The modeled width coefficients generally agree with the experimental values with standard deviations of less than 1%, while the standard deviations of the modeled values for the pressure-induced shift coefficients range between 2.3% and 6.7%. The largest percentage error is associated with the system of the three hot bands: 21111 <- 01101, 21112 <- 01101, and 21113 <- 01101. It is observed that transitions with the same rotational quantum numbers have slightly different widths in some of the bands. As expected, pressure-induced-shift coefficients vary as a function of the band center, but there are also subtle differences from band to band for transitions with the same rotational quanta. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Toth, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ratoth@jpl.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 239 IS 2 BP 243 EP 271 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2006.08.003 PG 29 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 109KO UT WOS:000242307000012 ER PT J AU Smith, SM Oliver, SAM Zwart, SR Kala, G Kelly, PA Goodwin, JS Dyer, CB AF Smith, Scott M. Oliver, Susan A. Mathews Zwart, Sara R. Kala, Geeta Kelly, P. Adam Goodwin, James S. Dyer, Carmel B. TI Nutritional status is altered in the self-neglecting elderly SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID COGNITIVE FUNCTION; SPACE-FLIGHT; VITAMIN-D; HOMOCYSTEINE; DEMENTIA; FOLATE; DISEASE; SUPPLEMENTATION; MEN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AB Elder self-neglect is the most common form of elder mistreatment. Individuals who cannot provide basic needs for themselves may develop social, functional, and physical deficits. The systematic characterization of self-neglecting individuals is the goal of the Consortium for Research in Elder Self-Neglect of Texas project. This study reports on the nutritional status of self-neglecting elderly. Self-neglectors (SN) were recruited based on referrals along with matched control (CN) subjects. Data are for 40 SN subjects (age 76 +/- 7 y) and 40 CN subjects (76 +/- 7 y). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for indices of nutritional status. SN subjects had a greater serum concentration of total homocysteine than CN subjects (13.6 +/- 4.5 vs. 11.6 +/- 5.6 mu mol/L, P < 0.05) and a lower concentration of red blood cell folate (1380 +/- 514 vs. 1792 +/- 793 nmol/L, P < 0.05). Plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were lower in SN subjects (0.28 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.33 mu mol/L; 23.2 +/- 9.3 vs. 27.8 +/- 9.3 mu mol/L, P < 0.05). SN subjects had a lower serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D than CN subjects (33.7 +/- 16.4 vs. 44.1 +/- 19.6 nmol/L, P < 0.05). These differences in markers of nutritional status show that the self-neglecting elderly are at risk for altered nutritional status, particularly of folate, antioxidants, and vitamin D. Evaluation of these data in relation to other functional and cognitive assessments are critical for evaluating the relation between nutrition and self-neglect. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Nutr Biochem Lab, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Enterprise Advisory Serv Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Enterprise Adv Serv Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Quentin Mease Hosp, Consortium Res Elder Self Neglect Texas, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Aging, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RP Smith, SM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Nutr Biochem Lab, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM scott.m.smith@nasa.gov FU NCRR NIH HHS [P20-RR020626-02] NR 51 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOCIETY NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, RM L-2407A, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 136 IS 10 BP 2534 EP 2541 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 089OH UT WOS:000240889600014 PM 16988122 ER PT J AU Stam, DM Mishchenko, MI AF Stam, DM Mishchenko, MI TI Light in planetary atmospheres and other particulate media: A tribute to Professor Joop W. Hovenier - Preface SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Editorial Material ID POLARIZED-LIGHT; NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; SPECIAL-ISSUE C1 Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Stam, DM (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. EM mmishchenko@giss.nasa.gov RI Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 381 EP 382 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.041 PG 2 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200001 ER PT J AU Ovcharenko, AA Bondarenko, SY Zubko, ES Shkuratov, YG Videen, G Nelson, RM Smythe, WD AF Ovcharenko, AA Bondarenko, SY Zubko, ES Shkuratov, YG Videen, G Nelson, RM Smythe, WD TI Particle size effect on the opposition spike and negative polarization SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE negative polarization; opposition effect; coherent backscattering; single-particle scattering ID OUTER PLANET SATELLITES; COHERENT BACKSCATTER; SPHERICAL-PARTICLES; LIGHT; SCATTERING; REGOLITHS; SURFACES AB We report results of experiments designed to increase our understanding of the influence of particle size on the photometric opposition spike and negative polarization observed in the reflectance and polarization phase curves of particulate surfaces. We concentrate our studies on particle-size separates of alumina (bright powders) and boron carbide (absorbing powders). We use two photopolarimeters that span small (0.2-17 degrees) and large (2-160 degrees) phase-angle ranges. The results suggest that the negative polarization has two dominant mechanisms: (1) the coherent-backscatter enhancement and (2) single-particle scatter, and that the contributions of the mechanisms are a function of particle size. The measured photometric and polarimetric phase functions can be applied to evaluate models used to calculate scattering properties of particulate surfaces. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USA, Res Lab, AMSRL CI EM, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. Kharkov Natl Univ, Inst Astron, UA-61022 Kharkov, Ukraine. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Videen, G (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, AMSRL CI EM, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. EM gvideem@arl.army.mil NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 394 EP 403 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.036 PG 10 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200003 ER PT J AU Mishchenko, MI AF Mishchenko, MI TI The electromagnetic optical theorem revisited SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic scattering; scattering by particles; optical theorem ID BACKWARD SCATTERING THEOREM; PERFECTLY CONDUCTING SPHERE; PARTICLES AB We revisit the optical theorem relevant to the far-field electromagnetic scattering by an arbitrary particle. We compute both the Poynting vector and the energy density of the total field and demonstrate once again that, despite a recent claim to the contrary, the extinction is caused by the interference of the incident and the forward-scattered field. However, caution must be exercised when one describes electromagnetic scattering using a formalism based on the coherency dyad since this approach may lead to unphysical artifacts. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Mishchenko, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM crmim@giss.nasa.gov RI Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 NR 7 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 404 EP 410 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.046 PG 7 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200004 ER PT J AU Mishchenko, MI AF Mishchenko, MI TI Scale invariance rule in electromagnetic scattering SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic scattering; scattering by particles; scale invariance rule AB The volume integral equation formalism is used to prove the scale invariance rule for an arbitrarily sized scatterer with an arbitrary shape, morphology, and orientation. The only assumptions are that the scatterer is made of optically isotropic linear materials and is embedded in a homogeneous, linear, isotropic, and nonabsorbing infinite medium. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Mishchenko, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM crmim@giss.nasa.gov RI Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 411 EP 415 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.047 PG 5 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200005 ER PT J AU Sun, WB Loeb, NG Yang, P AF Sun, WB Loeb, NG Yang, P TI On the retrieval of ice cloud particle shapes from POLDER measurements SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE retrieval; ice cloud; particle shape; POLDER ID INHOMOGENEOUS HEXAGONAL MONOCRYSTALS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; PARAMETERIZATION; INSTRUMENT; ALGORITHM; CRYSTALS; MODELS AB Shapes of ice crystals can significantly affect the radiative transfer in ice clouds. The angular distribution of the polarized reflectance over ice clouds strongly depends on ice crystal shapes. Although the angular-distribution features of the total or polarized reflectance over ice clouds imply a possibility of retrieving ice cloud particle shapes by use of remote sensing data, the accuracy of the retrieval must be evaluated. In this study, a technique that applies single ice crystal habit and multidirectional polarized radiance to retrieve ice cloud particle shapes is assessed. Our sensitivity studies show that the retrieved particle shapes from this algorithm can be considered good approximations to those in actual clouds in calculation of the phase matrix elements. However, this algorithm can only work well under the following conditions: (1) the retrievable must be overcast and thick ice cloud pixels, (2) the particles in the cloud must be randomly oriented, (3) the particle shapes and size distributions used in the lookup tables must be representative, and (4) the multi-angle polarized measurements must be accurate and sufficient to identify ice cloud pixels of randomly oriented particles. In practice, these conditions will exclude most of the measured cloud pixels. Additionally, because the polarized measurements are only sensitive to the upper cloud part not deeper than an optical thickness of 4, the retrieved particle shapes with the polarized radiance may only approximate those in the upper parts of the clouds. In other words, for thicker clouds with vertical inhomogeneity in particle shapes, these retrieved particle shapes cannot represent those of whole clouds. More robust algorithm is needed in accurate retrieval of ice cloud particle shapes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Sun, WB (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM w.sun@larc.nasa.gov RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 435 EP 447 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.071 PG 13 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200007 ER PT J AU Liu, L Mishchenko, MI Cairns, B Carlson, BE Travis, LD AF Liu, Li Mishchenko, Michael I. Cairns, Brian Carlson, Barbara E. Travis, Larry D. TI Modeling single-scattering properties of small cirrus particles by use of a size-shape distribution of ice spheroids and cylinders SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE cirrus clouds; scattering; remote sensing; atmospheric radiation ID FINITE CIRCULAR-CYLINDERS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; PHASE FUNCTION; T-MATRIX; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; COMPLEX SHAPES; CRYSTALS; CLOUD AB In this study, we model single-scattering properties of small cirrus crystals using mixtures of polydisperse, randomly oriented spheroids and cylinders with varying aspect ratios and with a refractive index representative of water ice at a wavelength of 1.88 mu m. The Stokes scattering matrix elements averaged over wide shape distributions of spheroids and cylinders are compared with those computed for polydisperse surface-equivalent spheres. The shape-averaged phase function for a mixture of oblate and prolate spheroids is smooth, featureless, and nearly flat at side-scattering angles and closely resembles those typically measured for cirrus. Compared with the ensemble-averaged phase function for spheroids, that for a shape distribution of cylinders shows a relatively deeper minimum at side-scattering angles. This may indicate that light scattering from realistic cirrus crystals can be better represented by a shape mixture of ice spheroids. Interestingly, the single-scattering properties of shape-averaged oblate and prolate cylinders are very similar to those of compact cylinders with a diameter-to-length ratio of unity. The differences in the optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter between the spherical and the nonspherical particles studied appear to be relatively small. This may suggest that for a given optical thickness, the influence of particle shape on the radiative forcing caused by a cloud composed of small ice crystals can be negligible. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Mishchenko, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM crmim@giss.nasa.gov RI Carlson, Barbara/D-8319-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; OI Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 488 EP 497 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.040 PG 10 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200011 ER PT J AU Mishchenko, MI AF Mishchenko, Michael I. TI Maxwell's equations, radiative transfer, and coherent backscattering: A general perspective SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic scattering; radiative transfer; coherent backscattering ID SCATTERING; PHOTON; LIGHT; PARTICLES; SINGLE AB This tutorial paper provides a general overview of the hierarchy of problems involving electromagnetic scattering by particles and clarifies the place of the radiative transfer theory and the theory of coherent backscattering in the context of classical electromagnetics. The self-consistent microphysical approach to radiative transfer is compared with the traditional phenomenological treatment. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Mishchenko, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM crmim@giss.nasa.gov RI Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 101 IS 3 SI SI BP 540 EP 555 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.065 PG 16 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 056VW UT WOS:000238554200016 ER PT J AU Yee, HC Sjogreen, B AF Yee, H. C. Sjogreen, Bjorn TI Efficient low dissipative high order schemes for multiscale MHD flows, II: Minimization of del center dot B numerical error SO JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE magnetohydrodynamics; difference scheme; high order of accuracy; shock capturing; numerical divergence ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; IDEAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS; CONSERVATION-LAWS; DIFFERENCE-METHODS; SIMULATIONS; BOUNDARY AB An adaptive numerical dissipation control in a class of high order filter methods for compressible MHD equations is systematically discussed. The filter schemes consist of a divergence-free preserving high order spatial base scheme with a filter approach which can be divergence-free preserving depending on the type of filter operator being used, the method of applying the filter step, and the type of flow problem to be considered. Some of these filter variants provide a natural and efficient way for the minimization of the divergence of the magnetic field (del center dot B) numerical error in the sense that commonly used divergence cleaning is not required. Numerical experiments presented emphasize the performance of the del center dot B numerical error. Many levels of grid refinement and detailed comparison of the filter methods with several commonly used compressible MHD shock-capturing schemes will be illustrated. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Yee, HC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM hmcyee@mail.arc.nasa.gov; bjorns@nada.kth.se NR 46 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0885-7474 EI 1573-7691 J9 J SCI COMPUT JI J. Sci. Comput. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 115 EP 164 DI 10.1007/s10915-005-9004-5 PG 50 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 098WP UT WOS:000241554000005 ER PT J AU Williams, EG Valdivia, N Herdic, PC Klos, J AF Williams, Earl G. Valdivia, Nicolas Herdic, Peter C. Klos, Jacob TI Volumetric acoustic vector intensity imager SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; HOLOGRAPHY AB A new measurement system, consisting of a mobile array of 50 microphones that form a spherical surface of radius 0.2 m, that images the acoustic intensity vector throughout a large volume is discussed. A simultaneous measurement of the pressure field across all the microphones provides time-domain holograms. Spherical harmonic expansions are used to convert the measured pressure into a volumetric vector intensity field on a grid of points ranging from the origin to a maximum radius of 0.4 m. Displays of the volumetric intensity image are used to locate noise sources outside the volume. There is no restriction on the type of noise source that can be studied. An experiment inside a Boeing 757 aircraft in flight successfully tested the ability of the array to locate flow-noise-excited sources on the fuselage. Reference transducers located on suspected noise source locations can also be used to increase the ability of this device to separate and identify multiple noise sources at a given frequency by using the theory of partial field decompositions. The frequency range of operation is 0 to 1400 Hz. This device is ideal for the diagnostic analysis of noise sources in commercial and military transportation vehicles in air, on land, and underwater. C1 USN, Res Lab, Acoust Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Williams, EG (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Acoust Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM earl.williams@nrl.navy.mil NR 22 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 120 IS 4 BP 1887 EP 1897 DI 10.1121/1.2336762 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 094SD UT WOS:000241258400017 ER PT J AU Eldridge, JI Bencic, TJ Spuckler, CM Singh, J Wolfe, DE AF Eldridge, Jeffrey I. Bencic, Timothy J. Spuckler, Charles M. Singh, Jogender Wolfe, Douglas E. TI Delamination-indicating thermal barrier coatings using YSZ : Eu sublayers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FAILURE; SPECTROSCOPY; LUMINESCENCE; DEGRADATION; MECHANISMS AB Nondestructive diagnostic tools that can reliably assess thermal barrier coating (TBC) delamination are needed to provide protection against premature TBC failure as well as to reduce the costs associated with unnecessary TBC replacement. A coating design for a TBC that is self-indicating for delamination has been successfully implemented by incorporating a europium-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) luminescent sublayer beneath the overlying undoped YSZ TBC. It was demonstrated that incorporation of the europium-doped YSZ layer could be achieved without disrupting TBC columnar growth by using multiple ingot electron beam physical vapor deposition. Both scanning luminescence mapping as well as luminescence imaging revealed greatly enhanced detected luminescence from scratch-induced delaminated regions. This enhanced detected luminescence arises due to high internal reflectivity of both excitation and emission wavelengths at the interface between the luminescent sublayer and the delamination crack. In particular, imaging of the enhanced luminescence associated with TBC delamination was fast and simple to implement, therefore showing great promise as a practical tool for inspecting for TBC delamination. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Eldridge, JI (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM jeffrey.i.eldridge@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 89 IS 10 BP 3246 EP 3251 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01211.x PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 086GI UT WOS:000240661400037 ER PT J AU Eldridge, JI Singh, J Wolfe, DE AF Eldridge, Jeffrey I. Singh, Jogender Wolfe, Douglas E. TI Erosion-indicating thermal barrier coatings using luminescent sublayers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB A successful approach to producing thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) that are self-indicating for location and depth of erosion is presented. Erosion indication is demonstrated in electron-beam physical vapor-deposited (EB-PVD) TBCs consisting of 7 wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) with europium-doped and terbium-doped sublayers. Multiple-ingot deposition was utilized to deposit doped layers with sharp boundaries in dopant concentration without disrupting the columnar growth that gives EB-PVD TBCs their desirable strain tolerance. TBC-coated specimens were subjected to alumina-particle-jet erosion, and the erosion depth was indicated under ultraviolet illumination by the luminescence associated with the sublayers exposed by erosion. Sufficiently distinct luminescent sublayer boundaries were retained to maintain an effective erosion-indicating capability even after annealing free-standing TBCs at 1400 degrees C for 100 h. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Eldridge, JI (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM jeffrey.i.eldridge@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 89 IS 10 BP 3252 EP 3254 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01210.x PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 086GI UT WOS:000240661400038 ER PT J AU Tian, BJ Waliser, DE Fetzer, EJ Lambrigtsen, BH Yung, YL Wang, B AF Tian, Baijun Waliser, Duane E. Fetzer, Eric J. Lambrigtsen, Bjorn H. Yung, Yuk L. Wang, Bin TI Vertical moist thermodynamic structure and spatial-temporal evolution of the MJO in AIRS observations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; COMPOSITE LIFE-CYCLE; WESTERN PACIFIC; WATER-VAPOR; CONVECTION ANOMALIES; AGCM SIMULATIONS; SUMMER MONSOON AB The atmospheric moisture and temperature profiles from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on the NASA Aqua mission, in combination with the precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), are employed to study the vertical moist thermodynamic structure and spatial-temporal evolution of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The AIRS data indicate that, in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, the temperature anomaly exhibits a trimodal vertical structure: a warm (cold) anomaly in the free troposphere (800-250 hPa) and a cold (warm) anomaly near the tropopause ( above 250 hPa) and in the lower troposphere (below 800 hPa) associated with enhanced (suppressed) convection. The AIRS moisture anomaly also shows markedly different vertical structures as a function of longitude and the strength of convection anomaly. Most significantly, the AIRS data demonstrate that, over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, the enhanced (suppressed) convection is generally preceded in both time and space by a low-level warm and moist (cold and dry) anomaly and followed by a low-level cold and dry (warm and moist) anomaly. The MJO vertical moist thermodynamic structure from the AIRS data is in general agreement, particularly in the free troposphere, with previous studies based on global reanalysis and limited radiosonde data. However, major differences in the lower-troposphere moisture and temperature structure between the AIRS observations and the NCEP reanalysis are found over the Indian and Pacific Oceans, where there are very few conventional data to constrain the reanalysis. Specifically, the anomalous lower-troposphere temperature structure is much less well defined in NCEP than in AIRS for the western Pacific, and even has the opposite sign anomalies compared to AIRS relative to the wet/dry phase of the MJO in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, there are well-defined eastward-tilting variations of moisture with height in AIRS over the central and eastern Pacific that are less well defined, and in some cases absent, in NCEP. In addition, the correlation between MJO-related midtropospheric water vapor anomalies and TRMM precipitation anomalies is considerably more robust in AIRS than in NCEP, especially over the Indian Ocean. Overall, the AIRS results are quite consistent with those predicted by the frictional Kelvin-Rossby wave/conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) theory for the MJO. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Tian, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM baijun.tian@jpl.nasa.gov RI Tian, Baijun/A-1141-2007 OI Tian, Baijun/0000-0001-9369-2373 NR 74 TC 121 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 63 IS 10 BP 2462 EP 2485 DI 10.1175/JAS3782.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 098WU UT WOS:000241554500003 ER PT J AU Testik, FY Barros, AP Bliven, LF AF Testik, F. Y. Barros, A. P. Bliven, L. F. TI Field observations of multimode raindrop oscillations by high-speed imaging SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AXIS RATIOS; LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS; WATER DROPS; SHAPE; DISTORTION; LIQUID; MODEL AB Periodic oscillations of raindrops falling at terminal velocity in natural rain are visualized for the first time by high-speed imaging. These images show the existence of an oscillation mode with the same frequency as the fundamental harmonic, but with shape different than that predicted by linear theory. These oscillations cause a lateral drift with a speed of approximately 20%-30% of the drop terminal velocity and without a preferred direction. These experimental observations serve as an insightful illustration of the potential benefit of applying high-speed imaging technology to investigate the dynamical microstructure of rainfall at the raindrop scale. C1 Duke Univ, Pratt Sch Engn, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Barros, AP (reprint author), Duke Univ, Pratt Sch Engn, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM barros@duke.edu RI bliven, francis/E-1450-2012; Barros, Ana/A-3562-2011 OI Barros, Ana/0000-0003-4606-3106 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 63 IS 10 BP 2663 EP 2668 DI 10.1175/JAS3773.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 098WU UT WOS:000241554500015 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W AF Lehnert, Helmut Stone, Robert Heimler, Wolfgang TI Erylus aleuticus sp nov (Porifera : Demospongiae : Astrophorida : Geodiidae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article AB A new species of Erylus from the Aleutian Islands is described. This is the first record of the genus from the Aleutian Islands. The new species differs from all other known species of Erylus in the presence of different types of monaxonic rnegascleres, ranging from oxcas, strongyles, styles, tylostyles to tylotes, often with unequal ends and irregular modifications of these types. The lack of a secondary category of asters Is also unusual for the genus. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Inst Zool 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. RP Lehnert, H (reprint author), Eichenstr 14, D-86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. EM Lehnert@spongetaxonomies.de NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 86 IS 5 BP 971 EP 975 DI 10.1017/S0025315406013944 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 095MD UT WOS:000241311000007 ER PT J AU Wright, MJ Olejniczak, J Brown, JL Hornung, HG Edquist, KT AF Wright, Michael J. Olejniczak, Joe Brown, James L. Hornung, Hans G. Edquist, Karl T. TI Modeling of shock tunnel aeroheating data on the Mars Science Laboratory Aeroshell SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; LINE RELAXATION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; VISCOSITY; OXIDATION; MIXTURES; SURFACE AB A series of shots are run in the T5 shock tunnel at California Institute of Technology to measure heating levels on a 70 blunt cone at angle of attack in an environment representative of the Mars Science Laboratory entry. Twenty shots are obtained in CO2 over a range of enthalpies and pressures chosen to span the laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The data indicate that the lee side turbulent heating augmentation predicted by flight simulations is valid and must be accounted for during the design of the thermal protection system. Computational fluid dynamic simulations are generally in good agreement with the laminar data when employing a supercatalytic wall, model, whereas turbulent simulations are in reasonable agreement when a noneatalytic wall model is used. The reasons for this discrepancy are unknown at this time. The turbulent heating augmentation is shown to be inversely related to freestream enthalpy. Changes in angle of attack between 11 and 16 are shown to have minimal impact on measured and computed heating. A transition criterion based on momentum thickness Reynolds number, analogous to that used in flight predictions, predicts onset with reasonable accuracy, although transition is observed to occur later than the current design criterion indicates. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Grad Aeronaut Labs, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Explorat Syst Engn Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wright, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, MS 230-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 641 EP 651 DI 10.2514/1.19896 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 098SX UT WOS:000241544200001 ER PT J AU Bose, D Wright, MJ Palmer, GE AF Bose, Deepak Wright, Michael J. Palmer, Grant E. TI Uncertainty analysis of laminar aeroheating predictions for mars entries SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 38th Thermophysics Conference CY JUN 06-09, 2005 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID PATHFINDER ENTRY; RELAXATION; MIXTURES AB A Monte Carlo sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is performed for a laminar convective heating prediction in a moderate Mars atmospheric entry condition using a nonequilibrium reacting Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code. The objectives,are to isolate the rate limiting mechanisms and identify the chief sources of aeroheating uncertainty. A flux-based wall catalysis formulation is developed and used to define four different catalytic regimes that are then individually analyzed at three different trajectory points. A total of 130 input parameters are statistically varied to short, list a handful of parameters that essentially control the heat flux prediction. The uncertainties in these key input parameters are estimated, and a full Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis is performed. The results obtained provide the quantitative contribution of uncertainties in key modeling parameters, such as collision integrals, wall catalysis, and reaction rates to the final heat flux uncertainty. It is found that in high and low catalytic regimes, the collision integrals (which govern the transport properties of the mixture) contribute a large portion of the uncertainty, whereas in the moderately catalytic regime the catalytic properties of the surface contribute almost all of the uncertainty. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Eloret Corp, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bose, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Eloret Corp, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, MS 230-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 652 EP 662 DI 10.2514/1.20993 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 098SX UT WOS:000241544200002 ER PT J AU Park, C Raiche, GA Driver, DM Olejniczak, J AF Park, Chul Raiche, George A., II Driver, David M. Olejniczak, Joseph TI Comparison of enthalpy determination methods for arc-jet facility SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 05-08, 2004 CL Reno, NV SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID HEAT-TRANSFER AB . Four experimental methods of determining the enthalpy of the flow in an arc-jet facility that is, the heat balance method, the sonic throat method, the heat transfer method, and the emission-spectroscopic method, are compared with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution. The comparison is made for the Interaction Heating Facility of NASA Ames Research Center for one operating condition. The mass-averaged enthalpy values determined by the heat-balance method and the sonic throat method are 28.7 and 28.8 MJ/kg, respectively. The lower bound of the centerline enthalpy value determined by the heat transfer rate method is 30.5 MJ/kg. The spectrometric method resulted in the centerline enthalpy value of 40.6 MJ/kg. The CFD solution yields the centerline and the average enthalpy values at the nozzle throat of 41.6 and 27.0 MJ/kg, respectively. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Thermophys Facil Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Eloret Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Park, C (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, 373-1 Guseong Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. EM cpark216@kaist.ac.kr NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 672 EP 679 DI 10.2514/1.15744 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 098SX UT WOS:000241544200004 ER PT J AU Groce, A Peled, D Yannakakis, M AF Groce, Alex Peled, Doron Yannakakis, Mihalis TI Adaptive model checking SO LOGIC JOURNAL OF THE IGPL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Models of Computation/Symposium on Logic and Computation CY MAR 10-19, 2004 CL Tel Aviv, ISRAEL SP Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Comp Sci DE black box testing; learning regular languages; model checking ID FINITE-STATE MACHINES AB We consider the case where inconsistencies are present between a system and its corresponding model, used for automatic verification. Such inconsistencies can be the result of modeling errors or recent modifications of the system. Despite such discrepancies, we can still attempt to perform automatic verification. In fact, as we show, we can sometimes exploit the verification results to assist in automatically learning the required updates to the model. In a related previous work, we have suggested the idea of black box checking, where verification starts without any model, and the model is obtained while repeated verification attempts are performed. Under the current assumptions, an existing inaccurate (but not completely obsolete) model is used to expedite the updates. We use techniques from black box testing and machine learning. We present an implementation of the proposed methodology called AMC (for Adaptive Model Checking). We discuss some experimental results, comparing various tactics of updating a model while trying to perform model checking. