FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Bonitz, R AF Bonitz, Robert GP IEEE TI The Brush Wheel Sampler - a Sampling Device for Small-body Touch-and-Go Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The recent planetary science decadal survey identified sample return from a comet as a major goal of the study of primitive solar system bodies. The survey identified a comet surface sample return mission as one of the candidates for a New Frontiers class mission. A touch-and-go (TAG) mission architecture where the spacecraft would maneuver close to the small body surface, a sampling device on the end of a robotic arm would acquire the sample in a few seconds, and then the spacecraft would retreat from the small body is a suitable architecture to achieve the candidate mission objectives. The brush wheel sampler (BWS) has been shown to be an effective sampling device for possible TAG missions to small bodies. This paper describes the technology development and test results of the BWS over the past several years. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bonitz, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Robert.G.Bonitz@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300056 ER PT S AU Borowski, SK McCurdy, DR Packard, TW AF Borowski, Stanley K. McCurdy, David R. Packard, Thomas W. GP IEEE TI Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP): A Proven Growth Technology for Human NEO/Mars Exploration Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) represents the next "evolutionary step" in high performance rocket propulsion. Unlike conventional chemical rockets that produce their energy through combustion, the NTR derives its energy from fission of Uranium-235 atoms contained within fuel elements that comprise the engine's reactor core. Using an "expander" cycle for turbopump drive power, hydrogen propellant is raised to a high pressure and pumped through coolant channels in the fuel elements where it is superheated then expanded out a supersonic nozzle to generate high thrust. By using hydrogen for both the reactor coolant and propellant, the NTR can achieve specific impulse (I-sp) values of similar to 900 seconds (s) or more - twice that of today's best chemical rockets. From 1955 - 1972, twenty rocket reactors were designed, built and ground tested in the Rover and NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications) programs. These programs demonstrated: (1) high temperature carbide-based nuclear fuels; (2) a wide range of thrust levels; (3) sustained engine operation; (4) accumulated lifetime at full power; and (5) restart capability - all the requirements needed for a human Mars mission. Ceramic metal "cermet" fuel was pursued as well, as a backup option. The NTR also has significant "evolution and growth" capability. Configured as a "bimodal" system, it can generate its own electrical power to support spacecraft operational needs. Adding an oxygen "afterburner" nozzle introduces a variable thrust and I-sp capability and allows bipropellant operation. In NASA's recent Mars Design Reference Architecture (DRA) 5.0 study, the NTR was selected as the preferred propulsion option because of its proven technology, higher performance, lower launch mass, versatile vehicle design, simple assembly, and growth potential. In contrast to other advanced propulsion options, no large technology scale-ups are required for NTP either. In fact, the smallest engine tested during the Rover program - the 25,000 lb(f) (25 klb(f)) "Pewee" engine is sufficient when used in a clustered engine arrangement. The "Copernicus" crewed spacecraft design developed in DRA 5.0 has significant capability and a human exploration strategy is outlined here that uses Copernicus and its key components for precursor near Earth object (NEO) and Mars orbital missions prior to a Mars landing mission. The paper also discusses NASA's current activities and future plans for NTP development that include system-level Technology Demonstrations - specifically ground testing a small, scalable NTR by 2020, with a flight test shortly thereafter. C1 [Borowski, Stanley K.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [McCurdy, David R.] ASRC Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Packard, Thomas W.] QinetiQ North America, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Borowski, SK (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Stanley.K.Borowski@nasa.gov; David.R.McCurdy@nasa.gov; Thomas.W.Packard@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 11 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303021 ER PT S AU Brophy, JR Friedman, L Culick, F AF Brophy, John R. Friedman, Louis Culick, Fred GP IEEE TI Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID YARKOVSKY AB This paper describes the interim results of a study sponsored by the Keck Institute for Space Studies to investigate the feasibility of identifying, robotically capturing, and returning an entire Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) to the vicinity of the Earth by the middle of the next decade. The feasibility hinges on finding an overlap between the smallest NEAs that can be reasonably discovered and characterized and the largest NEAs that can be captured and transported in a reasonable flight time. This overlap appears to be centered on NEAs with a nominal diameter of roughly 7 m corresponding to masses in the range of 250,000 kg to 1,000,000 kg. Trajectory analysis based on asteroid 2008HU4 suggests that such an asteroid could be returned to a high-Earth orbit using a single Atlas V-class launch vehicle and a 40-kW solar electric propulsion system by 2026. The return of such an object could serve as a testbed for human operations in the vicinity of an asteroid. It would provide a wealth of scientific and engineering information and would enable detailed evaluation of its resource potential, determination of its internal structure and other aspects important for planetary defense activities. C1 [Brophy, John R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Brophy, JR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.R.Brophy@jpl.nasa.gov; tps.lf@planetary.org; fecfly@caltech.edu NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300038 ER PT S AU Burt, J Smith, B AF Burt, Joe Smith, Bob GP IEEE TI Deep Space Climate Observatory: The DSCOVR Mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB In 1998, then-Vice President Al Gore proposed a mission to the Earth-Sun first Lagrange point (L1) to observe the Earth as a planet. This mission was named Triana, after the lookout on Christopher Columbus's fleet who is reputedly the first of the European explorers to see the new world. Triana mission development proceeded for 21 months and cost an estimated $249M (in FY07$) before it was de-manifested from the Space Shuttle. The spacecraft has been in a state of. Stable Suspension. since November 2001. After the mission was placed into suspension, it was renamed the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR). This paper will cover an overview of the original mission and highlights of refurbishing this mission to launch 16 years after it started, plus an update on its currently planned mission architecture. C1 [Burt, Joe; Smith, Bob] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burt, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Joe.Burt@nasa.gov; robert.c.smith@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 9 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300032 ER PT S AU Bussey, G Horne, WD AF Bussey, George Horne, William D. GP IEEE TI A Multiple Asset Scheduler for Satellite Data Throughput and Variable Rate Analysis SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has developed a tool for generating representative schedules of satellite communication sessions to aid in architecture assessments and data throughput analyses. Essentially, the tool provides an efficient method to address the Multi-Satellite Scheduling Problem (MSSP), an example competitive resource allocation problem. The tool interacts with a commercially available simulation environment, Satellite Tool Kit (STK), using a custom developed MATLAB interface. This paper details the reasoning behind the development of the tool, provides a description of the genetic algorithms used in the tool, and discusses example applications of the tool in supporting the future development of space missions and NASA's space communications infrastructure. C1 [Bussey, George; Horne, William D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bussey, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM george.d.bussey@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301049 ER PT S AU Carvalho, RE Bell, DG Tollinger, I Berrios, DC AF Carvalho, Robert E. Bell, David G. Tollinger, Irene Berrios, Daniel C. GP IEEE TI Integrating Engineering Data Systems for NASA Spaceflight Projects SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA has a large range of custom-built and commercial data systems to support spaceflight programs. Some of the systems are re-used by many programs and projects over time. Management and systems engineering processes require integration of data across many of these systems, a difficult problem given the widely diverse nature of system interfaces and data models. This paper describes an ongoing project to use a central data model with a web services architecture to support the integration and access of linked data across engineering functions for multiple NASA programs. The work involves the implementation of a web service-based middleware system called Data Aggregator to bring together data from a variety of systems to support space exploration. Data Aggregator includes a central data model registry for storing and managing links between the data in disparate systems. Initially developed for NASA's Constellation Program needs, Data Aggregator is currently being repurposed to support the International Space Station Program and new NASA projects with processes that involve significant aggregating and linking of data. This change in user needs led to development of a more streamlined data model registry for Data Aggregator in order to simplify adding new project application data as well as standardization of the Data Aggregator query syntax to facilitate cross-application querying by client applications. This paper documents the approach from a set of stand-alone engineering systems from which data are manually retrieved and integrated, to a web of engineering data systems from which the latest data are automatically retrieved and more quickly and accurately integrated. This paper includes the lessons learned through these efforts, including the design and development of a service-oriented architecture and the evolution of the data model registry approaches as the effort continues to evolve and adapt to support multiple NASA programs and priorities. C1 [Carvalho, Robert E.; Tollinger, Irene] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Bell, David G.] USRA RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Berrios, Daniel C.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Carvalho, RE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Robert.E.Carvalho@nasa.gov; David.G.Bell@nasa.gov; Irene.Tollinger@nasa.gov; Daniel.C.Berrios@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303064 ER PT S AU Castillo-Rogez, JC Pavone, M Nesnas, IAD Hoffman, JA AF Castillo-Rogez, Julie C. Pavone, Marco Nesnas, Issa A. D. Hoffman, Jeffrey A. GP IEEE TI Expected Science Return of Spatially-Extended In-Situ Exploration at Small Solar System Bodies SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID KUIPER-BELT OBJECTS; WATER-ICE; ORIGIN; ORGANICS; SURFACE; SATURNS; CRYOVOLCANISM; PLANETS; TITAN AB The recent decadal survey report for planetary science (compiled by the National Research Council) has prioritized three main areas for planetary exploration: (1) the characterization of the early Solar system history, (2) the search for planetary habitats, and (3) an improved understanding about the nature of planetary processes. A growing number of ground and space observations suggest that small bodies are ideally suited for addressing all these three priorities. In parallel, several technological advances have been recently made for microgravity rovers, penetrators, and MEMS-based instruments. Motivated by these findings and new technologies, the objective of this paper is to study the expected science return of spatially-extended in-situ exploration at small bodies, as a function of surface covered and in the context of the key science priorities identified by the decadal survey report. Specifically, targets within the scope of our analysis belong to three main classes: main belt asteroids and irregular satellites, Near Earth Objects, and comets. For each class of targets, we identify the corresponding science objectives for potential future exploration, we discuss the types of measurements and instruments that would be required, and we discuss mission architectures (with an emphasis on spatially-extended in-situ exploration) to achieve such objectives. Then, we characterize (notionally) how the science return for two reference targets would scale with the amount (and type) of surface that is expected to be covered by a robotic mobile platform. The conclusion is that spatially-extended insitu information about the chemical and physical heterogeneity of small bodies has the potential to lead to a much improved understanding about their origin, evolution, and astrobiological relevance. C1 [Castillo-Rogez, Julie C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Ices Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Castillo-Rogez, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Ices Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jccastil@jpl.nasa.gov; marco.pavone@jpl.nasa.gov; nesnas@jpl.nasa.gov; jhoffma1@mit.edu NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300041 ER PT S AU Cates, G Gelito, J Stromgren, C Cirillo, W Goodliff, K AF Cates, Grant Gelito, Justin Stromgren, Chel Cirillo, William Goodliff, Kandyce GP IEEE TI Launch and Assembly Reliability Analysis for Human Space Exploration Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA's future human space exploration strategy includes single and multi-launch missions to various destinations including cis-lunar space, near Earth objects such as asteroids, and ultimately Mars. Each campaign is being defined by Design Reference Missions (DRMs). Many of these missions are complex, requiring multiple launches and assembly of vehicles in orbit. Certain missions also have constrained departure windows to the destination. These factors raise concerns regarding the reliability of launching and assembling all required elements in time to support planned departure. This paper describes an integrated methodology for analyzing launch and assembly reliability in any single DRM or set of DRMs starting with flight hardware manufacturing and ending with final departure to the destination. A discrete event simulation is built for each DRM that includes the pertinent risk factors including, but not limited to: manufacturing completion; ground transportation; ground processing; launch countdown; ascent; rendezvous and docking, assembly, and orbital operations leading up to transdestination-injection. Each reliability factor can be selectively activated or deactivated so that the most critical risk factors can be identified. This enables NASA to prioritize mitigation actions so as to improve mission success. C1 [Cates, Grant; Gelito, Justin] Sci Applicat Int Corp, 1710 SAIC Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. [Stromgren, Chel] Binera Inc, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Cirillo, William; Goodliff, Kandyce] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cates, G (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, 1710 SAIC Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. EM grant.r.cates@saic.com; justin.p.gelito@saic.com; c.stromgren@binera.com; william.m.cirillo@nasa.gov; kandyce.e.goodliff@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302090 ER PT S AU Chamberlain, N Gladden, R Bruvold, K AF Chamberlain, Neil Gladden, Roy Bruvold, Kris GP IEEE TI MAVEN Relay Operations Concept SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission will launch in late 2013 and, following a 10 month cruise to Mars, will study the upper atmosphere of the planet. In addition to the science instruments, the MAVEN spacecraft is equipped with an Electra UHF transceiver to support relay communication with landed assets. This paper describes how UHF relay service is provisioned by MAVEN. The discussion includes a description of the Electra payload, the process by which relay activities are coordinated and accounted for, the process of a typical relay session, including uplink and downlink, as well as special commands to calibrate and verify relay performance. The operational processes for providing these services are inherited largely from prior Mars missions and take advantage of existing infrastructure and lessons learned from those missions. Preliminary data volume return capabilities using adaptive data rates and low-density parity check channel coding are presented. C1 [Chamberlain, Neil; Gladden, Roy; Bruvold, Kris] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91505 USA. RP Chamberlain, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91505 USA. EM Neil.F.Chamberlain@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301040 ER PT S AU Chang, G Shams, K Callas, J Kern, A AF Chang, George Shams, Khawaja Callas, John Kern, Alex GP IEEE TI A Novel Approach to Automated, Secure, Reliable, & Distributed Backup of MER Tactical Data on Clouds SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB In 2010, Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Project became the first NASA mission to incorporate a public cloud into its daily mission-critical operations. Since then, the operators and scientists have experienced 100% availability on tactical plan saves, searches, and retrieval. MER has also pushed tactical data onto lower cost storage systems in the cloud environments, which continue to deliver cost savings, durability, and reliability. Our architecture, designed for high availability and graceful degradation, has raised the confidence in cloud computing. The next step in MER's journey to realize benefits from cloud computing is to incorporate next generation storage solutions into data backup and retention strategy. The Operations Storage System (OSS) on MER currently contains 21 TB of data, which includes both uplink and downlink data. The data is currently backed up on secondary and tertiary devices internally, with some geographical redundancy by keeping snapshots in Simi Valley, less than a hundred miles away from JPL. Storage solutions offered as cloud services include high availability, geographical redundancy, extensive durability, as well as fine grained access control mechanisms. Through novel encryption techniques, data are uploaded without ever introducing the key into the cloud environment. We discuss our approach to optimize the various parameters, minimum requirements, and the challenges we faced during implementation and deployment. Our current design backs up data on S3 (Simple Storage Service). We evaluate the implications of our design, development costs, and the realized savings for the mission. We share performance and data retention benchmarks, and we conclude with an outlook on applicability of our process and application on other missions. C1 [Chang, George; Shams, Khawaja; Callas, John; Kern, Alex] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chang, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM cloud@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303075 ER PT S AU Cole, B Chung, SH AF Cole, Bjorn Chung, Seung H. GP IEEE TI Getting a Cohesive Answer from a Common Start: Scalable Multidisciplinary Analysis through Transformation of a Systems Model SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB One of the challenges of systems engineering is in working multidisciplinary problems in a cohesive manner. When planning analysis of these problems, system engineers must trade between time and cost for analysis quality and quantity. The quality often correlates with greater run time in multidisciplinary models and the quantity is associated with the number of alternatives that can be analyzed. The trade-off is due to the resource intensive process of creating a cohesive multidisciplinary systems model and analysis. Furthermore, reuse or extension of the models used in one stage of a product life cycle for another is a major challenge. Recent developments have enabled a much less resource-intensive and more rigorous approach than hand-written translation scripts between multidisciplinary models and their analyses. The key is to work from a core systems model defined in a MOF-based language such as SysML and in leveraging the emerging tool ecosystem, such as Query/View/Transformation (QVT), from the OMG community. SysML was designed to model multidisciplinary systems. The QVT standard was designed to transform SysML models into other models, including those leveraged by engineering analyses. The Europa Hability Mission (EHM) team has begun to exploit these capabilities. In one case, a Matlab/Simulink model is generated on the fly from a system description for power analysis written in SysML. In a more general case, symbolic analysis (supported by Wolfram Mathematica) is coordinated by data objects transformed from the systems model, enabling extremely flexible and powerful design exploration and analytical investigations of expected system performance. C1 [Cole, Bjorn; Chung, Seung H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cole, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Bjorn.Cole@jpl.nasa.gov; Seung.H.Chung@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303056 ER PT S AU Coleman, M Hecht, M Hurowitz, J Neidholdt, E Polk, J Sinha, MP Sturhahn, W Zimmerman, W AF Coleman, Max Hecht, Michael Hurowitz, Joel Neidholdt, Evan Polk, James Sinha, Mahadeva P. Sturhahn, Wolfgang Zimmerman, Wayne GP IEEE TI In Situ Geochronology as a Mission-Enabling Technology SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID LASER-ABLATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MARTIAN METEORITE; MARS; CHRONOLOGY AB Although there are excellent estimates of ages of terrains on Mars from crater counting, even a few absolute ages would serve to validate the calibration. Results with uncertainties, although much larger than those that could be achieved in labs on Earth, would be extremely valuable. While there are other possibilities for in situ geochronology instruments, we describe here two alternative technologies, being developed in JPL. There are two common features of both. The first is analysis by means of miniature mass spectrometer. The second is use of laser sampling to reduce or avoid sample handling, preparation and pre-treatment and equally importantly, to allow analysis of individual, texturally resolved minerals in coarse-grained rocks. This textural resolution will aid in selection of grains more or less enriched in the relevant elements and allow construction of isochrons for more precise dating. Either of these instruments could enable missions to Mars and other planetary bodies. C1 [Coleman, Max; Hecht, Michael; Hurowitz, Joel; Neidholdt, Evan; Polk, James; Sinha, Mahadeva P.; Sturhahn, Wolfgang; Zimmerman, Wayne] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Coleman, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM max.coleman@jpl.nasa.gov; michael.h.hecht@jpl.nasa.gov; Joel.A.Hurowitz@jpl.nasa.gov; Evan.L.Neidholdt@jpl.nasa.gov; mahadeva.p.sinha@jpl.nasa.gov; wolfgang@nrixs.net; wayne.f.zimmerman@jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300060 ER PT S AU Cooke, B Thompson, R Standley, S AF Cooke, Brian Thompson, Richard Standley, Shaun GP IEEE TI The Kepler End-to-End Data Pipeline: From Photons to Far Away Worlds SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Launched by NASA on 6 March 2009, the Kepler Mission has been observing more than 100,000 targets in a single patch of sky between the constellations Cygnus and Lyra almost continuously for the last two years looking for planetary systems using the transit method. As of October 2011, the Kepler spacecraft has collected and returned to Earth just over 290 GB of data, identifying 1235 planet candidates with 25 of these candidates confirmed as planets via ground observation. Extracting the telltale signature of a planetary system from stellar photometry where valid signal transients can be as small as a 40 ppm is a difficult and exacting task. The end-to-end process of determining planetary candidates from noisy, raw photometric measurements is discussed. The Kepler mission is described in overview and the Kepler technique for discovering exoplanets is discussed. The design and implementation of the Kepler spacecraft, tracing the data path from photons entering the telescope aperture through raw observation data transmitted to the ground operations team is described. The technical challenges of operating a large aperture photometer with an unprecedented 95 million pixel detector are addressed as well as the onboard technique for processing and reducing the large volume of data produced by the Kepler photometer. The technique and challenge of day-to-day mission operations that result in a very high percentage of time on target is discussed. This includes the day to day process for monitoring and managing the health of the spacecraft, the annual process for maintaining sun on the solar arrays while still keeping the telescope pointed at the fixed science target, the process for safely but rapidly returning to science operations after a spacecraft initiated safing event and the long term anomaly resolution process. The ground data processing pipeline, from the point that science data is received on the ground to the presentation of preliminary planetary candidates and supporting data to the science team for further evaluation is discussed. Ground management, control, exchange and storage of Kepler's large and growing data set is discussed as well as the process and techniques for removing noise sources and applying calibrations to intermediate data products. C1 [Cooke, Brian; Standley, Shaun] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Thompson, Richard] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cooke, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Brian.C.Cooke@jpl.nasa.gov; Richard.S.Thompson@nasa.gov; Shaun.Standley@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301096 ER PT S AU Cornelius, D Sasamoto, W Daugherty, K Deacon, S AF Cornelius, David Sasamoto, Washito Daugherty, Kevin Deacon, Shaun GP IEEE TI Integrated Campaign Probabilistic Cost, Schedule, Performance, and Value for Program Office Support SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes an integrated assessment tool developed at NASA Langley Research Center that incorporates probabilistic analysis of life cycle cost, schedule, launch performance, on-orbit performance, and value across a "campaign", defined to be a series of planned space-based missions. Originally designed as an aid in planning the execution of missions to accomplish the goals of the National Research Council 2007 Earth Science Decadal Survey, the tool utilizes Monte Carlo simulation of campaigns for assessment of resource requirements and expected return on investment. Interactions between simulated missions, such as competition for launch site manifest, are incorporated to capture unexpected and non-linear system behaviors. A novel value model is utilized to provide an assessment of the probabilistic return on investment. A demonstration case is discussed to illustrate the tool utility. C1 [Cornelius, David; Deacon, Shaun] Analyt Mech Associates Inc, 303 Butler Farm Rd,Suite 104A, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Sasamoto, Washito] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 380, Sci Off Mission Assessment, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Daugherty, Kevin] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 462, Space Mission Anal Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cornelius, D (reprint author), Analyt Mech Associates Inc, 303 Butler Farm Rd,Suite 104A, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM Cornelius@ama-inc.com; Washito.A.Sasamoto@nasa.gov; Kevin.J.Daugherty@nasa.gov; S.Deacon@ama-inc.com FU Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters FX The authors would like to thank Dr. Michael Freilich, Director of Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters, for funding the Campaign Analysis Framework effort and providing oversight and feedback for its design. They would also like to extend their thanks to the rest of the development team for their contributions, creativity, and professionalism in developing this capability. Members include NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304063 ER PT S AU Cornford, S Shishko, R Wall, S Cole, B Jenkins, S Rouquette, N Dubos, G Ryan, T Zarifian, P Durham, B AF Cornford, Steven Shishko, Robert Wall, Stephen Cole, Bjorn Jenkins, Steven Rouquette, Nic Dubos, Greg Ryan, Tyler Zarifian, Pezhman Durham, Bryce GP IEEE TI Evaluating a Fractionated Spacecraft System: A Business Case Tool for DARPA's F6 Program SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has recently begun an effort to further refine its Fractionated Spacecraft vision. This vision (called the. "F6" program) seeks to explore distributed spacecraft architectures capable of performing complex functions similar to current monolithic spacecrafts. However, the ability of fractionated systems to work separately would provide significant benefits not achievable by monolithic systems. The question of interest to this study was "Can these benefits be quantified and evaluated in a meaningful fashion in order to compare them to monolithic architectures?" Rather than narrowing the approach to one or two concepts, the strategy was to expand the decision space in order to generate and evaluate a variety of alternatives under different scenarios and design choices. The stimuli were specifically selected to capture many issues not included in such studies such as technology obsolescence, funding profile changes, equipment failure scenarios, and even changes to mission objectives during the mission. Each stimulus has a variety of decision options or responses which a manager can exercise including delay, cancellation, acceleration of a development, or even new developments. It is argued that the very nature of fractionation will result in systems far more agile to external (and internal) stimuli, but this has never been shown explicitly. This study explores the use of Real Options in conjunction with traditional Net Present Value techniques to quantify the desirability of alternative candidate designs in terms of their adaptability and survivability. Our approach to evaluating the business case for each use case was to explicitly model both the implementation and operation phases for the life cycle of a fractionated cluster. The models were integrated into Phoenix Integration's ModelCenter (R) framework and used to generate Implementation Value Metrics (IVMs) and Operational Value Metrics (OVMs) associated with the use cases under evaluation. A number of models were developed to support these evaluations using Excel, Matlab, and Arena (R) (a commercial discrete-event simulation software product). The Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach used in this study yielded transformations between high-level frameworks (OWL and SysML) and the models used to generate the data we needed for the evaluation. This rule-based transformation process will be critical for exploring the large decision trade spaces in a reasonable amount of time. This paper presents the results of the business case analyses; the underlying OVM's and IVM's, the approaches used to model the problem, explore the tradespace, refine the exploration, and generate results. We also discuss possible directions for future work. Specifically, it should be noted that while the approach described herein is being developed for, and funded by, DARPA, it has general applicability to a much wider variety of applications. C1 [Cornford, Steven; Shishko, Robert; Wall, Stephen; Cole, Bjorn; Jenkins, Steven; Rouquette, Nic; Dubos, Greg; Ryan, Tyler; Zarifian, Pezhman] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Durham, Bryce] Phoenix Integrat, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Cornford, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Steven.cornford@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.Shishko@jpl.nasa.gov; Stephen.D.Wall@jpl.nasa.gov; Bjorn.Cole@jpl.nasa.gov; J.S.Jenkins@jpl.nasa.gov; Nicolas.F.Rouquette@jpl.nasa.gov; Gregory.F.Dubos@jpl.nasa.gov; Tyler.Ryan@jpl.nasa.gov; Pezhman.Zarifian@jpl.nasa.gov; bdurham@phoenix-int.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304064 ER PT S AU Daigle, M Saha, B Goebel, K AF Daigle, Matthew Saha, Bhaskar Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI A Comparison of Filter-based Approaches for Model-based Prognostics SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID TRACKING AB Model-based prognostics approaches use domain knowledge about a system and its failure modes through the use of physics-based models. Model-based prognosis is generally divided into two sequential problems: a joint state-parameter estimation problem, in which, using the model, the health of a system or component is determined based on the observations; and a prediction problem, in which, using the model, the state-parameter distribution is simulated forward in time to compute end of life and remaining useful life. The first problem is typically solved through the use of a state observer, or filter. The choice of filter depends on the assumptions that may be made about the system, and on the desired algorithm performance. In this paper, we review three separate filters for the solution to the first problem: the Daum filter, an exact nonlinear filter; the unscented Kalman filter, which approximates nonlinearities through the use of a deterministic sampling method known as the unscented transform; and the particle filter, which approximates the state distribution using a finite set of discrete, weighted samples, called particles. Using a centrifugal pump as a case study, we conduct a number of simulation-based experiments investigating the performance of the different algorithms as applied to prognostics. C1 [Daigle, Matthew; Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Saha, Bhaskar; Goebel, Kai] Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Daigle, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM matthew.j.daigle@nasa.gov; bhaskar.saha@parc.com; kai.goebel@nasa.gov FU NASA System-wide Safety and Assurance Technologies (SSAT) project FX The funding for this work was provided by the NASA System-wide Safety and Assurance Technologies (SSAT) project. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303083 ER PT S AU Dankanich, JW Klein, E AF Dankanich, John W. Klein, Eric GP IEEE TI Mars Ascent Vehicle Development Status SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Mars robotic sample return mission has been a potential flagship mission for NASA's science mission directorate for decades. The Mars Exploration Program and the planetary science decadal survey have highlighted both the science value of the Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission, but also the need for risk reduction through technology development. One of the critical elements of the MSR mission is the Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), which must launch the sample cache from the surface of Mars and place it into low Mars orbit. The MAV has significant challenges to overcome due to tight constraints on the MAV's mass and volume, as well as environmental challenges associated with long duration storage on the Martian surface and during Entry Descent and Landing (EDL). In the fall of 2010, NASA selected three industrial partners for study phase contracts to develop MAV system concepts, identify technology needs, and recommend technology developments plans for follow-on work. In addition to the contractor recommendations, JPL's Team-X was used for a comparative assessment of the three vehicle concepts to understand relative strengths, weaknesses, and sensitivity to system growth. The GRC COMPASS team independently evaluated MAV system solutions using liquid bipropellant, solid rocket motors, and an advanced monopropellant option. The results of the study phase contracts and comparative assessment is provided herein. C1 [Dankanich, John W.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,M-S 77-4, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Klein, Eric] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dankanich, JW (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,M-S 77-4, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM John.Dankanich@nasa.gov; Eric.Klein@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303016 ER PT S AU Davis, FA Marquart, JK Menke, G AF Davis, Faith A. Marquart, Jane K. Menke, Greg GP IEEE TI Benefits of Delay Tolerant Networking for Earth Science Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB To date there has been much discussion about the value of Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) for space missions. Claims of various benefits, based on paper analysis, are good; however a benefits statement with empirical evidence to support is even better. This paper presents potential and actual advantages of using DTN for Earth science missions based on results from multiple demonstrations, conducted by the Communications, Standards, and Technology Laboratory (CSTL) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Demonstrations included two flight demonstrations using the Earth Observing Mission 1 (EO-1) and the Near Earth Network (NEN), a ground based demonstration over satellite links to the Internet Router in Space (IRIS) payload on Intelsat-14, and others using the NASA Tracking Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). Real and potential findings include increased flexibility and efficiency in science campaigns, reduced latency in a collaborative science scenario, and improved scientist-instrument communication and control. C1 [Davis, Faith A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave & Commun Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Davis, FA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave & Commun Syst Branch, Code 567-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM faith.a.davis@nasa.gov; jane.k.marquart@nasa.gov; Gregory.d.menke@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301031 ER PT S AU Day, J Murray, A Meakin, P AF Day, John Murray, Alex Meakin, Peter GP IEEE TI Toward a Model-Based Approach to Flight System Fault Protection SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Fault Protection (FP) is a distinct and separate systems engineering sub-discipline that is concerned with the off-nominal behavior of a system. Flight system fault protection is an important part of the overall flight system systems engineering effort, with its own products and processes. As with other aspects of systems engineering, the FP domain is highly amenable to expression and management in models. However, while there are standards and guidelines for performing FP-related analyses, there are not standards or guidelines for formally relating the FP analyses to each other or to the system hardware and software design. As a result, the material generated for these analyses are effectively creating separate models that are only loosely-related to the system being designed. Development of approaches that enable modeling of FP concerns in the same model as the system hardware and software design enables establishment of formal relationships that has great potential for improving the efficiency, correctness, and verification of the implementation of flight system FP. This paper begins with an overview of the FP domain, and then continues with a presentation of a SysML/UML model of the FP domain and the particular analyses that it contains, by way of showing a potential model-based approach to flight system fault protection, and an exposition of the use of the FP models in FSW engineering. The analyses are small examples, inspired by current real-project examples of FP analyses. C1 [Day, John; Murray, Alex; Meakin, Peter] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Day, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.Day@jpl.nasa.gov; Alex.Murray@jpl.nasa.gov; Peter.Meakin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304072 ER PT S AU Deems, E Swan, C Weiss, B AF Deems, Elizabeth Swan, Chris Weiss, Barry GP IEEE TI End-to-End Data Flow on the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite mission will provide measurements of the soil moisture and freeze/thaw state over the Earth's land surface, significantly enhancing knowledge of the Earth's water, energy, and carbon cycles. Collecting, transmitting, processing, and archiving the complete set of science and engineering data will be a major challenge. SMAP will fly a radiometer and a synthetic aperture radar, collecting data over the land and ocean, based on science requirements. The Command and Data Handling subsystem will then select and packetize data for downlink on multiple transmission links. The data will generate nearly 250 GBytes of distributable data products on a daily basis, most of which need to be generated and made available to scientists within 24 hours of acquisition. SMAP instrument hardware, ground software, and mission planning will incorporate design and operational mechanisms to reduce data loss from sources such as radio frequency interference. C1 [Deems, Elizabeth; Swan, Chris; Weiss, Barry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Deems, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Elizabeth.C.Deems@jpl.nasa.gov; Christopher.A.Swan@jpl.nasa.gov; Barry.H.Weiss@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301101 ER PT S AU Diftler, MA Ahlstrom, TD Ambrose, RO Radford, NA Joyce, CA De La Pena, N Parsons, AH Noblitt, AL AF Diftler, M. A. Ahlstrom, T. D. Ambrose, R. O. Radford, N. A. Joyce, C. A. De La Pena, N. Parsons, A. H. Noblitt, A. L. GP IEEE TI Robonaut 2-Initial Activities On-Board the ISS SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Robonaut 2, or R2, arrived on the International Space Station in February 2011 and is currently undergoing testing in preparation for it to become, initially, an Intra-Vehicular Activity (IVA) tool and then evolve into a system that can perform Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVA). After the completion of a series of system level checks to ensure that the robot traveled well on-board the Space Shuttle Atlantis, ground control personnel will remotely control the robot to perform free space tasks that will help characterize the differences between earth and zero-g control. For approximately one year, the fixed base R2 will perform a variety of experiments using a reconfigurable task board that was launched with the robot. While working side-by-side with human astronauts, Robonaut 2 will actuate switches, use standard tools, and manipulate Space Station interfaces, soft goods and cables. The results of these experiments will demonstrate the wide range of tasks a dexterous humanoid can perform in space and they will help refine the methodologies used to control dexterous robots both in space and here on Earth. After the trial period that will evaluate R2 while on a fixed stanchion in the US Laboratory module, NASA plans to launch climbing legs that when attached to the current on-orbit R2 upper body will give the robot the ability to traverse through the Space Station and start assisting crew with general IVA maintenance activities. Multiple control modes will be evaluated in this extra-ordinary ISS test environment to prepare the robot for use during EVAs. Ground Controllers will remotely supervise the robot as it executes semi-autonomous scripts for climbing through the Space Station and interacting with IVA interfaces. IVA crew will locally supervise the robot using the same scripts and also teleoperate the robot to simulate scenarios with the robot working alone or as an assistant during space walks. C1 [Diftler, M. A.; Ahlstrom, T. D.; Ambrose, R. O.; Radford, N. A.] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Joyce, C. A.; De La Pena, N.; Parsons, A. H.] Oceaneering Space Syst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Noblitt, A. L.] Wyle Integrated Sci & Engineering Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Diftler, MA (reprint author), NASA Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM myron.a.diftler@nasa.gov; charles.a.joyce@nasa.gov; alan.l.noblitt@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302091 ER PT S AU Donnellan, A Parker, J Granat, R De Jong, E Suzuki, S Pierce, M Fox, G Rundle, J McLeod, D Al-Ghanmi, R Ludwig, LG AF Donnellan, Andrea Parker, Jay Granat, Robert De Jong, Eric Suzuki, Shigeru Pierce, Marlon Fox, Geoffrey Rundle, John McLeod, Dennis Al-Ghanmi, Rami Ludwig, Lisa Grant GP IEEE TI QuakeSim: Integrated Modeling and Analysis of Geologic and Remotely Sensed Data SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID DEFORMATION; INSAR; GPS AB The QuakeSim Project improves understanding of earthquake processes by integrating model applications and various heterogeneous data sources within a web services environment. The project focuses on the earthquake cycle and related crustal deformation. Spaceborne GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture data provide information on near-term crustal deformation, while paleoseismic geologic data provide longer-term information on earthquake fault processes. These data sources are integrated into QuakeSim's QuakeTables database and are accessible by users or various model applications. An increasing amount of UAVSAR data is being added to the QuakeTables database through a map browsable interface. Model applications can retrieve data from QuakeTables or remotely served GPS velocity data services or users can manually input parameters into the models. Pattern analysis of GPS and seismicity data has proved useful for mid-term forecasting of earthquakes and for detecting subtle changes in crustal deformation. The GPS time series analysis has also proved useful for detecting changes in processing of the data. Development of the QuakeSim computational infrastructure has benefitted greatly from having the user in the development loop. Improved visualization tools enable more efficient data exploration and understanding. Tools must provide flexibility to science users for exploring data in new ways, but also must facilitate standard, intuitive, and routine uses for end users such as emergency responders.(1) C1 [Donnellan, Andrea; Parker, Jay; Granat, Robert; De Jong, Eric; Suzuki, Shigeru] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Pierce, Marlon; Fox, Geoffrey] Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. [Rundle, John] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [McLeod, Dennis; Al-Ghanmi, Rami] Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Ludwig, Lisa Grant] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Donnellan, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Andrea.Donnellan@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA's Advanced Information Technologies Program. FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, Indiana University,University of Southern California, and University of Californias Davis and Irvine campuses under contract with NASA.The work was sponsored by NASAs Advanced Information Technologies Program. We thank UNAVCO, SOPAC, ASF, and University of Nevada, Reno for ongoing collaborations. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302042 ER PT S AU Drake, BG AF Drake, Bret G. GP IEEE TI Strategic Considerations of Human Exploration of Near-Earth Asteroids SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The current United States Space Policy [1] as articulated by the White House and later confirmed by the Congress [2] affirms that "[t]he extension of the human presence from low-Earth orbit to other regions of space beyond low-Earth orbit will enable missions to the surface of the Moon and missions to deep space destinations such as near-Earth asteroids and Mars." Human exploration of the Moon and Mars has been the focus of numerous exhaustive studies and planning, but missions to Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) has, by comparison, garnered relatively little attention in terms of mission and systems planning. This paper examines the strategic implications of human exploration of NEAs and how they can fit into the overall exploration strategy. This paper specifically addresses how accessible currently known NEAs are in terms of mission duration, technologies required, and overall architecture construct. Example mission architectures utilizing different propulsion technologies such as chemical, nuclear thermal, and solar electric propulsion were formulated to determine resulting figures of merit including number of NEAs accessible, time of flight, mission mass, number of departure windows, and length of the launch windows. These data, in conjunction with what we currently know about these potential exploration targets (or need to know in the future), provide key insights necessary for future mission and strategic planning. The analysis suggests that a human mission to a NEA is more representative of a human mission to Mars, and thus would more suitably serve as a final demonstration test of the Mars systems rather than the first human mission beyond low-Earth orbit.(1,2) C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Spaceflight Architecture Team, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Drake, BG (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Spaceflight Architecture Team, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302088 ER PT S AU Drouin, BJ Cooper, K Dengler, R Chavez, M Chun, W Crawford, T AF Drouin, Brian J. Cooper, Ken Dengler, Robert Chavez, Marcoanto Chun, William Crawford, Tim GP IEEE TI Submillimeter Wave Spectrometry for In-Situ Planetary Science SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS DE THz spectroscopy; Heterodyne Spectrometry; In Situ Gas Sensing AB Absorption and emission of gases in the submillimeter wavelengths is currently exploited for laboratory spectroscopy as well as remote astronomy and limb sounding. We are developing a field-ready submillimeter spectrometer that will enable in-situ sensing with a goal for characterization of biogenic gases and life tracers. Progress toward a field-ready instrument includes: the development of a brass board THz transceiver module; the development of the brass board RF/IF subsystem; an embedded computer and runtime software. Science experiments, including the study of laboratory simulations of Titan, will be performed while the final field instrument components are developed. C1 [Drouin, Brian J.; Cooper, Ken; Dengler, Robert; Chavez, Marcoanto; Chun, William; Crawford, Tim] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Drouin, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM brian.j.drouin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300074 ER PT S AU Edwards, CD Arnold, BW Bell, DJ Bruvold, KN Gladden, RE Ilott, PA Lee, CH AF Edwards, Charles D., Jr. Arnold, Bradford W. Bell, David J. Bruvold, Kristoffer N. Gladden, Roy E. Ilott, Peter A. Lee, Charles H. GP IEEE TI Relay Support for the Mars Science Laboratory and the Coming Decade of Mars Relay Network Evolution SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB In the past decade, an evolving network of Mars relay orbiters has provided telecommunication relay services to the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, and to the Mars Phoenix Lander, enabling high-bandwidth, energy-efficient data transfer and greatly increasing the volume of science data that can be returned from the Martian surface, compared to conventional direct-to-Earth links. The current relay network, consisting of NASA's Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and augmented by ESA's Mars Express Orbiter, stands ready to support the Mars Science Laboratory, scheduled to arrive at Mars on Aug 6, 2012, with new capabilities enabled by the Electra and Electra-Lite transceivers carried by MRO and MSL, respectively. The MAVEN orbiter, planned for launch in 2013, and the ExoMars/Trace Gas Orbiter, planned for launch in 2016, will replenish the on-orbit relay network as the current orbiter approach their end of life. Currently planned support scenarios for this future relay network include an ESA EDL Demonstrator Module deployed by the 2016 ExoMars/TGO orbiter, and the 2018 NASA/ESA Joint Rover, representing the first step in a multimission Mars Sample Return campaign. C1 [Edwards, Charles D., Jr.; Arnold, Bradford W.; Bell, David J.; Bruvold, Kristoffer N.; Gladden, Roy E.; Ilott, Peter A.; Lee, Charles H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Edwards, CD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM chad.edwards@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301039 ER PT S AU Eisen, HJ Jai, B Rosen, PA Veilleux, L Xaypraseuth, P AF Eisen, Howard J. Jai, Ben Rosen, Paul A. Veilleux, Louise Xaypraseuth, Peter GP IEEE TI Conceptual Development of the DESDynI Mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The high value of Radar and Lidar data for understanding climate change and earth dynamics led to the prioritization of the Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI) mission as Tier One in the last National Academy of Sciences' Earth Science Decadal Survey. A mission concept that matched those desired objectives underwent pre-Project development and passed several layers of review in late 2010 and early 2011 with the target of a 2017 launch. However, cuts in the proposed FY2012 budget forced a reset of the Radar mission and eliminated the Lidar sciencecraft. The proposed DESDynI-Radar mission may now fulfill a more limited set of objectives with a more modest budget on a longer development timescale. A multitude of options have been studied with varying levels of cost, risk and science value. Flight and Ground system implementations have a direct bearing on many of these factors and will also be addressed. The methodology and status of evaluating these options will be discussed. A key distinguishing characteristic of the projected DESDynI-Radar measurement would be large scale coverage and frequent revisit at fine resolution. This would be enabled via a new Radar technique called SweepSAR. Efforts to develop and field test SweepSAR will also be discussed, as well as other technology developments underway that are associated with this mission. C1 [Eisen, Howard J.; Jai, Ben; Rosen, Paul A.; Veilleux, Louise; Xaypraseuth, Peter] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Eisen, HJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM howard.j.eisen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300031 ER PT S AU Eldering, A Solish, B Kahn, P Boland, S Crisp, D Gunson, M AF Eldering, Annmarie Solish, Benjamin Kahn, Peter Boland, Stacey Crisp, David Gunson, Michael GP IEEE TI High Precision Atmospheric CO2 Measurements from Space: The Design and Implementation of OCO-2 SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK AB The OCO-2 mission is designed to make high-precision, high-spatial resolution measurements of carbon dioxide, globally. OCO-2 will carry a single instrument that incorporates 3 high resolution grating spectrometers that will make co-boresighted measurements of reflected sunlight in near-infrared CO2 and molecular oxygen (O-2) absorption bands. These measurements will be used to retrieve spatially-resolved estimates of the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, X-CO2. The OCO-2 mission is a 'carbon copy' of the OCO mission that was constructed and launched in February 2009. Unfortunately, because of a failure of the launch vehicle, the OCO observatory never reached orbit. In March 2010, JPL was given direction to build a replacement for the OCO instrument mission, to be called OCO-2. In order to minimize risk, and reduce cost, the mission was directed to duplicate the design of the OCO observatory. In this paper, we discuss some of the unique features of the OCO design, as well as the challenges presented by trying to implement a design that is more than a decade old. C1 [Eldering, Annmarie; Solish, Benjamin; Kahn, Peter; Boland, Stacey; Crisp, David; Gunson, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Eldering, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Annmarie.Eldering@jpl.nasa.gov; Benjamin.S.Solish@jpl.nasa.gov; Peter.Khan@jpl.nasa.gov; Stacey.W.Boland@jpl.nasa.gov; David.Crisp@jpl.nasa.gov; Michael.Gunson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301102 ER PT S AU Farr, W AF Farr, William GP IEEE TI Technology Development for High Efficiency Optical Communications SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Deep space optical communications is a significantly more challenging operational domain than near Earth space optical communications, primarily due to effects resulting from the vastly increased range between transmitter and receiver. The NASA Game Changing Development Program Deep Space Optical Communications Project is developing four key technologies for the implementation of a high efficiency telecommunications system that will enable greater than 10X the data rate of a state-of-the-art deep space RF system (Ka-band) for similar transceiver mass and power burden on the spacecraft. These technologies are a low mass spacecraft disturbance isolation assembly, a flight qualified photon counting detector array, a high efficiency flight laser amplifier and a high efficiency photon counting detector array for the ground-based receiver. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. RP Farr, W (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. EM William.Farr@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302093 ER PT S AU Finch, PE Sullivan, DV Ivancic, WD AF Finch, Patrick E. Sullivan, Donald V. Ivancic, William D. GP IEEE TI An Evaluation of Protocol Enhancing Proxies and Modern File Transport Protocols for Geostationary Satellite Communication SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA is utilizing Global Hawk aircraft in high-altitude, long duration Earth science missions. Communications with the science payload is via Ku-Band satellites in geostationary orbits. All payload communications use standard Internet Protocols and routing, and much of the data to be transferred is comprised of very large files. The science community is interested in fully utilizing these communication links to retrieve data as quickly and reliably as possible. A test bed was developed at NASA Ames to evaluate modern transport protocols as well as Protocol Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) to determine what tools best fit the needs of the science community. This paper describes the test bed used, the protocols, the PEPs that were evaluated, the particular tests performed and the results and conclusions. C1 [Finch, Patrick E.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Corp Monterey Bay, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Finch, PE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Corp Monterey Bay, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM patrick.e.finch@nasa.gov; donald.v.sullivan@nasa.gov; william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301053 ER PT S AU Flaherty, SR Fern, L Turpin, T Scheff, S AF Flaherty, Susan R. Fern, Lisa Turpin, Terry Scheff, Scott GP IEEE TI Universal Ground Control Station (UGCS) Joystick Evaluation SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB A goal of commonality and interoperability across U. S. Army and Joint Service unmanned aerial systems (UASs) was outlined by the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The Universal Ground Control Station (UGCS) is a U. S. Army initiative to meet this requirement. With an objective to control heterogeneous assets with expanded payloads, both displacement and force sensing hand-controllers have been reviewed against a baseline joystick and an alternative mouse-like device. This study compared operator performance in three mission environments, exercising critical payload operations tasks. Six combat-experienced UAS operators and six general aviation fixed wing pilots were tested. Performance data, subjective workload ratings, and comments were collected. Analyses revealed only small performance differences between displacement and force sensing joysticks in the UAS operators. Pilots showed better performance in a route reconnaissance task utilizing the familiar mouse-like controller. Individual preference, familiarity, and comfort influenced subjective views. Recommendations include additional testing in representative length missions and designing for sustained comfort. C1 [Flaherty, Susan R.] USA, Aeroflightdynam Directorate AMRDEC, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Fern, Lisa] San Jose State Univ Fdn, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Turpin, Terry] Turpin Technol, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. [Scheff, Scott] HF Designworks Inc, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Flaherty, SR (reprint author), USA, Aeroflightdynam Directorate AMRDEC, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM susan.r.flaherty@us.army.mil; lisa.fern@us.army.mil; terry.turpin@us.army.mil; scottscheff@hfdesignworks.com NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303067 ER PT S AU Fong, T Provencher, C Micire, M Diftler, M Berka, R Bluethmann, B Mittman, D AF Fong, Terrence Provencher, Chris Micire, Mark Diftler, Myron Berka, Reginald Bluethmann, Bill Mittman, David GP IEEE TI The Human Exploration Telerobotics Project: Objectives, Approach, and Testing SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB In this paper, we present an overview of the NASA Human Exploration Telerobotics (HET) project. The purpose of HET is to demonstrate and assess how telerobotics can improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity of human exploration missions. To do this, we are developing and testing advanced robots remotely operated by ground controllers on Earth and by crew on the International Space Station. The outcome of these tests will provide insight into the requirements, benefits, limitations, costs and risks of integrating advanced telerobotics into future human missions. In addition, the engineering data acquired during these tests will inform the design of future telerobotic systems. C1 [Fong, Terrence; Provencher, Chris; Micire, Mark] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Fong, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM terry.fong@nasa.gov; myron.a.diftler@nasa.gov; david.s.mittman@jpl.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300050 ER PT S AU Gallon, J AF Gallon, John GP IEEE TI Verification and Validation Testing of the Bridle and Umbilical Device for Mars Science Laboratory SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Bridle Umbilical Device (BUD) subsystem is used during the Skycrane maneuver of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) during the final phases of the Entry Descent and Landing (EDL). During this phase the BUD subsystem will control the deployment of the MSL Rover from the Descent Stage. This paper covers the verification and validation testing of the subsystem. Testing included component through full system level testing. Testing ranged from simple bench top extraction tests to full system deploy drop test that included external disturbances such as the Rover mobility impulse. This paper will discuss the test that were performed, why they were performed and how these test results were used in the overall Verification and Validation of the MSL Skycrane phase. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gallon, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.C.Gallon@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303010 ER PT S AU Gaskin, JA Jerman, G Gregory, D Sampson, AR AF Gaskin, Jessica A. Jerman, Gregory Gregory, Don Sampson, Allen R. GP IEEE TI Miniature Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope for In-Situ Imaging & Chemical Analysis SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID INSULATING MATERIALS; FIELD-EMISSION; SURFACE; MARS; SEM AB NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is leading an effort to develop a Miniaturized Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope (MVP-SEM) for in-situ imaging and chemical analysis of uncoated samples. This instrument development will be geared towards operation on Mars and builds on a previous MSFC design of a mini-SEM for the moon (funded through the NASA Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program). Because Mars has a dramatically different environment than the moon, modifications to the MSFC lunar mini-SEM are necessary. Mainly, the higher atmospheric pressure calls for the use of an electron gun that can operate at High Vacuum, rather than Ultra-High Vacuum. The presence of a CO2-rich atmosphere also allows for the incorporation of a variable pressure system that enables the in-situ analysis of nonconductive geological specimens. Preliminary testing of Mars meteorites in a commercial Environmental SEM (TM) (FEI) confirms the usefulness of low-current/low-accelerating voltage imaging and highlights the advantages of using the Mars atmosphere for environmental imaging. The unique capabilities of the MVP-SEM make it an ideal tool for pursuing key scientific goals of NASA's Flagship Mission Max-C; to perform in-situ science and collect and cache samples in preparation for sample return from Mars. C1 [Gaskin, Jessica A.; Jerman, Gregory] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gaskin, JA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Jessica.Gaskin@nasa.gov; Gregory.a.jerman@nasa.gov; gregoryd@uah.edu; ars@advressys.com NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300071 ER PT S AU Ginart, AE Ali, IN Goldin, JW Kalgren, PW Roemer, MJ Balaban, E Celaya, JR AF Ginart, Antonio E. Ali, Irfan N. Goldin, Jonathan W. Kalgren, Patrick W. Roemer, Michael J. Balaban, Edward Celaya, Jose R. GP IEEE TI Sensing and Characterization of EMI During Intermittent Connector Anomalies SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper presents a new on-line methodology for detecting intermittent disconnection failures. The detection principle operates on the fundamental Lorentz Law that states that sudden changes in flux create a large voltage, resulting in an arc. This arc propagates as a traveling wave through the circuit until all the energy associated with it is dissipated. It is possible to detect that traveling wave as an indication of an intermittent disconnection failure. A test bench was implemented to test and validate the theory. Preliminary results presented in this paper show the feasibility of detecting disconnection failures and the possibility of locating the failing connector based on distance. C1 [Ginart, Antonio E.; Ali, Irfan N.; Goldin, Jonathan W.; Kalgren, Patrick W.; Roemer, Michael J.] Impact Technol, 200 Canal View Blvd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. [Balaban, Edward] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Celaya, Jose R.] SGt Inc, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Ginart, AE (reprint author), Impact Technol, 200 Canal View Blvd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM Antonio.Ginart@impact-tek.com; Edward.Balaban@nasa.gov; Jose.R.Celaya@nasa.gov FU NASA Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program FX This work was funded by a NASA Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program, with oversight and technical support provided by NASA Ames Research Center. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304016 ER PT S AU Glavin, DP Malespin, C ten Kate, IL Getty, SA Holmes, VE Mumm, E Franz, HB Noreiga, M Dobson, N Southard, AE Feng, SH Kotecki, CA Dworkin, JP Swindle, TD Bleacher, JE Rice, JW Mahaffy, PR AF Glavin, Daniel P. Malespin, Charles ten Kate, Inge L. Getty, Stephanie A. Holmes, Vincent E. Mumm, Erik Franz, Heather B. Noreiga, Marvin Dobson, Nick Southard, Adrian E. Feng, Steven H. Kotecki, Carl A. Dworkin, Jason P. Swindle, Timothy D. Bleacher, Jacob E. Rice, James W. Mahaffy, Paul R. GP IEEE TI Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith for Planetary Resource Exploration SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS DE Evolved gas analysis; Desert Research And Technology Studies (DRATS); Lunar volatiles; Mass spectrometry; Planetary science; Resource utilization; Vacuum pyrolysis; Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) ID MARS; INSTRUMENT; WATER; GAS; ATMOSPHERE; SCIENCE; VAPOR; MOON AB The extraction and identification of volatile resources that could be utilized by humans including water, oxygen, noble gases, and hydrocarbons on the Moon, Mars, and small planetary bodies will be critical for future long-term human exploration of these objects. Vacuum pyrolysis at elevated temperatures has been shown to be an efficient way to release volatiles trapped inside solid samples. In order to maximize the extraction of volatiles, including oxygen and noble gases from the breakdown of minerals, a pyrolysis temperature of 1400 degrees C or higher is required, which greatly exceeds the maximum temperatures of current state-of-the-art flight pyrolysis instruments. Here we report on the recent optimization and field testing results of a high temperature pyrolysis oven and sample manipulation system coupled to a mass spectrometer instrument called Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR). VAPoR is capable of heating solid samples under vacuum to temperatures above 1300 degrees C and determining the composition of volatiles released as a function of temperature. C1 [Glavin, Daniel P.; Malespin, Charles; Getty, Stephanie A.; Holmes, Vincent E.; Franz, Heather B.; Noreiga, Marvin; Dobson, Nick; Southard, Adrian E.; Feng, Steven H.; Kotecki, Carl A.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Bleacher, Jacob E.; Rice, James W.; Mahaffy, Paul R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Glavin, DP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM daniel.p.glavin@nasa.gov; charles.a.malespin@nasa.gov; science@ingeloes.com; stephanie.a.getty@nasa.gov; vincent.e.holmes@nasa.gov; mumm@honeybeerobotics.com; heather.b.franz@nasa.gov; marvin.g.noreiga@nasa.gov; nick.dobson@gmail.com; adrian.e.southard@nasa.gov; steven.h.feng@nasa.gov; carl.a.kotecki@nasa.gov; jason.p.dworkin@nasa.gov; tswindle@u.arizona.edu; jacob.e.bleacher@nasa.gov; james.w.rice@nasa.gov; paul.r.mahaffy@nasa.gov RI Getty, Stephanie/D-7037-2012; Bleacher, Jacob/D-1051-2012; Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012; Dworkin, Jason/C-9417-2012 OI Bleacher, Jacob/0000-0002-8499-4828; Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765; Dworkin, Jason/0000-0002-3961-8997 NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300072 ER PT S AU Hardman, S Riofrio, A Shams, K Freeborn, D Springer, P Chafin, B AF Hardman, Sean Riofrio, Andres Shams, Khawaja Freeborn, Dana Springer, Paul Chafin, Brian GP IEEE TI Enabling Earth Science Through Cloud Computing SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Cloud Computing holds tremendous potential for missions across the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Several flight missions are already benefiting from an investment in cloud computing for mission critical pipelines and services through faster processing time, higher availability, and drastically lower costs available on cloud systems. However, these processes do not currently extend to general scientific algorithms relevant to earth science missions. The members of the Airborne Cloud Computing Environment task at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory have worked closely with the Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) mission to integrate cloud computing into their science data processing pipeline. This paper details the efforts involved in deploying a science data system for the CARVE mission, evaluating and integrating cloud computing solutions with the system and porting their science algorithms for execution in a cloud environment. C1 [Hardman, Sean; Riofrio, Andres; Shams, Khawaja; Freeborn, Dana; Springer, Paul; Chafin, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hardman, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM shardman@jpl.nasa.gov; ariofrio@jpl.nasa.gov; ksshams@jpl.nasa.gov; danaf@jpl.nasa.gov; pls@jpl.nasa.gov; bchafin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303076 ER PT S AU Hart, JJ Mitchell, JD AF Hart, Jeremy J. Mitchell, Jennifer D. GP IEEE TI Morpheus Lander Testing Campaign SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA's Morpheus Project has developed and tested a prototype planetary lander capable of vertical takeoff and landing designed to serve as a testbed for advanced spacecraft technologies. The Morpheus vehicle has successfully performed a set of integrated vehicle test flights including hot-fire and tether tests, which will ultimately culminate in an un-tethered "free-flight." This development and testing campaign was conducted on-site at the Johnson Space Center (JSC), less than one year after project start. Designed, developed, manufactured and operated in-house by engineers at JSC, the Morpheus Project represents an unprecedented departure from recent NASA programs and projects that traditionally require longer development lifecycles and testing at remote, dedicated testing facilities. This paper documents the integrated testing campaign, including descriptions of test types (hot-fire, tether, and free-flight), test objectives, and the infrastructure of JSC testing facilities. A major focus of the paper will be the fast pace of the project, rapid prototyping, frequent testing, and lessons learned from this departure from the traditional engineering development process at NASA's Johnson Space Center. C1 [Hart, Jeremy J.; Mitchell, Jennifer D.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Hart, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy,EG6, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Jeremy.J.Hart@nasa.gov; Jennifer.D.Mitchell@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303024 ER PT S AU Hoffman, JP Del Castillo, L Hunter, D Miller, J AF Hoffman, James Patrick Del Castillo, Linda Hunter, Don Miller, Jennifer GP IEEE TI Robust, Rework-able Thermal Electronic Packaging: Applications in High Power TR Modules for Space SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The higher output power densities required of modern radar architectures, such as the proposed DESDynI [Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice] SAR [Synthetic Aperture Radar] Instrument (or DSI) require increasingly dense high power electronics. To enable these higher power densities, while maintaining or even improving hardware reliability, requires improvements in integrating advanced thermal packaging technologies into radar transmit/receive (TR) modules. New materials and techniques have been studied and are now being implemented side-by-side with more standard technology typically used in flight hardware. C1 [Hoffman, James Patrick; Del Castillo, Linda; Hunter, Don; Miller, Jennifer] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoffman, JP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM James.p.Hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov; Linda.DelCastillo@jpl.nasa.gov; Don.J.Hunter@jpl.nasa.gov; Jennifer.R.Miller@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301011 ER PT S AU Hoffman, JP Perkovic, D Shaffer, S Veilleux, L Peral, E AF Hoffman, James Patrick Perkovic, Dragana Shaffer, Scott Veilleux, Louise Peral, Eva GP IEEE TI Digital Calibration of TR Modules for Real-time Digital Beamforming SweepSAR Architectures SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Real-time digital beamforming, combined with lightweight, large aperture reflectors, enable a new architecture, which is the baseline for the proposed DESDynI [Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice] SAR [Synthetic Aperture Radar] Instrument (or DSI). This new instrument concept requires new methods for calibrating multiple simultaneous channels. The calibration of current state-of-the-art Electronically Steered Arrays typically involves pre-flight TR (Transmit/Receive) module characterization over temperature, and in-flight correction based on measured temperatures. This method ignores the effects of element aging and any drifts unrelated to temperature. We are developing new digital calibration of digital beamforming arrays, which helps to reduce development time, risk and cost. Precision calibrated TR modules enable real-time beamforming architectures by accurately tracking modules' characteristics through closed-loop digital calibration, which tracks systematic changes regardless of temperature. The benefit of this effort is that it would enable a new, lightweight radar architecture, with on-board digital beamforming. This provides significantly larger swath coverage than conventional SAR architectures for solid earth and biomass remote sensing, while reducing mission mass and cost. C1 [Hoffman, James Patrick; Perkovic, Dragana; Shaffer, Scott; Veilleux, Louise; Peral, Eva] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoffman, JP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM James.P.Hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov; Dragan.Perkovic@jpl.nasa.gov; Scott.J.Shaffer@jpl.nasa.gov; Louise.A.Veilleux@jpl.nasa.gov; Eva.Peral@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301010 ER PT S AU Holladay, J Monk, TS Adams, C Campbell, JR AF Holladay, Jon Monk, Timothy S. Adams, Charles Campbell, John R., Jr. GP IEEE TI Next Generation Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle: Large Diameter, Hydrocarbon-Fueled Concepts SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Space Launch System (SLS) is envisioned as an heavy-lift launch vehicle (HLLV) that will provide the foundation for future large-scale beyond low earth orbit (LEO) missions. In support of the initial Mission Concept Review (MCR) milestone, several teams were formed during the initial Requirements Analysis Cycle (RAC) to identify reasonable vehicle candidates that could potentially meet the requirements that will be imposed on this system. One such team, dubbed RAC Team 2, was tasked with identifying launch vehicles that were based on large diameters (up to Saturn V diameter of 33 feet) and utilized high-thrust LOX / RP engines as a first stage propulsion system. While the trade space was relatively large, recent NASA activities examined similar concepts (namely the Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Study in late 2009 and the Heavy Lift Propulsion Technology Study of 2010). While the findings from these studies were incorporated in the Team 2 activity, additional branches of the trade space were examined and alternative approaches to vehicle development were considered. Furthermore, Team 2 set out to define a highly functional and cost-effective launch vehicle concept. In this manner, a versatile two-stage launch vehicle concept was chosen as a preferred option. This preferred vehicle option has the capability to fly in several different configurations (e. g. engine arrangements) that gives this concept an inherent flexibility which allows the vehicle to meet a wide range of performance requirements without the need for block upgrades. Even still, this concept preserves the option for evolvability should the need arise in future mission scenarios. The foundation of this conceptual design is a focus on low cost and effectiveness rather than efficiency or cutting-edge technology. The approach and process used to decide on this concept is detailed in this paper, as well as the trade space that was examined leading to this preferred concept. C1 [Holladay, Jon; Campbell, John R., Jr.] NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Monk, Timothy S.] Zero Point Frontiers Corp, Huntsville, AL 35801 USA. [Adams, Charles] Gray Res Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Holladay, J (reprint author), NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Jon.Holladay@nasa.gov; Timothy.S.Monk@nasa.gov; George.C.Adams@nasa.gov; Ricky.Campbell@nasa.gov FU NASA under Universities Space Research Association (USRA) [NNM08AA04A] FX The material in this paper is also based upon work supported by NASA under Universities Space Research Association (USRA) award No. NNM08AA04A. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302095 ER PT S AU Howard, TM Morfopoulos, A Morrison, J Kuwata, Y Villalpando, C Matthies, L McHenry, M AF Howard, Thomas M. Morfopoulos, Arin Morrison, Jack Kuwata, Yoshiaki Villalpando, Carlos Matthies, Larry McHenry, Michael GP IEEE TI Enabling Continuous Planetary Rover Navigation through FPGA Stereo and Visual Odometry SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Safe navigation under resource constraints is a key concern for autonomous planetary rovers operating on extraterrestrial bodies. Computational power in such applications is typically constrained by the radiation hardness and energy consumption requirements. For example, even though the microprocessors used for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission rover are an order of magnitude more powerful than those used for the rovers on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission, the computational power is still significantly less than that of contemporary desktop microprocessors. It is therefore important to move safely and efficiently through the environment while consuming a minimum amount of computational resources, energy and time. Perception, pose estimation, and motion planning are generally three of the most computationally expensive processes in modern autonomy navigation architectures. An example of this is on the MER where each rover must stop, acquire and process imagery to evaluate its surroundings, estimate the relative change in pose, and generate the next mobility system maneuver [1]. This paper describes improvements in the energy efficiency and speed of planetary rover autonomous traverse accomplished by converting processes typically performed by the CPU onto a Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) co-processor. Perception algorithms in general are well suited to FPGA implementations because much of processing is naturally parallelizable. In this paper we present novel implementations of stereo and visual odometry algorithms on a FPGA. The FPGA stereo implementation is an extension of [2] that uses "random in linear out" rectification and a higher-performance interface between the rectification, filter, and disparity stages of the stereo pipeline. The improved visual odometry component utilizes a FPGA implementation of a Harris feature detector and sum of absolute differences (SAD) operator. The FPGA implementation of the stereo and visual odometry functionality have demonstrated a performance improvement of approximately three orders of magnitude compared to the MER-class avionics. These more efficient perception and pose estimation modules have been merged with motion planning techniques that allow for continuous steering and driving to navigate cluttered obstacle fields without stopping to perceive. The resulting faster visual odometry rates also allow for wheel slip to be detected earlier and more reliably. Predictions of resulting improvements in planetary rover energy efficiency and average traverse speeds are reported. In addition, field results are presented that compare the performance of autonomous navigation on the Athena planetary rover prototype using continuous steering or driving and continuous steering and driving with GESTALT traversability analysis using the FPGA perception and pose estimation improvements. C1 [Howard, Thomas M.; Morfopoulos, Arin; Morrison, Jack; Kuwata, Yoshiaki; Villalpando, Carlos; Matthies, Larry; McHenry, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Howard, TM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM thomas.m.howard@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300048 ER PT S AU Hughes, R Chamberlain, N Jakoboski, J Petkov, M AF Hughes, Richard Chamberlain, Neil Jakoboski, Julie Petkov, Mihail GP IEEE TI Mechanical Development of a Very Non-standard Patch Array Antenna for Extreme Environments SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes the mechanical development of patch antenna arrays for the Juno mission. The patch arrays are part of a six-frequency microwave radiometer instrument that will be used to measure thermal emissions from Jupiter. The very harsh environmental conditions in Jupiter orbit, as well as a demanding launch environment, resulted in a design that departs radically from conventional printed circuit patch antennas. The paper discusses the development and qualification of the Juno patch array antennas, with emphasis on the materials approach that was devised to mitigate the effects of electron charging in Jupiter orbit. C1 [Hughes, Richard; Chamberlain, Neil; Jakoboski, Julie; Petkov, Mihail] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91505 USA. RP Hughes, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91505 USA. EM Richard.C.Hughes@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301019 ER PT S AU Imbriale, WA AF Imbriale, William A. GP IEEE TI Comparison of Prime Focus and Dual Reflector Antennas for Wideband Radio Telescopes SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper compares the RF performance of a dual-shaped Gregorian reflector system to a classic prime focus symmetric reflector system intended for use in a wideband radio telescope. A number of wideband feeds are considered, including octave band corrugated horns, quad-ridged flared horns, log-periodic dipole antenna feeds, and quasi self-complementary structures. The efficiency, noise temperature and effective area over system temperature (Ae/Tsys) are evaluated. In all cases, the dual-shaped Gregorian system performs significantly better than the prime focus symmetric system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Imbriale, WA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Imbriale@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301018 ER PT S AU Ivancic, WD Wood, L Shell, D Floreani, D Asati, R AF Ivancic, William D. Wood, Lloyd Shell, Dan Floreani, Daniel Asati, Rajiv GP IEEE TI Modem Link-Property Advertisements SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Devices and associated applications are increasingly connected to a variety of smart modems that have dynamically varying link characteristics. For example, incoming and outgoing link rates can be varied over time with adaptive coding and modulation to suit the channel characteristics. In addition, those links may go up and down due to a variety of factors. The link rate and conditions offered by the modem to connected devices and associated applications therefore vary. In order to autonomously condition traffic and allow the network to get the most out of the modem's link capacity, the upstream devices and applications need to be informed of the modem's link conditions. This becomes a form of cognitive networking. This paper will discuss the problem and present a simple protocol that can be used to provide upstream devices and applications with downstream link conditions. While the protocol in this document is described in the context of modem radio-frequency link properties, it can also be broadly applied to other scenarios such as cryptographic devices. C1 [Ivancic, William D.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ivancic, WD (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov; L.Wood@society.surrey.ac.uk; dshell@uakron.edu; danielf@cisco.com; rajiva@cisco.com NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301072 ER PT S AU Jamnejad, V Hoorfar, A AF Jamnejad, Vahraz Hoorfar, Ahmad GP IEEE TI Synthesis Study of a 6-Element Non-Uniform Array with Tilted Elements for CLARREO Project SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB the results of a preliminary study of the gain/pattern properties of a 6-element Radio Occultation (RO) array for the proposed CLARREO (Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Project. There are two array antennas at each observatory. Each array is attached to a vertical end of the spacecraft bus with the beam tilted to point towards the Earth's limb. The requirement is the attainment of a tilted beam with respect to the plane of the array with a maximized uniform coverage over a range of +/-45 degree angles, namely a sector beam. The novelty of this array design is that it is non-uniform and non-planar and falls into the category of spatial arrays where the location and orientation of the array elements are variable. The beam shaping is performed, in general, by variation of a number of spatial and electronic phase and amplitude parameter. We reduce the number of required parameters by taking advantage of various symmetries. Then an overview of the analysis of such arrays is presented. Subsequently we use two approaches to the synthesis problem: one analytic and other a numeric global optimization method using a new evolutionary programming technique. The results for two designs with simultaneous near optimum performance at two different required GPS frequencies of L1 (1.575 GHz) and L2 (1.2 GHz) are presented. C1 [Jamnejad, Vahraz] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jamnejad, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Vahraz.Jamnejad@jpl.nasa.gov; ahoorfar@villanova.edu RI Richards, Amber/K-8203-2015 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301009 ER PT S AU Jansma, PA Means, EK AF Jansma, P. A. Trisha Means, Erin K. GP IEEE TI Developing the NASA Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Systems engineers across NASA needed a single place to go to find various assets to support them in their work, and to help ensure that their missions are successful. These assets ranged from templates and resources to various requirements and processes, as well as points of contact, etc. Hence, there was a need for a central NASA Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) to store and provide access to systems engineering resources of all types. The types of assets that are available in the NASA SEBoK fall into two broad categories, namely assets appropriate for a typical systems engineering body of knowledge (i.e., concepts, terms and activities that make up the SE professional domain), and assets for a typical Systems Engineering Asset Library (i.e., work aids, tools and methods to support system development). The recently developed NASA SEBoK has begun to capture the sum of knowledge within the profession of systems engineering at NASA. As an aid to the NASA SE Community, the NASA SEBoK has four ways to search for and view its assets, namely Type View (default), Life-Cycle View, Process View and Role View. This paper describes the approach to designing and developing the NASA SEBoK. It also summarizes the various types of assets and views, and discusses the processes for dispositioning assets, assigning metadata and populating the NASA SEBoK. C1 [Jansma, P. A. Trisha; Means, Erin K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-490, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Patti.A.Jansma@jpl.nasa.gov; Erin.K.Means@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304055 ER PT S AU Jansma, PA AF Jansma, P. A. Trisha GP IEEE TI Exploring the Art and Science of Systems Engineering SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB There has been much discussion of late in the NASA systems engineering community about the fact that systems engineering cannot be just about process and technical disciplines. The belief is that there is both an art and science to systems engineering, and that both aspects are necessary for designing and implementing a successful system or mission. How does one go about differentiating between and characterizing these two aspects? Some say that the art of systems engineering is about designing systems that not only function well, but that are also elegant, beautiful and engaging. What does that mean? How can you tell when a system has been designed with that holistic "art" component? This paper attempts to answer these questions by exploring various ways of looking at the Art and Science of Systems Engineering. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Patti.A.Jansma@jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304053 ER PT S AU Jau-Mechanical, BM AF Jau-Mechanical, Bruno M. GP IEEE TI The Proposed ExoMars Climate Sounder Instrument SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes the ExoMars Climate Sounder (EMCS) instrument currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It would be one of five scientific instruments on board the proposed ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft of the 2016 Mars Mission. EMCS would image and generate high vertical resolution global thermal/infrared profile maps of temperature, dust, water, CO2, ice, and water vapor. It is a 9 spectral channel infrared radiometer, with its sensory system distributed between two identical, boresighted telescopes. The instrument consists of an Optical Bench (OB), housing the two telescopes, a yoke and gimbal mechanism that would provide articulation for the OB, enabling planet, limb, black space, and instrument-internal calibration target observations, and a mounting bracket that serves as interface to the spacecraft. The paper briefly outlines the proposed mission, observation subsystem and data acquisition technique. It describes the various subsystems of the instrument, which are mechanical, structural, thermal electronics and software. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jau-Mechanical, BM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bjau@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301084 ER PT S AU Jedrich, N AF Jedrich, Nicholas GP IEEE TI Instrument Design for the Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution Mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The MARS Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission was selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 2008 for development of the second Mars Scout Mission. The mission is on schedule for a November 2013 launch from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Strong evidence exists for liquid water at the surface of Mars, in its early history, but not today, suggests dramatic climate change. The instrument package manifested for MAVEN will provide the data required to determine the impact on climate due to atmospheric loss to space. MAVEN will accomplish this by measuring the structure, composition, and variability of all regions from which escape occurs, and will sample all local solar times and most latitudes. This paper provides an overview of MAVEN's science, the driving science requirements as they relate to the instrument selection and design, and the design of the instrument complement that will enable the science. Finally, the technical challenges involved in the instrument development and how they have been resolved and / or mitigated to date will be presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 21401 USA. RP Jedrich, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 21401 USA. EM Nicholas.M.Jedrich@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300029 ER PT S AU Jensen-Clem, R Wallace, JK Serabyn, E AF Jensen-Clem, Rebecca Wallace, J. Kent Serabyn, Eugene GP IEEE TI Characterization of the Phase-Shifting Zernike Wavefront Sensor for Telescope Applications SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The dynamic Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS) is a common-path phase-shifting interferometric wavefront sensor with some attractive properties including superior sensing of low spatial frequencies and noise rejection. The ZWFS will be integrated as an auxiliary wavefront sensor for the Mount Palomar adaptive optics system on the 200 '' Hale Telescope. It is also being considered as the sensor for phasing the segmented mirrors of the Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope (CCAT), a 25-meter diameter submillimeter telescope. Here we extend our analysis of the sensor to include its sensitivity to random noise as compared with the more traditional Shack-Hartman sensor. We also explore the accuracy of the sensor to Fourier and Zernike wavefront modes. We describe this analysis, the application to Palomar and CCAT, and the sensor's relevance to future segmented space telescopes. C1 [Jensen-Clem, Rebecca] MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Wallace, J. Kent; Serabyn, Eugene] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jensen-Clem, R (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM jcjc@mit.edu; James.K.Wallace@jpl.nasa.gov; Eugene.Serabyn@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301094 ER PT S AU Johnson, SK Reinhart, RC Kacpura, TJ AF Johnson, Sandra K. Reinhart, Richard C. Kacpura, Thomas J. GP IEEE TI CoNNeCT's Approach for the Development of Three Software Defined Radios for Space Application SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is developing an on-orbit, adaptable, Software Defined Radios (SDR)/Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS)-based testbed facility to conduct a suite of experiments to advance technologies, reduce risk, and enable future mission capabilities. The flight system, referred to as the "SCAN Testbed" will be launched on an HTV-3 no earlier than May of 2012 and will operate on an external pallet on the truss of the International Space Station (ISS) for up to five years. The Communications, Navigation, and Networking reConfigurable Testbed (CoNNeCT) Project, developing the SCAN Testbed, will provide NASA, industry, other Government agencies, and academic partners the opportunity to develop and field communications, navigation, and networking applications in the laboratory and space environment based on reconfigurable, software defined radio platforms and the Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) Architecture. Three flight qualified SDRs platforms were developed, each with verified waveforms that are compatible with NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). The waveforms and the Operating Environment are compliant with NASA's software defined radio standard architecture, STRS. Each of the three flight model (FM) SDRs has a corresponding breadboard and engineering model (EM) with lower fidelity than the corresponding flight unit. Procuring, developing, and testing SDRs differs from the traditional hardware-based radio approach. Methods to develop hardware platforms need to be tailored to accommodate a "software" application that provides functions traditionally performed in hardware. To accommodate upgrades, the platform must be specified with assumptions for broader application but still be testable and not exceed Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) expectations. Ideally, the applications (waveforms) operating on the platform should be specified separately to accommodate portability to other platforms and support multiple entities developing the platform from the application. To support future flight upgrades to the flight SDRs, development and verification platforms are necessary in addition to the flight system. This paper provides details on the approach used to procure and develop the SDR systems for CoNNeCT and provide suggestions for similar developments. Unique development approaches for each SDR were used which provides a rare opportunity to compare approaches and provide recommendations for future space missions considering the use of an SDR. Three case studies were examined. In two cases, the SDR vendor (General Dynamics and Harris) was the integrated platform and waveform provider. In these cases, the platform and waveform requirements were considered together by the vendor using high level analysis to support the division of the requirements. In the Harris SDR case, the platform and waveform specification was then integrated into a single document. This case study was for a first generation platform, which offers significant processing and reconfigurablility, but is not optimized for SWaP. This provides a test bed platform for many investigations of future capabilities, but requires additional SWaP than optimized flight radios. In the GD case, the specifications were provided separately. The GD SDR leverages existing platforms with minor changes to the Radio Frequency (RF) portions. The most significant change to the CoNNeCT GD SDR from previous platforms was the addition of a reconfigurable processor. The capability tests the next generation SDR, but offers limited capacity and reconfigurability. In the case of the JPL SDR, the platform was developed by JPL and Cincinnati Electronics. Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) provided a waveform that was developed on a ground-based development platform, and Glenn Research Center (GRC) ported the waveform to the flight platform and performed the integrated test and acceptance of the subsystem. This last case also leverages an existing platform development, and offers more capacity for reconfigurability than the second case. C1 [Johnson, Sandra K.; Reinhart, Richard C.; Kacpura, Thomas J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Johnson, SK (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 54-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM sandra.k.johnson@nasa.gov; richard.c.reinhart@nasa.gov; thomas.j.kacpura@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301073 ER PT S AU Jones, DL Wagstaff, K Thompson, DR D'Addario, L Navarro, R Mattmann, C Majid, W Lazio, J Preston, R Rebbapragada, U AF Jones, Dayton L. Wagstaff, Kiri Thompson, David R. D'Addario, Larry Navarro, Robert Mattmann, Chris Majid, Walid Lazio, Joseph Preston, Robert Rebbapragada, Umaa GP IEEE TI Big Data Challenges for Large Radio Arrays SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID TRANSIENTS AB Future large radio astronomy arrays, particularly the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), will be able to generate data at rates far higher than can be analyzed or stored affordably with current practices. This is, by definition, a "big data" problem, and requires an end-to-end solution if future radio arrays are to reach their full scientific potential. Similar data processing, transport, storage, and management challenges face next-generation facilities in many other fields. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing technologies to address big data issues, with an emphasis in three areas: 1) Lower-power digital processing architectures to make high-volume data generation operationally affordable, 2) Date-adaptive machine learning algorithms for real-time analysis (or "data triage") of large data volumes, and 3) Scalable data archive systems that allow efficient data mining and remote user code to run locally where the data are stored. (1) C1 [Jones, Dayton L.; Wagstaff, Kiri; Thompson, David R.; D'Addario, Larry; Navarro, Robert; Mattmann, Chris; Majid, Walid; Lazio, Joseph; Preston, Robert; Rebbapragada, Umaa] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dayton.Jones@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301016 ER PT S AU Kayali, S McAlpine, W Becker, H Scheick, L AF Kayali, Sammy McAlpine, William Becker, Heidi Scheick, Leif GP IEEE TI Juno Radiation Design and Implementation SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Juno, the second NASA New Frontiers mission, was launched to Jupiter on August 5, 2011 from Cape Canaveral Air Station onboard an Atlas V launch vehicle. The mission features a solar powered, spinning spacecraft in a highly elliptical polar orbit that avoids much of Jupiter's highest radiation regions. Developing and operating a spacecraft in the environment of space can be a technical and a programmatic challenge and the Juno Mission has the added challenge of operating in the severe radiation environment of Jupiter. This paper describes the Juno Mission and the preparations, which were required to develop and implement a mission, and spacecraft design to successfully operate in the harsh Jovian environment and provide the desired science returns. C1 [Kayali, Sammy; McAlpine, William; Becker, Heidi; Scheick, Leif] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kayali, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Sammy.A.kayali@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300020 ER PT S AU Kegege, O Fuentes, M Meyer, N Sil, A AF Kegege, Obadiah Fuentes, Michael Meyer, Nicholas Sil, Amy GP IEEE TI Three-Dimensional Analysis of Deep Space Network Antenna Coverage SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB There is a need to understand NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) coverage gaps and any limitations to provide redundant communication coverage for future deep space missions, especially for manned missions to Moon and Mars. The DSN antennas are required to provide continuous communication coverage for deep space flights, interplanetary missions, and deep space scientific observations. The DSN consists of ground antennas located at three sites: Goldstone in USA, Canberra in Australia, and Madrid in Spain. These locations are not separated by the exactly 120 degrees and some DSN antennas are located in the bowl-shaped mountainous terrain to shield against radiofrequency interference resulting in a coverage gap in the southern hemisphere for the current DSN architecture. To analyze the extent of this gap and other coverage limitations, simulations of the DSN architecture were performed. In addition to the physical properties of the DSN assets, the simulation incorporated communication forward link calculations and azimuth/elevation masks that constrain the effects of terrain for each DSN antenna. Analysis of the simulation data was performed to create coverage profiles with the receiver settings at a deep space altitudes ranging from 2 million to 10 million km and a spherical grid resolution of 0.25 degrees with respect to longitude and latitude. With the results of these simulations, two-and three-dimensional representations of the area without communication coverage and area with coverage were developed, showing the size and shape of the communication coverage gap projected in space. Also, the significance of this communication coverage gap is analyzed from the simulation data. C1 [Kegege, Obadiah; Meyer, Nicholas; Sil, Amy] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kegege, O (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM obadiah.o.kegege@nasa.gov; michael.a.fuentes@nasa.gov; nicholas.e.meyer@nasa.gov; amy.a.sil@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301050 ER PT S AU Kerczewski, RJ Clements, DJ Apaza, RD AF Kerczewski, Robert J. Clements, Donna J. Apaza, Rafael D. GP IEEE TI Vehicle Health Management Communications Requirements for AeroMACS SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB As the development of standards for the aeronautical mobile airport communications system (AeroMACS) progresses, the process of identifying and quantifying appropriate uses for the system is progressing. In addition to defining important elements of AeroMACS standards, indentifying the systems uses impacts AeroMACS bandwidth requirements. Although an initial 59 MHz spectrum allocation for AeroMACS was established in 2007, the allocation may be inadequate; studies have indicated that 100 MHz or more of spectrum may be required to support airport surface communications. Hence additional spectrum allocations have been proposed. Vehicle health management (VHM) systems, which can produce large volumes of vehicle health data, were not considered in the original bandwidth requirements analyses, and are therefore of interest in supporting proposals for additional AeroMACS spectrum. VHM systems are an emerging development in air vehicle safety, and preliminary estimates of the amount of data that will be produced and transmitted off an aircraft, both in flight and on the ground, have been prepared based on estimates of data produced by on-board vehicle health sensors and initial concepts of data processing approaches. This allowed an initial estimate of VHM data transmission requirements for the airport surface. More recently, vehicle-level systems designed to process and analyze VHM data and draw conclusions on the current state of vehicle health have been undergoing testing and evaluation. These systems make use of vehicle system data that is mostly different from VHM data considered previously for airport surface transmission, and produce processed system outputs that will be also need to be archived, thus generating additional data load for AeroMACS. This paper provides an analysis of airport surface data transmission requirements resulting from the vehicle level reasoning systems, within the context of overall VHM data requirements. C1 [Kerczewski, Robert J.; Apaza, Rafael D.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kerczewski, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 54-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Robert.J.Kerczewski@nasa.gov; donna.j.clements@nasa.gov; rafael.d.apaza@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301076 ER PT S AU Key, R Sander, S Eldering, A Rider, D Blavier, JF Bekker, D Wu, YH Manatt, K AF Key, Richard Sander, Stanley Eldering, Annmarie Rider, David Blavier, Jean-Francois Bekker, Dmitriy Wu, Yen-Hung Manatt, Ken GP IEEE TI The Geostationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID SATELLITE AB The Geostationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GeoFTS) is an imaging spectrometer designed for an earth science mission to measure key atmospheric trace gases and process tracers related to climate change and human activity. The GeoFTS instrument is a half meter cube size instrument designed to operate in geostationary orbit as a secondary "hosted" payload on a commercial geostationary satellite mission. The advantage of GEO is the ability to continuously stare at a region of the earth, enabling frequent sampling to capture the diurnal variability of biogenic fluxes and anthropogenic emissions from city to continental scales. The science goal is to obtain a process-based understanding of the carbon cycle from simultaneous high spatial resolution measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) many times per day in the near infrared spectral region to capture their spatial and temporal variations on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal and interannual time scales. The GeoFTS instrument is based on a Michelson interferometer design with a number of advanced features incorporated. Two of the most important advanced features are the focal plane arrays and the optical path difference mechanism. A breadboard GeoFTS instrument has demonstrated functionality for simultaneous measurements in the visible and IR in the laboratory and subsequently in the field at the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) observatory on Mt. Wilson overlooking the Los Angeles basin. A GeoFTS engineering model instrument is being developed which will make simultaneous visible and IR measurements under space flight like environmental conditions (thermal-vacuum at 180 K). This will demonstrate critical instrument capabilities such as optical alignment stability, interferometer modulation efficiency, and high throughput FPA signal processing. This will reduce flight instrument development risk and show that the GeoFTS design is mature and flight ready. C1 [Key, Richard; Sander, Stanley; Eldering, Annmarie; Rider, David; Blavier, Jean-Francois; Bekker, Dmitriy; Wu, Yen-Hung; Manatt, Ken] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Key, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Richard.Key@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301090 ER PT S AU Key, R Sander, S Eldering, A Miller, C Frankenberg, C Natraj, V Rider, D Blavier, JF Bekker, D Wu, YH AF Key, Richard Sander, Stanley Eldering, Annmarie Miller, Charles Frankenberg, Christian Natraj, Vijay Rider, David Blavier, Jean-Francois Bekker, Dmitriy Wu, Yen-Hung GP IEEE TI The Geostationary Carbon Process Mapper SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; SATELLITE DATA; SPECTROMETER; SPACE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESOLUTION; EMISSION; CLIMATE; SYSTEMS; SENSOR AB The Geostationary Carbon Process Mapper (GCPM) is an earth science mission to measure key atmospheric trace gases and process tracers related to climate change and human activity. The measurement strategy delivers a process based understanding of the carbon cycle that is accurate and extensible from city to regional and continental scales. This understanding comes from contiguous maps of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) collected up to 10 times per day at high spatial resolution (similar to 4km x 4km) from geostationary orbit (GEO). These measurements will capture the spatial and temporal variability of the carbon cycle across diurnal, synoptic, seasonal and interannual time scales. The CO2/CH4/CO/CF measurement suite has been specifically selected because their combination provides the information needed to disentangle natural and anthropogenic contributions to atmospheric carbon concentrations and to minimize key uncertainties in the flow of carbon between the atmosphere and surface since they place constraints on both biogenic uptake and release as well as on combustion emissions. Additionally, GCPM's combination of high-resolution mapping and high measurement frequency provide quasi-continuous monitoring, effectively eliminating atmospheric transport uncertainties from source/sink inversion modeling. GCPM uses a single instrument, the "Geostationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GeoFTS)" to make measurements in the near infrared spectral region at high spectral resolution. The GeoFTS is a half meter cube size instrument designed to be a secondary " hosted" payload on a commercial GEO satellite. NASA and other government agencies have adopted the hosted payload implementation approach because it substantially reduces the overall mission cost. This paper presents a hosted payload implementation approach for measuring the major carbon-containing gases in the atmosphere from the geostationary vantage point, to affordably advance the scientific understating of carbon cycle processes and climate change. C1 [Key, Richard; Sander, Stanley; Eldering, Annmarie; Miller, Charles; Frankenberg, Christian; Natraj, Vijay; Rider, David; Blavier, Jean-Francois; Bekker, Dmitriy; Wu, Yen-Hung] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Key, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Richard.Key@jpl.nasa.gov RI Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300036 ER PT S AU Keymeulen, D Aranki, N Hopson, B Kiely, A Klimesh, M Benkrid, K AF Keymeulen, Didier Aranki, Nazeeh Hopson, Ben Kiely, Aaron Klimesh, Matthew Benkrid, Khaled GP IEEE TI GPU Lossless Hyperspectral Data Compression System for Space Applications SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB On-board lossless hyperspectral data compression reduces data volume in order to meet NASA and DoD limited downlink capabilities. At JPL, a novel, adaptive and predictive technique for lossless compression of hyperspectral data, named the Fast Lossless (FL) algorithm, was recently developed. This technique uses an adaptive filtering method and achieves state-of-the-art performance in both compression effectiveness and low complexity. Because of its outstanding performance and suitability for real-time onboard hardware implementation, the FL compressor is being formalized as the emerging CCSDS Standard for Lossless Multispectral & Hyperspectral image compression. The FL compressor is well-suited for parallel hardware implementation. A GPU hardware implementation was developed for FL targeting the current state-of-the-art GPUs from NVIDIA (R). The GPU implementation on a NVIDIA (R) GeForce (R) GTX 580 achieves a throughput performance of 583.08 Mbits/sec (44.85 MSamples/sec) and an acceleration of at least 6 times a software implementation running on a 3.47 GHz single core Intel (R) Xeon (TM) processor. This paper describes the design and implementation of the FL algorithm on the GPU. The massively parallel implementation will provide in the future a fast and practical real-time solution for airborne and space applications. C1 [Keymeulen, Didier; Aranki, Nazeeh; Kiely, Aaron; Klimesh, Matthew] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Hopson, Ben; Benkrid, Khaled] Univ Edinburgh, Inst Integrat Syst, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Keymeulen, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM didier.keymeulen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302078 ER PT S AU Kipp, D AF Kipp, Devin GP IEEE TI Terrain Safety Assessment in Support of the Mars Science Laboratory Mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB In August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will pioneer the next generation of robotic Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) systems by delivering the largest and most capable rover to date to the surface of Mars. The process to select the MSL landing site took over five years and began with over 50 initial candidate sites from which four finalist sites were chosen. The four finalist sites were examined in detail to assess overall science merit, EDL safety, and rover traversability on the surface. Ultimately, the engineering assessments demonstrated a high level of safety and robustness at all four finalist sites and differences in the assessment across those sites were small enough that neither EDL safety nor rover traversability considerations could significantly discriminate among the final four sites. Thus the MSL landing site at Gale Crater was selected from among the four finalists primarily on the basis of science considerations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kipp, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Devin.M.Kipp@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300002 ER PT S AU Kipp, KA Ringler, SC Chapman, EL Freaner, CW AF Kipp, Kristina A. Ringler, Stephen C. Chapman, Erin L. Freaner, Claude W. GP IEEE TI Impact of Instrument Schedule Growth on Mission Cost and Schedule Growth for Recent NASA Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This study explores instrument schedule delays and their impacts on mission development schedule and cost growth for recent NASA missions. This study examines 86 instruments across 32 NASA missions. First, the relationship between instrument schedule growth and mission development cost growth is examined. It is found that instrument development delays have a prominent role in contributing to mission development schedule and cost growth. Second, instrument developments are analyzed in order to explore specific trends related to schedule growth and to determine potential contributing factors. Instrument schedule growth is examined as a function of mass, power, instrument type, and spacecraft destination. The results are then used to establish schedule rules-of-thumb that can be used for planning purposes by project and program managers in charge of future NASA development efforts. C1 [Kipp, Kristina A.; Ringler, Stephen C.; Chapman, Erin L.] Aerosp Corp, POB 92957,M4-940, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. [Freaner, Claude W.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Kipp, KA (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, POB 92957,M4-940, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. EM kristina.a.kipp@aero.org; stephen.c.ringler@aero.org; erin.l.chapman@aero.org; claude.freaner@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304036 ER PT S AU Kisin, AB Gorman, ET Rakow, GP AF Kisin, Alexander B. Gorman, Eric. T. Rakow, Glenn P. GP IEEE TI SpaceAGE Bus: Proposed Electro-Mechanical Bus for Avionics Intra-Box Interconnections SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper addresses the hardware portion of an integrated hardware/software strategy to reduce cost for space avionics systems. This presented approach's cost savings is based upon the reduction of Non Recurring Engineering (NRE) through reuse of modular hardware components for follow-on missions. The hardware description focuses upon a method for building-up avionics boxes from modular board level elements, i.e., intra-box interfaces only. This approach is an improvement over other card frame approaches because it does not rely on feed through connectors; it permits ability to pull-out and/or replace random modules from the avionics box without disturbing the other modules in the stack; it provides a systematic method to add cards providing a wide range of "backplane" signal definitions applicable to 90% of space missions with protocols that can be defined on a per module basis within an avionics box; and provides an up to 3.125 Gbps full duplex communications via a non-blocking cross-bar switch to allow multiple modules to communicate simultaneously. It is currently being used to implement the flight hardware computer system for the Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD) project: awarded to Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) by NASA Office of Chief Technology. C1 [Kisin, Alexander B.] MEI Technol Inc, Lanham, MD 20772 USA. [Gorman, Eric. T.; Rakow, Glenn P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kisin, AB (reprint author), MEI Technol Inc, Lanham, MD 20772 USA. EM Alexander.B.Kisin@nasa.gov; Eric.T.Gorman@nasa.gov; Glenn.P.Rakow@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302044 ER PT S AU Klein, K Badescu, M Haddad, N Shiraishi, L Walkemeyer, P AF Klein, Kerry Badescu, Mircea Haddad, Nicolas Shiraishi, Lori Walkemeyer, Phillip GP IEEE TI Development and Testing of a Rotary Percussive Sample Acquisition Tool SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB A low mass Sample Acquisition Tool (SAT) has been developed that can be used autonomously to percussively core, fracture, and capture rock cores. The tool was developed as part of the Integrated Mars Sample Acquisition and Handling (IMSAH) architecture allowing for end to end sample capture and caching as it relates to the proposed Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The key element of the tool design, as it pertains to the IMSAH architecture, is the ability to drill and capture rock cores directly into a sample tube. In doing so, the sample tube becomes the handling element within the IMSAH sample handling chain significantly reducing the possibility of sample contamination and uncertainty related to handling a sample of unknown geometry. In order to validate the tool's unit level functionality a series of verification and validation tests have been performed utilizing a rock test suite that encompasses a variety of rock types that are analogous to Martian rocks and have been used in the past to qualify Martian surface sampling hardware. The results of the testing have shown the tool can successfully generate, fracture, and capture rock cores within a sample tube for all of the rocks within the proposed test suite. Additionally, the tool does so while maintaining torque margins of no less than 50% for all mechanisms with an average power consumption of no greater than 90W and a tool mass of less than 6kg. C1 [Klein, Kerry; Badescu, Mircea; Haddad, Nicolas; Shiraishi, Lori; Walkemeyer, Phillip] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Klein, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Kerry.J.Klein@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300053 ER PT S AU Knight, D Shams, K Chang, G Jet, S AF Knight, David Shams, Khawaja Chang, George Jet, Soderstrom GP IEEE TI Evaluating the Efficacy of the Cloud for Cluster Computation SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Computing requirements vary by industry, and it follows that NASA and other research organizations have computing demands that fall outside the mainstream. While cloud computing made rapid inroads for tasks such as powering web applications, performance issues on highly distributed tasks hindered early adoption for scientific computation. One venture to address this problem is Nebula, NASA's homegrown cloud project tasked with delivering science-quality cloud computing resources. However, another industry development is Amazon's high-performance computing (HPC) instances on Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) that promises improved performance for cluster computation. This paper presents results from a series of benchmarks run on Amazon EC2 and discusses the efficacy of current commercial cloud technology for running scientific applications across a cluster. In particular, a 240-core cluster of cloud instances achieved 2 TFLOPS on High-Performance Linpack (HPL) at 70% of theoretical computational performance. The cluster's local network also demonstrated sub-100 mu s inter-process latency with sustained inter-node throughput in excess of 8 Gbps. Beyond HPL, a real-world Hadoop image processing task from NASA's Lunar Mapping and Modeling Project (LMMP) was run on a 29 instance cluster to process lunar and Martian surface images with sizes on the order of tens of gigapixels. These results demonstrate that while not a rival of dedicated supercomputing clusters, commercial cloud technology is now a feasible option for moderately demanding scientific workloads. C1 [Knight, David; Shams, Khawaja; Chang, George; Jet, Soderstrom] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Knight, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.S.Knight@jpl.nasa.gov; Khawaja.S.Shams@jpl.nasa.gov; George.W.Chang@jpl.nasa.gov; Tomas.J.Soderstrom@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303079 ER PT S AU Larson, S AF Larson, Steve GP IEEE TI Analysis of Phoenix Anomalies and IV&V Findings Applied to the GRAIL Mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA IV&V was established in 1993 to improve safety and cost-effectiveness of mission critical software. Since its inception the tools and strategies employed by IV&V have evolved. This paper examines how lessons learned from the Phoenix project were developed and applied to the GRAIL project. Shortly after selection, the GRAIL project initiated a review of the issues documented by IV&V for Phoenix. The motivation was twofold: the learn as much as possible about the types of issues that arose from the flight software product line slated for use on GRAIL, and to identify opportunities for improving the effectiveness of IV&V on GRAIL. The IV&V Facility provided a database dump containing 893 issues. These were categorized into 16 bins, and then analyzed according to whether the project responded by changing the affected artifacts or using as-is. The results of this analysis were compared to a similar assessment of //post-launch anomalies documented by the project. Results of the analysis were discussed with the IV&V team assigned to GRAIL. These discussions led to changes in the way both the project and IV&V approached the IV&V task, and improved the efficiency of the activity. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Larson, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Steven.A.Larson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304034 ER PT S AU Larson, S AF Larson, Steve GP IEEE TI Cognitive Bias in the Verification and Validation of Space Flight Systems SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID ILLUSION; JUDGMENT AB Cognitive bias is generally recognized as playing a significant role in virtually all domains of human decision making. Insight into this role is informally built into many of the system engineering practices employed in the aerospace industry. The review process, for example, typically has features that help to counteract the effect of bias. This paper presents a discussion of how commonly recognized biases may affect the verification and validation process. Verifying and validating a system is arguably more challenging than development, both technically and cognitively. Whereas there may be a relatively limited number of options available for the design of a particular aspect of a system, there is a virtually unlimited number of potential verification scenarios that may be explored. The probability of any particular scenario occurring in operations is typically very difficult to estimate, which increases reliance on judgment that may be affected by bias. Implementing a verification activity often presents technical challenges that, if they can be overcome at all, often result in a departure from actual flight conditions (e. g., 1-g testing, simulation, time compression, artificial fault injection) that may raise additional questions about the meaningfulness of the results, and create opportunities for the introduction of additional biases. In addition to mitigating the biases it can introduce directly, the verification and validation process must also overcome the cumulative effect of biases introduced during all previous stages of development. A variety of cognitive biases will be described, with research results for illustration. A handful of case studies will be presented that show how cognitive bias may have affected the verification and validation process on recent JPL flight projects, identify areas of strength and weakness, and identify potential changes or additions to commonly used techniques that could provide a more robust verification and validation of future systems. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Larson, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Steven.A.Larson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304033 ER PT S AU Lee, CH Cheung, KM AF Lee, Charles H. Cheung, Kar-Ming GP IEEE TI Mixed Integer Programming & Heuristic Scheduling for Space Communication Networks SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB We introduce mixed integer programming and heuristic scheduling for space communication networks in this paper. The considered communication network consists of space and ground assets with the link dynamics between any two assets vary with respect to time, distance, and telecom configurations. One asset could be communicating with another at very high data rates at one time and at other times, communication is impossible, as the asset could be inaccessible from the network due to planetary occultation. Based on the network's geometric dynamics and link capabilities, the start time, end time, and link configuration of each view-period are optimized so that the resulting schedule meets the objectives and satisfies the operation constraints imposed by the missions. Mathematical framework for the constrained optimization along with the software, Mars Relay Network Planning Tool (MRNPT), was developed in 2003 at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In this paper, we broaden the study to include communication networks whose nodal elements can simultaneously support multiple spacecrafts and vice versa. Sample scenarios include multiple combinations of ground stations at a DSN site can form an antennas array to track a spacecraft and conversely a single ground station can support multiple spacecrafts simultaneously. Such unique network capabilities make the schedule optimization problem more challenging. Namely, the number of passes between a spacecraft and a set of ground stations soars from linear to exponential. As a result, the search space for the network optimization using start times and end times grows intractably. The new framework, casted in this paper as a mixed integer problem, provides the means to keep the search space dimensions to the linear order. The difficulty is now in the court of the optimization process. Traditional methods such as the Sequential Quadratic Optimization (SQP), used in MRNPT, are time-consuming and do not guarantee a global solution. In this paper, we propose to solve the constrained optimization problem in two phases. The first phase uses heuristic methods such as the ant colony method, particle swarming optimization, and genetic algorithm to seek a near optimal solution among a list of feasible initial populations. The final optimal solution can be found by using the solution of the first phase as the initial condition to the SQP algorithm. We demonstrate the above problem formulation and optimization schemes with a large-scale network that includes the DSN ground stations and a number of spacecraft of deep space missions. C1 [Lee, Charles H.; Cheung, Kar-Ming] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Architectures & Res Sect 332, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, CH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Architectures & Res Sect 332, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Charles.H.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301022 ER PT S AU Letchworth, G Schlierf, R AF Letchworth, Gary Schlierf, Roland GP IEEE TI NASA Planning for Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Ground Operations SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The NASA Orion Ground Processing Team was originally formed by the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Constellation (Cx) Project Office's Orion Division to define, refine and mature pre-launch and post-landing ground operations for the Orion human spacecraft. The multi-disciplined KSC Orion team consisted of KSC civil servant, SAIC, Productivity Apex, Inc. and Boeing-CAPPS engineers, project managers and safety engineers, as well as engineers from Constellation's Orion Project and Lockheed Martin Orion Prime contractor. The team evaluated the Orion design configurations as the spacecraft concept matured between Systems Design Review (SDR), Systems Requirement Review (SRR) and Preliminary Design Review (PDR). The team functionally decomposed prelaunch and post-landing steps at three levels of detail, or tiers, beginning with functional flow block diagrams (FFBDs). The third tier FFBDs were used to build logic networks and nominal timelines. Orion ground support equipment (GSE) was identified and mapped to each step. This information was subsequently used in developing lower level operations steps in a Ground Operations Planning Document PDR product. Subject matter experts for each spacecraft and GSE subsystem were used to define 5th - 95th percentile processing times for each FFBD step, using the Delphi Method. Discrete event simulations used this information and the logic network to provide processing timeline confidence intervals for launch rate assessments. The team also used the capabilities of the KSC Visualization Lab, the FFBDs and knowledge of the spacecraft, GSE and facilities to build visualizations of Orion pre-launch and post-landing processing at KSC. Visualizations were a powerful tool for communicating planned operations within the KSC community (i.e., Ground Systems design team), and externally to the Orion Project, Lockheed Martin spacecraft designers and other Constellation Program stakeholders during the SRR to PDR timeframe. Other operations planning tools included Kaizen/Lean events, mockups and human factors analysis. The majority of products developed by this team are applicable as KSC prepares 21st Century Ground Systems for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Space Launch System. C1 [Letchworth, Gary; Schlierf, Roland] NASA, LX O1, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Letchworth, G (reprint author), NASA, LX O1, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Gary.f.letchworth@nasa.gov; Roland.schlierf-1@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304028 ER PT S AU Li, S Riris, H Numata, K Wu, S Poulios, D Ramanathan, A Abshire, J Krainak, M AF Li, Steven Riris, Haris Numata, Kenji Wu, Stewart Poulios, Demetrios Ramanathan, Anand Abshire, James Krainak, Michael GP IEEE TI Tunable Narrow Linewidth Laser Source for a Methane Lidar SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID OPTICAL PARAMETRIC GENERATOR; POLED LITHIUM-NIOBATE; OSCILLATOR AB A high efficiency, narrow linewidth tunable laser source is developed for greenhouse trace gas remote sensing. It features broad, continuous tuning range at 1570 - 1655 nm and 3291 nm with narrow linewidth (500 MHz) and high spectral purity. This laser is based on seeded optical parametric generator (OPG) technology. Several trace gas species were continuously detected for 72 hours in an open path environment. We also present our recent airborne experiment result based on this laser technology. C1 [Li, Steven; Riris, Haris; Numata, Kenji; Wu, Stewart; Poulios, Demetrios; Ramanathan, Anand; Abshire, James; Krainak, Michael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM steven.x.li@nasa.gov RI Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302001 ER PT S AU Lin, Y AF Lin, Ying GP IEEE TI Quantitative Determination of Bacterial Spore Association with Particles in Cleanroom Environment SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB In order to establish a creditable biological contamination transport model for predicting the cross contamination risk during spacecraft assembly and upon landing on Mars, it is important to determine the quantity and size distribution of bacterial spore containing particles on the surface of spacecraft in cleanroom. We conducted an extensive set of air and surface sampling in indoor, outdoor, and cleanroom environments and determined the ratios of the number of spore forming bacteria to that of their dust particle carriers of various sizes. We found that the average number of cultivable spore forming bacteria on particles of > 7 microns is similar to 10(-2) while on particles of < 1 microns similar to 10(-6). Our data also confirmed the existence of multiple spores on a single particle. The results from these studies are essential for developing a reliable biological contamination transport model for meeting the Planetary Protection requirements for future Mars Missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lin, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ying.lin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300061 ER PT S AU Mackin, MA Gonia, PT Lombay-Gonzalez, JA AF Mackin, Michael A. Gonia, Phillip T. Lombay-Gonzalez, Jose A. GP IEEE TI An Information System Prototype for Analysis of Astronaut/Computer Interaction During Simulated EVA SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB During human exploration of space, a suited crew member needs effective and accurate information about their spacesuit's operation. Ideally, the information should be presented in a manner that provides real-time situational awareness and increases task efficiency and operational autonomy. Typically, however, the effective display of information has been limited by the relatively low resolution of radiation-tolerant sunlight readable displays and the low processing power available on currently deployed spacesuits. As part of NASA's Enabling Technology Development and Demonstrations Program, a prototype EVA Information System has been constructed to test and study human-computer interaction and system operations. In one tested configuration, the Information System provides acquisition and display of science data via a cuff-mounted graphical display and keypad and features a camera capable of capturing both still images and high-definition video. The Information System provides a capability for astronaut-computer interaction beyond currently deployed state-of-the art EVA systems. Using the Information System, crewmembers may receive timeline-based procedures, general procedures, and text messages from either ground or space-based EVA mission controllers. Additionally, using the EVA Information System prototype, crewmembers can generate and analyze scientific artifacts (pictures, videos, or voice notes) and deliver them to the ground-based science team for detailed analysis. This paper discusses the software architecture of the prototype Information System software and the user feedback obtained from field testing the system at NASA's Desert Research and Technologies Studies (Desert RATS) activity. C1 [Mackin, Michael A.; Gonia, Phillip T.; Lombay-Gonzalez, Jose A.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Mackin, MA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Michael.A.Mackin@nasa.gov; Philip.Gonia@nasa.gov; Jose.A.Lombay-Gonzalez@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303072 ER PT S AU Maluf, D Gurram, M Okimura, T AF Maluf, David Gurram, Mohana Okimura, Tek GP IEEE TI NASA Technology Transfer System: Under the Hood SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper discusses the modern approach of the implementation NASA Technology Transfer System as a Software as a Service (SaaS) for NASA as a way to reduce cost and increase efficiency. To accommodate scalability and flexibility, a private cloud called XML Datastore (XD) is used as the foundation to provide a SaaS framework. This is implemented to support three verticals, which consists of the NASA Office of Chief Technology, the NASA Office of Chief Engineer and the NASA Office of General Council for a streamlined technology transfer process. The private cloud/SaaS implementation deploys the software as an application hosted on NASA's internal networks. External services to NASA (non-intramural cloud services) failed to provide a guarantee for responsibility for any accountability inherited against safeguarding the sensitive nature of NASA data. But similar to external cloud services, NTTS eliminates the need to install independently stove piped applications by each NASA center and alleviates the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support for each individual NASA center. From a NASA software acquisition perspective, NASA uses a combination of open source software as well as some specific NASA plug-in, on-demand software. This paper briefly describes how NTTS is supported using the XML Datastore (XD) Framework. XD Framework is an open and extensible database architecture that supports efficient and flexible integration of heterogeneous and distributed information resources. As a fact, XD Framework provides a "schema-less" datastore approach using a document-centered object-relational XML database mapping. This enables structured, unstructured, and semi-structured information to be integrated without requiring document schemas or translation tables. XD Framework utilizes existing international protocol standards of the World Wide Web Consortium Architecture Domain and the Internet Engineering Task Force, primarily HTTP, XML and WebDAV. Through a combination of these international protocols, universal database record identifiers, and physical address data types, XD enables an unlimited number of desktops and distributed information sources to be linked seamlessly and efficiently into an information grid. XD Framework has been used to create a powerful set of novel information management systems for a variety of scientific and engineering applications. C1 [Maluf, David; Okimura, Tek] NASA, Ames Res Ctru, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Maluf, David; Gurram, Mohana] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctru, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.; Maluf, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM David.A.Maluf@nasa.gov; Mohana.M.Gurram@nasa.gov; Takeshi.J.Okimura@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304051 ER PT S AU Maluf, DA Shetye, SD Chilukuri, S Sturken, I AF Maluf, David A. Shetye, Sandeep D. Chilukuri, Sri Sturken, Ian GP IEEE TI Lost in Cloud SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Cloud computing can reduce cost significantly because businesses can share computing resources. In recent years Small and Medium Businesses (SMB) have used Cloud effectively for cost saving and for sharing IT expenses. With the success of SMBs, many perceive that the larger enterprises ought to move into Cloud environment as well. Government agency's stove-piped environments are being considered as candidates for potential use of Cloud either as an enterprise entity or pockets of small communities. Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than as a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility over a network. Underneath the offered services, there exists a modern infrastructure cost of which is often spread across its services or its investors. As NASA is considered as an Enterprise class organization, like other enterprises, a shift has been occurring in perceiving its IT services as candidates for Cloud services. This paper discusses market trends in cloud computing from an enterprise angle and then addresses the topic of Cloud Computing for NASA in two possible forms. First, in the form of a public Cloud to support it as an enterprise, as well as to share it with the commercial and public at large. Second, as a private Cloud wherein the infrastructure is operated solely for NASA, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The paper addresses the strengths and weaknesses of both paradigms of public and private Clouds, in both internally and externally operated settings. The content of the paper is from a NASA perspective but is applicable to any large enterprise with thousands of employees and contractors. C1 [Maluf, David A.; Sturken, Ian] NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Chilukuri, Sri] Skype Microsoft, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Maluf, DA (reprint author), NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM David.A.Maluf@nasa.gov; Sandeep.D.Shetye@nasa.gov; Sri.Chilukuri@skype.net; Ian.B.Sturken@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303074 ER PT S AU Matthews, JB Nesnas, IA AF Matthews, Jaret B. Nesnas, Issa A. GP IEEE TI On the Design of the Axel and DuAxel Rovers for Extreme Terrain Exploration SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The solar system's most scientifically tantalizing terrain remains out of reach for traditional planetary rovers, which are typically limited to driving on slopes below 30 degrees. This paper details the design of a novel robotic explorer that would open access to these previously inaccessible locales, such as Martian crater walls where evidence of salty water was recently detected, Lunar polar craters where evidence of water ice was detected, and Lunar and Martian lava tubes for future habitability. The Axel rover is a two-wheeled robot capable of rappelling down steep (even vertical) slopes supported by a tether. The DuAxel rover is comprised of two Axel vehicles docked to a central module. Unrestricted by tether length, this four-wheeled system would be capable of driving long distances from a safe landing zone to the extreme terrain of interest. Once in the vicinity of terrain in which the tether would be required, one of the Axel rovers could undock from the central chassis and rappel downslope. The other Axel and central chassis would remain topside to act as an anchor and to provide line of site to Earth (for communications) and the Sun (for energy). As the detached Axel descends into the area of interest, it would receive power and relays data through conductors in its tether. Each Axel would carry a suite of instruments in a bay that would be tucked inside the wheels. Because of the novel configuration of Axel's major degrees of freedom, these instruments could be precisely pointed at targets at any desired downslope spatial separation. These instruments could then be deployed into close proximately to the ground by means of a simple mechanism, allowing for detailed study of the strata on the slope. Axel could accommodate a host of instruments, including a microscopic imager, infra-red spectrometers, thermal probes, and sample collection devices. This paper will describe the design of both the latest generation of Axel and DuAxel systems and their instrument/sampling mechanisms. Results from recent field trials at a rock quarry in California and a Martian analog site in the desert of Arizona will be described. C1 [Matthews, Jaret B.; Nesnas, Issa A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matthews, JB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jaret.b.matthews@jpl.nasa.gov; Issa.Nesnas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300046 ER PT S AU McClelland, RS Powell, CA Zhang, WW AF McClelland, Ryan S. Powell, Cory A. Zhang, William W. GP IEEE TI Design and Analysis of Mirror Modules for IXO and Future X-Ray Telescopes SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Advancements in X-ray astronomy demand thin, light, and closely packed thin optics which lend themselves to segmentation of the annular mirrors and, in turn, a modular approach to the mirror design. The functionality requirements of such a mirror module are well understood. A baseline modular concept for the proposed International X-Ray Observatory (IXO) Flight Mirror Assembly (FMA) consisting of 14,000 glass mirror segments divided into 60 modules was developed and extensively analyzed. Through this development, our understanding of module loads, mirror stress, thermal performance, and gravity distortion have greatly progressed. The latest progress in each of these areas is discussed herein. Gravity distortion during horizontal X-ray testing and on-orbit thermal performance have proved especially difficult design challenges. In light of these challenges, fundamental trades in modular X-ray mirror design have been performed. Future directions in module X-ray mirror design are explored including the development of a 1.8 m diameter FMA utilizing smaller mirror modules. The effect of module size on mirror stress, module self-weight distortion, thermal control, and range of segment sizes required is explored with advantages demonstrated from smaller module size in most cases. C1 [McClelland, Ryan S.] SGT Inc, 7701 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. [Powell, Cory A.; Zhang, William W.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP McClelland, RS (reprint author), SGT Inc, 7701 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM ryan.s.mcclelland@nasa.gov; cory.a.powell@nasa.gov; william.w.zhang@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301082 ER PT S AU McKinney, CM Yager, JA Mojarradi, MM Some, R Sirota, A Kopf, T Stem, R Hunter, D AF McKinney, Colin M. Yager, Jeremy A. Mojarradi, Mohammad M. Some, Rafi Sirota, Allen Kopf, Ted Stem, Ryan Hunter, Don GP IEEE TI Distributed Motor Controller (DMC) for Operation in Extreme Environments SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper presents an extreme environment capable Distributed Motor Controller (DMC) module suitable for operation with a distributed architecture of future spacecraft systems. This motor controller is designed to be a bus-based electronics module capable of operating a single Brushless DC motor in extreme space environments: temperature (-120 degrees C to +85 degrees C required, -180 degrees C to +100 degrees C stretch goal); radiation (>20K required, >100KRad stretch goal); >360 cycles of operation. Achieving this objective will result in a scalable modular configuration for motor control with enhanced reliability that will greatly lower cost during the design, fabrication and ATLO phases of future missions. Within the heart of the DMC lies a pair of cold-capable Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that enable its miniaturization and operation in extreme environments. The ASICs are fabricated in the IBM 0.5um Silicon Germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS process and are comprised of Analog circuitry to provide telemetry information, sensor interface, and health and status of DMC. The FPGA contains logic to provide motor control, status monitoring and spacecraft interface. The testing and characterization of these ASICs have yielded excellent functionality in cold temperatures (-135 degrees C). The DMC module has demonstrated successful operation of a motor at temperature. C1 [McKinney, Colin M.; Yager, Jeremy A.; Mojarradi, Mohammad M.; Some, Rafi; Sirota, Allen; Kopf, Ted; Stem, Ryan; Hunter, Don] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP McKinney, CM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Colin.McKinney@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302071 ER PT S AU McVittie, TI Sindiy, OV Simpson, KA AF McVittie, Thomas I. Sindiy, Oleg V. Simpson, Kimberly A. GP IEEE TI Model-Based System Engineering of the Orion Flight Test 1 End-to-End Information System SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Recent advances in modeling tools and techniques show the promise of significantly improving our ability to effectively apply systems engineering techniques to complex system-of-systems architectures. In this paper we describe our experience with the application of a model-based approach (based on SysML) to the capture and analysis of the end-to-end information systems supporting the first unmanned test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Exploration Vehicle. The paper describes the EFT-1 mission, the approaches used to define the underlying models, how the models are related, and how viewpoints are used to address specific stakeholder concerns. The paper also provides a brief summary of the observed benefits of this approach as well as key lessons learned. C1 [McVittie, Thomas I.; Sindiy, Oleg V.; Simpson, Kimberly A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP McVittie, TI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304069 ER PT S AU Merrill, RG Komar, DR Qu, M Chrone, J Strange, N Landau, D AF Merrill, Raymond Gabriel Komar, D. R. Qu, Min Chrone, Jon Strange, Nathan Landau, Damon GP IEEE TI An Initial Comparison of Selected Earth Departure Options for Solar Electric Propulsion Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Earth departure options such as the location for deployment, aggregation, and crew rendezvous as well as the type of propulsion leveraged for each mission phase effect overall mission performance metrics such as number of critical maneuvers, mass of propellant to achieve departure, and initial mass required in low Earth orbit. This paper identifies and compares a subset of tactical options for deployment, crew rendezvous, and Earth departure that leverage electric propulsion and hybrid chemical electric propulsion with a goal of improving system efficiency. Departure maneuver specific limitations and penalties are then identified for missions to specific targets for human interplanetary missions providing a better understanding of the impact of decisions related to aggregation and rendezvous locations as well as Earth departure maneuvers on overall system performance. C1 [Merrill, Raymond Gabriel; Komar, D. R.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 1 N Dryden Blvd,MS462, Hampton, CA 91109 USA. [Qu, Min; Chrone, Jon] Associates Inc, Analyt Mechan, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Strange, Nathan; Landau, Damon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Merrill, RG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 1 N Dryden Blvd,MS462, Hampton, CA 91109 USA. EM raymond.g.merrill@nasa.gov; d.r.komar@nasa.gov; min.qu-1@nasa.gov; jonathan.d.chrone@nasa.gov; nathan.j.strange@jpl.nasa.gov; damon.landau@jpl.nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302089 ER PT S AU Miller, CE Dinardo, SJ AF Miller, Charles E. Dinardo, Steven J. CA CARVE Sci Team GP IEEE TI CARVE: The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; PERMAFROST CARBON; BOREAL FORESTS; CYCLE; TEMPERATURE; SENSITIVITY; FEEDBACKS; SYSTEM; FIRE AB The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) is a NASA Earth Ventures (EV-1) investigation designed to quantify correlations between atmospheric and surface state variables for the Alaskan terrestrial ecosystems through intensive seasonal aircraft campaigns, ground-based observations, and analysis sustained over a 5-year mission. CARVE bridges critical gaps in our knowledge and understanding of Arctic ecosystems, linkages between the Arctic hydrologic and terrestrial carbon cycles, and the feedbacks from fires and thawing permafrost. CARVE's objectives are to: (1) Directly test hypotheses attributing the mobilization of vulnerable Arctic carbon reservoirs to climate warming; (2) Deliver the first direct measurements and detailed maps of CO2 and CH4 sources on regional scales in the Alaskan Arctic; and (3) Demonstrate new remote sensing and modeling capabilities to quantify feedbacks between carbon fluxes and carbon cycle-climate processes in the Arctic (Figure 1). We describe the investigation design and results from 2011 test flights in Alaska. C1 [Miller, Charles E.; Dinardo, Steven J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Miller, CE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Charles.E.Miller@jpl.nasa.gov; Steven.J.Dinardo@jpl.nasa.gov NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 14 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300033 ER PT S AU Moision, B Wu, J Shambayati, S AF Moision, Bruce Wu, Janet Shambayati, Shervin GP IEEE TI An Optical Communications Link Design Tool for Long-Term Mission Planning for Deep-Space Missions SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB We describe work on the development of an optical link budget tool for an intensity-modulated direct-detected photon-counting channel utilizing pulse-position-modulation (PPM). We provide new material in several areas. First, we provide an approximation to the channel capacity, which is not known in closed form, to enable efficient search algorithms over the trade space. The expression also illustrates clearly the trade-offs between signal and noise power, and modulation parameters. We provide an approximation to the losses due to log-normal fading, which may be used to model scintillation. We provide approximations for the loss due to photo-detector blocking and jitter. Lastly, we describe a methodology to choose an optimum detector sub-array in the presence of dark noise, blocking, and an arbitrary point spread function. C1 [Moision, Bruce] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Informat Proc Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moision, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Informat Proc Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Bruce.Moision@jpl.nasa.gov; Janet.Wu@jpl.nasa.gov; Shervin.Shambayati@jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301028 ER PT S AU Muirhead, B Fesq, L AF Muirhead, Brian Fesq, Lorraine GP IEEE TI Managing Space System Faults: Coalescing NASA's Views SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Managing faults and their resultant failures is a fundamental and critical part of developing and operating aerospace systems. Yet, recent studies have shown that the engineering. discipline. required to manage faults is not widely recognized nor evenly practiced within the NASA community. Attempts to simply name this discipline in recent years has been fraught with controversy among members of the Fault Management (FM), Integrated Systems Health Management, Fault Protection, Hazard Analysis, and Aborts communities. Approaches to managing space system faults typically are unique to each organization, with little commonality in the architectures, processes and practices across the industry. A spectrum of issues and options affect the scope and implementation of how faults are managed within space systems. At one end of this spectrum are activities that manage faults via prevention and containment, and typically are performed either before flight or in non-real-time such as designing in margins or inspecting airframes for fractures. On the other end of the spectrum lie activities that manage faults after they occur, including detection, isolation, diagnosis and response. Mission characteristics such as the length of the mission, human vs. robotic, availability of communication with a control center, risk and cost profile drive very different approaches to emphasizing different ends of this spectrum. Human spaceflight missions to low Earth orbit experience almost continuous communication with ground controllers and design for round-trips. Alternately, deep-space robotic probes are one-way missions that experience long communication delays and outages. These characteristics drive the focus of managing space system faults into the non-real-time prevention/containment end of the spectrum for the former, and toward the respond-to-faults end of the spectrum for the latter. In fact, automating these capabilities is especially critical for deep space and planetary missions where the limited communication opportunities may prevent timely intervention by ground control. With ever increasing complexity in aerospace systems, the task of managing faults becomes both increasingly important and increasingly complex. As NASA reaches toward the goal of sending humans beyond the Earth-moon system, there is a significant need to better understand the challenges, options and technologies of managing faults. Architects and stakeholders need to become more aware of and conversant in the issues and design options early in development and thereby balance/optimize automation vs. human-in-the-loop handling of faults. To achieve long duration human spaceflight to asteroids and/or Mars, NASA must employ the experience across the sub-communities that, until now, have taken very different approaches to managing faults. This paper describes the diverse views and approaches that must be coalesced in order to successfully achieve NASA's future space missions. C1 [Muirhead, Brian; Fesq, Lorraine] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Muirhead, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Brian.K.Muirhead@jpl.nasa.gov; Lorraine.M.Fesq@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302087 ER PT S AU Navarro, R AF Navarro, Robert GP IEEE TI Frequency Domain Beamforming for a Deep Space Network Downlink Array SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes a frequency domain beamformer to array up to 8 antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network currently in development. The objective of this array is to replace and enhance the capability of the DSN 70m antennas with multiple 34m antennas for telemetry, navigation and radio science use. The array will coherently combine the entire 500 MHz of usable bandwidth available to DSN receivers. A frequency domain beamforming architecture was chosen over a time domain based architecture to handle the large signal bandwidth and efficiently perform delay and phase calibration. The antennas of the DSN are spaced far enough apart that random atmospheric and phase variations between antennas need to be calibrated out on an ongoing basis in real-time. The calibration is done using measurements obtained from a correlator. This DSN Downlink Array expands upon a proof of concept breadboard array built previously to develop the technology and will become an operational asset of the Deep Space Network. Design parameters for frequency channelization, array calibration and delay corrections will be presented as well a method to efficiently calibrate the array for both wide and narrow bandwidth telemetry. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Navarro, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM robert.navarro@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301008 ER PT S AU Nilsen, E Whetsel, C Mattingly, R May, L AF Nilsen, Erik Whetsel, Charles Mattingly, Richard May, Lisa GP IEEE TI Mars Sample Return Campaign Status SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The proposed Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign would be the next big step in the Mars Exploration Program (MEP). Identified by the Planetary Decadal Survey of 2011 as the highest science priority for large missions, the Mars Program has been working in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA) to define a campaign to return a surface sample of martian surface material to Earth for analysis. As currently envisioned, the MSR campaign concept consists of a series of flight missions to collect and return the sample, and a ground based project to develop a sample receiving facility. The first mission in this proposed campaign would be baselined for launch in 2018, and would consist of a rover capable of scientifically selecting and caching the sample for retrieval by a later mission. Subsequent missions would retrieve the cache, launch it into orbit around Mars, where it would be captured by an orbiter and returned to the Earth. This paper discusses the current status of the MSR Campaign architecture definition and requirements development and near term plans for technical definition and review. Also discussed are selected design drivers and proposed key requirements which would have to be addressed in the definition of the campaign.