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Comp Sci, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. Columbia Univ, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Groce, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-0751 J9 LOG J IGPL JI Log. J. IGPL PD OCT PY 2006 VL 14 IS 5 BP 729 EP 744 DI 10.1093/jigpal/jzl007 PG 16 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics; Logic SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 129LU UT WOS:000243731800006 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Harting, AL Johanos, TC AF Baker, Jason D. Harting, Albert L. Johanos, Thea C. TI Use of discovery curves to assess abundance of Hawaiian monk seals SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE discovery curves; abundance estimation; Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi ID SPECIES-ACCUMULATION FUNCTIONS; POPULATION; RICHNESS; SAMPLE; NUMBER AB We investigated the pattern of first sighting of individual seals over the course of a field season, or the "discovery curve," as a means for estimating abundance of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. We empirically derived a criterion to determine whether or not total enumeration had been accomplished at a given site and year. When greater than 100-h field effort was expended without a new individual being identified, we concluded that total enumeration was likely achieved. To evaluate the potential for estimating abundance through extrapolation of nonlinear asymptotic functions fitted to discovery curves, we conducted simulations under a range of capture probability scenarios, including some based on observed individual variability in monk seal sighting frequencies. We demonstrated that if capture heterogeneity existed among individuals, the fitted asymptotes tended to yield biased estimates of abundance. Moreover, the levels of bias and uncertainty tended to increase inversely with the proportion of the population identified. While extrapolation shows little promise for generating unbiased abundance estimates, discovery curves have practical appeal for determining whether total enumeration has been achieved, and for optimizing field effort allocation. This is especially true for relatively small, closed populations of marked individuals. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Lighthouse Field Stn, Cromarty IV11 8YJ, Rossshire, Scotland. Harting Biol Consulting, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jason.baker@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 847 EP 861 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00061.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000005 ER PT J AU Garvin, JB Head, JW Marchant, DR Kreslavsky, MA AF Garvin, James B. Head, James W. Marchant, David R. Kreslavsky, Mikhail A. TI High-latitude cold-based glacial deposits on Mars: Multiple superposed drop moraines in a crater interior at 70 degrees N latitude SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Role of Volatiles and Atmospheres on Martian Impact Craters CY JUL 11-14, 2005 CL Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab, Baltimore, MD HO Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; TAYLOR GLACIER; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ICE-SHEET; OBLIQUITY; FLOW; ANTARCTICA; EVOLUTION; SURFACE; VALLEY AB An impact crater 26.8 km in diameter, located in the northern lowlands (70.32 degrees N, 266.45 degrees E) at the base of the flanking slopes of the shield volcano Alba Patera, is characterized by highly unusual deposits on its southeastern floor and interior walls and on its southeastern rim. These include multiple generations of distinctive arcuate ridges about 115-240 m in width and lobate deposits extending down the crater wall and across the crater floor, forming a broad, claw-like, ridged deposit around the central peak. Unusual deposits on the eastern and southeastern crater rim include frost, dunes, and a single distal arcuate ridge. Based on their morphology and geometric relationships, and terrestrial analogs from the Mars-like Antarctic Dry Valleys, the floor ridges are interpreted to represent drop moraines, remnants of the previous accumulation of snow and ice, and formation of cold-based glaciers on the crater rim. The configuration and superposition of the ridges indicate that the accumulated snow and ice formed glaciers that flowed down into the crater and across the crater floor, stabilized, covering an area of about 150 km(2), and produced multiple individual drop moraines due to fluctuation in the position of the stable glacier front. Superposition of a thin mantle and textures attributed to a recent ice-age period (similar to 0.5-2 Myr ago) suggest that the glacial deposits date to at least 4-10 Myr before the present. At least five phases of advance and retreat are indicated by the stratigraphic relationships, and these may be related to obliquity excursions. These deposits are in contrast to other ice-related modification and degradation processes typical of craters in the nor-them lowlands, and may be related to the distinctive position of this crater in the past atmospheric circulation pattern, leading to sufficient preferential local accumulation of snow and ice to cause glacial flow. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Kharkov Astron Inst, UA-61022 Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Head, JW (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM James_Head@brown.edu RI Kreslavsky, Mikhail/J-3425-2013 NR 52 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1086-9379 EI 1945-5100 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 41 IS 10 BP 1659 EP 1674 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 098NV UT WOS:000241530500018 ER PT J AU Warren-Rhodes, KA Rhodes, KL Pointing, SB Ewing, SA Lacap, DC Gomez-Silva, B Amundson, R Friedmann, EI McKay, CP AF Warren-Rhodes, Kimberley A. Rhodes, Kevin L. Pointing, Stephen B. Ewing, Stephanie A. Lacap, Donnabella C. Gomez-Silva, Benito Amundson, Ronald Friedmann, E. Imre McKay, Christopher P. TI Hypolithic cyanobacteria, dry limit of photosynthesis, and microbial ecology in the hyperarid Atacama Desert SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; LIQUID WATER; MARS; DESERTIFICATION; MICROORGANISMS; DIVERSITY; ARIDITY; CHILE AB The occurrence of hypolithic cyanobacteria colonizing translucent stones was quantified along the aridity gradient in the Atacama Desert in Chile, from less arid areas to the hyperarid core where photosynthetic life and thus primary production reach their limits. As mean rainfall declines from 21 to <= 2 mm year(-1), the abundance of hypolithic cyanobacteria drops from 28 to < 0.1%, molecular diversity declines threefold, and organic carbon residence times increase by three orders of magnitude. Communities contained a single Chroococcidiopsis morphospecies with heterotrophic associates, yet molecular analysis revealed that each stone supported a number of unique 16S rRNA gene-defined genotypes. A fivefold increase in steady-state residence times for organic carbon within communities in the hyperarid core (3200 years turnover time) indicates a significant decline in biological carbon cycling. Six years of microclimate data suggest that the dry limit corresponds to <= 5 mm year(-1) rainfall and/or decadal periods of no rain, with < 75 h year(-1) of liquid water available to cyanobacteria under light conditions suitable for photosynthesis. In the hyperarid core, hypolithic cyanobacteria are rare and exist in small spatially isolated islands amidst a microbially depauperate bare soil. These findings suggest that photosynthetic life is extremely unlikely on the present-day surface of Mars, but may have existed in the past. If so, such microhabitats would probably be widely dispersed, difficult to detect, and millimeters away from virtually lifeless surroundings. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci, Policy & Management Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Agr Forestry & Nat Resource Management, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hong Kong, Dept Ecol & Biodivers, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Univ Antofagasta, Dept Biomed, Antofagasta, Chile. Univ Antofagasta, Inst Desierto, Antofagasta, Chile. RP Warren-Rhodes, KA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rhodes@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Amundson, Ronald /E-2654-2015 NR 46 TC 146 Z9 153 U1 9 U2 56 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 52 IS 3 BP 389 EP 398 DI 10.1007/s00248-006-9055-7 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 111PE UT WOS:000242464700003 PM 16865610 ER PT J AU Wareing, CJ Zijlstra, AA Speck, AK O'Brien, TJ Ueta, T Elitzur, M Gehrz, RD Herwig, F Izumiura, H Matsuura, M Meixner, M Stencel, RE Szczerba, R AF Wareing, C. J. Zijlstra, Albert A. Speck, Angela K. O'Brien, T. J. Ueta, Toshiya Elitzur, M. Gehrz, R. D. Herwig, F. Izumiura, H. Matsuura, M. Meixner, M. Stencel, R. E. Szczerba, R. TI Detached shells as tracers of asymptotic giant branch-interstellar medium bow shocks SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE stars: AGB and post-AGB; stars: individual: R Hya; stars: mass-loss; ISM: structure AB New Spitzer imaging observations have revealed the structure around the Mira variable star R Hya to be a one-sided parabolic arc 100 arcsec to the west, stretching from north to south. We successfully model R Hya and its surroundings in terms of an interaction of the stellar wind from an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star with the interstellar medium (ISM) the star moves through. Our three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation reproduces the structure as a bow shock into the oncoming ISM. We propose this as another explanation of detached shells around such stars, which should be considered alongside current theories of internal origin. The simulation predicts the existence of a tail of ram-pressure-stripped AGB material stretching downstream. Indications for such a tail behind R Hya are seen in IRAS maps. C1 [Wareing, C. J.; Zijlstra, Albert A.; O'Brien, T. J.] Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank, Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. [Speck, Angela K.] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Ueta, Toshiya] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA SOFIA Off, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Elitzur, M.] Univ Kentucky, Phys & Astron Dept, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. [Gehrz, R. D.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Dept Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Herwig, F.] LANL, Theoret Astrophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Izumiura, H.] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Okayama Astrophys Observ, Okayama 7190232, Japan. [Matsuura, M.] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Div Opt & IR Astron, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. [Meixner, M.] STScI, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Stencel, R. E.] Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Szczerba, R.] Nicholas Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Wareing, CJ (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank, Ctr Astrophys, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. EM cwareing@jb.man.ac.uk OI Wareing, Christopher/0000-0001-9641-0861 FU NASA [NAG5-12675, 1215746, 1275979, 20060357ER, 2.P03D.017.25]; NSF [AST-0507421]; JSPS, Matsuura [17540221] FX The numerical computations in this work were carried out using the COBRA supercomputer at Jodrell Bank Observatory. The Spitzer Space Telescope is operated by the JPL/Caltech under a contract with NASA. We acknowledge additional support for the following individuals: Speck-NASA ADP grant (NAG5-12675), Ueta-NPP Research Fellowship Award, Elitzur - NSF Grant: AST-0507421, Gehrz-in part by NASA (Contract 1215746) issued by JPL/Caltech to Gehrz to the University of Minnesota, Herwig - LDRD program (20060357ER) at LANL, Izumiura - Grant-in-Aid (C) from JSPS (No. 17540221), Matsuura - JSPS, Stencel - in part by NASA (Contract 1275979) issued by JPL/Caltech to the University of Denver, Szczerba - grant 2.P03D.017.25, Wareing - PPARC. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 372 IS 1 BP L63 EP L67 DI 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00227.x PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA V12PM UT WOS:000207611100014 ER PT J AU Ghosh, KK Suleymanov, V Bikmaev, I Shimansky, S Sakhibullin, N AF Ghosh, Kajal K. Suleymanov, Valera Bikmaev, Ilfan Shimansky, Slava Sakhibullin, Nail TI RBS 1032: a dwarf-nucleated spheroidal galaxy with an intermediate-mass black hole hosted in a globular cluster SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion discs; black hole physics; galaxies : dwarf; X-rays : galaxies; X-rays : individual : RBS 1032 ID X-RAY SOURCES; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; DENSE STAR-CLUSTERS; ROSAT BRIGHT SURVEY; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; DATA RELEASE; DEEP SURVEY; CATALOG; COLORS AB We report here the multiwavelength observations of the bright supersoft X-ray source, RBS 1032. Most likely, its optical counterpart is a non-emission-line dwarf galaxy with a prominent nucleus. Line and band indices of this nucleus, clearly suggest that its optical spectrum is dominated by the nuclear supermassive globular clusters. No radio and infrared (IRAS) emissions are detected from this dwarf galaxy. Weak near-infrared (2MASS) emissions have been detected. The optical-to-near-infrared colours are consistent with the globular clusters than those of active galactic nuclei. We have shown here that RBS 1032 is not a foreground object. However, with the available data the possibility of RBS 1032 being a classical nova cannot be completely ruled out. We have demonstrated that RBS 1032 is not a X-ray-bright optically normal galaxy. In contrast, we have illustrated that the super-soft X-ray emissions of RBS 1032 may be from a binary system, consisting of an intermediate-mass (similar to 5 x 10(4) M-.) black hole with a white dwarf companion. Most likely this system is hosted by one of the nuclear globular clusters of the dwarf galaxy. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Kazan VI Lenin State Univ, Dept Astron, Kazan 420008, Russia. Tatarstan Acad Sci, Kazan 420111, Russia. Isaac Newton Inst, Kazan Branch, Santiago, Chile. RP Ghosh, KK (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM kajal.ghosh@msfc.nasa.gov NR 60 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD OCT 1 PY 2006 VL 371 IS 4 BP 1587 EP 1593 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10723.x PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 084WG UT WOS:000240564500005 ER PT J AU Janjic, T Cohn, SE AF Janjic, Tijana Cohn, Stephen E. TI Treatment of observation error due to unresolved scales in atmospheric data assimilation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIGNAL/ERROR CORRELATION; DISCRETIZATION ERROR; FORMULATION; FILTER AB Observations of the atmospheric state include scales of motion that are not resolved by numerical models into which the observed data are assimilated. The resulting observation error due to unresolved scales, part of the "representativeness error," is state dependent and correlated in time. A mathematical formalism and algorithmic approach has been developed for treating this error in the data assimilation process, under an assumption that there is no model error. The approach is based on approximating the continuum Kalman filter in such a way as to maintain terms that account for the observation error due to unresolved scales. The two resulting approximate filters resemble the Schmidt-Kalman filter and the traditional discrete Kalman filter. The approach is tested for the model problem of a passive tracer undergoing advection in a shear flow on the sphere. The state contains infinitely many spherical harmonics, with a nonstationary spectrum, and the problem is to estimate the projection of this state onto a finite spherical harmonic expansion, using observations of the full state. Numerical experiments demonstrate that approximate filters work well for the model problem provided that the exact covariance function of the unresolved scales is known. The traditional filter is more convenient in practice since it requires only the covariance matrix obtained by evaluating this covariance function at the observation points. A method for modeling this covariance matrix in the traditional filter is successful for the model problem. C1 Int Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, Bremen, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Janjic, T (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst, Bussestr 24, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. EM t.janjic@iu-bremen.de RI Cohn, Stephen/K-1954-2012; Janjic, Tijana/E-6727-2013 OI Cohn, Stephen/0000-0001-8506-9354; Janjic, Tijana/0000-0002-8837-0879 NR 23 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 134 IS 10 BP 2900 EP 2915 DI 10.1175/MWR3229.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FB UT WOS:000241361900016 ER PT J AU Binns, WR Wiedenbeck, ME Arnould, M Cummings, AC George, JS Goriely, S Israel, MH Leske, RA Mewaldt, RA Meynet, G Scott, LM Stone, EC von Rosenvinge, TT AF Binns, W. R. Wiedenbeck, M. E. Arnould, M. Cummings, A. C. George, J. S. Goriely, S. Israel, M. H. Leske, R. A. Mewaldt, R. A. Meynet, G. Scott, L. M. Stone, E. C. von Rosenvinge, T. T. TI Wolf-Rayet stars, OB associations, and the origin of galactic cosmic rays SO NEW ASTRONOMY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Astronomy with Radioactivities CY SEP, 2005 CL Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC HO Clemson Univ ID ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MASSIVE STARS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; SUPERBUBBLE ORIGIN; SUPERNOVA-REMNANTS; ABUNDANCES; NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION; NEON AB We have measured the isotopic abundances of neon and several refractory species in the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using the cosmic ray isotope spectrometer (CRIS) aboard the ACE spacecraft. The 22 Ne/20Ne ratio at the cosmic-ray source that we have obtained is 0.387 +/- 0.007 (stat.) 0.022 (syst.), which corresponds to enhancement by a factor of 5.3 +/- 0.3 over that in the solar wind. Our ACE-CRIS data, and data from other experiments, are compared to recent results from two-component Wolf-Rayet (WR) models. The three largest deviations of galactic cosmic ray isotope ratios from solar-system ratios predicted by these models, C-12/O-16,Ne-22/Ne-20, and Fe-58/Fe-56, are, in fact, very close to those observed. Furthermore, all of the isotope ratios that we have measured are consistent with a GCR source consisting of similar to 20% of WR material mixed with similar to 80% material with solar-system composition. Since WR stars are evolutionary products of OB stars, and most OB stars exist in OB associations that form superbubbles, the good agreement of our data with WR models suggests that OB associations within superbubbles are the likely source of at least a substantial fraction of GCRs. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Libre Bruxelles, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Brussels, Belgium. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Binns, WR (reprint author), Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM wrb@wuphys.wustl.edu NR 47 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1387-6473 J9 NEW ASTRON REV JI New Astron. Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 50 IS 7-8 BP 516 EP 520 DI 10.1016/j.newar.2006.06.058 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 099ZZ UT WOS:000241638100013 ER PT J AU Wunderer, CB Kippen, RM Bloser, PF Boggs, SE McConnell, ML Harris, M Hoover, A Klimenko, AV Novikova, EI Oberlack, U Sturner, S Tournear, D Weidenspointner, G Zoglauer, A AF Wunderer, Cornelia B. Kippen, R. M. Bloser, P. F. Boggs, S. E. McConnell, M. L. Harris, M. Hoover, A. Klimenko, A. V. Novikova, E. I. Oberlack, U. Sturner, S. Tournear, D. Weidenspointner, G. Zoglauer, A. TI The ACT vision mission study simulation effort SO NEW ASTRONOMY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Astronomy with Radioactivities CY SEP, 2005 CL Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC HO Clemson Univ DE telescopes; gamma-rays : observations; instrumentation : simulations AB The Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT) has been selected by NASA for a one-year "vision mission" study. The study's main goal is to determine feasible instrument configurations to achieve ACT's sensitivity requirements, and to give recommendations for technology development. Space-based instruments operating in the energy range of nuclear lines are subject to complex backgrounds generated by cosmic rays, earth albedo radiations, trapped particles, and diffuse gamma rays; typically measurements are significantly background-dominated. Therefore accurate, detailed simulations of the background induced in different ACT configurations, and exploration of event selection and reconstruction techniques for reducing these backgrounds, are crucial to determining the capabilities of a given instrument configuration. The ACT simulation team has assembled a complete suite of tools that allows the generation of particle backgrounds for a given orbit, their propagation through any instrument and spacecraft geometry-including delayed photon emission from instrument activation-as well as the selection and reconstruction of Compton events in the given detectors. We describe here the scope of the ACT simulation effort and the suite of tools used. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse 4, France. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wunderer, CB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM wunderer@ssl.berkeley.edu RI Boggs, Steven/E-4170-2015; OI Boggs, Steven/0000-0001-9567-4224; Klimenko, Alexei/0000-0003-4255-9374 NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1387-6473 EI 1872-9630 J9 NEW ASTRON REV JI New Astron. Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 50 IS 7-8 BP 608 EP 612 DI 10.1016/j.newar.2006.06.064 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 099ZZ UT WOS:000241638100034 ER PT J AU Fishman, GJ Grindlay, JE Hong, J Hartmann, DH Vadawale, S Wilson-Hodge, CA AF Fishman, G. J. Grindlay, J. E. Hong, J. Hartmann, D. H. Vadawale, S. Wilson-Hodge, C. A. TI All-sky hard X-ray spectral line survey with EXIST SO NEW ASTRONOMY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Astronomy with Radioactivities CY SEP, 2005 CL Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC HO Clemson Univ DE gamma-ray astronomy; X-ray astronomy; space astronomy instrumentation and missions; nucleosynthesis ID EMISSION; NOVAE AB The Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), under study to be the Black Hole Finder Probe in NASA's Beyond Einstein Program, would image the sky every 95 min in the energy range 10-600 keV. Although the main scientific objectives of EXIST are the systematic, all-sky survey of heavily obscured AGNs and gamma-ray bursts, there is a substantial capability of EXIST for the observation of transient and persistent hard X-ray lines from several astrophysical sources. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Hartmann, DH (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM hdieter@clemson.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1387-6473 J9 NEW ASTRON REV JI New Astron. Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 50 IS 7-8 BP 637 EP 639 DI 10.1016/j.newar.2006.06.059 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 099ZZ UT WOS:000241638100040 ER PT J AU Thrower, F Joyce, JE AF Thrower, Frank Joyce, John E. TI The effects of stock and prerelease marine net-pen culture on survival to adulthood, age at maturity, and fisheries contribution for three stocks of Chinook salmon in Southeast Alaska SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID 2 SMOLT RELEASES; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS; RETURNS; GROWTH AB Three stocks of juvenile stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were evaluated as part of an ocean ranching and broodstock development program at Little Port Walter, Southeast Alaska. Fish were either cultured in freshwater throughout the presmolt period or moved to marine net-pens with an artificial freshwater lens for five periods (2-210 d); all fish were released on the same day. The fish were tagged with coded wire tags to determine the effect, if any, of stock and duration of marine net-pen culture on precocity, fishery contribution, survival to adulthood, and size in the commercial fisheries relative to traditional freshwater culture. Recoveries of tagged fish in the fisheries and at the hatchery weir indicated significant overall effects of stock on marine survival; the Unuk stock survived better than the Chickamin and King Salmon stocks. Culture overwinter in marine net-pens produced higher survival to adulthood in all stocks but also resulted in higher mortality during culture and a higher proportion of precocious males in one of the stocks. The effects of short-term spring net-pen culture on juvenile Chinook salmon also varied by stock. Unuk and Chickamin stocks cultured for short periods in marine net-pens generally had higher survival to adulthood, similar fishery contribution, and similar precocious maturation rates as their respective freshwater controls, while the King Salmon stock experienced variable marine survival, precocity, and fishery contribution rates. For facilities with limited freshwater or a limited number of fish to release, the use of marine net-pens for short-term culture could help reduce densities, ease rearing C1 Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thrower, F (reprint author), Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM frank.thrower@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 4 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1577/A05-027.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 118YR UT WOS:000242979900005 ER PT J AU Gehrels, N AF Gehrels, N. TI The global approach to Swift gamma-ray burst science SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-BASIC TOPICS IN PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY ID 28 FEBRUARY 1997; HOST GALAXY; REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION; AFTERGLOW; TELESCOPE; GRB-050709; SUPERNOVAE; EMISSION; GRB-060614; DISCOVERY AB Swift is a NASA MIDEX mission with primary objective to study Gannna-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and use them as probes of conditions in the high-redshift Universe. It is an international mission with hardware participation by the US, UK and Italy. The mission was launched on 20 November 2004 and is detecting similar to 1.00 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) each year. For almost every burst there is a prompt (within similar to 90s) spacecraft repointing to give X-ray and UV/optical observations of the afterglow. Swift has already collected an impressive database including prompt emission to higher sensitivities than BATSE, uniform monitoring of afterglows, and rapid follow-up by other observatories notified through the GCN. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of short GRBs. The detection of X-ray afterglows has led to accurate localizations and the conclusion that short GRBs can occur in non-star-forming galaxies or regions, whereas long GRBs are strongly concentrated within star-forming regions. This is consistent with the NS merger model. Swift. has greatly increased the redshift range of GRB detection. The highest-redshift GRBs, at z similar to 5-6, are approaching the era of reionization. Ground-based deep optical spectroscopy of high-redshift bursts is giving metallicity measurements and other information on the source environment to greater distances than other techniques. The localization of GRB 060218 to a nearby galaxy, and association with SN 2006aj, added a valuable member to the class of GRBs with detected supernova. The prospects for future progress are excellent given the > 10 year orbital lifetime of the Swift satellite. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 2037-4895 J9 NUOVO CIM B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Basic Top. Phys. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1029 EP 1038 DI 10.1393/ncb/i2007-10057-8 PG 10 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300001 ER PT J AU Schady, P Mason, KO Page, MJ Romano, P Roming, PWA Berg, DV De Pasquale, M Immler, S AF Schady, P. Mason, K. O. Page, M. J. Romano, P. Roming, P. W. A. Berg, D. V. De Pasquale, M. Immler, S. TI Dust and gas in the local environments of gamma-ray bursts SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-BASIC TOPICS IN PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY ID LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD; AFTERGLOWS AB From spectral analysis on the XRT/UVOT Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) on a sample of Swift GRBs we determine the host galaxy hydrogen column density, N(H,X), and visual dust-extinction, AV. All but one GRBs have host galaxy dust properties that are most consistent with an SMC or LMC dust extinction law, with a range in AV from 0.11 +/- 0.07 to 0.88(-0.20)(+0.23) mags, although selection effects distort the true AV distribution. We estimate that GR13s with no afterglow detected blueward of 5500 angstrom to have an average rest-frame extinction almost seven times the average in our sample. This may help account for the similar to 1/3 of GRBs observed by Swift that have no afterglow detected by UVOT. C1 UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Swindon SN2 1SZ, Wilts, England. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Schady, P (reprint author), UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 2037-4895 J9 NUOVO CIM B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Basic Top. Phys. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1197 EP 1200 DI 10.1393/ncb/i2007-10240-y PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300025 ER PT J AU Roming, P vanden Berk, D Hunsberger, S Page, M Mason, K Marshall, F Boyd, P AF Roming, P. vanden Berk, D. Hunsberger, S. Page, M. Mason, K. Marshall, F. Boyd, P. TI Swift UVOT observations of early optical afterglows SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-BASIC TOPICS IN PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY ID X-RAY FLARES; BURST AFTERGLOWS; ENGINE ACTIVITY; REDSHIFT; TELESCOPE; MISSION AB The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) sample of good light curves has increased to the point where a preliminary trend of UV/optical flaring in > 50% of the light curves is beginning to be revealed. Here we briefly discuss the overall sample of potentially flaring UV/optical bursts. Although many explanations for flaring in the X-ray have been proposed, it is unclear whether these theories hold in the UV/optical regime. Due to an optimization of the UVOT early burst observing sequence, we also examine the possibility of using the UVOT as a trigger for large ground-based facilities in following high-redshift bursts. We find that UVOT is a useful trigger for these high-z bursts. C1 Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Surrey, England. Sci Technol Facil Council, Swindon, Wilts, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Roming, P (reprint author), Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 2037-4895 J9 NUOVO CIM B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Basic Top. Phys. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1239 EP 1245 DI 10.1393/ncb/i2007-10244-7 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300031 ER PT J AU Romano, P Campana, S Chincarini, G Cummings, J Cusumano, G Holland, ST Mangano, V Mineo, T Page, KL PaL'Shin, V Rol, E Sakamoto, T Zhang, B Aptekar, R Barbier, S Barthelmy, S Beardmore, AP Boyd, P Burrows, DN Capalbi, M Fenimore, EE Boyd, P Frederiks, D Gehrels, N Giommi, P Goad, MR Godet, O Golenetskii, S Guetta, D Kennea, JA La Parola, V Malesani, D Marshall, F Moretti, A Nousek, JA O'Brien, PT Osborne, JP Perri, M Tagliaferri, G AF Romano, P. Campana, S. Chincarini, G. Cummings, J. Cusumano, G. . Holland, S. T. Mangano, V. Mineo, T. Page, K. L. PaL'Shin, V. Rol, E. Sakamoto, T. Zhang, B. Aptekar, R. Barbier, S. Barthelmy, S. Beardmore, A. P. Boyd, P. Burrows, D. N. Capalbi, M. Fenimore, E. E. Boyd, P. Frederiks, D. Gehrels, N. Giommi, P. Goad, M. R. Godet, O. Golenetskii, S. Guetta, D. Kennea, J. A. La Parola, V. Malesani, D. Marshall, F. Moretti, A. Nousek, J. A. O'Brien, P. T. Osborne, J. P. Perri, M. Tagliaferri, G. TI Panchromatic study of GRB 060124: From precursor to afterglow SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-GENERAL PHYSICS RELATIVITY ASTRONOMY AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND METHODS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY ID RAY BURST AFTERGLOWS; PEAK ENERGY; SPECTRA; BRIGHT AB We present observations of GRB 0601247 the first event for which both the prompt and the afterglow emission could be observed simultaneously and in their entirety by the three Swift instruments and by Konus-Wind. Thanks to these exceptional circumstances, the temporal and spectral properties of the prompt emission could be studied in the optical, X-ray and gamma-ray ranges (up to 2 MeV). While the X-ray emission (0.2-10 keV) clearly tracks the gamma-ray burst, the optical component follows a different pattern, likely indicating a different origin, possibly the onset of external shocks. C1 INAF, Osservatorio Astron Berra, I-23807 Merate, Italy. Univ Milan, I-20126 Milan, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. INAF, Inst Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosmica, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. INFA, Osservatorio Astron Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy. SISSA, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. RP Romano, P (reprint author), INAF, Osservatorio Astron Berra, Via E Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy. RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Frederiks, Dmitry/C-7612-2014; Pal'shin, Valentin/F-3973-2014; Aptekar, Raphail/B-3456-2015; Golenetskii, Sergey/B-3818-2015; OI moretti, alberto/0000-0002-9770-0315; Perri, Matteo/0000-0003-3613-4409; La Parola, Valentina/0000-0002-8087-6488; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723; guetta, dafne/0000-0002-7349-1109; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; Frederiks, Dmitry/0000-0002-1153-6340; Mineo, Teresa/0000-0002-4931-8445 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1594-9982 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Gen. Phys. Relativ. Astron. Math. Phys. Methods PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1067 EP 1071 DI 10.1393/ncb/i2007-10062-y PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300006 ER PT J AU Yost, SA Aharonian, F Akerlof, CW Ashley, MCB Barthelmy, S Gehrels, N Gogus, E Guver, T Halpern, JP Horns, D Kiziloglu, U Krimm, HA Mckay, TA Ozel, M Phillips, A Quimby, RM Rowell, G Rujopakarn, W Rykoff, ES Schaeffer, BE Smith, DA Swan, HF Vestrand, WT Wheeler, JC Wren, J Yuan, F AF Yost, S. A. Aharonian, F. Akerlof, C. W. Ashley, M. C. B. Barthelmy, S. Gehrels, N. Gogus, E. Guver, T. Halpern, J. P. Horns, D. Kiziloglu, Ue. Krimm, H. A. McKay, T. A. Ozel, M. Phillips, A. Quimby, R. M. Rowell, G. Rujopakarn, W. Rykoff, E. S. Schaeffer, B. E. Smith, D. A. Swan, H. F. Vestrand, W. T. Wheeler, J. C. Wren, J. Yuan, F. TI Taking a broad view of prompt emission SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-GENERAL PHYSICS RELATIVITY ASTRONOMY AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND METHODS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY ID GAMMA-RAY-BURSTS; GRB 990123; RADIATION; MODELS AB We discuss the diversity of prompt Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) spectra from high to low energies, comparing optical observations to simultaneous garnma-ray emission. These events show a wide variety of relations between gamma-ray and optical spectral and temporal properties. Using optical detections and limits from ROTSE as well as the literature, we constrain the broad-band spectral shape during GRB events. With no single result for low-energy emission behavior, GRB models will need to account for diverse outcomes. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW, Australia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sabanci Univ, Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Istanbul, Turkey. Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. Middle E Tech Univ, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Canakkale, Turkey. Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Guilford Coll, Greensboro, NC 27410 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Yost, SA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Guver, Tolga/C-1408-2011; Horns, Dieter/C-9727-2011; Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Rujopakarn, Wiphu/E-7849-2012; McKay, Timothy/C-1501-2009; Guver, Tolga/B-1039-2014; OI McKay, Timothy/0000-0001-9036-6150; Guver, Tolga/0000-0002-3531-9842; Rowell, Gavin/0000-0002-9516-1581 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1594-9982 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Gen. Phys. Relativ. Astron. Math. Phys. Methods PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1201 EP 1205 DI 10.1393/ncb/i2007-10236-7 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300026 ER PT J AU Yonetoku, D Murakami, T Kodaira, H Okuno, S Yoshinari, S Abe, K Angelini, L Barthelmy, S Gehrels, N Ishikawa, N Kaluzienski, LJ Kawai, N Kelley, RL Kinucasa, K Kohmura, T Kubota, K Maeda, Y Maeno, S Murakami, H Nakagawa, YE Nakazawa, K Nousek, J Onda, K Reeves, JN Ricker, G Sato, G Sonoda, E Suzuki, M Takahashi, T Tamagawa, T Tashiro, MS Torii, K Ueda, Y Urata, Y Yamaoka, K Yamauchi, M Yoshida, A AF Yonetoku, D. Murakami, T. Kodaira, H. Okuno, S. Yoshinari, S. Abe, K. Angelini, L. Barthelmy, S. Gehrels, N. Ishikawa, N. Kaluzienski, L. J. Kawai, N. Kelley, R. L. Kinucasa, K. Kohmura, T. Kubota, K. Maeda, Y. Maeno, S. Murakami, H. Nakagawa, Y. E. Nakazawa, K. Nousek, J. Onda, K. Reeves, J. N. Ricker, G. Sato, G. Sonoda, E. Suzuki, M. Takahashi, T. Tamagawa, T. Tashiro, M. S. Torii, K. Ueda, Y. Urata, Y. Yamaoka, K. Yamauchi, M. Yoshida, A. TI Suzaku observation of X-ray afterglow: Spectral and temporal behaviors SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-GENERAL PHYSICS RELATIVITY ASTRONOMY AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND METHODS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY AB We report about early X-ray afterglow observations of GRB 060105 by Swift, and Suzaku. The Suzaku team commenced a pre-planned target of opportunity observation at 5.3h after the Swift trigger. Following the prompt emission and successive very steep decay a shallow decay was observed from T-o + 187 s to To + 1287s by Swift.. After that, an extremely early steep decay was observed in To + (4-30)ks. The light curve flattened again and another steep decay from To + 50 ks to the end of Suzaku observations was observed. Both steep decays exhibited almost same decay indices of 2.3-2.4. This break time, if it is caused by a jet break, is the earliest case among X-ray afterglow observations, suggesting a very narrow jet opening angle is about 0.7 degree. C1 Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan. Saitama Univ, Sakura, Saitama 3388570, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 2298558, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. Gunma Astron Observ, Gunma 3770702, Japan. Kogakuin Univ, Tokyo 1920015, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. JAXA Inst Space Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Miyazaki Univ, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. MIT, CSR, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Osaka Univ, Osaka 5600043, Japan. RP Yonetoku, D (reprint author), Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan. RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Tashiro, Makoto/J-4562-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012; XRAY, SUZAKU/A-1808-2009 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1594-9982 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Gen. Phys. Relativ. Astron. Math. Phys. Methods PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1253 EP 1256 DI 10.1393/neb/i2007-10243-8 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300033 ER PT J AU Mangano, V La Parola, V Troja, E Cusumano, G Mineo, T Burrows, D Campana, S Capalbi, M Chincarini, G Gehrels, N Giommi, P Moretti, A Perri, M Romano, P Tagliaferri, G AF Mangano, V. La Parola, V. Troja, E. Cusumano, G. Mineo, T. Burrows, D. Campana, S. Capalbi, M. Chincarini, G. Gehrels, N. Giommi, P. Moretti, A. Perri, M. Romano, P. Tagliaferri, G. TI Rest frame light curves of swift GRBs SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-GENERAL PHYSICS RELATIVITY ASTRONOMY AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND METHODS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Swift and GRBs - Unveiling the Relativistic University CY JUN 05-09, 2006 CL Venice, ITALY AB We have computed the luminosity rest frame light curves of the first 40 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) detected by Swift with well-established redshift. We studied average properties of the light curves in the four subsamples of bursts given by z < 1, 1 < z < 2, 2 < z less than or similar to, and z greater than or similar to. We conclude that all the last three subsamples share the same morphology and the same luminosity range. Very high redshift (z greater than or similar to 4) GRBs detected up to now are not intrinsically longer than lower redshift long GRBs. Nearby long GRBs (z < 1) are fainter than average. Possible selection effects are under investigation. C1 INAF IASF PA, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Univ Milano Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mangano, V (reprint author), INAF IASF PA, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; OI Mineo, Teresa/0000-0002-4931-8445; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; moretti, alberto/0000-0002-9770-0315; Perri, Matteo/0000-0003-3613-4409; La Parola, Valentina/0000-0002-8087-6488; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC ITALIANA FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1594-9982 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO B JI Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Gen. Phys. Relativ. Astron. Math. Phys. Methods PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 121 IS 10-11 BP 1297 EP 1301 DI 10.1393/ncb/i2007-10246-5 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 229SJ UT WOS:000250824300040 ER PT J AU Kolinski, SP Hoeke, RK Holzwarth, SR Ilo, LI Cox, EF O'Conner, RC Vroom, PS AF Kolinski, Steven P. Hoeke, Ronald K. Holzwarth, Stephani R. Ilo, Larry I. Cox, Evelyn F. O'Conner, Robert C. Vroom, Peter S. TI Nearshore distribution and an abundance estimate for green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, at Rota Island, commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; FEEDING ECOLOGY; SOMATIC GROWTH; CALIFORNIA; HABITATS; FLORIDA; MEXICO AB Seventy-three green turtles, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), were observed in 84 sightings along 28 transects covering 67% of Rota's shoreline and outer reef perimeter in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. No other sea turtle species were encountered. Juvenile turtles of various sizes dominated in all surveyed environments, and observations of turtles with estimated straight carapace lengths <= 40 cm suggested recent and continuing recruitment at Rota. Distribution of turtles appeared temporally stable when compared with previously reported observations and data, with turtle concentrations highest along northeast, east, and southeast coasts of the island. Approximately 118 turtles were projected to inhabit nearshore habitats at Rota. Although this population may appear minor and indistinct compared with those at nearby Tinian and Saipan, continued monitoring would be useful for comparison of Mariana Islands trends. Thirty-five species of cyanophytes, algae, and a sea grass noted as green turtle forage in other world regions were identified at Rota in this and previous surveys. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Reg Off, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Coral Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Dept Lands & Nat Resources, Div Fish & Wildlife, Saipan, CM 96950 USA. RP Kolinski, SP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Reg Off, 1601 kapiolani Blvd,Suite 1110, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM steve.kolinski@noaa.gov RI Hoeke, Ron/F-4085-2014 OI Hoeke, Ron/0000-0003-0576-9436 NR 66 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 60 IS 4 BP 509 EP 522 DI 10.1353/psc.2006.0032 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086HY UT WOS:000240665600006 ER PT J AU Irons, JR Masek, JG AF Irons, James R. Masek, Jeffrey G. TI Requirements for a Landsat Data Continuity Mission SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ALI; HYPERION; PERFORMANCE; IMAGER; ETM+ AB Landsat Data Continuity Mission requirements rest on science, societal benefits, heritage, public law, Executive Office direction, and an eye to the future. A Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will advance the legacy of the Landsat program with the intent of serving science and society. The performance of the Landsat 7 satellite system, the predecessor to the LDMC, has set a standard with respect to rigorous calibration, an enlightened data policy, and global data collection. LDCM requirements advance this standard in accordance with public law, current technology, and Executive Office direction. The LDCM will provide a core capability that serves as a foundation for a global land observing system. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Irons, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Irons, James/D-8535-2012 NR 18 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1102 EP 1108 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300001 ER PT J AU Goward, S Green, K Lenczowski, R Williams, D AF Goward, Samuel Green, Kass Lenczowski, Roberta Williams, Darrel TI In my opinion ... The future of US land imaging SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Goward, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1109 EP 1109 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300002 ER PT J AU Markham, B Goward, S Arvidson, T Barsi, J Scaramuzza, P AF Markham, Brian Goward, Samuel Arvidson, Terry Barsi, Julia Scaramuzza, Pat TI Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan radiometry - Evolution over time SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID IMAGERY AB The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus instrument has two selectable gains for each spectral band. In the acquisition plan, the gains were initially set to maximize the entropy in each scene. One unintended consequence of this strategy was that, at times, dense vegetation saturated band 4 and deserts saturated all bands. A revised strategy, based on a land-cover classification and sun angle thresholds, reduced saturation, but resulted in gain changes occurring within the same scene on multiple overpasses. As the gain changes cause some loss of data and difficulties for some ground processing systems, a procedure was devised to shift the gain changes to the nearest predicted cloudy scenes. The results are still not totally satisfactory as gain changes still impact some scenes and saturation still occurs, particularly in ephemerally snow-covered regions. A primary conclusion of our experience with variable gain on Landsot-7 is that such an approach should not be employed on future global monitoring missions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USGS, EROS, SAIC, TSSC,ESD,IAS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Markham, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov; sgoward@umd.edu; terry.arvidson@gsfc.nasa.gov; julia@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; pscar@usgs.gov RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1129 EP 1135 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300005 ER PT J AU Arvidson, T Goward, S Gasch, J Williams, D AF Arvidson, Terry Goward, Samuel Gasch, John Williams, Darrel TI Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan: Development and validation SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The long-term acquisition plan (LTAP) was developed to fulfill the Landsat-7 (L7) mission of building and seasonally refreshing an archive of global, essentially cloud-free, sunlit, land scenes. The LTAP is considered one of the primary successes of the mission. By incorporating seasonality and cloud avoidance into the decision making used to schedule image acquisitions, the L7 data in the U.S. Landsat archive is more complete and of higher quality than has ever been previously achieved in the Landsat program. Development of the LTAP system evolved over more than a decade, starting in 1995. From 2002 to 2004 most attention has been given to validation of LTAP elements. We find that the original expectations and goals for the LTAP were surpassed for Landsat 7. When the L7 scan line corrector mirror failed, we adjusted the LTAP operations, effectively demonstrating the flexibility of the LTAP concept to address unanticipated needs. During validation, we also identified some seasonal and geographic acquisition shortcomings of the implementation: including how the spectral vegetation index measurements were used and regional/seasonal cloud climatology concerns. Some of these issues have already been at least partially addressed in the L7 LTAP, while others will wait further attention in the development of the LTAP for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The lessons learned from a decade of work on the L7 LTAP provide a solid foundation upon which to build future mission LTAPS including the LDCM. C1 Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Emalico LLC, Gambrills, MD 21054 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Arvidson, T (reprint author), Lockheed Martin, GSFC Code 614-4,Bldg 33,Rm G313, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM terry.arvidson@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 29 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 EI 2374-8079 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1137 EP 1146 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300006 ER PT J AU Goward, S Arvidson, T Williams, D Faundeen, J Irons, J Franks, S AF Goward, Samuel Arvidson, Terry Williams, Darrel Faundeen, John Irons, James Franks, Shannon TI Historical record of Landsat global coverage: Mission operations, NSLRSDA, and international cooperator stations SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The long-term, 34+ year record of global Landsat remote sensing data is a critical resource to study the Earth system and human impacts on this system. The National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive (NSLRSDA) is charged by public law to: "maintain a permanent, comprehensive Government archive of global Landsat and other land remote sensing data for long-term monitoring and study of the changing global environment" (U.S. Congress, 1992). The advisory committee for NSLRSDA requested a detailed analysis of observation coverage within the U.S. Landsat holdings, as well as that acquired and held by International Cooperator (IC) stations. Our analyses, to date, have found gaps of varying magnitude in U.S. holdings of Landsat global coverage data, which appear to reflect technical or administrative variations in mission operations. In many cases it may be possible to partially fill these gaps in U.S. holdings through observations that were acquired and are now being held at International Cooperator stations. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USGS, EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Goward, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, 2181 LeFrak Hall, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. EM sgoward@umd.edu RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012; Faundeen, John/M-2090-2015 OI Faundeen, John/0000-0003-0287-2921 NR 15 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1155 EP 1169 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300008 ER PT J AU Williams, DL Goward, S Arvidson, T AF Williams, Darrel L. Goward, Samuel Arvidson, Terry TI Landsat: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID PROGRAM; SCIENCE AB Landsat, first placed in orbit in 1972, established the U.S. as the world leader in land remote sensing. The Landsat system has contributed significantly to the understanding of the Earth's environment, spawned revolutionary uses of space-based data by the commercial value-added industry, and encouraged a new generation of commercial satellites that provide regional, high-resolution spatial images. This PE&RS Special Issue provides an update to the 1997 25th Landsat anniversary issue, particularly focused on the contribution of Landsat-7 to the 34+ year history of the Landsot mission. In this overview paper, we place the Landsat-7 system in context and show how mission operations have changed over time, increasingly exploiting the global monitoring capabilities of the Landsat observatory. Although considerable progress was made during the Landsat-7 era, there is much yet to learn about the historical record of Landsat global coverage: a truly valuable national treasure. The time to do so is now, as the memories of the early days of this historic program are fading as we speak. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Williams, DL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM darrel.l.Williams@nasa.gov NR 47 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1171 EP 1178 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300009 ER PT J AU Irish, RR Barker, JL Goward, SN Arvidson, T AF Irish, Richard R. Barker, John L. Goward, Samuel N. Arvidson, Terry TI Characterization of the Landsat-7 ETM+ automated cloud-cover assessment (ACCA) algorithm SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ACQUISITION; CHANNEL; SPACE AB A scene-average automated cloud-cover assessment (ACCA) algorithm has been used for the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) mission since its launch by NASA in 1999. ACCA assists in scheduling and confirming the acquisition of global "cloud-free" imagery for the U.S. archive. This paper documents the operational ACCA algorithm and validates its performance to a standard error of 5 percent. Visual assessment of clouds in three-band browse imagery were used for comparison to the five-band ACCA scores from a stratified sample of 212 ETM+ 2001 scenes. This comparison of independent cloud-cover estimators produced a 1:1 correlation with no offset. The largest commission errors were at high altitudes or at low solar illumination where snow was misclassified as clouds. The largest omission errors were associated with undetected optically thin cirrus clouds over water. There were no statistically significant systematic errors in ACCA scores analyzed by latitude, seasonality, or solar elevation angle. Enhancements for additional spectral bands, per-pixel masks, land/water boundaries, topography, shadows, multidate and multi-sensor imagery were identified for possible use in future ACCA algorithms. C1 SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Lockheed Martin, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Irish, RR (reprint author), SSAI, GSFC Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM rirish@pop400.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 145 Z9 157 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1179 EP 1188 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 093WP UT WOS:000241201300010 ER PT J AU Chen, GX Smith, RK Kirby, K Brickhouse, NS Wargelin, BJ AF Chen, G. X. Smith, R. K. Kirby, K. Brickhouse, N. S. Wargelin, B. J. TI Fully relativistic R-matrix calculation of electron impact excitation of NeIX SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID HELIUM-LIKE IONS; CROSS-SECTIONS; DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION; COLLISION STRENGTHS; RATE COEFFICIENTS; NEON; DIAGNOSTICS; LIFETIME; SPECTRA; OXYGEN AB We report on a fully relativistic close-coupling (CC) calculation of the electron impact excitation (EIE) of Ne IX. The multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method was used in a calculation of Ne IX atomic structure. The EIE calculation of Ne IX was carried out using the Dirac R-matrix method and the MCDF orbitals for principal quantum number n <= 5 with target states up to n=5 corresponding to 49CC (49 target states in the CC expansion). The EIE calculation included both resonance and channel coupling effects. We demonstrate that strong resonances appear in the excitation of the highly charged ion Ne IX, in particular for intercombination and forbidden transitions. Compared to less highly charged He-like ions, we show that for Ne IX all N-shell and O-shell levels start to give rise to Rydberg resonant states dipping just below M-shell and N-shell target thresholds, respectively. In comparison with previous calculations carried out with either the close-coupling or the distorted wave method, our calculations show significant differences with respect to cross sections and effective collision strengths. The important Ne IX line intensity G ratio (G=(i+f)/r)=[forbidden+intercombination]/resonance) calculated based on our MCDF and Dirac R-matrix results is in good agreement with the existing accurate EBIT measurements. This calculation has direct applications to laboratory measurements and observations of astrophysical x-ray sources. C1 ITAMP, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chen, GX (reprint author), ITAMP, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. OI Brickhouse, Nancy/0000-0002-8704-4473 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 042709 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.042709 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 101EX UT WOS:000241723100091 ER PT J AU Makeev, MA Srivastava, D Menon, M AF Makeev, Maxim A. Srivastava, Deepak Menon, Madhu TI Silicon carbide nanowires under external loads: An atomistic simulation study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBES; SIC NANOWIRES; NANORODS; LATTICE; SYSTEMS AB The nanomechanical response properties of 3C-SiC nanowires are investigated using molecular dynamics simulation with Tersoff bond-order interatomic potential. Under axial compression and tensile strain, the computed Young's modulus and structural changes at elastic limit do not depend appreciably on the diameter of the nanowire except for the nanowire of the smallest diameter (approximate to 1 nm) under compression. The elastic modulus and structural failure near the elastic limit regime, for nonaxial bending and torsional strains, are found to depend strongly on the nanowire diameters through a power-law behavior. The exponent of the power-law behavior and mechanisms of the material failure under different types of loading strains are described in this work. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Kentucky, Ctr Computat Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Makeev, MA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mmakeev@mail.arc.nasa.gov; dsrivastava@mail.arc.nasa.gov; super250@pop.uky.edu NR 33 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 37 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 16 AR 165303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.165303 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FC UT WOS:000241723700055 ER PT J AU Malkova, N Ning, CZ AF Malkova, N. Ning, C. Z. TI Surface states of wurtzite semiconductor nanowires with identical lateral facets: A transfer-matrix approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INDIUM-PHOSPHIDE NANOWIRES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; ZNO; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SCHEME AB The focus of this paper is to investigate systematically surface states of semiconductor nanowires of wurtzite crystals with identical lateral surfaces. We first calculate the surface spectrum of a semi-infinite crystal. Then, using cyclic boundary conditions, we calculate the quantized spectrum of the surface states in nanowires. We find that the spectrum of the nanowire surfaces consists of a number of quantized levels inside the band gap. We further study absorption coefficients due to dipole transitions between the surface states in such nanowires. We demonstrate that such transitions lead to absorption above the fundamental band edge transition. Our calculations also show that the absorption coefficient induced by the transitions between the surface states depends weakly on the light polarization. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Malkova, N (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM nmalkova@mail.arc.nasa.gov; cning@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Ning, C. Z./D-4699-2009 OI Ning, C. Z./0000-0003-4583-8889 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 15 AR 155308 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155308 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FB UT WOS:000241723600088 ER PT J AU Chatterji, S Lazzarini, A Stein, L Sutton, PJ Searle, A Tinto, M AF Chatterji, Shourov Lazzarini, Albert Stein, Leo Sutton, Patrick J. Searle, Antony Tinto, Massimo TI Coherent network analysis technique for discriminating gravitational-wave bursts from instrumental noise SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID ROTATIONAL CORE COLLAPSE; BLACK-HOLE COALESCENCES; SIGNAL-TO-NOISE; DYNAMICS AB The sensitivity of current searches for gravitational-wave bursts is limited by non-Gaussian, nonstationary noise transients which are common in real detectors. Existing techniques for detecting gravitational-wave bursts assume the output of the detector network to be the sum of a stationary Gaussian noise process and a gravitational-wave signal. These techniques often fail in the presence of noise nonstationarities by incorrectly identifying such transients as possible gravitational-wave bursts. Furthermore, consistency tests currently used to try to eliminate these noise transients are not applicable to general networks of detectors with different orientations and noise spectra. In order to address this problem we introduce a fully coherent consistency test that is robust against noise nonstationarities and allows one to distinguish between gravitational-wave bursts and noise transients in general detector networks. This technique does not require any a priori knowledge of the putative burst waveform. C1 CALTECH, LIGO, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chatterji, S (reprint author), CALTECH, LIGO, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Stein, Leo/0000-0001-7559-9597 NR 42 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0010 EI 2470-0029 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 8 AR 082005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.74.082005 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 101FF UT WOS:000241724000007 ER PT J AU Zuckerwar, AJ Ash, RL AF Zuckerwar, Allan J. Ash, Robert L. TI Response to "Comment on 'Variational approach to the volume viscosity of fluids'" [Phys. Fluids 18, 109101 (2006)] SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Editorial Material AB We respond to the Comment of Markus Scholle and therewith revise our material entropy constraint to account for the production of entropy. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA. RP Ash, RL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 238, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM a.j.zuckerwar@larc.nasa.gov; rash@odu.edu NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD OCT PY 2006 VL 18 IS 10 AR 109102 DI 10.1063/1.2361310 PG 2 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 101ER UT WOS:000241722300043 ER PT J AU Yoon, PH Lui, ATY Sheldon, RB AF Yoon, Peter H. Lui, Anthony T. Y. Sheldon, Robert B. TI On the current sheet model with kappa distribution SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article ID CURRENT DISRUPTION; MAGNETIC-FIELD; EQUILIBRIUM; MAGNETOSPHERE; INSTABILITY; ION AB The present paper (re)derives current sheet equilibrium solutions on the basis of the so-called kappa distribution functions for the particles. The present work builds upon a recent paper [W.-Z. Fu and L.-N. Hau, Phys. Plasmas 12, 070701 (2005)], where the authors formulated the equilibrium current sheet model with the kappa distribution. According to their work, however, the global temperature profile monotonically increases in the asymptotic regime. In the present paper it is shown that the presence of a finite stationary background population of the particles arrests the unlimited increase of the global temperature profile in the asymptotic limit. The present paper further extends the analysis by considering a current sheet model where the electron current is embedded within a thicker ion current layer, and where there exists a weak electrostatic potential drop across the current sheet. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Yoon, PH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM yoonp@ipst.umd.edu; tony.lui@jhuap1.edu; rob.sheldon@msfc.nasa.gov RI Yoon, Peter/E-2395-2013 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD OCT PY 2006 VL 13 IS 10 AR 102108 DI 10.1063/1.2357720 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 101ES UT WOS:000241722400011 ER PT J AU Harri, AM Makinen, T Lehto, A Kahanpaa, H Siili, T AF Harri, Ari-Matti Makinen, Teemu Lehto, Asko Kahanpaa, Henrik Siili, Tero TI Vertical pressure profile of Titan - observations of the PPI/HASI instrument SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Titan atmosphere pressure profile ID HUYGENS PROBE; SPACECRAFT; DESCENT; MISSION; SCIENCE; HASI AB The Huygens entry probe descended through the atmosphere of Titan and provided an excellent set of observations of the atmosphere and the surface of Titan. During the 150-min descent the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) observed a comprehensive set of variables, including pressure, temperature, density and atmospheric electricity. The atmospheric pressure profile was recorded by the Pressure Profile Instrument (PPI), provided by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). The instrument started measurements at an altitude of 150 km, and produced about 28 bits of data per second. Data were also obtained through the time of 31 min beyond the time of surface impact. The first-order scientific analysis of the PPI results has been performed. The observations together with hydrostatic assumption and in combination with other measurements have provided the first atmospheric pressure profile and the surface pressure (of approximately 1467 +/- 1 hPa) for Titan's atmosphere. To carry out the pressure profile reconstruction we developed a real gas formulation, which is applicable also for other Titan atmospheric investigations. The altitude versus time speed of the descent was calculated and the results were compared with the direct altitude observations by the radar altimeter during the last 40 km of the descent. The fit was excellent cl monstrating the high-quality level of the PPI observations as well as the utilized investigation methods. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, European Space Agcy, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harri, AM (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM Ari-Matti.Harri@fmi.fi RI Harri, Ari-Matti/C-7142-2012; OI Harri, Ari-Matti/0000-0001-8541-2802; Kahanpaa, Henrik/0000-0001-9108-186X NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1117 EP 1123 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.037 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200002 ER PT J AU Jaumann, R Stephan, K Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN McCord, TB Coradini, A Capaccioni, F Filacchione, G Cerroni, P Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bibring, JP Combes, M Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Formisano, V Langevin, Y Matson, DL Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Soderbloom, LA Griffith, C Matz, KD Roatsch, T Scholten, F Porco, CC AF Jaumann, R. Stephan, K. Brown, R. H. Buratti, B. J. Clark, R. N. McCord, T. B. Coradini, A. Capaccioni, F. Filacchione, G. Cerroni, P. Baines, K. H. Bellucci, G. Bibring, J. -P. Combes, M. Cruikshank, D. P. Drossart, P. Formisano, V. Langevin, Y. Matson, D. L. Nelson, R. M. Nicholson, P. D. Sicardy, B. Sotin, C. Soderbloom, L. A. Griffith, C. Matz, K. -D. Roatsch, Th. Scholten, F. Porco, C. C. TI High-resolution CASSINI-VIMS mosaics of Titan and the icy Saturnian satellites SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT General Assembly of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Cassini; VIMS; imaging spectroscopy; Saturnian satellites; map projection; mosaics ID ENCELADUS; JUPITER AB The Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the CASSINI spacecraft obtained new spectral data of the icy satellites of Saturn after its arrival at Saturn in June 2004. VIMS operates in a spectral range from 0.35 to 5.2 mu m, generating image cubes in which each pixel represents a spectrum consisting of 352 contiguous wavebands. As an imaging spectrometer VIMS combines the characteristics of both a spectrometer and an imaging instrument. This makes it possible to analyze the spectrum of each pixel separately and to map the spectral characteristics spatially, which is important to study the relationships between spectral information and geological and geomorphologic surface features. The spatial analysis of the spectral data requires the determination of the exact geographic position of each pixel on the specific surface and that all 352 spectral elements of each pixel show the same region of the target. We developed a method to reproject each pixel geometrically and to convert the spectral data into map projected image cubes. This method can also be applied to mosaic different VIMS observations. Based on these mosaics, maps of the spectral properties for each Saturnian satellite can be derived and attributed to geographic positions as well as to geological and geomorphologic surface features. These map-projected mosaics are the basis for all further investigations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Planetary Res, DLR, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, LPL, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Winthrop, WA USA. CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00137 Rome, Italy. Inst Astrofis Spaziale, Rome, Italy. Univ Paris 11, IAS, F-91405 Orsay, France. Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nantes, F-44072 Nantes 3, France. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Jaumann, R (reprint author), Inst Planetary Res, DLR, Rutherfordstr 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. EM ralf.jaumann@dlr.de OI Cerroni, Priscilla/0000-0003-0239-2741; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Filacchione, Gianrico/0000-0001-9567-0055 NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1146 EP 1155 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.034 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200005 ER PT J AU Spilker, LJ Pilorz, SH Wallis, BD Pearl, JC Cuzzi, JN Brooks, SM Altobelli, N Edgington, SG Showalter, M Flasar, FM Ferrari, C Leyrat, C AF Spilker, Linda J. Pilorz, Stuart H. Wallis, Brad D. Pearl, John C. Cuzzi, Jeffrey N. Brooks, Shawn M. Altobelli, Nicolas Edgington, Scott G. Showalter, Mark Flasar, F. Michael Ferrari, Cecile Leyrat, Cedric TI Cassini thermal observations of Saturn's main rings: Implications for particle rotation and vertical mixing SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Saturn's rings; Cassini; Cassini composite infrared spectrometer; thermal ring measurements ID PLANETARY RINGS; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; STELLAR OCCULTATION; SIMULATIONS; TEMPERATURES; PHOTOMETRY; VOYAGER-1; EMISSION; ECLIPSE; INERTIA AB In late 2004 and 2005 the Cassini composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) obtained spatially resolved thermal infrared radial scans of Saturn's main rings (A, B and C, and Cassini Division) that show ring temperatures decreasing with increasing solar phase angle, a, on both the lit and unlit faces of the ring plane. These temperature differences suggest that Saturn's main rings include a population of ring particles that spin slowly, with a spin period greater than 3.6 h, given their low thermal inertia. The A ring shows the smallest temperature variation with a. and this variation decreases with distance from the planet. This suggests an increasing number of smaller, and/or more rapidly rotating ring particles with more uniform temperatures, resulting perhaps from stirring by the density waves in the outer A ring and/or self-gravity wakes. The temperatures of the A and B rings are correlated with their optical depth, c, when viewed from the lit face, and anti-correlated when viewed from the unlit face. On the unlit face of the B ring, not only do the lowest temperatures correlate with the largest T, these temperatures are also the same at both low and high a, suggesting that little sunlight is penetrating these regions. The temperature differential from the lit to the unlit side of the rings is a strong, nearly linear, function of optical depth. This is consistent with the expectation that little sunlight penetrates to the dark side of the densest rings, but also suggests that little vertical mixing of ring particles is taking place in the A and B rings. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Paris 07, F-75221 Paris, France. RP Spilker, LJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Linda.J.Spilker@jpl.nasa.gov RI Flasar, F Michael/C-8509-2012; Ferrari, Cecile/P-9735-2016 OI Ferrari, Cecile/0000-0001-5962-7439 NR 42 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1167 EP 1176 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.033 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200007 ER PT J AU Atreya, SK Adams, EY Niemann, HB Demick-Montelara, JE Owen, TC Fulchignoni, M Ferri, F Wilson, EH AF Atreya, Sushil K. Adams, Elena Y. Niemann, Hasso B. Demick-Montelara, Jaime E. Owen, Tobias C. Fulchignoni, Marcello Ferri, Francesca Wilson, Eric H. TI Titan's methane cycle SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT General Assembly of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Titan; methane; serpentinization; origin; meteorology; methalogical cycle ID VOYAGER INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; MIDLATITUDE CLOUDS; ATMOSPHERE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; HYDROCARBONS; AEROSOLS; SURFACE; ORIGIN; FLUIDS; SERPENTINIZATION AB Methane is key to sustaining Titan's thick nitrogen atmosphere. However, methane is destroyed and converted to heavier hydrocarbons irreversibly on a relatively short timescale of approximately 10-100 million years. Without the warming provided by CH4-generated hydrocarbon hazes in the stratosphere and the pressure induced opacity in the infrared, particularly by CH4-N-2 and H-2-N-2 collisions in the troposphere, the atmosphere could be gradually reduced to as low as tens of millibar pressure. An understanding of the source-sink cycle of methane is thus crucial to the evolutionary history of Titan and its atmosphere. In this paper we propose that a complex photochemical-meteorological-hydrogeochemical cycle of methane operates on Titan. We further suggest that although photochemistry leads to the loss of methane from the atmosphere, conversion to a global ocean of ethane is unlikely. The behavior of methane in the troposphere and the surface, as measured by the Cassini-Huygens gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, together with evidence of cryovolcanism reported by the Cassini visual and infrared mapping spectrometer, represents a "methalogical" cycle on Titan, somewhat akin to the hydrological cycle on Earth. In the absence of net loss to the interior, it would represent a closed cycle. However, a source is still needed to replenish the methane lost to photolysis. A hydrogeochemical source deep in the interior of Titan holds promise. It is well known that in serpentinization, hydration of ultramafic silicates in terrestrial oceans produces H-2(aq), whose reaction with carbon grains or carbon dioxide in the crustal pores produces methane gas. Appropriate geological, thermal, and pressure conditions could have existed in and below Titan's purported water-ammonia ocean for "low-temperature" serpentinization to occur in Titan's accretionary heating phase. On the other hand, impacts could trigger the process at high temperatures. In either instance, storage of methane as a stable clathrate-hydrate in Titan's interior for later release to the atmosphere is quite plausible. There is also some likelihood that the production of methane on Titan by serpentinization is a gradual and continuous on-going process. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Hawaii, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France. Univ Padua, CISAS G Colombo, I-35131 Padua, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Atreya, SK (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM atreya@umich.edu NR 63 TC 133 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 41 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1177 EP 1187 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.028 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200008 ER PT J AU Sittler, EC Thomsen, M Johnson, RE Hartle, RE Burger, M Chornay, D Shappirio, MD Simpson, D Smith, HT Coates, AJ Rymer, AM McComas, DJ Young, DT Reisenfeld, D Dougherty, M Andre, N AF Sittler, E. C., Jr. Thomsen, M. Johnson, R. E. Hartle, R. E. Burger, M. Chornay, D. Shappirio, M. D. Simpson, D. Smith, H. T. Coates, A. J. Rymer, A. M. McComas, D. J. Young, D. T. Reisenfeld, D. Dougherty, M. Andre, N. TI Cassini observations of Saturn's inner plasmasphere: Saturn orbit insertion results SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE planetary; Saturn; magnetosphere; plasma ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETER; MAGNETOSPHERE; VOYAGER-2; ELECTRONS; DYNAMICS AB We present new and definitive results of Cassini plasma spectrometer (CAPS) data acquired during passage through Saturn's inner plasmasphere by the Cassini spacecraft during the approach phase of the Saturn orbit insertion period. This analysis extends the original analysis of Sittler et al. [2005. Preliminary results on Saturn's inner plasmasphere as observed by Cassini: comparison with Voyager. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L14S07, doi:10.1029/2005GLO22653] to L similar to 10 along with also providing a more comprehensive study of the interrelationship of the various fluid parameters. Coincidence data are sub-divided into protons and water group ions. Our revised analysis uses an improved convergence algorithm which provides a more definitive and independent estimate of the spacecraft potential Phi(SC) for which we enforce the protons and water group ions to co-move with each other. This has allowed us to include spacecraft charging corrections to our fluid parameter estimations and allow accurate estimations of fluctuations in the fluid parameters for future correlative studies. In the appendix we describe the ion moments algorithm, and minor corrections introduced by not weighting the moments with sin theta term in Sittler et al. [2005] (Correction offset by revisions to instruments geometric factor). Estimates of the spacecraft potential and revised proton densities are presented. Our total ion densities are in close agreement with the electron densities reported by Moncuquet et al. [2005. Quasi-thermal noise spectroscopy in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn with Cassini/RPWS: electron temperatures and density. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L20S02, doi:10.1029/2005GL022508] who used upper hybrid resonance (UHR) emission lines observed by the radio and plasma wave science (RPWS) instrument. We show a positive correlation between proton temperature and water group ion temperature. The proton and thermal electron temperatures track each with both having a positive radial gradient. These results are consistent with pickup ion energization via Saturn's rotational electric field. We see evidence for an anti-correlation between radial flow velocity V-R and azimuthal velocity V-phi, which is consistent with the magnetosphere tending to conserve angular momentum. Evidence for MHD waves is also present. We show clear evidence for outward transport of the plasma via flux tube interchange motions with the radial velocity of the flow showing positive radial gradient with VR similar to 0.12(L/4)(5-5) km/s functional dependence for 4 < L < 10 (i.e., if we assume to be diffusive transport then D-LL similar to D0(L)(11) for fixed stochastic time step delta t). Previous models with centrifugal transport have used D-LL similar to D0L3 dependence. The radial transport seems to begin at Enceladus' L shell, L similar to 4, where we also see a minimum in the W+ ion temperature Tw similar to 35 eV. For the first time, we are measuring the actual flux tube interchange motions in the magnetosphere and how it varies with radial distance. These observations can be used as a constraint with regard to future transport models for Saturn's magnetosphere. Finally, we evaluate the thermodynamic properties of the plasma, which are all consistent with the pickup process being the dominant energy source for the plasma. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AY, England. European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, F-75738 Paris 15, France. RP Sittler, EC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 612-2,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM edward.c.sittler@nasa.gov RI Coates, Andrew/C-2396-2008; Reisenfeld, Daniel/F-7614-2015; Smith, Howard/H-4662-2016 OI Coates, Andrew/0000-0002-6185-3125; Smith, Howard/0000-0003-3537-3360 FU Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D00084X/1] NR 34 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1197 EP 1210 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.038 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200010 ER PT J AU Hartle, RE Sittler, EC Neubauer, FM Johnson, RE Smith, HT Crary, F McComas, DJ Young, DT Coates, AJ Simpson, D Bolton, S Reisenfeld, D Szego, K Berthelier, JJ Rymer, A Vilppola, J Steinberg, JT Andre, N AF Hartle, R. E. Sittler, E. C. Neubauer, F. M. Johnson, R. E. Smith, H. T. Crary, F. McComas, D. J. Young, D. T. Coates, A. J. Simpson, D. Bolton, S. Reisenfeld, D. Szego, K. Berthelier, J. J. Rymer, A. Vilppola, J. Steinberg, J. T. Andre, N. TI Initial interpretation of Titan plasma interaction as observed by the Cassini plasma spectrometer: Comparisons with Voyager 1 SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Titan; plasma; pickup ions; mass loading; composition; Cassini ID ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; MAGNETOSPHERE; IONOSPHERE; ENCOUNTER; SATURN AB The Cassini plasma spectrometer (CAPS) instrument made measurements of Titan's plasma environment when the Cassini Orbiter flew through the moon's plasma wake October 26, 2004 (flyby TA). Initial CAPS ion and electron measurements from this encounter will be compared with measurements made by the Voyager I plasma science instrument (PLS). The comparisons will be used to evaluate previous interpretations and predictions of the Titan plasma environment that have been made using PLS measurements. The plasma wake trajectories of flyby TA and Voyager I are similar because they occurred when Titan was near Saturn's local noon. These similarities make possible direct, meaningful comparisons between the various plasma wake measurements. They lead to the following: (A) The light and heavy ions, H+ and N+/O+, were observed by PLS in Saturn's magnetosphere in the vicinity of Titan while the higher mass resolution of CAPS yielded H+ and H-2(+) as the light constituents and O+/CH4+ as the heavy ions. (B) Finite gyroradius effects were apparent in PLS and CAPS measurements of ambient O+ ions as a result of their absorption by Titan's extended atmosphere. (C) The principal pickup ions inferred from both PLS and CAPS measurements are H+, H-2(+), N+, CH4+ and N-2(+). (D) The inference that heavy pickup ions, observed by PLS, were in narrow beam distributions was empirically established by the CAPS measurements. (E) Slowing down of the ambient plasma due to pickup ion mass loading was observed by both instruments on the anti-Saturn side of Titan. (F) Strong mass loading just outside the ionotail by a heavy ion such as N-2(+) is apparent in PLS and CAPS measurements. (G) Except for the expected differences due to the differing trajectories, the magnitudes and structures of the electron densities and temperatures observed by both instruments are similar. The high-energy electron bite-out observed by PLS in the magnetotail is consistent with that observed by CAPS. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Cologne, D-50923 Cologne, Germany. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. Mullard Space Flight Ctr, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. KFKI Res Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, KFKI RMKI, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Ctr Etud Environm Terr & Planetaires, F-94107 St Maur des Fosses, France. Univ Oulu, FIN-90014 Linnanmaa, Finland. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. CESR, F-31028 Toulouse, France. RP Hartle, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM hartle@carioca.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Coates, Andrew/C-2396-2008; Reisenfeld, Daniel/F-7614-2015; Smith, Howard/H-4662-2016 OI Coates, Andrew/0000-0002-6185-3125; Smith, Howard/0000-0003-3537-3360 NR 30 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1211 EP 1224 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.029 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200011 ER PT J AU Negrao, A Coustenis, A Lellouch, E Maillard, JP Rannou, P Schmitt, B McKay, CP Boudon, V AF Negrao, A. Coustenis, A. Lellouch, E. Maillard, J. -P. Rannou, P. Schmitt, B. McKay, C. P. Boudon, V. TI Titan's surface albedo variations over a Titan season from near-infrared CFHT/FTS spectra SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the European-Union-of-Geosciences CY APR 24-29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP European Geosci Union DE Titan; satellites; near-infrared; spectroscopy; CFHT; methane absorption coefficients ID MU-M; ADAPTIVE OPTICS; LOWER ATMOSPHERE; 9500 CM(-1); METHANE; ABSORPTION; SYSTEM; MODEL; HAZE; SIMULATION AB We have observed Titan in a series of campaigns from 1991 to 1996 with the Fourier Transform Spectrometer on the CFH telescope. The data acquired provide a lightcurve from the geometric albedos in the 0.9-2.5 mu m spectral region. The 1991-1993 data were previously analyzed in Coustenis et al. [1995. Titan's surface: composition and variability from its near-infrared albedo. Icarus 118, 87-104] with a spherical particle code by McKay et al. [1989. The thermal structure of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 80, 23-53]. We present here three new datasets from the 1994, 1995 and 1996 observations, with additional information from the 0.94-mu m methane window on Titan. All the data (1991-1996) are re-analyzed in this work using an updated radiative transfer code based on Rannou et al. [2003. A model of Titan's haze of fractal aerosols constrained by multiple observations. Planet. Space Sci. 51, 963-976] with fractal particles. A comparative study of methane absorption coefficients currently available from different sources is also performed demonstrating the great sensitivity of surface inferences to this model parameter. Based on our results, we recommend the methane absorption coefficients produced by Boudon et al. [2006. The vibrational levels of methane obtained from analyses of high-resolution spectra. J. Quant. Spectrosc. 98, 394-404.] and Irwin-et al. [2006. Improved near-infrared methane band models and k-distribution parameters from 2000 to 9500cm(-1) and implications for interpretation of outer planet spectra. Icarus 181, 309-319.] for future studies of Titan. The geometric albedos have been reproduced with our model. We have tested different types of haze profiles and inferred the impact of this parameter on the retrieval of surface albedos. The latter are finally proposed in the atmospheric methane windows centered at 0.94, 1.075, 1.28, 1.6 and 2 mu m for each of the methane coefficient sets. The surface albedos proposed here are not just points at the center of the windows but curves covering a large portion of these regions. This is useful for studies of the composition of the Titan surface. Indeed, we find our data to be compatible with mixtures of water ice and tholin but have strong indication for the presence of an additional, as yet unidentified, component (or components) for which we offer a spectral description. We also discuss the implications of the surface albedo retrievals (as a disk average) for the surface of Titan, recently investigated by the Cassini-Huygens mission. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Observ Paris, LESIA, Sect Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France. Observ Astron Lisboa, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Versailles, IPSL, Serv Aeron, St Quentin en Yvelines, France. Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Lab Planetol, Grenoble, France. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Bourgogne, Phys Lab, F-21004 Dijon, France. RP Negrao, A (reprint author), Observ Paris, LESIA, Sect Meudon, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France. EM alberto.negrao@obspm.fr RI BOUDON, Vincent/A-4504-2010; Schmitt, Bernard/A-1064-2009; RANNOU, Pascal/I-9059-2012; OI Schmitt, Bernard/0000-0002-1230-6627; Negrao, Alberto/0000-0001-6042-1294 NR 63 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 SI SI BP 1225 EP 1246 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.031 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 105TW UT WOS:000242056200012 ER PT J AU Scott, JH AF Scott, John H. TI The development of fuel cell technology for electric power generation: From NASA's manned space program to the "hydrogen economy" SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE batteries; energy conversion; energy storage; fuel cells AB This paper discusses the place of fuel cells among the various energy conversion technologies relevant to the hydrogen economy and the fossil fuel economy. Also summarized are the fundamental principles of fuel cell thermodynamics and of fuel cell power plant engineering. Further discussed are the differing requirements placed on power generation systems by spacecraft and terrestrial applications and how those requirements have directed investment in the development of fuel cell technology over the past half century. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Scott, JH (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM john.h.scott@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD OCT PY 2006 VL 94 IS 10 SI SI BP 1815 EP 1825 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2006.883702 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 115KT UT WOS:000242733900006 ER PT J AU Johnston, KJ Dorland, B Gaume, R Hennessy, G Olling, R Zacharias, N Behr, B Efroimsky, M Hajian, A Harris, H Hilton, J Kaplan, G Monet, D Munn, J Pier, J Vrba, F Seidelmann, K Seager, S Pravdo, S Coste, K Danner, R Grillmair, C Stauffer, J Boss, A Currie, D Danchi, W Gould, A Kopeikin, S Majewski, S Makarov, V McMillan, R Peterson, DM Shaya, E Unwin, S AF Johnston, K. J. Dorland, B. Gaume, R. Hennessy, G. Olling, R. Zacharias, N. Behr, B. Efroimsky, M. Hajian, A. Harris, H. Hilton, J. Kaplan, G. Monet, D. Munn, J. Pier, J. Vrba, F. Seidelmann, K. Seager, S. Pravdo, S. Coste, K. Danner, R. Grillmair, C. Stauffer, J. Boss, A. Currie, D. Danchi, W. Gould, A. Kopeikin, S. Majewski, S. Makarov, V. McMillan, R. Peterson, D. M. Shaya, E. Unwin, S. TI The Origins Billions Star Survey: Galactic explorer SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY; SKY SURVEY VIEW; SURFACE MASS DENSITY; PROPER MOTION; MILKY-WAY; PLANETS; KINEMATICS; SPACE; CORE; DISK AB The Origins Billions Star Survey is a mission concept addressing the astrophysics of extrasolar planets, Galactic structure, the Galactic halo and tidal streams, the Local Group and local supercluster of galaxies, dark matter, star formation, open clusters, the solar system, and the celestial reference frame by determining the position, parallax, and proper motion, as well as photometry, for billions of stars down to 23rd visual magnitude. It is capable of surveying the entire celestial sphere or dwelling on a star field by varying the cadence of observations. The mission's ability to measure objects fainter than 17th magnitude allows a large number of extragalactic compact objects to be observed, making the astrometric measurements absolute. The project mission accuracy is comparable to Gaia for a survey mission. Improved accuracy can be achieved by dwelling on a particular star field or by using the Gaia positions at 14th magnitude to improve the positions of objects at the 18th - 23rd visual magnitudes. C1 USN Observ, Washington, DC 20392 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Northrop Grumman Aerosp Corp, Bethpage, NY 11714 USA. Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys & Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. CALTECH, Michelson Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Johnston, KJ (reprint author), USN Observ, 3450 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20392 USA. RI Kopeikin, Sergei/A-8857-2009; OI Kopeikin, Sergei/0000-0002-4866-1532; Makarov, Valeri/0000-0003-2336-7887; Efroimsky, Michael/0000-0003-1249-9622 NR 55 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 118 IS 848 BP 1428 EP 1442 DI 10.1086/508903 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 103AI UT WOS:000241855000007 ER PT J AU Goudfrooij, P Bohlin, RC Maiz-Apellaniz, J Kimble, RA AF Goudfrooij, Paul Bohlin, Ralph C. Maiz-Apellaniz, Jesus Kimble, Randy A. TI Empirical corrections for charge transfer inefficiency and associated centroid shifts for STIS CCD observations SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; TRANSFER EFFICIENCY; DETECTOR; WFPC2 AB A variety of on- orbit imaging and spectroscopic observations are used to characterize the charge transfer efficiency ( CTE) of the charge- coupled device ( CCD) of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph ( STIS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. A set of formulae is presented to correct observations of point sources for CTE- related loss of signal. For data taken in imaging mode, the CTE loss is parameterized in terms of the location of the source on the CCD, the source signal level within the measurement aperture, the background level, and the time of observation. For spectroscopic data, it is found that one additional parameter is needed in order to provide an adequate calibration of the CTE loss, namely, the signal in the point- spread function located between the signal extraction box and the readout amplifier. The effect of the latter parameter is significant for spectra taken using the G750L or G750M gratings of STIS. The algorithms presented here correct flux calibration inaccuracies due to CTE losses as large as 30% to within similar to 1.5% rms throughout the wavelength range covered by the STIS CCD modes. This uncertainty is similar to the Poisson noise associated with a source detected at a signal level of about 2500 electrons per resolution element. Using bidirectional CCD readouts, centroid shifts incurred due to CTE loss are also derived. A tight correlation is found between the CTE loss and the centroid shift ( both for imaging and for spectroscopic modes), thus enabling one to correct for both effects of imperfect charge transfer to STIS CCD observations. C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. European Space Agcy, Space Telescope Div, F-75738 Paris, France. RP Goudfrooij, P (reprint author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM goudfroo@stsci.edu; bohlin@stsci.edu; jmaiz@stsci.edu; randy.a.kimble@nasa.gov RI Kimble, Randy/D-5317-2012; Maiz Apellaniz, Jesus/C-2825-2017 OI Maiz Apellaniz, Jesus/0000-0003-0825-3443 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 118 IS 848 BP 1455 EP 1473 DI 10.1086/508477 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 103AI UT WOS:000241855000010 ER PT J AU Zhang, CD Woodworth, P Gu, GJ AF Zhang, Chidong Woodworth, Phoebe Gu, Guojun TI The seasonal cycle in the lower troposphere over West Africa from sounding observations SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE meridional circulation; precipitation; West African Monsoon ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; EASTERLY JET; MONSOON; ATLANTIC; REANALYSIS; PACIFIC; SAHEL; OCEAN; EVOLUTION AB In situ sounding observations from selected sites in West and Central Africa were used to document the seasonal cycle in the lower troposphere associated with the annual migration of precipitation. The main purpose of this exercise is to provide a description of the seasonal cycle free of the errors and biases of numerical models, which can be substantial in this region. Many features in the circulation typically associated with the West African Monsoon (WAM) exist through almost the entire seasonal cycle in the region. The low-level easterly jet, known as the African Easterly Jet during the monsoon season, remains prominent and closely related to the rain band in other phases of the seasonal cycle, even when the rain band is located near the equator. The surface southerly monsoon onshore flow penetrates through the rain band in the entire season cycle. The depth of the southerly surface monsoon flow undergoes a seasonal variation, and is greatest during the peak season of the monsoon. A unique feature is a low-level (similar to 700 hPa) northerly flow penetrating through the rain band in various phases of the seasonal cycle. Risking possible biases of land-bound sounding data, these observations are synthesized into a schematic describing the salient features in the low-level circulation associated with the rain band in different phases of the seasonal cycle. This synthesized circulation pattern in West Africa is in contrast to the traditional conceptual circulation pattern associated with the marine ITCZ and other monsoon systems. The results from this study call for more research attention to the low-level meridional circulation for a full understanding of the dynamics of the WAM. This study also advocates the study of the WAM to be conducted in a broad context of the seasonal cycle in the region and in comparison to the marine ITCZ. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhang, CD (reprint author), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway,MPO, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM czhang@rsmas.miami.edu NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 621 BP 2559 EP 2582 DI 10.1256/qj.06.23 PN B PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 133NW UT WOS:000244020600005 ER PT J AU Fotiadi, A Hatzianastassiou, N Stackhouse, PW Matsoukas, C Drakakis, E Pavlakis, KG Hatzidimitriou, D Vardavas, I AF Fotiadi, A. Hatzianastassiou, N. Stackhouse, P. W., Jr. Matsoukas, C. Drakakis, E. Pavlakis, K. G. Hatzidimitriou, D. Vardavas, I. TI Spatial and temporal distribution of long-term short-wave surface radiation over Greece SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE climate; renewable energy sources; solar radiation ID GLOBAL SOLAR-RADIATION; CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; EARTHS SURFACE; DATA SETS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; SEASONAL-VARIATION; PERIOD 1984-2000; TILTED SURFACES; SATELLITE DATA; ENERGY BUDGET AB The short-wave (SW) surface radiation budget (SRB, downward and absorbed fluxes) over Greece and surrounding areas has been computed for the first time, using a physical deterministic radiative-transfer model. The model computations were performed on a monthly-mean basis and at 2.5 degrees x 2.5 degrees latitude-longitude resolution over the 17-year period 1984-2000. Higher spatial resolution of F x F was achieved using the new NASA-Langley dataset but only for the shorter period 1985-1995. In the first case (2.5 degrees x 2.5 degrees resolution), the model input data were taken from global datasets, such as the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) or the Global Aerosol Dataset (GADS), as well as from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Global Re-analysis Projects. In the second case (F x F resolution), the model input data were taken from the NASA-Langley dataset supplemented by others (e.g., GADS). It is found that the annual mean values of the downward SW radiation at the surface (DSR) increase from about 150 W m(-2) in the north of Greece to 210 W m(-2) in the south. (Seasonal means are 50 and 100 W M-2, respectively, in the winter and 270 and 330 W m(-2) in summer). The F x F DSR fluxes reveal significant geographical features, indicating an important longitudinal variation, with smaller values along the central mountain axis and in the northern part of the country. The annual mean DSR flux, averaged over the study area, is 181.9 +/- 14.4 W m(-2), calculated using the ISCCP-D2 (1984-2000) data or 188.8 +/- 14.2 W m(-2) using the NASA-Langley (1985-1995) data. The corresponding averaged mean surface absorbed fluxes are 164.7 +/- 13.1 W m(-2) and 170.7 +/- 13.2 W m(-2). Computed time series of annual mean solar radiation arriving at the surface, and a linear fit applied to them, show an increase with time which may possibly be related to climatic change. Time series of annual amplitude of DSR (maximum minus minimum monthly values) indicate a year-to-year variation of DSR of about 245 W m(-2), whereas a linear fit shows an increase with time but no systematic increase in summer maxima or decrease in winter minima. The model-computed DSR fluxes are in good agreement with surface measurements, made at eight stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service and four other high-standard stations run by Greek research organizations, with correlation coefficients in the range 0.91-0.99 and standard deviations smaller than 20 W m(-2). The ratio of direct to diffuse DSR (an indicator of clear skies) peaks during the summer months at a value of 1.5 m Thessaloniki (northern Greece), at about three in Athens and nine in Crete. C1 Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, Greece. Univ Crete, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. Inst Educ Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Iraklion, Greece. Inst Educ Technol, Dept Gen Appl Sci, Iraklion, Greece. RP Hatzianastassiou, N (reprint author), Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. EM nhatzian@cc.uoi.gr RI Drakakis, Emmanuel/D-7396-2012; Vardavas, Ilias/G-7310-2011; Hatzidimitriou, Despina/A-3732-2015 NR 66 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 621 BP 2693 EP 2718 DI 10.1256/qj.05.163 PN B PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 133NW UT WOS:000244020600011 ER PT J AU Cucinotta, FA Benton, EV AF Cucinotta, Francis A. Benton, Eugene V. TI Space radiation transport, shielding, and risk assessment models SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ San Francisco, Dept Phys, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA. RP Cucinotta, FA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Francis.A.Cucinotta@nasa.gov; bentone@usfca.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1051 EP 1051 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.08.006 PG 1 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200001 ER PT J AU Nikjoo, H Uehara, S Emfietzoglou, D Cucinotta, FA AF Nikjoo, H. Uehara, S. Emfietzoglou, D. Cucinotta, F. A. TI Track-structure codes in radiation research SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Review DE Monte Carlo; track structure; cross-sections; optical data model; dispersion model; energy loss spectrum ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; TISSUE-EQUIVALENT GAS; IONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; MEAN FREE PATHS; LIQUID WATER; DNA-DAMAGE; W-VALUES; INELASTIC-SCATTERING AB Monte Carlo track-structure simulation provides a near accurate description of the passage of charge particle in water as a surrogate for biological tissue. Radiation transport codes and Monte Carlo track-structure codes are widely used in radiation biophysics, dosimetry and microdosimetry, clinical radiotherapy, in space radiation program and accelerator design and research. Over the past decade the number of Monte Carlo track codes simulating a variety of different types of radiations has increased rapidly. In this paper we provide a review of recent progress in the development of particle track simulation for electron, low-energy light ions and finally the recent model development for the low-energy electron cross-sections in liquid water. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, USRA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Kyushu Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan. Univ Ioannina, Sch Med, Med Phys Lab, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. RP Nikjoo, H (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, USRA, Mail Code SK,NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM hooshang.nikjoo@jsc.nasa.gov RI Emfietzoglou, Dimitris/G-7168-2012 NR 185 TC 180 Z9 185 U1 2 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1052 EP 1074 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.02.001 PG 23 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200002 ER PT J AU Ponomarev, AL Cucinotta, FA AF Ponomarev, Artem L. Cucinotta, Francis A. TI Novel image processing interface to relate DSB spatial distribution from experiments with phosphorylation foci to the state-of-the-art models of DNA breakage SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE phosphorylation foci; DNA damage; random walks; image segmentation; DNA fragments; double-strand breaks ID DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; IRRADIATION; RADIATION; H2AX AB We apply new image processing tools and computer modeling of DSB formation to analyze new experimental data on DSB (DNA double-strand break) yield (#DSB per base pair per Gray). There is LET-dependent DSB clustering within the nucleus volume, and clustering of DSBs along the DNA length, which we show through modeling the whole set of human chromosomes. In recent experiments, DSBs are imaged as phosphorylation sites of the histone protein H2AX, denoted as gamma H2AX foci, and it is suggested that foci images indicate the spatial distribution of DSBs. For high-LET radiation, DSBs should be located closer to the track center or grouped around ionization sites leading to clustered DSBs as described theoretically, and as can be seen in images. We describe the successful segmentation of foci images and determine foci statistics that will relate models of DSB spatial correlation and clustering along DNA length to the experimental data. The foci data can be used to analyze high-LET effects on DNA fragment sizes and DSB distributions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SK, Houston, TX 77058 USA. USRA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Ponomarev, AL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SK, 2101 NASA Pkwy,Build 37,119, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM aponomar@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1075 EP 1079 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.11.005 PG 5 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200003 ER PT J AU De Angelis, G Wilson, JW Clowdsley, MS Qualls, GD Singleterry, RC AF De Angelis, G. Wilson, J. W. Clowdsley, M. S. Qualls, G. D. Singleterry, R. C. TI Modeling of the Martian environment for radiation analysis SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; GALACTIC COSMIC-RAYS; SOUTH POLAR-CAP; INTERPLANETARY SPACE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; SURFACE; CONSTRAINTS; TOPOGRAPHY; PATHFINDER AB A model for the radiation environment to be found on the planet Mars due to Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) has been developed. Solar modulated primary particles rescaled for conditions at Mars are transported through the Martian atmosphere down to the surface, with altitude and backscattering patterns taken into account. The altitude to compute the atmospheric thickness profile has been determined by using a model for the topography based on the data provided by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft. The Mars surface composition has been modeled based on averages over the measurements obtained from orbiting spacecraft and at various landing sites, taking into account the possible volatile inventory (e.g. CO2 and H2O ices) along with its time variations throughout the Martian year. The Mars Radiation Environment Model has been made available worldwide through the Space Ionizing Radiation Effects and Shielding Tools (SIREST) website, a project of NASA Langley Research Center. This site has been developed to provide the scientific and engineering communities with an interactive site containing a variety of environmental models, shield evaluation codes, and radiation response models to allow a thorough assessment of ionizing radiation risk for current and future space missions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP De Angelis, G (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299,CNESPS Bldg GB Rm 305B, I-00161 Rome, Italy. EM giovanni.deangelis@iss.it NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1097 EP 1102 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.04.032 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200006 ER PT J AU Heinbockel, JH Wilson, JW Blattnig, SR Qualls, GD Badavi, FF Cucinotta, FA AF Heinbockel, John H. Wilson, John W. Blattnig, Steve R. Qualls, Garry D. Badavi, Francis F. Cucinotta, Francis A. TI HZE ion fragmentation cross-section sensitivity and propagated errors in HZE exposure estimates SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article AB It has long been recognized that galactic cosmic rays are of such high energy that they tend to pass through available shielding materials resulting in exposure of astronauts and equipment within space vehicles and habitats. Any protection provided by shielding materials result not so much from stopping such particles but by changing their physical character in interaction with shielding material nuclei forming, hopefully, less dangerous species. Clearly, the fidelity of the nuclear cross-sections is essential to correct specification of shield design and sensitivity to cross-section error is important in guiding experimental validation of cross-section models and database. We examine the Boltzmann transport equation which is used to calculate dose equivalent during solar minimum, with units (cSv/yr), associated with various depths of shielding materials. The dose equivalent is a weighted sum of contributions from neutrons, protons, light ions, medium ions and heavy ions using the ICRP-60 LET dependent quality factors. We investigate the sensitivity of dose equivalent calculations due to errors in nuclear fragmentation cross-sections. We do this error analysis for all possible projectile-fragment combinations (14,365 such combinations) to estimate the sensitivity of the shielding calculations to errors in the nuclear fragmentation cross-sections. Numerical differentiation with respect to the cross-sections will be evaluated in a broad class of materials including polyethylene, aluminum and copper. We will identify the most important cross-sections to ensure adequate experimental study and evaluate their impact on propagated errors in shielding estimates. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Christopher Newport Univ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Heinbockel, JH (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. EM j.h.heinbockel@larc.nasa.gov/ NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1103 EP 1114 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.02.002 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200007 ER PT J AU Kim, MHY Cucinotta, FA Wilson, JW AF Kim, Myung-Hee Y. Cucinotta, Francis A. Wilson, John W. TI Mean occurrence frequency and temporal risk analysis of solar particle events SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article AB The protection of astronauts from space radiation is required on future exploratory class and long-duration missions. For the accurate projections of radiation doses, a solar cycle statistical model, which quantifies the progression level within the cycle, has been developed. The resultant future cycle projection is then applied to estimate the mean frequency of solar particle events (SPEs) in the near future using a power law function of sunspot number. Detailed temporal behaviors of the recent large event and two historically large events of the August 1972 SPE and the November 1960 SPE are analyzed for dose-rate and cumulative dose equivalent at sensitive organs. Polyethylene shielded "storm shelters" inside spacecraft are studied to limit astronauts' total exposure at a sensitive site within 10cSv from a large event as a potential goal that fulfills the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) requirement. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Wyle Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Kim, MHY (reprint author), Wyle Labs, Wyle HAC 37A,1290 Hercules Dr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM myung-hee.y.kim@nasa.gov OI Kim, Myung-Hee/0000-0001-5575-6858 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1115 EP 1122 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.11.006 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200008 ER PT J AU Lee, K Pinsky, L Andersen, V Zeitlin, C Cleghorn, T Cucinotta, F Saganti, P Atwell, W Turner, R AF Lee, Kerry Pinsky, Lawrence Andersen, Vic Zeitlin, Cary Cleghorn, Tim Cucinotta, Frank Saganti, Premkumar Atwell, William Turner, Ron TI Helium cosmic ray flux measurements at Mars SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article ID SPACE EXPLORATION; RADIATION; MODEL AB The helium energy spectrum in Martian orbit has been observed by the MARIE charged particle spectrometer aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The orbital data were taken from March 13, 2002 to October 28, 2003, at which time a very intense Solar Particle Event caused a loss of communication between the instrument and the spacecraft. The silicon detector stack in MARIE is optimized for the detection of protons and helium in the energy range below 100MeV/n, which typically includes almost all of the flux during SPEs. This also makes MARIE an efficient detector for GCR helium in the energy range of 50-150MeV/n. We will present the first fully normalized flux results from MARIE, using helium ions in this energy range. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. Boeing Co, Houston, TX USA. ANSER, Arlington, VA USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), 2319 Lees Ct, League City, TX 77573 USA. EM ktlee@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1123 EP 1125 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.07.011 PG 3 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200009 ER PT J AU Yukihara, EG Sawakuchi, GO Guduru, S McKeever, SWS Gaza, R Benton, ER Yasuda, N Uchihori, Y Kitamura, H AF Yukihara, E. G. Sawakuchi, G. O. Guduru, S. McKeever, S. W. S. Gaza, R. Benton, E. R. Yasuda, N. Uchihori, Y. Kitamura, H. TI Application of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique in space dosimetry SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article ID RADIATION-DOSIMETRY; DOSE-EQUIVALENT; AL2O3-C; DETECTORS; STATION; ALPHA-AL2O3-C; PARTICLES; TLDS; MIR AB This paper reviews the state of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique for space dosimetry applications, focusing on the properties of carbon-doped aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C). New data presented include the most complete and recent values for the relative efficiency eta(HCP.gamma) for heavy charged particles as a function of the incident radiation's linear energy transfer (LET), obtained through ground-based experiments at heavy ion accelerators. We also discuss the factors influencing the OSL efficiencies, the LET-dependent properties of Al(2)O3:C, and the experience gained from past space experiments using Al2O3:C. The characterization of the OSL efficiency values as a function of LET allows the use of the OSL of Al2O3:C in combination with plastic nuclear track detectors for personal dosimetry of astronauts, as proposed by the NCRP Report 142. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Radiat Dosimetry Lab, Dept Phys, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space Radiat Anal Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Eril Res Inc, Stillwater, OK 74074 USA. Natl Inst Radiol Sci, Chiba 2638555, Japan. RP Yukihara, EG (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Radiat Dosimetry Lab, Dept Phys, 145 Phys Sci 2, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM eduardo.yukihara@okstate.edu RI Sawakuchi, Gabriel/A-8961-2009; Yukihara, Eduardo/F-1345-2014 OI Yukihara, Eduardo/0000-0002-4615-6698 NR 36 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1126 EP 1135 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.05.027 PG 10 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200010 ER PT J AU Saganti, PB Cucinotta, FA Wilson, JW Cleghorn, TF Zeitlin, CJ AF Saganti, Premkumar B. Cucinotta, Francis A. Wilson, John W. Cleghorn, Timothy F. Zeitlin, Cary J. TI Model calculations of the particle spectrum of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment: Assessment with ACE/CRIS and MARIE measurements SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article ID RADIATION; SURFACE; VISUALIZATION; FLUX AB For a given galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment, understanding the distribution of the particle flux (protons, alpha particles, and heavy ions) in deep-space and on the surface of planetary systems such as Mars are essential for the risk assessment of future human exploration missions. In our model calculations, we make use of the NASA's HZETRN (High Z and Energy Transport) code along with the nuclear fragmentation cross sections that are described by the quantum multiple scattering (QMSFRG) model with the time-dependant variation of the GCR environment derived making use of the solar modulation potential, phi. Data from the cosmic ray isotope spectrometer (CRIS) instrument onboard the advanced composition explorer (ACE) has been available from 1998. Data from the CRIS instrument is being analyzed to understand the short term variations in the particle spectrum during the current solar cycle phase. In this report, particle spectrum for December 2002 of the CRIS instrument was compared with the model calculations. Current assessment of the model calculations show very good agreement of the particle flux (similar to 15% for low Z and similar to 5% for high Z) data from Boron (Z = 5) through Nickel (Z = 28) nuclei for the energy bins reported by CRIS. Similarly, the model calculated dose-rate calculations are compared with the proton flux measured dose-rate from the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE) currently onboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft in Martian orbit for the month of August 2003 that is representative of a quiet-time GCR data at Mars. Current model calculations are well within 10% of the measured observations of MARIE. The predictive capabilities of the quiet-time GCR particle flux model calculations are promising for biological and shielding studies and for the radiation risk assessment for future human explorations. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Prairie View A&M Univ, NASA Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Saganti, PB (reprint author), Prairie View A&M Univ, NASA Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. EM pbsaganti@pvamu.edu NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1152 EP 1157 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.12.008 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200014 ER PT J AU Zeitlin, C Guetersloh, SB Heilbronn, LH Miller, J Shavers, M AF Zeitlin, C. Guetersloh, S. B. Heilbronn, L. H. Miller, J. Shavers, M. TI Radiation tests of the extravehicular mobility unit space suit for the international space station using energetic protons SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE protons; shielding; spacesuit ID SCATTERING; SPECTRA; FE-56 AB Measurements to characterize the shielding properties of the EMU space suit and a human phantom were performed using 155 and 250 MeV proton beams at the Loma Linda University Medical Center (LLUMC). The beams simulate radiation encountered in low-Earth orbit (LEO), where trapped protons having kinetic energies on the order of 100 MeV are abundant. Protons at these energies can penetrate many g/cm(2) of matter and deliver a dose to the skin and internal organs. The dose can be enhanced or reduced by shielding, either from the space suit or the self-shielding of the body, but minimization of the risk depends on knowledge of the detailed energy spectrum and on the dose responses of the critical organs. Nuclear interactions of energetic protons in materials produce highly ionizing secondary radiation that increases dose and dose-equivalent beyond what would be expected simply from increasing ionization energy loss along the Bragg curve. Here, we present results obtained using silicon detectors in the LLUMC proton beams. Bare-beam data were taken to characterize the beams and calibrate the detectors. Data were also taken with the detectors placed inside a human phantom within the EMU suit. Because many secondaries have very high LET and short range, they are best measured in passive track detectors such as CR-39 or in much thinner silicon detectors than those used here. Our data complement the CR-39 data in the LET range below 5 keV/mu m, where CR-39 is insensitive. Our results suggest that optimizing the radiation shielding properties of space suits is a formidable task-simply adding mass may not reduce the net risk, because adding material to reduce the dose delivered at or near the skin by low-energy particles can increase the dose delivered by more energetic particles to sites deeper in the body. The depth-dose relation therefore depends critically on the energy distribution of the incident protons. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Zeitlin, C (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM cjzeitlin@lbl.gov RI Heilbronn, Lawrence/J-6998-2013 OI Heilbronn, Lawrence/0000-0002-8226-1057 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1158 EP 1172 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.08.008 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200015 ER PT J AU Cucinotta, FA Kim, MHY Ren, L AF Cucinotta, Francis A. Kim, Myung-Hee Y. Ren, Lei TI Evaluating shielding effectiveness for reducing space radiation cancer risks SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE space radiation; cancer risks; HZE ions; lunar exploration; Mars exploration ID PROGENY ALPHA-PARTICLES; ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; HEAVY-IONS; BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS; IONIZING-RADIATION; MUTATION-INDUCTION; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; INDUSTRY WORKERS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; TRACK STRUCTURE AB We discuss calculations of probability distribution functions (PDF) representing uncertainties in projecting fatal cancer risk from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE). The PDFs are used in significance tests for evaluating the effectiveness of potential radiation shielding approaches. Uncertainties in risk coefficients determined from epidemiology data, dose and dose-rate reduction factors, quality factors, and physics models of radiation environments are considered in models of cancer risk PDFs. Competing mortality risks and functional correlations in radiation quality factor uncertainties are included in the calculations. We show that the cancer risk uncertainty, defined as the ratio of the upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI) to the point estimate is about 4-fold for lunar and Mars mission risk projections. For short-stay lunar missions (< 180d), SPEs present the most significant risk, however one that is mitigated effectively by shielding, especially for carbon composites structures with high hydrogen content. In contrast, for long duration lunar (> 180d) or Mars missions, GCR risks may exceed radiation risk limits that are based on acceptable levels of risk. For example, the upper 95% Cl exceeding 10% fatal risk for males and females on a Mars mission. For reducing GCR cancer risks, shielding materials are marginally effective because of the penetrating nature of GCR and secondary radiation produced in tissue by relativistic particles. At the present time, polyethylene or carbon composite shielding cannot be shown to significantly reduce risk compared to aluminum shielding based on a significance test that accounts for radiobiology uncertainties in GCR risk projection. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. USRA, Div Space Life Sci Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cucinotta, FA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Francis.A.Cucinotta@nasa.gov OI Kim, Myung-Hee/0000-0001-5575-6858 NR 56 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1173 EP 1185 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.03.011 PG 13 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200016 ER PT J AU Huo, WM Dateo, CE Fletcher, GD AF Huo, Winifred M. Dateo, Christopher E. Fletcher, Graham D. TI Molecular data for a biochemical model of DNA damage: Electron impact ionization and dissociative ionization cross sections of DNA bases and sugar-phosphate backbone SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article ID CARLO TRACK STRUCTURE; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOELECTRON; TRIPLE EXCITATIONS; OXIDATION; POTENTIALS; SCATTERING; ADENINE; STATE; WATER AB As part of the database for building up a biochemical model of DNA radiation damage, electron impact ionization cross sections of sugar-phosphate backbone and DNA bases have been calculated using the improved binary-encounter dipole (iBED) model. It is found that the total ionization cross sections of C'(3)- and C'(5)-deoxyribose-phosphate, two conformers of the sugar-phosphate backbone, are close to each other. Furthermore, the sum of the ionization cross sections of the separate deoxyribose and phosphate fragments is in close agreement with the C'(3) and C'(5)-deoxyribose-phosphate cross sections, differing by less than 10%, an indication that a building-up principle may be applicable. Of the four DNA bases, the ionization cross section of guanine is the largest, then in decreasing order, adenine, thymine, and cytosine. The order is in accordance with the known propensity of oxidation of the bases by ionizing radiation. Dissociative ionization (DI), a process that both ionizes and dissociates a molecule, is investigated for cytosine. The DI cross section for the formation of H and (cytosine-H1)(+), with the cytosine ion losing H at the I position, is also reported. The threshold of this process is calculated to be 16.9eV. Detailed analysis of ionization products such as in DI is important to trace the sequential steps in the biochemical process of DNA damage. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. ELORET Corp, Sunnyvale, CA USA. RP Huo, WM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop T27B-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM whuo@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1202 EP 1208 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.04.029 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200019 ER PT J AU Desai, N Sodolak, J Gersey, B Durante, M Lin, ZW Rusek, A Cucinotta, FA Wu, H AF Desai, N. Sodolak, J. Gersey, B. Durante, M. Lin, Z. W. Rusek, A. Cucinotta, F. A. Wu, H. TI In vitro H2AX phosphorylation and micronuclei induction in human fibroblasts across the Bragg curve of a 577 MeV/nucleon Fe incident beam SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE shielding; high-LET; Bragg curve; H2AX; micronuclei ID ENERGY IRON IONS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; RADIATION; IRRADIATION; SPACE; CELLS; BLOCK; THERAPY; HISTONE AB The space environment consists of a varying field of radiation particles including high-energy ions, with spacecraft shielding material providing the only major protection to astronauts from harmful exposure. Unlike low-linear energy transfer (LET) gamma or X-rays, the presence of shielding does not always reduce the radiation risks for energetic charged particle exposure, since the dose delivered by the charged particle increases sharply as the particle approaches the end of its range, a position known as the Bragg peak. The Bragg curve does not necessarily represent the biological damage along the particle traversal, and the "biological Bragg curve" is dependent on the energy and the type of the primary particle, and may vary for different biological endpoints. Here we used a unique irradiation geometry to measure the biological response across the Bragg curve in human fibroblasts exposed to 577 MeV/nucleon incident Fe ions in vitro. Polyethylene shielding was used to achieve a Bragg curve distribution with the beam geometry parallel to a monolayer of fibroblast cells. Qualitative analyses of gamma-H2AX fluorescence, a known marker of DSBs, indicated increased clustering of DNA damage before the Bragg peak, enhanced homogenous distribution at the peak, and provided visual evidence of high-LET particle traversal of cells beyond the Bragg peak in agreement with one-dimensional transport approximations. A quantitative biological response curve generated for micronuclei induction across the Bragg curve did not reveal an increased yield of micronuclei at the location of the Bragg peak. However, the percentage of mononucleated cells, which indicates inhibition in cell progression, increased at the location of the peak. These results confirm the argument that severely damaged cells at the Bragg peak, as observed by increased gamma-H2AX formation, are likely to go through reproduction death. Depending on the LET value of the primary particles, the yield of the biological endpoint of interest (micronuclei formation in the present study) may or may not increase at the location of the Bragg peak. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, Prairie View, TX USA. Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX USA. EM honglu.wu-1@nasa.gov RI Durante, Marco/K-1315-2014; OI Durante, Marco/0000-0002-4615-553X NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1209 EP 1215 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.04.031 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200020 ER PT J AU Moyers, MF Saganti, PB Nelson, GA AF Moyers, M. F. Saganti, P. B. Nelson, G. A. TI EVA space suit proton and electron threshold energy measurements by XCT and range shifting SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE space suit; proton; electron; CT; polystyrene AB Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) will require more than 1000h of extravehicular activity (EVA). Outside of the ISS during EVA, astronauts and cosmonauts are likely to be exposed to a large fluence of electrons and protons. Development of radiation protection guidelines and mitigation of risks requires the determination of the minimum energy of electrons and protons that penetrate the astronaut EVA suits at various locations. Measurements of the water equivalent thickness of both United States (US) and Russian EVA suits were obtained by performing X-ray computed tomography (XCT) scans. Selected regions of interest of the suits were further evaluated using a "differential range shift" technique. This technique involved measuring thickness ionization curves for 6 MeV electron and 155 MeV proton beams with ionization chambers using a constant source-to-detector distance. The thicknesses were obtained by stacking polystyrene slabs immediately upstream of the detector. The thicknesses of the 50% ionizations relative to the maximum ionizations were determined. The detectors were then placed within the suit and the stack thickness adjusted until the 50% ionization was re-established. The difference in thickness between the 50% thicknesses was then used with standard range tables to determine the threshold energy for penetration. This paper provides a detailed description of the experimental arrangement and the obtained results. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Loma Linda Univ, Dept Radiat Med, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space Radiat Hlth Project, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, NASA Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. RP Moyers, MF (reprint author), Loma Linda Univ, Dept Radiat Med, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA. EM MFMoyers@adelphia.net NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1216 EP 1226 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.04.033 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200021 ER PT J AU Cucinotta, FA Wilson, JW Saganti, P Hu, XD Kim, MHY Cleghorn, T Zeitlin, C Tripathi, RK AF Cucinotta, Francis A. Wilson, John W. Saganti, Premkumar Hu, Xiaodong Kim, Myung-Hee Y. Cleghorn, Timothy Zeitlin, Cary Tripathi, Ram K. TI Isotopic dependence of GCR fluence behind shielding SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE space radiation shielding; nuclear fragmentation; galactic cosmic rays ID FRAGMENTATION CROSS-SECTIONS; GALACTIC COSMIC-RAYS; HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; RELATIVISTIC NUCLEI; RADIATION; HYDROGEN; SPACE; MODEL; PROJECTILES; ENERGY AB In this paper we consider the effects of the isotopic composition of the primary galactic cosmic rays (GCR), nuclear fragmentation cross sections, and isotopic-grid on the solution to transport models used for shielding studies. Satellite measurements are used to describe the isotopic composition of the GCR. For the nuclear interaction data-base and transport solution, we use the quantum multiple scattering theory of nuclear fragmentation (QMSFRG) and high-charge and energy (HZETRN) transport code, respectively. The QMSFRG model is shown to accurately describe existing fragmentation data including proper description of the odd-even effects as function of the iso-spin dependence on the projectile nucleus. The principle finding of this study is that large errors (+/- 100%) will occur in the mass-fluence spectra when comparing transport models that use a complete isotopic-grid (similar to 170 ions) to ones that use a reduced isotopic-grid, for example the 59 ion-grid used in the HZETRN code in the past; however, less significant errors (< +/- 20%) occur in the elemental-fluence spectra. Because a complete isotopic-grid is readily handled on small computer workstations and is needed for several applications studying GCR propagation and scattering, it is recommended that they be used for future GCR studies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23664 USA. Prairie View A&M, Prairie View, TX 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cucinotta, FA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Francis.A.Cucinotta@nasa.gov OI Kim, Myung-Hee/0000-0001-5575-6858 NR 52 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 41 IS 9-10 BP 1235 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.03.012 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 122RV UT WOS:000243245200023 ER PT J AU Wu, H Hada, M Meador, J Hu, X Rusek, A Cucinotta, FA AF Wu, H. Hada, M. Meador, J. Hu, X. Rusek, A. Cucinotta, F. A. TI Induction of micronuclei in human fibroblasts across the Bragg curve of energetic heavy ions SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; RADIATION; CELLS; IRRADIATION; BLOCK; ABERRATIONS; INTERPHASE; THERAPY; REPAIR AB The space environment consists of a varying field of radiation particles including high-energy ions, with spacecraft shielding material providing the major protection to astronauts from harmful exposure. Unlike low-LET gamma or X rays, the presence of shielding does not always reduce the radiation risks for energetic charged-particle exposure. The dose delivered by the charged particle increases sharply as the particle approaches the end of its range, a position known as the Bragg peak. However, the Bragg curve does not necessarily represent the biological damage along the particle path since biological effects are influenced by the track structures of both primary and secondary particles. Therefore, the "biological Bragg curve" is dependent on the energy and the type of the primary particle and may vary for different biological end points. Here we report measurements of the biological response across the Bragg curve in human fibroblasts exposed to energetic silicon and iron ions in vitro at two different energies, 300 MeV/nucleon and 1 GeV/nucleon. A quantitative biological response curve generated for micronuclei per bi-nucleated cell across the Bragg curve did not reveal an increased yield of micronuclei at the location of the Bragg peak. However, the ratio of mono- to binucleated cells, which indicates inhibition of cell progression, increased at the Bragg peak location. These results confirm the hypothesis that severely damaged cells at the Bragg peak are more likely to go through reproductive death and not be evaluated for micronuclei. (c) 2006 by Radiation Research Society. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adapt & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adapt & Countermeasures Off, Mail Code SK,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM honglu.wu-1@nasa.gov NR 33 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 166 IS 4 BP 583 EP 589 DI 10.1667/RR0535.1 PG 7 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 089LV UT WOS:000240883000003 PM 17007550 ER PT J AU Kraft, DJ Bengtson, RD Breizman, BN Chavers, DG Dobson, CC Jones, JE Jacobson, VT AF Kraft, D. J. Bengtson, Roger D. Breizman, B. N. Chavers, D. G. Dobson, C. C. Jones, J. E. Jacobson, V. T. TI Analysis of multifrequency interferometry in a cylindrical plasma SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 07-11, 2006 CL Williamsburg, VA AB A microwave interferometer operating simultaneously at 70, 90, and 110 GHz is used to measure line integrated electron density in a plasma column in the VX-20 experiment. Interferometer beam sizes are a significant part of the plasma radius at some locations. We model the wave propagation through the plasma using a scalar wave approximation with assumptions of a Gaussian beam profile and plasma spatial profile. The phase shifts obtained from this model are compared with standard thin beam calculations and experimental data. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, IFS, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NASA, MSFC, Prop Res Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Ad Astra Rocket Co, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Kraft, DJ (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RI Kraft, Daniela/C-7375-2009; Kraft, Daniela/F-3198-2012 OI Kraft, Daniela/0000-0002-2221-6473 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 77 IS 10 AR 10E910 DI 10.1063/1.2222172 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 101EU UT WOS:000241722800143 ER PT J AU Polzin, KA Markusic, TE Stanojev, BJ DeHoyos, A Spaun, B AF Polzin, Kurt A. Markusic, Thomas E. Stanojev, Boris J. DeHoyos, Amado Spaun, Benjamin TI Thrust stand for electric propulsion performance evaluation SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID CYLINDRICAL HALL THRUSTER; MPD THRUSTER; DEVICES AB An electric propulsion thrust stand capable of supporting testing of thrusters having a total mass of up to 125 kg and producing thrust levels between 100 mu N to 1 N has been developed and tested. The design features a conventional hanging pendulum arm attached to a balance mechanism that converts horizontal deflections produced by the operating thruster into amplified vertical motion of a secondary arm. The level of amplification is changed through adjustment of the location of one of the pivot points linking the system. Response of the system depends on the relative magnitudes of the restoring moments applied by the displaced thruster mass and the twisting torsional pivots connecting the members of the balance mechanism. Displacement is measured using a noncontact, optical linear gap displacement transducer, and balance oscillatory motion is attenuated using a passive, eddy-current damper. The thrust stand employs an automated leveling and thermal control system. Pools of liquid gallium are used to deliver power to the thruster without using solid wire connections, which can exert undesirable time-varying forces on the balance. These systems serve to eliminate sources of "zero drift" that can occur as the stand thermally or mechanically shifts during the course of an experiment. An in situ calibration rig allows for steady-state calibration before, during, and after thruster operation. Thrust measurements were carried out on a cylindrical Hall thruster that produces millinewton-level thrust. The measurements were very repeatable, producing results that compare favorably with previously published performance data, but with considerably smaller uncertainty. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Polzin, KA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Kurt.A.Polzin@nasa.gov NR 37 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 77 IS 10 AR 105108 DI 10.1063/1.2357315 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 101EU UT WOS:000241722800041 ER PT J AU Kim, J Yang, SY Song, KD Jones, S Elliott, JR Choi, SH AF Kim, Jaehwan Yang, Sang-Yeol Song, Kyo D. Jones, Sean Elliott, James R. Choi, Sang H. TI Microwave power transmission using a flexible rectenna for microwave-powered aerial vehicles SO SMART MATERIALS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article AB In exploiting the unique capabilities of smart actuators for applications in vehicle systems, even in unmanned or micro aerial vehicles, the power issues for smart actuators and devices have not been well addressed. This is due to the fact that the driving power for smart materials has not reached the level of the power specifications for conventional devices and systems. To answer the power issue, we have developed a wireless power transmission technology using a flexible rectenna system and implemented it for a microwave-powered aerial vehicle (MPAV) system. For this application, two flexible dipole rectennas were designed, manufactured and characterized over a frequency range of 9 - 12 GHz. These flexible dipole rectennas were attached and tested on the complex structure of small MPAVs. The maximum converted power output of a flexible dipole rectenna array was about 300 mA at 80 V-DC. The power output from this rectenna was sufficient to run the propellers of the MPAV. Each electrically driven propeller requires approximately 2 W for operation. C1 Inha Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Inchon 402751, South Korea. Norfolk State Univ, Dept Engn, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kim, J (reprint author), Inha Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 253 Yonghyun Dong, Inchon 402751, South Korea. EM jaehwan@inha.ac.kr OI Kim, Jaehwan/0000-0002-6152-2924 NR 9 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0964-1726 J9 SMART MATER STRUCT JI Smart Mater. Struct. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1243 EP 1248 DI 10.1088/0964-1726/15/5/012 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA 098KX UT WOS:000241520500012 ER PT J AU Dubinin, E Franz, M Woch, J Roussos, E Barabash, S Lundin, R Winningham, JD Frahm, RA Acuna, M AF Dubinin, E. Franz, M. Woch, J. Roussos, E. Barabash, S. Lundin, R. Winningham, J. D. Frahm, R. A. Acuna, M. TI Plasma morphology at mars. Aspera-3 observations SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Mars; magnetosphere; Mars; ionosphere; sun; solar wind ID SOLAR-WIND INTERACTION; PILE-UP BOUNDARY; MAGNETIC-FIELD; MARTIAN MAGNETOSPHERE; BOW SHOCK; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; PHOBOS OBSERVATIONS; IONOSPHERE; VENUS; MAGNETOTAIL AB A total of about of 400 orbits during the first year of the ASPERA-3 operation onboard the Mars Express spacecraft were analyzed to obtain a statistical pattern of the main plasma domains in the Martian space environment. The environment is controlled by the direct interaction between the solar wind and the planetary exosphere/ionosphere which results in the formation of the magnetospheric cavity. Ionospheric plasma was traced by the characteristic "spectral lines" of photoelectrons that make it possible to detect an ionospheric component even far from the planet. Plasma of solar wind and planetary origin was distinguished by the ion mass spectrometry. Several different regions, namely, boundary layer/mantle, plasma sheet, region with ionospheric photoelectrons, ray-like structures near the wake boundary were identified. Upstream parameters like solar wind ram pressure and the direction of the interplanetary electric field were inferred as proxy from the Mars Global Surveyor magnetic field data at a reference point of the magnetic pile up region in the northern dayside hemisphere. It is shown that morphology and dynamics of the main plasma domains and their boundaries are governed by these factors as well as by local crustal magnetizations which add complexity and variability to the plasma and magnetic field environment. C1 MPI Sonnensystemforsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dubinin, E (reprint author), MPI Sonnensystemforsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. EM dubinin@mps.mpg.de RI Roussos, Elias/H-2249-2011; OI Roussos, Elias/0000-0002-5699-0678 NR 66 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 126 IS 1-4 BP 209 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s11214-006-9039-4 PG 30 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 159TJ UT WOS:000245889300009 ER PT J AU Nielsen, E Zou, H Gurnett, DA Kirchner, DL Morgan, DD Huff, R Orosei, R Safaeinili, A Plaut, JJ Picardi, G AF Nielsen, E. Zou, H. Gurnett, D. A. Kirchner, D. L. Morgan, D. D. Huff, R. Orosei, R. Safaeinili, A. Plaut, J. J. Picardi, G. TI Observations of vertical reflections from the topside martian ionosphere SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE Mars; ionosphere; electron densities; top side sounder ID MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR; RADIO OCCULTATION METHODS; ELECTRON-DENSITIES; DAYSIDE IONOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; SATELLITE; VENUS; EARTH AB The Martian ionosphere has for the first time been probed by a low frequency topside radio wave sounder experiment (MARSIS) (Gurnett et al., 2005). The density profiles in the Martian ionosphere have for the first time been observed for solar zenith angles less than 48 degrees. The sounder spectrograms typically have a single trace of echoes, which are controlled by reflections from the ionosphere in the direction of nadir. With the local density at the spacecraft derived from the sounder measurements and using the lamination technique the spectrograms are inverted to electron density profiles. The measurements yield electron density profiles from the sub-solar region to past the terminator. The maximum density varies in time with the solar rotation period, indicating control of the densities by solar ionizing radiation. Electron density increases associated with solar flares were observed. The maximum electron density varies with solar zenith angle as predicted by theory. The altitude profile of electron densities between the maximum density and about 170m altitude is well approximated by a classic Chapman layer. The neutral scale height is close to 10 to 13 km. At altitudes above 180 km the densities deviate from and are larger than inferred by the Chapman layer. At altitudes above the exobase the density decrease was approximated by an exponential function with scale heights between 24 and 65 km. The densities in the top side ionosphere above the exobase tends to be larger than the densities extrapolated from the Chapman layer fitted to the measurements at lower altitudes, implying more efficient upward diffusion above the collision dominated photo equilibrium region. C1 Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NAF, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, I-00133 Rome, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Infocom Dept, I-00184 Rome, Italy. Peking Univ, Sch Earth & Space Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. RP Nielsen, E (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. EM nielsen@mps.mpg.de NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 126 IS 1-4 BP 373 EP 388 DI 10.1007/s11214-006-9113-y PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 159TJ UT WOS:000245889300016 ER PT J AU Stokols, S Sakamoto, J Breckon, C Holt, T Weiss, J Tuszynski, MH AF Stokols, Shula Sakamoto, Jeff Breckon, Chris Holt, Todd Weiss, James Tuszynski, Mark H. TI Templated agarose scaffolds support linear axonal regeneration SO TISSUE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SPINAL-CORD-INJURY; FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY; GUIDANCE CHANNELS; PROMOTES GROWTH; SENSORY AXONS; CELLS; HYDROGEL; REPAIR; DELIVERY; MOTOR AB While several strategies can stimulate axonal regeneration within a site of spinal cord injury, the growth of axons is generally disorganized and random. Biocompatible scaffolds that guide and maintain the native organization of axons regenerating through an injury site could be of importance in enhancing recovery of the nervous system after injury. Here we report a novel fabrication process for templated agarose nerve guidance scaffolds composed of uniaxial channels of precise diameter and wall thickness extending through their full length. When tested in an in vivo model of spinal cord injury, scaffolds exhibit excellent integration with host tissue and support linear axonal growth through their channels. Further, when loaded with bone marrow stromal cells genetically engineered to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the number of linear penetrating axons is significantly enhanced. The templating process can be useful in fabricating nerve guidance scaffolds for both central and peripheral nerve injuries, or any materials application requiring a precise array of linearly oriented channels. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Paradigm Opt Incorp, Vancouver, WA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92161 USA. RP Tuszynski, MH (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, 0626,9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mtuszyns@ucsd.edu RI duan, hf/F-9166-2011 FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS09881] NR 33 TC 91 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 25 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1076-3279 J9 TISSUE ENG JI Tissue Eng. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 12 IS 10 BP 2777 EP 2787 DI 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2777 PG 11 WC Cell & Tissue Engineering SC Cell Biology GA 105PU UT WOS:000242045600008 PM 17518647 ER PT J AU DellaCorte, C AF DellaCorte, Christopher TI TLT talk causes Cleveland clamor SO TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP DellaCorte, C (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. EM cdellacorte@stle.org NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS PI PARK RIDGE PA 840 BUSSE HIGHWAY, PARK RIDGE, IL 60068 USA SN 0024-7154 J9 TRIBOL LUBR TECHNOL JI Tribol. Lubr. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 62 IS 10 SI SI BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 100PD UT WOS:000241680100002 ER PT J AU Moraru, L Keith, TG Dimofte, F Cioc, S Fleming, DP AF Moraru, L. Keith, T. G. Dimofte, F. Cioc, S. Fleming, D. P. TI Dynamic modeling of a dual clearance squeeze film damper. Part II SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE squeeze-film lubrication; dynamic modeling; dual squeeze film damper ID AIR ENTRAINMENT; COEFFICIENTS; CAVITATION; BEARING AB Squeeze film dampers (SFD) have been used for many years to control the vibrations of the shafts in high-speed rotating machinery. Dual squeeze film dampers are essentially a combination of two SFDs separated by a sleeve. Normal operation utilizes only one oil film, as in a conventional damper, and the sleeve is fixed in place. However, under high load conditions, the sleeve is released and both oil films become operational. An experimental facility was designed and built to study both single and dual SFD behavior within mechanically controlled orbits. The first part of this paper presents a description of this test rig and provides a dynamic model of a single SFD. In this portion of the paper, we present results obtained while the inner sleeve is released and both oil films are operational. Here the inner sleeve is not supported by any mechanical device,- the anti-rotational,feet is provided by the opposed actions of the inner oil film (and of the outer oil film. The modeling covers the inner and the outer oil films, the elastic fixtures, the unbalanced shaft, and the sleeve. Numerical results are compared with the experimental data. C1 Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Moraru, L (reprint author), Univ Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-2004 J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 49 IS 4 BP 611 EP 620 DI 10.1080/10402000600927688 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 100MM UT WOS:000241673200015 ER PT J AU Comiso, JC AF Comiso, Josefino C. TI Abrupt decline in the Arctic winter sea ice cover SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRENDS; OSCILLATION AB Although the Arctic perennial ice cover has been on a rapid decline, the winter ice cover had been unexpectedly stable. We report and provide insights into a remarkable turn of events, with the observation of record low ice extent and area during the winters of 2005 and 2006. Negative ice anomalies in these years are prevalent in the peripheral seas but are most dominant in the eastern Arctic basin where the perennial ice becomes even more vulnerable to further decline. Overall, the winter ice anomalies correlate well with surface temperature anomalies and wind circulation patterns. Since historical satellite data indicate a positive trend in winter temperatures and a negative trend in the length of seasonal ice growth period, it is likely that the winter ice cover will continue to retreat in the near future. Results suggest that the expected warming impact of greenhouse gases is becoming apparent in the Arctic during the dark winter months. C1 NASA, Cryospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Comiso, JC (reprint author), NASA, Cryospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM josefino.c.comiso@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 7 U2 37 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18504 DI 10.1029/2006GL027341 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 090IG UT WOS:000240943800006 ER PT J AU Redemann, J Zhang, Q Schmid, B Russell, PB Livingston, JM Jonsson, H Remer, LA AF Redemann, J. Zhang, Q. Schmid, B. Russell, P. B. Livingston, J. M. Jonsson, H. Remer, L. A. TI Assessment of MODIS-derived visible and near-IR aerosol optical properties and their spatial variability in the presence of mineral dust SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COLUMNAR WATER-VAPOR; AIRBORNE; OCEAN; RETRIEVALS; PRIDE; LAND AB Mineral dust aerosol is among the most difficult aerosol species to measure quantitatively from space. In this paper, we evaluate MODIS retrievals of spectral aerosol optical depth ( AOD) from the visible to the near- IR off the US West Coast using measurements taken by the NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer, AATS- 14, during the EVE ( Extended- MODIS-lambda Validation Experiment, 2004) campaign in April of 2004. In EVE, a total of 35 and 49 coincident over- ocean suborbital measurements at the nominal level- 2 retrieval scale of 10 km x 10 km were collected for Terra and Aqua, respectively. For MODIS- Terra about 80% of the AOD retrievals are within the estimated uncertainty, Delta tau = +/- 0.03 +/- 0.05 tau; this is true for both the visible ( here defined to include 466 - 855 nm) and near- IR ( here defined to include 1243 - 2119 nm) retrievals. For MODIS- Aqua about 45% of the AOD retrievals are within Delta tau = +/- 0.03 +/- 0.05 tau; the fraction of near- IR retrievals that fall within this uncertainty range is about 27%. We found an rms difference of 0.71 between the sunphotometer and MODIS- Aqua estimates of the visible ( 553 - 855 nm) angstrom ngstrom exponent, while the MODIS- Terra visible A ngstrom exponents show an rms difference of only 0.29 when compared to AATS. The cause of the differences in performance between MODIS- Terra and MODIS- Aqua could be instrument calibration and needs to be explored further. The spatial variability of AOD between retrieval boxes as derived by MODIS is generally larger than that indicated by the sunphotometer data. C1 Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CIRPAS, Marina, CA 93933 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Redemann, J (reprint author), Bay Area Environm Res Inst, 560 3rd St W, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. EM jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov; zhang@baeri.org; bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov; philip.b.russell@nasa.gov; jlivingston@mail.arc.nasa.gov; hjonsson@nps.edu; lorraine.a.remer@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18814 DI 10.1029/2006GL026626 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 090IG UT WOS:000240943800003 ER PT J AU Weng, QH Quattrochi, DA AF Weng, Qihao Quattrochi, Dale A. TI Thermal remote sensing of urban areas: An introduction to the special issue SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS; HEAT-ISLAND; GIS C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Anthropol, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Weng, QH (reprint author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Anthropol, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. EM qweng@indstate.edu; dale.quattrochi@nasa.gov OI Weng, Qihao/0000-0002-2498-0934 NR 20 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 SI SI BP 119 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.002 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 084XF UT WOS:000240567000001 ER PT J AU Gluch, R Quattrochi, DA Luvall, JC AF Gluch, Renee Quattrochi, Dale A. Luvall, Jeffrey C. TI A multi-scale approach to urban thermal analysis SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ATLAS; urban heat island; thermal remote sensing; multi-scale; land cover classification; V-I-S model ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS; REMOTE-SENSING DATA; HEAT-ISLAND; SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; ST-LOUIS; VEGETATION; CITIES AB An environmental consequence of urbanization is the urban heat island effect, a situation where urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. The urban heat island phenomenon results from the replacement of natural landscapes with impervious surfaces such as concrete and asphalt and is linked to adverse economic and environmental impacts. In order to better understand the urban microclimate, a greater assessment of the overall urban thermal pattern, including an analysis of the thermal properties of individual land covers, is needed. This study examines the surface thermal pattern by means of thermal land cover response for the Salt Lake City, Utah, study area at two scales: 1) the community level, and 2) the regional or valleywide level. Airborne ATLAS (Advanced Thermal and Land Applications Sensor) data, a high spatial resolution (10-meter) dataset appropriate for an environment containing a concentration of diverse land covers, are used for both land cover and thermal analysis at the community level. The ATLAS data consist of 15 channels covering the visible, near-IR, mid-IR and thermal-IR wavelengths. At the regional level Landsat TM data are used for land cover analysis while the ATLAS channel 13 data are used for the thermal analysis. Results show that a ground-level heat island is evident at both the community and the valleywide level where there is an abundance of impervious surfaces. ATLAS data perform well in community level studies in terms of land cover and thermal exchanges, but other, more coarse-resolution data sets are more appropriate for large-area thermal studies. Thermal response per land cover is consistent at both levels, which suggests potential for comparison with more coarse spatial resolution studies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geog, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch XD 11, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gluch, R (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geog, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM renee_gluch@byu.edu; dale.quattrochi@nasa.gov; jluvall@nasa.gov NR 32 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 6 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 SI SI BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.025 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 084XF UT WOS:000240567000002 ER PT J AU Biris, AR Biris, AS Lupu, D Trigwell, S Dervishi, E Rahman, Z Marginean, P AF Biris, A. R. Biris, A. S. Lupu, D. Trigwell, S. Dervishi, E. Rahman, Z. Marginean, P. TI Catalyst excitation by radio frequency for improved carbon nanotubes synthesis SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE; GROWTH; DECOMPOSITION; QUALITY; CCVD AB Multiwall carbon nanotubes were grown on Fe:Co:CaCO3 catalysts by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) method using two heating methods, external oven and RF inductive heating. Comparative analysis of the nanotubes obtained by the two methods showed that inductive heating generates nanotubes with smaller external diameters, smaller number of walls, an aspect ratio in the range of hundreds, and with a ratio of the outside to the inside diameter ranging between 2 and 2.5. RF heating CCVD is an attractive method for growing carbon nanotubes because of the advantages it presents relative to the enhanced control ability of the growth process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Nanotechnol Ctr, Grad Inst Technol, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. Natl Inst Res & Dev Isotop & Mol Technol, R-400293 Cluj Napoca, Romania. NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Appl Sci, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Adv Mat Proc & Anal Ctr, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. RP Marginean, P (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Nanotechnol Ctr, Grad Inst Technol, 2801 S Univ Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. EM asbiris@ualr.edu RI Biris, Alexandru/A-8507-2010; Lupu, Dan/C-3346-2009; Dervishi, Enkeleda/B-2239-2010; Biris, Alexandru /C-4517-2011 NR 23 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 429 IS 1-3 BP 204 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.007 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 091HV UT WOS:000241018800039 ER PT J AU Sittler, EC Johnson, RE Smith, HT Richardson, JD Jurac, S Moore, M Cooper, JF Mauk, BH Michael, M Paranicas, C Armstrong, TP Tsurutani, B AF Sittler, E. C., Jr. Johnson, R. E. Smith, H. T. Richardson, J. D. Jurac, S. Moore, M. Cooper, J. F. Mauk, B. H. Michael, M. Paranicas, C. Armstrong, T. P. Tsurutani, B. TI Energetic nitrogen ions within the inner magnetosphere of Saturn SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS; WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; TITANS UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; VOYAGER SPACECRAFT; HOT PLASMA; SOLAR-WIND; GALILEAN SATELLITES; NEUTRAL CLOUD; HEAVY-IONS AB We investigate the importance of nitrogen ions within Saturn's magnetosphere and their contribution to the energetic charged particle population within Saturn's inner magnetosphere. This study is based on the Voyager observations of Saturn's magnetosphere and Cassini observations. The latter have shown that water group ions dominate both the plasma and energetic particle populations but that nitrogen ions over a broad range of energies were observed at similar to 5% abundance level. In the outer magnetosphere, methane ions were predicted to be an important pickup ion at Titan and were detected at significant levels in the outer magnetosphere and at Titan. O+ ions were found to be the dominant heavy ion in the outer magnetosphere, similar to 60%, with methane ions being similar to 30% of the heavy ions and N+ being a few percent. The two major sources of nitrogen ions within Saturn's magnetosphere are Titan's atmosphere and primordial nitrogen trapped in the icy crust of Saturn's moons and its ring particles deep within the magnetosphere. It is important to understand the source, transport, and sinks of nitrogen in order to determine whether they have a primordial origin or are from Titan's atmosphere. The energetic component is important, since it can come from Titan, be implanted into the surfaces of the icy moons, and reappear at plasma energies via sputtering obfuscating the ultimate source. As we will show, such implantation of nitrogen ions can produce interesting chemistry within the ice of Saturn's moons. The emphasis will be on the nitrogen, but the oxygen and other water group ions are also considered. We argue that neutral clouds of heavy atoms and molecules within Saturn's outer magnetosphere may be the dominant source of energetic heavy ions observed within the inner magnetosphere. Pickup heavy ions in the outer magnetosphere have energies similar to 1-4 keV when born. If they diffuse radially inward, while conserving the first and second adiabatic invariants, they can have energies greater than several hundred keV inside of Dione's L shell. We will show how observations relate to the various sources and acceleration processes such as ionization, collisions, wave-particle interactions, and radial diffusion. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Raytheon Tech Serv Co LLC, Reston, VA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Fundamental Technol, Lawrence, KS 66046 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sittler, EC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt Rd,Code 691, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM edward.c.sittler@nasa.gov RI Cooper, John/D-4709-2012; Paranicas, Christopher/B-1470-2016; Smith, Howard/H-4662-2016; Mauk, Barry/E-8420-2017 OI Paranicas, Christopher/0000-0002-4391-8255; Smith, Howard/0000-0003-3537-3360; Mauk, Barry/0000-0001-9789-3797 NR 104 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A9 AR A09223 DI 10.1029/2004JA010509 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 090KF UT WOS:000240949500001 ER PT J AU Whitacre, J Yazami, R Hamwi, A Smart, MC Bennett, W Prakash, GKS Miller, T Bugga, R AF Whitacre, Jay Yazami, Rachid Hamwi, Andre Smart, Marshall C. Bennett, William Prakash, G. K. Surya Miller, Thomas Bugga, Ratnakumar TI Low operational temperature Li-CFx batteries using cathodes containing sub-fluorinated graphitic materials SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE CFx primary batteries; low temperature; sub-fluorinated CFx; high rate; electrode passivation ID FLUORIDE AB Commercial lithium/polycarbon monofluoride batteries [Li-(CF)(n)] are typically current-limited and are therefore not implemented in high-rate or low-temperature applications. Recent results suggest, however, that CF-based cathodes that use sub-fluorinated CFx (SFCFx) active materials in a thin electrode form factor are able to support very high currents (up to 5 C) while still providing a significant fraction of their specific capacity. In this work, the low temperature efficacy of these materials is examined in a -40 degrees C environment. CF0.54 and CF0.65 powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. These materials were then implemented in a spray-deposited electrode using a 1-mil (similar to 25 mu m) aluminum foil current collector and PVDF as a binder. Electrochemical tests showed that these materials were able to deliver specific capacity values up to five times greater than commercial CF1.08 powder inserted into identically fabricated test cells tested at -40 degrees C. Testing also indicated that a room-temperature pre-discharge step was necessary to condition the electrode materials before exposure to the low-temperature test environment. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, CNRS, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Clermont Ferrand, F-63177 Clermont Ferrand, France. Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Whitacre, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM whitacre@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 6 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 160 IS 1 BP 577 EP 584 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.045 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 091ZQ UT WOS:000241067200077 ER PT J AU Durgun, E Senger, RT Mehrez, H Sevincli, H Ciraci, S AF Durgun, E. Senger, R. T. Mehrez, H. Sevincli, H. Ciraci, S. TI Size-dependent alternation of magnetoresistive properties in atomic chains SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPINTRONICS; EXCHANGE; OSCILLATIONS; TRANSPORT AB Spin-polarized electronic and transport properties of carbon atomic chains are investigated when they are capped with magnetic transition-metal (TM) atoms like Cr or Co. The magnetic ground state of the TM-C-n-TM chains alternates between the ferromagnetic (F) and antiferromagnetic (AF) spin configurations as a function of n. In view of the nanoscale spintronic device applications the desirable AF state is obtained for only even-n chains with Cr; conversely only odd-n chains with Co have AF ground states. When connected to appropriate metallic electrodes these atomic chains display a strong spin-valve effect. Analysis of structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of these atomic chains, as well as the indirect exchange coupling of the TM atoms through non-magnetic carbon atoms are presented. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Durgun, E (reprint author), Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. EM ciraci@fen.bilkent.edu.tr RI Senger, Tugrul/B-8207-2009; Sevincli, Haldun/E-5771-2010 OI Senger, Tugrul/0000-0003-0800-1924; Sevincli, Haldun/0000-0002-1896-2588 NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 12 AR 121102 DI 10.1063/1.2354080 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 089JP UT WOS:000240877000002 PM 17014158 ER PT J AU Loeb, NG Sun, WB Miller, WF Loukachine, K Davies, R AF Loeb, Norman G. Sun, Wenbo Miller, Walter F. Loukachine, Konstantin Davies, Roger TI Fusion of CERES, MISR, and MODIS measurements for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION MODELS; ENERGY SYSTEM INSTRUMENT; MEASURING MISSION SATELLITE; PART I; MULTI-ANGLE; CLOUDS; ALGORITHM; EARTH; REFLECTANCE; METHODOLOGY AB The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System ( CERES), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MISR), and Moderate- resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) instruments aboard the Terra satellite make critical measurements of cloud and aerosol properties and their effects on the Earth's radiation budget. In this study, a new multiangle, multichannel data set that combines measurements from all three instruments is created to assess uncertainties in instantaneous shortwave ( SW) top- of- atmosphere ( TOA) radiative fluxes inferred from CERES Angular Distribution Models ( ADMs). MISR Level 1B2 ellipsoid- projected radiances from nine viewing directions in four spectral bands are merged with CERES by convolving the MISR radiances with the CERES Point Spread Function. The merged CERES- MISR data are then combined with the CERES Single Scanner Footprint TOA/ Surface Fluxes and Clouds ( SSF) product to produce the first merged CERES- MISR- MODIS data set. CERES and MISR data are used to generate narrow- to- broadband regression coefficients to convert narrowband MISR radiances to broadband SW radiances as a function of MODIS- based scene type. The regression uncertainty for all- sky conditions over ocean is approximately 4%. Up to nine SW TOA fluxes for every CERES footprint are estimated by applying the CERES Terra ADMs to each MISR angle. Assuming that differences along the line- of- sight from the different MISR angles are small, the consistency of the TOA fluxes provides an indication of the instantaneous TOA flux uncertainty. The overall relative consistency of all- sky ocean TOA fluxes is 6% ( 17 W m-(2)). When stratified by cloud type, TOA fluxes are consistent to 2 - 3% ( < 10 W m(-2)) for moderately thick overcast clouds, which make up 15% of the total population. C1 Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Loeb, NG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM n.g.loeb@larc.nasa.gov RI Davies, Roger/D-4296-2009 OI Davies, Roger/0000-0002-2991-0409 NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D18 AR D18209 DI 10.1029/2006JD007146 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090IV UT WOS:000240945600004 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, TI Ganushkina, NY Tanskanen, EI Kubyshkina, M Reeves, GD Thomsen, MF Russell, CT Singer, HJ Slavin, JA Gjerloev, J AF Pulkkinen, T. I. Ganushkina, N. Y. Tanskanen, E. I. Kubyshkina, M. Reeves, G. D. Thomsen, M. F. Russell, C. T. Singer, H. J. Slavin, J. A. Gjerloev, J. TI Magnetospheric current systems during stormtime sawtooth events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DAWN-DUSK ASYMMETRY; RING CURRENT; MAGNETIC-FIELD; TAIL CURRENT; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; CURRENT SHEET; MODEL; DST; SPACECRAFT; EVOLUTION AB The sawtooth event period embedded in a storm interval on 2001-10-22 is analyzed using magnetic field modeling techniques. The model current systems show that sawtooth injections are associated with strong stretching of both the nightside and dusk-sector magnetic field prior to the injection and a partial disruption of that current at the time of the injection. The currents are strongest near geosynchronous distance and in the premidnight sector. The strong dusk-sector field stretching produces very fast proton drift speeds, which can explain the near-simultaneous occurrence of the injections over a wide local time sector. Comparison of sawtooth periods with nonstorm substorms indicates that the tail field behavior resembles that of nonstorm substorms, but that the consequences of the stretching/dipolarization cycle are different from nonstorm times. As the drifting protons during sawtooth events are mostly on open drift paths, the symmetric ring current is only slightly affected, while large variations are seen in the asymmetric ring current. The three-spacecraft magnetic field measurements together with the Dst index were sufficient to constrain the magnetic field model to give a reasonably accurate global magnetic field representation, as confirmed by an independent test using measurements not used in the fitting. Thus we conclude that the empirical modeling methods can be quite reliable in predicting the large-scale fields when suitable observations are available. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Pulkkinen, TI (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, ISR-1,MS 466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM tuija@lanl.gov; nataly.ganushkina@fmi.fi; eija.tanskanen@fmi.fi; kubysh@geo.phys.spbu.ru; reeves@lanl.gov; mthomsen@lanl.gov; ctrussel@igpp.ucla.edu; howard.singer@noaa.gov; james.a.slavin@nasa.gov; jesper.gjerloev@jhuapl.edu RI Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Kubyshkina, Marina/G-9436-2013; Ganushkina, Natalia/K-6314-2013; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Kubyshkina, Marina/0000-0001-5897-9547; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S17 DI 10.1029/2006JA011627 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 090KH UT WOS:000240949700001 ER PT J AU Zhang, XL Forbes, JM Hagan, ME Russell, JM Palo, SE Mertens, CJ Mlynczak, MG AF Zhang, Xiaoli Forbes, Jeffrey M. Hagan, Maura E. Russell, James M., III Palo, Scott E. Mertens, Christopher J. Mlynczak, Martin G. TI Monthly tidal temperatures 20-120 km from TIMED/SABER SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NONMIGRATING DIURNAL TIDES; MIGRATING SOLAR TIDES; LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; LOWER THERMOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERIC TIDES; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; PLANETARY-WAVES; SEMIDIURNAL TIDES; MEAN WINDS AB The SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite provides unprecedented geographical coverage for the determination and study of atmospheric tides. However, the slow local time precession rate of TIMED can cause longer-term temperature variations to alias into the tidal signals. A new method of analyzing satellite data for tides has been developed to circumvent this difficulty, but at the expense of temporal resolution of the tidal fields, i.e., 120-day mean tidal structures are obtained. In this work, we apply this method to SABER temperature data to derive a series of 120-day mean tidal structures, extending between 20 and 120 km altitude, 50 degrees S-50 degrees N latitude, and centered on each month from September 2003 to September 2004. In addition to the migrating (Sun-synchronous) diurnal and semidiurnal tides, a number of nonmigrating tides are revealed in the SABER measurements. Some of these waves are thought to originate via nonlinear coupling between the migrating tides and the stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number s = 1. Other nonmigrating tidal components appear to be forced by latent heating due to deep tropical convection. Of the latter, the eastward propagating diurnal tide with s = 3 is dominant and is as large as the migrating diurnal tide during some months. Of particular interest is the wave-4 structure with respect to longitude that characterizes both the diurnal and semidiurnal total tidal fields. This feature is a result of the predominant wave-4 topography/ land-sea longitude dependence at the surface, which is reflected in the diurnal and semidiurnal components of the latent heating rates due to deep tropical convection. The ability of the global-scale wave model (GSWM) to approximate the observed tidal fields, including the wave-4 total tidal structures, is also assessed. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zhang, XL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Campus Box 429, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM xiaoli.zhang@colorado.edu; forbes@colorado.edu; hagan@hao.ucar.edu; james.russell@hamptonu.edu; scott.palo@colorado.edu; c.j.mertens@larc.nasa.gov; m.g.mlynczak@larc.nasa.gov RI Hagan, Maura/C-7200-2008; Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; OI Hagan, Maura/0000-0002-8866-7429; FORBES, JEFFREY/0000-0001-6937-0796; PALO, SCOTT/0000-0002-4729-4929 NR 46 TC 124 Z9 124 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A10 AR A10S08 DI 10.1029/2005JA011504 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 090KG UT WOS:000240949600003 ER PT J AU Bousquet, P Ciais, P Miller, JB Dlugokencky, EJ Hauglustaine, DA Prigent, C Van der Werf, GR Peylin, P Brunke, EG Carouge, C Langenfelds, RL Lathiere, J Papa, F Ramonet, M Schmidt, M Steele, LP Tyler, SC White, J AF Bousquet, P. Ciais, P. Miller, J. B. Dlugokencky, E. J. Hauglustaine, D. A. Prigent, C. Van der Werf, G. R. Peylin, P. Brunke, E. -G. Carouge, C. Langenfelds, R. L. Lathiere, J. Papa, F. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, M. Steele, L. P. Tyler, S. C. White, J. TI Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL GROWTH-RATE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; CH4; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; AIR; CO2; INVERSION; PINATUBO; PERIOD AB Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric concentration has nearly tripled since pre-industrial times(1). The growth rate of atmospheric methane is determined by the balance between surface emissions and photochemical destruction by the hydroxyl radical, the major atmospheric oxidant. Remarkably, this growth rate has decreased(2) markedly since the early 1990s, and the level of methane has remained relatively constant since 1999, leading to a downward revision of its projected influence on global temperatures. Large fluctuations in the growth rate of atmospheric methane are also observed from one year to the next(2), but their causes remain uncertain(2-13). Here we quantify the processes that controlled variations in methane emissions between 1984 and 2003 using an inversion model of atmospheric transport and chemistry. Our results indicate that wetland emissions dominated the inter-annual variability of methane sources, whereas fire emissions played a smaller role, except during the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event. These top-down estimates of changes in wetland and fire emissions are in good agreement with independent estimates based on remote sensing information and biogeochemical models. On longer timescales, our results show that the decrease in atmospheric methane growth during the 1990s was caused by a decline in anthropogenic emissions. Since 1999, however, they indicate that anthropogenic emissions of methane have risen again. The effect of this increase on the growth rate of atmospheric methane has been masked by a coincident decrease in wetland emissions, but atmospheric methane levels may increase in the near future if wetland emissions return to their mean 1990s levels. C1 UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, IPSL,LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Versailles, F-78035 Versailles, France. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Observ Paris, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands. LBI, F-78026 Versailles, France. S African Weather Serv, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. CSIRO, Mordialloc, Vic 3195, Australia. Columbia Univ, NASA, GISS, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Earth Syst Sci Dept, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bousquet, P (reprint author), UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, IPSL,LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM philippe.bousquet@cea.fr RI Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Papa, Fabrice/D-3695-2009; White, James/A-7845-2009; Carouge, Claire/A-4755-2012; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Papa, Fabrice/0000-0001-6305-6253; White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Carouge, Claire/0000-0002-0313-8385; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 NR 33 TC 408 Z9 430 U1 20 U2 197 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 443 IS 7110 BP 439 EP 443 DI 10.1038/nature05132 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 088FY UT WOS:000240798800042 PM 17006511 ER PT J AU Tegen, I Heinold, B Todd, M Helmert, J Washington, R Dubovik, O AF Tegen, I. Heinold, B. Todd, M. Helmert, J. Washington, R. Dubovik, O. TI Modelling soil dust aerosol in the Bodele depression during the BoDEx campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MINERAL AEROSOL; SOURCE AREAS; TRANSPORT; CLIMATE; CYCLE; SIMULATION; VEGETATION; SURFACE AB We present regional model simulations of the dust emission events during the Bodele Dust Experiment (BoDEx) that was carried out in February and March 2005 in Chad. A box model version of the dust emission model is used to test different input parameters for the emission model, and to compare the dust emissions computed with observed wind speeds to those calculated with wind speeds from the regional model simulation. While field observations indicate that dust production occurs via self-abrasion of saltating diatomite flakes in the Bodele, the emission model based on the assumption of dust production by saltation and using observed surface wind speeds as input parameters reproduces observed dust optical thicknesses well. Although the peak wind speeds in the regional model underestimate the highest wind speeds occurring on 10 - 12 March 2005, the spatio-temporal evolution of the dust cloud can be reasonably well reproduced by this model. Dust aerosol interacts with solar and thermal radiation in the regional model; it is responsible for a decrease in maximum daytime temperatures by about 5 K at the beginning the dust storm on 10 March 2005. This direct radiative effect of dust aerosol accounts for about half of the measured temperature decrease compared to conditions on 8 March. Results from a global dust model suggest that the dust from the Bodele is an important contributor to dust crossing the African Savannah region towards the Gulf of Guinea and the equatorial Atlantic, where it can contribute up to 40% to the dust optical thickness. C1 Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. UCL, Dept Geog, London WC1E 6BT, England. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tegen, I (reprint author), Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. EM itegen@tropos.de RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; todd, martin/I-4143-2015 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; NR 61 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 27 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 4345 EP 4359 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 088VC UT WOS:000240838200001 ER PT J AU Benson, CM Drdla, K Nedoluha, GE Shettle, EP Alfred, J Hoppel, KW AF Benson, C. M. Drdla, K. Nedoluha, G. E. Shettle, E. P. Alfred, J. Hoppel, K. W. TI Polar stratospheric clouds in the 1998-2003 Antarctic vortex: Microphysical modeling and Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ICE; EVAPORATION; CONDENSATION; DEHYDRATION; WINTER; VALIDATION; PARTICLES; SIZE; H2O AB The Integrated Microphysics and Aerosol Chemistry on Trajectories ( IMPACT) model is used to study polar stratospheric cloud ( PSC) formation and evolution in the Antarctic vortex. The model is applied to individual air parcel trajectories driven by UK Met Office ( UKMO) wind and temperature fields. The IMPACT model calculates the parcel microphysics, including the formation and sedimentation of ice, nitric acid trihydrate ( NAT), sulfuric acid tetrahydrate ( SAT), and supercooled ternary solution ( STS) aerosols. Model results are validated by comparison with data obtained by the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement ( POAM) III solar occultation instrument and are examined for 6 years of POAM data ( 1998 - 2003). Comparisons of POAM water vapor and aerosol extinction measurements to the model results help to constrain three microphysical parameters influencing the formation and growth of both type I and type II PSCs. Principally, measurements of aerosol extinction prove to be valuable in differentiating model runs; the relationship of aerosol extinction to temperature is determined by the various particle types as they form and grow. Comparison of IMPACT calculations of this relationship to POAM measurements suggests that the initial fraction of nuclei available for heterogeneous NAT freezing is approximately 0.02% of all aerosols. Constraints are also placed on the accommodation coefficient of ice and the NAT- ice lattice compatibility. However, these two parameters have similar effects on the extinction- temperature relationship, and thus a range of values are permissible for each. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. RP Benson, CM (reprint author), NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 610-1,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM benson@gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D18 AR D18206 DI 10.1029/2005JD006948 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090IT UT WOS:000240945300005 ER PT J AU Morris, GA Hersey, S Thompson, AM Pawson, S Nielsen, JE Colarco, PR McMillan, WW Stohl, A Turquety, S Warner, J Johnson, BJ Kucsera, TL Larko, DE Oltmans, SJ Witte, JC AF Morris, Gary A. Hersey, Scott Thompson, Anne M. Pawson, Steven Nielsen, J. Eric Colarco, Peter R. McMillan, W. Wallace Stohl, Andreas Turquety, Solene Warner, Juying Johnson, Bryan J. Kucsera, Tom L. Larko, David E. Oltmans, Samuel J. Witte, Jacquelyn C. TI Alaskan and Canadian forest fires exacerbate ozone pollution over Houston, Texas, on 19 and 20 July 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PORTABLE SPECTRORADIOMETER INSTRUMENTS; MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TRANSPORT; MODEL; SATELLITE; AIRCRAFT; PLUMES; SMOKE; MODIS AB On Monday, 19 July, and Tuesday, 20 July 2004, the air over Houston, Texas, appeared abnormally hazy. Transport model results and data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer ( MODIS), the Measurement of Ozone by Airbus In- service airCraft ( MOZAIC) experiment, and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) indicate that an air mass originating on 12 July 2004 over forest fires in eastern Alaska and western Canada arrived in Houston about 1 week later. Ozonesonde data from Houston on 19 and 20 July show elevated ozone at the surface (> 125 ppbv) and even higher concentrations aloft ( similar to 150 ppbv of ozone found 2 km above the surface) as compared to more typical profiles. Integrated ozone columns from the surface to 5 km increased from 17 - 22 DU ( measured in the absence of the polluted air mass) to 34 - 36 DU on 19 and 20 July. The average on 20 July 2004 of the 8- hour maximum ozone values recorded by surface monitors across the Houston area was the highest of any July day during the 2001 - 2005 period. The combination of the ozone observations, satellite data, and model results implicates the biomass burning effluence originating in Alaska and Canada a week earlier in exacerbating pollution levels seen in Houston. C1 Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. Rice Univ, Sid Richardson Coll, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Dept Reg & Global Pollut Issues, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Morris, GA (reprint author), Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. EM gary.morris@valpo.edu RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 39 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D24 AR D24S03 DI 10.1029/2006JD007090 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090JA UT WOS:000240946100001 ER PT J AU Garcia, D Chao, BF Del Rio, J Vigo, I Garcia-Lafuente, J AF Garcia, David Chao, Benjamin F. Del Rio, Jorge Vigo, Isabel Garcia-Lafuente, Jesus TI On the steric and mass-induced contributions to the annual sea level variations in the Mediterranean Sea SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TIME-VARIABLE GRAVITY; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; GRACE; REDISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; EXCHANGE; PACIFIC; FIELD; FLUX AB The sea level variation (SLVtotal) is the sum of two major contributions: steric and mass-induced. The steric SLVsteric is that resulting from the thermal and salinity changes in a given water column. It only involves volume change, hence has no gravitational effect. The mass-induced SLVmass, on the other hand, arises from adding or subtracting water mass to or from the water column and has direct gravitational signature. We examine the closure of the seasonal SLV budget and estimate the relative importance of the two contributions in the Mediterranean Sea as a function of time. We use ocean altimetry data (from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason 1, ERS, and ENVISAT missions) to estimate SLVtotal, temperature, and salinity data (from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean ocean model) to estimate SLVsteric, and time variable gravity data (from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE) Project, April 2002 to July 2004) to estimate SLVmass. We find that the annual cycle of SLVtotal in the Mediterranean is mainly driven by SLVsteric but moderately offset by SLVmass. The agreement between the seasonal SLVmass estimations from SLVtotal - SLVsteric and from GRACE is quite remarkable; the annual cycle reaches the maximum value in mid-February, almost half a cycle later than SLVtotal or SLVsteric, which peak by mid-October and mid-September, respectively. Thus, when sea level is rising (falling), the Mediterranean Sea is actually losing (gaining) mass. Furthermore, as SLVmass is balanced by vertical (precipitation minus evaporation, P-E) and horizontal (exchange of water with the Atlantic, Black Sea, and river runoff) mass fluxes, we compared it with the P-E determined from meteorological data to estimate the annual cycle of the horizontal flux. C1 Univ Alicante, Dept Appl Math, Space Geodesy Lab, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Phys 2, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. RP Garcia, D (reprint author), Univ Alicante, Dept Appl Math, Space Geodesy Lab, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. EM d.garcia@ua.es RI Garcia-Garcia, David/L-7535-2014; Chao, Benjamin Fong/N-6156-2013; OI Garcia-Garcia, David/0000-0002-7273-9037; Garcia Lafuente, Jesus/0000-0001-7816-576X NR 29 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C9 AR C09030 DI 10.1029/2005JC002956 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 090JE UT WOS:000240946500001 ER PT J AU Hansen, J Sato, M Ruedy, R Lo, K Lea, DW Medina-Elizade, M AF Hansen, James Sato, Makiko Ruedy, Reto Lo, Ken Lea, David W. Medina-Elizade, Martin TI Global temperature change SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE climate change; El ninos; global warming; sea level; species extinctions ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC; CLIMATE-CHANGE; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MODEL; SEA; EPOCH; OCEAN; CO2 AB Global surface temperature has increased approximate to 0.2 degrees C per decade in the past 30 years, similar to the warming rate predicted in the 19805 in initial global climate model simulations with transient greenhouse gas changes. Warming is larger in the Western Equatorial Pacific than in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific over the past century, and we suggest that the increased West-East temperature gradient may have increased the likelihood of strong El Ninos, such as those of 1983 and 1998. Comparison of measured sea surface temperatures in the Western Pacific with paleoclimate data suggests that this critical ocean region, and probably the planet as a whole, is approximately as warm now as at the Holocene maximum and within approximate to 1 degrees C of the maximum temperature of the past million years. We conclude that global warming of more than approximate to 1 degrees C, relative to 2000, will constitute "dangerous" climate change as judged from likely effects on sea level and extermination of species. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY 10025 USA. Sigma Space Partners Inc, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Hansen, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM jhansen@giss.nasa.gov RI kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 NR 46 TC 731 Z9 766 U1 38 U2 372 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 39 BP 14288 EP 14293 DI 10.1073/pnas.0606291103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 090RG UT WOS:000240968100008 PM 17001018 ER PT J AU Morton, DC DeFries, RS Shimabukuro, YE Anderson, LO Arai, E Espirito-Santo, FDB Freitas, R Morisette, J AF Morton, Douglas C. DeFries, Ruth S. Shimabukuro, Yosio E. Anderson, Liana O. Arai, Egidio Espirito-Santo, Fernando del Bon Freitas, Ramon Morisette, Jeff TI Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE agriculture; carbon; land use change; soybean ID TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; LAND-USE; FOREST; SATELLITE; CARBON; FIRE; REGROWTH; MODIS; LIVESTOCK; BIOMASS AB Intensive mechanized agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon grew by > 3.6 million hectares (ha) during 2001-2004. Whether this cropland expansion resulted from intensified use of land previously cleared for cattle ranching or new deforestation has not been quantified and has major implications for future deforestation dynamics, carbon fluxes, forest fragmentation, and other ecosystem services. We combine deforestation maps, field surveys, and satellite-based information on vegetation phenology to characterize the fate of large (> 25-ha) clearings as cropland, cattle pasture, or regrowing forest in the years after initial clearing in Mato Grosso, the Brazilian state with the highest deforestation rate and soybean production since 2001. Statewide, direct conversion of forest to cropland totaled > 540,000 ha during 2001-2004, peaking at 23% of 2003 annual deforestation. Cropland deforestation averaged twice the size of clearings for pasture (mean sizes, 333 and 143 ha, respectively), and conversion occurred rapidly; > 90% of clearings for cropland were planted in the first year after deforestation. Area deforested for cropland and mean annual soybean price in the year of forest clearing were directly correlated (R-2 = 0.72), suggesting that deforestation rates could return to higher levels seen in 2003-2004 with a rebound of crop prices in international markets. Pasture remains the dominant land use after forest clearing in Mato Grosso, but the growing importance of larger and faster conversion of forest to cropland defines a new paradigm of forest loss in Amazonia and refutes the claim that agricultural intensification does not lead to new deforestation. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. INPE, Div Sensoriamento Remoto, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP DeFries, RS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM rdefries@mail.umd.edu RI Morton, Douglas/D-5044-2012; Anderson, Liana/G-8389-2012; Espirito-Santo, Fernando/O-4371-2014 OI Anderson, Liana/0000-0001-9545-5136; Espirito-Santo, Fernando/0000-0001-7497-3639 NR 50 TC 401 Z9 415 U1 22 U2 144 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 39 BP 14637 EP 14641 DI 10.1073/pnas.0606377103 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 090RG UT WOS:000240968100068 PM 16973742 ER PT J AU Ju, S Lee, K Janes, DB Dwivedi, RC Baffour-Awuah, H Wilkins, R Yoon, MH Facchetti, A Marks, TJ AF Ju, Sanghyun Lee, Kangho Janes, David B. Dwivedi, Ramesh C. Baffour-Awuah, Habibah Wilkins, R. Yoon, Myung-Han Facchetti, Antonio Marks, Tobin J. TI Proton radiation hardness of single-nanowire transistors using robust organic gate nanodielectrics (vol 89, pg 073510, pg 2006) SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Inst Nanoelect & Comp, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Birck Nanotechnol Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, NASA, Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Mat Res Ctr, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Inst Nanoelect & Comp, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Janes, DB (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Inst Nanoelect & Comp, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM janes@ecn.purdue.edu; rtwilkins@pvamu.edu; t-marks@northwestern.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 25 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 13 AR 139902 DI 10.1063/1.2356893 PG 1 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 089JE UT WOS:000240875800149 ER PT J AU Neakrase, LDV Greeley, R Iversen, JD Balme, MR Eddlemon, EE AF Neakrase, Lynn D. V. Greeley, Ronald Iversen, James D. Balme, M. R. Eddlemon, Eric E. TI Dust flux within dust devils: Preliminary laboratory simulations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MARS PATHFINDER; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; VORTICES; THRESHOLD; CAMERA AB Laboratory simulations using the Arizona State University Vortex Generator (ASUVG) were run to simulate dust flux in dust devils. These tests used particles 2 mu m in diameter and 2600 kg m(-3) in density, and the results were compared with data from natural dust devils on Earth and Mars. Typically, the cores of dust devils ( regardless of planetary environment) have a pressure drop of similar to 0.2 - 1.5 percent of ambient atmospheric pressure. Core pressure drops in our experiments ranged from similar to 0.01 to 5.00 percent of ambient pressure (10 mbar Mars cases and 1000 mbar for Earth cases). Flux experiments were run at vortex tangential wind velocities of 1 to 42 m s(-1); typically similar to 35 - 50 percent above threshold values for the particles used. Dust flux was determined by time averaged measurements of mass loss for a given vortex size. Dust fluxes of similar to 10(-3) kg m(-2) s(-1) were obtained, similar to estimates for flux for dust devils on Earth and Mars, regardless of core size. Vortex strength appears to be closely related to the strength of the pressure drop in the core (Delta P) and is less determined by size of the vortex. This is critical in scaling the laboratory results to natural dust devils. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. NASA, Planetary Aeolian Facil, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Neakrase, LDV (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM greeley@asu.edu OI Balme, Matthew/0000-0001-5871-7475 NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 19 AR L19S09 DI 10.1029/2006GL026810 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QW UT WOS:000240827200001 ER PT J AU Wang, J Collins, D Covert, D Elleman, R Ferrare, RA Gasparini, R Jonsson, H Ogren, J Sheridan, P Tsay, SC AF Wang, Jian Collins, Don Covert, David Elleman, Robert Ferrare, Richard A. Gasparini, Roberto Jonsson, Haflidi Ogren, John Sheridan, Patrick Tsay, Si-Chee TI Temporal variation of aerosol properties at a rural continental site and study of aerosol evolution through growth law analysis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL CONVERSION MECHANISMS; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; POWER-PLANT PLUMES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; MARINE STRATUS; WATER-VAPOR; CLOUD; AIRCRAFT; H2SO4 AB [ 1] Aerosol size distributions were measured by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) on board the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft during 16 flights at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in northern central Oklahoma as part of the Aerosol Intensive Operation period in May 2003. During the same period a second SMPS was deployed at a surface station and provided continuous measurements. Combined with trace gas measurements at the SGP site and back trajectory analysis, the aerosol size distributions provided insights into the sources of aerosols observed at the SGP site. High particle concentrations, observed mostly during daytime, were well correlated with the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios, suggesting nucleation involving sulfuric acid is likely the main source of newly formed particles at the SGP. Aerosols within plumes originating from wildfires in Central America were measured at the surface site. Vertically compact aerosol layers, which can be traced back to forest fires in East Asia, were intercepted at altitudes over 3000 m. Analyses of size-dependent particle growth rates for four periods during which high cloud coverage was observed indicate growth dominated by volume controlled reactions. Sulfate accounts for 50% to 72% of the increase in aerosol volume concentration; the rest of the volume concentration increase was likely due to secondary organic species. The growth law analyses and meteorological conditions indicate that the sulfate was produced mainly through aqueous oxidation of SO2 in clouds droplets and hydrated aerosol particles. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM jian@bnl.gov RI Collins, Don/F-9617-2012; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D18 AR D18203 DI 10.1029/2005JD006704 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 088RD UT WOS:000240827900001 ER PT J AU Bridges, NT Lackner, CN AF Bridges, Nathan T. Lackner, Claire N. TI Northern hemisphere Martian gullies and mantled terrain: Implications for near-surface water migration in Mars' recent past SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; POLAR LAYERED DEPOSITS; LIQUID WATER; GROUND ICE; ORBITER CAMERA; HIGH OBLIQUITY; STABILITY; SUBLIMATION; LATITUDES; CLIMATE AB [ 1] We report on a systematic study of gullies and mantled terrain in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Consistent with previous work, the mantled terrain is generally located on poleward-facing slopes, and gullies are found at all orientations. New results are as follows: ( 1) The range of orientations of mantled terrain increases toward the pole, ( 2) near-polar gullies are commonly less morphologically developed compared to ones in the temperate latitudes, ( 3) gullies toward the pole are better preserved than those closer to the equator, and ( 4) these studies are conducted in the northern hemisphere, whereas most previous work investigated the south. No gully model in the literature cleanly fits all these observations ( nor any other gully observations reported in other papers). However, the likely effects of obliquity and precession variations on snow formation, preservation, and melting are consistent with many of the results. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Bridges, NT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 183-501,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nathan.bridges@jpl.nasa.gov RI Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E9 AR E09014 DI 10.1029/2006JE002702 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 088RL UT WOS:000240828700002 ER PT J AU McSween, HY Ruff, SW Morris, RV Bell, JF Herkenhoff, K Gellert, R Stockstill, KR Tornabene, LL Squyres, SW Crisp, JA Christensen, PR Mccoy, TJ Mittlefehldt, DW Schmidt, M AF McSween, H. Y. Ruff, S. W. Morris, R. V. Bell, J. F., III Herkenhoff, K. Gellert, R. Stockstill, K. R. Tornabene, L. L. Squyres, S. W. Crisp, J. A. Christensen, P. R. Mccoy, T. J. Mittlefehldt, D. W. Schmidt, M. TI Alkaline volcanic rocks from the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; SPIRIT ROVER; EVOLUTION; MODEL; DUST; PETROGENESIS; TERRESTRIAL; CHEMISTRY AB [ 1] Irvine, Backstay, and Wishstone are the type specimens for three classes of fine-grained or fragmental, relatively unaltered rocks with distinctive thermal emission spectra, found as float on the flanks of the Columbia Hills. Chemical analyses indicate that these rocks are mildly alkaline basalt, trachybasalt, and tephrite, respectively. Their mineralogy consists of Na- and K-rich feldspar(s), low- and high-Ca pyroxenes, ferroan olivine, Fe-Ti ( and possibly Cr) oxides, phosphate, and possibly glass. The texture of Wishstone is consistent with a pyroclastic origin, whereas Irvine and Backstay are lavas or possibly dike rocks. Chemical compositions of these rocks plot on or near liquid lines of descent for most elements calculated for Adirondack class rocks (olivine-rich basalts from the Gusev plains) at various pressures from 0.1 to 1.0 GPa. We infer that Wishstone-, Backstay-, and Irvine-class magmas may have formed by fractionation of primitive, oxidized basaltic magma similar to Adirondack-class rocks. The compositions of all these rocks reveal that the Gusev magmatic province is alkaline, distinct from the subalkaline volcanic rocks thought to dominate most of the planet's surface. The fact that differentiated volcanic rocks were not encountered on the plains prior to ascending Husband Hill may suggest a local magma source for volcanism beneath Gusev crater. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Branch, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP McSween, HY (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 306 Geol Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM mcsween@utk.edu RI Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 48 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E9 AR E09S91 DI 10.1029/2006JE002698 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 088RL UT WOS:000240828700001 ER PT J AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Acuna, MH AF Burlaga, L. F. Ness, N. F. Acuna, M. H. TI Multiscale structure of magnetic fields in the heliosheath SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENCE; MULTIFRACTAL STRUCTURE; TSALLIS STATISTICS; STRENGTH FLUCTUATIONS; DISTANT HELIOSPHERE; VOYAGER-1; AU; FRACTALS; MODEL AB [ 1] Voyager 1 (V1) crossed the termination shock, leaving the solar wind and entering the heliosheath. This paper analyzes the magnetic field observed in the heliosheath from day of year 1 to 308, 2005. The average of the magnetic field strength B is 0.104 nT, but it is highly variable, and its profile appears filamentary. Some sectors and sector boundaries were observed. The daily and hourly averages of B in the inner heliosheath have Gaussian distributions. The widths of the daily and hourly distributions of B are the same within the uncertainties, consistent with a scale invariance of the distribution of B. The distributions of daily and hourly averages of the azimuthal and elevation angles in the heliosheath resemble those in the solar wind. The magnetic field strength in the inner heliosheath has a multifractal structure on scales from similar to 2 to 16 days. The multifractal structure can be described by a binomial multiplicative cascade model. The multifractal spectrum of the magnetic field fluctuations in the heliosheath is narrower than that in the distant solar wind. The intermittency exponent decreases by a factor of 3.4 from 0.072 in the distant solar wind to 0.021 in the heliosheath. We also analyzed the multiscale structure of B(t) using wavelets. On an intermediate scale, the magnetic field of the heliosheath contains a quasiperiodic variation suggesting that the effect of solar rotation was observed in the heliosheath beyond 95 AU. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Magnetospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Inst Astrophys & Computat Sci, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leonard.f.burlaga@nasa.gov NR 31 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A9 AR A09112 DI 10.1029/2006JA011850 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 088RU UT WOS:000240829600005 ER PT J AU Ratnakumar, BV Smart, MC Whitcanack, LD Ewell, RC AF Ratnakumar, B. V. Smart, M. C. Whitcanack, L. D. Ewell, R. C. TI The impedance characteristics of Mars Exploration Rover Li-ion batteries SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE lithium-ion batteries; Mars Rovers; DC impedance; low temperature ID DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE ANALYSES; ELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS; LITHIUM BATTERIES; HIGH-POWER; CELLS; TEMPERATURE AB Determination of the cell or battery impedance is critical to predicting and managing the battery performance, especially in a remote application such as in a spacecraft. While electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides more quantitative and diverse information on the electrochemical processes, it is less informative in the absence of a reference electrode and/or more cumbersome in multi-cell batteries. DC impedance values, on the other hand, are relatively easy to implement and with subtle variations in the pulse conditions, i.e., pulse magnitude and pulse width, may provide useful trends in the ohmic, charge transfer and mass transfer components. In order to assess the impedance values of the Li-ion cells and batteries and their impact on the current-limiting series resistors in the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), we, therefore, adopted DC methods under a variety of test conditions, i.e., magnitude and duration of the sampling current pulses, states of charge of the cells and batteries, as well as at different (low) temperatures. Understandably, higher current pluses tend to lower the contribution from the charge transfer, while longer pulses result in a higher share of the diffusional component in the overall impedance. Based on relatively simple analyses, we derived useful trends for the ohmic, charge transfer and mass transfer components of the cell impedance, as a function of temperature and obtained activation energies for these processes. Finally, these measurements assisted us in the assessment of risk associated with the series resistors during the launching of the Mars Rover missions. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ratnakumar, BV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ratnakumar.v.bugga@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD SEP 22 PY 2006 VL 159 IS 2 BP 1428 EP 1439 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.085 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 090OB UT WOS:000240959500084 ER PT J AU Zhang, L Jacob, DJ Bowman, KW Logan, JA Turquety, S Hudman, RC Li, QB Beer, R Worden, HM Worden, JR Rinsland, CP Kulawik, SS Lampel, MC Shephard, MW Fisher, BM Eldering, A Avery, MA AF Zhang, Lin Jacob, Daniel J. Bowman, Kevin W. Logan, Jennifer A. Turquety, Solene Hudman, Rynda C. Li, Qinbin Beer, Reinhard Worden, Helen M. Worden, John R. Rinsland, Curtis P. Kulawik, Susan S. Lampel, Michael C. Shephard, Mark W. Fisher, Brendan M. Eldering, Annmarie Avery, Melody A. TI Ozone-CO correlations determined by the TES satellite instrument in continental outflow regions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NORTH-AMERICA; GLOBAL-MODEL; ART.; POLLUTION; AIRCRAFT; ATLANTIC; PACIFIC AB Collocated measurements of tropospheric ozone (O-3) and carbon monoxide (CO) from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the EOS Aura satellite provide information on O-3-CO correlations to test our understanding of global anthropogenic influence on O-3. We examine the global distribution of TES O-3-CO correlations in the middle troposphere ( 618 hPa) for July 2005 and compare to correlations generated with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and with ICARTT aircraft observations over the eastern United States ( July 2004). The TES data show significant O-3-CO correlations downwind of polluted continents, with dO(3)/dCO enhancement ratios in the range 0.4 - 1.0 mol mol(-1) and consistent with ICARTT data. The GEOS-Chem model reproduces the O-3-CO enhancement ratios observed in continental outflow, but model correlations are stronger and more extensive. We show that the discrepancy can be explained by spectral measurement errors in the TES data. These errors will decrease in future data releases, which should enable TES to provide better information on O-3-CO correlations. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Chem & Dynam Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Raytheon Informat Solut, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. RP Zhang, L (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM linzhang@fas.harvard.edu; djacob@fas.harvard.edu; kevin.bowman@jpl.nasa.gov; jal@io.as.harvard.edu; stu@aero.jussieu.fr; hudman@fas.harvard.edu; qinbin.li@jpl.nasa.gov; reinhard.beer@jpl.nasa.gov; helen.worden@jpl.nasa.gov; john.worden@jpl.nasa.gov; c.p.rinsland@larc.nasa.gov; susan.s.kulawik@jpl.nasa.gov; mlampel@sdsio-mail.jpl.nasa.gov; mshephar@aer.com; brendan@tes-mail.jpl.nasa.gov; annmarie.eldering@jpl.nasa.gov; melody.a.avery@nasa.gov RI Zhang, Lin/A-6729-2008; Hudman, Rynda/C-6118-2009; Zhang, Lin/H-9801-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Zhang, Lin/0000-0003-2383-8431; NR 32 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 21 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18804 DI 10.1029/2006GL026399 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QT UT WOS:000240826900002 ER PT J AU Velicogna, I Wahr, J AF Velicogna, Isabella Wahr, John TI Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring 2004 SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SHEET; SURFACE; BALANCE; GRACE; MODEL AB In 2001 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected the contribution to sea level rise from the Greenland ice sheet to be between -0.02 and +0.09m from 1990 to 2100 (ref. 1). However, recent work(2-4) has suggested that the ice sheet responds more quickly to climate perturbations than previously thought, particularly near the coast. Here we use a satellite gravity survey by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE) conducted from April 2002 to April 2006 to provide an independent estimate of the contribution of Greenland icemass loss to sea level change. We detect an ice mass loss of 248 +/- 36 km(3) yr(-1), equivalent to a global sea level rise of 0.5 +/- 0.1 mm yr(-1). The rate of ice loss increased by 250 per cent between the periods April 2002 to April 2004 and May 2004 to April 2006, almost entirely due to accelerated rates of ice loss in southern Greenland; the rate of mass loss in north Greenland was almost constant. Continued monitoring will be needed to identify any future changes in the rate of ice loss in Greenland. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Velicogna, I (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM isabella@colorado.edu NR 22 TC 207 Z9 217 U1 9 U2 56 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 21 PY 2006 VL 443 IS 7109 BP 329 EP 331 DI 10.1038/nature05168 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 085RL UT WOS:000240622000044 PM 16988710 ER PT J AU Russo, F Whiteman, DN Demoz, B Hoff, RM AF Russo, Felicita Whiteman, David N. Demoz, Belay Hoff, Raymond M. TI Validation of the Raman lidar algorithm for quantifying aerosol extinction SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR AB To calculate aerosol extinction from Raman lidar data, it is necessary to evaluate the derivative of a molecular Raman signal with respect to range. The typical approach taken in the lidar community is to make an a priori assumption about the functional behavior of the data to calculate the derivative. It has previously been shown that the use of the chi-squared technique to determine the most likely functional behavior of the data prior to actually calculating the derivative eliminates the need for making a priori assumptions. Here that technique is validated through numerical simulation and by application to a significant body of Raman lidar measurements. In general, we show that the chi-squared approach for evaluating extinction yields lower extinction uncertainty than traditional techniques. We also use the technique to study the feasibility of developing a general characterization of the extinction uncertainty that could permit the uncertainty in Raman lidar aerosol extinction measurements to be estimated accurately without the need of the chi-squared technique. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Russo, F (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rfeli@umbc.edu RI Hoff, Raymond/C-6747-2012; Demoz, Belay/N-4130-2014 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 27 BP 7073 EP 7088 DI 10.1364/AO.45.007073 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 089MX UT WOS:000240885800025 PM 16946786 ER PT J AU Pravdo, SH Shaklan, SB Wiktorowicz, SJ Kulkarni, S Lloyd, JP Martinache, F Ireland, MJ AF Pravdo, Steven H. Shaklan, Stuart B. Wiktorowicz, Sloane J. Kulkarni, Shri Lloyd, James P. Martinache, Frantz Ireland, Michael J. TI Masses of astrometrically discovered and imaged binaries: G78-28AB and GJ 231.1bc SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planetary systems; stars : individual (G78-28A) ID OPTICAL APERTURE-SYNTHESIS; LUMINOSITY-RELATION; MAIN-SEQUENCE; NEARBY STARS; M-DWARFS; CATALOG; CALIBRATION; COMPANIONS; INTERFEROMETRY; PERFORMANCE AB The Stellar Planet Survey (STEPS) is an ongoing astrometric search for giant planets and brown dwarfs around a sample of similar to 30 M dwarfs. We have discovered several low-mass companions by measuring the motion of our target stars relative to their reference frames. The highest mass discovery thus far is G78-28B, a companion to the M dwarf G78-28A. The orbital period is 4.18 +/- 0.03 yr, the system mass is 0.565 +/- 0.055 M-., and the semimajor axis is 2.19 +/- 0.10 AU. Imaging observations with the Keck laser guide star adaptive optics (LGSAO) and the Palomar AO instruments resolved the system and also yielded JHK-band delta magnitudes. We use the orbital solution, light ratios, and mass-luminosity relationships to derive component masses of M-A = 0.370 +/- 0.034 M-. and M-B = 0.195 +/- 0.021 M-.. G78-28B is of type M4 V based on its colors and mass. We also discovered GJ 231.1C, a companion to GJ 231.1B, with STEPS and imaged the companion with LGSAO and Palomar AO, but the orbital period is longer than our observing baseline; thus, the system parameters are less constrained. In GJ 231.1BC the masses are M-B = 0.25 +/- 0.06 M-. and M-C = 0.12 +/- 0.02 M-.. The inferred spectral type of GJ 231.1C is M5 V. We demonstrate the results of the current state of mass estimation techniques with our data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Pravdo, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 306-431,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM spravdo@jpl.nasa.gov; shaklan@huey.jpl.nasa.gov; sloane@gps.caltech.edu; srk@astro.caltech.edu; jpl@astro.cornell.edu; frantz@astro.cornell.edu; gekko@physics.usyd.edu.au RI Lloyd, James/B-3769-2011; OI Ireland, Michael/0000-0002-6194-043X NR 35 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 1 BP 389 EP 398 DI 10.1086/506192 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 086DY UT WOS:000240655000030 ER PT J AU Endl, M Cochran, WD Kurster, M Paulson, DB Wittenmyer, RA MacQueen, PJ Tull, RG AF Endl, Michael Cochran, William D. Kuerster, Martin Paulson, Diane B. Wittenmyer, Robert A. MacQueen, Phillip J. Tull, Robert G. TI Exploring the frequency of close-in Jovian planets around M dwarfs SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planetary systems; stars : late-type; stars : low-mass, brown dwarfs; techniques : radial velocities ID HOBBY-EBERLY TELESCOPE; EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS; NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET; RADIAL-VELOCITIES; STARS; COMPANION; METALLICITY; HYADES; NEIGHBORHOOD; ACCRETION AB We discuss our high-precision radial velocity results of a sample of 90 M dwarfs observed with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and the Harlan J. Smith 2.7 m Telescope at McDonald Observatory, as well as the ESO VLT and the Keck I telescopes, within the context of the overall frequency of Jupiter-mass planetary companions to main-sequence stars. None of the stars in our sample show variability indicative of a giant planet in a short-period orbit, with a <= 1 AU. We estimate an upper limit of the frequency f of close-in Jovian planets around M dwarfs as < 1.27% ( at the 1 sigma confidence level). Furthermore, we determine that the efficiency of our survey in noticing planets in circular orbits is 98% for companions with m sin i > 3.8 M-J and a <= 0.7 AU. For eccentric orbits ( e 0: 6) the survey completeness is 95% for all planets with m sin i > 3.5 M-J and a <= 0.7 AU. Our results point toward a generally lower frequency of close-in Jovian planets for M dwarfs as compared to FGK-type stars. This is an important piece of information for our understanding of the process of planet formation as a function of stellar mass. C1 Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Endl, M (reprint author), Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM mike@astro.as.utexas.edu; wdc@astro.as.utexas.edu; kuerster@mpia.de; diane.b.paulson@gsfc.nasa.gov; robw@astro.as.utexas.edu; pjm@astro.as.utexas.edu; rgt@astro.as.utexas.edu NR 46 TC 117 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 1 BP 436 EP 443 DI 10.1086/506465 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 086DY UT WOS:000240655000036 ER PT J AU Willingale, R O'Brien, PT Cowley, SWH Jones, GH McComas, DJ Mason, KO Osborne, JP Wells, A Chester, M Hunsberger, S Burrows, DN Gehrels, N Nousek, JA Angelini, L Cominsky, LR Snowden, SL Chincarini, G AF Willingale, R. O'Brien, P. T. Cowley, S. W. H. Jones, G. H. McComas, D. J. Mason, K. O. Osborne, J. P. Wells, A. Chester, M. Hunsberger, S. Burrows, D. N. Gehrels, N. Nousek, J. A. Angelini, L. Cominsky, L. R. Snowden, S. L. Chincarini, G. TI Swift X-Ray Telescope observations of the Deep Impact collision SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comets : general; comets : individual (9P/Tempel 1) ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION; SOLAR-WIND; COMET 9P/TEMPEL-1; HYAKUTAKE; PARTICLES; COMET-9P/TEMPEL-1; MORPHOLOGY; NUCLEUS; SYSTEM; RATES AB Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was observed by the Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT) for a total of 250,024 s. Soft X-ray emission, 0.2-1.0 keV, was seen as a diffuse extended halo with an FWHM of 1.03 x 10(5) km centered on the comet's nucleus. The X-ray light curve indicates that the comet exhibited a prolonged soft X-ray outburst just after impact of the NASA Deep Impact ( DI) spacecraft and enhanced X-ray activity lasted for 12 days. The radial brightness distribution and X-ray spectrum are in excellent agreement with a model of X-ray production in which highly charged minor heavy ion species in the solar wind undergo charge exchange reactions with water group or carbon dioxide group molecules in the neutral coma of the comet. Using this model, we derive a simple expression for the X-ray emission and show that the X-ray flare is, in part, due to an increase in solar wind flux at the comet but is largely due to an enhanced molecule production rate. Assuming that the main outgassing constituent was water, the comet produced (2.9 +/- 0.4) x 10(8) kg over the 12 day period postimpact. The quiescent water production was expected to inject similar to 1.0 x 10(8) kg into the coma over the same period so the observed X-ray flux indicates that an additional (1.9 +/- 0.4) x 10(8) kg of water or, alternatively, (3.9 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) kg of carbon dioxide were liberated by the DI impact. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21033 USA. Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. Osserv Astron Brera, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. RP Willingale, R (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RI Jones, Geraint/C-1682-2008; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Snowden, Steven/D-5292-2012 OI Jones, Geraint/0000-0002-5859-1136; NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 1 BP 541 EP 552 DI 10.1086/506315 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 086DY UT WOS:000240655000045 ER PT J AU Kondratko, PT Greenhill, LJ Moran, JM Lovell, JEJ Kuiper, TBH Jauncey, DL Cameron, LB Gomez, JF Garcia-Miro, C Moll, E de Gregorio-Monsalvo, I McCallum, J Jimenez-Bailon, E AF Kondratko, P. T. Greenhill, L. J. Moran, J. M. Lovell, J. E. J. Kuiper, T. B. H. Jauncey, D. L. Cameron, L. B. Gomez, J. F. Garcia-Miro, C. Moll, E. de Gregorio-Monsalvo, I. McCallum, J. Jimenez-Bailon, E. TI Discovery of water maser emission in eight AGNs with 70 m antennas of NASA's deep space network (vol 638, pg 100, 2006) SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Correction C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Raytheon, Paddys Creek, ACT 2609, Australia. CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain. NASA, INTA, E-28008 Madrid, Spain. INTA, Lab Astrofis Espacial & Fis Fundamental, E-28080 Madrid, Spain. Univ Tasmania, Sch Math & Phys, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Kondratko, PT (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Gomez, Jose Francisco/D-8392-2016 OI Gomez, Jose Francisco/0000-0002-7065-542X NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 649 IS 1 BP 561 EP 561 DI 10.1086/504978 PN 1 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 086DY UT WOS:000240655000047 ER PT J AU Lyman, JM Willis, JK Johnson, GC AF Lyman, John M. Willis, Josh K. Johnson, Gregory C. TI Recent cooling of the upper ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAT-STORAGE; SEA-LEVEL; TOPEX/POSEIDON; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC AB We observe a net loss of 3.2 ( +/- 1.1) x 10(22) J of heat from the upper ocean between 2003 and 2005. Using a broad array of in situ ocean measurements, we present annual estimates of global upper-ocean heat content anomaly from 1993 through 2005. Including the recent downturn, the average warming rate for the entire 13-year period is 0.33 +/- 0.23 W/m(2) ( of the Earth's total surface area). A new estimate of sampling error in the heat content record suggests that both the recent and previous global cooling events are significant and unlikely to be artifacts of inadequate ocean sampling. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lyman, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.lyman@noaa.gov; joshua.k.willis@jpl.nasa.gov; gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 22 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18604 DI 10.1029/2006GL027033 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QS UT WOS:000240826800002 ER PT J AU Kataoka, R Miyoshi, Y AF Kataoka, Ryuho Miyoshi, Yoshizumi TI Flux enhancement of radiation belt electrons during geomagnetic storms driven by coronal mass ejections and corotating interaction regions SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPOLAR POTENTIAL SATURATION; EARTHS OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; SOLAR-WIND; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; INTERPLANETARY ORIGIN; PROTON TEMPERATURE; STREAM INTERFACES; PLASMA SHEET; HILL MODEL; PREDICTION AB [ 1] A meteorological view of solar wind structures is useful for probability prediction of the flux enhancement of radiation belt electrons. We report the averaged variations of the solar wind parameters and radiation belt electrons during isolated geomagnetic storms driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and corotating interaction regions (CIRs), using a superposed epoch analysis centered on interplanetary shocks and stream interfaces, respectively, whose arrival times can be used as a precursor for the flux enhancement. A total of 49 CME- and 6 CIR-associated storms with Dst < - 100 nT are identified during solar cycle 23 from January 1996 to December 2004. In CME- associated storms, the average flux recovers to the prestorm level about 2 days after a shock arrival. The occurrence probability of the > 2 MeV electron flux alert with > 10(3) pfu ( pfu = particles cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1)) at geosynchronous orbit 1 day after the shock is only 14% ( 7 of 49 events) and is smaller than the prestorm level, while the probability 4 days after the shock increases to 43% ( 21 of 49 events) and is larger than the prestorm level. In CIR-associated storms, the average flux recovers to the prestorm level about 1 day after a stream interface arrival. The probability of an electron flux alert is 83% ( 5 of 6 events) 1 day after the stream interface arrival and remains at that level for at least the next 4 days. C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kataoka, R (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. EM ryuho@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp RI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/B-5834-2015 OI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/0000-0001-7998-1240 NR 43 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 9 AR S09004 DI 10.1029/2005SW000211 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 087XJ UT WOS:000240775800001 ER PT J AU Katzberg, SJ Torres, O Ganoe, G AF Katzberg, Stephen J. Torres, Omar Ganoe, George TI Calibration of reflected GPS for tropical storm wind speed retrievals SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; SIGNALS; SPECTRUM; SLOPE; MODEL AB Since 1996 when GPS reflected signals were purposefully acquired, an effort to assess the utility of these signals has been under way. It was early determined that the reflected GPS signal can be related to ocean surface wind dependent slope probability densities. Quantifying that relationship has resulted in considerable data taken at wind speeds below those associated with tropical storms. During the 2005 hurricane season, data were taken in high wind speed conditions that have been used to compare with the U. S. Navy's COAMPS model. The gridded data were used to develop a calibration for high wind speeds which also represents a measurement of apparent ocean surface slopes at L-Band. This paper presents the results of this GPS surface reflection calibration for winds up to 35 meters per second. In addition a simple function is developed that models the mean square slope variation with surface wind speed and includes winds above 35 meters per second. This model is applied to data from Hurricanes Dennis and Isabel to demonstrate the ability of surface reflected GPS signals to yield good retrieval performance for winds at and above tropical storm strength. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Katzberg, SJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM s.j.katzberg@larc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18602 DI 10.1029/2006GL026825 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QR UT WOS:000240826700003 ER PT J AU Kosro, PM Peterson, WT Hickey, BM Shearman, RK Pierce, SD AF Kosro, P. Michael Peterson, William T. Hickey, Barbara M. Shearman, R. Kipp Pierce, Stephen D. TI Physical versus biological spring transition: 2005 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OREGON CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL OCEAN; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; EL-NINO AB In 2005, the onset of spring conditions in the physics of the coastal ocean ( lowered sea level, spin-up of vertically-sheared equatorward coastal jet) came about 50 days later than average off Newport Oregon, on May 24. There was a further delay of 50 days before the subsurface upwelled water penetrated into the anomalously stratified surface layer, becoming most available for biological activity. The warm anomaly in sea surface temperature which provided the surface cap was observed at mid-shelf locations from Washington to central California, but it ended sooner south of Oregon. Biological impacts of these delays to several trophic levels have been reported. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kosro, PM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM kosro@coas.oregonstate.edu; bill.peterson@noaa.gov; bhickey@u.washington.edu; shearman@coas.oregonstate.edu; spierce@coas.oregonstate.edu OI Kosro, P. Michael/0000-0003-3693-2558 NR 18 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 22 AR L22S03 DI 10.1029/2006GL027072 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QX UT WOS:000240827300001 ER PT J AU Miller, RL Schmidt, GA Shindell, DT AF Miller, R. L. Schmidt, G. A. Shindell, D. T. TI Forced annular variations in the 20th century intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN MODEL; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; GREENHOUSE-GAS; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION; PINATUBO ERUPTION; OZONE DEPLETION; PART I; HEMISPHERE AB [1] We examine the annular mode within each hemisphere ( defined here as the leading empirical orthogonal function and principal component of hemispheric sea level pressure) as simulated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report ensembles of coupled ocean-atmosphere models. The simulated annular patterns exhibit a high spatial correlation with the observed patterns during the late 20th century, though the mode represents too large a percentage of total temporal variability within each hemisphere. In response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols, the multimodel average exhibits a positive annular trend in both hemispheres, with decreasing sea level pressure (SLP) over the pole and a compensating increase in midlatitudes. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trend agrees in sign but is of smaller amplitude than that observed during recent decades. In the Southern Hemisphere, decreasing stratospheric ozone causes an additional reduction in Antarctic surface pressure during the latter half of the 20th century. While annular trends in the multimodel average are positive, individual model trends vary widely. Not all models predict a decrease in high-latitude SLP, although no model exhibits an increase. As a test of the models' annular sensitivity, the response to volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere is calculated during the winter following five major tropical eruptions. The observed response exhibits coupling between stratospheric anomalies and annular variations at the surface, similar to the coupling between these levels simulated elsewhere by models in response to increasing GHG concentration. The multimodel average is of the correct sign but significantly smaller in magnitude than the observed annular anomaly. This suggests that the models underestimate the coupling of stratospheric changes to annular variations at the surface and may not simulate the full response to increasing GHGs. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. RP Miller, RL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM rmiller@giss.nasa.gov; gschmidt@giss.nasa.gov; dshindell@giss.nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012 OI Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; NR 71 TC 242 Z9 242 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D18 AR D18101 DI 10.1029/2005JD006323 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 088RB UT WOS:000240827700001 ER PT J AU Santer, BD Wigley, TML Gleckler, PJ Bonfils, C Wehner, MF AchutaRao, K Barnett, TP Boyle, JS Bruggemann, W Fiorino, M Gillett, N Hansen, JE Jones, PD Klein, SA Meehl, GA Raper, SCB Reynolds, RW Taylor, KE Washington, WM AF Santer, B. D. Wigley, T. M. L. Gleckler, P. J. Bonfils, C. Wehner, M. F. AchutaRao, K. Barnett, T. P. Boyle, J. S. Brueggemann, W. Fiorino, M. Gillett, N. Hansen, J. E. Jones, P. D. Klein, S. A. Meehl, G. A. Raper, S. C. B. Reynolds, R. W. Taylor, K. E. Washington, W. M. TI Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE INTENSITY; CLIMATE MODEL; WORLDS OCEANS; TRENDS; UNCERTAINTIES; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; SIGNATURE; CYCLONES; INCREASE AB research has identified links between changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and hurricane intensity. We use climate models to study the possible causes of SST changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. The observed SST increases in these regions range from 0.32 degrees C to 0.67 degrees C over the 20th century. The 22 climate models examined here suggest that century-timescale SST changes of this magnitude cannot be explained solely by unforced variability of the climate system. We employ model simulations of natural internal variability to make probabilistic estimates of the contribution of external forcing to observed SST changes. For the period 1906-2005, we find an 84% chance that external forcing explains at least 67% of observed SST increases in the two tropical cyclogenesis regions. Model "20th-century" simulations, with external forcing by combined anthropogenic and natural factors, are generally capable of replicating observed SST increases. In experiments in which forcing factors are varied individually rather than jointly, human-caused changes in greenhouse gases are the main driver of the 20th-century SST increases in both tropical cyclogenesis regions. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparis, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Merced, Merced, CA 95344 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Hamburg, Inst Unternehmensforsch, D-22765 Hamburg, Germany. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Ctr Air Transport & Environm, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Santer, BD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparis, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM santer1@llnl.gov RI Jones, Philip/C-8718-2009; Taylor, Karl/F-7290-2011; Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Gleckler, Peter/H-4762-2012; Bonfils, Celine/H-2356-2012; Fiorino, Michael/N-4150-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Jones, Philip/0000-0001-5032-5493; Taylor, Karl/0000-0002-6491-2135; Gleckler, Peter/0000-0003-2816-6224; Bonfils, Celine/0000-0002-4674-5708; Fiorino, Michael/0000-0002-2819-8157; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 31 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 38 BP 13905 EP 13910 DI 10.1073/pnas.0602861103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 087MN UT WOS:000240746600003 PM 16968781 ER PT J AU Yuen, HB Kim, SM Hatami, F Harris, JS Chin, AH AF Yuen, Homan B. Kim, Seongsin M. Hatami, Fariba Harris, James S. Chin, Alan H. TI Mid-infrared luminescence of an InNAsSb/InAs single quantum well grown by molecular beam epitaxy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; 3.5 MU-M; CASCADE LASERS; TEMPERATURE; ALLOYS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; INASSB/INAS; OPERATION; GAINNAS; DIODES AB The authors report the growth and characterization of a dilute nitride, InNAsSb/InAs, by solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Optimizing growth conditions for nitrogen incorporation has resulted in high-quality InNAsSb epilayers without any structural degradation, as confirmed by high-resolution x-ray diffraction. Optical properties were investigated by temperature dependent and excitation power dependent photoluminescence. The authors obtained mid-infrared luminescence around 4 mu m at low temperature, which reveals strong carrier localization behavior at low temperature, induced by nitrogen and antimony interaction. The band alignment of InNAsSb/InAs can be type I instead of the conventional type II found for InAsSb/InAs. A conduction band offset, E-c, of similar to 102 meV was obtained. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Yuen, HB (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM hyuen@snow.stanford.edu; seongsin@snow.stanford.edu RI Hatami, Fariba/D-6807-2015 OI Hatami, Fariba/0000-0001-8033-3873 NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 12 AR 121912 DI 10.1063/1.2356102 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 086NM UT WOS:000240680300041 ER EF