(1,2) C1 [Nilsen, Erik; Whetsel, Charles; Mattingly, Richard] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. RP Nilsen, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 321-630,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. EM erik.n.nilsen@jpl.nasa.gov; charles.whetsel@jpl.nasa.gov; richard.l.mattingly@jpl.nasa.gov; lisa.may@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300039 ER PT S AU Nixon, CA Ansty, TM Flasar, FM Achterberg, RK AF Nixon, Conor A. Ansty, Todd M. Flasar, F. Michael Achterberg, Richard K. GP IEEE TI Designing infrared observations of Titan's atmosphere with Cassini CIRS SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID SPECTROMETER AB In this paper we describe the technical implementation of infrared observations of Titan using the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). Due to the distributed operations model of Cassini, instrument teams such as CIRS are responsible for spacecraft pointing during their own observations. We describe the principal factors driving and constraining observation design, and then provide details of the eight standard observation types resulting, followed by a discussion of several later 'evolved' types. We then show some sample science results, and finally conclude with a mention of continuing challenges to CIRS Titan observation design. C1 [Nixon, Conor A.; Ansty, Todd M.; Achterberg, Richard K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Flasar, F. Michael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nixon, CA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM conor.a.nixon@nasa.gov; tma22@cornell.edu; f.m.flasar@nasa.gov; richard.k.achterberg@nasa.gov RI Nixon, Conor/A-8531-2009; Flasar, F Michael/C-8509-2012 OI Nixon, Conor/0000-0001-9540-9121; FU NASA Cassini Program; CIRS science FX The authors thank the NASA Cassini Program for their support of this work, given through the CIRS science operations budget. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304029 ER PT S AU Nybakken, R AF Nybakken, Rick GP IEEE TI The Juno Mission to Jupiter Launch Campaign and Early Cruise Report SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Juno, NASA's second New Frontiers Mission, is a Jupiter polar orbiter carrying a nine-instrument payload designed to complete an in-depth study of Jupiter's atmospheric composition and structure, magnetic and gravity fields, and the polar magnetosphere. Juno was launched from CCAFS (Cape Canaveral Air Force Station) on August 5, 2011 and is enroute to Jupiter arriving in July 2016 for a 1-year science mission. This paper provides a description of Juno's launch campaign (including a description of technical challenges that the team dealt with), a report on early cruise operations and a short discussion of some key lessons learned from Juno's development. It is a follow-on paper to two previous Juno papers listed in the References section. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nybakken, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nybakken@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300025 ER PT S AU Oberhettinger, D AF Oberhettinger, David GP IEEE TI Assuring that Lessons Learned Critical to Mission Success Get Used SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA has an established process for documenting and disseminating lessons learned from spaceflight missions and related activities. However, independent assessments of the NASA lessons learned process conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2011 have concluded that NASA programs and projects are failing to heed and apply these lessons learned. JPL recently completed implementation of a three-pronged approach to assure that NASA lessons learned get used by JPL spaceflight projects: 1. Targeted Distribution. Newly published entries in the NASA lessons learned repository are reviewed and forwarded to the JPL technical discipline expert best suited to take preventive action. 2. Project Self-Assessment. The JPL project assigns a coordinator to review NASA lessons learned and assign each one to a JPL subject matter expert. The expert then determines its applicability to the project, assesses the potential project impact of non-compliance, evaluates the current compliance status of the project, and proposes a course of action. 3. Lessons Learned Infusion. By cross-referencing NASA lessons learned to specific paragraphs in JPL's two mandatory core engineering standards, JPL has infused lessons learned into JPL procedures and training such that the institution need not rely on the appropriate person applying a lesson at the proper point in the project lifecycle. These steps have added a closed-loop to the recommendations in the lessons learned, and they assure that the recommendations are fully considered by JPL spaceflight projects. C1 NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Oberhettinger, D (reprint author), NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM davido@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304047 ER PT S AU Parness, A Frost, M AF Parness, Aaron Frost, Matthew GP IEEE TI Microgravity Coring: A Self-Contained Anchor and Drill for Consolidated Rock SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID SPACECRAFT AB The Microspine Drill, a self-contained anchor and rotary percussive drill, is presented. The Microspine Drill can core in an inverted orientation into consolidated rock, a harder-than-zero-g proof of concept. The anchor extends the use of microspines to microgravity environments. Microspines, originally developed for climbing robots, use arrays of hooks with passive suspension structures to opportunistically grasp rough surfaces and share loads across many contacts. Utilizing radial arrays and hierarchical compliance, this new system creates omnidirectional anchors. Prototypes have demonstrated anchoring strengths of >155 N tangent to, >150 N at 45 degrees to, and >180 N normal to the rock surface. Using a weight-on-bit of similar to 60N, 20 mm diameter boreholes were drilled 83 mm deep into vesicular basalt and a'a samples while retaining 12 mm diameter cores. The anchor-drill combination can be used to acquire samples and set up rope networks during future manned missions to near earth objects. The instrument also enables gravity independent sample acquisition from rock surfaces for science missions to asteroids, comets, or the walls and ceilings of lava tubes, craters, caves, and other extreme planetary terrains. C1 [Parness, Aaron; Frost, Matthew] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Parness, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Aaron.Parness@jpl.nasa.gov; Matthew.A.Frost@jpl.nasa.gov NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300059 ER PT S AU Preston, A Thorpe, JI Miner, L AF Preston, Alix Thorpe, J. Ira Miner, Linda GP IEEE TI Quasi-monolithic structures for spaceflight using hydroxide-catalysis bonding SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID FUSED-SILICA; INTERFEROMETER; SPACE AB Next generation space telescopes and interferometric missions will require stringent position and stability tolerances. To do this, these missions will require materials and bonding techniques with ever-increasing stability in order to make their measurements. As an example, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will detect and observe gravitational waves in the 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz frequency range with strain sensitivities on the order of 10(-21) at its most sensitive frequency. To make these measurements, critical components such as the optical bench or telescope support structure will need to have path-length stabilities of better than 1 pm/root Hz. The baseline construction method for the LISA optical bench is to affix fused silica components to a Zerodur baseplate using hydroxide-catalysis bonding (HCB). HCB is a recently developed technique that allows the bonding of glasses, some metals, and silicon carbide with significant strength and stability with a bond thickness of less than a few micrometers. In addition, a wide range of surface profiles can be bonded using only a small amount of hydroxide solution. These characteristics make HCB ideal for adhering components in complex optical systems. In addition to being used to construct the LISA optical bench, the HCB technique shows great promise for constructing other structures such as hollow retroreflectors to be used for lunar laser ranging, or a visible nulling coronograph to be used for exo-planet detection. Here we present construction techniques that could be used to make an optical bench, hollow retroreflector, nulling coronograph, or other quasi-monolithic structures using HCB. In addition, we present dimensional stability results of an optical bench that was made using HCB, as well as HCB strength measurements. C1 [Preston, Alix; Thorpe, J. Ira; Miner, Linda] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Preston, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM alix.m.preston@nasa.gov; james.i.thorpe@nasa.gov; linda.a.miner@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301083 ER PT S AU Robinson, D Okajima, T Serlemitsos, P Soong, Y AF Robinson, David Okajima, Takashi Serlemitsos, Peter Soong, Yang GP IEEE TI The Astro-H Soft X-ray Mirror SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Astro-H is led by the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) in collaboration with many other institutions including the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Goddard's contributions include two soft X-ray telescopes (SXTs). The telescopes have an effective area of 562 cm(2) at 1 keV and 425 cm(2) at 6 keV with an image quality requirement of 1.7 arc-minutes half power diameter (HPD). The engineering model has demonstrated 1.1 arc-minutes HPD error. The design of the SXT is based on the successful Suzaku mission mirrors with some enhancements to improve the image quality. Two major enhancements are bonding the X-ray mirror foils to alignment bars instead of allowing the mirrors to float, and fabricating alignment bars with grooves within 5 microns of accuracy. An engineering model SXT was recently built and subjected to several tests including vibration, thermal, and X-ray performance in a beamline. Several lessons were learned during this testing that will be incorporated in the flight design. Test results and optical performance are discussed, along with a description of the design of the SXT. C1 [Robinson, David; Okajima, Takashi; Serlemitsos, Peter; Soong, Yang] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Robinson, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.w.robinson@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301081 ER PT S AU Ruffa, JA Ward, DK Bartusek, LM Bay, M Gonzales, PJ Pesnell, WD AF Ruffa, John A. Ward, David K. Bartusek, Lisa M. Bay, Michael Gonzales, Peter J. Pesnell, William D. GP IEEE TI NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO): A Systems Approach to a Complex Mission SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) includes three advanced instruments, massive science data volume, stringent science data completeness requirements, and a custom ground station to meet mission demands. The strict instrument science requirements imposed a number of challenging drivers on the overall mission system design, leading the SDO team to adopt an integrated systems engineering presence across all aspects of the mission to ensure that mission science requirements would be met. Key strategies were devised to address these system level drivers and mitigate identified threats to mission success. The global systems engineering team approach ensured that key drivers and risk areas were rigorously addressed through all phases of the mission, leading to the successful SDO launch and on-orbit operation. Since launch, SDO's on-orbit performance has met all mission science requirements and enabled groundbreaking science observations, expanding our understanding of the Sun and its dynamic processes. C1 [Ruffa, John A.; Ward, David K.; Bartusek, Lisa M.; Pesnell, William D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ruffa, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM john.a.ruffa@nasa.gov; david.k.ward@nasa.gov; lisa.m.bartusek@nasa.gov; michael.bay@bayengineering.org; peter.j.gonzales@nasa.gov; william.d.pesnell@nasa.gov RI Pesnell, William/D-1062-2012 OI Pesnell, William/0000-0002-8306-2500 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300024 ER PT S AU Saha, B Quach, CC Goebel, K AF Saha, Bhaskar Quach, Cuong C. Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Optimizing Battery Life for Electric UAVs using a Bayesian Framework SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The amount of usable charge of a battery for a given discharge profile is not only dependent on the starting state-of-charge (SOC), but also other factors like battery health and the discharge or load profile imposed. For electric UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) the variation in the load profile can be very unpredictable. This paper presents a model parameter augmented Particle Filtering prognostic framework to explore battery behavior under these future load uncertainties. Stochastic programming schemes are explored to utilize the battery life predictions generated as a function of load, in order to infer the most optimal flight profile that would maximize the battery charge utilized while constraining the probability of a dead stick condition (i.e. battery shut off in flight). C1 [Saha, Bhaskar] Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Quach, Cuong C.; Goebel, Kai] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton 23681, VA USA. RP Saha, B (reprint author), Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM bhaskar.saha@jpl.nasa.gov; cuong.c.quach@nasa.gov; kai.goebel@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303085 ER PT S AU Samareh, JA Maddock, RW Winski, RG AF Samareh, Jamshid A. Maddock, Robert W. Winski, Richard G. GP IEEE TI An Integrated Tool for System Analysis of Sample Return Vehicles SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The next important step in space exploration is the return of sample materials from extraterrestrial locations to Earth for analysis. Most mission concepts that return sample material to Earth share one common element: an Earth entry vehicle. The analysis and design of entry vehicles is multidisciplinary in nature, requiring the application of mass sizing, flight mechanics, aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics, thermal analysis, structural analysis, and impact analysis tools. Integration of a multidisciplinary problem is a challenging task; the execution process and data transfer among disciplines should be automated and consistent. This paper describes an integrated analysis tool for the design and sizing of an Earth entry vehicle. The current tool includes the following disciplines: mass sizing, flight mechanics, aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics, and impact analysis tools. Python and Java languages are used for integration. Results are presented and compared with the results from previous studies. C1 [Samareh, Jamshid A.; Maddock, Robert W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Winski, Richard G.] Binera Inc, Yorktown Hts, NY USA. RP Samareh, JA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM jamshid.a.samareh@nasa.gov; robert.w.maddock@nasa.gov; richard.g.winski@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303015 ER PT S AU Schmidt, AG Walters, JP Zick, KM French, M Keymeulen, D Aranki, N Klimesh, M Kiely, A AF Schmidt, Andrew G. Walters, John Paul Zick, Kenneth M. French, Matthew Keymeulen, Didier Aranki, Nazeeh Klimesh, Matthew Kiely, Aaron GP IEEE TI Applying Radiation Hardening by Software to Fast Lossless Compression Prediction on FPGAs SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB As scientists endeavor to learn more about the world's ecosystems, engineers are pushed to develop more sophisticated instruments. With these advancements comes an increase in the amount of data generated. For satellite based instruments the additional data requires sufficient bandwidth be available to transmit the data. Alternatively, compression algorithms can be employed to reduce the bandwidth requirements. This work is motivated by the proposed HyspIRI mission, which includes two imaging spectrometers measuring from visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) that saturate the projected bandwidth allocations. We present a novel investigation into the capability of using FPGAs integrated with embedded PowerPC processors to adequately perform the predictor function of the Fast Lossless (FL) compression algorithm for multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. Furthermore, our design includes a multi-PowerPC implementation which incorporates recently developed Radiation Hardening by Software (RHBSW) techniques to provide software-based fault tolerance to commercial FPGA devices. Our results show low performance overhead (4-8%) while achieving a speedup of 1.97x when utilizing both PowerPCs. Finally, the evaluation of the proposed system includes resource utilization, performance metrics, and an analysis of the vulnerability to Single Event Upsets (SEU) through the use of a hardware based fault injector. C1 [Schmidt, Andrew G.; Walters, John Paul; Zick, Kenneth M.; French, Matthew] Univ So Calif, Inst Informat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Keymeulen, Didier; Aranki, Nazeeh; Klimesh, Matthew; Kiely, Aaron] CALTECH, Jet Propul Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Schmidt, AG (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Inst Informat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM aschmidt@isi.edu; jwalters@isi.edu; kzick@isi.edu; mfrench@isi.edu; didier.keymeulen@jpl.nasa.gov; nazeeh.aranki@jpl.nasa.gov; matthew.klimesh@jpl.nasa.gov; aaron.kiely@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX09AF16G] FX 2 This work was supported by NASA grant #NNX09AF16G. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302077 ER PT S AU Scott, DW Nelson, RW AF Scott, David W. Nelson, Robert W. Bill GP IEEE TI Low-Cost Telepresence at Technical Conferences SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Physical attendance at technical conferences maximizes both the professional and personal benefits of participation, and is often required as a condition of publishing. However, circumstances such as injury, literally being at the South Pole, and/or lack of funding may "get in the way", to say the least. This paper describes how an inexpensive, remote-site controllable camera was used with the existing laptop-and-projector configuration at IEEE Aeroconference 2011 to establish a workable point-to-point telepresence for presenting papers, attending presentations, participating in panel discussions, and co-chairing a technical session. The discussion includes suggestions for camera, audio, and screen/chart-sharing configurations for these purposes in both point-to-point and multi-point situations, use of telepresence as part of traditional conference room sessions, and possibilities for and challenges of having a "telepresence hall" for presentations and/or professional networking.(1) C1 [Scott, David W.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, HOSC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Scott, DW (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, HOSC, EO50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM scotty@nasa.gov; robert.w.nelson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304078 ER PT S AU Sen, A AF Sen, Amit GP IEEE TI Aquarius/SAC-D: An International Remote Sensing Mission to Measure Sea Surface Salinity SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS DE International Sea surface salinity mission; SSS; global water cycle; microwave remote sensing; projects; climate studies; Aquarius/ SAC-D; Observatory; spacecraft and instrument testing; performance; launch; NASA; CONAE; ASI; CNES; CSA; AEB (INPE-LIT); INVAP AB International Sea surface salinity mission, SSS, global water cycle, microwave remote sensing, projects, climate studies, Aquarius/SAC-D, Observatory, spacecraft and instrument testing, performance, launch, NASA, CONAE, ASI, CNES, CSA, AEB (INPE-LIT), INVAP. C1 [Sen, Amit] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Sen, A (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM amit.sen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300028 ER PT S AU Sengupta, A Pauken, M Kennett, A Trinidad, M Zabrensky, E AF Sengupta, Anita Pauken, Michael Kennett, Andrew Trinidad, Mark Zabrensky, Ed GP IEEE TI Systems Engineering and Support Systems Technology Considerations of a Mars Ascent Vehicle SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB A Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) systems engineering study is underway to define the driving requirements, concept of operations, system engineering challenges, and surface support systems to enable the launch of a rock core sample to a specified delivery orbit for later retrieval and return to Earth. The proposed MAV would essentially be a small-scale launch vehicle, the first of its kind to be launched autonomously from another planet. The MAV would be a flight element of the proposed Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign architecture, which currently assumes a 2018 launch of the sample caching mission and a 2024 (Earth) launch date of the MAV and lander, with arrival on Mars in 2025. After 9 months on the surface the MAV would be erected and launched to a specified delivery orbit. In the delivery orbit it would release its payload, a 5 kg sphere containing the rock core sample. An orbiter would rendezvous and capture the payload, returning it to Earth a year later. C1 [Sengupta, Anita; Pauken, Michael; Kennett, Andrew] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Trinidad, Mark; Zabrensky, Ed] Northrop Grumman Aerosp Syst, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. RP Sengupta, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Anita.Sengupta@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.trinidad@ngc.com NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303019 ER PT S AU Sengupta, A Longmire, E Ryan, M Haugen, E Laguna, J Sinclair, R White, E Hennings, E Machin, R Bourland, G Ross, J Bissell, D AF Sengupta, Anita Longmire, Ellen Ryan, Mitch Haugen, Erik Laguna, Jose Sinclair, Robert White, Edward Hennings, Elsa Machin, Ricardo Bourland, Gary Ross, James Bissell, Daniel GP IEEE TI Performance of a Conical Ribbon Drogue Parachute in the Wake of a Subscale Orion Command Module SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Ten percent of full-scale Orion conical ribbon drogue parachutes in the wake of a 10% command module were tested in a subsonic 3x2.1 m (10'x7') cross section, subsonic atmospheric wind tunnel. The motivation behind the test program is to provide a cost-efficient means to provide both parachute performance data in the wake of the Command Module (CM), and a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics validation dataset, including velocity field measurement in the wake. The subscale parachutes are constructed with the full-scale geometric porosity, number of gores and ribbons, using a novel laser cutting technique. The wind tunnel allows full exploration of the parameter space, including CM pitch plane angle, dynamic pressure (Reynolds number), and trailing distance. C1 [Sengupta, Anita] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sengupta, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Anita.Sengupta@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300003 ER PT S AU Serabyn, E Mawet, D AF Serabyn, Eugene Mawet, Dimitri GP IEEE TI Technology Development for Space Based Vortex Coronagraphy SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID PHASE-MASK CORONAGRAPH; LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION; ADAPTIVE OPTICS; BETA-PICTORIS; PLANET; STAR; CRYSTAL; IMAGE; LIGHT; EARTH AB As demonstrated recently at the Palomar Observatory, the Optical Vortex Coronagraph (OVC) can enable high-contrast imaging observations very near bright stars. A small-angle observational capability is especially important because it can reduce the telescope diameter needed for close companion observations. However, as the OVC is a fairly new technique, the vortex phase masks needed to enable the very high contrast imaging required to detect terrestrial exoplanets (similar to 10(-1)0 relative to the host star) are not yet in hand. This paper thus first briefly describes the basic operation of the vortex coronagraph, and then turns to a discussion of a promising method of manufacturing the needed vortex masks. In particular, vortex phase masks based on circularly-symmetric half-wave plates made of liquid-crystal polymers have already achieved very good performance. The practical limitations of such masks, and the means of overcoming these limitations are also addressed. Successful development of the requisite vortex masks could potentially enable a range of high-contrast coronagraphic space missions, from an initial explorer class mission to a large flagship class exoplanet imaging mission. C1 [Serabyn, Eugene] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mawet, Dimitri] European Southern Observ, Santiago, Chile. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM gene.serabyn@jpl.nasa.gov; dmawet@eso.org NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302003 ER PT S AU Shambayati, S Lee, DK AF Shambayati, Shervin Lee, Dennis K. GP IEEE TI GMSK Modulation for Deep Space Applications SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Due to scarcity of spectrum at 8.42 GHz deep space X-band allocation, many deep space missions are now considering the use of higher order modulation schemes instead of the traditional binary phase shift keying (BPSK). One such scheme is pre-coded Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). GMSK is an excellent candidate for deep space missions. GMSK is a constant envelope, bandwidth efficient modulation whose frame error rate (FER) performance with perfect carrier tracking and proper receiver structure is nearly identical to that of BPSK. There are several issues that need to be addressed with GMSK however. Specifically, we are interested in the combined effects of spectrum limitations and receiver structure on the coded performance of the X-band link using GMSK. The receivers that are typically used for GMSK demodulations are variations on offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) receivers. In this paper we consider three receivers: the standard DSN OQPSK receiver, DSN OQPSK receiver with filtered input, and an optimum OQPSK receiver with filtered input. For the DSN OQPSK receiver we show experimental results with (8920, 1/2), (8920, 1/3) and (8920, 1/6) turbo codes in terms of their error rate performance. We also consider the tracking performance of this receiver as a function of data rate, channel code and the carrier loop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For the other two receivers we derive theoretical results that will show that for a given loop bandwidth, a receiver structure, and a channel code, there is a lower data rate limit on the GMSK below which a higher SNR than what is required to achieve the required FER on the link is needed. These limits stem from the minimum loop signal-to-noise ratio requirements on the receivers for achieving lock. As a result of this, for a given channel code and a given FER, there could be a gap between the maximum data rate that BPSK can support without violating the spectrum limits and the minimum data rate that GMSK can support with the required FER depending on the type of GMSK receiver that is used. C1 [Shambayati, Shervin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Deep Space Commun Syst Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shambayati, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Deep Space Commun Syst Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM shervin.shambayati@jpl.nasa.gov; Dennis.K.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301023 ER PT S AU Sidick, E AF Sidick, Erkin GP IEEE TI Extended Scene SH Wavefront Sensor Algorithm: Minimization of Scene Content Dependent Shift Estimation Errors SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Adaptive Periodic-Correlation (APC) algorithm was developed for use in extended-scene Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors. It provides high-accuracy even when the sub-images in a frame captured by a Shack-Hartmann camera are not only shifted but also distorted relative to each other. Recently we found that the shift-estimate error of the APC algorithm has a component that depends on the content of extended-scene. In this paper we assess the amount of that error and propose a method to minimize it. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sidick, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Erkin.Sidick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301095 ER PT S AU Simpson, KA Sindiy, OV McVittie, TI AF Simpson, Kimberly A. Sindiy, Oleg V. McVittie, Thomas I. GP IEEE TI Orion Flight Test 1 Architecture - Observed Benefits of a Model Based Engineering Approach SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper details how a NASA-led team is using a model-based systems engineering approach to capture, analyze and communicate the end-to-end information system architecture supporting the first unmanned orbital flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Along with a brief overview of the approach and its products, the paper focuses on the observed program management-level benefits, challenges, and lessons learned; all of which may be applied to improve system engineering tasks for characteristically similarly challenges. C1 [Simpson, Kimberly A.; Sindiy, Oleg V.; McVittie, Thomas I.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Simpson, KA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302086 ER PT S AU Smith, IS Shi, NJ Webster, C AF Smith, Irene Skupniewicz Shi, Nija Webster, Christopher GP IEEE TI Optimizing Flight Control Software With an Application Platform SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Flight controllers in NASA's mission control centers work day and night to ensure that missions succeed and crews are safe. The IT goals of NASA mission control centers are similar to those of most businesses: to evolve IT infrastructure from basic to dynamic. This paper describes Mission Control Technologies (MCT), an application platform that is powering mission control today and is designed to meet the needs of future NASA control centers. MCT is an extensible platform that provides GUI components and a runtime environment. The platform enables NASA's IT goals through its use of lightweight interfaces and configurable components, which promote standardization and incorporate useful solution patterns. The MCT architecture positions mission control centers to reach the goal of dynamic IT, leading to lower cost of ownership, and treating software as a strategic investment. C1 [Smith, Irene Skupniewicz; Shi, Nija] SGT Inc, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, POB 1,MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Webster, Christopher] Carnegie Mellon Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smith, IS (reprint author), SGT Inc, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, POB 1,MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM irene.s.smith@nasa.gov; nija.shi@nasa.gov; chris.webster@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303052 ER PT S AU Sorensen, T Yost, B Differding, J Pilger, E Nunes, M AF Sorensen, Trevor Yost, Bruce Differding, Joan Pilger, Eric Nunes, Miguel GP IEEE TI Plug and Play Mission Operations SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Ongoing and planned smallsat programs within NASA, the DoD, and academia have indicated a need to be able to routinely and efficiently operate multiple small spacecraft in support of science and technology missions. However, as the number of these missions is expected to grow rapidly, the associated costs to develop and operate unique ground control stations, tools, and networks may become prohibitive to the sponsoring organizations or universities. In order to inform and raise the awareness of the smallsat space operations community, the University of Hawai'i, NASA Ames Research Center, San Jose State University (SJSU) and American Institure of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) held a workshop entitled Plug 'n' Play Mission Operations (PPMO) which held May 16-17, 2011 at the SJSU campus in San Jose, California. The purpose of the workshop was to foster collaboration and leveraging of existing and developing capabilities that may be collectively utilized by the smallsat community for space operations. Although the emphasis of the workshop was on small satellites, many of the techniques discussed would be applicable to large spacecraft mission operations as well. The workshop explored the adoption of standards and existing capabilities as well as the creation of new technologies that will enable space mission developers to plan, design, and operate their spacecraft using a common architecture in order to reduce cost and overall mission risk. The PPMO workshop investigated the various needs of the smallsat communities (military, civil and educational space) and also touched on existing systems and capabilities (such as GSFC's GMSEC, JPL's AMMOS, and NRL's CGA used in the MC3 program) and those under development (such as HSFL's COSMOS and ESA's GENSO). The workshop also held facilitated discussions organized into categories along the lines of Approaches (programmatic and related issues), Implementation (technical solutions and architectures), and Applications (concept of operations, mission types and users). This paper presents the results of this workshop and the path forward. C1 [Sorensen, Trevor; Pilger, Eric; Nunes, Miguel] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Space Flight Lab, 2820 East West Rd,POST 501, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Yost, Bruce; Differding, Joan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sorensen, T (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Space Flight Lab, 2820 East West Rd,POST 501, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Sorensen@hsfl.hawaii.edu; bruce.d.yost@nasa.gov; joan.differding@nasa.gov; Eric.Pilger@hsfl.hawaii.edu; Miguel.Nunes@hsfl.hawaii.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304023 ER PT S AU Soriano, M Finley, S Jongeling, A Fort, D Goodhart, C Rogstad, D Navarro, R AF Soriano, Melissa Finley, Susan Jongeling, Andre Fort, David Goodhart, Charles Rogstad, David Navarro, Robert GP IEEE TI Spacecraft-to-Earth Communications for Juno and Mars Science Laboratory Critical Events SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) Data Analysis system (EDA). The EDA software supports the real-time interpretation of Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK) tones provided by the spacecraft. The objective of this software is to provide communication of status between the spacecraft and the mission personnel on Earth during critical events when low rate telemetry is not possible due to high dynamics and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Although these communications cannot be used to affect the landing due to the length of time required at these distances, this information is important in the case of a mission failure. Mars Science Laboratory will utilize the EDA software during EDL. Juno usage will include Jupiter orbital insertion (JOI), with predicted SNR of 12-15 dB-Hz. Results are presented from the Juno tones test. Simulated signals were also generated for Juno at JOI and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) EDL and these results are analyzed. C1 [Soriano, Melissa] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Tracking Syst & Applicat Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Soriano, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Tracking Syst & Applicat Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Melissa.A.Soriano@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301024 ER PT S AU Spagnuolo, J Stukes, S AF Spagnuolo, John, Jr. Stukes, Sherry GP IEEE TI The Genesis of a Formal Tool for Reasoning about Flight Software Cost Analysis SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Knowledge Engineering (as defined by Edward Feigenbaum and Pamela McCorduck [1]) "... is that discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise". Embedded in this definition is the acquisition and structuring of the information characterizing the knowledge domain of interest. This paper gives a paradigm for the acquisition, structuring and representation of the knowledge used for the computation and computerized explanation of Flight Software (FSW) estimates for space mission proposals at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). General principles for the estimation of FSW are presented by merging the above ideas with the SEER-SEM computer program. A computerized methodology used to map the SEER-SEM output into the JPL Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is illustrated. The ideas of this paper encompass a methodology for FSW cost analysis which serves as a foundation upon which others may gain insight into how to perform such analyses. C1 [Spagnuolo, John, Jr.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Cost & Pricing Sect, Engn Cost Anal Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr MS 301-465, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Stukes, Sherry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Integrated Ground Data Syst Sect, Ground Software Syst Engn Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Spagnuolo, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Cost & Pricing Sect, Engn Cost Anal Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr MS 301-465, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM john.n.spagnuolo@jpl.nasa.gov; sherry.a.stukes@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 21 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303044 ER PT S AU Spangelo, SC Kaslow, D Delp, C Cole, B Anderson, L Fosse, E Gilbert, BS Hartman, L Kahn, T Cutler, J AF Spangelo, Sara C. Kaslow, David Delp, Chris Cole, Bjorn Anderson, Louise Fosse, Elyse Gilbert, Brett Sam Hartman, Leo Kahn, Theodore Cutler, James GP IEEE TI Applying Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to a Standard CubeSat SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an emerging technology that is providing the next advance in modeling and systems engineering. MBSE uses Systems Modeling Language (SysML) as its modeling language. SysML is a domain-specific modeling language for systems engineering used to specify, analyze, design, optimize, and verify systems. An MBSE Challenge project was established to model a hypothetical FireSat satellite system to evaluate the suitability of SysML for describing space systems. Although much was learned regarding modeling of this system, the fictional nature of the FireSat system precluded anyone from actually building the satellite. Thus, the practical use of the model could not be demonstrated or verified. This paper reports on using MBSE and SysML to model a standard CubeSat and applying that model to an actual CubeSat mission, the Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX) mission, developed by the Michigan Exploration Lab (MXL) and SRI International. C1 [Spangelo, Sara C.; Cutler, James] Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, 1320 Beal St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Delp, Chris; Cole, Bjorn; Anderson, Louise; Fosse, Elyse] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gilbert, Brett Sam] Analyt Graph Inc, Exton, PA 19341 USA. [Hartman, Leo] Canadian Space Agcy, Quebec City, PQ J3Y8Y9, Canada. [Kahn, Theodore] Blue Heron Serv Inc, California, MD 20619 USA. [Cutler, James] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Spangelo, SC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, 1320 Beal St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM saracs@umich.edu; dkaslow@agi.com; chris.delp@jpl.nasa.gov; bjorn.cole@jpl.nasa.gov; louise.anderson@jpl.nasa.gov; elyse.fosse@jpl.nasa.gov; bgilbert@agi.com; leo.hartman@asc-csa.gc.ca; ted.kahn@blueheronserv.com; jwcutler@gmail.com FU NSF [ATM-0838054]; SRI International; University of Michigan FX We would like to thank the University of Michigan RAX team for their contributions. This work was supported by NSF grant ATM-0838054 to SRI International and the University of Michigan. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303059 ER PT S AU Stambolian, DB AF Stambolian, Damon B. GP IEEE TI Human Modeling for Ground Processing Human Factors Engineering Analysis SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB There have been many advancements and accomplishments over the last few years using human modeling for human factors engineering analysis for design of spacecraft. The key methods used for this are motion capture and computer generated human models. The focus of this paper is to explain the human modeling currently used at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and to explain the future plans for human modeling for future spacecraft designs.(1) C1 NASA, KSC, Engn & Technol Directorate, JFK Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Stambolian, DB (reprint author), NASA, KSC, Engn & Technol Directorate, JFK Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM damon.b.stambolian@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304027 ER PT S AU Stambolian, DB AF Stambolian, Damon B. GP IEEE TI Avionics Box Cold Plate Damage Prevention SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Over the years there have been several instances of damage to Space Shuttle Orbiter cold plates during removal and replacement of avionics boxes. Thus, a process improvement team was created to determine ways to prevent this kind of damage. From this effort there were many solutions including, protective covers, training, and improved operations instructions. The focus of this paper is to explain the cold plate damage problem and the corrective actions for preventing future damage to aerospace avionics cold plate designs.(1) C1 NASA, KSC, Engn & Technol Directorate, JFK Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Stambolian, DB (reprint author), NASA, KSC, Engn & Technol Directorate, JFK Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM damon.b.stambolian@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304026 ER PT S AU Stone, CA Carter, A Justice, HL Keller, RM Tung, YW AF Stone, Christopher A. Carter, Andrew Justice, Heather L. Keller, Robert M. Tung, Yu-Wen GP IEEE TI Improved Modeling and Validation of Command Sequences Using a Checkable Sequence Language SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB We describe an approach to modeling and validation of command sequences for space missions that is intended to improve the likelihood of mission success by (i) making a closer connection between requirements and model specification, and (ii) increasing coverage of possible execution paths by using model checking to supplement or supplant simulation. Our approach features the use of a single language for modeling, sequencing, and flight rule requirements in the form of assertions. We summarize our experience applying this language to real mission flight rules and models. C1 [Stone, Christopher A.; Carter, Andrew; Justice, Heather L.; Keller, Robert M.; Tung, Yu-Wen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stone, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Christopher.A.Stone@jpl.nasa.gov; Andrew.Carter@jpl.nasa.gov; Heather.Justice@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.M.Keller@jpl.nasa.gov; Yu-Wen.Tung@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304032 ER PT S AU Stone, T Alena, R Baldwin, J Wilson, P AF Stone, Thom Alena, Richard Baldwin, Jarren Wilson, Pete GP IEEE TI A Viable COTS Based Wireless Architecture for Spacecraft Avionics SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS DE Avionics; Spacecraft; ZigBee; Wireless LAN; Smart Spacecraftm Sensor and Sensor Network; IEEE 802.16.2; plug and play networks AB Wireless communications has more to offer for spacecraft avionics than just reduced mass and space. A team at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) is actively involved in designing and implementing wireless systems, and is part of a multi-center NASA effort to investigate wireless sensor networks (WSN) for spacecraft sponsored by the NASA Engineering and Safety Center. In this paper, we describe an implementation of ZigBee run over an IEEE 802.16.2 network architecture, and explain how this topology can be adapted to meet the rigorous challenges presented by the space environment. We present current ZigBee applications and deployments and compare ZigBee with some competing network architectures. We also present some of the wireless sensor network research and development that has been accomplished at ARC and discuss future plans. Our results show that ZigBee can meet requirements and provide the opportunity to develop a smart spacecraft infrastructure modeled on the "smart home" vision, and outline some steps that might be taken to bring this model to reality. C1 [Stone, Thom] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Special Projects Div, Informat Technol Directorate, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stone, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Special Projects Div, Informat Technol Directorate, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM thom.stone@nasa.gov; richard.l.alena@nasa.gov; jarren.a.baldwin@nasa.gov; petewilson.pe@gmail.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301030 ER PT S AU Tabiryan, NV Nersisyan, SR Xianyu, H Serabyn, E AF Tabiryan, N. V. Nersisyan, S. R. Xianyu, H. Serabyn, E. GP IEEE TI Fabricating Vector Vortex Waveplates for Coronagraphy SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID DIFFRACTION AB Vector vortex waveplates (VVWs) have a potential of revolutionizing coronagraphy and other space imaging and communication systems. Extensive experimentation identified the role of factors that determined the properties of VVWs. Using photoalignment materials with high photosensitivity and reversible response proved key to minimizing the defect area and reducing the scattered light. Decreasing the exposure energy allowed decreasing the singularity area, and using VVWs for redistribution of light intensity from the axial regions of the beam to its periphery allowed large substrate areas to have similar exposure to the light, and production of large area VVWs. Using VVWs as linear to axial polarization converters allowed printing VVWs with higher topological charge while reducing the photoaligning time from an hour to minutes. Thus we were able to fabricate VVWs with high topological charge tuned to near infrared spectral range while keeping the singularity size to below 5 mu m. Achromatic VVWs in IR spectral range were demonstrated with the aid of multilayer coating with twisted orientation. C1 [Tabiryan, N. V.; Nersisyan, S. R.; Xianyu, H.] BEAM Engn Adv Measurements Co, 809 S Orlando Ave,Suite 1, Winter Pk, FL 32789 USA. [Serabyn, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tabiryan, NV (reprint author), BEAM Engn Adv Measurements Co, 809 S Orlando Ave,Suite 1, Winter Pk, FL 32789 USA. EM nelson@beamco.com; eserabyn@s383.jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302004 ER PT S AU Taylor, RL Zuber, MT Lehman, DH Hoffman, TL AF Taylor, Randall L. Zuber, Maria T. Lehman, David H. Hoffman, Thomas L. GP IEEE TI Managing GRAIL: Getting to Launch on Cost, on Schedule, and on Spec SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission launched September 2011. GRAIL is a Discovery Program mission with a project cost cap. Led by Principal Investigator (PI) Dr. Maria T. Zuber of MIT and managed by NASA.'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, GRAIL will precisely map the gravitational field of the Moon to reveal its internal structure." from crust to core,." determine its thermal evolution, and extend this knowledge to other planets. Dr. Sally Ride leads education and public outreach. This paper summarizes development challenges and accomplishments. Critical success factors are discussed, including key personnel, technical margins, and schedule/cost management practices.(1) C1 [Taylor, Randall L.; Lehman, David H.; Hoffman, Thomas L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Zuber, Maria T.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Taylor, RL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM randall.l.taylor@jpl.nasa.gov; zuber@mit.edu; david.h.lehman@jpl.nasa.gov; tom.l.hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Science Mission Directorate; NASA Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office FX The authors acknowledge the contributions of the entire GRAIL project team at MIT, JPL, LM, KSC, GSFC, SRS, subcontractors, and supporting institutions, as well as the support provided by the NASA Science Mission Directorate and the NASA Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office. It is the success of their efforts that this paper strives to summarize NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304050 ER PT S AU Terrile, RJ Noraky, J AF Terrile, Richard J. Noraky, James GP IEEE TI Immersive Telepresence as an Alternative for Human Exploration SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID OPTIC-NERVE AB Progress in the information technology field is creating compelling alternatives to direct human exploration of distant planetary surfaces. One such alternative is immersive telepresence where the human explorer is Earthbound but able to remotely interact with a distant environment. Exploration goals for science, operational development and public engagement each have unique requirements on immersive systems. Understanding the future capabilities of these systems is essential for deriving requirements of data volume, bandwidth and latency for future robotic missions. Immersive systems have made significant advances and are now being driven by the entertainment and game industries. These systems allow the observer to experience the virtual environment through head movements and feel immersed into the simulated environment. When the simulation fidelity is equivalent to the observations of an in-situ explorer, the visual experience is the same as being there. How will our feelings toward individual human exploration change when we all have the ability to walk on other worlds and cast our shadows on the rocks? The expectation is that this will tip the balance of an exploration portfolio toward in situ machines over people.(12) C1 [Terrile, Richard J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Noraky, James] MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Terrile, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rich.terrile@jpl.nasa.gov; jnoraky@mit.edu NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304079 ER PT S AU Thompson, V Decker, B Hardash, JAC Summers, RO AF Thompson, Victor Decker, Brady Hardash, Jill A-C Summers, Richard O. GP IEEE TI NASA (In) novation Ecosystem: Taking Technology Innovation from Buzz to Reality SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB NASA knows that cultivating relationships and cross-pollinating ideas can improve operational efficiency, reduce duplicate efforts, and drive more effective communication of its capabilities, all of which enable innovation. The NASA Headquarters (HQ) Information Technology and Communications Division (ITCD) partnered with Booz Allen to develop an Innovation Ecosystem leveraging a scalable and sustainable method to promote cross-cutting technology innovation. The effort focuses on: Encouraging and capturing innovative problems, ideas, and relationships; Openly sharing knowledge independent of organization or geography; Building, optimizing, and strengthening NASA's technology capabilities; and Actively managing near-and long-term mission technology portfolios. The result is an Innovation Ecosystem consisting of the following four distinct components working together to facilitate innovation and adoption across the enterprise and through the innovation life cycle: 1. Technology Injection Framework and (in) novation Partner Relationships, 2. (In) novations Technology Showcase, 3. innovate.nasa.gov, 4. Strategic (In) novation Communication. An Innovation Ecosystem is more than "innovation management." As in any ecosystem, multiple components must work together-individually and collectively-to create a supportive environment that lets innovations survive the entire life cycle and integrate into the organization. Without this cohesive approach and balanced system, innovations are at risk of becoming merely "good ideas" without staying power in daily operations and risk withering away before implementation. C1 [Thompson, Victor; Decker, Brady] NASA, Headquarters ITCD, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC USA. [Hardash, Jill A-C; Summers, Richard O.] Booz Allen Hamilton, Los Angeles, CA 90045 USA. RP Thompson, V (reprint author), NASA, Headquarters ITCD, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC USA. EM Victor.thompson-1@nasa.gov; Brady.w.decker@nasa.gov; Hardash_jill@bah.com; Summers_richard@bah.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304076 ER PT S AU Trebi-Ollennu, A Ali, KS Rankin, AL Tso, KS Assad, C Matthews, JB Deen, RG Alexander, DA Toda, R Manohara, H Mojarradi, M Wolf, M Wright, JR Yen, J Hartman, F Bonitz, RG Sirota, AR Alkalai, L AF Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey Ali, Khaled S. Rankin, Arturo L. Tso, Kam S. Assad, Christopher Matthews, Jaret B. Deen, Robert G. Alexander, Douglass A. Toda, Risaku Manohara, Harish Mojarradi, Mohammad Wolf, Michael Wright, John R. Yen, Jeng Hartman, Frank Bonitz, Robert G. Sirota, Allen R. Alkalai, Leon GP IEEE TI Lunar Surface Operation Testbed (LSOT) SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes a high fidelity mission concept systems testbed at JPL, called Lunar Surface Operations Testbed (LSOT). LSOT provides a unique infrastructure that enables mission concept studies designers to configure and demonstrate end-to-end surface operations using existing JPL mission operations and ground support tools, Lander, robotic arm, stereo cameras, flight software, and soil simulant (regolith), in a high fidelity functional testbed. This paper will describe how LSOT was used to support the MoonRise mission concept study. MoonRise: Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return Mission would place a lander in a broad basin near the moon's South Pole and return approximately two pounds of lunar materials to Earth for study. MoonRise was one of three candidate missions competing to be selected as the third mission for NASA's New Frontiers Program of Solar System Explorations. LSOT was used to demonstrate JPL's extensive experience and understanding of the MoonRise Lander capabilities, design maturity, surface operations systems engineering issues, risks and challenges. C1 [Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey; Ali, Khaled S.; Rankin, Arturo L.; Tso, Kam S.; Assad, Christopher; Matthews, Jaret B.; Deen, Robert G.; Alexander, Douglass A.; Toda, Risaku; Manohara, Harish; Mojarradi, Mohammad; Wolf, Michael; Wright, John R.; Yen, Jeng; Hartman, Frank; Bonitz, Robert G.; Sirota, Allen R.; Alkalai, Leon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trebi-Ollennu, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ashitey@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300064 ER PT S AU Trinidad, MA Zabrensky, E Sengupta, A AF Trinidad, Mark A. Zabrensky, Edward Sengupta, Anita GP IEEE TI Mars Ascent Vehicle System Studies and Baseline Conceptual Design SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) is a critical mission element of the Mars Sample Return campaign that delivers the Martian sample from Mars surface to orbit for rendezvous with retrieving spacecraft and sample return to earth. The MAV design presents significant challenges in that it must fit in the Lander mission architecture, have a minimized total system mass (MAV and igloo/erector support system) with a mass goal of less than 360 kg, and deliver the 5 kg Martian sample payload to a 460 to 580km orbit. The MAV must also withstand the harsh Mars thermal environment for up to 9 months where power consumption for thermal conditioning and operation further impacts the mass allocation to the MAV. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, in collaboration with NASA GRC and JPL, conducted a MAV system study and component definition under a National Research Announcement, NASA In-Space Propulsion program. The study investigated a two-stage liquid propulsion concept, an optimized MAV trajectory, guidance, navigation, and control, thermal requirements, MAV components, and MAV support systems. The results of the study and baseline MAV system design are presented in this report. C1 [Trinidad, Mark A.; Zabrensky, Edward] Northrop Grumman Aerosp Syst, 1 Space Pk Dr, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. [Sengupta, Anita] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trinidad, MA (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Aerosp Syst, 1 Space Pk Dr, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. EM mark.trinidad@ngc.com; ed.zabrensky@ngc.com; anita.sengupta@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303018 ER PT S AU Tsao, P Nguyen, S AF Tsao, Philip Sam Nguyen GP IEEE TI BPTAP: A New Approach Toward IP over DTN SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB A prototype virtual Ethernet driver (BPTAP) has been written which runs atop the ION (Interplanetary Overlay Network) implementation of the DTN (Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network) protocol. This driver has the potential to expedite DTN deployment by providing a transition mechanism for legacy IP (Internet Protocol) applications 10 run alongside delay and disruption tolerant applications in future large-scale communication networks. By presenting an Ethernet-like interface, BPTAP gives application del-elopers access to many of the benefits of DTN without having to become immediately proficient at a new programming API. Under certain conditions, some unmodified IP applications may even exhibit superior performance when running under BPTAP than the native operating environment. Performance measurements are presented for several applications. C1 [Tsao, Philip; Sam Nguyen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tsao, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ptsao@jpl.nasa.gov; phn19@yahoo.com NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301032 ER PT S AU Vacchione, JD Kruid, RC Prata, A Amaro, LR Mittskus, AP AF Vacchione, Joseph D. Kruid, Ronald C. Prata, Aluizio, Jr. Amaro, Luis R. Mittskus, Anthony P. GP IEEE TI Telecommunications Antennas for the Juno Mission to Jupiter SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The Juno Mission to Jupiter requires a full sphere of coverage throughout its cruise to and mission at Jupiter. This coverage is accommodated through the use of five (5) antennas; forward facing low gain, medium gain, and high gain antennas, and an aft facing low gain antenna along with an aft mounted low gain antenna with a torus shaped antenna pattern. Three of the antennas (the forward low and medium gain antennas) are classical designs that have been employed on several prior NASA missions. Two of the antennas employ new technology developed to meet the Juno mission requirements. The new technology developed for the low gain with torus shaped radiation pattern represents a significant evolution of the bicone antenna. The high gain antenna employs a specialized surface shaping designed to broaden the antenna's main beam at Ka-band to ease the requirements on the spacecraft's attitude control system. C1 [Vacchione, Joseph D.; Kruid, Ronald C.; Amaro, Luis R.; Mittskus, Anthony P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vacchione, JD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Joseph.D.Vacchione@jpl.nasa.gov; Ronald.C.Kruid@jpl.nasa.gov; prata@vsoe.usc.edu; Luis.R.Amaro@jpl.nasa.gov; AnthonyP.Mittskus@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301017 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, V AF Vilnrotter, V. GP IEEE TI Power Spectrum of Uplink Array Signals with Random Phase and Delay Errors SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Uplink Array signals emanating from different antennas must be compensated for Doppler and delay in order to achieve the N-2 array gain predicted by theory(1). However compensation is never perfect, leaving residual errors that cause losses in array gain and degradation in signal quality. Here we develop a mathematical model for Uplink Array signals in the presence of phase and delay errors, similar to well-known multipath analyses but with features unique to this problem. The resulting losses and distortions are described, and the power spectral density of the array signal derived first conditioned on a given error vector, then averaged over distributions deemed suitable for Uplink Array applications. The impact of phase and delay errors on array gain and signal distortion are addressed, and the maximum data throughput is quantified in terms of the assumed error statistics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Victor.A.Vilnrotter@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301064 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, V AF Vilnrotter, Victor GP IEEE TI Experimental Evaluation of the "Polished Panel Optical Receiver" Concept on the Deep Space Network's 34 meter Antenna SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The potential development of large aperture ground-based "photon bucket" optical receivers for deep space communications has received considerable attention recently(1). One approach currently under investigation proposes to polish the aluminum reflector panels of 34-meter microwave antennas to high reflectance, and accept the relatively large spotsize generated by even state-of-the-art polished aluminum panels. Here we describe the experimental effort currently underway at the Deep Space Network (DSN) Goldstone Communications Complex in California, to test and verify these concepts in a realistic operational environment. A custom designed aluminum panel has been mounted on the 34 meter research antenna at Deep-Space Station 13 (DSS-13), and a remotely controlled CCD camera with a large CCD sensor in a weather-proof container has been installed next to the subreflector, pointed directly at the custom polished panel. Using the planet Jupiter as the optical point-source, the point-spread function (PSF) generated by the polished panel has been characterized, the array data processed to determine the center of the intensity distribution, and expected communications performance of the proposed polished panel optical receiver has been evaluated. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Victor.A.Vilnrotter@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301026 ER PT S AU Wagner, DA Bennett, MB Karban, R Rouquette, N Jenkins, S Ingham, M AF Wagner, David A. Bennett, Matthew B. Karban, Robert Rouquette, Nicolas Jenkins, Steven Ingham, Michel GP IEEE TI An Ontology for State Analysis: Formalizing the Mapping to SysML SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB State Analysis is a methodology developed over the last decade for architecting, designing and documenting complex control systems. Although it was originally conceived for designing robotic spacecraft, recent applications include the design of control systems for large ground-based telescopes. The European Southern Observatory (ESO) began a project to design the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), which will require coordinated control of over a thousand articulated mirror segments. The designers are using State Analysis as a methodology and the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) as a modeling and documentation language in this task. To effectively apply the State Analysis methodology in this context it became necessary to provide ontological definitions of the concepts and relations in State Analysis and greater flexibility through a mapping of State Analysis into a practical extension of SysML. The ontology provides the formal basis for verifying compliance with State Analysis semantics including architectural constraints. The SysML extension provides the practical basis for applying the State Analysis methodology with SysML tools. This paper will discuss the method used to develop these formalisms (the ontology), the formalisms themselves, the mapping to SysML and approach to using these formalisms to specify a control system and enforce architectural constraints in a SysML model. C1 [Wagner, David A.; Bennett, Matthew B.; Rouquette, Nicolas; Jenkins, Steven; Ingham, Michel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Karban, Robert] European South Observ, D-285748 Garching, Germany. RP Wagner, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.A.Wagner@jpl.nasa.gov; Matthew.B.Bennett@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.Karban@eso.org; Nicolas.Rouquette@jpl.nasa.gov; Steven.Jenkins@jpl.nasa.gov; Michel.Ingham@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303055 ER PT S AU Wagner, RS Barton, RJ AF Wagner, Raymond S. Barton, Richard J. GP IEEE TI Performance Comparison of Wireless Sensor Network Standard Protocols in an Aerospace Environment: ISA100.11a and ZigBee Pro SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Standards-based wireless sensor network (WSN) protocols are promising candidates for spacecraft avionic systems, offering unprecedented instrumentation flexibility and expandability. However, when migrating from wired to wireless data gathering systems, ensuring reliable data transport is a key consideration. In this paper, we conduct a rigorous laboratory analysis of the relative performance of the ZigBee Pro and ISA100.11a protocols in a representative crewed aerospace environment. Since both operate in the 2.4 GHz radio frequency (RF) band shared by systems such as Wi-Fi, they are subject at times to potentially debilitating RF interference. We compare message delivery rates achievable by both under varying levels of 802.11g Wi-Fi traffic. We conclude that while the simpler, more inexpensive ZigBee Pro protocol performs well under moderate levels of interference, the more complex and costly ISA100.11a protocol is needed to ensure reliable data delivery under heavier interference. This paper represents the first published, rigorous analysis of WSN protocols in an aerospace analog environment of which we are aware and the first published head-to-head comparison of ZigBee Pro and ISA100.11a. C1 [Wagner, Raymond S.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Wireless Sensor Network Res & Dev Program, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Barton, Richard J.] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Wagner, RS (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Wireless Sensor Network Res & Dev Program, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM raymond.s.wagner@nasa.gov; richard.j.barton@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302041 ER PT S AU Wallace, JK Serabyn, E Mawet, D AF Wallace, J. Kent Serabyn, Eugene Mawet, Dimitri GP IEEE TI Common-Path Wavefront Sensing for Advanced Coronagraphs SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID VORTEX CORONAGRAPH AB Imaging of faint companions around nearby stars is not limited by either intrinsic resolution of a coronagraph/telescope system, nor is it strictly photon limited. Typically, it is both the magnitude and temporal variation of small phase and amplitude errors imparted to the electric field by elements in the optical system which will limit ultimate performance. Adaptive optics systems, particularly those with multiple deformable mirrors, can remove these errors, but they need to be sensed in the final image plane. If the sensing system is before the final image plane, which is typical for most systems, then the non-common path optics between the wavefront sensor and science image plane will lead to unsensed errors. However, a new generation of high-performance coronagraphs naturally lend themselves to wavefront sensing in the final image plane. These coronagraphs and the wavefront sensing will be discussed, as well as plans for demonstrating this with a high-contrast system on the ground. Such a system will be a key system-level proof for a future space-based coronagraph mission, which will also be discussed. C1 [Wallace, J. Kent; Serabyn, Eugene] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mawet, Dimitri] European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Wallace, JK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM James.K.Wallace@jpl.nasa.gov; Eugene.Serabyn@jpl.nasa.gov; dmawet@eso.org NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302005 ER PT S AU Wang, SY AF Wang, Shin-Ywan GP IEEE TI Distributed Interplanetary Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) Monitor and Control System SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The main purpose of Distributed interplanetary Delay Tolerant Network Monitor and Control System as a DTN system network management implementation in JPL is defined to provide methods and tools that can monitor the DTN operation status, detect and resolve DTN operation failures in some automated style while either space network or some heterogeneous network is infused with DTN capability. In this paper, "DTN Monitor and Control system in Deep Space Network (DSN)" exemplifies a case how DTN Monitor and Control system can be adapted into a space network as it is DTN enabled. Also a "DTN Status Diagnose and Treatment Creator" tool is devised to provide a platform for network operator to compose failure treatment methods according to the received DTN BSR (bundle status report), DTN implementation specific log message and the network specifically produced monitor and control data. This innovative interplanetary DTN Monitor and Control system was created and installed in the mission administrative node as a multi-tiered internet-based web application to support DTN system by monitoring the data delivery and analyzing the delivery statistics from ION (Interplanetary Overlay Network), JPL originally implemented DTN or other DTN implementation. This monitor and control system includes modules related to the DTN bundles status report receiving, health monitoring, DTN operation failure diagnosing, failure treatment composing and failure treatment to GUI conversion. Moreover, a GUI system is designed to provide visual interfaces to display the operation status and DTN topology lively, query the DTN status stored in the database, and guide the designated user to fix the DTN failure. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. EM sywanwang@hotmail.com NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105301033 ER PT S AU Webster, C Shi, NJ Smith, IS AF Webster, Christopher Shi, Nija Smith, Irene Skupniewicz GP IEEE TI Delivering Software into NASA's Mission Control Center Using Agile Development Techniques SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The traditional software engineering approach at NASA uses a waterfall model. While this results in software that meets the requirements and is functionally correct, it may not result in the safest software, as verification and validation do not consider the software's usability. Since flight controllers need to make time-sensitive decisions based on telemetry, the flexibility and usability of the software are as important as the ability to accurately view telemetry. For example, the International Space Station has over 150,000 pieces of telemetry, so requiring all possible combinations of displays to be defined ahead of time is not practical. Thus, the ability to quickly visualize ad hoc telemetry groupings is important. This paper describes the process the Mission Control Technologies project uses to deliver innovative software while ensuring the software can be used in a mission-critical environment. The process has successfully delivered multiple customer-selected releases into the Mission Control Center operational environment. C1 [Webster, Christopher] Carnegie Mellon Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, POB 1,MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Shi, Nija; Smith, Irene Skupniewicz] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Webster, C (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, POB 1,MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM chris.webster@nasa.gov; nija.shi@nasa.gov; irene.s.smith@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303049 ER PT S AU White, C Antoun, G Brugarolas, P Lih, SS Peng, CY Phan, L Martin, AS Sell, S Singh, G AF White, Christopher Antoun, George Brugarolas, Paul Lih, Shyh-Shiuh Peng, Chia-Yen Linh Phan Martin, Alejandro San Sell, Steven Singh, Gurkirpal GP IEEE TI System Verification of MSL Skycrane Using an Integrated ADAMS Simulation SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) will use the Skycrane architecture to execute final descent and landing maneuvers. The Skycrane phase uses closed-loop feedback control throughout the entire phase, starting with rover separation, through mobility deploy, and through touchdown, ending only when the bridles have completely slacked. The integrated ADAMS simulation described in this paper couples complex dynamical models created by the mechanical subsystem with actual GNC flight software algorithms that have been compiled and linked into ADAMS. These integrated simulations provide the project with the best means to verify key Skycrane requirements which have a tightly coupled GNC-Mechanical aspect to them. It also provides the best opportunity to validate the design of the algorithm that determines when to cut the bridles. The results of the simulations show the excellent performance of the Skycrane system. C1 [White, Christopher; Brugarolas, Paul; Lih, Shyh-Shiuh; Peng, Chia-Yen; Linh Phan; Martin, Alejandro San; Sell, Steven; Singh, Gurkirpal] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP White, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM cvwhite@jpl.nasa.gov; George.antoun@ata-e.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300001 ER PT S AU Whitley, S Shinn, S AF Whitley, Sally Shinn, Stephen GP IEEE TI The Economics of NASA Mission Cost Reserves SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Increases in NASA mission costs have led to analysis of the causes and magnitude of historical mission overruns as well as mitigation and prevention attempts. This paper hypothesizes that one cause is that the availability of reserves may reduce incentives to control costs. We draw a comparison to the insurance concept of moral hazard, and we use actuarial techniques to better understand the increase in mission costs due to the availability of reserves. NASA's CADRe database provided the data against which we tested our hypothesis and discovered that there is correlation between the amount of available reserves and project overruns, particularly for mission hardware cost increases. We address the question of how to prevent reserves from increasing mission spending without increasing cost risk to projects. C1 [Whitley, Sally] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Shinn, Stephen] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Whitley, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM sally.whitley@jhuapl.edu; stephen.a.shinn@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304038 ER PT S AU Wilcox, BH AF Wilcox, Brian H. GP IEEE TI Hybrids of Solar Sail, Solar Electric, and Solar Thermal Propulsion for Solar-System Exploration SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Solar sails have long been known to be an attractive method of propulsion in the inner solar system if the areal density of the overall spacecraft (S/C) could be reduced to similar to 10 g/m(2). It has also long been recognized that the figure (precise shape) of useful solar sails needs to be reasonably good, so that the reflected light goes mostly in the desired direction. If one could make large reflective surfaces with reasonable figure at an areal density of similar to 10 g/m(2), then several other attractive options emerge. One is to use such sails as solar concentrators for solar-electric propulsion. Current flight solar arrays have a specific output of similar to 100W/kg at 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) from the sun, and near-term advances promise to significantly increase this figure. A S/C with an areal density of 10 g/m(2) could accelerate up to 29 km/s per year as a solar sail at 1 AU. Using the same sail as a concentrator at 30 AU, the same spacecraft could have up to similar to 45 W of electric power per kg of total S/C mass available for electric propulsion (EP). With an EP system that is 50% power-efficient, exhausting 10% of the initial S/C mass per year as propellant, the exhaust velocity is similar to 119 km/s and the acceleration is similar to 12 km/s per year. This hybrid thus opens attractive options for missions to the outer solar system, including sample-return missions. If solar-thermal propulsion were perfected, it would offer an attractive intermediate between solar sailing in the inner solar system and solar electric propulsion for the outer solar system. In the example above, both the solar sail and solar electric systems don't have a specific impulse that is near-optimal for the mission. Solar thermal propulsion, with an exhaust velocity of the order of 10 km/s, is better matched to many solar system exploration missions. This paper derives the basic relationships between these three propulsion options and gives examples of missions that might be enabled by such hybrids. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilcox, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Brian.H.Wilcox@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105303013 ER PT S AU Wilcox, BH AF Wilcox, Brian H. GP IEEE TI ATHLETE: A Limbed Vehicle for Solar System Exploration SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID ROBOT AB As part of the Human-Robot Systems project funded by NASA, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a vehicle called ATHLETE: the All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer.(1) Each vehicle is based on six wheels at the ends of six multi-degree-of-freedom limbs. Because each limb has enough degrees of freedom for use as a general-purpose leg, the wheels can be locked and used as feet to walk out of excessively soft or other extreme terrain. Since the vehicle has this alternative mode of traversing through or at least out of extreme terrain, the wheels and wheel actuators can be sized for nominal terrain. There are substantial mass savings in the wheel and wheel actuators associated with designing for nominal instead of extreme terrain. These mass savings are comparable-to or larger-than the extra mass associated with the articulated limbs. As a result, the entire mobility system, including wheels and limbs, can be about 25% lighter than a conventional mobility chassis. A side benefit of this approach is that each limb has sufficient degrees-of-freedom to use as a general-purpose manipulator (hence the name. limb. instead of. leg.). Our prototype ATHLETE vehicles have quick-disconnect tool adapters on the limbs that allow tools to be drawn out of a "tool belt" and maneuvered by the limb. A power-take-off from the wheel actuates the tools, so that they can take advantage of the 1+ horsepower motor in each wheel to enable drilling, gripping or other powertool functions. This paper describes the applicability of the ATHLETE concept to exploration of the moon, Mars and Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs). Recently, the focus of human exploration beyond LEO has been on NEAs. One scenario for exploration of a NEA has been likened to a submarine exploring a wrecked ship - humans would sit in a "bubble" and approach the asteroid for up-close examination and robotic manipulation. What is important is to ensure that the bubble doesn't collide with the asteroid surface, nor float away. Multiple limbs, such as available on ATHLETE, allow for precise positioning and anchoring so as to enable the human bubble to maximize its exploration potential. A microgravity testbed has been constructed in the ATHLETE lab, with six computer-controlled winches able to lift ATHLETE and payloads so as to simulate the motion of the system in the vicinity of a NEA. Accurate 6-axis force-torque sensors will measure the applied forces and moments wherever the vehicle touches a simulated asteroid surface. These measured forces can be used to compute the resultant motion of the vehicle in the microgravity environment, and the winches then move the vehicle along the computed trajectory. Preliminary test results from this system are described. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wilcox, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 303-300, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM brian.h.wilcox@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105302092 ER PT S AU Williams, CR Reyes, AM AF Williams, Christine R. Reyes, Ana Maria GP IEEE TI NASA's System Behind the System: Developing Systems Engineers SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB The purpose of this paper is to share NASA's model for developing high-potential, mid-level systems engineers and the results achieved. It describes the complex system approach to technical leadership development and factors that contributed to the program's success. Findings show that identifying, training, and developing the entire learning system-not just program participants-significantly affected the participant's ability to make a greater contribution to the organization. NASA achieved an 80% first year, and 90% second year, success rate of individuals transitioning into more complex and difficult positions upon returning to their organizations. Comparatively, the average failure rate for executive transition is 40%. NASA's findings are applicable to other organizations. Developing potential leaders by involving the entire system in which the individual works, while holding their leadership accountable, produces qualified leaders ready to meet the organization's ongoing challenges. C1 [Williams, Christine R.] NASA, Acad Program Project & Engn Leadership, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Reyes, Ana Maria] New Worlds Enterprise LLP, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Williams, CR (reprint author), NASA, Acad Program Project & Engn Leadership, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM Christine.R.Williams-1@nasa.gov; amreyes@NewWorldsEnterprise.com NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304074 ER PT S AU Wolf, AA Casoliva, J Manrique, JB Acikmese, B Ploen, S AF Wolf, Aron A. Casoliva, Jordi Manrique, Joel Benito Acikmese, Behcet Ploen, Scott GP IEEE TI Improving the Landing Precision of an MSL-Class Vehicle SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS ID DESCENT AB Prior to Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Mars landers flew ballistic entry trajectories. Improvements in landing accuracy (from similar to 150 km from the target for Mars Pathfinder to similar to 30-40 km for Mars Exploration Rover and Phoenix) were solely due to improved approach navigation. MSL will fly the first guided-entry trajectory to Mars, further improving accuracy to similar to 10-12 km from the target by modifying the trajectory in the atmosphere using a lift created by slightly offsetting the vehicle center-of-mass. EDL systems of future Mars lander missions are likely to substantially resemble MSL to maximize heritage and minimize cost. Further improvements in landing accuracy are desired for these missions, motivating an investigation into improvements in landing accuracy with minimal impact to the MSL EDL system architecture. C1 [Wolf, Aron A.; Casoliva, Jordi; Manrique, Joel Benito; Acikmese, Behcet; Ploen, Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wolf, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Aron.A.Wolf@jpl.nasa.gov; Jordi.Casoliva@jpl.nasa.gov; Joel.Benito.Manrique@jpl.nasa.gov; Behcet.Acikmese@jpl.nasa.gov; sploen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300012 ER PT S AU Younse, P de Alwis, T Backes, P Trebi-Ollennu, A AF Younse, Paulo de Alwis, Thimal Backes, Paul Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey GP IEEE TI Sample Sealing Approaches for Mars Sample Return Caching SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB Sealing methods for encapsulating samples in 1 cm diameter thin-walled sample tubes applicable to future proposed Mars Sample Return missions were investigated based on power requirements, operation in the Martian environment, dust tolerance, shock and vibration, maintenance of sample integrity, hermeticity, packaging requirements, mission risk, and ability for autonomy. Techniques implemented include a spring energized Teflon sleeve plug, a crimped tube seal, a heat-activated shape memory alloy plug, a shape memory alloy activated cap, a solder-based plug, and a solder-based cap. Testing will be performed on the prototypes to determine their sensitivity to particle contamination along the sealing surface, Helium leak rate, and survivability over a range of temperatures to help recommend sealing techniques for the proposed Mars Sample Return campaign. C1 [Younse, Paulo; de Alwis, Thimal; Backes, Paul; Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Younse, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM paulo.j.younse@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105300055 ER PT S AU Zeitlin, NP Schaefer, SJ Brown, BL Clements, GR Fawcett, MK AF Zeitlin, Nancy P. Schaefer, Stanley J. Brown, Barbara L. Clements, Gregory R. Fawcett, Michael K. GP IEEE TI NASA Ground and Launch Systems Processing Technology Area Roadmap SO 2012 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 03-10, 2012 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE, AIAA, Phmsoc, AESS AB This paper describes the NASA Ground and Launch Systems Processing (GLSP) Technology Area Roadmap, one of an integrated set of 14 roadmaps developed under the NASA Office of the Chief Technologist to foster the development of advanced technologies and concepts that address NASA's needs and contribute to other aerospace and national needs. The GLSP Roadmap was developed to identify ground, launch and mission technologies that will dramatically transform future space operations with significant improvement in life cycle costs and the quality of life on earth, increasing reliability and mission availability, and enhancing methods to assess safety and mission risk posture. C1 [Zeitlin, Nancy P.; Clements, Gregory R.] NASA Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Brown, Barbara L.] NASA Ames Rese Ctr, Houston, TX USA. [Schaefer, Stanley J.; Fawcett, Michael K.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Zeitlin, NP (reprint author), NASA Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Nancy.P.Zeitlin@nasa.gov; Stanley.J.Schaefer@nasa.gov; Barbara.L.Brown@nasa.gov; Gregory.R.Clements@nasa.gov; Mike.Fawcett@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4577-0557-1 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2012 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBZ12 UT WOS:000309105304024 ER PT J AU Lacy, GE Fleming, M Baker, L Imbriale, W Cortes-Medellin, G Veidt, B Hovey, GJ DeBoer, D AF Lacy, G. E. Fleming, M. Baker, L. Imbriale, W. Cortes-Medellin, G. Veidt, B. Hovey, G. J. DeBoer, D. GP IEEE TI An Update on the Mechanical and EM Performance of the Composite Dish Verification Antenna (DVA-1) for the SKA SO 2012 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROMAGNETICS IN ADVANCED APPLICATIONS (ICEAA) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA) / IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (IEEE APWC) / URSI Electromagnetic Environment and Interference Symposium (EEIS) CY SEP 02-07, 2012 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Univ Stellenbosch, Politecnico Torino, IEEE Antennas & Propagat, URSI, Int Union Radio Sci, Ist Superiore Mario Boella Tecnologie Informazione & Telecomunicazioni, Torino Wireless Fdn, COREP, FEKO, CST, Square Kilometre Array (SKA), Reutech Radar Syst AB This paper will give an overview of the unique mechanical and optical design of the DVA-1 telescope. The rim supported carbon fibre reflector surfaces are designed to be both low cost and have high performance under wind, gravity, and thermal loads. The shaped offset Gregorian optics offer low and stable side lobes along with a large area at the secondary focus for multiple feeds with no aperture blockage. Telescope performance under ideal conditions as well as performance under gravity, wind, and thermal loads will be compared directly using calculated radiation patterns for each of these operating conditions. C1 [Lacy, G. E.; Veidt, B.; Hovey, G. J.] DRAO, Natl Res Council, POB 248, Penticton, BC V2A 6J9, Canada. [Fleming, M.] Minex Engn Corp, Antioch, CA 94509 USA. [Baker, L.; Cortes-Medellin, G.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Imbriale, W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [DeBoer, D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lacy, GE (reprint author), DRAO, Natl Res Council, POB 248, Penticton, BC V2A 6J9, Canada. EM g.lacy@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca; mcfmec@pacbell.net; lab5@cornell.edu; Imbraile@jpl.nasa.gov; gcortes@astro.cornell.edu; b.veidt@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca; g.hovey@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca; ddeboer@berkeley.edu FU NSF through Cornell University for the SKA Technical Development Program FX Part of this work was done at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, from an NSF grant through Cornell University for the SKA Technical Development Program. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-0335-4 PY 2012 BP 388 EP 391 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BCJ98 UT WOS:000310356000077 ER PT J AU Kahn, RA Limbacher, J AF Kahn, R. A. Limbacher, J. TI Eyjafjallajokull volcano plume particle-type characterization from space-based multi-angle imaging SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID REMOTE-SENSING OBSERVATIONS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; MINERAL DUST TYPES; ERUPTION; MISR; SENSITIVITY; RETRIEVAL; IDENTIFY; ABILITY; MODELS AB The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Research Aerosol algorithm makes it possible to study individual aerosol plumes in considerable detail. From the MISR data for two optically thick, near-source plumes of the spring 2010 Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption, we map aerosol optical depth (AOD) gradients and changing aerosol particle types with this algorithm; several days downwind, we identify the occurrence of volcanic ash particles and retrieve AOD, demonstrating the extent and the limits of ash detection and mapping capability with the multi-angle, multi-spectral imaging data. Retrieved volcanic plume AOD and particle microphysical properties are distinct from background values near-source, as well as for over-water cases several days downwind. The results also provide some indication that as they evolve, plume particles brighten, and average particle size decreases. Such detailed mapping offers context for suborbital plume observations having much more limited sampling. The MISR Standard aerosol product identified similar trends in plume properties as the Research algorithm, though with much smaller differences compared to background, and it does not resolve plume structure. Better optical analogs of non-spherical volcanic ash, and coincident suborbital data to validate the satellite retrieval results, are the factors most important for further advancing the remote sensing of volcanic ash plumes from space. C1 [Kahn, R. A.; Limbacher, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Limbacher, J.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Kahn, RA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ralph.kahn@nasa.gov RI Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 FU NASA FX We thank our colleagues on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's MISR instrument team and at the NASA Langley Research Center's Atmospheric Sciences Data Center for their roles in producing the MISR data sets, David Nelson for the MINX data shown in Fig. 2 (available from: http://misr.jpl.nasa.gov/getData/accessData/MisrMinxPlumes), Tom Eck for discussions relating to the AERONET data, and Barbara Gaitley for helping identify downwind MISR plume observations included in Table 1. This research is supported in part by NASA's Climate and Radiation Research and Analysis Program under H. Maring, NASA's Atmospheric Composition Program under R. Eckman, and the NASA Earth Observing System MISR instrument project. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 20 BP 9459 EP 9477 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9459-2012 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029BS UT WOS:000310470400005 ER PT J AU Lyapustin, A Korkin, S Wang, Y Quayle, B Laszlo, I AF Lyapustin, A. Korkin, S. Wang, Y. Quayle, B. Laszlo, I. TI Discrimination of biomass burning smoke and clouds in MAIAC algorithm SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL PROPERTIES; OPTICAL DEPTH; ABSORPTION; RETRIEVAL AB The Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the "smoke test" to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 mu m as compared to 0.47-0.67 mu m due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007. C1 [Lyapustin, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Korkin, S.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Wang, Y.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Quayle, B.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Salt Lake City, UT USA. [Laszlo, I.] NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Lyapustin, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM alexei.i.lyapustin@nasa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739 FU NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program; NOAA GOES-R program FX The research of A. Lyapustin, Y. Wang and S. Korkin was funded by the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program (D. Wickland) and in part by the NOAA GOES-R program (M. Goldberg). The work of I. Laszlo is supported by the NOAA GOES-R program. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 20 BP 9679 EP 9686 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9679-2012 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029BS UT WOS:000310470400015 ER PT J AU Perez-Ramirez, D Lyamani, H Olmo, FJ Whiteman, DN Alados-Arboledas, L AF Perez-Ramirez, D. Lyamani, H. Olmo, F. J. Whiteman, D. N. Alados-Arboledas, L. TI Columnar aerosol properties from sun-and-star photometry: statistical comparisons and day-to-night dynamic SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; 2003 HEAT-WAVE; OPTICAL DEPTH; MEDITERRANEAN BASIN; SOUTHEASTERN SPAIN; ANGSTROM EXPONENT; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; AERONET OBSERVATIONS; ADVECTION PATTERNS; DUST CONTRIBUTIONS AB This work presents the first analysis of longterm correlative day-to-night columnar aerosol optical properties. The aim is to better understand columnar aerosol dynamic from ground-based observations, which are poorly studied until now. To this end we have used a combination of sun-and-star photometry measurements acquired in the city of Granada (37.16 degrees N, 3.60 degrees W, 680 m a.s.l.; South-East of Spain) from 2007 to 2010. For the whole study period, mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) around 440 nm (+/- standard deviation) is 0.18 +/- 0.10 and 0.19 +/- 0.11 for daytime and nighttime, respectively, while the mean Angstr " om exponent (alpha) is 1.0 +/- 0.4 and 0.9 +/- 0.4 for daytime and nighttime. The ANOVA statistical tests reveal that there are no significant differences between AOD and ff obtained at daytime and those at nighttime. Additionally, the mean daytime values of AOD and alpha obtained during this study period are coherent with the values obtained in the surrounding AERONET stations. On the other hand, AOD around 440 nm present evident seasonal patterns characterised by large values in summer (mean value of 0.20 +/- 0.10 both at daytime and nighttime) and low values in winter (mean value of 0.15 +/- 0.09 at daytime and 0.17 +/- 0.10 at nighttime). The Angstrom exponents also present seasonal patterns, but with low values in summer (mean values of 0.8 +/- 0.4 and 0.9 +/- 0.4 at dayand night-time) and relatively large values in winter (mean values of 1.2 +/- 0.4 and 1.0 +/- 0.3 at daytime and nighttime). These seasonal patterns are explained by the differences in the meteorological conditions and by the differences in the strength of the aerosol sources. To take more insight about the changes in aerosol particles between day and night, the spectral differences of the Angstrom exponent as function of the Angstrom exponent are also studied. These analyses reveal increases of the fine mode radius and of the fine mode contribution to AOD during nighttime, being more remarkable in the summer seasons. These variations are explained by the changes of the local aerosol sources and by the meteorological conditions between daytime and nighttime, as well as aerosol aging processes. Case studies during summer and winter for different aerosol loads and types are also presented to clearly illustrate these findings. C1 [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Lyamani, H.; Olmo, F. J.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Granada 18006, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Lyamani, H.; Olmo, F. J.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Dept Fis Aplicada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Whiteman, D. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Perez-Ramirez, D (reprint author), Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Av Mediterraneo S-N, Granada 18006, Spain. EM daniel.perezramirez@nasa.gov RI Lyamani, Hassan/J-4380-2013; Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/P-5630-2014; Olmo Reyes, Francisco Jose/F-7621-2016; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/Q-1129-2016; OI Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/0000-0003-3576-7167; Olmo Reyes, Francisco Jose/0000-0002-0186-1721; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/0000-0002-7679-6135; Lyamani, Hassan/0000-0002-6386-1102 FU Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology [CGL2008-01330-E/CLI, CGL2010-18782, CSD2007-00067, CGL2011-13580-E/CLI]; Andalusian Regional Government [P10-RNM-6299, P08-RNM-3568]; EU ACTRIS project [EU INFRA-2010-1.1.16-262254]; Postdoctoral Programme of the University of Granada FX This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through projects CGL2008-01330-E/CLI (Spanish Lidar Network), CGL2010-18782, CSD2007-00067 and CGL2011-13580-E/CLI; by the Andalusian Regional Government through projects P10-RNM-6299 and P08-RNM-3568; by the EU ACTRIS project (EU INFRA-2010-1.1.16-262254), and by the Postdoctoral Programme of the University of Granada. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory and Naval Research Laboratory for the HYSPLIT model. We also thank AERONET network and especially the principal investigators of the stations used for their efforts in establishing and maintaining the AERONET sites. We also express our gratitude to the anonymous referees and to the editor for their suggestions to improve this work. NR 82 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 20 BP 9719 EP 9738 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9719-2012 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029BS UT WOS:000310470400018 ER PT J AU Koo, JH Wang, Y Kurosu, TP Chance, K Rozanov, A Richter, A Oltmans, SJ Thompson, AM Hair, JW Fenn, MA Weinheimer, AJ Ryerson, TB Solberg, S Huey, LG Liao, J Dibb, JE Neuman, JA Nowak, JB Pierce, RB Natarajan, M Al-Saadi, J AF Koo, J. -H. Wang, Y. Kurosu, T. P. Chance, K. Rozanov, A. Richter, A. Oltmans, S. J. Thompson, A. M. Hair, J. W. Fenn, M. A. Weinheimer, A. J. Ryerson, T. B. Solberg, S. Huey, L. G. Liao, J. Dibb, J. E. Neuman, J. A. Nowak, J. B. Pierce, R. B. Natarajan, M. Al-Saadi, J. TI Characteristics of tropospheric ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring: analysis of the ARCTAS, ARCPAC, and ARCIONS measurements and satellite BrO observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POLAR SUNRISE EXPERIMENT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SURFACE OZONE; BROMINE MONOXIDE; GLOBAL OBSERVATIONS; HIGH-LATITUDES; FROST FLOWERS; SEA-SALT; AIR; AEROSOL AB Arctic ozone depletion events (ODEs) are caused by halogen catalyzed ozone loss. In situ chemistry, advection of ozone-poor air mass, and vertical mixing in the lower troposphere are important factors affecting ODEs. To better characterize the ODEs, we analyze the combined set of surface, ozonesonde, and aircraft in situ measurements of ozone and bromine compounds during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS), the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC), and the Arctic Intensive Ozonesonde Network Study (ARCIONS) experiments (April 2008). Tropospheric BrO columns retrieved from satellite measurements and back trajectory calculations are also used to investigate the characteristics of observed ODEs. In situ observations from these field experiments are inadequate to validate tropospheric BrO columns derived from satellite measurements. In view of this difficulty, we construct an ensemble of tropospheric column BrO estimates from two satellite (OMI and GOME-2) measurements and with three independent methods of calculating stratospheric BrO columns. Furthermore, we select analysis methods that do not depend on the absolute magnitude of column BrO, such as time-lagged correlation analysis of ozone and tropospheric column BrO, to understand characteristics of ODEs. Time-lagged correlation analysis between in situ (surface and ozonesonde) measurements of ozone and satellite derived tropospheric BrO columns indicates that the ODEs are due to either local halogen-driven ozone loss or short-range (similar to 1 day) transport from nearby regions with ozone depletion. The effect of in situ ozone loss is also evident in the diurnal variation difference between low (10th and 25th percentiles) and higher percentiles of surface ozone concentrations at Alert, Canada. Aircraft observations indicate low-ozone air mass transported from adjacent high-BrO regions. Correlation analyses of ozone with potential temperature and time-lagged tropospheric BrO column show that the vertical extent of local ozone loss is surprisingly deep (1-2 km) at Resolute and Churchill, Canada. The unstable boundary layer during ODEs at Churchill could potentially provide a source of free-tropospheric BrO through convective transport and explain the significant negative correlation between free-tropospheric ozone and tropospheric BrO column at this site. C1 [Koo, J. -H.; Wang, Y.; Huey, L. G.; Liao, J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Kurosu, T. P.; Chance, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Rozanov, A.; Richter, A.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Oltmans, S. J.; Ryerson, T. B.; Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Thompson, A. M.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Hair, J. W.; Fenn, M. A.; Natarajan, M.; Al-Saadi, J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Weinheimer, A. J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Solberg, S.] Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Kjeller, Norway. [Dibb, J. E.] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Pierce, R. B.] NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI USA. RP Koo, JH (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM jkoo7@gatech.edu RI Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Liao, Jin/H-4865-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Richter, Andreas/C-4971-2008; Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577; Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 FU NASA International Polar Year (IPY) Program FX This work was supported by the NASA International Polar Year (IPY) Program. We thank Sungyeon Choi for processing the tropospheric column BrO estimates used in this study. The ozone data at Alert were supplied by Mike Shaw and Dave Ord from the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) of Environment Canada. We thank Tao Zeng for the development of the back trajectory model. NR 59 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 36 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 20 BP 9909 EP 9922 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9909-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029BS UT WOS:000310470400030 ER PT J AU van Diedenhoven, B Cairns, B Geogdzhayev, IV Fridlind, AM Ackerman, AS Yang, P Baum, BA AF van Diedenhoven, B. Cairns, B. Geogdzhayev, I. V. Fridlind, A. M. Ackerman, A. S. Yang, P. Baum, B. A. TI Remote sensing of ice crystal asymmetry parameter using multi-directional polarization measurements - Part 1: Methodology and evaluation with simulated measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-SCATTERING PROPERTIES; RESEARCH SCANNING POLARIMETER; SOLAR-RADIATION MEASUREMENTS; SATELLITE-BASED RETRIEVAL; IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; POLDER MEASUREMENTS AB We present a new remote sensing technique to infer the average asymmetry parameter of ice crystals near cloud top from multi-directional polarization measurements. The method is based on previous findings that (a) complex aggregates of hexagonal crystals generally have scattering phase matrices resembling those of their components; and (b) scattering phase matrices systematically vary with aspect ratios of crystals and their degree of microscale surface roughness. Ice cloud asymmetry parameters are inferred from multi-directional polarized reflectance measurements by searching for the closest fit in a look-up table of simulated polarized reflectances computed for cloud layers that contain individual, randomly oriented hexagonal columns and plates with varying aspect ratios and roughness values. The asymmetry parameter of the hexagonal particle that leads to the best fit with the measurements is considered the retrieved value. For clouds with optical thickness less than 5, the cloud optical thickness must be retrieved simultaneously with the asymmetry parameter, while for optically thicker clouds the asymmetry parameter retrieval is independent of cloud optical thickness. Evaluation of the technique using simulated measurements based on the optical properties of a number of complex particles and their mixtures shows that the ice crystal asymmetry parameters are generally retrieved to within 5 %, or about 0.04 in absolute terms. The retrieval scheme is largely independent of calibration errors, range and sampling density of scattering angles and random noise in the measurements. The approach can be applied to measurements of past, current and future airborne and satellite instruments that measure multi-directional polarized reflectances of ice-topped clouds. C1 [van Diedenhoven, B.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. [van Diedenhoven, B.; Cairns, B.; Geogdzhayev, I. V.; Fridlind, A. M.; Ackerman, A. S.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Geogdzhayev, I. V.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Yang, P.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. [Baum, B. A.] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI USA. RP van Diedenhoven, B (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM bastiaan.vandiedenhoven@nasa.gov RI Ackerman, Andrew/D-4433-2012; Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; van Diedenhoven, Bastiaan/A-2002-2013; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; OI Ackerman, Andrew/0000-0003-0254-6253; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; van Diedenhoven, Bastiaan/0000-0001-5622-8619; Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 FU NASA ROSES program [NNX11AG81G]; NASA Radiation Science Program FX This material is based upon work supported by the NASA ROSES program under grant number NNX11AG81G and by the NASA Radiation Science Program managed by Hal Maring in support of the SEAC4RS field experiment. NR 89 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 10 BP 2361 EP 2374 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2361-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029AX UT WOS:000310468300005 ER PT J AU Sembhi, H Remedios, J Trent, T Moore, DP Spang, R Massie, S Vernier, JP AF Sembhi, H. Remedios, J. Trent, T. Moore, D. P. Spang, R. Massie, S. Vernier, J. -P. TI MIPAS detection of cloud and aerosol particle occurrence in the UTLS with comparison to HIRDLS and CALIOP SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS CLOUDS; LIMB EMISSION-SPECTRA; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ART.; DISTRIBUTIONS; INSTRUMENT; ALGORITHMS; RETRIEVAL AB Satellite infrared emission instruments require efficient systems that can separate and flag observations which are affected by clouds and aerosols. This paper investigates the identification of cloud and aerosols from infrared, limb sounding spectra that were recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), a high spectral resolution Fourier transform spectrometer on the European Space Agency's (ESA) ENVISAT (Now inoperative since April 2012 due to loss of contact). Specifically, the performance of an existing cloud and aerosol particle detection method is simulated with a radiative transfer model in order to establish, for the first time, confident detection limits for particle presence in the atmosphere from MIPAS data. The newly established thresholds improve confidence in the ability to detect particle injection events, plume transport in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and better characterise cloud distributions utilising MIPAS spectra. The method also provides a fast front-end detection system for the MIPClouds processor; a processor designed for the retrieval of macro-and microphysical cloud properties from the MIPAS data. It is shown that across much of the stratosphere, the threshold for the standard cloud index in band A is 5.0 although threshold values of over 6.0 occur in restricted regimes. Polar regions show a surprising degree of uncertainty at altitudes above 20 km, potentially due to changing stratospheric trace gas concentrations in polar vortex conditions and poor signal-to-noise due to cold atmospheric temperatures. The optimised thresholds of this study can be used for much of the time, but time/composition-dependent thresholds are recommended for MIPAS data for the strongly perturbed polar stratosphere. In the UT, a threshold of 5.0 applies at 12 km and above but decreases rapidly at lower altitudes. The new thresholds are shown to allow much more sensitive detection of particle distributions in the UTLS, with extinction detection limits above 13 km often better than 10(-4) km(-1), with values approaching 10(-5) km(-1) in some cases. Comparisons of the new MIPAS results with cloud data from HIRDLS and CALIOP, outside of the poles, establish a good agreement in distributions (cloud and aerosol top heights and occurrence frequencies) with an offset between MIPAS and the other instruments of 0.5 km to 1 km between 12 km and 20 km, consistent with vertical oversampling of extended cloud layers within the MIPAS field of view. We conclude that infrared limb sounders provide a very consistent picture of particles in the UTLS, allowing detection limits which are consistent with the lidar observations. Investigations of MIPAS data for the Mount Kasatochi volcanic eruption on the Aleutian Islands and the Black Saturday fires in Australia are used to exemplify how useful MIPAS limb sounding data were for monitoring aerosol injections into the UTLS. It is shown that the new thresholds allowed such events to be much more effectively derived from MIPAS with detection limits for these case studies of 1 x 10(-5) km(-1) at a wavelength of 12 mu m. C1 [Sembhi, H.; Remedios, J.; Trent, T.; Moore, D. P.] Univ Leicester, Space Res Ctr, Leicester, Leics, England. [Spang, R.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res Stratosphere IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Massie, S.; Vernier, J. -P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Sembhi, H (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Space Res Ctr, Leicester, Leics, England. EM hs32@le.ac.uk RI Spang, Reinhold/A-2738-2013 OI Spang, Reinhold/0000-0002-2483-5761 FU ESA [AO/1-5255/06/I-OL] FX The work done in this study was supported by ESA through the MIPclouds project: "Cloud Information Retrieval from MIPAS Measurements", AO/1-5255/06/I-OL. The authors would like to acknowledge the MIPAS Quality Working Group, Michael Fromm and Hugh Pumphrey for scientific discussions specific to this study. NR 61 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 10 BP 2537 EP 2553 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2537-2012 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029AX UT WOS:000310468300018 ER PT J AU Luo, YQ Randerson, JT Abramowitz, G Bacour, C Blyth, E Carvalhais, N Ciais, P Dalmonech, D Fisher, JB Fisher, R Friedlingstein, P Hibbard, K Hoffman, F Huntzinger, D Jones, CD Koven, C Lawrence, D Li, DJ Mahecha, M Niu, SL Norby, R Piao, SL Qi, X Peylin, P Prentice, IC Riley, W Reichstein, M Schwalm, C Wang, YP Xia, JY Zaehle, S Zhou, XH AF Luo, Y. Q. Randerson, J. T. Abramowitz, G. Bacour, C. Blyth, E. Carvalhais, N. Ciais, P. Dalmonech, D. Fisher, J. B. Fisher, R. Friedlingstein, P. Hibbard, K. Hoffman, F. Huntzinger, D. Jones, C. D. Koven, C. Lawrence, D. Li, D. J. Mahecha, M. Niu, S. L. Norby, R. Piao, S. L. Qi, X. Peylin, P. Prentice, I. C. Riley, W. Reichstein, M. Schwalm, C. Wang, Y. P. Xia, J. Y. Zaehle, S. Zhou, X. H. TI A framework for benchmarking land models SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL; CARBON-CYCLE FEEDBACK; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ALGORITHM; PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS; DATA ASSIMILATION; SOIL RESPIRATION; TROPICAL FORESTS AB Land models, which have been developed by the modeling community in the past few decades to predict future states of ecosystems and climate, have to be critically evaluated for their performance skills of simulating ecosystem responses and feedback to climate change. Benchmarking is an emerging procedure to measure performance of models against a set of defined standards. This paper proposes a benchmarking framework for evaluation of land model performances and, meanwhile, highlights major challenges at this infant stage of benchmark analysis. The framework includes (1) targeted aspects of model performance to be evaluated, (2) a set of benchmarks as defined references to test model performance, (3) metrics to measure and compare performance skills among models so as to identify model strengths and deficiencies, and (4) model improvement. Land models are required to simulate exchange of water, energy, carbon and sometimes other trace gases between the atmosphere and land surface, and should be evaluated for their simulations of biophysical processes, biogeochemical cycles, and vegetation dynamics in response to climate change across broad temporal and spatial scales. Thus, one major challenge is to select and define a limited number of benchmarks to effectively evaluate land model performance. The second challenge is to develop metrics of measuring mismatches between models and benchmarks. The metrics may include (1) a priori thresholds of acceptable model performance and (2) a scoring system to combine data-model mismatches for various processes at different temporal and spatial scales. The benchmark analyses should identify clues of weak model performance to guide future development, thus enabling improved predictions of future states of ecosystems and climate. The near-future research effort should be on development of a set of widely acceptable benchmarks that can be used to objectively, effectively, and reliably evaluate fundamental properties of land models to improve their prediction performance skills. C1 [Luo, Y. Q.; Li, D. J.; Niu, S. L.; Qi, X.; Xia, J. Y.] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Microbiol & Plant Biol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Randerson, J. T.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Abramowitz, G.] Univ New S Wales, Climate Change Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Bacour, C.] Joint Unit CEA CNRS, Lab Climate Sci & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Blyth, E.] Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. [Carvalhais, N.; Dalmonech, D.; Mahecha, M.; Reichstein, M.; Zaehle, S.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. [Carvalhais, N.] Univ Nova Lisboa, DCEA, P-2829516 Caparica, Portugal. [Ciais, P.; Peylin, P.] CE Orme Merisiers, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Fisher, J. B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Fisher, R.; Lawrence, D.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Friedlingstein, P.] Univ Exeter, Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England. [Hibbard, K.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Hoffman, F.; Norby, R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Huntzinger, D.; Schwalm, C.] No Arizona Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Jones, C. D.] Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. [Koven, C.; Riley, W.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Piao, S. L.] Peking Univ, Dept Ecol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Prentice, I. C.] Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. [Wang, Y. P.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res PMB 1, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Wang, Y. P.] Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Zhou, X. H.] Fudan Univ, Res Inst Changing Global Environm, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. RP Luo, YQ (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Microbiol & Plant Biol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM yluo@ou.edu RI Xia, Jianyang/A-7886-2008; Mahecha, Miguel/F-2443-2010; Blyth, Eleanor/A-4010-2009; Zhou, Xuhui/H-4332-2011; Riley, William/D-3345-2015; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Koven, Charles/N-8888-2014; Friedlingstein, Pierre/H-2700-2014; Reichstein, Markus/A-7494-2011; Abramowitz, Gab/C-4977-2013; Lawrence, David/C-4026-2011; wang, yp/A-9765-2011; Fisher, Rosie/E-7746-2013; Norby, Richard/C-1773-2012; Hoffman, Forrest/B-8667-2012; Jones, Chris/I-2983-2014; Zaehle, Sonke/C-9528-2017; OI Mahecha, Miguel/0000-0003-3031-613X; Riley, William/0000-0002-4615-2304; Koven, Charles/0000-0002-3367-0065; Reichstein, Markus/0000-0001-5736-1112; Abramowitz, Gab/0000-0002-4205-001X; Lawrence, David/0000-0002-2968-3023; Norby, Richard/0000-0002-0238-9828; Hoffman, Forrest/0000-0001-5802-4134; Zaehle, Sonke/0000-0001-5602-7956; Carvalhais, Nuno/0000-0003-0465-1436; Fisher, Joshua/0000-0003-4734-9085 FU NASA's Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems Program; US Dept. of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research; US Department of Energy, Terrestrial Ecosystem Sciences [DE SC0008270]; US National Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB 0444518, DEB 0743778, DEB 0840964, DBI 0850290, EPS 0919466]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme [GA01101]; European Community [238366] FX ILAMB is sponsored by the Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The ILAMB project has received support from NASA's Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems Program and US Dept. of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Preparation of the manuscript by Y. L. was financially supported by US Department of Energy, Terrestrial Ecosystem Sciences grant DE SC0008270 and US National Science Foundation (NSF) grant DEB 0444518, DEB 0743778, DEB 0840964, DBI 0850290, and EPS 0919466. Contributions from JBF were by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. CDJ was supported by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). S. Z. and D. D. were supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 238366 (Greencycles II). NR 127 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 6 U2 138 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2012 VL 9 IS 10 BP 3857 EP 3874 DI 10.5194/bg-9-3857-2012 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 029CG UT WOS:000310471800010 ER PT S AU Bhartia, R Hug, WF Reid, RD AF Bhartia, R. Hug, W. F. Reid, R. D. BE Fountain, AW TI Improved sensing using simultaneous deep UV Raman and fluorescence detection SO CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, NUCLEAR, AND EXPLOSIVES (CBRNE) SENSING XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XIII CY APR 24-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE deep UV Raman & native fluorescence;chemical; biological; explosives detection and classification ID RESONANCE RAMAN; SPECTROSCOPY; EXCITATION AB Photon Systems in collaboration with JPL are continuing development of a new technology robot-mounted or hand-held sensor for reagentless, short-range, standoff detection and identification of trace levels chemical, biological, and explosive (CBE) materials on surfaces. This deep ultraviolet CBE sensor is the result of ongoing Army STTR and DTRA programs. The evolving 15 lb, 20 W, lantern-size sensor can discriminate CBE from background clutter materials using a fusion of deep UV excited resonance Raman (RR) and laser induced native fluorescence (LINF) emissions collected is less than 1 ms. RR is a method that provides information about molecular bonds, while LINF spectroscopy is a much more sensitive method that provides information regarding the electronic configuration of target molecules. Standoff excitation of suspicious packages, vehicles, persons, and other objects that may contain hazardous materials is accomplished using excitation in the deep UV where there are four main advantages compared to near-UV, visible or near-IR counterparts. 1) Excited between 220 and 250 nm, Raman emission occur within a fluorescence-free region of the spectrum, eliminating obscuration of weak Raman signals by fluorescence from target or surrounding materials. 2) Because Raman and fluorescence occupy separate spectral regions, detection can be done simultaneously, providing a much wider set of information about a target. 3) Rayleigh law and resonance effects increase Raman signal strength and sensitivity of detection. 4) Penetration depth into target in the deep UV is short, providing separation of a target material from its background or substrate. C1 [Bhartia, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bhartia, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9036-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8358 DI 10.1117/12.920170 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBY46 UT WOS:000308737700036 ER PT B AU Abdalati, W AF Abdalati, Waleed BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Looking Homeward Toward Earth: The Power of Perspective SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Abdalati, W (reprint author), NASA, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200002 ER PT B AU Fienberg, RT Bueter, C Mayo, LA AF Fienberg, Richard Tresch Bueter, Chuck Mayo, Louis A. BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI The Sun Funnel: A Do-It-Yourself Projection Device for Safe Solar Viewing by Groups SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB Virtually every commercial telescope comes with a warning not to point it at the Sun, since doing so could not only damage the instrument but also injure the observer. Yet the Sun is typically the only astronomical object visible in the daytime, and even in white light it offers much to see in a telescope: sunspots and limb darkening, the partial phases of solar eclipses, transits of Mercury and Venus, and even transits of the International Space Station. Teachers, planetarians, and other science educators who wish to share these phenomena with their students or visitors face a challenge: how to safely show a magnified image of the Sun to many people at once. Using aperture filters on telescopes is fine if you have lots of telescopes, but if you have only a few telescopes, or perhaps only one, the result is long lines at the eyepiece. One inexpensive solution is solar projection, i.e., projecting an image from the telescope onto a wall or screen. But this technique is fraught with danger, as there is always the possibility that someone will look into the bright beam of sunlight streaming from the eyepiece and risk serious eye injury. Here we describe a novel solar-projection device, the Sun Funnel, that fits in a telescope focuser in lieu of a regular eyepiece. It is quick and easy to build using inexpensive, readily available supplies and simple household tools. The Sun Funnel completely encloses the sunbeam coming from the telescope and forms a clear solar image on a rear-projection screen. With this device, many people can simultaneously and safely enjoy a telescopic view of the Sun. C1 [Fienberg, Richard Tresch] Amer Astron Soc, 2000 Florida Ave NW,Suite 400, Washington, DC 20009 USA. [Bueter, Chuck] Nightwise Org, Indiana, PA 46530 USA. [Mayo, Louis A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Fienberg, RT (reprint author), Amer Astron Soc, 2000 Florida Ave NW,Suite 400, Washington, DC 20009 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 29 EP + PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200009 ER PT B AU Bleacher, LV Peterson, KA Sharma, M Smith, D AF Bleacher, Lora V. Peterson, Karen A. Sharma, Mangala Smith, Denise BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Engaging Girls in STEM: How to Plan or Revamp Your EPO Resources or Activities to be More Effective for Girls SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB This two-hour workshop, which was held as a follow-on to the plenary session "Engaging Girls in STEM: A Discussion of Foundational and Current Research on What Works," offered research-based insights, resources, and tips to help participants plan or revamp programs and resources aimed at encouraging girls in science. Led by Karen Peterson, PI for the National Girls Collaborative Project,(1) the workshop included: a brief discussion about effective strategies recommended for encouraging girls in STEM; hands-on experience, where participants-availing of the expert's guidance-applied the recommended strategies to alter or tailor an existing or planned program/resource to be more girl-friendly; and a sharing out, where the participants reflected on the results of the hands-on exercise and developed action items to continue carrying out the girl-friendly best practices in science, technology, engineering, and math education and public outreach. C1 [Bleacher, Lora V.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd,Code 690, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Peterson, Karen A.] Edlab Grp, Washington, DC 98036 USA. [Sharma, Mangala; Smith, Denise] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Bleacher, LV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd,Code 690, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA's Science Mission Directorate FX We gratefully acknowledge the Astronomical Society of the Pacific for organizing the conference such that we had an opportunity to plan and implement this workshop. We also appreciate the interest and participation of the workshop participants. The Astrophysics and Planetary Science EPO Forums also gratefully acknowledge the support of NASAs Science Mission Directorate. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 37 EP + PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200010 ER PT B AU Sharma, M Peterson, KA Bleacher, LV Smith, DA AF Sharma, Mangala Peterson, Karen A. Bleacher, Lora V. Smith, Denise A. BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Engaging Girls in STEM: A Discussion of Foundational and Current Research on What Works SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union ID THREAT AB This article summarizes a panel discussion with Jolene Jesse (Program Director, NSF Research on Gender in Science and Engineering program) and Laura Migus (Director of Equity & Diversity at the Association of Science Technology Centers) on research related to gender in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Moderated by Ms. Karen Peterson from the NSF-funded National Girls Collaborative Project, Dr. Jesse and Ms. Migus discussed foundational and current research on pressing questions about the lack of gender diversity in STEM advanced education and careers, and on strategies the EPO community could employ in designing and implementing programs to encourage more girls and women to engage in STEM for the long term. C1 [Sharma, Mangala; Smith, Denise A.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Peterson, Karen A.] Edlab Grp, Washington, DC 98036 USA. [Bleacher, Lora V.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sharma, M (reprint author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. FU NASA Science Mission Directorate; National Science Foundation FX The Astrophysics and Planetary Science EPO Forums gratefully acknowledge funding from NASA Science Mission Directorate. We thank the ASP conference organizers and program committee for the opportunity tohold a plenary panel on the topic of girls and STEM, and sincerely thank the more than one hundred session attendees for their active participation through thoughtful questions and comments. The National Girls Collaborative Project acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation Human Resource Development and Research on Gender in Science and Engineering programs. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 43 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200011 ER PT B AU Buxner, SR Sharma, M Hsu, B Peticolas, L Nova, MAM CoBabe-Ammann, E AF Buxner, Sanlyn R. Sharma, Mangala Hsu, Brooke Peticolas, Laura Nova, M. Alexandra Matiella CoBabe-Ammann, Emily BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Barriers, Lessons Learned, and Best Practices in Engaging Scientists in Education and Public Outreach SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB This Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference brought together a group of specialists interested in education and public outreach (EPO) from a wide variety of contexts including NASA centers, non-profits, museums, and universities. Active engagement of scientists in EPO activities results in benefits for both the audience and the scientists. Despite this, education research has shown that many barriers exist that keep scientists from engaging in EPO activities. To counter these barriers, many stakeholders in this community are working to bridge the gap and help scientists make a meaningful contribution to these efforts. There are many documented roles for scientists including giving public talks, classroom visits, large outreach events, radio broadcasts, engaging in curriculum development and teacher workshops. Over the past year, members of the NASA science mission directorate forums have been actively working with their community members to understand the reasons that scientists in our community do and do not participate in EPO activities. This session expanded the discussion to the larger community of stakeholders across science, education, and outreach contexts. It was an open forum for discussion of ideas about barriers and lessons learned regarding engaging scientists in education and public outreach. C1 [Buxner, Sanlyn R.] Planetary Sci Inst, 1700 E Ft Lowell Rd,Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Sharma, Mangala] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Hsu, Brooke] LPI, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Peticolas, Laura] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nova, M. Alexandra Matiella] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [CoBabe-Ammann, Emily] Emily CoBabe & Assoc Inc, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Buxner, SR (reprint author), Planetary Sci Inst, 1700 E Ft Lowell Rd,Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. FU Planetary Science Education and Public Outreach Forum; Astrophysics Science Education and Public Outreach Forum; NASA's Science Mission Directorate FX This work is supported by funding for the Planetary Science Education and Public Outreach Forum and the Astrophysics Science Education and Public Outreach Forum, both provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 81 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200015 ER PT B AU Shupla, C Shipp, S LaConte, K Dalton, H Buxner, S Boonstra, D Ristvey, J Wessen, A Zimmerman-Brachman, R CoBabe-Ammann, E AF Shupla, Christine Shipp, Stephanie LaConte, Keliann Dalton, Heather Buxner, Sanlyn Boonstra, Don Ristvey, John Wessen, Alice Zimmerman-Brachman, Rachel CoBabe-Ammann, Emily BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Bring NASA's Year of the Solar System into Your Programs SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB NASA's Year of the Solar System (http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss) is a celebration of our exploration of the solar system, which began in October 2010 and continues for one Martian year (687 Earth days) ending in late summer 2012. The diverse planetary missions in this period create a rare opportunity to engage students and the public, using NASA missions to reveal new worlds and new discoveries. Each month focuses on a particular topic, such as the scale of the solar system, its formation, water in the solar system, volcanism, atmospheres, and more! All educators are invited to join the celebration; indeed, the EPO community is needed in order for this event to be successful! Participants at the 2011 ASP Conference surveyed a variety of thematic activities, received resources and implementation ideas, and were invited to share their own experiences and upcoming events! C1 [Shupla, Christine; Shipp, Stephanie; LaConte, Keliann; Dalton, Heather] Lunar & Planetary Inst, 3600 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Buxner, Sanlyn] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Boonstra, Don] Sustainability Sch Consulting, LLC, Tempe, AZ 85280 USA. [Ristvey, John] McREL, Pasadena, CA 80237 USA. [Wessen, Alice; Zimmerman-Brachman, Rachel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [CoBabe-Ammann, Emily] Emily a CoBabe & Assoc Inc, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shupla, C (reprint author), Lunar & Planetary Inst, 3600 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 91 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200017 ER PT B AU Oostra, D Crecelius, S Lewis, P Chambers, LH AF Oostra, Daniel Crecelius, Sarah Lewis, Preston Chambers, Lin H. BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI 0225 Earth Science Mobile App Development for Non-Programmers SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB A number of cloud based visual development tools have emerged that provide methods for developing mobile applications quickly and without previous programming experience. The MY NASA DATA (MND) team would like to begin a discussion on how we can best leverage current mobile app technologies and available Earth science datasets. The MY NASA DATA team is developing an approach based on two main ideas. The first is to teach our constituents how to create mobile applications that interact with NASA datasets; the second is to provide web services or Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that create sources of data that educators, students and scientists can use in their own mobile app development. This framework allows data providers to foster mobile application development and interaction while not becoming a software clearing house. MY NASA DATA's research has included meetings with local data providers, educators, libraries and individuals. A high level of interest has been identified from initial discussions and interviews. This overt interest combined with the marked popularity of mobile applications in our societies has created a new channel for outreach and communications with and between the science and educational communities. C1 [Oostra, Daniel; Crecelius, Sarah; Lewis, Preston] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 1 Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 200, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Chambers, Lin H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Oostra, D (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 1 Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 200, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 115 EP 115 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200022 ER PT B AU Harvey, J Daou, D Day, B Slater, TF Slater, SJ AF Harvey, Janice Daou, Doris Day, Brian Slater, Timothy F. Slater, Stephanie J. BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Hawaii's Annual Journey Through the Universe Program SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB Hawaii's annual Journey through the Universe program is a flagship Gemini public education and outreach event that engages the public, teachers, astronomers, engineers, thousands of local students and staff from all of the Mauna Kea Observatories. The program inspires, educates, and engages teachers, students, and their families as well as the community. From February 10-18, 2011, fifty-one astronomy educators from observatories on Mauna Kea and across the world visited over 6,500 students in 310 classrooms at 18 schools. Two family science events were held for over 2,500 people at the 'Imiloa Astronomy Education Center and the University of Hawaii at Hilo. The local Chamber of Commerce(s) held an appreciation celebration for the astronomers attended by over 170 members from the local government and business community. Now going into its eighth year in Hawaii, the 2012 Journey Through the Universe program will continue working with the observatories on Mauna Kea and with the NASA Lunar Science Institute (NLSI). As a new partner in our Journey program, NLSI will join the Journey team (Janice Harvey, Gemini Observatory, Journey Team Leader) and give an overview of the successes and future developments of this remarkable program and its growth. The future of America rests on our ability to train the next generation of scientists and engineers. Science education is key and Journey through the Universe opens the doors of scientific discovery for our students. www.gemini.eduijoumey C1 [Harvey, Janice] Gemini Observ, 670 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Daou, Doris; Day, Brian] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Lunar Sci Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Slater, Timothy F.; Slater, Stephanie J.] Univ Wyoming, Cent Astron & Phys Educ Res, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Harvey, J (reprint author), Gemini Observ, 670 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 141 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200027 ER PT B AU Arcand, KK Watzke, M Fletcher, J Scalice, D AF Arcand, Kimberly Kowal Watzke, Megan Fletcher, Julie Scalice, Daniella BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI "From Earth to the Solar System:" Public Science Exhibitions for NASA's Year of the Solar System SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB Launched in May 2011, "From Earth to the Solar System" (FETTSS) is a public science program that brings planetary science, astronomy, and astrobiology images to audiences in non-traditional science outreach locations. FETTSS seeks to sustain and build upon the success of the award-winning International Year of Astronomy 2009 project "From Earth to the Universe." FETTSS utilizes a similar grass-roots-type of approach to emphasize the point that science-learning experiences can be anywhere. Exhibiting a curated collection of print-ready images of the Solar System, FETTSS aims to spark socially-based engagement and enhance exploration of astronomical content through free-choice learning outside the walls of (but also in partnership with) science centers or planetariums. The research component of FETTSS investigates casual versus intentional audiences, the possibility for participants to reshape their identity or non-identity with science through public events, and additional audience demographics. C1 [Arcand, Kimberly Kowal; Watzke, Megan] Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Chandra Xray Ctr, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Fletcher, Julie; Scalice, Daniella] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Arcand, KK (reprint author), Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Chandra Xray Ctr, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNX11AH31G] FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under proposal NNX11AH31G issued through the Science Mission Directorate. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 205 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200037 ER PT B AU Buratti, BJ AF Buratti, Bonnie J. BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI "Teachers Touch the Sky:" A Workshop in Astronomy for Teachers in Grades 3-9 SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB Eight times during the past two decades, JPL technical staff, assisted by master teachers, conducted a one-week workshop for teachers in grades 3-9. In these workshops, the teachers are walked through hands-on activities that are all based on current projects in astronomy and space science at JPL. The activities are inquiry-based and emphasize the scientific method and fundamental math and science skills. Each year the workshop focuses on a NASA theme: in 2011 it was the Dawn Mission to the asteroid 4 Vesta, as orbit insertion occurred right before the workshop. Several activities are based on the Lawrence Livermore Lab's Great Exploration in Math and Science (GEMS) guides. Teachers tour JPL's facilities such as the Space Flight Operations Center, the Spacecraft Assembly Facility, and the Mars Yard. The integration of the lessons into the teachers' own curricula is discussed, and a field trip to JPL's Table Mountain Observatory is included. Teachers learn of the resources NASA makes available to them, and they have the opportunity to talk to "real" scientists about their work. Teachers receive an honorarium for participation plus classroom materials. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Buratti, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,183-401, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200040 ER PT B AU Feaga, L Warner, E Ristvey, J Cobb, W Meyer, A AF Feaga, Lori Warner, Elizabeth Ristvey, John Cobb, Whitney Meyer, Aimee BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Comet Inquiry in Action: Developing Conceptual Understanding of Comets through Stardust and Deep Impact Mission EPO Activities SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB NASA Discovery Program missions to comets-Deep Impact and Stardust, and their extended missions-are the rich source that their respective Education and Public Outreach teams mine to convey investigative concepts to K-12 students. Specially designed curricular activities strive to be engaging and represent science authentically. Even more, they unpack complex science content so students' conceptual understanding can develop. Multimedia elements-interactives, interviews, and games-enhance an educator's toolbox of materials used to reach diverse audiences and deepen understanding. C1 [Feaga, Lori; Warner, Elizabeth] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, Bldg 224,Farm Dr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Ristvey, John; Cobb, Whitney] Mid Continent Res Educ & Learing, Denver, CO 80237 USA. [Meyer, Aimee] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Feaga, L (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, Bldg 224,Farm Dr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. FU NASA [NM0711001, 09-EPOESS09-0044]; Deep Impact and DIXI [NASW00004, NNM07AA99C]; JPL [1331581] FX This work was supported by NASAs Discovery Program; Stardust NExT contract NM0711001 to JPL, Deep Impact and DIXI contracts NASW00004 and NNM07AA99C to the University of Maryland, JPL contract 1331581 to McREL, and NASA Grant No. 09-EPOESS09-0044 issued through the SMD for Small Bodies, BIG Concepts. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 233 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200044 ER PT B AU Lawton, B Eisenhamer, B Mattson, BJ Raddick, MJ AF Lawton, Brandon Eisenhamer, Bonnie Mattson, Barbara J. Raddick, M. Jordan BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Bringing the Virtual Astronomical Observatory to the Education Community SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB The Virtual Observatory (VO) is an international effort to bring a large-scale electronic integration of astronomy data, tools, and services to the global community. The Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO) is the U.S. NSF- and NASA-funded VO effort that seeks to put efficient astronomical tools in the hands of U.S. astronomers, students, educators, and public outreach leaders. These tools will make use of data collected by the multitude of ground- and space-based missions over the previous decades. The Education and Public Outreach (EPO) program for the VAO will be led by the Space Telescope Science Institute in collaboration with the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) EPO program and Johns Hopkins University. VAO EPO efforts seek to bring technology, real-world astronomical data, and the story of the development and infrastructure of the VAO to the general public and education community. Our EPO efforts will be structured to provide uniform access to VAO information, enabling educational and research opportunities across multiple wavelengths and time-series data sets. The VAO team recognizes that the VO has already built many tools for EPO purposes, such as Microsoft's World Wide Telescope, SDSS Sky Server, Aladin, and a multitude of citizen-science tools available from Zooniverse. However, it is not enough to simply provide tools. Tools must meet the needs of the education community and address national education standards in order to be broadly utilized. To determine which tools the VAO will incorporate into the EPO program, needs assessments will be conducted with educators across the U.S. C1 [Lawton, Brandon; Eisenhamer, Bonnie] Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Mattson, Barbara J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Raddick, M. Jordan] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Lawton, B (reprint author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 283 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200055 ER PT B AU Lewis, P Oostra, D Crecelius, S Chambers, LH AF Lewis, Preston Oostra, Daniel Crecelius, Sarah Chambers, Lin H. BE Jensen, JB Manning, JG Gibbs, MG Daon, D TI Mobile Phone Application Development for the Classroom SO CONNECTING PEOPLE TO SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 123rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical-Society-of-the-Pacific CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2011 CL Amer Geophys Union, Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, NASA Lunar Sci Inst, NASAs Explorat Program, Infrared Process & Anal Ctr, NASAs Herschel Sci Ctr, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Stratospher Observ Infrared Astron, NASAs Chandra XRay Observ, Univ Chicago Press, Natl Radio Astron Observ, Ball Aerospace, Capitol Coll, Sky Skan, Univ Wyoming CAPER Team, Amer Astron Soc, AAS Educ Off, Solar Dynam Observ, Seiler Instrument, Explore Sci, Pratt St Ale House, MWT Assoc Inc, Amer Elements, Charlesbridge, Celestron HO Amer Geophys Union AB With smartphone sales currently surpassing laptop sales, it is hard not to think that these devices will have a place in the classroom. More specifically, with little to no monetary investment, classroom-centric mobile applications have the ability to suit the needs of teachers. Previously, programming such an item was a daunting task to the classroom teacher. But now, through the use of online visual tools, anyone has the ability to generate a mobile application to suit individual classroom needs. The "MY NASA DATA" (MND) project has begun work on such an application. Using online tools that are directed at the non-programmer, the team has developed two usable mobile applications ("apps") that fit right into the science classroom. The two apps generated include a cloud dichotomous key for cloud identification in the field, and an atmospheric science glossary to help with standardized testing key vocabulary and classroom assignments. Through the use of free online tools, teachers and students now have the ability to customize mobile applications to meet their individual needs. As an extension of the mobile applications, the MND team is planning web-based application programming interfaces (API's) that will be generated from data that is currently included in the MND Live Access Server. This will allow teachers and students to choose data sets that they want to include in the mobile application without having to populate the API themselves. Through the use of easy to understand online mobile app tutorials and MND data sets, teachers will have the ability to generate unit-specific mobile applications to further engage and empower students in the science classroom. C1 [Lewis, Preston; Oostra, Daniel; Crecelius, Sarah] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 1Enterprise Pkwy Suite 200, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Chambers, Lin H.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lewis, P (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 1Enterprise Pkwy Suite 200, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-796-4 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 457 BP 287 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC39 UT WOS:000309700200056 ER PT J AU Scheuchl, B Mouginot, J Rignot, E AF Scheuchl, B. Mouginot, J. Rignot, E. TI Ice velocity changes in the Ross and Ronne sectors observed using satellite radar data from 1997 and 2009 SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID WEST ANTARCTICA; SUBGLACIAL LAKES; OCEAN TIDES; FLOW; STREAM; SHELF; INTERFEROMETRY; SHEET; MILLENNIUM; GREENLAND AB We report changes in ice velocity of a 6.5 million km(2) region around South Pole encompassing the Filchner-Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves and a significant portion of the ice streams and glaciers that constitute their catchment areas. Using the first full interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coverage of the region completed in 2009 and partial coverage acquired in 1997, we processed the data to assemble a comprehensive map of ice speed changes between those two years. On the Ross Ice Shelf, our results confirm a continued deceleration of Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams with a 12-yr velocity difference of -50 myr(-1) (-16.7%) and -100 myr(-1) (-25.3%) at their grounding lines. The deceleration spreads 450 km upstream of the grounding line and more than 500 km onto the shelf, beyond what was previously known. Ross and Filchner Ice Shelves exhibit signs of pre-calving events, representing the largest observed changes, with an increase in speed in excess of +100 my r(-1) in 12 yr. Other changes in the Ross Ice Shelf region are less significant. The observed changes in glacier speed extend on the Ross Ice Shelf along the ice streams' flow lines. Most tributaries of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf show a modest deceleration or no change between 1997 and 2009. Slessor Glacier shows a small deceleration over a large sector. No change is detected on the Bailey, Rutford, and Institute Ice Streams. On the Filchner Ice Shelf itself, ice decelerated rather uniformly with a 12-yr difference in speed of -50 m yr(-1), or -5% of its ice front speed, which we attribute to a 12 km advance in its ice front position. Our results show that dynamic changes are present in the region. They highlight the need for continued observation of the area with a primary focus on the Siple Coast. The dynamic changes in Central Antarctica between 1997 and 2009 are generally second-order effects in comparison to losses on glaciers in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas region and on the Antarctic Peninsula. We therefore conclude that the dynamic changes shown here do not have a strong impact on the mass budget of the Antarctic continent. C1 [Scheuchl, B.; Mouginot, J.; Rignot, E.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Rignot, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Scheuchl, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. EM bscheuch@uci.edu RI Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; FU National Aeronautics and Space Administrations MEa-SUREs; Cryospheric Science Programs FX The authors wish to thank Yves Crevier (Canadian Space Agency) for championing the 2009 RADARSAT-2 AMM and for his support in filling remaining coverage gaps in 2011. Gordon Rigby and Thomas Logan from MDA were instrumental in planning and executing RADARSAT-2 data acquisitions. RADARSAT-1 data were provided by ASF. Laurie Padman provided advice on the tidal models. The authors further wish to thank the editor, I. M. Howat. David Vaughan and two anonymous reviewers provided a careful and constructive review of the manuscript. Helen Fricker and her team at the Scripps Glaciology Group also provided valuable input during the discussion phase of this paper. This work was performed at the University of California Irvine and at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations MEa-SUREs and Cryospheric Science Programs. NR 47 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2012 VL 6 IS 5 BP 1019 EP 1030 DI 10.5194/tc-6-1019-2012 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 028ZW UT WOS:000310465500007 ER PT J AU Hutcheson, FV Brooks, TF Humphreys, WM AF Hutcheson, Florence V. Brooks, Thomas F. Humphreys, William M., Jr. TI Noise radiation from a continuous mold-line link flap configuration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROACOUSTICS LA English DT Article ID AIRFRAME NOISE AB The results of an experimental study of the noise from a Continuous Mold-Line Link (CML) flap are presented. Acoustic and unsteady surface pressure measurements were performed on a main element wing section with a half-span CML flap in NASA Langley's Quiet Flow Facility. The acoustic data were acquired with a medium aperture directional array (MADA) of microphones. The Deconvolution Approach for the Mapping of Acoustic Sources (DAMAS) method is applied to determine the spatial distribution and strength of the noise sources over the surface of the test model. A Coherent Output Power (COP) method which relates the output from unsteady surface pressure sensors to the output of the MADA is also used to obtain more detailed characteristics of the noise source distribution in the trailing edge region of the CML. These results are compared to those obtained for a blunt flap to quantify the level of noise benefit that is achieved with the CML flap. The results indicate that the noise from the CML region of the flap is 5 to 17 dB lower (depending on flap deflection and Mach number) than the noise from the side edge region of the blunt flap. Lower noise levels are obtained for all frequencies. Spectral analysis of the noise from the cove region of the CML and blunt flap models also reveal a spectral peak in the high frequency range that is related to noise scattering at the trailing edge of the main element. The peaks in the CML and blunt flap cove noise spectra are close in level and often exceed blunt side edge noise. Applying a strip of serrated tape to the trailing edge of the CML flap model main airfoil reduced the peak but increased other noise somewhat. Directivity measurements show that the CML flap can be more directional than the blunt flap. C1 [Hutcheson, Florence V.; Brooks, Thomas F.; Humphreys, William M., Jr.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr Hampton, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hutcheson, FV (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr Hampton, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM florence.v.hutcheson@nasa.gov NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU MULTI-SCIENCE PUBL CO LTD PI BRENTWOOD PA 5 WATES WAY, BRENTWOOD CM15 9TB, ESSEX, ENGLAND SN 1475-472X J9 INT J AEROACOUST JI Int. J. Aeroacoust. PY 2012 VL 11 IS 5-6 BP 531 EP 553 PG 23 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 024MX UT WOS:000310114400001 ER PT J AU Hutcheson, FV Brooks, TF Stead, DJ AF Hutcheson, Florence V. Brooks, Thomas F. Stead, Daniel J. TI Measurement of the noise resulting from the interaction of turbulence with a lifting surface SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROACOUSTICS LA English DT Article AB An experimental study of the noise resulting from the interaction of an airfoil with incident turbulence is presented. The test models include NACA0015 airfoils of different chord lengths, a flat plate with a sharp leading edge, and an airfoil of same section as a reference Fowler flap. The airfoils are immersed in nearly isotropic turbulence. Two approaches for performing the noise measurements are used and compared. The effects that turbulence intensity and integral length scales, airfoil geometry, velocity and angle of attack have on the incident turbulence interaction noise are examined. Detailed directivity measurements are presented. It is found that noise spectral levels beyond the peak frequency decrease at a slower rate for the sharper airfoil leading edges, and that spectral peak level (at 0 degrees angle of attack) appears to be mostly controlled by the airfoil's thickness and chord. Increase in turbulence integral scale and intensity are observed to lead to a uniform increase of the noise spectral levels with an LI2 dependence (where L is the turbulence longitudinal integral scale and I is the turbulence intensity). Noise levels are found to scale with the 6th power of velocity and the 2nd power of the airfoil chord. Sensitivity to changes in angle of attack appears to have a turbulence longitudinal integral scale to chord (C) ratio dependence, with large effects on noise for L/C >= 1 and decreased effects as L/C becomes smaller than 1. For all L/C values, the directivity pattern of the noise resulting from the incident turbulence is seen to remain symmetric with respect to the direction of the mean flow until stall, at which point, the directivity becomes symmetric with respect to the airfoil chord. It is also observed that sensitivity to angle of attack changes is more pronounced on the model suction side than on the model pressure side, and in the higher frequency range of the spectra for the largest airfoils tested (L/C < 0.24). C1 [Hutcheson, Florence V.; Brooks, Thomas F.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroacoust Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hutcheson, FV (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroacoust Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM florence.v.hutcheson@nasa.gov FU Subsonic Fixed Wing and Subsonic Rotary Wing projects FX The authors wish to thank Gerald E. Plassman for processing of the DAMAS noise maps and Dennis H. Kuchta and Jaye A. Moen for invaluable support in the experiment. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support received from the Subsonic Fixed Wing and Subsonic Rotary Wing projects. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU MULTI-SCIENCE PUBL CO LTD PI BRENTWOOD PA 5 WATES WAY, BRENTWOOD CM15 9TB, ESSEX, ENGLAND SN 1475-472X J9 INT J AEROACOUST JI Int. J. Aeroacoust. PY 2012 VL 11 IS 5-6 BP 675 EP 700 PG 26 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 024MX UT WOS:000310114400007 ER PT S AU Oehler, DZ Allen, CC AF Oehler, Dorothy Z. Allen, Carlton C. BE Grotzinger, JP Milliken, RE TI FOCUSING THE SEARCH FOR BIOSIGNATURES ON MARS: FACIES PREDICTION WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM ACIDALIA PLANITIA SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY OF MARS SE Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Mars; Acidalia; mud volcano; facies; biosignature ID ANCIENT MARTIAN SURFACE; MUD VOLCANO FIELD; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; NORTHERN PLAINS; PILBARA CRATON; MICROFOSSILS; STROMATOLITES; ORIGIN; LIFE AB The search for martian biosignatures can be enhanced by focusing exploration on locations most likely to contain organic-rich shales. Such shales both concentrate and preserve organic matter and are major repositories of organic geochemical biomarkers in sediments of all ages on Earth. Moreover, it has been suggested that for Mars, accumulations of organic matter may be the most easily detected and least ambiguous of possible biosignatures (Summons et al. 2010). Since current surface conditions on Mars are unfavorable for preservation of organic matter, focusing exploration on locations predicted to contain ancient organic-rich shales would offer one of the best chances of detecting evidence of life-if it ever evolved on the planet. Orbital data can be used to evaluate regional sediment sources and sinks on Mars, and, based on that, facies can be predicted and locations identified that are most likely to contain organic-rich sediments. An example is presented from Acidalia Planitia, in the martian lowlands, where this approach led to the conclusion that fitcics in southern Acidalia were likely to be dominated by fine-grained, muddy sediments. That conclusion added weight to the hypothesis that mounds in Acidalia are martian versions of mud volcanoes as well as the suggestion that organic materials, if present, would have been deposited in the same area as the mounds. This allowed speculation that potential mud volcano clasts in Acidalia could include preserved, organic biosignatures and, thus, that the mounds in Acidalia constitute an untested class of exploration target for Mars. Facies prediction using orbital data is particularly applicable to planetaly exploration where ground truth is most often lacking but orbital data sets are increasingly available. This approach is well suited to the search for potential geochemical biomarkers in organic-rich shales. The approach additionally could be applied to exploration for other categories of biosignatures (such as stromatolites or morphologically preserved microfossils) and to more general planetary objectives, such as the search for hydrothermal sediments, carbonates, or any particular type of geologic deposit. C1 [Oehler, Dorothy Z.; Allen, Carlton C.] NASA, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Oehler, DZ (reprint author), NASA, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM dorothy.z.oehler@nasa.gov NR 106 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU S E P M - SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA PO BOX 4756 1731 E 71ST ST, TULSA, OK 74159-0756 USA SN 1060-071X BN 978-1-56576-312-8 J9 SOC SEDIMENT GEOL SP PY 2012 VL 102 BP 183 EP 194 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA BBY55 UT WOS:000308788500008 ER PT S AU Ganni, V Fesmire, JE AF Ganni, V. Fesmire, J. E. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI CRYOGENICS FOR SUPERCONDUCTORS: REFRIGERATION, DELIVERY, AND PRESERVATION OF THE COLD SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE helium; superconductivity; refrigerator; cryogenic equipment; thermal insulation; cryogen storage ID INSULATION MATERIALS; THERMAL PERFORMANCE; SYSTEMS AB Applications in superconductivity have become widespread, enabled by advancements in cryogenic engineering. In this paper, the history of cryogenic refrigeration, its delivery, its preservation and the important scientific and engineering advancements in these areas in the last 100 years will be reviewed, beginning with small laboratory dewars to very large scale systems. The key technological advancements in these areas that enabled the development of superconducting applications at temperatures from 4 to 77 K are identified. Included are advancements in the components used up to the present state-of-the-art in refrigeration systems design. Viewpoints as both an equipment supplier and the end-user with regard to the equipment design and operations will be presented. Some of the present and future challenges in these areas will be outlined. Most of the materials in this paper are a collection of the historical materials applicable to these areas of interest. C1 [Ganni, V.] Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Fesmire, J. E.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Cryogen Test Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Ganni, V (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-06OR23177] FX The authors would like to express their appreciation and thanks to the TJNAF management for their support. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC05-06OR23177. NR 63 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1063/1.4706901 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600001 ER PT S AU Johnson, WL Fesmire, JE AF Johnson, W. L. Fesmire, J. E. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF LOW LAYER DENSITY MULTILAYER INSULATION USING LIQUID NITROGEN SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Multilayer Insulation; Boil-off Calorimetry AB In order to support long duration cryogenic propellant storage, the Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) Project of the Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) is investigating the long duration storage properties of liquid methane on the lunar surface. The Methane Lunar Surface Thermal Control (MLSTC) testing is using a tank of the approximate dimensions of the Altair ascent tanks inside of a vacuum chamber to simulate the environment in low earth orbit and on the lunar surface. The thermal performance testing of multilayer insulation (MLI) coupons that are fabricated identically to the tank applied insulation is necessary to understand the performance of the blankets and to be able to predict the performance of the insulation prior to testing. This coupon testing was completed in Cryostat-100 at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory. The results showed the properties of the insulation as a function of layer density, number of layers, and warm boundary temperature. These results aid in the understanding of the performance parameters of MLI and help to complete the body of literature on the topic. C1 [Johnson, W. L.; Fesmire, J. E.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Johnson, WL (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, NE F6, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1063/1.4706903 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600003 ER PT S AU Feller, JR Johnson, WL AF Feller, J. R. Johnson, W. L. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI DEPENDENCE OF MULTI-LAYER INSULATION THERMAL PERFORMANCE ON INTERSTITIAL GAS PRESSURE SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Multi-layer insulation (MLI); space cryogenics; thermal control; propellant storage AB Four examples of multi-layer insulation (MLI) blankets, differing in layer density, thickness, and spacer type, were evaluated using the Cryostat-100 fixture, a cylindrical calorimeter, in the Cryogenic Test Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center. The steady state thermal performance of each was measured at pressures ranging from high vacuum (down to 10-6 Torr) up to 1 atmosphere. The four heat flux versus pressure data sets were reduced to a single "universal curve", demonstrating the essential parameters that determine how the performance of a generic blanket depends on interstitial gas pressure. A simple phenomenological model based on molecular collision probabilities is followed by a systematic curve fitting procedure encompassing the entire pressure range. The final result is a closed-form expression for the pressure-dependent heat flux that can be readily generalized to arbitrary thermal boundary temperatures, gas species, and MLI blanket thickness and layer density. C1 [Feller, J. R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Cryogen Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Johnson, W. L.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Cryogen Test Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Feller, JR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Cryogen Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1063/1.4706904 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600004 ER PT S AU Werlink, RW Fesmire, JE Sass, JP AF Werlink, R. W. Fesmire, J. E. Sass, J. P. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI VIBRATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR CRYOGENIC TANKS USING GLASS BUBBLES INSULATION SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Glass bubble; perlite; aerogel; insulation; liquid hydrogen; storage tank; mobile tanker; space launch; vibration; testing ID HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS; MICROSPHERE AB The use of glass bubbles as an efficient and practical thermal insulation system has been previously demonstrated in cryogenic storage tanks. One such example is a spherical, vacuum-jacketed liquid hydrogen vessel of 218,000 liter capacity where the boiloff rate has been reduced by approximately 50 percent. Further applications may include non-stationary tanks such as mobile tankers and tanks with extreme duty cycles or exposed to significant vibration environments. Space rocket launch events and mobile tanker life cycles represent two harsh cases of mechanical vibration exposure. A number of bulk fill insulation materials including glass bubbles, perlite powders, and aerogel granules were tested for vibration effects and mechanical behavior using a custom design holding fixture subjected to random vibration on an Electrodynamic Shaker. The settling effects for mixtures of insulation materials were also investigated. The vibration test results and granular particle analysis are presented with considerations and implications for future cryogenic tank applications. C1 [Werlink, R. W.; Fesmire, J. E.; Sass, J. P.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Cryogen Test Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Werlink, RW (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Cryogen Test Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1063/1.4706905 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600005 ER PT S AU Rodriguez, JI Na-Nakornpanom, A AF Rodriguez, J. I. Na-Nakornpanom, A. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI ON-ORBIT PERFORMANCE OF THE TES PULSE TUBE CRYOCOOLER SYSTEM AND THE INSTRUMENT - SIX YEARS IN SPACE SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE TES; EOS; Aura; cryocooler; pulse tube; passive cooler; remote sensing; cryocontamination; interferometer AB The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument pulse tube cryocoolers began operation 36 days after launch of the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft on July 15, 2004. TES is designed with four infrared Mercury Cadmium Telluride focal plane arrays in two separate housings cooled by a pair of Northrup Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) single-stage pulse tube cryocoolers. The instrument also makes use of a two-stage passive cooler to cool the optical bench. The instrument is a high-resolution infrared imaging Fourier transform spectrometer with 3.3-15.4 micron spectral coverage. After four weeks of outgassing, the instrument optical bench and focal planes were cooled to their operating temperatures to begin science operations. During the early months of the mission, ice contamination of the cryogenic surfaces including the focal planes led to increased cryocooler loads and the need for periodic decontamination cycles. After a highly successful 5 years of continuous in-space operations, TES was granted a 2 year extension. This paper reports on the TES cryogenic system performance including the two-stage passive cooler. After a brief overview of the cryogenic design, the paper presents detailed data on the highly successful space operation of the pulse tube cryocoolers and instrument thermal design over the past six years since the original turn-on in 2004. The data shows the cryogenic contamination decreased substantially to where decontamination cycles are now performed every six months. The cooler stroke required for constant-temperature operation has not increased indicating near-constant cooler efficiency and the instrument's thermal design has also provided a nearly constant heat rejection sink. At this time TES continues to operate in space providing important Earth science data. C1 [Rodriguez, J. I.; Na-Nakornpanom, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rodriguez, JI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1063/1.4706914 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600014 ER PT S AU Maquardt, E Gully, W Marquardt, J Boyle, R Hale, T AF Maquardt, E. Gully, W. Marquardt, J. Boyle, R. Hale, T. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI QUALIFICATION TEST RESULTS FOR THE TIRS CRYOCOOLER SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Cryocooler; Stirling; Space; Cryogenic; TIRS; LDCM; Landsat AB Ball Aerospace has completed qualification testing of its flight Stirling-cycle mechanical cryocooler for the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), an instrument slated to fly on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) platform. The TIRS cooler, developed under subcontract to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, consists of a sophisticated and highly reliable, two-stage, fixed regenerator Stirling cryocooler and its drive electronics. The TIRS cooler provides 2 W of 38 K cooling to the TIRS detectors and 9.8 W shield cooling to 85 K for less than 225 W total input power. Performance test results are reported. C1 [Maquardt, E.; Gully, W.; Marquardt, J.] Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Boyle, R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hale, T.] ASRC Management Serv Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Maquardt, E (reprint author), Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1063/1.4706915 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600015 ER PT S AU Knoll, D Willen, D Fesmire, J Johnson, W Smith, J Meneghelli, B Demko, J George, D Fowler, B Huber, P AF Knoll, D. Willen, D. Fesmire, J. Johnson, W. Smith, J. Meneghelli, B. Demko, J. George, D. Fowler, B. Huber, P. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI EVALUATING CRYOSTAT PERFORMANCE FOR NAVAL APPLICATIONS SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Cryostat; Multilayer insulation (MLI); Thermal performance AB The Navy intends to use High Temperature Superconducting Degaussing (HTSDG) coil systems on future Navy platforms. The Navy Metalworking Center (NMC) is leading a team that is addressing cryostat configuration and manufacturing issues associated with fabricating long lengths of flexible, vacuum-jacketed cryostats that meet Navy shipboard performance requirements. The project includes provisions to evaluate the reliability performance, as well as proofing of fabrication techniques. Navy cryostat performance specifications include less than 1 Wm(-1) heat loss, 2 MPa working pressure, and a 25-year vacuum life. Cryostat multilayer insulation (MLI) systems developed on the project have been validated using a standardized cryogenic test facility and implemented on 5-meterlong test samples. Performance data from these test samples, which were characterized using both LN2 boiloff and flow-through measurement techniques, will be presented. NMC is working with an Integrated Project Team consisting of Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Surface Warfare Center-Carderock Division, Southwire Company, nkt cables, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), ASRC Aerospace, and NASA Kennedy Space Center (NASA-KSC) to complete these efforts. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This material is submitted with the understanding that right of reproduction for governmental purposes is reserved for the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia 22203-1995. C1 [Knoll, D.] Southwire Co, 1 Southwire Dr, Carrollton, GA 30119 USA. [Willen, D.] Nkt Cables, DK-2605 Brondby, Denmark. [Fesmire, J.; Johnson, W.; Smith, J.] NASA, Cryogen Test Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Meneghelli, B.] ASRC Aerosp, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Demko, J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [George, D.; Fowler, B.; Huber, P.] Concurrent Technol Corp, Johnstown, PA 15904 USA. RP Knoll, D (reprint author), Southwire Co, 1 Southwire Dr, Carrollton, GA 30119 USA. FU NMC, Concurrent Technologies Corporation [N00014-06-D-0048]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; UT-Battelle, LLC FX This work was conducted by NMC, operated by Concurrent Technologies Corporation under contract number N00014-06-D-0048 to the Office of Naval Research as part of the U.S. Navy Manufacturing Technology Program. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.; Research partially sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Advanced Cables and Conductors Program, under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 265 EP 272 DI 10.1063/1.4706929 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600029 ER PT S AU Cepeda-Rizo, J Rodriguez, JI Bugby, DC AF Cepeda-Rizo, J. Rodriguez, J. I. Bugby, D. C. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI METHANE CRYOGENIC HEAT PIPE FOR SPACE USE WITH A LIQUID TRAP FOR ON-OFF SWITCHING SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE cryogenic; heat pipe; diode; methane; interferometer AB A methane cryogenic heat pipe with a liquid trap for on-off actuation was developed by ATK for use on Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Space Interferometer Mission Lite (SIM Lite) pre-Phase A hardware technology demonstration tests. The cryogenic heat pipe coupled to a cold radiator at 160K provides cooling to the Charged Coupled Device camera focal planes. The heat pipe was designed for a transport capacity of 15 W across a 1.5 m span through a near room-temperature spacecraft environment. A key and driving requirement for the heat pipe was the need for switching the heat pipe on and off needed to support low power decontamination cycles to near room temperature of the cryogenic focal planes. The cryogenic heat pipe is turned off by removing the methane working fluid from the heat pipe and storing in the liquid trap. The heat pipe is turned-on by simply reintroducing the working fluid from the liquid trap. This on-off switching capability is a key requirement for cryogenic heat pipes used with passive or active cryocoolers for cooling focal planes or optics. This switching capability provides a means to decouple a cold focal plane or optics from a redundant stand-by cryocooler or a passive cooler when in need for a decontamination cycle. C1 [Cepeda-Rizo, J.; Rodriguez, J. I.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bugby, D. C.] ATK Aerosp Syst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cepeda-Rizo, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 293 EP 300 DI 10.1063/1.4706932 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600032 ER PT S AU Paine, CG Cepeda-Rizo, J Eastwood, M Geier, S Zan, JA AF Paine, C. G. Cepeda-Rizo, J. Eastwood, M. Geier, S. Zan, J. A. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI AIRBORNE EARTH-OBSERVING IMAGING SPECTROMETERS UTILIZING COMMERCIAL CRYOCOOLERS SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Imaging spectrometry; hyperspectral imaging; commercial cryocooler AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is developing airborne hyperspectral imagers for the visible-shortwave-IR band, utilizing commercial cryocoolers as the primary cooling. Stability of the spectral calibration of the spectrometers is of paramount importance in the instrument performance. We describe the cryogenic package and the overall fielded system, detail the thermal performance requirements and their validation, and discuss design issues associated with utilizing mechanical cryocoolers for this application. C1 [Paine, C. G.; Cepeda-Rizo, J.; Zan, J. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Thermal & Cryogen Engn Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Eastwood, M.; Geier, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Airborne Instruments Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Paine, CG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Thermal & Cryogen Engn Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU NASA FX This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and was supported in part by NASA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1063/1.4706933 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600033 ER PT S AU Walls, LK Kirk, D de Luis, J AF Walls, Laurie K. Kirk, Daniel de Luis, Javier BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF REDUCED GRAVITY SLOSH DYNAMICS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYOGENIC LAUNCH AND SPACE VEHICLE PROPELLANTS SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Liquid slosh; micro-gravity; mass gauging; cryogenics; launch vehicle AB As space programs increasingly investigate various options for long duration space missions the accurate prediction of propellant behavior over long periods of time in micro-gravity environment has become increasingly imperative. This has driven the development of a detailed, physics-based understanding of the slosh behavior of cryogenic propellants over a range of conditions and environments that are relevant for rocket and space storage applications. Recent advancements in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and hardware capabilities have enabled the modeling of complex fluid behavior in micro-gravity environment. Historically, launch vehicles with moderate duration upper stage coast periods have contained very limited instrumentation to quantify propellant stratification and boil-off in these environments, thus the ability to benchmark these complex computational models is of great consequence. To benchmark enhanced CFD models, recent work focuses on establishing an extensive experimental database of liquid slosh under a wide range of relevant conditions. This publication will summarize the various experimental programs established to produce this comprehensive database and unique flight measurement techniques. C1 [Walls, Laurie K.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Kirk, Daniel] Florida Inst Technol, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. [de Luis, Javier] Aurora Flight Sci, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. RP Walls, LK (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 317 EP 324 DI 10.1063/1.4706935 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600035 ER PT S AU Krenn, A AF Krenn, A. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI DIAGNOSIS OF A POORLY PERFORMING LIQUID HYDROGEN BULK STORAGE SPHERE SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE cryogenic spheres; thermal insulation; perlite AB There are two 3,218 cubic meter (850,000 gallon) Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) storage spheres used to support the Space Shuttle Program; one residing at Launch Pad A, the other at Launch Pad B. The Sphere at Pad B had a high boiloff rate when brought into service in the 1960s. In 2001, the daily commodity loss was approximately double that of the Pad A sphere, and well above the maximum allowed by the specification. After being re-painted in the 1990s a "cold spot" appeared on the outer sphere that resulted in poor paint bonding and mold formation. Thermography was used to characterize the area, and the boiloff rate was continually evaluated. All evidence suggested that the high boiloff rate was caused by an excessive heat leak into the inner sphere due to an insulation void in the annulus. Pad B was recently taken out of service, which provided a unique opportunity to perform a series of visual inspections of the insulation. Boroscope examinations revealed a large Perlite void in the region where the cold spot was apparent. Perlite was then trucked in and offloaded into the annular void region until full. The sphere has not yet been brought back into service. C1 NASA, Fluids Div, Cryogen Branch, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Krenn, A (reprint author), NASA, Fluids Div, Cryogen Branch, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 376 EP 383 DI 10.1063/1.4706942 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600042 ER PT S AU Raymond, AW Reiter, JW AF Raymond, A. W. Reiter, J. W. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI MODELING AND TESTING OF CRYO-ADSORBENT HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS WITH IMPROVED THERMAL ISOLATION SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE hydrogen storage; vacuum insulation; parasitic heat transfer ID PRESSURE-VESSELS; ADSORPTION AB One storage concept for hydrogen-fueled vehicles is physical adsorption of hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures (nominally 80 K). During long idle periods, parasitic heat transfer from the environment induces desorption to the tank void volume. This desorption increases tank pressure such that it must be vented. To reduce the amount of fuel lost to venting, parasitic heating is minimized using multi-layer vacuum insulation and thermally isolating structures. A model is developed to predict the amount of conduction through structural supports and hydrogen lines, radiation through multi-layer insulation, and rarified gas conduction in the vacuum jacket of a tank sized for adsorption storage. The model reveals that conduction through structural supports is significant for cases of interest. Thus, two structural support architectures are compared: one utilizing G-10 CR composite and another involving Kevlar(TM) cable. The structural members are sized to support comparable inertial loadings; the overall parasitic heat transfer is found to be as much as 38 percent less for the Kevlar(TM) design. A lumped-parameter tank simulation is used to relate parasitic heat transfer to dormancy time and venting rate. The results of thermal testing of a sub-scale tank simulator are compared with model predictions. C1 [Raymond, A. W.; Reiter, J. W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Raymond, AW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 765 EP 772 DI 10.1063/1.4706989 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600089 ER PT S AU Kimball, MO Shirron, PJ AF Kimball, Mark O. Shirron, Peter J. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI HEAT SWITCHES PROVIDING LOW-ACTIVATION POWER AND QUICK-SWITCHING TIME FOR USE IN CRYOGENIC MULTI-STAGE REFRIGERATORS SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE ADR; Switch; Low Power; Rapid switching AB An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is a solid-state cooler capable of achieving sub-Kelvin temperatures. It neither requires moving parts nor a density gradient in a working fluid making it ideal for use in space-based instruments. The flow of energy through the cooler is controlled by heat switches that allow heat transfer when on and isolate portions of the cooler when off. One type of switch uses helium gas as the switching medium. In the off state the gas is adsorbed in a getter thus breaking the thermal path through the switch. To activate the switch, the getter is heated to release helium into the switch body allowing it to complete the thermal path. A getter that has a small heat capacity and low thermal conductance to the body of the switch requires low-activation power. The cooler benefits from this in two ways: shorter recycle times and higher efficiency. We describe such a design here. C1 [Kimball, Mark O.; Shirron, Peter J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kimball, MO (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 853 EP 858 DI 10.1063/1.4707000 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600100 ER PT S AU Helvensteijn, BPM Wang, Y LeVan, MD Luna, B Kashani, A AF Helvensteijn, B. P. M. Wang, Y. LeVan, M. Douglas Luna, B. Kashani, A. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI ADSORPTION OF OXYGEN ONTO ZEOLITES AT PRESSURES UP TO 10 MPa SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Oxygen; adsorption; isotherms; zeolites AB For NASA applications, high-pressure oxygen is an integral part of portable life support systems (PLSSs) for Extravehicular Activities (EVAs), some fuel cell systems and potential In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) systems. New high-pressure oxygen generation systems will be needed on the International Space Station (to enable EVAs after the Shuttle is retired), on a Lunar Lander (to use lower pressure cryogenic tanks as a source of high pressure oxygen for EVAs) and on a planetary habitat (to generate and store high pressure oxygen for extended periods of time). One of the candidate technologies for producing high-pressure oxygen, temperature swing adsorption (TSA) compression, offers many advantages but has a low technology readiness level. Evaluation of technical feasibility and safety issues, and specification of operating parameters of the compressor require the availability of fundamental equilibrium adsorption data. A cryogenic, high-pressure volumetric equilibrium adsorption apparatus has been developed at NASA Ames Research Center to facilitate collection of the needed data. The apparatus incorporates cryogenic and vacuum surrounds, and a high-pressure oxygen circuit. In this paper, low-temperature equilibrium isotherms of oxygen on various sorbent materials are presented. The data presented will aid the development of a space qualified TSA system. C1 [Helvensteijn, B. P. M.; Kashani, A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atlas Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Wang, Y.; LeVan, M. Douglas] Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Luna, B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Helvensteijn, BPM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atlas Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. FU NASA FX This work is supported by the NASA Exploration Life Support Project. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1245 EP 1252 DI 10.1063/1.4707047 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600147 ER PT S AU Kudlac, MT Weaver, HF Cmar, MD AF Kudlac, M. T. Weaver, H. F. Cmar, M. D. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI NASA PLUM BROOK's B-2 TEST FACILITY - THERMAL VACUUM AND PROPELLANT TEST FACILITY SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Test Facility; Altitude; Thermal Vacuum; Propulsion; Cryogenic; Propellant; Cold Wall; Heat lamps AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) Plum Brook Station (PBS) Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, commonly referred to as B-2, is NASA's third largest thermal vacuum facility. It is the largest designed to store and transfer large quantities of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, and is perfectly suited to support developmental testing of upper stage chemical propulsion systems as well as fully integrated stages. The facility is also capable of providing thermal-vacuum simulation services to support testing of large lightweight structures, Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) systems, electric propulsion test programs, and other In-Space propulsion programs. A recently completed integrated system test demonstrated the refurbished thermal vacuum capabilities of the facility. The test used the modernized data acquisition and control system to monitor the facility. The heat sink provided a uniform temperature environment of approximately 77K. The modernized infrared lamp array produced a nominal heat flux of 1.4 kW/m(2). With the lamp array and heat sink operating simultaneously, the thermal systems produced a heat flux pattern simulating radiation to space on one surface and solar exposure on the other surface. C1 [Kudlac, M. T.; Weaver, H. F.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Lewis Field 2100 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44313 USA. [Cmar, M. D.] Sierra Lobo Inc, Sandusky, OH 44879 USA. RP Kudlac, MT (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Lewis Field 2100 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44313 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1253 EP 1260 DI 10.1063/1.4707048 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600148 ER PT S AU Tuttle, J Canavan, E DiPirro, M Li, X Franck, R Green, D AF Tuttle, J. Canavan, E. DiPirro, M. Li, X. Franck, R. Green, D. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI A HIGH-RESOLUTION MEASUREMENT OF THE LOW-TEMPERATURE EMISSIVITY OF BALLINFRARED BLACK SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE emissivity; total hemispheric emissivity; Ball InfraRed Black; space flight radiators AB High-emissivity coatings are commonly used on thermal control system components. The total hemispheric emissivity values of their surfaces are typically high (nearly 1) at temperatures above about 100 Kelvin, but they drop off steeply at lower temperatures. A precise knowledge of this temperature-dependence is critical to designing passively-cooled components with low operating temperatures. Notable examples are the coatings on thermal radiators used to cool space-flight instruments to temperatures below 40 Kelvin. Past low-temperature paint emissivity measurements have been challenging, often requiring large thermal chambers and typically producing data with high uncertainties below about 100 Kelvin. We describe a relatively inexpensive method of performing high-resolution emissivity measurements in a small cryostat. Results are presented for Ball InfraRed Black (TM) (BIRB (TM)), a proprietary surface coating produced by Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp (BATC), which is used in space-flight applications. C1 [Tuttle, J.; Canavan, E.; DiPirro, M.; Li, X.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 552, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Franck, R.; Green, D.] Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tuttle, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 552, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA's James Webb Space Telescope FX This work was supported by NASAs James Webb Space Telescope program NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1505 EP 1512 DI 10.1063/1.4707079 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600179 ER PT S AU DiPirro, M Tuttle, J Canavan, E Shirron, P AF DiPirro, M. Tuttle, J. Canavan, E. Shirron, P. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI USE OF COLD RADIOMETERS IN SEVERAL THERMAL/VACUUM TESTS SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE emissivity; specularity; thermal-vacuum tests; stray radiation AB A low cost low temperature broadband radiometer has been developed for use with low temperature tests as a diagnostic tool for measuring stray thermal radiation and remote measurement of material properties. So far these radiometers have been used in three large thermal/vacuum tests for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Project. In the first two tests the radiometers measured stray radiation in a test of part of the JWST sunshield, and in the third test the radiometers were used to measure the reflectivity and specularity of black Chemglaze (TM) Z307 painted aluminum walls on a 25 K cooled shroud. This paper will present the results of the reflectivity/specularity tests. C1 [DiPirro, M.; Tuttle, J.; Canavan, E.; Shirron, P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP DiPirro, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 552, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1513 EP 1518 DI 10.1063/1.4707080 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600180 ER PT S AU Johnson, WL AF Johnson, W. L. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI THERMAL ANALYSIS OF LOW LAYER DENSITY MULTILAYER INSULATION TEST RESULTS SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Multilayer Insulation; Heat Load Optimization; Numerical Analysis AB Investigation of the thermal performance of low layer density multilayer insulations is important for designing long-duration space exploration missions involving the storage of cryogenic propellants. Theoretical calculations show an analytical optimal layer density. However, the appropriate test data by which to evaluate these calculations have been only recently obtained. As part of a recent research project, NASA procured several multilayer insulation test articles for calorimeter testing. These blanket-type test articles were configured to allow a layer density variation from 0.5 to 2.5 layers per millimeter. The coupon testing was completed by the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center using the cylindrical Cryostat-100 apparatus. The results show insulation properties as a function of layer density for multiple points. Overlaying these new results with data from the literature reveals an optimum layer density; however, the value is approximately twice as high as predicted. The data also show that the transition region between high vacuum and no vacuum is dependent on the spacing of the reflective layers. These results aid in the understanding of the performance parameters of MLI and help to complete the body of literature on the topic. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Johnson, WL (reprint author), NASA, NE F6, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1519 EP 1526 DI 10.1063/1.4707081 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600181 ER PT S AU Johnson, WL Fesmire, JE Meneghelli, BE AF Johnson, W. L. Fesmire, J. E. Meneghelli, B. E. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI CRYOPUMPING FIELD JOINT CAN TESTING SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Thermal insulation; Aerogel; Cryopumping; Vacuum Jacketed Piping AB For long installations, vacuum jacketed piping often comes in 40 foot sections that are butt welded together in the field. A short can is then welded over the bare pipe connection to allow for insulation to be protected from the environment. Traditionally, the field joint is insulated with multilayer insulation and a vacuum is pulled on the can to minimize heat leak through the bare section and prevent frost from forming on the pipe section. The vacuum jacketed lines for the Ares I mobile launch platform were to be a combined 2000 feet long, with 60+ pipe sections and field joint cans. Historically, Kennedy Space Center has drilled a hole in the long sections to create a common vacuum with the field joint can to minimize maintenance on the vacuum jacketed piping. However, this effort looked at ways to use a passive system that didn't require a vacuum, but may cryopump to create its own vacuum. Various forms of aerogel, multilayer insulations, and combinations thereof were tested to determine the best method of insulating the field joint while minimizing maintenance and thermal losses. C1 [Johnson, W. L.; Fesmire, J. E.] NASA, NE F6, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Meneghelli, B. E.] ASRC Aerosp, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Johnson, WL (reprint author), NASA, NE F6, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1527 EP 1533 DI 10.1063/1.4707082 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600182 ER PT S AU Partridge, JK AF Partridge, J. K. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kittel, P Klebaner, A Marquardt, J Nellis, G Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Yuan, S Zagarola, M Zeller, A TI FRACTIONAL CONSUMPTION OF LIQUID HYDROGEN AND LIQUID OXYGEN DURING THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 57A AND 57B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE Hydrogen; Oxygen; Space Shuttle Propellants AB The Space Shuttle uses the propellants, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, to meet part of the propulsion requirements from ground to orbit. The Kennedy Space Center procured over 350 million liters of liquid hydrogen and over 200 million liters of liquid oxygen during the 30-year Space Shuttle Program. Because of the nature of the cryogenic propellants, approximately 54% of the total purchased liquid hydrogen and 32% of the total purchased liquid oxygen were used in the Space Shuttle Main Engines. The balance of the propellants were vaporized during operations for various purposes. This paper dissects the total consumption of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and determines the fraction attributable to each of the various processing and launch operations that occurred during the entire Space Shuttle Program at the Kennedy Space Center. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Partridge, JK (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1020-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1434 BP 1765 EP 1770 DI 10.1063/1.4707112 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH76 UT WOS:000306860600212 ER PT J AU Alexander, AL Kaber, DB Kim, SH Stelzer, EM Kaufmann, K Prinzel, LJ AF Alexander, Amy L. Kaber, David B. Kim, Sang-Hwan Stelzer, Emily M. Kaufmann, Karl Prinzel, Lawrence J., III TI Measurement and Modeling of Display Clutter in Advanced Flight Deck Technologies SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Clutter is a key concern in the design of complex displays, particularly in safety- critical domains such as aviation. The objective of this research was to investigate techniques for measuring subjective perceptions of clutter and to model the predicted impacts of clutter on pilot performance within the context of advanced flight deck technologies. Six commercial pilots flew simulated approaches under varied workload conditions with low-, medium-, and high-clutter head-up displays, rating the perceived clutter and subjective mental workload associated with each display configuration. Results revealed that high-clutter displays produced elevated reports of perceived clutter and workload due to information density or redundancy, whereas low-clutter displays were perceived as less cluttered but challenging to use due to lack of relevant information typically used during flight. A multidimensional measure of clutter was found to be more sensitive to display differences than an overall perceived rating of clutter, and low-level visual display properties were successful in predicting clutter perceptions and pilot performance. Finalized products of this research could support optimized display design through the identification of clutter thresholds and the implementation of clutter alerts, decluttering mechanisms, or both, and could be used to support display certification and acquisitions processes. C1 [Alexander, Amy L.] Aptima Inc, Woburn, MA USA. [Kaber, David B.; Kaufmann, Karl] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Ind & Syst Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Kim, Sang-Hwan] Univ Michigan, Dept Ind & Mfg Syst Engn, Dearborn, MI 48128 USA. [Stelzer, Emily M.] Mitre Corp, Mclean, VA USA. [Prinzel, Lawrence J., III] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Alexander, AL (reprint author), MIT Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. EM amy.alexander@11.mit.edu NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2012 VL 22 IS 4 BP 299 EP 318 DI 10.1080/10508414.2012.718233 PG 20 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 026UZ UT WOS:000310309900001 ER PT J AU Casner, SM Murphy, MP Neville, EC Neville, MR AF Casner, Stephen M. Murphy, Michael Pat Neville, Erin C. Neville, Matthew R. TI Pilots as Weather Briefers: The Direct Use of Aviation Weather Products by General Aviation Pilots SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB When planning a flight, pilots have traditionally consulted with trained weather briefers who gather, select, review, and to some extent interpret aviation weather products for them. Today, pilots can directly access these same weather products from their own computers, aircraft cockpits, and mobile devices, and choose to skip the services offered by weather briefers. A sample of 191 general aviation pilots completed a survey designed to determine how frequently they directly access weather products, how frequently they still consult with weather briefers, and which weather products pilots use and why. We identified a subset of surveyed pilots who usually or always rely solely on directly accessed weather products (approximately 25%). Although these self-briefing pilots trend toward holding higher grades of pilot certificates and make greater use of cockpit weather systems, they do not differ from other pilots in the weather products they review, and they prefer simple weather observations to more complex forecasts and descriptions of larger weather systems such as fronts and pressure regions. We explore the reasons why self-briefing pilots choose to review the products they do, and how the next generation of pilots might best be trained and supported. C1 [Casner, Stephen M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Murphy, Michael Pat] NOAA NWS Aviat Weather Ctr, Kansas City, MO USA. [Neville, Erin C.; Neville, Matthew R.] San Jose State Univ, Res Fdn, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Casner, SM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Stephen.Casner@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2012 VL 22 IS 4 BP 367 EP 381 DI 10.1080/10508414.2012.718241 PG 15 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 026UZ UT WOS:000310309900004 ER PT J AU Krenevicius, A Kacianauskas, R Leonavicius, M Hui, D Feo, L AF Krenevicius, A. Kacianauskas, R. Leonavicius, M. Hui, D. Feo, L. TI INCREASING THE CYCLIC STRENGTH OF THREADED JOINTS THROUGH THE UNLOADING OF CRACKED SECTIONS SO JOURNAL OF MINING AND METALLURGY SECTION B-METALLURGY LA English DT Article DE Threaded joints; Fatigue; Damageability; Crack ID BOLTED JOINTS; FATIGUE LIFE; GROWTH; DESIGN; STEEL; NUTS AB The cyclic strength of the axially loaded threaded joints is considered and the procedural method to increase their lifetime through the unloading of cracked sections is presented. The method operates by varying the mutual positions of the stud and the nut. It was shown how to exploit resources of the threaded joint after opening of the crack without reduction of the safety. The developed mathematical model allows control the accumulation of the fatigue damage as well as the crack growth in the roots of the stud thread. Increase of the cyclic lifetime is theoretically evaluated by the ratio of the numbers of loading cycles required to initiate cracks in the roots of unengaged and the most dangerous engaged turns of the stud. Performance of the elaborated technique is demonstrated by considering the crack growth in depth of the nut. The relative safety of the unloaded cross-sections containing cracks is studied. Comparison of the presented developments with standard safety requirements is presented. C1 [Krenevicius, A.; Kacianauskas, R.; Leonavicius, M.] Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ, Dept Strength Mat, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Hui, D.] Univ New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. [Hui, D.] NASA, Natl Ctr Adv Mfg, Washington, DC USA. [Feo, L.] Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy. RP Krenevicius, A (reprint author), Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ, Dept Strength Mat, Sauletekio Al 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. EM algimantas.krenevicius@vgtu.lt RI Feo, Luciano/L-9750-2016 OI Feo, Luciano/0000-0002-3180-7478 NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU TECHNICAL FACULTY, BOR-SERBIA PI BOR PA UNIV BELGRADE, VOJSKE JUGOSLAVIJE 12, BOR, 19210, SERBIA SN 1450-5339 J9 J MIN METALL B JI J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. PY 2012 VL 48 IS 2 BP 291 EP 307 DI 10.2298/JMMB111205029K PG 17 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 024SU UT WOS:000310129700013 ER PT S AU Rubin, RH Colgan, SWJ Corradi, RLM Sankrit, R Tielens, AGGM Tsamis, YG Sivaraja, V AF Rubin, R. H. Colgan, S. W. J. Corradi, R. L. M. Sankrit, R. Tielens, A. G. G. M. Tsamis, Y. G. Sivaraja, V. BE Manchado, A Stanghellini, L Schonberner, D TI SOFIA observations of the planetary nebula NGC 7009 SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: AN EYE TO THE FUTURE SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 283rd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 25-29, 2011 CL Puerto de la Cruz, SPAIN SP Int Astron Union, Spanish Minist Sci & Innovat, Isl Council Tenerife DE ISM: abundances; planetary nebulae: individual (NCC 7009) ID PHOTOIONIZATION; ABUNDANCES; MODELS AB We report spectrophotometric observations made with SOFIA/FORCAST on 2011 June 2 UT. Optical measurements have previously shown that the abundance discrepancy factor (adf) varies with position in several high-adf PNe, and is highest close to the central star. The very low electron temperature inclusions postulated to explain the abundance discrepancy, must be cooled predominantly by fine structure IR lines. These SOFIA data will map mid-IR. FS lines (and our related Herschel program will add several far-IR FS lines) in the bright, well-characterized, high-adf PN NGC 7009. We will compare these IR results with FS optical line measurements in order to correlate ratios of IR. to optical fluxes with position, and thus correlate with where the adf peaks. C1 [Rubin, R. H.; Colgan, S. W. J.; Sivaraja, V.] NASA Ames, Ames, IA USA. RP Rubin, RH (reprint author), NASA Ames, Ames, IA USA. EM robert.h.rubin@nasa.gov; rcorradi@iac.es; rsankrit@sofia.usra.edu RI Tsamis, Yiannis/B-5310-2013; Colgan, Sean/M-4742-2014 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-10701-983-6 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 283 BP 67 EP 70 DI 10.1017/S174392131201071X PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCE25 UT WOS:000309944800012 ER PT S AU Sahai, R Morris, MR Contreras, CS Claussen, MJ AF Sahai, R. Morris, M. R. Sanchez Contreras, C. Claussen, M. J. BE Manchado, A Stanghellini, L Schonberner, D TI Understanding the immediate progenitors of planetary nebulae SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: AN EYE TO THE FUTURE SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 283rd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 25-29, 2011 CL Puerto de la Cruz, SPAIN SP Int Astron Union, Spanish Minist Sci & Innovat, Isl Council Tenerife DE Stars: AGB and post-AGB; stars: mass-loss; accretion disks; binaries: general ID MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION-SYSTEM; H-ALPHA WINGS; PREPLANETARY NEBULAE; EVOLVED STARS; BINARIES; DISCS; DISKS; JETS AB Pre-Planetary Nebulae (PPNe) are believed to represent a relatively short, intermediate evolutionary phase in the evolution of AGB stars to Planetary Nebulae (PNe). Our unbiased, high-resolution imaging surveys with HST of young PNe and PPNe show very strong morphological similarities between these classes, enabling us to extend our morphological scheme for PPN classification to young PNe, preserving virtually all of the primary and secondary descriptors, and adding a few new ones. These morphological surveys show that the primary shaping of PNe begins during the PPNe and/or late-AGB phase, and the key to understanding the shaping process lies in the study of these PNe progenitors. Here we present results from two recent studies of PNe progenitors: (i) H alpha: emission with very broad wings and P-Cygni profiles as probes of the region where the fast post-AGB outflows that do the shaping are most likely launched from, and (ii) equatorial waists with large-sized dust grains and large masses. C1 [Sahai, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sahai, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM saha@jpl.nasa.gov; morris@astro.ucla.edu; csanchez@cab.inta-csic.es; mclausse@nrao.edu RI Sanchez-Contreras, Carmen/N-3718-2015 OI Sanchez-Contreras, Carmen/0000-0002-6341-592X NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-10701-983-6 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 283 BP 180 EP 183 DI 10.1017/S1743921312010915 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCE25 UT WOS:000309944800032 ER PT S AU Heap, SR AF Heap, Sara R. BE Tuffs, RJ Popescu, CC TI What can the UV SED tell us about primitive galaxies? SO SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 284th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 05-09, 2011 CL Univ Central Lancashire, Preston, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union, Great Britain Sasakawa Fdn, Univ Central Lancashire, Max Planck Inst Kernphysik HO Univ Central Lancashire DE galaxies: evolution; dwarf; individual (I Zw 18); high-redshift; stellar content ID STELLAR POPULATIONS; STARBURST GALAXIES; ULTRAVIOLET; CONTINUUM; EVOLUTION; EMISSION; I-ZW-18 AB We use the full SED of a well observed dwarf galaxy, I Zw 18, to evaluate what inferences can be made about very high-redshift galaxies from their UV SED's alone. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Heap, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 667, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM Sally.Heap@NASA.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01984-3 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 284 BP 49 EP 52 DI 10.1017/S174392131200871X PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCE26 UT WOS:000309945900013 ER PT S AU Ma, J Susca, S Bajracharya, M Matthies, L Malchano, M Wooden, D AF Ma, Jeremy Susca, Sara Bajracharya, Max Matthies, Larry Malchano, Matt Wooden, Dave GP IEEE TI Robust Multi-Sensor, Day/Night 6-DOF Pose Estimation for a Dynamic Legged Vehicle in GPS-denied Environments SO 2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA) SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 14-18, 2012 CL St Paul, MN SP IEEE AB We present a real-time system that enables a highly capable dynamic quadruped robot to maintain an accurate 6-DOF pose estimate (better than 0.5m over every 50m traveled) over long distances traversed through complex, dynamic outdoor terrain, during day and night, in the presence of camera occlusion and saturation, and occasional large external disturbances, such as slips or falls. The system fuses a stereo-camera sensor, inertial measurement units (IMU), and leg odometry with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to ensure robust, low-latency performance. Extensive experimental results obtained from multiple field tests are presented to illustrate the performance and robustness of the system over hours of continuous runs over hundreds of meters of distance traveled in a wide variety of terrains and conditions. C1 [Ma, Jeremy; Susca, Sara; Bajracharya, Max; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ma, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 978-1-4673-1405-3 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2012 BP 619 EP 626 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BCA25 UT WOS:000309406700092 ER PT S AU Hudson, N Howard, T Ma, J Jain, A Bajracharya, M Myint, S Kuo, C Matthies, L Backes, P Hebert, P Fuchs, T Burdick, J AF Hudson, Nicolas Howard, Thomas Ma, Jeremy Jain, Abhinandan Bajracharya, Max Myint, Steven Kuo, Calvin Matthies, Larry Backes, Paul Hebert, Paul Fuchs, Thomas Burdick, Joel GP IEEE TI End-to-End Dexterous Manipulation with Deliberate Interactive Estimation SO 2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA) SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 14-18, 2012 CL St Paul, MN SP IEEE AB This paper presents a model based approach to autonomous dexterous manipulation, developed as part of the DARPA Autonomous Robotic Manipulation (ARM) program. The developed autonomy system uses robot, object, and environment models to identify and localize objects, and well as plan and execute required manipulation tasks. Deliberate interaction with objects and the environment increases system knowledge about the combined robot and environmental state, enabling high precision tasks such as key insertion to be performed in a consistent framework. This approach has been demonstrated across a wide range of manipulation tasks, and in independent DARPA testing achived the most successfully completed tasks with the fastest average task execution of any evaluated team. C1 [Hudson, Nicolas; Howard, Thomas; Ma, Jeremy; Jain, Abhinandan; Bajracharya, Max; Myint, Steven; Kuo, Calvin; Matthies, Larry; Backes, Paul] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hudson, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 978-1-4673-1405-3 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2012 BP 2371 EP 2378 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BCA25 UT WOS:000309406702058 ER PT S AU Bridgwater, LB Ihrke, CA Diftler, MA Abdallah, ME Radford, NA Rogers, JM Yayathi, S Askew, RS Linn, DM AF Bridgwater, L. B. Ihrke, C. A. Diftler, M. A. Abdallah, M. E. Radford, N. A. Rogers, J. M. Yayathi, S. Askew, R. S. Linn, D. M. GP IEEE TI The Robonant 2 Hand - Designed To Do Work With Tools SO 2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA) SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 14-18, 2012 CL St Paul, MN SP IEEE AB The second generation Robonaut hand has many advantages over its predecessor. This mechatronic device is more dexterous and has improved force control and sensing giving it the capability to grasp and actuate a wider range of tools. It can achieve higher peak forces at higher speeds than the original. Developed as part of a partnership between General Motors and NASA, the hand is designed to more closely approximate a human hand. Having a more anthropomorphic design allows the hand to attain a larger set of useful grasps for working with human interfaces. Key to the hand's improved performance is the use of lower friction drive elements and a redistribution of components from the hand to the forearm, permitting more sensing in the fingers and palm where it is most important. The following describes the design, mechanical/electrical integration, and control features of the hand. Lessons learned during the development and initial operations along with planned refinements to make it more effective are presented. C1 [Bridgwater, L. B.; Diftler, M. A.; Radford, N. A.; Rogers, J. M.; Yayathi, S.; Askew, R. S.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Bridgwater, LB (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 978-1-4673-1405-3 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2012 BP 3425 EP 3430 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BCA25 UT WOS:000309406703066 ER PT S AU Parness, A Frost, M King, JP Thatte, N AF Parness, Aaron Frost, Matthew King, Jonathan P. Thatte, Nitish GP IEEE TI Demonstrations of Gravity-Independent Mobility and Drilling on Natural Rock Using Microspines SO 2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA) SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 14-18, 2012 CL St Paul, MN SP IEEE AB The video presents microspine-based anchors being developed for gripping rocks on the surfaces of comets and asteroids, or for use on cliff faces and lava tubes on Mars. Two types of anchor prototypes are shown on supporting forces in all directions away from the rock; >160 N tangent, >150 N at 45 degrees, and >180 N normal to the surface of the rock. A compliant robotic ankle with two active degrees of freedom interfaces these anchors to the Lemur IIB robot for future climbing trials. Finally, a rotary percussive drill is shown coring into rock regardless of gravitational orientation. As a harder-than-zero-g proof of concept, inverted drilling was performed creating 20mm diameter boreholes 83 mm deep in vesicular basalt samples while retaining 12 mm diameter rock cores in 3-6 pieces. C1 [Parness, Aaron; Frost, Matthew] CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Robot Sect, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Parness, A (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Robot Sect, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Aaron.Parness@jpl.nasa.gov; Matthew.A.Frost@jpl.nasa.gov; king.1371@osu.edu; nthatte@eden.rutgers.edu NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 978-1-4673-1405-3 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2012 BP 3547 EP 3548 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BCA25 UT WOS:000309406703093 ER PT S AU Chapin, E Chau, A Chen, J Heavey, B Hensley, S Lou, YL Machuzak, R Moghaddam, M AF Chapin, Elaine Chau, Alexandra Chen, Jacqueline Heavey, Brandon Hensley, Scott Lou, Yunling Machuzak, Richard Moghaddam, Mahta GP IEEE TI AirMOSS: An Airborne P-band SAR to Measure Root-Zone Soil Moisture SO 2012 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR) SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR) CY MAY 07-11, 2012 CL Atlanta, GA SP IEEE, IEEE, Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), IEEE Atlanta Sect ID MAPPING SYSTEM AB A keystone of the Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) investigation is the P-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which will provide calibrated polarimetric measurements that will be used to retrieve the root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) over regional scale (250 kha) areas imaged. The radar is based on JPL's L-band Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) system. It is currently under development and scheduled to begin flights in mid-2012. The AirMOSS P-band SAR inherits UAVSAR's existing L-band RF and digital electronics subsystems. New up- and down-converters convert the L-band signals to UHF frequencies (280-440 MHz). The passive antenna is based on the legacy GeoSAR design. C1 [Chapin, Elaine; Chau, Alexandra; Chen, Jacqueline; Heavey, Brandon; Hensley, Scott; Lou, Yunling; Machuzak, Richard] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Moghaddam, Mahta] Univ Southern Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Chapin, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4673-0658-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BCA05 UT WOS:000309340600127 ER PT B AU Wang, TJ Ofman, L Davila, JM AF Wang, Tongjiang Ofman, Leon Davila, Joseph M. BE Rubio, LRB Reale, F Carlsson, M TI Propagating Intensity Disturbances in Fan-like Coronal Loops: Flows or Waves? SO 4TH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: UNSOLVED PROBLEMS AND RECENT INSIGHTS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Hinode Science Meeting on Unsolved Problems and Recent Insights CY OCT 11-15, 2010 CL Mondello, ITALY SP Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Fis, INAF, Osservatorio Astronom Palermo, Assemblea Reg Siciliana, Presidenza Consiglio Provincia Reg Palmero ID SLOW MAGNETOACOUSTIC WAVES; SOLAR ACTIVE-REGION; OUTFLOWS; OSCILLATIONS; WIND AB Quasi-periodic intensity disturbances propagating upward along the coronal structure have been extensively studied using EUV imaging observations from SOHO/EIT and TRACE. They were interpreted as either slow mode magnetoacoustic waves or intermittent upflows. In this study we aim at demonstrating that time series of spectroscopic observations are critical to solve this puzzle. Propagating intensity and Doppler shift disturbances in fanlike coronal loops are analyzed in multiple wavelengths using sit-and-stare observations from Hinode/EIS. We find that the disturbances did not cause the blue-wing asymmetry of spectral profiles in the warm (similar to 1.5 MK) coronal lines. The estimated small line-of-sight velocities also did not support the intermittent upflow interpretation. In the hot (similar to 2 MK) coronal lines the disturbances did cause the blue-wing asymmetry, but the double fits revealed that a high-velocity minor component is steady and persistent, while the propagating intensity and Doppler shift disturbances are mainly due to variations of the core component, therefore, supporting the slow wave interpretation. However, the cause for blueward line asymmetries remains unclear. C1 [Wang, Tongjiang; Ofman, Leon] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, 620 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Wang, Tongjiang; Ofman, Leon; Davila, Joseph M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ofman, Leon] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Wang, TJ (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, 620 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM tongjiang.wang@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX10AN10G, NNX09AG10G] FX Hinode is a Japanese mission developed, launched, and operated by ISAS/JAXA in partnership with NAOJ, NASA, and STFC (UK). Additional operation support is provided by ESA and NSC (Norway). The work of TW and LO was supported by NASA grants NNX10AN10G and NNX09AG10G. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-792-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 455 BP 227 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC73 UT WOS:000309734100021 ER PT B AU Terzo, S Reale, F Miceli, M Kano, R Tsuneta, S Klimchuk, JA AF Terzo, S. Reale, F. Miceli, M. Kano, R. Tsuneta, S. Klimchuk, J. A. BE Rubio, LRB Reale, F Carlsson, M TI Nanoflare Evidence from Analysis of the X-Ray Variability of an Active Region Observed with Hinode/XRT SO 4TH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: UNSOLVED PROBLEMS AND RECENT INSIGHTS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Hinode Science Meeting on Unsolved Problems and Recent Insights CY OCT 11-15, 2010 CL Mondello, ITALY SP Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Fis, INAF, Osservatorio Astronom Palermo, Assemblea Reg Siciliana, Presidenza Consiglio Provincia Reg Palmero ID SOLAR NANOFLARES; TELESCOPE XRT; MISSION; CORONA; YOHKOH AB The heating of the solar corona is one of the big questions in astrophysics. Rapid pulses called nanoflares are among the best candidate mechanisms. The analysis of the time variability of coronal X-ray emission is potentially a very useful tool to detect impulsive events. We analyze the small-scale variability of a solar active region in a high cadence Hinode/XRT observation. The dataset allows us to detect very small deviations of emission fluctuations from the distribution expected for a constant rate. We discuss the deviations in the light of the pulsed-heating scenario. C1 [Terzo, S.; Reale, F.; Miceli, M.] Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Sci Fis & Astron, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. [Kano, R.] INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. [Kano, R.] Natl Astronom Observat, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. [Klimchuk, J. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Terzo, S (reprint author), Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Sci Fis & Astron, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. EM terzo@astropa.inaf.it; reale@astropa.unipa.it; miceli@astropa.unipa.it; ryouhei.kano@nao.ac.jp; Saku.tsuneta@nao.ac.jp FU Italian Ministero dell'Universita e Ricerca; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) [I/023/09/0] FX Hinode is a Japanese mission developed and launched by ISAS/JAXA, with NAOJ as domestic partner and NASA and STFC (UK) as international partners. It is operated by these agencies in cooperation with ESA and NSC (Norway). ST, FR, and MM acknowledge support from Italian Ministero dellUniversita e Ricerca and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), contract I/023/09/0. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-792-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 455 BP 245 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCC73 UT WOS:000309734100023 ER PT J AU Feofilov, AG Kutepov, AA She, CY Smith, AK Pesnell, WD Goldberg, RA AF Feofilov, A. G. Kutepov, A. A. She, C. -Y. Smith, A. K. Pesnell, W. D. Goldberg, R. A. TI CO2(nu(2))-O quenching rate coefficient derived from coincidental SABER/TIMED and Fort Collins lidar observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL PLANET THERMOSPHERES; NON-LTE PROBLEM; ATOMIC OXYGEN; RATE-CONSTANT; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; O(P-3) ATOMS; CO2; TEMPERATURE; EMISSION AB Among the processes governing the energy balance in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), the quenching of CO2(nu(2)) vibrational levels by collisions with O atoms plays an important role. However, there is a factor of 3-4 discrepancy between the laboratory measurements of the CO2-O quenching rate coefficient, k(VT), and its value estimated from the atmospheric observations. In this study, we retrieve k(VT) in the altitude region 85-105 km from the coincident SABER/TIMED and Fort Collins sodium lidar observations by minimizing the difference between measured and simulated broadband limb 15 mu m radiation. The averaged k(VT) value obtained in this work is 6.5 +/- 1.5 x 10(-12) cm(3) s(-1) that is close to other estimates of this coefficient from the atmospheric observations. However, the retrieved k(VT) also shows altitude dependence and varies from 5.5 +/- 1.1 x 10(-12) cm(3) s(-1) at 90 km to 7.9 +/- 1.2 x 10(-12) cm(3) s(-1) at 105 km. Obtained results demonstrate the deficiency in current non-LTE modeling of the atmospheric 15 mu m radiation, based on the application of the CO2-O quenching and excitation rates, which are linked by the detailed balance relation. We discuss the possible model improvements, among them accounting for the interaction of the "non-thermal" oxygen atoms with CO2 molecules. C1 [Feofilov, A. G.] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, INSU, Ctr Natl Rech Sci,UMR8539, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. [Kutepov, A. A.] Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Kutepov, A. A.; Pesnell, W. D.; Goldberg, R. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [She, C. -Y.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Smith, A. K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Feofilov, AG (reprint author), Ecole Polytech, CNRS, INSU, Ctr Natl Rech Sci,UMR8539, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. EM artem.feofilov@lmd.polytechnique.fr RI Pesnell, William/D-1062-2012; Feofilov, Artem/A-2271-2015 OI Pesnell, William/0000-0002-8306-2500; Feofilov, Artem/0000-0001-9924-4846 FU NASA [NNX08AG41G]; National Science Foundation; CNRS-INSU FX This research was partially supported under NASA grant NNX08AG41G. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The authors would like to thank Peter Wintersteiner and Richard Picard for their comments on the preliminary version of the manuscript, David Huestis for the discussion regarding the detailed balance in CO2(nu2) + O(3P) collisions, Vasili Kharchenko for the discussion regarding non-thermal oxygen atoms, Martin Mlynczak for the discussion regarding SABER O(3P) retrieval and its uncertainties, Ladislav Rezac for the discussion regarding the SABER CO2 VMR retrievals, and Svetlana Petelina for providing the ACE-FTS CO2 vertical distributions.; The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU. NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 19 BP 9013 EP 9023 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9013-2012 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020TF UT WOS:000309836800006 ER PT J AU Oreopoulos, L Lee, D Sud, YC Suarez, MJ AF Oreopoulos, L. Lee, D. Sud, Y. C. Suarez, M. J. TI Radiative impacts of cloud heterogeneity and overlap in an atmospheric General Circulation Model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DROPLET EFFECTIVE RADIUS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; INHOMOGENEOUS ATMOSPHERES; HORIZONTAL VARIATIONS; RADAR DATA; PART II; REPRESENTATION; PARAMETERIZATION; ASSUMPTIONS; STATISTICS AB The radiative impacts of horizontal heterogeneity of layer cloud condensate, and vertical overlap of both condensate and cloud fraction are examined with the aid of a new radiation package operating in the GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model. The impacts are examined in terms of diagnostic top-of-the atmosphere shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) cloud radiative effect (CRE) calculations for a range of assumptions and overlap parameter specifications. The investigation is conducted for two distinct cloud schemes, one that comes with the standard GEOS-5 distribution, and another used experimentally for its enhanced cloud microphysical capabilities. Both schemes are coupled to a cloud generator allowing arbitrary cloud overlap specification. Results show that cloud overlap radiative impacts are significantly stronger in the operational cloud scheme where a change of cloud fraction overlap from maximum-random to generalized results in global changes of SW and LW CRE of similar to 4Wm(-2), and zonal changes of up to similar to 10Wm(-2). This is an outcome of fewer occurrences (compared to the other scheme) of large layer cloud fractions and fewer multi-layer situations where large numbers of atmospheric layers are simultaneously cloudy, both conditions that make overlap details more important. The impact of the specifics of condensate distribution overlap on CRE is much weaker. Once generalized overlap is adopted, both cloud schemes are only modestly sensitive to the exact values of the overlap parameters. When one of the CRE components is overestimated and the other underestimated, both cannot be driven simoultaneously towards observed values by adjustments to cloud condensate heterogeneity and overlap specifications alone. C1 [Oreopoulos, L.; Lee, D.; Sud, Y. C.; Suarez, M. J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Lee, D.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Lee, D.] Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea. RP Oreopoulos, L (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM lazaros.oreopoulos@nasa.gov RI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012 OI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905 FU NASA Modeling Analysis and Prediction; Cloud-Sat/CALIPSO Science Team Recompete programs; NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) FX The authors gratefully acknowledge support by the NASA Modeling Analysis and Prediction and Cloud-Sat/CALIPSO Science Team Recompete programs managed by David Considine. Computational resources and support were provided from the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS). We would also like to thank M. Iacono and E. Mlawer of AER for their assistance in implementing RRTMG into GEOS-5. NR 43 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 19 BP 9097 EP 9111 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9097-2012 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020TF UT WOS:000309836800011 ER PT J AU Bousquet, P Ringeval, B Pison, I Dlugokencky, EJ Brunke, EG Carouge, C Chevallier, F Fortems-Cheiney, A Frankenberg, C Hauglustaine, DA Krummel, PB Langenfelds, RL Ramonet, M Schmidt, M Steele, LP Szopa, S Yver, C Viovy, N Ciais, P AF Bousquet, P. Ringeval, B. Pison, I. Dlugokencky, E. J. Brunke, E. -G. Carouge, C. Chevallier, F. Fortems-Cheiney, A. Frankenberg, C. Hauglustaine, D. A. Krummel, P. B. Langenfelds, R. L. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, M. Steele, L. P. Szopa, S. Yver, C. Viovy, N. Ciais, P. TI Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006-2008 (vol 11, pg 3689, 2011) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Correction ID HYDROXYL; VARIABILITY C1 [Bousquet, P.; Ringeval, B.; Pison, I.; Carouge, C.; Chevallier, F.; Fortems-Cheiney, A.; Hauglustaine, D. A.; Ramonet, M.; Schmidt, M.; Steele, L. P.; Szopa, S.; Yver, C.; Viovy, N.; Ciais, P.] CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, IPSL LSCE, UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Bousquet, P.] Univ Versailles St Quentin Yvelines, Versailles, France. [Dlugokencky, E. J.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Brunke, E. -G.] S African Weather Serv, Stellenbosch, South Africa. [Frankenberg, C.; Langenfelds, R. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Krummel, P. B.] Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res CSIRO Marine, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Bousquet, P (reprint author), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, IPSL LSCE, UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM philippe.bousquet@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Krummel, Paul/A-4293-2013; Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012 OI Krummel, Paul/0000-0002-4884-3678; Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 19 BP 9381 EP 9382 DI 10.5194/acp-12-9381-2012 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020TF UT WOS:000309836800026 ER PT J AU Laurel, BJ Ryer, CH Spencer, M Iseri, P Knoth, B Stoner, A AF Laurel, Benjamin J. Ryer, Clifford H. Spencer, Mara Iseri, Paul Knoth, Brian Stoner, Allan TI Effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbance on polychaete worm tubes and age-0 flatfish distribution SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Coastal habitats; Benthic recovery; Patchiness; Habitat heterogeneity; Northern rock sole ID NORTHERN ROCK SOLE; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SEA-FLOOR HABITAT; LANICE-CONCHILEGA; PREDATION RISK; LEPIDOPSETTA-POLYXYSTRA; JUVENILE FLATFISHES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NURSERY GROUNDS; RECRUITMENT AB Tubes of the ampharetid polychaete Sabellides sibirica are a prominent yet spatially variable habitat feature in shallow-water flatfish nurseries around Kodiak, Alaska, USA. Juvenile flatfish associate with the edges of worm tube regions but seldom use the dense 'turf-like' worm beds that sometimes form on the bottom in the late summer. The present study used a fine-scale analysis (2 to 3 m) to examine how juvenile flatfish distribution changed with worm tube heterogeneity, i.e. density and patchiness. Using a video sled, 8 transect lines (similar to 250 m each) were repeatedly surveyed from late summer to mid-winter in a worm tube region of Pillar Creek Cove, half of which were experimentally disturbed using simulated trawl gear. Results indicated that juvenile flatfish (mainly northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra) increasingly use patches of bare substrate as worm tube densities increase. However, the simulated trawl disturbance resulted in a unique kind of patchiness, typified by long, thin exposed regions of bare substrate referred to as 'combing'. Unlike natural patches, evidence of combing disappeared 2.5 mo after the initial disturbance, whereas natural patches persisted throughout the entire study. Flatfish abundance increased in trawl-disturbed worm tube beds for only a short period (2 d), possibly due to episodic foraging opportunities rather than physical changes in habitat. These results indicate that worm tube habitat is provisionally resilient to disturbance, and its heterogeneity (density, patchiness, and patch type) is an important component of habitat quality for juvenile flatfish in Alaska. C1 [Laurel, Benjamin J.; Ryer, Clifford H.; Spencer, Mara; Iseri, Paul; Stoner, Allan] NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Knoth, Brian] NOAA, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Laurel, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM ben.laurel@noaa.gov FU North Pacific Research Board grant [R0710] FX This project was supported by North Pacific Research Board grant # R0710. We thank R. Gregory for reviewing earlier drafts of this manuscript. Thanks also to S. Haines, E. Munk and S. Jewett for providing assistance in the field. Boat charters were provided by Tim Tripp aboard the FV 'Miss O'. This manuscript is NPRB publication #367. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 466 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.3354/meps09931 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 020TS UT WOS:000309838100016 ER PT J AU Kalnay, E Ota, Y Miyoshi, T Liu, JJ AF Kalnay, Eugenia Ota, Yoichiro Miyoshi, Takemasa Liu, Junjie TI A simpler formulation of forecast sensitivity to observations: application to ensemble Kalman filters SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Ensemble Kalman Filter; forecast sensitivity; observation impact; skill dropout; ensemble sensitivity; data assimilation ID DATA ASSIMILATION; OBSERVATION IMPACT; MODELS; SYSTEM AB We introduce a new formulation of the ensemble forecast sensitivity developed by Liu and Kalnay with a small correction from Li et al. The new formulation, like the original one, is tested on the simple Lorenz 40-variable model. We find that, except for short-range forecasts, the use of localization in the analysis, necessary in ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) when the number of ensemble members is much smaller than the model's degrees of freedom, has a negative impact on the accuracy of the sensitivity. This is because the impact of an observation during the analysis (i.e. the analysis increment associated with the observation) is transported by the flow during the integration, and this is ignored when the ensemble sensitivity uses a fixed localization. To address this problem, we introduce two approaches that could be adapted to evolve the localization during the estimation of forecast sensitivity to the observations. The first one estimates the non-linear evolution of the initial localization but is computationally expensive. The second one moves the localization with a constant estimation of the group velocity. Both methods succeed in improving the ensemble estimations for longer forecasts. Overall, the adjoint and ensemble forecast impact estimations give similarly accurate results for short-range forecasts, except that the new formulation gives an estimation of the fraction of observations that improve the forecast closer to that obtained by data denial (Observing System Experiments). For longer-range forecasts, they both deteriorate for different reasons. The adjoint sensitivity becomes noisy due to the forecast non-linearities not captured in the linear tangent model and the adjoint. The ensemble sensitivity becomes less accurate due to the use of a fixed localization, a problem that could be ameliorated with an evolving adaptive localization. Advantages of the new formulation include it being simpler than the original formulation and computationally more efficient and that it can be applied to other EnKF methods in addition to the local ensemble transform Kalman filter. C1 [Kalnay, Eugenia; Miyoshi, Takemasa] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Ota, Yoichiro] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Liu, Junjie] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Kalnay, E (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ekalnay@atmos.umd.edu RI Miyoshi, Takemasa/C-2768-2009; OI Miyoshi, Takemasa/0000-0003-3160-2525; Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6495 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PY 2012 VL 64 AR 18462 DI 10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.18462 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 022LA UT WOS:000309959700001 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Gillespie, AM Monaghan, MW Sampson, MJ Hodsoni, RF AF Chen, Yuan Gillespie, Amanda M. Monaghan, Mark W. Sampson, Michael J. Hodsoni, Robert F. GP IEEE TI On Component Reliability and System Reliability for Space Missions SO 2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM (IRPS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) CY APR 15-19, 2012 CL Anaheim, CA SP IEEE DE component reliability; system reliability; components or selection; space applications AB This paper is to address the basics, the limitations and the relationship between component reliability and system reliability through a study of flight computing architectures and related avionics components for launch vehicles for NASA future missions. Component reliability analysis and system reliability analysis need to be evaluated at the same time, and the limitations of each analysis and the relationship between the two need to be fully understood to ensure mission success. C1 [Chen, Yuan; Hodsoni, Robert F.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 488, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Gillespie, Amanda M.; Monaghan, Mark W.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Sampson, Michael J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 488, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM yuan.chen@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1679-9 PY 2012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BBZ44 UT WOS:000309183100061 ER PT J AU White, M AF White, Mark GP IEEE TI Scaled CMOS Reliability and Considerations for Spacecraft Systems: Bottom-up and Top-down Perspectives SO 2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM (IRPS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) CY APR 15-19, 2012 CL Anaheim, CA SP IEEE DE Scaled CMOS; component reliability; derating; thermal margin; spacecraft systems AB The recently launched Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) flagship mission, named Curiosity, is the most complex rover ever built by NASA and is scheduled to touch down on the red planet in August, 2012 in Gale Crater. The rover and its instruments will have to endure the harsh environments of the surface of Mars to fulfill its main science objectives. Such complex systems require reliable microelectronic components coupled with adequate component and system-level design margins. Reliability aspects of these elements of the spacecraft system are presented from bottom-up and top-down perspectives. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP White, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mark.white@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1679-9 PY 2012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BBZ44 UT WOS:000309183100063 ER PT S AU Kafka, S AF Kafka, Stella BE Richards, MT Hubeny, I TI Challenges to Observations of Low Mass Binaries SO FROM INTERACTING BINARIES TO EXOPLANETS: ESSENTIAL MODELING TOOLS SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 282nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 18-22, 2011 CL Tatranska Lominica, SLOVAKIA SP Int Astronom Union, Slovak Acad Sci, Astronom Inst, SUH Slovak Central Observ, TESCO Poprad, Sintra Poprad, Papyrus Poprad, Town Vysoke Tatry, Town Poprad, High Tatras Tourism Assoc, Nord Svit, Buntavar Svit DE (stars:) binaries: general; stars: low-mass; brown dwarfs; methods: data analysis ID M-DWARFS; ROTATION AB Low mass stars in binaries are frequently used as unique tools to determine and establish fundamental stellar parameters. The need for their study and understanding has led to developing new instruments, new observational techniques and improved theoretical models. The relatively recent discovery of exoplanets and their study as the low-mass constituents around other stars is now opening new horizons in binary research. Here, I examine the most common observational challenges in studying low mass binaries across the electromagnetic spectrum. C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Kafka, S (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Sci, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. EM skafka@dtm.ciw.edu NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01982-9 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 282 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1017/S1743921311027074 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ79 UT WOS:000309244400031 ER PT S AU Serabyn, E AF Serabyn, Eugene BE Richards, MT Hubeny, I TI Observing Faint Companions Close to Bright Stars SO FROM INTERACTING BINARIES TO EXOPLANETS: ESSENTIAL MODELING TOOLS SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 282nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 18-22, 2011 CL Tatranska Lomnica, SLOVAKIA SP Int Astronom Union, Slovak Acad Sci, Astronom Inst, SUH Slovak Central Observ, TESCO Poprad, Sintra Poprad, Papyrus Poprad, Town Vysoke Tatry, Town Poprad, High Tatras Tourism Assoc, Nord Svit, Buntavar Svit DE adaptive optics; coronagraphy; interferometry AB Progress in a number of technical areas is enabling imaging and interferometric observations at both smaller angular separations from bright stars and at deeper relative contrast levels. Here we discuss recent progress in several ongoing projects at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. First; extreme adaptive optics wavefront correction has recently enabled the use of very short (i.e.; blue) wavelengths to resolve close binaries. Second; phase-based coronagraphy has recently allowed observations of faint companions to within nearly one diffraction beam width of bright stars. Finally; rotating interferometers that can observe inside the diffraction beam of single aperture telescopes are being developed to detect close-in companions and bright exozodiacal dust. This paper presents a very brief summary of the techniques involved; along with some illustrative results. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM serabyn@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01982-9 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 282 BP 163 EP 166 DI 10.1017/S1743921311027268 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ79 UT WOS:000309244400050 ER PT S AU Anderson, RL AF Anderson, Rodney L. BE McAdams, JV McKinley, DP Berry, MM Jenkins, KL TI APPROACHING MOONS FROM RESONANCE VIA INVARIANT MANIFOLDS SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2012 SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 29-FEB 02, 2012 CL Charleston, SC SP AAS, Space Flight Mech Comm, AIAA, Astrodynam Techn Comm ID RESTRICTED 3-BODY PROBLEM; DYNAMICAL-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; TRAJECTORY DESIGN; ORBITS; CAPTURE; COMETS; TRANSITIONS; MECHANICS; MOTIONS; FLYBYS AB In this work, the approach phase from the final resonance of the endgame scenario in a tour design is examined within the context of invariant manifolds. Previous analyses have typically solved this problem either by using numerical techniques or by computing a catalog of suitable trajectories. The invariant manifolds of a selected set of libration orbits and unstable resonant orbits are computed here to serve as guides for desirable approach trajectories. The analysis focuses on designing an approach phase that may be tied into the final resonance in the endgame sequence while also targeting desired conditions at the moon. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-121, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Anderson, Rodney/0000-0001-5336-2775 NR 59 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-581-7 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2012 VL 143 BP 521 EP 540 PN 1-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBY53 UT WOS:000308787200034 ER PT S AU Landau, D McElrath, TP Grebow, D Strange, NJ AF Landau, Damon McElrath, Tim P. Grebow, Dan Strange, Nathan J. BE McAdams, JV McKinley, DP Berry, MM Jenkins, KL TI EFFICIENT LUNAR GRAVITY ASSISTS FOR SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION MISSIONS SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2012 SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 29-FEB 02, 2012 CL Charleston, SC SP AAS, Space Flight Mech Comm, AIAA, Astrodynam Techn Comm ID CAPTURE AB The combination of lunar gravity assists for Earth escape and similar to 1.25 yr. of SEP V-infinity leveraging effectively boosts the performance of a given launch vehicle. Two methods are available to establish a launch period with lunar gravity assists, where the energy achievable with lunar escape has been characterized as a function of right ascension, declination, and launch energy. The increased launch efficiency makes a Falcon 9 perform like an Atlas V (401) at low C-3 or like an Atlas V (531) at high C-3. An Atlas V (551) outperforms a Delta IV Heavy for C-3 above 24 km(2)/s(2). C1 [Landau, Damon; McElrath, Tim P.; Grebow, Dan; Strange, Nathan J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Landau, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-581-7 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2012 VL 143 BP 917 EP 934 PN 1-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBY53 UT WOS:000308787200057 ER PT S AU Campagnola, S Boutonnet, A Schoenmaekers, J Grebow, DJ Petropoulos, AE Russell, RP AF Campagnola, Stefano Boutonnet, Arnaud Schoenmaekers, Johannes Grebow, Daniel J. Petropoulos, Anastassios E. Russell, Ryan P. BE McAdams, JV McKinley, DP Berry, MM Jenkins, KL TI TISSERAND-LEVERAGING TRANSFERS SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2012 SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 29-FEB 02, 2012 CL Charleston, SC SP AAS, Space Flight Mech Comm, AIAA, Astrodynam Techn Comm ID TRAJECTORY DESIGN; GRAVITY ASSISTS; GRAPH AB Tisserand-leveraging transfers (TILTs) are introduced as a new method for computing low Delta v orbit transfers with the help of third-body perturbations. The TILTs can mitigate the costs and risk of planetary missions by reducing the orbit insertion maneuver requirements while maintaining short flight times. TILTs connect two flybys at the minor body with an impulsive maneuver at an apse. Using the circular, restricted, three-body problem, TILTs extend the concept of v-infinity leveraging beyond the patched-conics domain. In this paper a new method is presented to compute TILTs and to patch them together to design low-energy transfers. The presented solutions have transfer times similar to the high-energy solutions, yet the Delta v cost is significantly reduced (up to 60%), thus enabling new orbiter missions to planetary satellites. For this reason, TILTs are used in the reference endgame of ESA's new mission option to Ganymede, JUICE, which is also presented here. The "lunar resonances" of SMART1 are also explained in terms of low-thrust TILTs, suggesting future application of TILTs and low-thrust TILTs to design mission to the Moon and to other small body destinations. Finally, a new model called "conic-patched, multi-body model" is introduced to allow a fast and accurate integration of the multi-body dynamics, and has applications beyond TILTs. C1 [Campagnola, Stefano; Grebow, Daniel J.; Petropoulos, Anastassios E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Outer Planet Mission Anal Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Campagnola, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Outer Planet Mission Anal Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM stefano.campagnola@jpl.nasa.gov; arnaud.boutonnet@esa.int; johannes.schoenmaekers@esa.int; daniel.grebow@jpl.nasa.gov; anastassios.e.petropoulos@jpl.nasa.gov; ryan.russell@austin.utexas.edu NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-581-7 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2012 VL 143 BP 1205 EP 1222 PN 1-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBY53 UT WOS:000308787200076 ER PT S AU Witzberger, KE Smith, DA AF Witzberger, Kevin E. Smith, David A. BE McAdams, JV McKinley, DP Berry, MM Jenkins, KL TI DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF OPEN-LOOP VARIABLE IGNITION TIME GUIDANCE FOR THE MARS ASCENT VEHICLE SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2012 SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 29-FEB 02, 2012 CL Charleston, SC SP AAS, Space Flight Mech Comm, AIAA, Astrodynam Techn Comm AB This paper describes a variable upper stage ignition time open-loop guidance scheme for NASA's Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). An optimal two-stage trajectory is found using OTIS. The scheme utilizes a table lookup of optimal OTIS Euler angles for the powered portion of flight. A Newton-Raphson root-finding technique determines the upper stage ignition time that ensures the final altitude constraints are satisfied. Allowing the ignition time to be a free variable is a simple and straightforward way to accommodate environmental and hardware performance variations. The guidance scheme is implemented in a three degree-of-freedom (3-DOF)/6-DOF vehicle simulation program named MASTIF. We test the robustness of the guidance scheme with Monte Carlo dispersion simulations. C1 [Witzberger, Kevin E.] NASA, Mission Design & Anal Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Witzberger, KE (reprint author), NASA, Mission Design & Anal Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-581-7 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2012 VL 143 BP 1329 EP 1348 PN 1-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBY53 UT WOS:000308787200083 ER PT S AU Williams, T AF Williams, Trevor BE McAdams, JV McKinley, DP Berry, MM Jenkins, KL TI LAUNCH WINDOW ANALYSIS FOR THE MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE MISSION SO SPACEFLIGHT MECHANICS 2012 SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting CY JAN 29-FEB 02, 2012 CL Charleston, SC SP AAS, Space Flight Mech Comm, AIAA, Astrodynam Techn Comm AB The NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission will fly four spinning spacecraft in formation in highly elliptical orbits to study the magnetosphere of the Earth. This paper describes the development of an MMS launch window tool that uses the orbit-averaged Variation of Parameter equations as the basis for a semi-analytic quantification of the dominant oblateness and lunisolar perturbation effects on the MMS orbit. This approach, coupled with a geometric interpretation of all of the MMS science and engineering constraints, allows a scan of 180(2) = 32,400 different (RAAN, AOP) pairs to be carried out for a specified launch day in less than 10 s on a typical modern laptop. The resulting plot indicates the regions in (RAAN, AOP) space where each constraint is satisfied or violated: their intersection gives, in an easily interpreted graphical manner, the final solution space for the day considered. This tool, SWM76, is now used to provide launch conditions to the full fidelity (but far slower) MMS simulation code: very good agreement has been observed between the two methods. C1 NASA, Nav & Mission Design Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Williams, T (reprint author), NASA, Nav & Mission Design Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Trevor.W.Williams@nasa.gov RI NASA MMS, Science Team/J-5393-2013 OI NASA MMS, Science Team/0000-0002-9504-5214 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-581-7 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2012 VL 143 BP 2273 EP 2291 PN 1-3 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BBY53 UT WOS:000308787201031 ER PT S AU Denney, E Pai, G Habli, I AF Denney, Ewen Pai, Ganesh Habli, Ibrahim GP IEEE TI Perspectives on Software Safety Case Development for Unmanned Aircraft SO 2012 42ND ANNUAL IEEE/IFIP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEPENDABLE SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS (DSN) SE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN) CY JUN 25-28, 2012 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE, IFIP, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE CS Tech Comm Dependable Comp & Fault Tolerance, IFIP, WG 10.4 on Dependable Comp & Fault Tolerance DE Software safety; Safety cases; Unmanned aircraft; Formal methods; Aviation software AB We describe our experience with the ongoing development of a safety case for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), emphasizing autopilot software safety assurance. Our approach combines formal and non-formal reasoning, yielding a semi-automatically assembled safety case, in which part of the argument for autopilot software safety is automatically generated from formal methods. This paper provides a discussion of our experiences pertaining to (a) the methodology for creating and structuring safety arguments containing heterogeneous reasoning and information (b) the comprehensibility of, and the confidence in, the arguments created, and (c) the implications of development and safety assurance processes. The considerations for assuring aviation software safety, when using an approach such as the one in this paper, are also discussed in the context of the relevant standards and existing (process-based) certification guidelines. C1 [Denney, Ewen; Pai, Ganesh] NASA, SGT, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Habli, Ibrahim] Univ York, Dept Comp Sci, York, N Yorkshire, England. RP Denney, E (reprint author), NASA, SGT, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ewen.denney@nasa.gov; ganesh.pai@nasa.gov; Ibrahim.Habli@cs.york.ac.uk RI Pai, Ganesh/G-4516-2013 OI Pai, Ganesh/0000-0002-9848-3754 FU NASA [NNA10DE83C] FX NASA contract NNA10DE83C funded this work. We also thank Mark Sumich and Corey Ippolito for their feedback. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1530-0889 BN 978-1-4673-1625-5 J9 I C DEPEND SYS NETWO PY 2012 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBZ69 UT WOS:000309224200027 ER PT B AU Brall, A AF Brall, Aron GP IEEE TI Pre-proposal Assessment of Reliability for Spacecraft and Instruments SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, IEST, IIE, SAE, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, AIAA, ASQ, Elect & Communicat Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Reliability Assessment; Spacecraft Reliability; Developmental Reliability AB This paper primarily addresses the role of Reliability Engineering in the multidisciplinary process used by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in the Integrated Design Center and a description of the estimating tool that is used. This estimating tool may have expanded applicability in the proposal of new designs in many industries. Understanding key contributors to Mission Success or Failure is necessary to assure a successful proposal is developed. Additionally, this preliminary analysis needs to contain recommendations for future use in later stages of project development for the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) and Critical Design Review (CDR). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ManTech Int, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brall, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ManTech Int, Code 322,Bldg 6, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM aron.brall-1@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1851-9 PY 2012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ45 UT WOS:000309184100013 ER PT J AU Celaya, JR Kulkarni, C Saha, S Biswas, G Goebel, K AF Celaya, Jose R. Kulkarni, Chetan Saha, Sankalita Biswas, Gautam Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Accelerated Aging in Electrolytic Capacitors for Prognostics SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, IEST, IIE, SAE, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, AIAA, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Prognostics; PHM; Capacitors; Kalman Filter AB The focus of this work is the analysis of different degradation phenomena based on thermal overstress and electrical overstress accelerated aging systems and the use of accelerated aging techniques for prognostics algorithm development. Results on thermal overstress and electrical overstress experiments are presented. In addition, preliminary results toward the development of physics-based degradation models are presented focusing on the electrolyte evaporation failure mechanism. An empirical degradation model based on percentage capacitance loss under electrical overstress is presented and used in: (i) a Bayesian-based implementation of model-based prognostics using a discrete Kalman filter for health state estimation, and (ii) a dynamic system representation of the degradation model for forecasting and remaining useful life (RUL) estimation. A leave-one-out validation methodology is used to assess the validity of the methodology under the small sample size constrain. The results observed on the RUL estimation are consistent through the validation tests comparing relative accuracy and prediction error. It has been observed that the inaccuracy of the model to represent the change in degradation behavior observed at the end of the test data is consistent throughout the validation tests, indicating the need of a more detailed degradation model or the use of an algorithm that could estimate model parameters on-line. Based on the observed degradation process under different stress intensity with rest periods, the need for more sophisticated degradation models is further supported. The current degradation model does not represent the capacitance recovery over rest periods following an accelerated aging stress period. C1 [Celaya, Jose R.; Saha, Sankalita; Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Prognost Ctr Excellence, MS 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Kulkarni, Chetan; Goebel, Kai] Vanderbilt Univ, ISIS, Nashville 37212, TN USA. RP Celaya, JR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Prognost Ctr Excellence, MS 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jose.r.celaya@nasa.gov; chetan.kulkarni@vanderbilt.edu; sankalita.saha@nasa.gov; gautam.biswas@vanderbilt.edu; kai.goebel@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1851-9 PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ45 UT WOS:000309184100067 ER PT J AU Celaya, JR Saxena, A Kulkarni, CS Saha, S Goebel, K AF Celaya, Jose R. Saxena, Abhinav Kulkarni, Chetan S. Saha, Sankalita Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Prognostics Approach for Power MOSFET under Thermal-Stress Aging SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, IEST, IIE, SAE, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, AIAA, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Power MOSFET; Prognostics; PHM; Accelerated Life Test AB The prognostic technique for a power MOSFET presented in this paper is based on accelerated aging of MOSFET IRF520Npbf in a TO-220 package. The methodology utilizes thermal and power cycling to accelerate the life of the devices. The major failure mechanism for the stress conditions is die-attachment degradation, typical for discrete devices with lead-free solder die attachment. It has been determined that die-attach degradation results in an increase in ON-state resistance due to its dependence on junction temperature. Increasing resistance, thus, can be used as a precursor of failure for the die-attach failure mechanism under thermal stress. A feature based on normalized ON-resistance is computed from in-situ measurements of the electro-thermal response. An Extended Kalman filter is used as a model-based prognostics techniques based on the Bayesian tracking framework. The proposed prognostics technique reports on preliminary work that serves as a case study on the prediction of remaining life of power MOSFETs and builds upon the work presented in [1]. The algorithm considered in this study had been used as prognostics algorithm in different applications and is regarded as suitable candidate for component level prognostics. This work attempts to further the validation of such algorithm by presenting it with real degradation data including measurements from real sensors, which include all the complications (noise, bias, etc.) that are regularly not captured on simulated degradation data. The algorithm is developed and tested on the accelerated aging test timescale. In real world operation, the timescale of the degradation process and therefore the RUL predictions will be considerable larger. It is hypothesized that even though the timescale will be larger, it remains constant through the degradation process and the algorithm and model would still apply under the slower degradation process. By using accelerated aging data with actual device measurements and real sensors (no simulated behavior), we are attempting to assess how such algorithm behaves under realistic conditions. C1 [Celaya, Jose R.; Saxena, Abhinav] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Prognost Ctr Excellence, MS 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Kulkarni, Chetan S.] Vanderbilt Univ, ISIS, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. [Saha, Sankalita] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MCT, Prognost Ctr Excellence, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Prognost Ctr Excellence, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Celaya, JR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Prognost Ctr Excellence, MS 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jose.r.celaya@nasa.gov; abhinav.saxena@nasa.gov; chetan.kulkarni@vanderbilt.edu; sankalita.saha@nasa.gov; kai.goebel@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1851-9 PY 2012 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ45 UT WOS:000309184100068 ER PT J AU Fernandez, R Riddlebaugh, J Brinkman, J Wilkinson, M AF Fernandez, Rene Riddlebaugh, Jeffrey Brinkman, John Wilkinson, Myron GP IEEE TI Spaceflight Ground Support Equipment Reliability & System Safety Data SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, IEST, IIE, SAE, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, AIAA, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Failure modes and Effects Analysis; Preliminary Hazards Analysis; Reliability; Software Defined Radio; Space Telecommunications Radio Systems; System Safety AB Presented were Reliability Analysis, consisting primarily of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and System Safety Analysis, consisting of Preliminary Hazards Analysis (PHA), performed to ensure that the CoNNeCT (Communications, Navigation, and Networking re-Configurable Testbed) Flight System was safely and reliably operated during its Assembly, Integration and Test (AI&T) phase. A tailored approach to the NASA Ground Support Equipment (GSE) standard, NASA-STD-5005C,[1] involving the application of the appropriate Requirements, S&MA discipline expertise, and a Configuration Management system (to retain a record of the analysis and documentation) were presented. Presented were System Block Diagrams of selected GSE and the corresponding FMEA, as well as the PHAs. Also discussed are the specific examples of the FMEAs and PHAs being used during the AI&T phase to drive modifications to the GSE (via "redlining" of test procedures, and the placement of warning stickers to protect the flight hardware) before being interfaced to the Flight System. These modifications were necessary because failure modes and hazards were identified during the analysis that had not been properly mitigated. Strict Configuration Management was applied to changes (whether due to upgrades or expired calibrations) in the GSE by revisiting the FMEAs and PHAs to reflect the latest System Block Diagrams and Bill Of Material. The CoNNeCT flight system has been successfully assembled, integrated, tested, and shipped to the launch site without incident. This demonstrates that the steps taken to safeguard the flight system when it was interfaced to the various GSE were successful. C1 [Fernandez, Rene] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr MS 54 4, Program & Project Assurance Div, 21000 Brook Pk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Riddlebaugh, Jeffrey; Brinkman, John] ARES Corp, NASA John Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland Off, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. [Wilkinson, Myron] MS OAI NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Bastion Technol, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Fernandez, R (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr MS 54 4, Program & Project Assurance Div, 21000 Brook Pk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Rene.Fernandez-1@nasa.gov; jeffrey.m.riddlebaugh@nasa.gov; jbrinkman@arescorporation.com; myron.wilkinson@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1851-9 PY 2012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ45 UT WOS:000309184100079 ER PT B AU Havenhill, M Fernandez, R Zampino, E AF Havenhill, Maria Fernandez, Rene' Zampino, Edward GP IEEE TI Combining System Safety & Reliability to Ensure NASA CoNNeCT's Success SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, IEST, IIE, SAE, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, AIAA, ASQ, Elect & Communicat Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Hazard Analysis; Failure Modes and Effects Analysis; Limited Life Items List; Single Point Failure List AB Hazard Analysis, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), the Limited-Life Items List (LLIL), and the Single Point Failure (SPF) List were applied by System Safety and Reliability engineers on NASA's Communications, Navigation, and Networking reConfigurable Testbed (CoNNeCT) Project. The integrated approach involving cross reviews of these reports by System Safety, Reliability, and Design engineers resulted in the mitigation of all identified hazards. The outcome was that the system met all the safety requirements it was required to meet. C1 [Havenhill, Maria; Fernandez, Rene'; Zampino, Edward] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr MS 50 4, QE Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Havenhill, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr MS 50 4, QE Div, 21000 Brook Pk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM MariaTheresa.A.Havenhill@nasa.gov; Rene.Fernandez-1@nasa.gov; Edward.J.Zampino@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1851-9 PY 2012 PG 4 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ45 UT WOS:000309184100078 ER PT J AU Safie, FM Fuller, RP AF Safie, Fayssal M. Fuller, Raymond P. GP IEEE TI NASA Applications and Lessons Learned in Reliability Engineering SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, IEST, IIE, SAE, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, AIAA, ASQ, Elect & Communicat Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE reliability; probabilistic; design; process; operational; risk AB Since the Shuttle Challenger accident in 1986, communities across National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) have been developing and extensively using quantitative reliability and risk assessment methods in their decision making process. This paper discusses several reliability engineering applications that NASA has used over the years to support the design, development, and operation of critical space flight hardware. Specifically, the paper discusses several reliability engineering applications used by NASA in areas such as risk management, inspection policies, components upgrades, reliability growth, integrated failure analysis, and physics based probabilistic engineering analysis. In each of these areas, the paper provides a brief discussion of a case study to demonstrate the value added and the criticality of reliability engineering in supporting NASA project and program decisions to fly safely. Examples of these case studies discussed are; reliability based life limit extension of Shuttle Space Main Engine (SSME) hardware, Reliability based inspection policies for Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) turbine disc, probabilistic structural engineering analysis for reliability prediction of the SSME Alternate Turbo-pump Development (ATD), impact of the Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) foam reliability on the Space Shuttle System risk, and reliability based Space Shuttle upgrade for safety. A special attention is given in this paper to the physics based probabilistic engineering analysis applications and their critical role in evaluating the reliability of NASA development hardware including their potential use in a research and technology development environment. C1 [Safie, Fayssal M.; Fuller, Raymond P.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Safie, FM (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, QD30, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM fayssal.safie@msfc.nasa.gov; ray.fuller@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1851-9 PY 2012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ45 UT WOS:000309184100004 ER PT S AU Ramos, GV Yuan, JS AF Ramos, Gabriel Vazquez Yuan, Jiann-Shiun BE Sundaram, KB Wu, D TI FEM Simulation to Characterize Wireless Electric Power Transfer Elements SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE SOUTHEASTCON SE IEEE SoutheastCon-Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE SoutheastCon CY MAR 15-18, 2012 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE DE magnetic coupling; magnetic resonance; power transier; wireless power; radiated emissions; electromagnetic compatibility; finite element method AB Wireless power transfer systems are expected to be a new mean for power distribution in the non-distant future for household electronics and handheld devices. However, even with the progress achieved to date, it is difficult to find literature that address the Federal Communications Commission, the Comite Europeen or Military Standards compliance for electromagnetic emissions. This paper provides further insight for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance and coupling characterization considerations by performing Finite Element Method simulations. It was demonstrated by model simulation that Finite Element Method (FEM) provides adequate design insight for possible EMC compliance concerns before proceeding to the prototype phase. In addition, it was also demonstrated that FEM simulation provides adequate coupling characterization to determine the range of the wireless power transfer element as well as its optimal frequency of operation based on the separation distance between the transmitter element and the receiver element. C1 [Ramos, Gabriel Vazquez] NASA, Launch Serv Program, Mail Code VA-H3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Yuan, Jiann-Shiun] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect Engn Comp, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Ramos, GV (reprint author), NASA, Launch Serv Program, Mail Code VA-H3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Gabriel.VazquezRamos-l@nasa.gov; yuanj@mail.ucf.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1558-058X BN 978-1-4673-1375-9 J9 IEEE SOUTHEASTCON PY 2012 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ61 UT WOS:000309205400112 ER PT S AU Ramos, GV Yuan, JS AF Ramos, Gabriel Vazquez Yuan, Jiann-Shiun BE Sundaram, KB Wu, D TI Radiated Emissions Testing of Space Wireless Electric Power Transfer Systems SO 2012 PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE SOUTHEASTCON SE IEEE SoutheastCon-Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE SoutheastCon CY MAR 15-18, 2012 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE DE magnetic coupling; magnetic resonance; power transier; wireless power; radiated emissions; electromagnetic compatibility; space systems AB Lately there has been a growing interest in the wireless power transfer systems (W PT) research. However, little (if any) has been researched on the effects of these systems into other sub-systems or devices. Since the principle of operation is by inducing a magnetic field to transfer power wirelessly, electromagnetic emissions could damage or induce a monetary error in other systems. This study was performed to enhance the understanding of how WPT systems should be tested to determine if they are electromagnetically compatible with other systems operating in close proximity. Since the primary focus of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using wireless power transfer systems for space applications, a WPT prototype was tested following military standard guidelines (used for NASA space applications). A WPT prototype (similar to 4W) was tested to demonstrate the described approach. Results showed that the system radiated magnetic and electric fields that where within the limits established by the Mil-Std-461E. A similar approach can be taken to determine household WPT systems EMC compliance by applying the Federal Communications Commission and the Comite Europeen standards. C1 [Ramos, Gabriel Vazquez] NASA, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Launch Serv Program, Mail Code VA-H3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Yuan, Jiann-Shiun] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect Engn & Comp, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Ramos, GV (reprint author), NASA, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Launch Serv Program, Mail Code VA-H3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Gabriel.VazquezRamos-1@nasa.gov; yuanj@mail.ucf.edu NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1558-058X BN 978-1-4673-1375-9 J9 IEEE SOUTHEASTCON PY 2012 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBZ61 UT WOS:000309205400110 ER PT J AU Nickolaenko, AP Kudintseva, IG Pechony, O Hayakawa, M Hobara, Y Tanaka, YT AF Nickolaenko, A. P. Kudintseva, I. G. Pechony, O. Hayakawa, M. Hobara, Y. Tanaka, Y. T. TI The effect of a gamma ray flare on Schumann resonances SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Electromagnetics; Electromagnetic theory; Wave propagation ID IONOSPHERE; EARTH; SGR-1806-20; PARAMETERS; SPRITES; ENERGY AB We describe the ionospheric modification by the SGR 1806-20 gamma flare (27 December 2004) seen in the global electromagnetic (Schumann) resonance. The gamma rays lowered the ionosphere over the dayside of the globe and modified the Schumann resonance spectra. We present the extremely low frequency (ELF) data monitored at the Moshiri observatory, Japan (44.365A degrees N, 142.24A degrees E). Records are compared with the expected modifications, which facilitate detection of the simultaneous abrupt change in the dynamic resonance pattern of the experimental record. The gamma flare modified the current of the global electric circuit and thus caused the 'parametric' ELF transient. Model results are compared with observations enabling evaluation of changes in the global electric circuit. C1 [Hayakawa, M.] Univ Electrocommun, Adv Wireless Commun Res Ctr, Chofu, Tokyo 1828585, Japan. [Hayakawa, M.] Univ Electrocommun, Res Stn Seismo Electromagnet, Chofu, Tokyo 1828585, Japan. [Nickolaenko, A. P.] Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Usikov Inst Radiophys & Elect, UA-61085 Kharkov, Ukraine. [Kudintseva, I. G.] Karasin Kharkov Natl Univ, UA-61077 Kharkov, Ukraine. [Pechony, O.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Pechony, O.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Hobara, Y.] Univ Electrocommun, Grad Sch Informat & Engn, Chofu, Tokyo 1828585, Japan. [Tanaka, Y. T.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Hayakawa, M (reprint author), Univ Electrocommun, Adv Wireless Commun Res Ctr, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 1828585, Japan. EM hayakawa@whistler.ee.uec.ac.jp NR 33 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 9 BP 1321 EP 1329 DI 10.5194/angeo-30-1321-2012 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015BZ UT WOS:000309421400004 ER PT J AU Moya, PS Vinas, AF Munoz, V Valdivia, JA AF Moya, P. S. Vinas, A. F. Munoz, V. Valdivia, J. A. TI Computational and theoretical study of the wave-particle interaction of protons and waves SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Space plasma physics; Kinetic and MHD theory; Numerical simulation studies; Wave-particle interactions ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; SOLAR-WIND IONS; CORONAL HOLES; HYDROMAGNETIC TURBULENCE; RESONANT ACCELERATION; ANISOTROPY; PLASMA; FLUCTUATIONS; INSTABILITY; EVOLUTION AB We study the wave-particle interaction and the evolution of electromagnetic waves propagating through a plasma composed of electrons and protons, using two approaches. First, a quasilinear kinetic theory has been developed to study the energy transfer between waves and particles, with the subsequent acceleration and heating of protons. Second, a one-dimensional hybrid numerical simulation has been performed, with and without including an expanding-box model that emulates the spherical expansion of the solar wind, to investigate the fully nonlinear evolution of this wave-particle interaction. Numerical results of both approaches show that there is an anisotropic evolution of proton temperature. C1 [Moya, P. S.; Munoz, V.; Valdivia, J. A.] Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile. [Vinas, A. F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Geospace Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Valdivia, J. A.] CEDENNA, Ctr el Desarrollo Nanociencia & Nanotecnol, Santiago, Chile. [Valdivia, J. A.] CEIBA Complejidad, Bogota, Colombia. RP Moya, PS (reprint author), Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Las Palmeras 3425,Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. EM pablo.moya@ug.uchile.cl RI Valdivia, Juan/A-3631-2008; Moya, Pablo/C-3163-2011; Munoz, Victor/A-2255-2008 OI Valdivia, Juan/0000-0003-3381-9904; Moya, Pablo/0000-0002-9161-0888; FU Comision Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONICyT, Chile) [D-21070397]; CONICyT/Becas-Chile, NASA/GSFC; FONDECyT [1080658, 1110135, 1110729, 1121144] FX Pablo S. Moya is grateful to Comision Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONICyT, Chile) Doctoral Fellowship D-21070397 and CONICyT/Becas-Chile fellowship for doctoral internship at NASA/GSFC at 2010. We also acknowledge support from FONDECyT grants No 1080658, No. 1110135, No. 1110729 and No. 1121144. NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 9 BP 1361 EP 1369 DI 10.5194/angeo-30-1361-2012 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015BZ UT WOS:000309421400007 ER PT J AU Hendrick, F Mahieu, E Bodeker, GE Boersma, KF Chipperfield, MP De Maziere, M De Smedt, I Demoulin, P Fayt, C Hermans, C Kreher, K Lejeune, B Pinardi, G Servais, C Stubi, R van der A, R Vernier, JP Van Roozendael, M AF Hendrick, F. Mahieu, E. Bodeker, G. E. Boersma, K. F. Chipperfield, M. P. De Maziere, M. De Smedt, I. Demoulin, P. Fayt, C. Hermans, C. Kreher, K. Lejeune, B. Pinardi, G. Servais, C. Stuebi, R. van der A, R. Vernier, J. -P. Van Roozendael, M. TI Analysis of stratospheric NO2 trends above Jungfraujoch using ground-based UV-visible, FTIR, and satellite nadir observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM TRENDS; NEW-ZEALAND; TROPOSPHERIC NO2; OZONE DEPLETION; TIME-SERIES; ZENITH-SKY; PROFILES; VARIABILITY; RETRIEVAL; LAUDER AB The trend in stratospheric NO2 column at the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) station of Jungfraujoch (46.5 degrees N, 8.0 degrees E) is assessed using ground-based FTIR and zenith-scattered visible sunlight SAOZ measurements over the period 1990 to 2009 as well as a composite satellite nadir data set constructed from ERS-2/GOME, ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY, and METOP-A/GOME-2 observations over the 1996-2009 period. To calculate the trends, a linear least squares regression model including explanatory variables for a linear trend, the mean annual cycle, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), solar activity, and stratospheric aerosol loading is used. For the 1990-2009 period, statistically indistinguishable trends of -3.7 +/- 1.1% decade(-1) and -3.6 +/- 0.9% decade(-1) are derived for the SAOZ and FTIR NO2 column time series, respectively. SAOZ, FTIR, and satellite nadir data sets show a similar decrease over the 1996-2009 period, with trends of -2.4 +/- 1.1% decade(-1), -4.3 +/- 1.4% decade(-1), and -3.6 +/- 2.2% decade(-1), respectively. The fact that these declines are opposite in sign to the globally observed +2.5% decade(-1) trend in N2O, suggests that factors other than N2O are driving the evolution of stratospheric NO2 at northern mid-latitudes. Possible causes of the decrease in stratospheric NO2 columns have been investigated. The most likely cause is a change in the NO2/NO partitioning in favor of NO, due to a possible stratospheric cooling and a decrease in stratospheric chlorine content, the latter being further confirmed by the negative trend in the ClONO2 column derived from FTIR observations at Jungfraujoch. Decreasing ClO concentrations slows the NO+ClO -> NO2 + Cl reaction and a stratospheric cooling slows the NO + O-3 -> NO2 + O-2 reaction, leaving more NOx in the form of NO. The slightly positive trends in ozone estimated from ground- and satellite-based data sets are also consistent with the decrease of NO2 through the NO2 + O-3 -> NO3 + O-2 reaction. Finally, we cannot rule out the possibility that a strengthening of the Dobson-Brewer circulation, which reduces the time available for N2O photolysis in the stratosphere, could also contribute to the observed decline in stratospheric NO2 above Jungfraujoch. C1 [Hendrick, F.; De Maziere, M.; De Smedt, I.; Fayt, C.; Hermans, C.; Pinardi, G.; Van Roozendael, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. [Mahieu, E.; Demoulin, P.; Lejeune, B.; Servais, C.] Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. [Bodeker, G. E.] Bodeker Sci, Alexandra, New Zealand. [Boersma, K. F.; van der A, R.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. [Boersma, K. F.] Eindhoven Univ Technol, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. [Chipperfield, M. P.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Kreher, K.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand. [Stuebi, R.] MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland. [Vernier, J. -P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Vernier, J. -P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Hendrick, F (reprint author), Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. EM franch@oma.be RI Bodeker, Greg/A-8870-2008; Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; OI Bodeker, Greg/0000-0003-1094-5852; Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Mahieu, Emmanuel/0000-0002-5251-0286 FU IASB-BIRA by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Brussels (PRODEX) [A3C]; EU 7th Framework Programme projects SHIVA [226224]; NORS [284421]; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Brussels, through the SECPEA; A3C; AGACC-II projects; F.R.S. - FNRS; Federation Wallonie-Bruxelles; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, NOW Vidi grant [864.09.001]; EU GEOmon project; NERC FX This research was financially supported at IASB-BIRA by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Brussels (PRODEX contract A3C) and by the EU 7th Framework Programme projects SHIVA (contract 226224) and NORS (contract 284421). The University of Liege contribution was primarily supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Brussels, through the SECPEA, A3C and AGACC-II projects. Emmanuel Mahieu is Research Associate with the F.R.S. - FNRS. We further acknowledge the contributions of the F.R.S. - FNRS and of the Federation Wallonie-Bruxelles for funding the development of the Jungfraujoch laboratory and for supporting travel costs to the station, respectively. We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG, Bern) for supporting the facilities needed to perform the observations. We are grateful to the many Belgian colleagues who have performed the FTIR observations used here. Work at the Eindhoven University of Technology was funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, NOW Vidi grant 864.09.001. GOME-2 level-1 data are provided by EUMETSAT. The SLIMCAT modeling was supported by the EU GEOmon project and NERC. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 18 BP 8851 EP 8864 DI 10.5194/acp-12-8851-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015CZ UT WOS:000309424300034 ER PT J AU Sayer, AM Smirnov, A Hsu, NC Munchak, LA Holben, BN AF Sayer, A. M. Smirnov, A. Hsu, N. C. Munchak, L. A. Holben, B. N. TI Estimating marine aerosol particle volume and number from Maritime Aerosol Network data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL DEPTH; SUN-PHOTOMETER; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-SALT; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; VERTICAL PROFILES; LIGHT-SCATTERING AB As well as spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol composition and concentration (number, volume, or mass) are of interest for a variety of applications. However, remote sensing of these quantities is more difficult than for AOD, as it is more sensitive to assumptions relating to aerosol composition. This study uses spectral AOD measured on Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) cruises, with the additional constraint of a microphysical model for unpolluted maritime aerosol based on analysis of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) inversions, to estimate these quantities over open ocean. When the MAN data are subset to those likely to be comprised of maritime aerosol, number and volume concentrations obtained are physically reasonable. Attempts to estimate surface concentration from columnar abundance, however, are shown to be limited by uncertainties in vertical distribution. Columnar AOD at 550 nm and aerosol number for unpolluted maritime cases are also compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, for both the present Collection 5.1 and forthcoming Collection 6. MODIS provides a best-fitting retrieval solution, as well as the average for several different solutions, with different aerosol microphysical models. The "average solution" MODIS dataset agrees more closely with MAN than the "best solution" dataset. Terra tends to retrieve lower aerosol number than MAN, and Aqua higher, linked with differences in the aerosol models commonly chosen. Collection 6 AOD is likely to agree more closely with MAN over open ocean than Collection 5.1. In situations where spectral AOD is measured accurately, and aerosol microphysical properties are reasonably well-constrained, estimates of aerosol number and volume using MAN or similar data would provide for a greater variety of potential comparisons with aerosol properties derived from satellite or chemistry transport model data. However, without accurate AOD data and prior knowledge of microphysical properties, such attempts are fraught with high uncertainties. C1 [Sayer, A. M.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. [Sayer, A. M.; Smirnov, A.; Hsu, N. C.; Munchak, L. A.; Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Smirnov, A.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD USA. [Munchak, L. A.] Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Sayer, AM (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. EM andrew.sayer@nasa.gov RI Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009 OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304 FU NASA MEaSUREs program; EOS program FX This work was supported by a grant from the NASA MEaSUREs program, managed by M. Maiden, and the EOS program, managed by H. Maring. The authors would like to acknowledge H. Maring for his support of the AERONET program. The authors are grateful to the AERONET, MAN, GAW, and field campaign PIs for the creation and stewardship of the ground-based data records used, and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research for hosting the GAW data. L. A. Remer is thanked for useful discussions concerning the MODIS aerosol product. MODIS data were obtained from the NASA LAADS. J. Ogren is thanked for useful comments about the GAW data. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the constructive comments of three anonymous reviewers, which we feel we have resulted in a strengthened study. NR 95 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 18 BP 8889 EP 8909 DI 10.5194/acp-12-8889-2012 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015CZ UT WOS:000309424300037 ER PT J AU Campbell, JR Tackett, JL Reid, JS Zhang, J Curtis, CA Hyer, EJ Sessions, WR Westphal, DL Prospero, JM Welton, EJ Omar, AH Vaughan, MA Winker, DM AF Campbell, J. R. Tackett, J. L. Reid, J. S. Zhang, J. Curtis, C. A. Hyer, E. J. Sessions, W. R. Westphal, D. L. Prospero, J. M. Welton, E. J. Omar, A. H. Vaughan, M. A. Winker, D. M. TI Evaluating nighttime CALIOP 0.532 mu m aerosol optical depth and extinction coefficient retrievals SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID DATA-ASSIMILATION; CALIPSO LIDAR; SAHARAN DUST; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MODIS; CLOUD; PRODUCTS; MISR; PERFORMANCE AB NASA Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) Version 3.01 5-km nighttime 0.532 mu m aerosol optical depth (AOD) datasets from 2007 are screened, averaged and evaluated at 1 degrees x 1 degrees resolution versus corresponding/co-incident 0.550 mu m AOD derived using the US Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS), featuring two-dimensional variational assimilation of quality-assured NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) AOD. In the absence of sunlight, since passive radiometric AOD retrievals rely overwhelmingly on scattered radiances, the model represents one of the few practical global estimates available from which to attempt such a validation. Daytime comparisons, though, provide useful context. Regional-mean CALIOP vertical profiles of night/day 0.532 mu m extinction coefficient are compared with 0.523/0.532 mu m ground-based lidar measurements to investigate representativeness and diurnal variability. In this analysis, mean nighttime CALIOP AOD are mostly lower than daytime (0.121 vs. 0.126 for all aggregated data points, and 0.099 vs. 0.102 when averaged globally per normalised 1 degrees x 1 degrees bin), though the relationship is reversed over land and coastal regions when the data are averaged per normalised bin (0.134/0.108 vs. 0140/0.112, respectively). Offsets assessed within single bins alone approach +/- 20 %. CALIOP AOD, both day and night, are higher than NAAPS over land (0.137 vs. 0.124) and equal over water (0.082 vs. 0.083) when averaged globally per normalised bin. However, for all data points inclusive, NAAPS exceeds CALIOP over land, coast and ocean, both day and night. Again, differences assessed within single bins approach 50% in extreme cases. Correlation between CALIOP and NAAPS AOD is comparable during both day and night. Higher correlation is found nearest the equator, both as a function of sample size and relative signal magnitudes inherent at these latitudes. Root mean square deviation between CALIOP and NAAPS varies between 0.1 and 0.3 globally during both day/night. Averaging of CALIOP along-track AOD data points within a single NAAPS grid bin improves correlation and RMSD, though day/night and land/ocean biases persist and are believed systematic. Vertical profiles of extinction coefficient derived in the Caribbean compare well with ground-based lidar observations, though potentially anomalous selection of a priori lidar ratios for CALIOP retrievals is likely inducing some discrepancies. Mean effective aerosol layer top heights are stable between day and night, indicating consistent layer-identification diurnally, which is noteworthy considering the potential limiting effects of ambient solar noise during day. C1 [Campbell, J. R.; Reid, J. S.; Curtis, C. A.; Hyer, E. J.; Westphal, D. L.] USN, Aerosol & Radiat Sci Sect, Marine Meteorol Div, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. [Tackett, J. L.] NASA, Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton Rd, VA USA. [Zhang, J.] Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Folks, ND USA. [Sessions, W. R.] USN, Comp Sci Corp, Aerosol & Radiat Sci Sect, Marine Meteorol Div,Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. [Prospero, J. M.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Welton, E. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Campbell, JR (reprint author), USN, Aerosol & Radiat Sci Sect, Marine Meteorol Div, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. EM james.campbell@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Campbell, James/C-4884-2012; Reid, Jeffrey/B-7633-2014; Hyer, Edward/E-7734-2011; Omar, Ali/D-7102-2017; OI Campbell, James/0000-0003-0251-4550; Reid, Jeffrey/0000-0002-5147-7955; Hyer, Edward/0000-0001-8636-2026; Omar, Ali/0000-0003-1871-9235; Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160 FU Office of Naval Research; NASA Interagency Agreement [NNG11HG12I] FX This research was funded by the Office of Naval Research Code 35. Author JRC acknowledges the support of NASA Interagency Agreement NNG11HG12I, on behalf of the Micropulse Lidar Network. The group acknowledges the NASA AERONET programme, their contributing principal investigators and staff for coordinating the coastal and inland sites and datasets used in this study. NR 66 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 6 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 9 BP 2143 EP 2160 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2143-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015BF UT WOS:000309419200005 ER PT J AU Evans, KF Wang, JR Starr, DO Heymsfield, G Li, L Tian, L Lawson, RP Heymsfield, AJ Bansemer, A AF Evans, K. F. Wang, J. R. Starr, D. O'C Heymsfield, G. Li, L. Tian, L. Lawson, R. P. Heymsfield, A. J. Bansemer, A. TI Ice hydrometeor profile retrieval algorithm for high-frequency microwave radiometers: application to the CoSSIR instrument during TC4 SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID 94-GHZ CLOUD RADAR; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; WATER PATH; PRECIPITATION; CRYSTALS; AIRBORNE; CIRRUS; SIMULATIONS; PERFORMANCE; ALTITUDE AB A Bayesian algorithm to retrieve profiles of cloud ice water content (IWC), ice particle size (D-me), and relative humidity from millimeter-wave/submillimeter-wave radiometers is presented. The first part of the algorithm prepares an a priori file with cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of profiles of temperature, relative humidity, three ice particle parameters (IWC, D-me, distribution width), and two liquid cloud parameters. The a priori CDFs and EOFs are derived from CloudSat radar reflectivity profiles and associated ECMWF temperature and relative humidity profiles combined with three cloud microphysical probability distributions obtained from in situ cloud probes. The second part of the algorithm uses the CDF/EOF file to perform a Bayesian retrieval with a hybrid technique that uses Monte Carlo integration (MCI) or, when too few MCI cases match the observations, uses optimization to maximize the posterior probability function. The very computationally intensive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method also may be chosen as a solution method. The radiative transfer model assumes mixtures of several shapes of randomly oriented ice particles, and here random aggregates of spheres, dendrites, and hexagonal plates are used for tropical convection. A new physical model of stochastic dendritic snowflake aggregation is developed. The retrieval algorithm is applied to data from the Compact Scanning Submillimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSSIR) flown on the ER-2 aircraft during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) experiment in 2007. Example retrievals with error bars are shown for nadir profiles of IWC, D-me, and relative humidity, and nadir and conical scan swath retrievals of ice water path and average D-me. The ice cloud retrievals are evaluated by retrieving integrated 94 GHz backscattering from CoSSIR for comparison with the Cloud Radar System (CRS) flown on the same aircraft. The rms difference in integrated backscattering is around 3 dB over a 30 dB range. A comparison of CoSSIR retrieved and CRS measured reflectivity shows that CoSSIR has the ability to retrieve low-resolution ice cloud profiles in the upper troposphere. C1 [Evans, K. F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wang, J. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Starr, D. O'C; Heymsfield, G.] NASA, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Li, L.] NASA, Microwave Instrument & Technol Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Tian, L.] Morgan State Univ, GESTAR, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Lawson, R. P.] SPEC Inc, Boulder, CO USA. [Heymsfield, A. J.; Bansemer, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Evans, KF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM evans@nit.colorado.edu RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011 FU NASA [NNX07AK83G] FX The authors thank Bryan Monosmith for engineering support of CoSSIR in the lab and during TC4. Glenn Diskin and James Podolske provided the DLH data and Robert Herman provided the JLH data to the ESPO archive. The NASA CloudSat project provided the CloudSat GEOPROF, GEOPROF-LIDAR, ECMWF-AUX files through the CloudSat Data Processing Center. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for helping to improve the clarity of this article. KFE was supported in this work by NASA Award NNX07AK83G. NR 52 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 9 BP 2277 EP 2306 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2277-2012 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015BF UT WOS:000309419200014 ER PT J AU Perez-Ramirez, D Lyamani, H Olmo, FJ Whiteman, DN Navas-Guzman, F Alados-Arboledas, L AF Perez-Ramirez, D. Lyamani, H. Olmo, F. J. Whiteman, D. N. Navas-Guzman, F. Alados-Arboledas, L. TI Cloud screening and quality control algorithm for star photometer data: assessment with lidar measurements and with all-sky images (vol 5, pg 1585, 2012) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Correction C1 [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Lyamani, H.; Olmo, F. J.; Navas-Guzman, F.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Granada 18006, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Lyamani, H.; Olmo, F. J.; Navas-Guzman, F.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Dept Fis Aplicada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Whiteman, D. N.] NASA, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Perez-Ramirez, D (reprint author), Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Av Mediterraneo S-N, Granada 18006, Spain. EM dperez@ugr.es RI Lyamani, Hassan/J-4380-2013; Navas Guzman, Francisco/G-5900-2016; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/Q-1129-2016; Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/P-5630-2014; Olmo Reyes, Francisco Jose/F-7621-2016 OI Navas Guzman, Francisco/0000-0002-0905-4385; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/0000-0002-7679-6135; Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/0000-0003-3576-7167; Olmo Reyes, Francisco Jose/0000-0002-0186-1721 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 9 BP 2307 EP 2308 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2307-2012 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015BF UT WOS:000309419200015 ER PT B AU Nagashima, K Parchevsky, KV Zhao, J Duvall, TL Kosovichev, AG Sekii, T AF Nagashima, K. Parchevsky, K. V. Zhao, J. Duvall, T. L., Jr. Kosovichev, A. G. Sekii, T. BE Golub, L DeMoortel, I Shimizu, T TI Effects of Spectral Line Formation Height in Time-Distance Helioseismology SO FIFTH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: EXPLORING THE ACTIVE SUN SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Hinode Science Meeting CY OCT 10-15, 2011 CL Cambridge, MA SP NASA, ESA, Luxel Corp, e2v, CMSO AB To understand the effect of the formation-height difference in time-distance helioseismology analyses, we consider the wave behavior above the surface. We show that by using the numerically-simulated wavefields at two different heights this difference may cause travel-time shifts due to the non-stationary character of waves excited by near-surface acoustic sources. This needs to be taken into account in multiwavelength helioseismology and measurements close to the solar limb. C1 [Nagashima, K.; Parchevsky, K. V.; Zhao, J.; Kosovichev, A. G.] Stanford Univ, HEPL, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Duvall, T. L., Jr.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sekii, T.] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. RP Nagashima, K (reprint author), Stanford Univ, HEPL, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-794-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 456 BP 57 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBY15 UT WOS:000308615700008 ER PT B AU Wang, TJ Ofman, L Davila, JM AF Wang, Tongjiang Ofman, Leon Davila, Joseph M. BE Golub, L DeMoortel, I Shimizu, T TI Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Propagating Disturbances in Coronal Loops: Waves or flows? SO FIFTH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: EXPLORING THE ACTIVE SUN SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Hinode Science Meeting CY OCT 10-15, 2011 CL Cambridge, MA SP NASA, ESA, Luxel Corp, e2v, CMSO ID SOLAR; EMISSION AB The analysis of multiwavelength properties of propagating disturbances (PDs) using Hinode/EIS observations is presented. Quasi-periodic PDs were mostly interpreted as slow magnetoacoustic waves in early studies, but recently suggested to be intermittent upflows of the order of 50-150 km s(-1) based on the Red-Blue (RB) asymmetry analysis of spectral line profiles. Using the forward models, velocities of the secondary component derived from the RB analysis are found significantly over-estimated due to the saturation effect when its offset velocities are smaller than the Gaussian width. We developed a different method to examine spectral features of the PDs. This method is assuming that the excessive emission of the PD profile against the background (taken as that prior to the PD) is caused by a hypothetic upflow. The derived LOS velocities of the flow are on the order of 10-30 km s(-1) from the warm (1-1.5 MK) corona] lines, much smaller than those inferred from the RB analysis. This result does not support the flow interpretation but favors of the early wave interpretation. C1 [Wang, Tongjiang; Ofman, Leon] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Wang, Tongjiang; Ofman, Leon; Davila, Joseph M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ofman, Leon] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Wang, TJ (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. FU NASA [NNX08AV88G, NNX09AG10G, NNX10AN10G, NNX08AE44G] FX LO was supported by NASA grants NNX08AV88G, NNX09AG10G, and NNX10AN10G. TW was supported by NASA grants NNX08AE44G and NNX10AN10G. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-794-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 456 BP 91 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBY15 UT WOS:000308615700018 ER PT B AU Winebarger, AR AF Winebarger, Amy R. BE Golub, L DeMoortel, I Shimizu, T TI The Frequency of Heating in Active Region Cores: Results from the Fifth Coronal Loops Workshop SO FIFTH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: EXPLORING THE ACTIVE SUN SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Hinode Science Meeting CY OCT 10-15, 2011 CL Cambridge, MA SP NASA, ESA, Luxel Corp, e2v, CMSO ID EMISSION MEASURE; RAY TELESCOPE; HINODE; CONSTRAINTS; PLASMA AB Coronal loops are the magnetically closed structures that direct the flow of hot plasma in the solar atmosphere. The observational properties of loops, including their lifetime, evolution, and temperature indicate that there are different classes of loops and that the different classes have different heating magnitudes and timescales. On important unknown timescale is the frequency of heating in active region cores, specifically whether the heating is sporadic (low frequency) or quasi-steady (high frequency). In this paper, we discuss the recent results on this question presented at the Fifth Coronal Loops workshop held in Palma Mallorca, Spain in June 2011. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Winebarger, AR (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ZP 13, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM amy.r.winebarger@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-794-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 456 BP 103 EP 115 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBY15 UT WOS:000308615700020 ER PT B AU Wang, TJ Liu, W Ofman, L Davila, JM AF Wang, Tongjiang Liu, Wei Ofman, Leon Davila, Joseph M. BE Golub, L DeMoortel, I Shimizu, T TI Slow-Mode Oscillations of Hot Loops Excited at Flaring Footpoints SO FIFTH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: EXPLORING THE ACTIVE SUN SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Hinode Science Meeting CY OCT 10-15, 2011 CL Cambridge, MA SP NASA, ESA, Luxel Corp, e2v, CMSO ID SUMER AB The analysis of a hot loop oscillation event using SOHO/SUMER, GOES SXI, and RHESSI observations is presented. Damped Doppler shift oscillations were detected in the Fe XIX line by SUMER, and interpreted as a fundamental standing slow mode. The evolution of soft X-ray emission from GOES/SXI and hard X-ray sources from RHESSI suggests that the oscillations of a large loop are triggered by a small flare, which may be produced by interaction (local reconnection) of this large loop with a small loop at its footpoint. This study provides clear evidence supporting our early conjecture that the slow-mode standing waves in hot coronal loops are excited by impulsive heating (small or microflares) at the loop's footpoint. C1 [Wang, Tongjiang; Ofman, Leon] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Wang, Tongjiang; Ofman, Leon; Davila, Joseph M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liu, Wei] Stanford Lockheed Inst Space Res, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Ofman, Leon] Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Wang, TJ (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-794-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 456 BP 127 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBY15 UT WOS:000308615700024 ER PT B AU Savage, SL Holman, G Reeves, KK Seaton, DB McKenzie, DE Su, Y AF Savage, Sabrina L. Holman, Gordon Reeves, Katharine K. Seaton, Daniel B. McKenzie, David E. Su, Yang BE Golub, L DeMoortel, I Shimizu, T TI Current Sheet and Reconnection Inflow-Outflow Observations During Solar Eruptions SO FIFTH HINODE SCIENCE MEETING: EXPLORING THE ACTIVE SUN SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Hinode Science Meeting CY OCT 10-15, 2011 CL Cambridge, MA SP NASA, ESA, Luxel Corp, e2v, CMSO ID SUPRA-ARCADE DOWNFLOWS; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION; PATCHY RECONNECTION; FLARES; MODEL AB Magnetic reconnection is widely accepted as being associated with energy release during solar flares; however, observations of it have been indirect and/or incomplete. Using the suite of instruments available spanning wavelength space, we provide observations and measurements of both the inputs and outputs predicted from reconnection in the form of inflows preceding outflows (i.e. supra-arcade downflows, supra-arcade downflowing loops, upflows, and disconnection events). We also present evidence for current sheets through which reconnection is expected to occur and discuss current sheet motion during flare progression. C1 [Savage, Sabrina L.; Holman, Gordon; Su, Yang] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oak Ridge Associated Univ, 8800 Greenbelt Rd,Code 671, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Reeves, Katharine K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Seaton, Daniel B.] SIDC, Royal Observ Belgium, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. [McKenzie, David E.] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Su, Yang] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Savage, SL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oak Ridge Associated Univ, 8800 Greenbelt Rd,Code 671, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Reeves, Katharine/P-9163-2014 NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-794-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 456 BP 169 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBY15 UT WOS:000308615700036 ER PT J AU Benedict, ME Hoag, J AF Benedict, Mary Ellen Hoag, John BE Hoyt, GM McGoldrick, KM TI Factors influencing performance in economics: graphs and quantitative usage SO INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON TEACHING AND LEARNING ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID STUDENT PERFORMANCE; INTERMEDIATE MICRO; CALCULUS; PRINCIPLES; COURSES C1 [Benedict, Mary Ellen; Hoag, John] Bowling Green State Univ, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. [Hoag, John] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Benedict, ME (reprint author), Bowling Green State Univ, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD PI CHELTENHAM PA GLENSANDA HOUSE, MONTPELLIER PARADE, CHELTENHAM GL50 1UA, GLOS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84844-968-8 PY 2012 BP 334 EP 340 PG 7 WC Economics; Education & Educational Research SC Business & Economics; Education & Educational Research GA BYY48 UT WOS:000300722500033 ER PT J AU Pirtle, JL Eckert, GL Stoner, AW AF Pirtle, J. L. Eckert, G. L. Stoner, A. W. TI Habitat structure influences the survival and predator-prey interactions of early juvenile red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Red king crab; Paralithodes camtschaticus; Nursery habitat dynamics; Predator-prey interaction; Habitat complexity; Refuge; Gadus macrocephalus ID EASTERN BERING-SEA; CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER; COD GADUS-MORHUA; PANULIRUS-ARGUS; PACIFIC COD; AMERICAN LOBSTER; MICROHABITAT USE; KODIAK ISLAND; SUMMER FOOD; ALASKA AB Highly structured nursery habitats promote the survival of juvenile stages of many species by providing foraging opportunities and refuge from predators. Through integrated laboratory and field experiments, we demonstrate that nursery habitat structure affects survival and predator-prey interactions of red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. Crabs (<1 yr old [Age 0]; 8 to 10 mm carapace length [CL]) preferred complex biogenic habitats formed by structural invertebrates and macroalgae over structural mimics and sand in the absence of predators in laboratory experiments, yet they associated with any available structural habitat when fish predators were present. Survival was higher in the presence of complex habitat for Age 0 crabs (5 to 7.5 mm CL) with Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus predators in the laboratory and for Age 0 (4 to 8 mm CL) and Age 1 (16 to 28 mm CL) crabs with fish and invertebrate predators in the field. Crab activity and refuge response behavior varied with crab stage and habitat. Age 0 crabs were cryptic, avoiding predators by associating with habitat structure or remaining motionless in the absence of structure, and were less likely to respond to an attack. In contrast, Age 1 crabs were more likely to respond to an attacking predator and were less likely to remain motionless in the absence of structural refuge, suggesting an ontogenetic shift in behavior. Complex habitats, cryptic behavior, and direct defense improve juvenile red king crab survival against certain predators, including demersal fishes. C1 [Stoner, A. W.] NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Pirtle, J. L.; Eckert, G. L.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Pirtle, JL (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, NOAA UNH Joint Hydrog Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM jpirtle@ccom.unh.edu FU Alaska Sea Grant College Program; North Pacific Research Board Graduate Student Research Award; Alaska Sea Grant; NOAA Aquaculture Program FX Funding for the dissertation research of J.L.P. at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) was provided by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program and the North Pacific Research Board Graduate Student Research Award. The Alutiiq Pride Shellfish Hatchery, Seward, Alaska, provided crabs for the present study as part of the Alaska King Crab Research, Rehabilitation, and Biology Program funded by Alaska Sea Grant and the NOAA Aquaculture Program. We thank the following individuals who assisted with laboratory and field research: M. Catterson, B. Daly, S. Haines, M. Hobbs, N. Hobbs, P. Iseri, M. Johanssen, L. Loegers, D. Okamoto, M. Ottmar, J. Pirtle Sr., J. Richar, T. Smith, T. Stevens, J. Swingle, J. Sylvan, S. Tamone, R. Titgen, J. Unrein, J. Webb, and M. Westphal. Helpful criticisms of the manuscript were provided by T. Quinn, J. Reynolds, B. Tissot, D. Woodby, and anonymous reviewers. UAF IACUC approval was obtained for this research (131463-1; 130962-1). NR 71 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 31 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 465 BP 169 EP 184 DI 10.3354/meps09883 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 014HR UT WOS:000309366300014 ER PT J AU Driggers, WB Campbell, MD Hoffmayer, ER Ingram, GW AF Driggers, William B., III Campbell, Matthew D. Hoffmayer, Eric R. Ingram, G. Walter, Jr. TI Feeding chronology of six species of carcharhinid sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean as inferred from longline capture data SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranch; Carcharhinidae; Diel behavior ID YOUNG SANDBAR SHARKS; NEGAPRION-BREVIROSTRIS; GALEOCERDO-CUVIER; CHINCOTEAGUE BAY; STOMACH CONTENTS; PLUMBEUS PISCES; PRIONACE-GLAUCA; SPHYRNA-LEWINI; DIEL BEHAVIOR; LEMON SHARKS AB Time-at-capture data for 6 species of carcharhinid sharks were collected during 2692 fishery-independent longline sets conducted in the western North Atlantic Ocean from 1995 through 2009. As operations occurred continuously throughout the diel cycle, time-at-capture data were used as a proxy for natural feeding behavior to examine the diel feeding chronology of blacknose Carcharhinus acronotus, spinner C. brevipinna, bull C. leucas, blacktip C. limbatus, sandbar C. plumbeus, and Atlantic sharpnose Rhizoprionodon terraenovae sharks. All 6 species were collected during all hours of the diel cycle; however, application of circular statistics revealed that spinner, bull, blacktip and sandbar sharks increased their feeding activity during nocturnal hours. Atlantic sharpnose and blacknose sharks exhibited no significant directedness in time-of-capture, indicating that these 2 species lack distinct feeding patterns. The species-specific differences in feeding chronologies of the sharks examined demonstrate that broad generalizations concerning the feeding behavior of sharks are not appropriate. C1 [Driggers, William B., III; Campbell, Matthew D.; Hoffmayer, Eric R.; Ingram, G. Walter, Jr.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Driggers, WB (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. EM william.driggers@noaa.gov OI Campbell, Matthew/0000-0002-0087-5291 NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 465 BP 185 EP 192 DI 10.3354/meps09901 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 014HR UT WOS:000309366300015 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N Barthelmy, SD Cannizzo, JK AF Gehrels, Neil Barthelmy, Scott D. Cannizzo, John K. BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI Time-Domain Astronomy with SWIFT, FERMI and LOBSTER SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll ID MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE; GAMMA-RAY FLARES; CRAB-NEBULA; TELESCOPE; STAR; MISSION AB The dynamic transient gamma-ray sky is revealing many interesting results, largely due to findings by FERMI and SWIFT. The list includes new twists on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), a GeV flare from a symbiotic star, GeV flares from the Crab Nebula, high-energy emission from novae and supernovae, and, within the last year; a new type of object discovered by SWIFT-a jetted tidal disruption event. In this review we present highlights of these exciting discoveries. A new mission concept called LOBSTER is also described; it would monitor the X-ray sky at order-of-magnitude higher sensitivity than current missions can. C1 [Gehrels, Neil; Barthelmy, Scott D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM neil.gehrels@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1017/S174392131200018X PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400009 ER PT S AU Lazio, J Keating, K Jenet, FA Kassim, NE AF Lazio, Joseph Keating, Katie Jenet, F. A. Kassim, N. E. BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI Search for Electromagnetic Counterparts to LIGO-Virgo Candidates: Expanded Very Large Array Observations SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll DE Gravitational waves; methods: observational; radio continuum: general AB This paper summarizes a search for radio-wavelength counterparts to candidate gravitational-wave events. The identification of an electromagnetic counterpart could provide a more complete understanding of a gravitational-wave event, including such characteristics as the location and the nature of the progenitor. We used the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) to search six galaxies which were identified as potential hosts for two candidate gravitational-wave events. We summarize our procedures and discuss preliminary results. C1 [Lazio, Joseph] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lazio, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Joseph.Lazio@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 67 EP 70 DI 10.1017/S1743921312000245 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400014 ER PT S AU White, NE AF White, Nicholas E. BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI Next-Generation X-Ray Astronomy SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll DE Telescopes; X-rays: general; Instrumentation: detectors AB This review of future timing capabilities in X-ray astronomy includes missions in implementation (ASTRO-H, GEMS, SRC and ASTROSAT), those under study (currently NICER, ATHENA and LOFT), and new technologies that may be the seeds for future missions, such as lobster-eye optics. Those missions and technologies will offer exciting new capabilities that will take X-ray Astronomy into a new generation of achievements. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP White, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nicholas.e.white@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 159 EP 164 DI 10.1017/S174392131200052X PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400045 ER PT S AU Centrella, J Nissanke, S Williams, R AF Centrella, Joan Nissanke, Samaya Williams, Roy BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI Gravitational Waves and Time-Domain Astronomy SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll DE gravitational waves; compact binaries; time domain astronomy; multi-messenger astronomy ID BLACK-HOLE; RADIATION; BINARIES AB The gravitational-wave window onto the universe will open in roughly five years, when Advanced LICO and Virgo achieve the first detections of high-frequency gravitational waves, most likely coming from compact binary mergers. Electromagnetic follow-up of these triggers, using radio, optical, and high energy telescopes, promises exciting opportunities in multi-messenger time-domain astronomy. In the decade, space-based observations of low-frequency gravitational waves from massive black hole mergers, and their electromagnetic counterparts, will open up further vistas for discovery. This two-part workshop featured brief presentations and stimulating discussions on the challenges and opportunities presented by gravitational-wave astronomy. Highlights from the workshop, with the emphasis on strategies for electromagnetic follow-up, are presented in this report. C1 [Centrella, Joan] NASA, Goddard Spaceflight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Centrella, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Spaceflight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Joan.Centrella@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 191 EP 198 DI 10.1017/S1743921312000592 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400051 ER PT S AU Barclay, T AF Barclay, Thomas BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI The KEPLER Guest Observer Programme SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll DE stars: variables: general; techniques: photometric; methods: data analysis ID HIERARCHICAL TRIPLE; RED GIANT; MISSION; STARS; PERFORMANCE AB The KEPLER Guest Observer Office is dedicated to the service of the broad science community; with a charter to promote the exploitation of KEPLER data and broaden the scientific impact of the KEPLER mission. There are four routes by which to gain access to KEPLER data: the Guest Observer programme annual call for proposals, the quarterly call for Director's Discretionary Targets, the KEPLER Asteroseismic Science Consortium, and by accessing the KEPLER public data archive. The Guest Observer Office supports all users of KEPLER data no matter which route they took to access data, and to that end have developed software tools which can be used by the community in their data analyses. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. RP Barclay, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 244-30, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. EM thomas.barclay@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 283 EP 285 DI 10.1017/S1743921312000798 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400070 ER PT S AU Jones, DL Wagstaff, K Thompson, D D'Addario, L Navarro, R Mattmann, C Majid, W Rebbapragada, U Lazio, J Preston, R AF Jones, Dayton L. Wagstaff, Kiri Thompson, David D'Addario, Larry Navarro, Robert Mattmann, Chris Majid, Walid Rebbapragada, Umaa Lazio, Joseph Preston, Robert BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI Fast Transient Detection as a Prototypical "Big Data" Problem SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll DE methods: data analysis; astronomical data bases: miscellaneous ID FAST RADIO TRANSIENTS AB The detection of fast (< 1 second) transient signals requires a challenging balance between the need to examine vast quantities of high time-resolution data and the impracticality of storing all the data for later analysis. This is the epitome of a "big data" issue far more data will be produced by next generation-astronomy facilities than can be analyzed, distributed, or archived using traditional methods. JPL is developing technologies to deal with "big data" problems from initial data generation through real-time data triage algorithms to large-scale data archiving and mining. Although most current work is focused on the needs of large radio arrays, the technologies involved are widely applicable in other areas. C1 [Jones, Dayton L.; Wagstaff, Kiri; Thompson, David; D'Addario, Larry; Navarro, Robert; Mattmann, Chris; Majid, Walid; Rebbapragada, Umaa; Lazio, Joseph; Preston, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dayton.jones@jpl.nasa.gov OI Wagstaff, Kiri/0000-0003-4401-5506 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 340 EP 341 DI 10.1017/S1743921312000993 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400090 ER PT S AU Rebbapragada, U Lo, K Wagstaff, KL Reed, C Murphy, T Thompson, DR AF Rebbapragada, Umaa Lo, Kitty Wagstaff, Kiri L. Reed, Colorado Murphy, Tara Thompson, David R. BE Griffin, RE Hanisch, RJ Seaman, RL TI Classification of ASKAP VAST Radio Light Curves SO NEW HORIZONS IN TIME-DOMAIN ASTRONOMY SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 285th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 19-23, 2011 CL St Catherine Coll, Oxford, ENGLAND SP Int Astronom Union, Oxford Astrophys HO St Catherine Coll DE ASKAP; VAST; radio astronomy; classification; data analysis ID TIME-SERIES AB The VAST survey is a wide-field survey that observes with unprecedented instrument sensitivity (0.5 mJy or lower) and repeat cadence (a goal of 5 seconds) that will enable novel scientific discoveries related to known and unknown classes of radio transients and variables. Given the unprecedented observing characteristics of VAST, it is important to estimate source classification performance, and determine best practices prior to the launch of ASKAP's BETA in 2012. The goal of this study is to identify light-curve characterization and classification algorithms that are best suited for archival VAST light-curve classification. We perform our experiments on light-curve simulations of eight source types and achieve best-case performance of approximately 90% accuracy. We note that classification performance is most influenced by light-curve characterization rather than classifier algorithm. C1 [Rebbapragada, Umaa; Wagstaff, Kiri L.; Thompson, David R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rebbapragada, U (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Umaa.D.Rebbapragada@jpl.nasa.gov OI Murphy, Tara/0000-0002-2686-438X; Wagstaff, Kiri/0000-0003-4401-5506 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 978-1-107-01985-0 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2012 VL 285 BP 397 EP 399 DI 10.1017/S1743921312001196 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBZ99 UT WOS:000309323400110 ER PT S AU Komuravelli, A Pasareanu, CS Clarke, EM AF Komuravelli, Anvesh Pasareanu, Corina S. Clarke, Edmund M. GP IEEE TI Learning Probabilistic Systems from Tree Samples SO 2012 27TH ANNUAL ACM/IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON LOGIC IN COMPUTER SCIENCE (LICS) SE IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS) CY JUN 25-28, 2012 CL Univ Dubrovnik, Elect Engn & Comp Dept, Dubrovnik, CROATIA SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, ACM, IEEE Tech Comm Math Fdn Comp, ACM Special Interest Grp Algorithms & Computat Theory (SIGACT), Assoc Symbol Log, European Assoc Theoret Comp Sci HO Univ Dubrovnik, Elect Engn & Comp Dept DE probability; transition; system; simulation; conformance; active learning; tree; partition; assume-guarantee ID COMPOSITIONAL VERIFICATION; AUTOMATA; INFERENCE; QUERIES AB We consider the problem of learning a non-deterministic probabilistic system consistent with a given finite set of positive and negative tree samples. Consistency is defined with respect to strong simulation conformance. We propose learning algorithms that use traditional and a new stochastic state-space partitioning, the latter resulting in the minimum number of states. We then use them to solve the problem of active learning, that uses a knowledgeable teacher to generate samples as counterexamples to simulation equivalence queries. We show that the problem is undecidable in general, but that it becomes decidable under a suitable condition on the teacher which comes naturally from the way samples are generated from failed simulation checks. The latter problem is shown to be undecidable if we impose an additional condition on the learner to always conjecture a minimum state hypothesis. We therefore propose a semi-algorithm using stochastic partitions. Finally, we apply the proposed (semi-) algorithms to infer intermediate assumptions in an automated assume-guarantee verification framework for probabilistic systems. C1 [Komuravelli, Anvesh; Clarke, Edmund M.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Pasareanu, Corina S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Komuravelli, A (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. FU DARPA META II; GSRC; NSF; SRC; GM [CNS0926181/CNS0931985, 2005TJ1366, GMCMUCRLNV301, N000141010188]; ONR Princeton University [FA8650-10C-7079, 1041377]; CMU Portugal Program FX We thank Christel Baier, Rohit Chadha, Sagar Chaki, Lu Feng, Holger Hermanns, Marta Kwiatkowska, Joel Ouaknine, David Parker, Nishant Sinha, Frits Vaandrager, Mahesh Viswanathan, James Worrell and Lijun Zhang for answering our questions related to this research and the reviewers for their suggestions. This research was sponsored by DARPA META II, GSRC, NSF, SRC, GM, ONR under contracts FA8650-10C-7079, 1041377 (Princeton University), CNS0926181/CNS0931985, 2005TJ1366, GMCMUCRLNV301, N000141010188, respectively, and the CMU Portugal Program. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1043-6871 BN 978-0-7695-4769-5 J9 IEEE S LOG PY 2012 BP 441 EP 450 DI 10.1109/LICS.2012.54 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Logic SC Computer Science; Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BBZ03 UT WOS:000309059900050 ER PT S AU Numata, K Camp, J AF Numata, K. Camp, J. BE Hannam, M Sutton, P Hild, S VanDenBroeck, C TI Precision laser development for interferometric space missions NGO, SGO, and GRACE Follow-On SO 9TH EDOARDO AMALDI CONFERENCE ON GRAVITATIONAL WAVES (AMALDI 9) AND THE 2011 NUMERICAL RELATIVITY - DATA ANALYSIS MEETING (NRDA 2011) SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves (Amaldi)/Meeting on Numerical Relativity - Data Analysis (NRDA) CY JUL 10-15, 2011 CL Cardiff, WALES SP IUPAP AB Optical fiber and semiconductor laser technologies have evolved dramatically over the last decade due to the increased demands from optical communications. We are developing a laser (master oscillator) and optical amplifier based on those technologies for interferometric space missions, including the gravitational-wave missions NGO/SGO (formerly LISA) and the climate monitoring mission GRACE Follow-On, by fully utilizing the matured wave-guided optics technologies. In space, where simpler and more reliable system is preferred, the wave-guided components are advantageous over bulk, crystal-based, free-space laser, such as NPRO (Non-planar Ring Oscillator) and bulk-crystal amplifier. C1 [Numata, K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron CRESST, College Pk, MD 20741 USA. [Numata, K.; Camp, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Numata, K (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron CRESST, College Pk, MD 20741 USA. EM kenji.numata@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2012 VL 363 AR 012054 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/363/1/012054 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBO84 UT WOS:000307754800054 ER PT J AU Shindell, DT AF Shindell, D. T. TI Evaluation of the absolute regional temperature potential SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BLACK CARBON; CLIMATE; EMISSIONS; SIMULATIONS; METRICS AB The Absolute Regional Temperature Potential (ARTP) is one of the few climate metrics that provides estimates of impacts at a sub-global scale. The ARTP presented here gives the time-dependent temperature response in four latitude bands (90-28 degrees S, 28 degrees S-28 degrees N, 28-60 degrees N and 60-90 degrees N) as a function of emissions based on the forcing in those bands caused by the emissions. It is based on a large set of simulations performed with a single atmosphere-ocean climate model to derive regional forcing/response relationships. Here I evaluate the robustness of those relationships using the forcing/response portion of the ARTP to estimate regional temperature responses to the historic aerosol forcing in three independent climate models. These ARTP results are in good accord with the actual responses in those models. Nearly all ARTP estimates fall within +/- 20% of the actual responses, though there are some exceptions for 90-28 degrees S and the Arctic, and in the latter the ARTP may vary with forcing agent. However, for the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in particular, the +/- 20% range appears to be roughly consistent with the 95% confidence interval. Land areas within these two bands respond 39-45% and 9-39% more than the latitude band as a whole. The ARTP, presented here in a slightly revised form, thus appears to provide a relatively robust estimate for the responses of large-scale latitude bands and land areas within those bands to inhomogeneous radiative forcing and thus potentially to emissions as well. Hence this metric could allow rapid evaluation of the effects of emissions policies at a finer scale than global metrics without requiring use of a full climate model. C1 [Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Shindell, D. T.] Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. RP Shindell, DT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM drew.t.shindell@nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012 FU NASA's Modeling and Analysis Program FX I thank Greg Faluvegi for assistance with calculations, William Collins at the UK Met Office for pointing out the correction needed to the ARTP definition given previously, the other three modeling groups for providing data for the earlier paper, and NASA's Modeling and Analysis Program for funding. I also thank the two anonymous reviewers as well as William Collins and Glen Peters for their helpful comments. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 17 BP 7955 EP 7960 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7955-2012 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005MF UT WOS:000308753800006 ER PT J AU Dou, T Xiao, C Shindell, DT Liu, J Eleftheriadis, K Ming, J Qin, D AF Dou, T. Xiao, C. Shindell, D. T. Liu, J. Eleftheriadis, K. Ming, J. Qin, D. TI The distribution of snow black carbon observed in the Arctic and compared to the GISS-PUCCINI model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-ICE; GODDARD-INSTITUTE; CLIMATE; EMISSIONS; AEROSOL; SOOT; SIMULATIONS; POLLUTANTS; TRANSPORT AB In this study, we evaluate the ability of the latest NASA GISS composition-climate model, GISS-E2-PUCCINI, to simulate the spatial distribution of snow BC (sBC) in the Arctic relative to present-day observations. Radiative forcing due to BC deposition onto Arctic snow and sea ice is also estimated. Two sets of model simulations are analyzed, where meteorology is linearly relaxed towards National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and towards NASA Modern Era Reanalysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalyses. Results indicate that the modeled concentrations of sBC are comparable with present-day observations in and around the Arctic Ocean, except for apparent underestimation at a few sites in the Russian Arctic. That said, the model has some biases in its simulated spatial distribution of BC deposition to the Arctic. The simulations from the two model runs are roughly equal, indicating that discrepancies between model and observations come from other sources. Underestimation of biomass burning emissions in Northern Eurasia may be the main cause of the low biases in the Russian Arctic. Comparisons of modeled aerosol BC (aBC) with long-term surface observations at Barrow, Alert, Zeppelin and Nord stations show significant underestimation in winter and spring concentrations in the Arctic (most significant in Alaska), although the simulated seasonality of aBC has been greatly improved relative to earlier model versions. This is consistent with simulated biases in vertical profiles of aBC, with underestimation in the lower and middle troposphere but overestimation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, suggesting that the wet removal processes in the current model may be too weak or that vertical transport is too rapid, although the simulated BC lifetime seems reasonable. The combination of observations and modeling provides a comprehensive distribution of sBC over the Arctic. On the basis of this distribution, we estimate the decrease in snow and sea ice albedo and the resulting radiative forcing. We suggest that the albedo reduction due to BC deposition presents significant space-time variations, with highest mean reductions of 1.25% in the Russian Arctic, which are much larger than those in other Arctic regions (0.39% to 0.64 %). The averaged value over the Arctic north of 66 degrees N is 0.4-0.6% during spring, leading to regional surface radiative forcings of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.0 W m(-2) in spring 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. C1 [Dou, T.; Xiao, C.; Ming, J.; Qin, D.] Chinese Acad Sci, Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, State Key Lab Cryospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. [Dou, T.] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Resources & Environm, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. [Dou, T.; Xiao, C.] Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Inst Climate Syst, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Shindell, D. T.] Columbia Univ, Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Liu, J.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, State Key Lab Numer Modeling Atmospher Sci & Geop, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Eleftheriadis, K.] Natl Ctr Sci Res Demokritos, IN Ra STES, Environm Radioact Lab, Athens 15310, Greece. [Ming, J.] China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. RP Xiao, C (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, State Key Lab Cryospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. EM cdxiao@cams.cma.gov.cn RI Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos/G-2814-2011; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Ming, Jing/C-2975-2008 OI Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos/0000-0003-2265-4905; Ming, Jing/0000-0001-5527-3768 FU Opening Founding of State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences [SKLCS 09-07]; National Basic Research Program of China [2011CB403401, 2010CB955608]; NSFC [41121001]; key project of CAMS [2010Z002] FX We especially thank S. J. Doherty who supplied most of the sBC observations and gave valuable comments on this study. We would like to thank the anonymous referee for their valuable comments greatly improving the paper. We also would like to thank Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration for providing the opportunities of participating in the Arctic expeditions and the kindly help of all staff in the 3rd Chinese Arctic expedition and the 1st Korean Arctic expedition. We also acknowledge Sharma Sangeeta and Anne Jefferson for sharing long-term BC observations at Alert and Barrow station, and Joshua Schwarz for his positive help in the comparison of vertical profiles of BC from GISS model with aircraft measurement data obtained during HIPPO1 campaign. Discussion with Q. Wang has been very valuable for the estimation of albedo reduction. The concentrations of sBC reported in this study are measured in Center for Atmosphere Watch and Service, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. This work was funded by the Opening Founding of State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences (SKLCS 09-07), National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB403401, 2010CB955608), NSFC(41121001), and key project of CAMS (2010Z002). NR 51 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 17 BP 7995 EP 8007 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7995-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005MF UT WOS:000308753800009 ER PT J AU Hsu, NC Gautam, R Sayer, AM Bettenhausen, C Li, C Jeong, MJ Tsay, SC Holben, BN AF Hsu, N. C. Gautam, R. Sayer, A. M. Bettenhausen, C. Li, C. Jeong, M. J. Tsay, S. -C. Holben, B. N. TI Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from 1997 to 2010 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; LONG-TERM TREND; DUST TRANSPORT; AERONET; THICKNESS; MODIS; PRECIPITATION; ASSIMILATION; VARIABILITY; RETRIEVALS AB Both sensor calibration and satellite retrieval algorithm play an important role in the ability to determine accurately long-term trends from satellite data. Owing to the unprecedented accuracy and long-term stability of its radiometric calibration, SeaWiFS measurements exhibit minimal uncertainty with respect to sensor calibration. In this study, we take advantage of this well-calibrated set of measurements by applying a newly-developed aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval algorithm over land and ocean to investigate the distribution of AOD, and to identify emerging patterns and trends in global and regional aerosol loading during its 13-yr mission. Our correlation analysis between climatic indices (such as ENSO) and AOD suggests strong relationships for Saharan dust export as well as biomass-burning activity in the tropics, associated with large-scale feedbacks. The results also indicate that the averaged AOD trend over global ocean is weakly positive from 1998 to 2010 and comparable to that observed by MODIS but opposite in sign to that observed by AVHRR during overlapping years. On regional scales, distinct tendencies are found for different regions associated with natural and anthropogenic aerosol emission and transport. For example, large upward trends are found over the Arabian Peninsula that indicate a strengthening of the seasonal cycle of dust emission and transport processes over the whole region as well as over downwind oceanic regions. In contrast, a negative-neutral tendency is observed over the desert/arid Saharan region as well as in the associated dust outflow over the north Atlantic. Additionally, we found de-creasing trends over the eastern US and Europe, and increasing trends over countries such as China and India that are experiencing rapid economic development. In general, these results are consistent with those derived from ground-based AERONET measurements. C1 [Hsu, N. C.; Gautam, R.; Sayer, A. M.; Bettenhausen, C.; Li, C.; Tsay, S. -C.; Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gautam, R.; Sayer, A. M.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Bettenhausen, C.] Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Li, C.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jeong, M. J.] Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ, Gangneung City, Gangwon Provinc, South Korea. RP Hsu, NC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM christina.hsu@nasa.gov RI Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Gautam, Ritesh/E-9776-2010; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Li, Can/F-6867-2011; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014 OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Gautam, Ritesh/0000-0002-2177-9346; FU NASA MEaSUREs program FX This work was supported by the NASA MEaSUREs program, managed by Martha Maiden. The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts made by the SeaWiFS Ocean Biology Processing Group for producing the SeaWiFS level 1 data, the SeaDAS software, and NCEP meteorological fields for SeaWiFS retrievals. We would also like to express our gratitude to several AERONET PIs in establishing and maintaining the long-term stations used in this investigation. We thank Jianglong Zhang for providing DA-MODIS product and his helpful guidance on improving the robustness of the statistical methodology. Appreciations also extend to Jingfeng Huang for useful discussions related to Saharan dust activity and ENSO. Elizabeth Weatherhead is thanked for a very useful discussion concerning trend detection, significance, and autocorrelation. We are also grateful for the three anonymous reviewers for useful comments that helped improve an earlier version of the manuscript. NR 40 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 55 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 17 BP 8037 EP 8053 DI 10.5194/acp-12-8037-2012 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005MF UT WOS:000308753800012 ER PT J AU Thomason, LW AF Thomason, L. W. TI Toward a combined SAGE II-HALOE aerosol climatology: an evaluation of HALOE version 19 stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; VALIDATION; MODEL; RETRIEVAL; SPECTRA; CLOUD AB Herein, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) aerosol extinction coefficient data is evaluated in the low aerosol loading period after 1996 as the first necessary step in a process that will eventually allow the production of a combined HALOE/SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) aerosol climatology of derived aerosol products including surface area density. Based on these analyses, it is demonstrated that HALOE's 3.46 mu m is of good quality above 19 km and suitable for scientific applications above that altitude. However, it is increasingly suspect at lower altitudes and should not be used below 17 km under any circumstances after 1996. The 3.40 mu m is biased by about 10% throughout the lower stratosphere due to the failure to clear NO2 but otherwise appears to be a high quality product down to 15 km. The 2.45 and 5.26 mu m aerosol extinction coefficient measurements are clearly biased and should not be used for scientific applications after the most intense parts of the Pinatubo period. Many of the issues in the aerosol data appear to be related to either the failure to clear some interfering gas species or doing so poorly. For instance, it is clear that the 3.40 mu m aerosol extinction coefficient measurements can be improved through the inclusion of an NO2 correction and could, in fact, end up as the highest quality overall HALOE aerosol extinction coefficient measurement. It also appears that the 2.45 and 5.26 mu m channels may be improved by updating the Upper Atmosphere Pilot Database which is used as a resource for the removal of gas species otherwise not available from direct HALOE measurements. Finally, a simple model to demonstrate the promise of mixed visible/infrared aerosol extinction coefficient ensembles for the retrieval of bulk aerosol properties demonstrates that a combined HALOE/SAGE II aerosol climatology is feasible and may represent a substantial improvement over independently derived data sets. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Thomason, LW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 475, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM l.w.thomason@nasa.gov OI Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 17 BP 8177 EP 8188 DI 10.5194/acp-12-8177-2012 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005MF UT WOS:000308753800019 ER PT J AU Cady-Pereira, KE Shephard, MW Millet, DB Luo, M Wells, KC Xiao, Y Payne, VH Worden, J AF Cady-Pereira, K. E. Shephard, M. W. Millet, D. B. Luo, M. Wells, K. C. Xiao, Y. Payne, V. H. Worden, J. TI Methanol from TES global observations: retrieval algorithm and seasonal and spatial variability SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; ATMOSPHERIC METHANOL; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; SPACE; CONSTRAINTS; CHEMISTRY; DATABASE; MODEL AB We present a detailed description of the TES methanol (CH3OH) retrieval algorithm, along with initial global results showing the seasonal and spatial distribution of methanol in the lower troposphere. The full development of the TES methanol retrieval is described, including microwindow selection, error analysis, and the utilization of a priori and initial guess information provided by the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. Retrieval simulations and a sensitivity analysis using the developed retrieval strategy show that TES: (i) generally provides less than 1.0 piece of information, (ii) is sensitive in the lower troposphere with peak sensitivity typically occurring between similar to 900-700 hPa (similar to 1-3 km) at a vertical resolution of similar to 5 km, (iii) has a limit of detectability between 0.5 and 1.0 ppbv Representative Volume Mixing Ratio (RVMR) depending on the atmospheric conditions, corresponding roughly to a profile with a maximum concentration of at least 1 to 2 ppbv, and (iv) in a simulation environment has a mean bias of 0.16 ppbv with a standard deviation of 0.34 ppbv. Applying the newly derived TES retrieval globally and comparing the results with corresponding GEOS-Chem output, we find generally consistent large-scale patterns between the two. However, TES often reveals higher methanol concentrations than simulated in the Northern Hemisphere spring, summer and fall. In the Southern Hemisphere, the TES methanol observations indicate a model overestimate over the bulk of South America from December through July, and a model underestimate during the biomass burning season. C1 [Cady-Pereira, K. E.; Xiao, Y.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. [Shephard, M. W.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Millet, D. B.; Wells, K. C.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Minneapolis, MN USA. [Luo, M.; Payne, V. H.; Worden, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Cady-Pereira, KE (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. EM cadyp@aer.com RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012 FU University of Minnesota; NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program [NNX10AG65G]; University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute FX We thank Tom Connor, Alan Lipton, Jean-Luc Moncet, and Gennady Uymin of AER for building an OSS version for TES. Research at JPL was supported under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Research at AER was supported under contract to NASA and the University of Minnesota. Work at UMN was supported by NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (Grant #NNX10AG65G) and by the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 17 BP 8189 EP 8203 DI 10.5194/acp-12-8189-2012 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005MF UT WOS:000308753800020 ER PT J AU Chen, YC Christensen, MW Xue, L Sorooshian, A Stephens, GL Rasmussen, RM Seinfeld, JH AF Chen, Y. -C. Christensen, M. W. Xue, L. Sorooshian, A. Stephens, G. L. Rasmussen, R. M. Seinfeld, J. H. TI Occurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; PRECIPITATION INTERACTIONS; NUMBER CONCENTRATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; BOUNDARY-LAYERS; AEROSOL; PARAMETERIZATION; ENHANCEMENT; RADIATION; MICROPHYSICS AB The concept of geoengineering by marine cloud brightening is based on seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with sub-micrometer sea-salt particles to enhance the cloud droplet number concentration and cloud albedo, thereby producing a climate cooling effect. The efficacy of this as a strategy for global cooling rests on the extent to which aerosol-perturbed marine clouds will respond with increased albedo. Ship tracks, quasi-linear cloud features prevalent in oceanic regions impacted by ship exhaust, are a well-known manifestation of the effect of aerosol injection on marine clouds. We present here an analysis of the albedo responses in ship tracks, based on in situ aircraft measurements and three years of satellite observations of 589 individual ship tracks. It is found that the sign (increase or decrease) and magnitude of the albedo response in ship tracks depends on the mesoscale cloud structure, the free tropospheric humidity, and cloud top height. In a closed cell structure (cloud cells ringed by a perimeter of clear air), nearly 30% of ship tracks exhibited a decreased albedo. Detailed cloud responses must be accounted for in global studies of the potential efficacy of sea-spray geoengineering as a means to counteract global warming. C1 [Chen, Y. -C.; Seinfeld, J. H.] CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Christensen, M. W.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Xue, L.; Rasmussen, R. M.] NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. [Sorooshian, A.] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Stephens, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Seinfeld, J. H.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Seinfeld, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seinfeld@caltech.edu RI Christensen, Matthew/C-5733-2013; OI Sorooshian, Armin/0000-0002-2243-2264; Xue, Lulin/0000-0002-5501-9134 FU Office of Naval Research [N00014-10-1-0200, N00014-10-1-0811]; National Science Foundation [AGS-1008848]; Advanced Study Porgram at NCAR FX This work was supported by Office of Naval Research grants N00014-10-1-0200 and N00014-10-1-0811, and National Science Foundation grant AGS-1008848. Y.-C. C. thanks D. Axisa, H. Jonsson, Z. Wang and H. Duong for help on aircraft data analysis. Y.-C. C. and L. X. also thank the support from the Advanced Study Porgram at NCAR. NR 65 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 17 BP 8223 EP 8235 DI 10.5194/acp-12-8223-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005MF UT WOS:000308753800022 ER PT S AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BE Freeman, M TI Origins and Development of NASA's Exobiology Program, 1958-1976 SO HISTORY OF ROCKETRY AND ASTRONAUTICS SE AAS History Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 40th History Symposium of the International-Academy-of-Astronautics CY 2006 CL Valencia, SPAIN SP Int Acad Astronaut ID LIFE AB Following the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) founding in 1958, the American space agency was quick to embrace exobiology as an important goal. In July 1959 NASA's first Administrator, T. Keith Glennan, appointed a Bioscience Advisory Committee, which reported in January 1960 that NASA should not only be involved in space medicine, but also should undertake the search for extraterrestrial life. In the spring of 1960 NASA set up an Office of Life Sciences. By August it had authorized the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to study the type of spacecraft needed to land on Mars and search for life. In order to study chemical evolution, the conditions under which life might survive, and a variety of related issues, NASA's first life sciences lab was set up at its Ames Research Center in California in 1960. In 1962 the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences set the search for extraterrestrial life as "the prime goal of space biology." The search for life beyond Earth in many ways became a driver of the American space program, and these early events were the essential underpinnings that led to the landings of two Viking spacecraft on Mars in 1976. Despite the failure to find life unambiguously, research in exobiology continued and was transformed two decades later as astrobiology. C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SAN DIEGO PA PUBLICATIONS OFFICE PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0730-3564 BN 978-0-87703-580-0 J9 AAS HIST SER PY 2012 VL 37 BP 191 EP 199 PG 9 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BBY52 UT WOS:000308771500010 ER PT S AU Springer, AM Springer, ED AF Springer, Anthony M. Springer, Emily D. BE Freeman, M TI The Fabric of Flight: From Early Balloons to Modern Aircraft and Spacecraft SO HISTORY OF ROCKETRY AND ASTRONAUTICS SE AAS History Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 40th History Symposium of the International-Academy-of-Astronautics CY 2006 CL Valencia, SPAIN SP Int Acad Astronaut AB Fabric has played a pivotal role in the advancement of aerospace vehicles. From a basic structural element in early balloons, dirigibles, gliders, and airplanes, to a supporting role for many years in aircraft and spacecraft, fabric once again is playing a key role in the advancement of aircraft and spacecraft structures. This paper discusses the evolving role of fabric in the design of aerospace structures, from its origin in the early balloon flights to its uses today in modern aircraft and spacecraft. In addition, while fabric plays a role in the structure of aerospace vehicles, it also plays a role in pilot protective clothing and vehicle safety systems. This paper will survey the historic and current uses of fabric, the uses of fabric in aerospace systems, and the future role of fabric in flight systems. C1 [Springer, Anthony M.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SAN DIEGO PA PUBLICATIONS OFFICE PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0730-3564 BN 978-0-87703-580-0 J9 AAS HIST SER PY 2012 VL 37 BP 357 EP 372 PG 16 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BBY52 UT WOS:000308771500019 ER PT J AU Townshend, JR Masek, JG Huang, CQ Vermote, EF Gao, F Channan, S Sexton, JO Feng, M Narasimhan, R Kim, D Song, K Song, DX Song, XP Noojipady, P Tan, B Hansen, MC Li, MX Wolfe, RE AF Townshend, John R. Masek, Jeffrey G. Huang, Chengquan Vermote, Eric. F. Gao, Feng Channan, Saurabh Sexton, Joseph O. Feng, Min Narasimhan, Raghuram Kim, Dohyung Song, Kuan Song, Danxia Song, Xiao-Peng Noojipady, Praveen Tan, Bin Hansen, Matthew C. Li, Mengxue Wolfe, Robert E. TI Global characterization and monitoring of forest cover using Landsat data: opportunities and challenges SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIGITAL EARTH LA English DT Article DE Landsat; land cover; forest cover change; global mapping; global monitoring ID DIGITAL CHANGE DETECTION; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SURFACE REFLECTANCE; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; SATELLITE DATA; MODIS DATA; RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION AB The compilation of global Landsat data-sets and the ever-lowering costs of computing now make it feasible to monitor the Earth's land cover at Landsat resolutions of 30 m. In this article, we describe the methods to create global products of forest cover and cover change at Landsat resolutions. Nevertheless, there are many challenges in ensuring the creation of high-quality products. And we propose various ways in which the challenges can be overcome. Among the challenges are the need for atmospheric correction, incorrect calibration coefficients in some of the data-sets, the different phenologies between compilations, the need for terrain correction, the lack of consistent reference data for training and accuracy assessment, and the need for highly automated characterization and change detection. We propose and evaluate the creation and use of surface reflectance products, improved selection of scenes to reduce phenological differences, terrain illumination correction, automated training selection, and the use of information extraction procedures robust to errors in training data along with several other issues. At several stages we use Moderate Resolution Spectro-radiometer data and products to assist our analysis. A global working prototype product of forest cover and forest cover change is included. C1 [Townshend, John R.; Huang, Chengquan; Channan, Saurabh; Sexton, Joseph O.; Feng, Min; Narasimhan, Raghuram; Kim, Dohyung; Song, Danxia; Song, Xiao-Peng; Noojipady, Praveen] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, Global Land Cover Facil, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Masek, Jeffrey G.; Tan, Bin; Wolfe, Robert E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gao, Feng] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Townshend, JR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, Global Land Cover Facil, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM jtownshe@umd.edu RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012; Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Vermote, Eric/K-3733-2012; Song, Xiao-Peng/F-4894-2014; OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855; Song, Xiao-Peng/0000-0002-5514-0321; Huang, Chengquan/0000-0003-0055-9798 FU NASA: MEASURES [NNX08AP33A]; NASA: LCLUC [NNX08AN72G]; NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program FX The research dealt here was supported by the following awards from NASA: MEASURES: NNX08AP33A and LCLUC: NNX08AN72G. We also gratefully acknowledge the earlier support from the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program which led to the creation of LEDAPS on which much of this work is based. We acknowledge the help of two people in particular from USGS EROS: Gyanesh Chander helped to identify the GLS 1990 images that have most recent USGS calibration coefficients (similar to 50% of the GLS 1990 data-set). Rachel Headley helped us obtain the GLS data-sets. She also helped significantly with our reordering of the GLS 1990 images that had good calibration coefficients. We are also grateful to Yosio Shimabukuro and Egidio Arai of the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) for help in acquiring the MSS images needed to fill the large data gap over northern South America in the GLS 1975 data-set. NR 81 TC 87 Z9 95 U1 5 U2 79 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1753-8947 J9 INT J DIGIT EARTH JI Int. J. Digit. Earth PY 2012 VL 5 IS 5 BP 373 EP 397 DI 10.1080/17538947.2012.713190 PG 25 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing GA 010FC UT WOS:000309079100001 ER PT J AU Cohen, HS Mulavara, AP Peters, BT Sangi-Haghpeykar, H Bloomberg, JJ AF Cohen, Helen S. Mulavara, Ajitkumar P. Peters, Brian T. Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh Bloomberg, Jacob J. TI Tests of walking balance for screening vestibular disorders SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE Balance testing; tandem gait; vestibular screening; neurology testing; clinical examination ID TRUNK SWAY MEASURES; POSTURAL STABILITY; AGE AB Few reliable tests are available for screening people rapidly for vestibular disorders although such tests would be useful for a variety of testing situations. Balance testing is widely performed but of unknown value for screening. The goal of this study was to determine the value of tests of walking balance for screening people with vestibular impairments. We tested three groups of patients with known vestibular impairments: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, unilateral vestibular weakness, and post-acoustic neuroma resection. We compared them to normal subjects. All subjects were independently ambulatory without gait aids. Subjects were tested on tandem walking (TW) with eyes open and eyes closed for 10 steps, walking with no additional head motions and with augmented head rotations in yaw for 7 m (WwHT), and an obstacle avoidance task, the Functional Mobility Test (FMT). Subjects wore a 3-D motion sensor centered at mid-torso to capture kinematic measures. Patients and normals differed significantly on some behavioral measures, such as the number of steps to perform TW, and on some but not all kinematic measures. ROC analyses, however, were at best only moderate, and failed to find strong differences and cut-points that would differentiate the groups. These findings suggest that although patients and normals differ in performance of these tests in some interesting ways the groups are not sufficiently different on these tests for easy use as screening tests to differentiate the populations. C1 [Cohen, Helen S.] Baylor Coll Med, Dept Otolaryngol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Mulavara, Ajitkumar P.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX USA. [Peters, Brian T.] Wyle Integrated Sci & Engn Grp, Houston, TX USA. [Bloomberg, Jacob J.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cohen, HS (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Otolaryngol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM hcohen@bcm.edu FU NIH [R01DC009031]; National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NASA NCC [9-58] FX Supported by NIH grant R01DC009031 (HSC) and grants from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NASA NCC 9-58 (APM and JJB). We thank Christopher Miller, Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, and the staff of the Center for Balance Disorders, Baylor College of Medicine, for invaluable technical assistance. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2012 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 95 EP 104 DI 10.3233/VES-2012-0443 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 012CS UT WOS:000309213600006 PM 23000609 ER PT J AU Peters, BT Mulavara, AP Cohen, HS Sangi-Haghpeykar, H Bloomberg, JJ AF Peters, Brian T. Mulavara, Ajitkumar P. Cohen, Helen S. Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh Bloomberg, Jacob J. TI Dynamic visual acuity testing for screening patients with vestibular impairments SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE Gaze stabilization; vestibulo-ocular reflex; epidemiologic screening; vestibular disorders; vestibular hypofunction ID UNILATERALLY VESTIBULOPATHIC HUMANS; DIZZY PATIENT; HYPOFUNCTION; HEAD; ROTATION; REFLEX AB Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) may be a useful indicator of the function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) but most DVA tests involve active head motion in the yaw plane. During gait the passive, vertical VOR may be more relevant and passive testing would be less likely to elicit compensatory strategies. The goal of this study was to determine if testing dynamic visual acuity during passive vertical motion of the subject would differentiate normal subjects from patients with known vestibular disorders. Subjects, normals and patients who had been diagnosed with either unilateral vestibular weaknesses or were post-acoustic neuroma resections, sat in a chair that could oscillate vertically with the head either free or constrained with a cervical orthosis. They viewed a computer screen 2 m away that showed Landholt C optotypes in one of 8 spatial configurations and which ranged in size from 0.4 to 1.0 logMAR. They were tested while the chair was stationary and while it was moving. Scores were worse for both groups during the dynamic condition compared to the static condition. In the dynamic condition patients' scores were significantly worse than normals' scores. Younger and older age groups differed slightly but significantly; the sample size was too small to examine age differences by decade. The data suggest that many well-compensated patients have dynamic visual acuity that is as good as age-matched normals. Results of ROC analyses were only moderate, indicating that the differences between patients and normals were not strong enough, under the conditions tested, for this test to be useful for screening people to determine if they have vestibular disorders. Modifications of the test paradigm may make it more useful for screening potential patients. C1 [Cohen, Helen S.] Baylor Coll Med, Dept Otolaryngol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Peters, Brian T.] Wyle Integrated Sci & Engn Grp, Houston, TX USA. [Mulavara, Ajitkumar P.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX USA. [Bloomberg, Jacob J.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cohen, HS (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Otolaryngol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM hcohen@bcm.edu FU NIH [R01DC009031]; National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NASA NCC [9-58] FX Supported by NIH grant R01DC009031 (HSC) and grants from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NASA NCC 9-58 (APM and JJB). We thank Christopher Miller and Joe Sinka, Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, for the design and assembly of the chair, and the staff of the Center for Balance Disorders, Baylor College of Medicine, for invaluable technical assistance in collecting the data. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2012 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.3233/VES-2012-0440 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 012CS UT WOS:000309213600011 PM 23000614 ER PT J AU Mulavara, AP Ruttley, T Cohen, HS Peters, BT Miller, C Brady, R Merkle, L Bloomberg, JJ AF Mulavara, A. P. Ruttley, T. Cohen, H. S. Peters, B. T. Miller, C. Brady, R. Merkle, L. Bloomberg, J. J. TI Vestibular-somatosensory convergence in head movement control during locomotion after long-duration space flight SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE Space flight; vestibular; somatosensory; convergence; head movement control; locomotion ID LOAD RECEPTOR INPUT; GAZE STABILIZATION; TREADMILL WALKING; POSTURAL CONTROL; REDUCED GRAVITY; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; RANDOM ROTATIONS; MOTION SICKNESS; AFFERENT INPUT; EARTHS GRAVITY AB Space flight causes astronauts to be exposed to adaptation in both the vestibular and body load-sensing somatosensory systems. The goal of these studies was to examine the contributions of vestibular and body load-sensing somatosensory influences on vestibular mediated head movement control during locomotion after long-duration space flight. Subjects walked on a motor driven treadmill while performing a gaze stabilization task. Data were collected from three independent subject groups that included bilateral labyrinthine deficient (LD) patients, normal subjects before and after 30 minutes of 40% bodyweight unloaded treadmill walking, and astronauts before and after long-duration space flight. Motion data from the head and trunk segments were used to calculate the amplitude of angular head pitch and trunk vertical translation movement while subjects performed a gaze stabilization task, to estimate the contributions of vestibular reflexive mechanisms in head pitch movements. Exposure to unloaded locomotion caused a significant increase in head pitch movements in normal subjects, whereas the head pitch movements of LD patients were significantly decreased. This is the first evidence of adaptation of vestibular mediated head movement responses to unloaded treadmill walking. Astronaut subjects showed a heterogeneous response of both increases and decreases in the amplitude of head pitch movement. We infer that body load-sensing somatosensory input centrally modulates vestibular input and can adaptively modify vestibularly mediated head-movement control during locomotion. Thus, space flight may cause central adaptation of the converging vestibular and body load-sensing somatosensory systems leading to alterations in head movement control. C1 [Mulavara, A. P.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX USA. [Ruttley, T.; Bloomberg, J. J.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Cohen, H. S.] Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Peters, B. T.; Miller, C.; Brady, R.; Merkle, L.] Wyle Integrated Sci & Engn Grp, Houston, TX USA. RP Mulavara, AP (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, 2101 NASA Pkwy,MC-SK-B272, Houston, TX USA. EM ajitkumar.p.mulavara@nasa.gov RI Ruttley, Tara/D-8696-2016 OI Ruttley, Tara/0000-0001-7184-6749 FU NASA [NCC9-58]; National Space Biomedical Research Institute; National Research Council FX We thank the Department of Physical Therapy at The Methodist Hospital for the use of their clinic and we thank the staff of the Center for Balance Disorders, Baylor College of Medicine, for technical assistance. This study was supported in part by NASA and through NASA Cooperative Agreement NCC9-58 with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute by grants to Jacob J. Bloomberg (PI) and by a National Research Council Post-Doctoral Fellowship (Lauren Merkle). We also wish to thank the subjects for contributing their time participating in this study. NR 84 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 EI 1878-6464 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2012 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 153 EP 166 DI 10.3233/VES-2011-0435 PG 14 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 012CS UT WOS:000309213600012 PM 23000615 ER PT J AU Flannery, BG Crane, PA Eiler, JH Beacham, TD Decovich, NA Templin, WD Schlei, OL Wenburg, JK AF Flannery, Blair G. Crane, Penny A. Eiler, John H. Beacham, Terry D. Decovich, Nick A. Templin, William D. Schlei, Ora L. Wenburg, John K. TI Comparison of Radiotelemetry and Microsatellites for Determining the Origin of Yukon River Chinook Salmon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISH WHEEL CAPTURE; CHUM SALMON; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; ALASKA; PROPORTIONS; FISHERIES; DISTANCE; US AB Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha support important subsistence and commercial fisheries throughout the Yukon River. Low returns and diverse user groups have made management of these fisheries contentious and have necessitated information on the origin of the spawning migration and harvest. Here we compare estimates of individual assignment and stock composition derived from genetic and radiotelemetry data collected from the same Chinook salmon. Radiotelemetry and genetic individual assignments were highly concordant. Agreement between methods for individual assignment was 79% to region and 93% to country when using the most probable genetic criterion, improving to 94% for region and 98% for country when using the >= 95% probability genetic criterion; however, under the more stringent criterion, fewer individuals could be assigned. Further analysis showed that estimates of stock composition based on radiotelemetry and genetic methods were within 6% of each other and were not significantly different. The concordance between estimates of individual assignment and stock composition from the radiotelemetry and genetic methods indicates that both methods are credible tools for fishery assessment of Yukon River Chinook salmon. C1 [Flannery, Blair G.; Crane, Penny A.; Schlei, Ora L.; Wenburg, John K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Eiler, John H.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Beacham, Terry D.] Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Mol Genet Lab, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. [Decovich, Nick A.; Templin, William D.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Gene Conservat Lab, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Flannery, BG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM blair_flannery@fws.gov NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PY 2012 VL 32 IS 4 BP 720 EP 730 DI 10.1080/02755947.2012.686954 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 006CO UT WOS:000308797200004 ER PT J AU Gong, Y Andrews, L Bauschlicher, CW Thanthiriwatte, KS Dixon, DA AF Gong, Yu Andrews, Lester Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr. Thanthiriwatte, K. Sahan Dixon, David A. TI Infrared spectroscopic and theoretical studies of the OTiF2, OZrF2 and OHfF2 molecules with terminal oxo ligands SO DALTON TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article ID GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS; BOND-DISSOCIATION ENERGIES; MATRIX-ISOLATION FTIR; METAL-OXIDE CLUSTERS; TRANSITION-METAL; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; ARGON MATRIX; SOLID ARGON; F-ATOMS AB The isolated group 4 metal oxydifluoride molecules OMF2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) with terminal oxo groups are produced specifically on the spontaneous reactions of metal atoms with OF2 through annealing in solid argon. The product structures and vibrational spectra are characterized using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy as well as B3LYP density functional and CCSD(T) frequency calculations. OTiF2 is predicted to have a planar structure while both OZrF2 and OHfF2 possess pyramidal structures, all with singlet ground states. Three infrared absorptions are observed for each product molecule, one M-O and two M-F stretching modes, and assignments of these molecules are further supported by the corresponding O-18 shifts. The molecular orbitals of the group 4 OMF2 molecules show triple bond character for the terminal oxo groups, which are also supported by an NBO analysis. These molecular orbitals include a sigma bond (O-2p + T-isd hybrid), a normal electron pair pi bond (O-2p + T-id), and a dative pi bond arising from O lone pair donation to the overlapping Ti d orbital. The M-O bond dissociation energies for OMF2 are comparable to those in the diatomic oxide molecules. The OTiF intermediate is also observed through two slightly lower frequency bond stretching modes, and its yield is increased in complementary TiO + F-2 experiments. Finally, the formation of group 4 OMF2 molecules is highly exothermic due to the weak O-F bonds in OF2 as well as the strong new MO and M-F bonds formed. C1 [Gong, Yu; Andrews, Lester] Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Entry Syst & Technol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Thanthiriwatte, K. Sahan; Dixon, David A.] Univ Alabama, Dept Chem, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Andrews, L (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM lsa@virginia.edu FU DOE [DE-SC0001034]; Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under the catalysis center program; University of Alabama; Argonne National Laboratory FX We gratefully acknowledge financial support from DOE Grant DE-SC0001034. This work was also supported by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under the catalysis center program. DAD also thanks the Robert Ramsay Chair Fund of The University of Alabama and Argonne National Laboratory for support. NR 110 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 18 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1477-9226 J9 DALTON T JI Dalton Trans. PY 2012 VL 41 IS 38 BP 11706 EP 11715 DI 10.1039/c2dt31223a PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 004BT UT WOS:000308655800025 PM 22899544 ER PT J AU Seger, RA Actis, P Penfold, C Maalouf, M Vilozny, B Pourmand, N AF Seger, R. Adam Actis, Paolo Penfold, Catherine Maalouf, Michelle Vilozny, Boaz Pourmand, Nader TI Voltage controlled nano-injection system for single-cell surgery SO NANOSCALE LA English DT Article ID NANOPIPETTE; BIOMOLECULES; MICROSCOPY; DEPOSITION; NANOPORES; DELIVERY; RNA AB Manipulation and analysis of single cells is the next frontier in understanding processes that control the function and fate of cells. Herein we describe a single-cell injection platform based on nano-pipettes. The system uses scanning microscopy techniques to detect cell surfaces, and voltage pulses to deliver molecules into individual cells. As a proof of concept, we injected adherent mammalian cells with fluorescent dyes. C1 [Seger, R. Adam; Actis, Paolo; Penfold, Catherine; Maalouf, Michelle; Vilozny, Boaz; Pourmand, Nader] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biomol Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Seger, R. Adam; Actis, Paolo; Vilozny, Boaz] UC Santa Cruz, Adv Studies Labs, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Seger, R. Adam; Actis, Paolo; Vilozny, Boaz] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Pourmand, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biomol Engn, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM pourmand@soe.ucsc.edu RI Maalouf, Michelle/I-7250-2012 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NCC9-165, NNX08BA47A]; National Institutes of Health [P01-35HG000205] FX This work was supported in part by grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Cooperative Agreements NCC9-165 and NNX08BA47A, the National Institutes of Health P01-35HG000205 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 6 U2 36 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2040-3364 EI 2040-3372 J9 NANOSCALE JI Nanoscale PY 2012 VL 4 IS 19 BP 5843 EP 5846 DI 10.1039/c2nr31700a PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 004UF UT WOS:000308705900007 ER PT J AU English, TG Simpson, JR Landman, D Parker, PA AF English, Teresa G. Simpson, James R. Landman, Drew Parker, Peter A. TI An Efficient Split-Plot Approach for Modeling Nonlinear Aerodynamic Effects SO QUALITY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE design of experiments; one-factor-at-a-time; micro air vehicle; response surface methods; split-plot design ID RESPONSE-SURFACE DESIGNS; EQUIVALENT-ESTIMATION AB An everyday challenge faced by experimenters across a variety of scientific disciplines is performing well-designed experiments in the presence of characteristics that pose restrictions on complete randomization of the experimental parameters. To mitigate these restrictions on complete randomization, a split-plot experimental design methodology can be employed. The current level of sophistication in split-plot designs is now sufficient to meet the demands of higher-order models in a manner straightforward enough for practitioners. A novel case of a second-order split-plot application was recently implemented in the field of aerodynamic engineering in wind tunnel testing. Wind tunnel environments often pose restrictions on complete randomization of the test runs when aircraft physical configuration changes are required. In addition, aerodynamic empirical models require second-order effects to fit the curvature often observed in response models. Traditionally, wind tunnel testing is performed using a one-factor-at-a-time approach, which prevents capturing factor interactions and quantifying system uncertainty. This article presents a case in which a micro air vehicle (MAV) was tested in the presence of randomization restrictions with expected second-order effects utilizing an efficient design of experiments (DOE) split-plot approach. C1 [English, Teresa G.] USAF, Munit Directorate, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, Eglin, FL USA. [Landman, Drew] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Norfolk, VA USA. [Parker, Peter A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP English, TG (reprint author), USAF, Munit Directorate, Res Lab, 101 W Eglin Blvd, Eglin AFB, FL 32536 USA. EM teresa.english@eglin.af.mil NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0898-2112 J9 QUAL ENG JI Qual. Eng. PY 2012 VL 24 IS 4 BP 522 EP 530 DI 10.1080/08982112.2012.710164 PG 9 WC Engineering, Industrial; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 010VR UT WOS:000309123100008 ER PT J AU Carboni, E Thomas, GE Sayer, AM Siddans, R Poulsen, CA Grainger, RG Ahn, C Antoine, D Bevan, S Braak, R Brindley, H DeSouza-Machado, S Deuze, JL Diner, D Ducos, F Grey, W Hsu, C Kalashnikova, OV Kahn, R North, PRJ Salustro, C Smith, A Tanre, D Torres, O Veihelmann, B AF Carboni, E. Thomas, G. E. Sayer, A. M. Siddans, R. Poulsen, C. A. Grainger, R. G. Ahn, C. Antoine, D. Bevan, S. Braak, R. Brindley, H. DeSouza-Machado, S. Deuze, J. L. Diner, D. Ducos, F. Grey, W. Hsu, C. Kalashnikova, O. V. Kahn, R. North, P. R. J. Salustro, C. Smith, A. Tanre, D. Torres, O. Veihelmann, B. TI Intercomparison of desert dust optical depth from satellite measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID REMOTE-SENSING OBSERVATIONS; SURFACE BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; AEROSOL PROPERTIES; MINERAL-DUST; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; GLOBAL VALIDATION; OCEAN; LAND AB This work provides a comparison of satellite retrievals of Saharan desert dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) during a strong dust event through March 2006. In this event, a large dust plume was transported over desert, vegetated, and ocean surfaces. The aim is to identify the differences between current datasets. The satellite instruments considered are AATSR, AIRS, MERIS, MISR, MODIS, OMI, POLDER, and SEVIRI. An interesting aspect is that the different algorithms make use of different instrument characteristics to obtain retrievals over bright surfaces. These include multi-angle approaches (MISR, AATSR), polarisation measurements (POLDER), single-view approaches using solar wavelengths (OMI, MODIS), and the thermal infrared spectral region (SEVIRI, AIRS). Differences between instruments, together with the comparison of different retrieval algorithms applied to measurements from the same instrument, provide a unique insight into the performance and characteristics of the various techniques employed. As well as the intercomparison between different satellite products, the AODs have also been compared to co-located AERONET data. Despite the fact that the agreement between satellite and AERONET AODs is reasonably good for all of the datasets, there are significant differences between them when compared to each other, especially over land. These differences are partially due to differences in the algorithms, such as assumptions about aerosol model and surface properties. However, in this comparison of spatially and temporally averaged data, it is important to note that differences in sampling, related to the actual footprint of each instrument on the heterogeneous aerosol field, cloud identification and the quality control flags of each dataset can be an important issue. C1 [Carboni, E.; Thomas, G. E.; Sayer, A. M.; Grainger, R. G.; Smith, A.] Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. [Sayer, A. M.; Siddans, R.; Poulsen, C. A.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Antoine, D.] CNRS, LOV, Villefranche Sur Mer, France. [Antoine, D.] Univ Paris 06, Villefranche Sur Mer, France. [Bevan, S.; Grey, W.; North, P. R. J.] Swansea Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Geog, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. [Braak, R.; Veihelmann, B.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Brindley, H.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. [DeSouza-Machado, S.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Deuze, J. L.; Ducos, F.; Tanre, D.] Univ Lille 1, LOA, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Diner, D.; Kalashnikova, O. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Sayer, A. M.; Hsu, C.; Kahn, R.; Salustro, C.; Torres, O.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Carboni, E (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. EM elisa@atm.ox.ac.uk RI Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Antoine, David/C-3817-2013; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Carboni, Elisa/K-9404-2013; Grainger, Roy/E-8823-2011; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; North, Peter/A-1616-2009; OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Antoine, David/0000-0002-9082-2395; Carboni, Elisa/0000-0002-0236-7856; Grainger, Roy/0000-0003-0709-1315; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; North, Peter/0000-0001-9933-6935; Brindley, Helen/0000-0002-7859-9207 FU National Centre of Earth Observation; Netherlands Space Office (NSO) FX University of Oxford authors acknowledge support from the National Centre of Earth Observation. Ben Veihelmann's contribution to this paper was supported by the Netherlands Space Office (NSO). The OMI instrument was contributed by the Netherlands (NSO/KNMI) and Finland (TEKES/FMI) to the NASA EOS-Aura mission. We thank the PI investigators (Philippe Goloub, Didier Tanre, Bernadette Chatenet, Bernard Mougenot, Benoit Duchemin, Emilio Cuevas, Juan Cuesta) and their staff for establishing and maintaining the Agoufou, Banizoumbou, Capo Verde, Dakar, Djougou, IER Cinzana, Saada, Santa Cruz Tenerife, Tamanrasset AERONET sites used in this investigation. NR 101 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 8 BP 1973 EP 2002 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1973-2012 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999DD UT WOS:000308288400009 ER PT J AU Ren, X Mao, J Brune, WH Cantrell, CA Mauldin, RL Hornbrook, RS Kosciuch, E Olson, JR Crawford, JH Chen, G Singh, HB AF Ren, X. Mao, J. Brune, W. H. Cantrell, C. A. Mauldin, R. L., III Hornbrook, R. S. Kosciuch, E. Olson, J. R. Crawford, J. H. Chen, G. Singh, H. B. TI Airborne intercomparison of HOx measurements using laser-induced fluorescence and chemical ionization mass spectrometry during ARCTAS SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OH MEASUREMENTS; PEROXY RADICAL MEASUREMENTS; SIMULATION CHAMBER SAPHIR; PEM-TROPICS-B; HYDROXYL RADICALS; TECHNICAL NOTE; LOW-PRESSURE; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; MODEL COMPARISONS; DECIDUOUS FOREST AB The hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals, collectively called HOx, play central roles in tropospheric chemistry. Accurate measurements of OH and HO2 are critical to examine our understanding of atmospheric chemistry. Intercomparisons of different techniques for detecting OH and HO2 are vital to evaluate their measurement capabilities. Three instruments that measured OH and/or HO2 radicals were deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft throughout Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) in the spring and summer of 2008. One instrument was the Penn State Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) for OH and HO2 measurements based on Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. A second instrument was the NCAR Selected-Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (SI-CIMS) for OH measurement. A third instrument was the NCAR Peroxy Radical Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (PeRCIMS) for HO2 measurement. Formal intercomparison of LIF and CIMS was conducted for the first time on a same aircraft platform. The three instruments were calibrated by quantitative photolysis of water vapor by ultraviolet (UV) light at 184.9 nm with three different calibration systems. The absolute accuracies were +/- 32% (2 sigma) for the LIF instrument, +/- 65% (2 sigma) for the SI-CIMS instrument, and +/- 50% (2 sigma) for the PeRCIMS instrument. In general, good agreement was obtained between the CIMS and LIF measurements of both OH and HO2 measurements. Linear regression of the entire data set yields [OH](CIMS) = 0.89 x [OH](LIF) + 2.8 x 10(4) cm(-3) with a correlation coefficient r(2) = 0.72 for OH, and [HO2](CIMS) = 0.86 x [HO2](LIF) + 3.9 parts per trillion by volume (pptv, equivalent to pmol mol(-1)) with a correlation coefficient r(2) = 0.72 for HO2. In general, the difference between CIMS and LIF instruments for OH and HO2 measurements can be explained by their combined measurement uncertainties. Comparison with box model results shows some similarities for both the CIMS and LIF measurements. First, the observed-to-modeled HO2 ratio increases greatly for higher NO mixing ratios, indicating that the model may not properly account for HOx sources that correlate with NO. Second, the observed-to-modeled OH ratio increases with increasing isoprene mixing ratios, suggesting either incomplete understanding of isoprene chemistry in the model or interferences in the measurements in environments where biogenic emissions dominate ambient volatile organic compounds. C1 [Ren, X.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Mao, J.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Brune, W. H.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Cantrell, C. A.; Mauldin, R. L., III; Hornbrook, R. S.; Kosciuch, E.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Olson, J. R.; Crawford, J. H.; Chen, G.] NASA, Sci Directorate, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Div Earth Sci, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Ren, X (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM xinrong.ren@noaa.gov RI Mao, Jingqiu/F-2511-2010; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015; OI Mao, Jingqiu/0000-0002-4774-9751; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666; Hornbrook, Rebecca/0000-0002-6304-6554 FU NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program [NNH07ZDA001N-ARCTAS, NNX08AH67G] FX This work was supported by the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program (NNH07ZDA001N-ARCTAS and NNX08AH67G). The authors thank the DC-8 management, crew, and support staff during the ARCTAS preparation and deployment, other ARCTAS research groups for the use of their data in the model, and D. M. Shelow, A. Ortega, and L. Zhang for help in the field and laboratory experiments. The authors also thank the editor and the two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments. NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 6 U2 52 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 8 BP 2025 EP 2037 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2025-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999DD UT WOS:000308288400012 ER PT J AU Frankenberg, C O'Dell, C Guanter, L McDuffie, J AF Frankenberg, C. O'Dell, C. Guanter, L. McDuffie, J. TI Remote sensing of near-infrared chlorophyll fluorescence from space in scattering atmospheres: implications for its retrieval and interferences with atmospheric CO2 retrievals SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GASES OBSERVING SATELLITE; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; SUN-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PART 1; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; INSTRUMENT; GOSAT; SCIAMACHY; ALGORITHM AB With the advent of dedicated greenhouse gas space-borne spectrometers sporting high resolution spectra in the O-2 A-band spectral region (755-774 nm), the retrieval of chlorophyll fluorescence has become feasible on a global scale. If unaccounted for, however, fluorescence can indirectly perturb the greenhouse gas retrievals as it perturbs the oxygen absorption features. As atmospheric CO2 measurements are used to invert net fluxes at the land-atmosphere interface, a bias caused by fluorescence can be crucial as it will spatially correlate with the fluxes to be inverted. Avoiding a bias and retrieving fluorescence accurately will provide additional constraints on both the net and gross fluxes in the global carbon cycle. We show that chlorophyll fluorescence, if neglected, systematically interferes with full-physics multiband X-CO2 retrievals using the O-2 A-band. Systematic biases in X-CO2 can amount to +1 ppm if fluorescence constitutes 1% to the continuum level radiance. We show that this bias can be largely eliminated by simultaneously fitting fluorescence in a full-physics based retrieval. If fluorescence is the primary target, a dedicated but very simple retrieval based purely on Fraunhofer lines is shown to be more accurate and very robust even in the presence of large scattering optical depths. We find that about 80% of the surface fluorescence is retained at the top-of-atmosphere, even for cloud optical thicknesses around 2-5. We further show that small instrument modifications to future O-2 A-band spectrometer spectral ranges can result in largely reduced random errors in chlorophyll fluorescence, paving the way towards a more dedicated instrument exploiting solar absorption features only. C1 [Frankenberg, C.; McDuffie, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [O'Dell, C.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Guanter, L.] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. RP Frankenberg, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM christian.frankenberg@jpl.nasa.gov RI Guanter, Luis/B-2108-2013; Guanter, Luis/I-1588-2015; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Guanter, Luis/0000-0002-8389-5764; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Government Sponsorship acknowledged. We appreciate the intense discussions at AMTD, which helped improve our manuscript. NR 38 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 8 BP 2081 EP 2094 DI 10.5194/amt-5-2081-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999DD UT WOS:000308288400016 ER PT J AU Fiore, AM Naik, V Spracklen, DV Steiner, A Unger, N Prather, M Bergmann, D Cameron-Smith, PJ Cionni, I Collins, WJ Dalsoren, S Eyring, V Folberth, GA Ginoux, P Horowitz, LW Josse, B Lamarque, JF MacKenzie, IA Nagashima, T O'Connor, FM Righi, M Rumbold, ST Shindell, DT Skeie, RB Sudo, K Szopa, S Takemura, T Zeng, G AF Fiore, Arlene M. Naik, Vaishali Spracklen, Dominick V. Steiner, Allison Unger, Nadine Prather, Michael Bergmann, Dan Cameron-Smith, Philip J. Cionni, Irene Collins, William J. Dalsoren, Stig Eyring, Veronika Folberth, Gerd A. Ginoux, Paul Horowitz, Larry W. Josse, Beatrice Lamarque, Jean-Francois MacKenzie, Ian A. Nagashima, Tatsuya O'Connor, Fiona M. Righi, Mattia Rumbold, Steven T. Shindell, Drew T. Skeie, Ragnhild B. Sudo, Kengo Szopa, Sophie Takemura, Toshihiko Zeng, Guang TI Global air quality and climate SO CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; FINE PARTICULATE MATTER; UNITED-STATES IMPLICATIONS; US ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; METHANE EMISSION CONTROLS; TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; EUROPEAN HEAT-WAVE; NEAR-SURFACE OZONE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AB Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH4), ozone precursors (O-3), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O-3 precursor CH4 would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH4 and tropospheric O-3. Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, which increase tropospheric O-3 (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH4 (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH4 volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O-3 and CH4. Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O-3 and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O-3 and SOA. C1 [Fiore, Arlene M.] Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY USA. [Fiore, Arlene M.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. [Naik, Vaishali] NOAA, UCAR Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Spracklen, Dominick V.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Steiner, Allison] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Unger, Nadine] Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Prather, Michael] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Bergmann, Dan; Cameron-Smith, Philip J.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Cionni, Irene] Agenzia Nazl Nuove Tecnol Energia & Sviluppo Econ, Bologna, Italy. [Collins, William J.; Folberth, Gerd A.; O'Connor, Fiona M.; Rumbold, Steven T.] Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Dalsoren, Stig; Skeie, Ragnhild B.] Ctr Int Climate & Environm, CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Eyring, Veronika; Righi, Mattia] Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Ginoux, Paul; Horowitz, Larry W.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Josse, Beatrice] CNRS Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Meteo France, GAME CNRM, Toulouse, France. [Lamarque, Jean-Francois] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [MacKenzie, Ian A.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Nagashima, Tatsuya] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Shindell, Drew T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Sudo, Kengo] Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Szopa, Sophie] CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm LSCE IPSL, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Takemura, Toshihiko] Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. [Zeng, Guang] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, New Zealand. RP Fiore, AM (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY USA. EM amfiore@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Spracklen, Dominick/B-4890-2014; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Folberth, Gerd/F-7376-2010; Cameron-Smith, Philip/E-2468-2011; Steiner, Allison/F-4942-2011; mackenzie, ian/E-9320-2013; Righi, Mattia/I-5120-2013; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Skeie, Ragnhild/K-1173-2015; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Eyring, Veronika/O-9999-2016; OI Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Cameron-Smith, Philip/0000-0002-8802-8627; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Skeie, Ragnhild/0000-0003-1246-4446; Eyring, Veronika/0000-0002-6887-4885; Folberth, Gerd/0000-0002-1075-440X; Righi, Mattia/0000-0003-3827-5950 FU NASA Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) [NNX12AF15G]; UK National Environment Research Council (NERC) [NE/G015015/1]; Joint DECC and Defra Integrated Climate Programme [GA01101]; Natural Environment Research Council; DLR Earth System Model Validation (ESMVal) Project; New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation; National Science Foundation; Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy; Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Dept. of Energy [DE-AC52-07NA27344, DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX We thank K.-D. Gottschaldt and F. Dentener for useful comments on earlier versions and O. Wild for providing text files of the TF HTAP model projections for 2030 and 2050. Funding is acknowledged from: the NASA Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) (NNX12AF15G) to AMF; the UK National Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/G015015/1) to DVS; the Joint DECC and Defra Integrated Climate Programme (GA01101) to WJC, GAF, FMO and SR; the Natural Environment Research Council to IAM; the DLR Earth System Model Validation (ESMVal) Project (VE, MR); New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation for funding and NIWA HPC facility (GZ). The CESM project is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. The work by LLNL was performed under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and used the computing resources of NERSC, which is supported by the Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Dept. of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 364 TC 131 Z9 136 U1 33 U2 324 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0306-0012 EI 1460-4744 J9 CHEM SOC REV JI Chem. Soc. Rev. PY 2012 VL 41 IS 19 BP 6663 EP 6683 DI 10.1039/c2cs35095e PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 002TP UT WOS:000308559100017 PM 22868337 ER PT J AU Box, JE Fettweis, X Stroeve, JC Tedesco, M Hall, DK Steffen, K AF Box, J. E. Fettweis, X. Stroeve, J. C. Tedesco, M. Hall, D. K. Steffen, K. TI Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE MASS-BALANCE; REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL; WEST GREENLAND; ENERGY-BALANCE; ABLATION ZONE; DATA SET; SNOW; MELT; MODIS; VALIDATION AB Greenland ice sheet mass loss has accelerated in the past decade responding to combined glacier discharge and surface melt water runoff increases. During summer, absorbed solar energy, modulated at the surface primarily by albedo, is the dominant factor governing surface melt variability in the ablation area. Using satellite-derived surface albedo with calibrated regional climate modeled surface air temperature and surface downward solar irradiance, we determine the spatial dependence and quantitative impact of the ice sheet albedo feedback over 12 summer periods beginning in 2000. We find that, while albedo feedback defined by the change in net solar shortwave flux and temperature over time is positive over 97% of the ice sheet, when defined using paired annual anomalies, a second-order negative feedback is evident over 63% of the accumulation area. This negative feedback damps the accumulation area response to warming due to a positive correlation between snowfall and surface air temperature anomalies. Positive anomaly-gauged feedback concentrated in the ablation area accounts for more than half of the overall increase in melting when satellite-derived melt duration is used to define the timing when net shortwave flux is sunk into melting. Abnormally strong anticyclonic circulation, associated with a persistent summer North Atlantic Oscillation extreme since 2007, enabled three amplifying mechanisms to maximize the albedo feedback: (1) increased warm (south) air advection along the western ice sheet increased surface sensible heating that in turn enhanced snow grain metamorphic rates, further reducing albedo; (2) increased surface downward shortwave flux, leading to more surface heating and further albedo reduction; and (3) reduced snowfall rates sustained low albedo, maximizing surface solar heating, progressively lowering albedo over multiple years. The summer net infrared and solar radiation for the high elevation accumulation area approached positive values during this period. Thus, it is reasonable to expect 100% melt area over the ice sheet within another similar decade of warming. C1 [Box, J. E.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Box, J. E.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Fettweis, X.] Univ Liege, Dept Geog, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. [Stroeve, J. C.] Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Stroeve, J. C.; Steffen, K.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Tedesco, M.] CUNY, New York, NY 10021 USA. [Hall, D. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Box, JE (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM box.11@osu.edu RI Steffen, Konrad/C-6027-2013; Tedesco, Marco/F-7986-2015; Box, Jason/H-5770-2013; OI Steffen, Konrad/0000-0001-8658-1026; Fettweis, Xavier/0000-0002-4140-3813 FU Climate Water and Carbon initiative; NASA Cryospheric Program; NSF grant [ARC 0909388] FX Research at The Ohio State University was supported by its Climate Water and Carbon initiative managed by D. Alsdorf. D. Decker and R. Benson gathered the MOD10A1 data. N.E. DiGirolamo (SSAI & NASA GSFC) provided data tile stitching insight. K. Steffen supported the transport of the Nipher shielded precipitation gauge to/from Swiss Camp. N. Steiner provided insight into passive microwave melt days retrievals and assisted in citation database management in early versions of this manuscript. This is Byrd Polar Research Center contribution number 1420. Research at the City College of New york was supported by the NASA Cryospheric Program and the NSF grant ARC 0909388. We are grateful to reviewers for constructive comments. NR 57 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 10 U2 60 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2012 VL 6 IS 4 BP 821 EP 839 DI 10.5194/tc-6-821-2012 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 998NJ UT WOS:000308246500008 ER PT J AU Parkinson, CL Cavalieri, DJ AF Parkinson, C. L. Cavalieri, D. J. TI Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010 SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN CLIMATE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TIME-SERIES; OSCILLATION AB In sharp contrast to the decreasing sea ice coverage of the Arctic, in the Antarctic the sea ice cover has, on average, expanded since the late 1970s. More specifically, satellite passive-microwave data for the period November 1978-December 2010 reveal an overall positive trend in ice extents of 17 100 +/- 2300 km(2) yr(-1). Much of the increase, at 13 700 +/- 1500 km(2) yr(-1), has occurred in the region of the Ross Sea, with lesser contributions from the Weddell Sea and Indian Ocean. One region, that of the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas, has (like the Arctic) instead experienced significant sea ice decreases, with an overall ice extent trend of -8200 +/- 1200 km(2) yr(-1). When examined through the annual cycle over the 32-yr period 1979-2010, the Southern Hemisphere sea ice cover as a whole experienced positive ice extent trends in every month, ranging in magnitude from a low of 9100 +/- 6300 km(2) yr(-1) in February to a high of 24 700 +/- 10 000 km(2) yr(-1) in May. The Ross Sea and Indian Ocean also had positive trends in each month, while the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas had negative trends in each month, and the Weddell Sea and western Pacific Ocean had a mixture of positive and negative trends. Comparing ice-area results to ice-extent results, in each case the ice-area trend has the same sign as the ice-extent trend, but the magnitudes of the two trends differ, and in some cases these differences allow inferences about the corresponding changes in sea ice concentrations. The strong pattern of decreasing ice coverage in the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas region and increasing ice coverage in the Ross Sea region is suggestive of changes in atmospheric circulation. This is a key topic for future research. C1 [Parkinson, C. L.; Cavalieri, D. J.] NASA, Cryospher Sci Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Parkinson, CL (reprint author), NASA, Cryospher Sci Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 615, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM claire.l.parkinson@nasa.gov RI Parkinson, Claire/E-1747-2012 OI Parkinson, Claire/0000-0001-6730-4197 FU NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program FX The authors thank Nick DiGirolamo of Science Systems and Applications Incorporated (SSAI) and Al Ivanoff of ADNET Systems for considerable help in processing the data and Nick DiGirolamo additionally for help in generating the figures. We also thank the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) for providing the DMSP SSMI and SSMIS daily gridded brightness temperatures. This work was supported with much-appreciated funding from NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program. NR 35 TC 129 Z9 135 U1 7 U2 58 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2012 VL 6 IS 4 BP 871 EP 880 DI 10.5194/tc-6-871-2012 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 998NJ UT WOS:000308246500011 ER PT J AU Cavalieri, DJ Parkinson, CL AF Cavalieri, D. J. Parkinson, C. L. TI Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010 SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES AB Analyses of 32 yr (1979-2010) of Arctic sea ice extents and areas derived from satellite passive microwave radiometers are presented for the Northern Hemisphere as a whole and for nine Arctic regions. There is an overall negative yearly trend of -51.5 +/- 4.1x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-4.1 +/- 0.3% decade(-1)) in sea ice extent for the hemisphere. The yearly sea ice extent trends for the individual Arctic regions are all negative except for the Bering Sea: -3.9 +/- 1.1x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-8.7 +/- 2.5% decade(-1)) for the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan, + 0.3 +/- 0.8x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (+ 1.2 +/- 2.7% decade(-1)) for the Bering Sea, -4.4 +/- 0.7 x 10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-5.1 +/- 0.9% decade(-1)) for Hudson Bay, -7.6 +/- 1.6x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-8.5 +/- 1.8% decade(-1)) for Baffin Bay/Labrador Sea, -0.5 +/- 0.3x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-5.9 +/- 3.5% decade(-1)) for the Gulf of St. Lawrence, -6.5 +/- 1.1 x 103 km(2) yr(-1) (-8.6 +/- 1.5% decade(-1)) for the Greenland Sea, -13.5 +/- 2.3x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-9.2 +/- 1.6% decade(-1)) for the Kara and Barents Seas, -14.6 +/- 2.3x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-2.1 +/- 0.3% decade(-1)) for the Arctic Ocean, and -0.9 +/- 0.4x10(3) km(2) yr(-1) (-1.3 +/- 0.5% decade(-1)) for the Canadian Archipelago. Similarly, the yearly trends for sea ice areas are all negative except for the Bering Sea. On a seasonal basis for both sea ice extents and areas, the largest negative trend is observed for summer with the next largest negative trend being for autumn. Both the sea ice extent and area trends vary widely by month depending on region and season. For the Northern Hemisphere as a whole, all 12 months show negative sea ice extent trends with a minimum magnitude in May and a maximum magnitude in September, whereas the corresponding sea ice area trends are smaller in magnitude and reach minimum and maximum values in March and September. C1 [Cavalieri, D. J.; Parkinson, C. L.] NASA, Cryospher Sci Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cavalieri, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Cryospher Sci Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 615, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donald.j.cavalieri@nasa.gov RI Parkinson, Claire/E-1747-2012 OI Parkinson, Claire/0000-0001-6730-4197 FU NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program FX The authors thank Nicolo DiGirolamo and Alvaro Ivanoff for help in the preparation of the figures. We also acknowledge the National Snow and Ice Data Center for providing the DMSP SSMI and SSMIS daily gridded brightness temperatures used in developing the sea ice data sets. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program for funding this work. NR 11 TC 140 Z9 147 U1 6 U2 67 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2012 VL 6 IS 4 BP 881 EP 889 DI 10.5194/tc-6-881-2012 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 998NJ UT WOS:000308246500012 ER PT J AU Scambos, TA Frezzotti, M Haran, T Bohlander, J Lenaerts, JTM van den Broeke, MR Jezek, K Long, D Urbini, S Farness, K Neumann, T Albert, M Winther, JG AF Scambos, T. A. Frezzotti, M. Haran, T. Bohlander, J. Lenaerts, J. T. M. van den Broeke, M. R. Jezek, K. Long, D. Urbini, S. Farness, K. Neumann, T. Albert, M. Winther, J. -G. TI Extent of low-accumulation 'wind glaze' areas on the East Antarctic plateau: implications for continental ice mass balance SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; SNOW GRAIN-SIZE; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; MEGADUNE FIELDS; SHEET SURFACE; SYSTEM; TOPOGRAPHY; DYNAMICS; GLACIER; STATION AB Persistent katabatic winds form widely distributed localized areas of near-zero net surface accumulation on the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) plateau. These areas have been called 'glaze' surfaces due to their polished appearance. They are typically 2-200 km(2) in area and are found on leeward slopes of ice-sheet undulations and megadunes. Adjacent, leeward high-accumulation regions (isolated dunes) are generally smaller and do not compensate for the local low in surface mass balance (SMB). We use a combination of satellite remote sensing and field-gathered datasets to map the extent of wind glaze in the EAIS above 1500 m elevation. Mapping criteria are derived from distinctive surface and subsurface characteristics of glaze areas resulting from many years of intense annual temperature cycling without significant burial. Our results show that 11.2 +/- 1.7%, or 950 +/- 143 x 10(3) km(2), of the EAIS above 1500 m is wind glaze. Studies of SMB interpolate values across glaze regions, leading to overestimates of net mass input. Using our derived wind-glaze extent, we estimate this excess in three recent models of Antarctic SMB at 46-82 Gt. The lowest-input model appears to best match the mean in regions of extensive wind glaze. C1 [Scambos, T. A.; Haran, T.; Bohlander, J.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Frezzotti, M.] ENEA CRE, Rome, Italy. [Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van den Broeke, M. R.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Jezek, K.; Farness, K.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Long, D.] Brigham Young Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Provo, UT 84602 USA. [Urbini, S.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Rome, Italy. [Neumann, T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Albert, M.] Dartmouth Coll, Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Winther, J. -G.] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Tromso, Norway. RP Scambos, TA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM teds@nsidc.edu RI Van den Broeke, Michiel/F-7867-2011; Neumann, Thomas/D-5264-2012; Lenaerts, Jan/D-9423-2012; Long, David/K-4908-2015 OI Van den Broeke, Michiel/0000-0003-4662-7565; Lenaerts, Jan/0000-0003-4309-4011; Long, David/0000-0002-1852-3972 FU NASA [NNG04GM10G, NNX10AL42G]; US National Science Foundation [OPP-0538495]; European Commission [226375] FX This work was supported by NASA grants NNG04GM10G and NNX10AL42G, and US National Science Foundation grant OPP-0538495 (T.S., T.H., J.B., T.N. and M.A.). We acknowledge the ice2sea project, funded by the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme through grant No. 226375, manuscript No. ice2sea072. We thank the staff of Raytheon Polar Services, the Norsk Polarinstitutt, the field team of the Norwegian-US International Polar Year (IPY) Scientific Traverse, and the 109th Air National Guard and Ken Borek Air for their logistical help during Antarctic fieldwork. NR 60 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 19 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2012 VL 58 IS 210 BP 633 EP 647 DI 10.3189/2012JoG11J232 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 984RE UT WOS:000307208200001 ER PT J AU Wang, WL Li, J Zwally, HJ AF Wang, Weili Li, Jun Zwally, H. Jay TI Dynamic inland propagation of thinning due to ice loss at the margins of the Greenland ice sheet SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; OUTLET GLACIERS; MASS-BALANCE; FLOW; ANTARCTICA AB Mass-balance analysis of the Greenland ice sheet based on surface elevation changes observed by the European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS) (1992-2002) and Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) (2003-07) indicates that the strongly increased mass loss at lower elevations (<2000 m) of the ice sheet, as observed during 2003-07, appears to induce interior ice thinning at higher elevations. In this paper, we perform a perturbation experiment with a three-dimensional anisotropic ice-flow model (AIF model) to investigate this upstream propagation. Observed thinning rates in the regions below 2000 m elevation are used as perturbation inputs. The model runs with perturbation for 10 years show that the extensive mass loss at the ice-sheet margins does in fact cause interior thinning on short timescales (i.e. decadal). The modeled pattern of thinning over the ice sheet agrees with the observations, which implies that the strong mass loss since the early 2000s at low elevations has had a dynamic impact on the entire ice sheet. The modeling results also suggest that even if the large mass loss at the margins stopped, the interior ice sheet would continue thinning for 300 years and would take thousands of years for full dynamic recovery. C1 [Wang, Weili; Li, Jun] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Zwally, H. Jay] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, WL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM weili.wang@nasa.gov FU NASA ICESat project science; ROSES [10-CRYO10-0035] FX The research was supported by NASA ICESat project science and ROSES 10-CRYO10-0035. We thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful reviews. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2012 VL 58 IS 210 BP 734 EP 740 DI 10.3189/2012JoG11J187 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 984RE UT WOS:000307208200010 ER PT J AU Seroussi, H Ben Dhia, H Morlighem, M Larour, E Rignot, E Aubry, D AF Seroussi, Helene Ben Dhia, Hachmi Morlighem, Mathieu Larour, Eric Rignot, Eric Aubry, Denis TI Coupling ice flow models of varying orders of complexity with the Tiling method SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHEET MODELS; STREAM; DYNAMICS; GLACIERS AB Ice flow numerical models are essential for predicting the evolution of ice sheets in a warming climate. Recent research emphasizes the need for higher-order and even full-Stokes flow models, instead of the traditional shallow-ice approximation, whose assumptions are not valid in certain critical areas. These higher-order models are, however, computationally intensive and difficult to use at the continental scale. Here we present a new technique, the Tiling method, to couple ice flow models of varying orders of complexity. The goal of the method is to limit the spatial extent of where higher-order models are applied to reduce the computational cost, while maintaining the model precision. We apply this method on synthetic geometries to demonstrate its practical use. We first use a geometry for which all models yield the same results to check the consistency of the method. Then we apply our method to a geometry for which a full-Stokes model is required in the vicinity of the ice front. Our results show that the hybrid models present significant improvements over mono-model approaches and reduce computational times. C1 [Seroussi, Helene; Morlighem, Mathieu; Larour, Eric; Rignot, Eric] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Seroussi, Helene; Ben Dhia, Hachmi; Morlighem, Mathieu; Aubry, Denis] Ecole Cent Paris, Lab Mecan Sols Struct & Mat, Paris, France. [Rignot, Eric] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP Seroussi, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM helene.seroussi@jpl.nasa.gov RI Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; Aubry, Denis/M-7880-2014; Morlighem, Mathieu/O-9942-2014 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; Morlighem, Mathieu/0000-0001-5219-1310 NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2012 VL 58 IS 210 BP 776 EP 786 DI 10.3189/2012JoG11J195 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 984RE UT WOS:000307208200015 ER PT J AU Beavan, J Motagh, M Fielding, EJ Donnelly, N Collett, D AF Beavan, John Motagh, Mahdi Fielding, Eric J. Donnelly, Nic Collett, Dave TI Fault slip models of the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes from geodetic data and observations of postseismic ground deformation SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Canterbury; earthquake; InSAR; GPS; New Zealand; source model ID W 6.2 CHRISTCHURCH; DARFIELD CANTERBURY; SUBDUCTION; RUPTURE; DEFICIT; ZONE; IRAN; BAM; GPS AB We present source models derived from geodetic data for the four major Canterbury earthquakes of 2010-2011. The September 2010 Darfield earthquake was largely right-lateral, but with several other fault segments active. The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was mixed right-lateral and reverse with a left-stepping offset interrupting an ENE-striking rupture. The June 2011 earthquake included left-lateral slip on a NNW-striking fault. The December 2011 earthquakes were characterised by offshore reverse slip on an ENE-striking plane. Displacements of GPS sites define small but clearly detectable postseismic deformation east of the September 2010 earthquake, near the February 2011 earthquake and following the June 2011 earthquake. There has been no major moment release in a 15-km-long region between the eastern end of the September 2010 faulting and the western end of the February 2011 faulting. We recommend careful monitoring of this region for the next several years. C1 [Beavan, John] GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. [Motagh, Mahdi] GFZ, Potsdam, Germany. [Fielding, Eric J.] CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Donnelly, Nic; Collett, Dave] Land Informat New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Beavan, J (reprint author), GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. EM j.beavan@gns.cri.nz RI Fielding, Eric/A-1288-2007 OI Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067 FU New Zealand government; New Zealand Earthquake Commission; NASA FX We thank the Japanese, European, Italian and German space agencies for ALOS, Envisat, CSK and TSX satellite radar data, respectively; the New Zealand government for LiDAR data; Christchurch City Council for GPS ground displacements for the 23 December 2011 earthquakes; and Geosystems Ltd, Trimble New Zealand Ltd, Global Survey Ltd and GeoNet for providing cGPS data. We thank three anonymous reviewers and associate editor John Townend, whose comments have helped us improve the paper. JB has been supported by New Zealand government funding of the 'Tectonics and Structure of Zealandia' programme and by the New Zealand Earthquake Commission. Part of the research described in this paper was sponsored by NASA's Earth Surface and Interior focus area and performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NR 22 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0028-8306 J9 NEW ZEAL J GEOL GEOP JI N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 55 IS 3 SI SI BP 207 EP 221 DI 10.1080/00288306.2012.697472 PG 15 WC Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 998OS UT WOS:000308250600008 ER PT J AU Fortems-Cheiney, A Chevallier, F Pison, I Bousquet, P Saunois, M Szopa, S Cressot, C Kurosu, TP Chance, K Fried, A AF Fortems-Cheiney, A. Chevallier, F. Pison, I. Bousquet, P. Saunois, M. Szopa, S. Cressot, C. Kurosu, T. P. Chance, K. Fried, A. TI The formaldehyde budget as seen by a global-scale multi-constraint and multi-species inversion system SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC HYDROXYL RADICALS; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; 2006 INTEX-B; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; CO EMISSIONS; METHYL CHLOROFORM; CARBON-MONOXIDE AB For the first time, carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) satellite retrievals are used together with methane (CH4) and methyl choloroform (CH3CCl3 or MCF) surface measurements in an advanced inversion system. The CO and HCHO are respectively from the MOPITT and OMI instruments. The multi-species and multi-satellite dataset inversion is done for the 2005-2010 period. The robustness of our results is evaluated by comparing our posterior-modeled concentrations with several sets of independent measurements of atmospheric mixing ratios. The inversion leads to significant changes from the prior to the posterior, in terms of magnitude and seasonality of the CO and CH4 surface fluxes and of the HCHO production by non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). The latter is significantly decreased, indicating an overestimation of the biogenic NMVOC emissions, such as isoprene, in the GEIA inventory. CO and CH4 surface emissions are increased by the inversion, from 1037 to 1394 TgCO and from 489 to 529 TgCH(4) on average for the 2005-2010 period. CH4 emissions present significant interannual variability and a joint CO-CH4 fluxes analysis reveals that tropical biomass burning probably played a role in the recent increase of atmospheric methane. C1 [Fortems-Cheiney, A.; Chevallier, F.; Pison, I.; Bousquet, P.; Saunois, M.; Szopa, S.; Cressot, C.] CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm,UMR8212, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Kurosu, T. P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chance, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Atom & Mol Phys Div, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Fried, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Fortems-Cheiney, A (reprint author), CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm,UMR8212, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM audrey.fortems@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016; OI Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577 FU European Commission under EU [283576, MACC II]; NASA; CNRS-INSU FX This study was co-funded by the European Commission under the EU Seventh Research Framework Programme (grant agreement No. 283576, MACC II). We acknowledge the KNMI OMI, the NCAR MOPITT, and the NOAA ESRL, Global Monitoring Division (GMD), Halocarbons & other Atmospheric Trace Species (HATS) and Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) groups for providing HCHO, CO, MCF and CH4 measurements. We contacted all data PIs and in particular thank H. J. R. Wang (AGAGE), J. W. Elkins (NOAA), K. Masarie (NOAA), S. A. Montzka (NOAA), P. C. Novelli (NOAA), E. Dlugokencky (NOAA), P. Krummel (CSIRO), R. Langenfeld (CSIRO), P. Steele (CSIRO), D. Worthy (EC), R. Moss (NIWA), M. Ramonet (LSCE), and G. Brailsford (NIWA). This work was performed using HPC resources of DSM-CCRT and of (CCRT/CINES/IDRIS) under the allocation 2011-t2011012201 made by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif). Research at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory was supported by NASA. Finally, we wish to thank F. Marabelle and his team for computer support at LSCE.; The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU. NR 80 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 15 BP 6699 EP 6721 DI 10.5194/acp-12-6699-2012 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CP UT WOS:000308287000002 ER PT J AU Parrella, JP Jacob, DJ Liang, Q Zhang, Y Mickley, LJ Miller, B Evans, MJ Yang, X Pyle, JA Theys, N Van Roozendael, M AF Parrella, J. P. Jacob, D. J. Liang, Q. Zhang, Y. Mickley, L. J. Miller, B. Evans, M. J. Yang, X. Pyle, J. A. Theys, N. Van Roozendael, M. TI Tropospheric bromine chemistry: implications for present and pre-industrial ozone and mercury SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; RATE COEFFICIENTS; INCREASING OZONE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; BRO PROFILES; GLOBAL-MODEL; MACE-HEAD AB We present a new model for the global tropospheric chemistry of inorganic bromine (Br-y) coupled to oxidant-aerosol chemistry in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM). Sources of tropospheric Bry include debromination of sea-salt aerosol, photolysis and oxidation of short-lived bromocarbons, and transport from the stratosphere. Comparison to a GOME-2 satellite climatology of tropospheric BrO columns shows that the model can reproduce the observed increase of BrO with latitude, the northern mid-latitudes maximum in winter, and the Arctic maximum in spring. This successful simulation is contingent on the HOBr + HBr reaction taking place in aqueous aerosols and ice clouds. Bromine chemistry in the model decreases tropospheric ozone mixing ratios by < 1-8 nmol mol(-1) (6.5% globally), with the largest effects in the northern extratropics in spring. The global mean tropospheric OH concentration decreases by 4 %. Inclusion of bromine chemistry improves the ability of global models (GEOS-Chem and p-TOMCAT) to simulate observed 19th-century ozone and its seasonality. Bromine effects on tropospheric ozone are comparable in the present-day and pre-industrial atmospheres so that estimates of anthropogenic radiative forcing are minimally affected. Br atom concentrations are 40% higher in the pre-industrial atmosphere due to lower ozone, which would decrease by a factor of 2 the atmospheric lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by Br. This suggests that historical anthropogenic mercury emissions may have mostly deposited to northern mid-latitudes, enriching the corresponding surface reservoirs. The persistent rise in background surface ozone at northern mid-latitudes during the past decades could possibly contribute to the observations of elevated mercury in subsurface waters of the North Atlantic. C1 [Parrella, J. P.; Jacob, D. J.; Mickley, L. J.; Miller, B.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Liang, Q.] Univ Space Res Assoc, GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. [Liang, Q.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zhang, Y.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Evans, M. J.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Evans, M. J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci NCAS, York, N Yorkshire, England. [Yang, X.; Pyle, J. A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci NCAS, Cambridge, England. [Yang, X.; Pyle, J. A.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. [Theys, N.; Van Roozendael, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron IASB BIRA, Brussels, Belgium. RP Parrella, JP (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM parrella@fas.harvard.edu RI Liang, Qing/B-1276-2011; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Evans, Mathew/A-3886-2012; OI Evans, Mathew/0000-0003-4775-032X; Miller, Benjamin/0000-0003-1647-0122 FU NASA; National Science Foundation; NERC; NCAS FX This work was funded by the NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program and by the Atmospheric Chemistry Program of the National Science Foundation. J.A.P. and X.Y. thank NERC and NCAS for funding. The authors would like to thank P. Pongprueksa for his helpful comment on updated mercury kinetics. The authors would also like to thank R. von Glasow and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments and suggestions. NR 130 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 6 U2 81 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 15 BP 6723 EP 6740 DI 10.5194/acp-12-6723-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CP UT WOS:000308287000003 ER PT J AU Olson, JR Crawford, JH Brune, W Mao, J Ren, X Fried, A Anderson, B Apel, E Beaver, M Blake, D Chen, G Crounse, J Dibb, J Diskin, G Hall, SR Huey, LG Knapp, D Richter, D Riemer, D Clair, JS Ullmann, K Walega, J Weibring, P Weinheimer, A Wennberg, P Wisthaler, A AF Olson, J. R. Crawford, J. H. Brune, W. Mao, J. Ren, X. Fried, A. Anderson, B. Apel, E. Beaver, M. Blake, D. Chen, G. Crounse, J. Dibb, J. Diskin, G. Hall, S. R. Huey, L. G. Knapp, D. Richter, D. Riemer, D. Clair, J. St. Ullmann, K. Walega, J. Weibring, P. Weinheimer, A. Wennberg, P. Wisthaler, A. TI An analysis of fast photochemistry over high northern latitudes during spring and summer using in-situ observations from ARCTAS and TOPSE SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE H2O2; FREE TROPOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; CALIFORNIA FOREST; POLAR SUNRISE; PEM-TROPICS; OZONE; TRANSPORT AB Observations of chemical constituents and meteorological quantities obtained during the two Arctic phases of the airborne campaign ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) are analyzed using an observationally constrained steady state box model. Measurements of OH and HO2 from the Penn State ATHOS instrument are compared to model predictions. Forty percent of OH measurements below 2 km are at the limit of detection during the spring phase (ARCTAS-A). While the median observed-to-calculated ratio is near one, both the scatter of observations and the model uncertainty for OH are at the magnitude of ambient values. During the summer phase (ARCTAS-B), model predictions of OH are biased low relative to observations and demonstrate a high sensitivity to the level of uncertainty in NO observations. Predictions of HO2 using observed CH2O and H2O2 as model constraints are up to a factor of two larger than observed. A temperature-dependent terminal loss rate of HO2 to aerosol recently proposed in the literature is shown to be insufficient to reconcile these differences. A comparison of ARCTAS-A to the high latitude springtime portion of the 2000 TOPSE campaign (Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox) shows similar meteorological and chemical environments with the exception of peroxides; observations of H2O2 during ARCTAS-A were 2.5 to 3 times larger than those during TOPSE. The cause of this difference in peroxides remains unresolved and has important implications for the Arctic HOx budget. Unconstrained model predictions for both phases indicate photochemistry alone is unable to simultaneously sustain observed levels of CH2O and H2O2; however when the model is constrained with observed CH2O, H2O2 predictions from a range of rainout parameterizations bracket its observations. A mechanism suitable to explain observed concentrations of CH2O is uncertain. Free tropospheric observations of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) are 2-3 times larger than its predictions, though constraint of the model to those observations is sufficient to account for less than half of the deficit in predicted CH2O. The box model calculates gross O-3 formation during spring to maximize from 1-4 km at 0.8 ppbv d(-1), in agreement with estimates from TOPSE, and a gross production of 2-4 ppbv d-1 in the boundary layer and upper troposphere during summer. Use of the lower observed levels of HO2 in place of model predictions decreases the gross production by 25-50 %. Net O-3 production is near zero throughout the ARCTAS-A troposphere, and is 1-2 ppbv in the boundary layer and upper altitudes during ARCTAS-B. C1 [Olson, J. R.; Crawford, J. H.; Anderson, B.; Chen, G.; Diskin, G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Mao, J.] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Ren, X.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Fried, A.; Apel, E.; Hall, S. R.; Knapp, D.; Richter, D.; Ullmann, K.; Walega, J.; Weibring, P.; Weinheimer, A.] NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. [Beaver, M.; Crounse, J.; Clair, J. St.; Wennberg, P.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Blake, D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Sch Phys Sci, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Dibb, J.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Chem, Sch Phys Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Huey, L. G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Riemer, D.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Wisthaler, A.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys & Appl Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Brune, W.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Olson, JR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM jennifer.r.olson@nasa.gov RI Mao, Jingqiu/F-2511-2010; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Crounse, John/C-3700-2014; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015 OI Mao, Jingqiu/0000-0002-4774-9751; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Crounse, John/0000-0001-5443-729X; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666 FU NASA; California Air Resources Board FX The ARCTAS mission was funded by the NASA Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program, the NASA Radiation Sciences Program, and the California Air Resources Board. We gratefully acknowledge the NASA aircraft crews and science team. The two anonymous reviewers for this manuscript are also thanked. NR 73 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 15 BP 6799 EP 6825 DI 10.5194/acp-12-6799-2012 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CP UT WOS:000308287000007 ER PT J AU Shindell, DT Voulgarakis, A Faluvegi, G Milly, G AF Shindell, D. T. Voulgarakis, A. Faluvegi, G. Milly, G. TI Precipitation response to regional radiative forcing SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BLACK CARBON; INDIAN MONSOON; GISS MODELE; 20TH-CENTURY; AEROSOLS; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; EMISSIONS AB Precipitation shifts can have large impacts on human society and ecosystems. Many aspects of how inhomogeneous radiative forcings influence precipitation remain unclear, however. Here we investigate regional precipitation responses to various forcings imposed in different latitude bands in a climate model. We find that several regions show strong, significant responses to most forcings, but that the magnitude and even the sign depends upon the forcing location and type. Aerosol and ozone forcings typically induce larger responses than equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing, and the influence of remote forcings often outweighs that of local forcings. Consistent with this, ozone and especially aerosols contribute greatly to precipitation changes over the Sahel and South and East Asia in historical simulations, and inclusion of aerosols greatly increases the agreement with observed trends in these areas, which cannot be attributed to either greenhouse gases or natural forcings. Estimates of precipitation responses derived from multiplying our Regional Precipitation Potentials (RPP; the response per unit forcing relationships) by historical forcings typically capture the actual response in full transient climate simulations fairly well, suggesting that these relationships may provide useful metrics. The strong sensitivity to aerosol and ozone forcing suggests that although some air quality improvements may unmask greenhouse gas-induced warming, they have large benefits for reducing regional disruption of the hydrologic cycle. C1 [Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. RP Shindell, DT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM drew.t.shindell@nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012 FU NASA FX The authors thank NASA's Modeling and Analysis Program for funding. NR 41 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 23 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 15 BP 6969 EP 6982 DI 10.5194/acp-12-6969-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CP UT WOS:000308287000015 ER PT J AU Kuttippurath, J Godin-Beekmann, S Lefevre, F Nikulin, G Santee, ML Froidevaux, L AF Kuttippurath, J. Godin-Beekmann, S. Lefevre, F. Nikulin, G. Santee, M. L. Froidevaux, L. TI Record-breaking ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2010/2011: comparison with 1996/1997 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; MODEL SIMULATIONS; MLS OBSERVATIONS; VORTEX; DEPLETION; ATMOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; HNO3 AB We present a detailed discussion of the chemical and dynamical processes in the Arctic winters 1996/1997 and 2010/2011 with high resolution chemical transport model (CTM) simulations and space-based observations. In the Arctic winter 2010/2011, the lower stratospheric minimum temperatures were below 195K for a record period of time, from December to mid-April, and a strong and stable vortex was present during that period. Simulations with the Mimosa-Chim CTM show that the chemical ozone loss started in early January and progressed slowly to 1 ppmv (parts per million by volume) by late February. The loss intensified by early March and reached a record maximum of similar to 2.4 ppmv in the late March-early April period over a broad altitude range of 450-550 K. This coincides with elevated ozone loss rates of 2-4 ppbv sh(-1) (parts per billion by volume/sunlit hour) and a contribution of about 30-55% and 30-35% from the ClO-ClO and ClO-BrO cycles, respectively, in late February and March. In addition, a contribution of 30-50% from the HOx cycle is also estimated in April. We also estimate a loss of about 0.7-1.2 ppmv contributed (75%) by the NOx cycle at 550-700 K. The ozone loss estimated in the partial column range of 350-550K exhibits a record value of similar to 148DU (Dobson Unit). This is the largest ozone loss ever estimated in the Arctic and is consistent with the remarkable chlorine activation and strong denitrification (40-50%) during the winter, as the modeled ClO shows similar to 1.8 ppbv in early January and similar to 1 ppbv in March at 450-550 K. These model results are in excellent agreement with those found from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Our analyses also show that the ozone loss in 2010/2011 is close to that found in some Antarctic winters, for the first time in the observed history. Though the winter 1996/1997 was also very cold in March-April, the temperatures were higher in December-February, and, therefore, chlorine activation was moderate and ozone loss was average with about 1.2 ppmv at 475-550K or 42DU at 350-550 K, as diagnosed from the model simulations and measurements. C1 [Kuttippurath, J.; Godin-Beekmann, S.; Lefevre, F.] Univ Paris 06, UPMC, LATMOS IPSL, CNRS INSU,UMR8190, F-75005 Paris, France. [Nikulin, G.] Swedish Meteorol Hydrol Inst, Kiruna, Sweden. [Santee, M. L.; Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, JPL NASA, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kuttippurath, J (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, UPMC, LATMOS IPSL, CNRS INSU,UMR8190, F-75005 Paris, France. EM jayanarayanan.kuttippurath@latmos.ipsl.fr OI Kuttippurath, Jayanarayanan/0000-0003-4073-8918 FU European Commission [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; CNRS-INSU FX The ECMWF data are taken from the NADIR/NILU data base and are greatly acknowledged. J. K. thanks Cathy Boonne, IPSL, Paris for the REPROBUS model code for the simulations and Slimane Bekki and Marion Marchand for their support during this study. Participation of Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath and Franck Lefevre in this work was supported by the European Commission as a part of the FP7 RECONCILE project under the Grant number: RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract to NASA.; The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 15 BP 7073 EP 7085 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7073-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CP UT WOS:000308287000021 ER PT J AU Lee, J Kim, J Yang, P Hsu, NC AF Lee, J. Kim, J. Yang, P. Hsu, N. C. TI Improvement of aerosol optical depth retrieval from MODIS spectral reflectance over the global ocean using new aerosol models archived from AERONET inversion data and tri-axial ellipsoidal dust database SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOFTWARE PACKAGE; VALIDATION; SCATTERING; ALGORITHM; PRODUCTS; LAND; CHANNELS; AVHRR AB New over-ocean aerosol models are developed by integrating the inversion data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun/sky radiometers with a database for the optical properties of tri-axial ellipsoid particles. The new aerosol models allow more accurate retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in the case of high AOD (AOD > 0.3). The aerosol models are categorized by using the fine-mode fraction (FMF) at 550 nm and the single-scattering albedo (SSA) at 440 nm from the AERONET inversion data to include a variety of aerosol types found around the globe. For each aerosol model, the changes in the aerosol optical properties (AOPs) as functions of AOD are considered to better represent aerosol characteristics. Comparisons of AODs between AERONET and MODIS for the period from 2003 to 2010 show that the use of the new aerosol models enhances the AOD accuracy with a Pearson coefficient of 0.93 and a regression slope of 0.99 compared to 0.92 and 0.85 calculated using the MODIS Collection 5 data. Moreover, the percentage of data within an expected error of +/-(0.03 + 0.05 x AOD) is increased from 62% to 64% for overall data and from 39% to 51% for AOD > 0.3. Errors in the retrieved AOD are further characterized with respect to the Angstrom exponent (AE), scattering angle (Theta), SSA, and air mass factor (AMF). Due to more realistic AOPs assumptions, the new algorithm generally reduces systematic errors in the retrieved AODs compared with the current operational algorithm. In particular, the underestimation of fine-dominated AOD and the scattering angle dependence of dust-dominated AOD are significantly mitigated as results of the new algorithm's improved treatment of aerosol size distribution and dust particle nonsphericity. C1 [Lee, J.; Kim, J.] Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Inst Earth Astron & Atmosphere, Brain Korea Program 21, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Lee, J.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lee, J.; Hsu, N. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kim, J.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Yang, P.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. RP Kim, J (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Inst Earth Astron & Atmosphere, Brain Korea Program 21, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM jkim2@yonsei.ac.kr RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013 FU KEITI, Korea [ARQ201204015]; Brain Korea 21 (BK21) program; National Science Foundation of the United States [ATM-0803779] FX This research was supported by the Eco Innovation Program of KEITI(ARQ201204015), Korea. We thank the principal investigators and their staff for establishing and maintaining the MODIS and AERONET sites used in this investigation. Jhoon Kim and Jaehwa Lee received partial support from the Brain Korea 21 (BK21) program. Ping Yang acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (ATM-0803779) of the United States. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 15 BP 7087 EP 7102 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7087-2012 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CP UT WOS:000308287000022 ER PT J AU Ginoux, P Clarisse, L Clerbaux, C Coheur, PF Dubovik, O Hsu, NC Van Damme, M AF Ginoux, P. Clarisse, L. Clerbaux, C. Coheur, P. -F. Dubovik, O. Hsu, N. C. Van Damme, M. TI Mixing of dust and NH3 observed globally over anthropogenic dust sources SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MINERAL DUST; SAHARAN DUST; LIGHT-SCATTERING; GOCART MODEL; SULFATE; PARTICLES; ATLANTIC; NITRATE; SIZE AB The global distribution of dust column burden derived from MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products is compared to NH3 column burden retrieved from IASI infrared spectra. We found similarities in their spatial distributions, in particular their hot spots are often collocated over croplands and to a lesser extent pastures. Globally, we found 22% of dust burden collocated with NH3, with only 1% difference between land-use databases. This confirms the importance of anthropogenic dust from agriculture. Regionally, the Indian subcontinent has the highest amount of dust mixed with NH3 (26%), mostly over cropland and during the pre-monsoon season. North Africa represents 50% of total dust burden but accounts for only 4% of mixed dust, which is found over croplands and pastures in Sahel and the coastal region of the Mediterranean. In order to evaluate the radiative effect of this mixing on dust optical properties, we derive the mass extinction efficiency for various mixtures of dust and NH3, using AERONET sunphotometers data. We found that for dusty days the coarse mode mass extinction efficiency decreases from 0.62 to 0.48 m(2) g(-1) as NH3 burden increases from 0 to 40 mg m(-2). The fine mode extinction efficiency, ranging from 4 to 16 m(2) g(-1), does not appear to depend on NH3 concentration or relative humidity but rather on mineralogical composition and mixing with other aerosols. Our results imply that a significant amount of dust is already mixed with ammonium salt before its long range transport. This in turn will affect dust lifetime, and its interactions with radiation and cloud properties. C1 [Ginoux, P.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Clarisse, L.; Clerbaux, C.; Coheur, P. -F.; Van Damme, M.] Univ Libre Brussels, Serv Chim Quant & Photophys, Brussels, Belgium. [Clerbaux, C.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, Univ Paris 06, CNRS INSU, LATMOS IPSL, Paris, France. [Dubovik, O.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, Lab Opt Atmospher, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Hsu, N. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ginoux, P (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. EM paul.ginoux@noaa.gov RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; FU F.R.S.-FNRS; CNES; Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs; European Space Agency (ESA-Prodex arrangements); Actions de Recherche Concertees (Communaute e Francaise de Belgique); F.R.I.A. FX We would like to thank Massimo Bollasina, Songmiao Fan and two anonymous reviewers for providing fruitful comments on the manuscript. We thank the AERONET program for establishing and maintaining the sunphotometer sites used in this study, in particular Brent Holben for the Maricopa and Karachi sites, Bernadette Nougenot and Benoit Duchemin for the Saada site, Didier Tanre for the Banizoumbou and Dakar sites, Bernadette Chatenet and Jean-Louis Rajot for the Zinder Airport site, Arnion Karielli for the Sede Boker site, Hala Al-Jassar for the Kuwait University site, Naif Al-Abbadi for the Solar Village site, Brent Holben for the Karachi site, Swagata Payra for the Jaipur site, and Jianping Huang for the SACOL (University of Lanzhou) site. IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France). It is flown on board the MetOp satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI L1 data are received through the EUMETCast near-real-time data distribution service. L. Clarisse, P. F. Coheur and M. Van Damme are respectively Postdoctoral Researcher (Charge de Recherches), Research Associate (Chercheur Qualifie) and F.R.I.A. grant holder with F.R.S.-FNRS. The LATMOS team is grateful to CNES for scientific collaboration and financial support. The research in Belgium was funded by the Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs, and the European Space Agency (ESA-Prodex arrangements). Financial support by the Actions de Recherche Concertees (Communaute e Francaise de Belgique) is also acknowledged. D. Hurtmans is acknowledged for developing the IASI retrieval processing chain. NR 54 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 16 BP 7351 EP 7363 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7351-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CW UT WOS:000308287700005 ER PT J AU Schuster, GL Vaughan, M MacDonnell, D Su, W Winker, D Dubovik, O Lapyonok, T Trepte, C AF Schuster, G. L. Vaughan, M. MacDonnell, D. Su, W. Winker, D. Dubovik, O. Lapyonok, T. Trepte, C. TI Comparison of CALIPSO aerosol optical depth retrievals to AERONET measurements, and a climatology for the lidar ratio of dust SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SAHARAN-MINERAL-DUST; SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; COMPLEX REFRACTIVE-INDEX; TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SAMUM 2006; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; INVERSION ALGORITHM AB We compared CALIPSO column aerosol optical depths at 0.532 mu m to measurements at 147 AERONET sites, synchronized to within 30 min of satellite overpass times during a 3-yr period. We found 677 suitable overpasses, and a CALIPSO bias of -13% relative to AERONET for the entire data set; the corresponding absolute bias is -0.029, and the standard deviation of the mean (SDOM) is 0.014. Consequently, the null hypothesis is rejected at the 97% confidence level, indicating a statistically significant difference between the datasets. However, if we omit CALIPSO columns that contain dust from our analysis, the relative and absolute biases are reduced to -3% and -0.005 with a standard error of 0.016 for 449 overpasses, and the statistical confidence level for the null hypothesis rejection is reduced to 27%. We also analyzed the results according to the six CALIPSO aerosol subtypes and found relative and absolute biases of -29% and -0.1 for atmospheric columns that contain the dust subtype exclusively, but with a relatively high correlation coefficient of R = 0.58; this indicates the possibility that the assumed lidar ratio (40 sr) for the CALIPSO dust retrievals is too low. Hence, we used the AERONET size distributions, refractive indices, percent spheres, and forward optics code for spheres and spheroids to compute a lidar ratio climatology for AERONET sites located in the dust belt. The highest lidar ratios of our analysis occur in the non-Sahel regions of Northern Africa, where the median lidar ratio at 0.532 mu m is 55.4 sr for 229 retrievals. Lidar ratios are somewhat lower in the African Sahel (49.7 sr for 929 retrievals), the Middle East (42.6 sr for 489 retrievals), and Kanpur, India (43.8 sr for 67 retrievals). We attribute this regional variability in the lidar ratio to the regional variability of the real refractive index of dust, as these two parameters are highly anti-correlated (correlation coefficients range from -0.51 to -0.85 for the various regions). The AERONET refractive index variability is consistent with the variability of illite concentration in dust across the dust belt. C1 [Schuster, G. L.; Vaughan, M.; MacDonnell, D.; Su, W.; Winker, D.; Trepte, C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Dubovik, O.; Lapyonok, T.] Univ Lille 1, Opt Atmospher Lab, CNRS, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Schuster, GL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM gregory.l.schuster@nasa.gov RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460 FU NASA's Earth Science Enterprise FX This work was funded by NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. We appreciate the efforts of the 83 AERONET and PHOTONS (Service d'Observation from LOA/USTL/CNRS) principal investigators and the entire CALIPSO, AERONET, and PHOTONS teams for obtaining, processing, documenting, and disseminating their respective datasets. The CALIPSO data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. This paper has also benefited from insightful discussions with Zhouyan Liu, Ali Omar, and Ray Rogers. NR 92 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 36 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 16 BP 7431 EP 7452 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7431-2012 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CW UT WOS:000308287700012 ER PT J AU Tilmes, S Lamarque, JF Emmons, LK Conley, A Schultz, MG Saunois, M Thouret, V Thompson, AM Oltmans, SJ Johnson, B Tarasick, D AF Tilmes, S. Lamarque, J. -F. Emmons, L. K. Conley, A. Schultz, M. G. Saunois, M. Thouret, V. Thompson, A. M. Oltmans, S. J. Johnson, B. Tarasick, D. TI Technical Note: Ozonesonde climatology between 1995 and 2011: description, evaluation and applications SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; POTENTIAL VORTICITY STREAMERS; LONG-TERM CHANGES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; EXTRATROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TRENDS; STRATOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; AIRCRAFT AB An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde measurements taken over the last 17 yr has been constructed for model evaluation and comparisons to other observations. Vertical ozone profiles for 42 stations around the globe have been compiled for the period 1995-2011, in pressure and tropopause-referenced altitudes. For each profile, the mean, standard deviation, median, the half-width are provided, as well as information about interannual variability. Regional aggregates are formed in combining stations with similar ozone characteristics. The Hellinger distance is introduced as a new diagnostic to identify stations that describe similar shapes of ozone probability distribution functions (PDFs). In this way, 12 regions were selected covering at least 2 stations and the variability among those stations is discussed. Significant variability with longitude of ozone distributions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere in the northern mid- and high latitudes is found. The representativeness of regional aggregates is discussed for high northern latitudes, Western Europe, Eastern US, and Japan, using independent observations from surface stations and MOZAIC aircraft data. Good agreement exists between ozonesondes and aircraft observations in the mid- troposphere and between ozonesondes and surface observations for Western Europe. For Eastern US and high northern latitudes, surface ozone values from ozonesondes are biased 10 ppb high compared to independent measurements. An application of the climatology is presented using the NCAR CAM-Chem model. The climatology allows evaluation of the model performance regarding ozone averages, seasonality, interannual variability, and the shape of ozone distributions. The new assessment of the key features of ozone distributions gives deeper insights into the performance of models. C1 [Tilmes, S.; Lamarque, J. -F.; Emmons, L. K.; Conley, A.; Saunois, M.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Schultz, M. G.] Forschungszentrum Julich, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Thouret, V.] Univ Toulouse 3, UMR5560, Lab Aerol, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Thompson, A. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Oltmans, S. J.; Johnson, B.] NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Tarasick, D.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Expt Studies ARQX, Downsview, ON, Canada. RP Tilmes, S (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM tilmes@ucar.edu RI Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 FU European Commission; INSU-CNRS (France); Meteo-France; Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany); ETHER (CNES); ETHER (INSU-CNRS); Department of Energy under SciDAC program; National Science Foundation FX We gratefully acknowledge the effort of the The World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) and NOAA Earth system Research Laboratory (ESRL) for providing a collection of high quality ozone soundings. Further, we acknowledge the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG), the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and EMEP network for providing a collection of hourly surface observations. We further acknowledge the strong support of the European Commission, Airbus, and the Airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France) who carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and perform the maintenance since 5 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by INSU-CNRS (France), Meteo-France, and Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany). The MOZAIC data based is supported by ETHER (CNES and INSU-CNRS). The HTAP and CCMVal2 modeling teams are acknowledged for sharing their results and Forschungszentrum Julich and British Atmospheric Data Center (BADC) receive credit for hosting the HTAP and CCMVal2 data bases, respectively. We also thank Jennifer Wei for the helpful discussion on the use of correction factors. Andrew Conley was funded by the Department of Energy under the SciDAC program. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is funded by the National Science Foundation. Finally, we thank all reviewers of this paper and Jennifer Logan for helpful comments and suggestions that helped to significantly improve the paper. NR 63 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 16 BP 7475 EP 7497 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7475-2012 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CW UT WOS:000308287700015 ER PT J AU Zaveri, RA Shaw, WJ Cziczo, DJ Schmid, B Ferrare, RA Alexander, ML Alexandrov, M Alvarez, RJ Arnott, WP Atkinson, DB Baidar, S Banta, RM Barnard, JC Beranek, J Berg, LK Brechtel, F Brewer, WA Cahill, JF Cairns, B Cappa, CD Chand, D China, S Comstock, JM Dubey, MK Easter, RC Erickson, MH Fast, JD Floerchinger, C Flowers, BA Fortner, E Gaffney, JS Gilles, MK Gorkowski, K Gustafson, WI Gyawali, M Hair, J Hardesty, RM Harworth, JW Herndon, S Hiranuma, N Hostetler, C Hubbe, JM Jayne, JT Jeong, H Jobson, BT Kassianov, EI Kleinman, LI Kluzek, C Knighton, B Kolesar, KR Kuang, C Kubatova, A Langford, AO Laskin, A Laulainen, N Marchbanks, RD Mazzoleni, C Mei, F Moffet, RC Nelson, D Obland, MD Oetjen, H Onasch, TB Ortega, I Ottaviani, M Pekour, M Prather, KA Radney, JG Rogers, RR Sandberg, SP Sedlacek, A Senff, CJ Senum, G Setyan, A Shilling, JE Shrivastava, M Song, C Springston, SR Subramanian, R Suski, K Tomlinson, J Volkamer, R Wallace, HW Wang, J Weickmann, AM Worsnop, DR Yu, XY Zelenyuk, A Zhang, Q AF Zaveri, R. A. Shaw, W. J. Cziczo, D. J. Schmid, B. Ferrare, R. A. Alexander, M. L. Alexandrov, M. Alvarez, R. J. Arnott, W. P. Atkinson, D. B. Baidar, S. Banta, R. M. Barnard, J. C. Beranek, J. Berg, L. K. Brechtel, F. Brewer, W. A. Cahill, J. F. Cairns, B. Cappa, C. D. Chand, D. China, S. Comstock, J. M. Dubey, M. K. Easter, R. C. Erickson, M. H. Fast, J. D. Floerchinger, C. Flowers, B. A. Fortner, E. Gaffney, J. S. Gilles, M. K. Gorkowski, K. Gustafson, W. I. Gyawali, M. Hair, J. Hardesty, R. M. Harworth, J. W. Herndon, S. Hiranuma, N. Hostetler, C. Hubbe, J. M. Jayne, J. T. Jeong, H. Jobson, B. T. Kassianov, E. I. Kleinman, L. I. Kluzek, C. Knighton, B. Kolesar, K. R. Kuang, C. Kubatova, A. Langford, A. O. Laskin, A. Laulainen, N. Marchbanks, R. D. Mazzoleni, C. Mei, F. Moffet, R. C. Nelson, D. Obland, M. D. Oetjen, H. Onasch, T. B. Ortega, I. Ottaviani, M. Pekour, M. Prather, K. A. Radney, J. G. Rogers, R. R. Sandberg, S. P. Sedlacek, A. Senff, C. J. Senum, G. Setyan, A. Shilling, J. E. Shrivastava, M. Song, C. Springston, S. R. Subramanian, R. Suski, K. Tomlinson, J. Volkamer, R. Wallace, H. W. Wang, J. Weickmann, A. M. Worsnop, D. R. Yu, X. -Y. Zelenyuk, A. Zhang, Q. TI Overview of the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; PARTICLE MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; LIGHT-ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION; INTERNALLY-MIXED SOOT; HUMIC-LIKE SUBSTANCES AB Substantial uncertainties still exist in the scientific understanding of the possible interactions between urban and natural (biogenic) emissions in the production and transformation of atmospheric aerosol and the resulting impact on climate change. The US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) carried out in June 2010 in Central Valley, California, was a comprehensive effort designed to improve this understanding. The primary objective of the field study was to investigate the evolution of secondary organic and black carbon aerosols and their climate-related properties in the Sacramento urban plume as it was routinely transported into the forested Sierra Nevada foothills area. Urban aerosols and trace gases experienced significant physical and chemical transformations as they mixed with the reactive biogenic hydrocarbons emitted from the forest. Two heavily-instrumented ground sites - one within the Sacramento urban area and another about 40 km to the northeast in the foothills area - were set up to characterize the evolution of meteorological variables, trace gases, aerosol precursors, aerosol size, composition, and climate-related properties in freshly polluted and "aged" urban air. On selected days, the DOE G-1 aircraft was deployed to make similar measurements upwind and across the evolving Sacramento plume in the morning and again in the afternoon. The NASA B-200 aircraft, carrying remote sensing instruments, was also deployed to characterize the vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosols and aerosol optical properties within and around the plume. This overview provides: (a) the scientific background and motivation for the study, (b) the operational and logistical information pertinent to the execution of the study, (c) an overview of key observations and initial findings from the aircraft and ground-based sampling platforms, and (d) a roadmap of planned data analyses and focused modeling efforts that will facilitate the integration of new knowledge into improved representations of key aerosol processes and properties in climate models. C1 [Zaveri, R. A.; Shaw, W. J.; Schmid, B.; Alexander, M. L.; Barnard, J. C.; Beranek, J.; Berg, L. K.; Chand, D.; Comstock, J. M.; Easter, R. C.; Fast, J. D.; Gustafson, W. I.; Hiranuma, N.; Hubbe, J. M.; Kassianov, E. I.; Kluzek, C.; Kubatova, A.; Laulainen, N.; Nelson, D.; Pekour, M.; Shilling, J. E.; Shrivastava, M.; Song, C.; Tomlinson, J.; Yu, X. -Y.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Cziczo, D. J.; Volkamer, R.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Ferrare, R. A.; Hair, J.; Hostetler, C.; Obland, M. D.; Rogers, R. R.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Laskin, A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Alexandrov, M.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Alvarez, R. J.; Banta, R. M.; Brewer, W. A.; Hardesty, R. M.; Langford, A. O.; Marchbanks, R. D.; Sandberg, S. P.; Senff, C. J.; Weickmann, A. M.] NOAA, Chem Sci Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Arnott, W. P.; Gyawali, M.] Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Atkinson, D. B.; Harworth, J. W.; Radney, J. G.] Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. [Baidar, S.; Oetjen, H.; Ortega, I.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Brechtel, F.] Brechtel Mfg inc, Hayward, CA USA. [Cahill, J. F.; Prather, K. A.; Suski, K.] Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Ottaviani, M.] NASA, Postdoctoral Program, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. [Cappa, C. D.; Kolesar, K. R.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [China, S.; Gorkowski, K.; Mazzoleni, C.] Michigan Technol Univ, Atmospher Sci Program, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Dubey, M. K.; Flowers, B. A.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Erickson, M. H.; Jobson, B. T.; Wallace, H. W.] Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Floerchinger, C.; Knighton, B.] Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Fortner, E.; Herndon, S.; Jayne, J. T.; Onasch, T. B.; Worsnop, D. R.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA USA. [Gaffney, J. S.] Univ Arkansas, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [Gilles, M. K.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jeong, H.; Kubatova, A.] Univ N Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. [Kleinman, L. I.; Kuang, C.; Mei, F.; Sedlacek, A.; Senum, G.; Springston, S. R.; Wang, J.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Moffet, R. C.] Univ Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211 USA. [Setyan, A.; Zhang, Q.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Subramanian, R.] Droplet Measurements Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Zelenyuk, A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Zaveri, RA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM rahul.zaveri@pnnl.gov RI Setyan, Ari/C-4025-2011; Tomlinson, Jason/C-6566-2009; Zhang, Yan/C-4792-2012; Mei, Fan/D-9953-2013; Gustafson, William/A-7732-2008; Dubey, Manvendra/E-3949-2010; Laskin, Alexander/I-2574-2012; Kuang, Chongai/E-4446-2013; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Zhang, Qi/F-9653-2010; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Subramanian, R/A-4913-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Marchbanks, Richard/I-4410-2013; Weickmann, Ann/I-4445-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Hiranuma, Naruki/D-3780-2014; Yu, Xiao-Ying/L-9385-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Shilling, John/L-6998-2015; Berg, Larry/A-7468-2016; Volkamer, Rainer/B-8925-2016; Oetjen, Hilke/H-3708-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Prather, Kimberly/A-3892-2008; OI Setyan, Ari/0000-0002-9078-6478; Gustafson, William/0000-0001-9927-1393; Dubey, Manvendra/0000-0002-3492-790X; Laskin, Alexander/0000-0002-7836-8417; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Subramanian, R/0000-0002-5553-5913; Hiranuma, Naruki/0000-0001-7790-4807; Yu, Xiao-Ying/0000-0002-9861-3109; Shilling, John/0000-0002-3728-0195; Berg, Larry/0000-0002-3362-9492; Volkamer, Rainer/0000-0002-0899-1369; Oetjen, Hilke/0000-0002-3542-1337; Prather, Kimberly/0000-0003-3048-9890; Radney, James/0000-0001-7324-8769; Zaveri, Rahul/0000-0001-9874-8807; Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022; Kubatova, Alena/0000-0002-2318-5883; Jobson, Bertram/0000-0003-1812-9745 FU NASA HQ Science Mission Directorate Radiation Sciences Program; NASA CALIPSO project; DOE ARM Program [DE-AI02-05ER63985]; NOAA Health of the Atmosphere Program; California Air Resources Board [09-317]; NSF-CAREER award [AGS-0847793]; ND EPSCoR through NSF [EPS-814442]; US DOE's Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Program at PNNL [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830]; US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute FX The authors thank the DOE G-1, NASA Langley B-200 King Air, and NOAA Twin Otter flight crew and numerous staff from all the involved institutions for their outstanding work in support of the CARES field mission. The contributions and cooperation of the following in this research effort are gratefully acknowledged: Eileen McCauley, Ajith Kaduwela, James Pederson, Leon Dolislager, and colleagues at California Air Resources Board (CARB) for their assistance in planning this study; Anthony Wexler (UC Davis), Ron Cohen (UC Berkeley), and Allen Goldstein (UC Berkeley) for helpful discussions during the planning stages of the study; John Ogren and his group at NOAA for their assistance with aerosol rack and data collection during the campaign; Ms. Wendy Westsmith and the staff at Northside School in Cool, Mr. Laduan Smedley and the staff at American River College in Sacramento, and staff at McClellan Airfield for the use of their facilities. Funding for data collection onboard the G-1 aircraft and at the ground sites was provided by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER). Partial support was also provided by the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a national scientific user facility sponsored by the DOE's OBER at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Funding for the B-200/HSRL/RSP deployment and investigations came from the NASA HQ Science Mission Directorate Radiation Sciences Program, the NASA CALIPSO project, and the DOE ARM Program, Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI02-05ER63985. Funding for data collection and analysis of the measurements taken onboard the NOAA Twin Otter was provided by the NOAA Health of the Atmosphere Program. Participation of R. Volkamer, S. Baidar, H. Oetjen, and I. Ortega (University of Colorado, Boulder) was made possible by the California Air Resources Board contract 09-317, and NSF-CAREER award AGS-0847793. Participation of A. Kubatova and H. Jeong (University of North Dakota) was made possible by funding from ND EPSCoR through NSF grant #EPS-814442. Participation of C. D. Cappa and K. R. Kolesar (University of California, Davis) was made possible by funding from NOAA and US EPA. This research was also supported by the US DOE's Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Program under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830 at PNNL. PNNL is operated for the US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute. NR 174 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 123 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 16 BP 7647 EP 7687 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7647-2012 PG 41 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CW UT WOS:000308287700026 ER PT J AU Wu, L Su, H Jiang, JH Read, WG AF Wu, L. Su, H. Jiang, J. H. Read, W. G. TI Hydration or dehydration: competing effects of upper tropospheric cloud radiation on the TTL water vapor SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER; SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS CLOUDS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; MODEL; IMPACT; INITIATION; LONGWAVE; BALANCE AB A tropical channel version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate the radiative impacts of upper tropospheric clouds on water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The WRF simulations of cloud radiative effects and water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere show reasonable agreement with observations, including approximate reproduction of the water vapor "tape recorder" signal. By turning on and off the upper tropospheric cloud radiative effect (UTCRE) above 200 hPa, we find that UTCRE induces a warming of 0.76 K and a moistening of 9% in the upper troposphere at 215 hPa. However, UTCRE cools and dehydrates the TTL, with a cooling of 0.82 K and a dehydration of 16% at 100 hPa. The enhanced vertical ascent due to UTCRE contributes substantially to mass transport and the dehydration in the TTL. The hydration due to the enhanced vertical transport is counteracted by the dehydration from adiabatic cooling associated with the enhanced vertical motion. UTCRE also substantially changes the horizontal winds in the TTL, resulting in shifts of the strongest dehydration away from the lowest temperature anomalies in the TTL. UTCRE increases in-situ cloud formation in the TTL. A seasonal variation is shown in the simulated UTCRE, with stronger impact in the moist phase from June to November than in the dry phase from December to May. C1 [Wu, L.; Su, H.; Jiang, J. H.; Read, W. G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wu, L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Wu, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM longtao.wu@jpl.nasa.gov RI Wu, Longtao/G-5509-2012 FU NASA Aura Science Team program; Aura MLS project; NASA; Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship FX The authors thank Leonhard Pfister for valuable discussions. Comments from the editor Peter Haynes and two anonymous reviewers are appreciated. This study was supported by NASA Aura Science Team program, as well as the Aura MLS project. The work is conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. The JPL author's copyright Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship for this publication is held by the California acknowledged. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 16 BP 7727 EP 7735 DI 10.5194/acp-12-7727-2012 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CW UT WOS:000308287700030 ER PT J AU Doxaran, D Ehn, J Belanger, S Matsuoka, A Hooker, S Babin, M AF Doxaran, D. Ehn, J. Belanger, S. Matsuoka, A. Hooker, S. Babin, M. TI Optical characterisation of suspended particles in the Mackenzie River plume (Canadian Arctic Ocean) and implications for ocean colour remote sensing SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENTS; QUANTITATIVE FILTER TECHNIQUE; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; BEAUFORT SEA; BACKSCATTERING RATIO; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; COASTAL WATERS; PARTICULATE MATTER; MARINE PARTICLES; RADIANCE FIELD AB Climate change significantly impacts Arctic shelf regions in terms of air temperature, ultraviolet radiation, melting of sea ice, precipitation, thawing of permafrost and coastal erosion. Direct consequences have been observed on the increasing Arctic river flow and a large amount of organic carbon sequestered in soils at high latitudes since the last glacial maximum can be expected to be delivered to the Arctic Ocean during the coming decade. Monitoring the fluxes and fate of this terrigenous organic carbon is problematic in such sparsely populated regions unless remote sensing techniques can be developed and proved to be operational. The main objective of this study is to develop an ocean colour algorithm to operationally monitor dynamics of suspended particulate matter (SPM) on the Mackenzie River continental shelf (Canadian Arctic Ocean) using satellite imagery. The water optical properties are documented across the study area and related to concentrations of SPM and particulate organic carbon (POC). Robust SPM and POC : SPM proxies are identified, such as the light backscattering and attenuation coefficients, and relationships are established between these optical and biogeochemical parameters. Following a semi-analytical approach, a regional SPM quantification relationship is obtained for the inversion of the water reflectance signal into SPM concentration. This relationship is reproduced based on independent field optical measurements. It is successfully applied to a selection of MODIS satellite data which allow estimating fluxes at the river mouth and monitoring the extension and dynamics of the Mackenzie River surface plume in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Good agreement is obtained with field observations representative of the whole water column in the river delta zone where terrigenous SPM is mainly constrained (out of short periods of maximum river outflow). Most of the seaward export of SPM is observed to occur within the west side of the river mouth. Future work will require the validation of the developed SPM regional algorithm based on match-ups with field measurements, then the routine application to ocean colour satellite data in order to better estimate the fluxes and fate of SPM and POC delivered by the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean. C1 [Doxaran, D.; Ehn, J.] UPMC, CNRS, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, UMR7093, Paris, France. [Ehn, J.] Univ Manitoba, Ctr Earth Observat Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Belanger, S.] Univ Quebec, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.] Univ Laval, CNRS, Takuvik Joint Int Lab, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. [Hooker, S.] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Doxaran, D (reprint author), UPMC, CNRS, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, UMR7093, Paris, France. EM doxaran@obs-vlfr.fr FU ANR; French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Malina project); Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES-France) through Provpanache project; Groupe Mission MERCATOR/CORIOLIS (France) FX This study was funded by ANR, the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Malina project, P. I. M. Babin), by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES-France) through the Provpanache project and by the Groupe Mission MERCATOR/CORIOLIS (France). We acknowledge the NASA GSFC for providing free access to MODIS satellite data and SeaDAS software, Environment Canada, namely the Water Office www.wateroffice.ec.gc.ca, for providing the daily water discharge of the Mackenzie River main tributaries. We finally thank two reviewers for their very useful comments and C. Neil for English review. NR 57 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 51 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2012 VL 9 IS 8 BP 3213 EP 3229 DI 10.5194/bg-9-3213-2012 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 999DT UT WOS:000308290200026 ER PT S AU Grossi, M Hunt, LK Madden, S Vlahakis, C Bomans, DJ Baes, M Bendo, GJ Bianchi, S Boselli, A Clemens, M Corbelli, E Cortese, L Dariush, A Davies, JI De Looze, I Alighieri, SD Fadda, D Fritz, J Garcia-Appadoo, DA Gavazzi, G Giovanardi, C Hughes, TM Jones, AP Pierini, D Pohlen, M Sabatini, S Smith, MWL Verstappen, J Xilouris, EM Zibetti, S AF Grossi, M. Hunt, L. K. Madden, S. Vlahakis, C. Bomans, D. J. Baes, M. Bendo, G. J. Bianchi, S. Boselli, A. Clemens, M. Corbelli, E. Cortese, L. Dariush, A. Davies, J. I. De Looze, I. Alighieri, S. di Serego Fadda, D. Fritz, J. Garcia-Appadoo, D. A. Gavazzi, G. Giovanardi, C. Hughes, T. M. Jones, A. P. Pierini, D. Pohlen, M. Sabatini, S. Smith, M. W. L. Verstappen, J. Xilouris, E. M. Zibetti, S. BE Papaderos, P Recchi, S Hensler, G TI Dust Content of Virgo Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies SO DWARF GALAXIES: KEYS TO GALAXY FORMATION AND EVOLUTION: PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM 3 OF JENAM 2010 SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint European and National Astronomy Meeting (JENAM)/18th Annual Meeting of the European-Astronomical-Society/20th Annual Portuguese Meeting of Astronomy and Astrophysics/Symposium 7 - Square Kilometre Array (SKA) CY SEP 06-10, 2010 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Astronom Soc (EAS), Portuguese Astronom Soc, Minist Ciencia, Tecnol Ensino Super, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol (FCT), Gulbenkian Fdn, Univ Lisboa, Fac Ciencias, SIM ID CLUSTER; EMISSION; GAS; ENVIRONMENTS; LUMINOSITY; NGC-1569; MODEL AB We investigate the dust properties of a small sample of Virgo cluster dwarf galaxies drawn from the science demonstration phase data set of the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey (HeViCS). These galaxies have low metallicities (7.8 < 12 + log(O/H) < 8.3) and star formation rates less than or similar to 0.1 M-circle dot yr(-1). We measure the spectral energy distribution (SED) from 100 to 500 mu m and derive dust temperatures and masses. The SEDs are fitted by a cool component with T less than or similar to 20 K, implying dust masses around 10(5) M-circle dot and dust-to-gas ratios (D) within the range 10(-3)-10(-2). C1 [Grossi, M.] Univ Lisbon, Observ Astron Lisboa, CAAUL, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal. [Hunt, L. K.; Bianchi, S.; Corbelli, E.; Alighieri, S. di Serego; Giovanardi, C.] INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico Arcetri, Rome, Italy. [Madden, S.] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, CEA DSM, Lab AIM, Paris, France. [Vlahakis, C.] Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. [Bomans, D. J.] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astronom Inst, Bochum, Germany. [Baes, M.; Bendo, G. J.; De Looze, I.; Fritz, J.; Verstappen, J.] Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London, England. [Boselli, A.] Lab Astrophys Marseille, Marseille, France. [Clemens, M.] INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico Padova, Padua, Italy. [Cortese, L.] ESO, Garching, Germany. [Dariush, A.; Davies, J. I.; Pohlen, M.; Smith, M. W. L.] Cardiff Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales. [Fadda, D.] NASA, Herschel Sci Ctr, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Grossi, M (reprint author), Univ Lisbon, Observ Astron Lisboa, CAAUL, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal. EM grossi@oal.ul.pt RI di Serego Alighieri, Sperello/E-4067-2010; OI Corbelli, Edvige/0000-0002-5788-2628; Grossi, Marco/0000-0003-4675-3246; di Serego Alighieri, Sperello/0000-0001-8769-2692; Hunt, Leslie/0000-0001-9162-2371; Baes, Maarten/0000-0002-3930-2757; Bianchi, Simone/0000-0002-9384-846X NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1570-6591 BN 978-3-642-22018-0; 978-3-642-22017-3 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2012 BP 289 EP 293 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-22018-0_34 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBR83 UT WOS:000307999800034 ER PT S AU Lazio, TJW AF Lazio, T. Joseph W. BE Barbosa, D Anton, S Gurvits, L Maia, D TI Transient Phenomena: Opportunities for New Discoveries SO SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY: PAVING THE WAY FOR THE NEW 21ST CENTURY RADIO ASTRONOMY PARADIGM: PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM 7 OF JENAM 2010 SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint European and National Astronomy Meeting (JENAM)/18th Annual Meeting of the European-Astronomical-Society/20th Annual Portuguese Meeting of Astronomy and Astrophysics/Symposium 7 - Square Kilometre Array (SKA) CY SEP 06-10, 2010 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Astronom Soc (EAS), Portuguese Astronom Soc, Minist Ciencia, Tecnol Ensino Super, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol (FCT), Gulbenkian Fdn, Univ Lisboa, Fac Ciencias, SIM ID HOT INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; GALACTIC NEUTRON-STARS; BLACK-HOLE EXPLOSIONS; BURSTING RADIO-SOURCE; GIANT PULSES; MILLISECOND PULSAR; DWARF; EMISSION; SEARCH; SCINTILLATION AB Known classes of radio wavelength transients range from the nearby (stellar flares and radio pulsars) to the distant Universe (gamma-ray burst afterglows). Hypothesized classes of radio transients include analogs of known objects, such as extrasolar planets emitting Jovian-like radio bursts and giant-pulse emitting pulsars in other galaxies, to the exotic, such as prompt emission from gamma-ray bursts, evaporating black holes and transmitters from other civilizations. Time domain astronomy has been recognized internationally as a means of addressing key scientific questions in astronomy and physics, and pathfinders and Precursors to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) are beginning to offer a combination of wider fields of view and more wavelength agility than has been possible in the past. These improvements will continue when the SKA itself becomes operational. I illustrate the range of transient phenomena and discuss how the detection and study of radio transients will improve immensely. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lazio, TJW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Code 314-308,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Joseph.Lazio@jpl.nasa.gov RI Anton, Sonia/K-6041-2015 OI Anton, Sonia/0000-0002-0658-644X NR 51 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1570-6591 BN 978-3-642-22795-0 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2012 BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-22795-0_6 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBR81 UT WOS:000307995700006 ER PT S AU Stewart, GA Garonne, V Lassnig, M Molfetas, A Barisits, M Zhang, D Calvet, I Beermann, T Megino, FB Tykhonov, A Campana, S Serfon, C Oleynik, D Petrosyan, A AF Stewart, Graeme A. Garonne, Vincent Lassnig, Mario Molfetas, Angelos Barisits, Martin Zhang, Donal Calvet, Ivan Beermann, Thomas Megino, Fernando Barreiro Tykhonov, Andrii Campana, Simone Serfon, Cedric Oleynik, Danila Petrosyan, Artem CA ATLAS Collaboration BE Teodorescu, L TI Advances in service and operations for ATLAS data management SO 14TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ADVANCED COMPUTING AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICS RESEARCH (ACAT 2011) SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Advanced Computing and Analysis Techniques in Physics Research (ACAT) CY SEP 05-09, 2011 CL Brunel Univ, Uxbridge, ENGLAND SP Sci & Technol, Facilities Council (STFC), Durham Univ, Inst Particle Phys Phenomenol (IPPP), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dell HO Brunel Univ AB ATLAS has recorded almost 5PB of RAW data since the LHC started running at the end of 2009. Many more derived data products and complimentary simulation data have also been produced by the collaboration and, in total, 70PB is currently stored in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid by ATLAS. All of this data is managed by the ATLAS Distributed Data Management system, called Don Quixote 2 (DQ2). DQ2 has evolved rapidly to help ATLAS Computing operations manage these large quantities of data across the many grid sites at which ATLAS runs and to help ATLAS physicists get access to this data. In this paper we describe new and improved DQ2 services: popularity; space monitoring and accounting; exclusion service; cleaning agents; deletion agents. We describe the experience of data management operation in ATLAS computing, showing how these services enable management of petabyte scale computing operations. We illustrate the coupling of data management services to other parts of the ATLAS computing infrastructure, in particular showing how feedback from the distributed analysis system in ATLAS has enabled dynamic placement of the most popular data, helping users and groups to analyse the increasing data volumes on the grid. C1 [Stewart, Graeme A.; Garonne, Vincent; Lassnig, Mario; Molfetas, Angelos; Barisits, Martin; Calvet, Ivan; Beermann, Thomas; Megino, Fernando Barreiro; Campana, Simone] CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. NASA, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35801 USA. [Zhang, Donal] Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100864, Peoples R China. [Tykhonov, Andrii] Joczef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia. [Serfon, Cedric] Univ Munich, Marchioninistr 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany. [Oleynik, Danila] Inst Nuclear Res, Dubna, Russia. RP Stewart, GA (reprint author), CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2012 VL 368 AR 012005 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/368/1/012005 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA BBN48 UT WOS:000307497200005 ER PT S AU Kunneriath, D Eckart, A Vogel, SN Teuben, P Muzic, K Schodel, R Garcia-Marin, M Moultaka, J Staguhn, J Straubmeier, C Zensus, JA Valencia, M Karas, V AF Kunneriath, D. Eckart, A. Vogel, S. N. Teuben, P. Muzic, K. Schoedel, R. Garcia-Marin, M. Moultaka, J. Staguhn, J. Straubmeier, C. Zensus, J. A. Valencia-S, M. Karas, V. BE Iserlohe, C Karas, V Krips, M Eckart, A Britzen, S Fischer, S TI The Galactic centre mini-spiral with CARMA SO ASTRONOMY AT HIGH ANGULAR RESOLUTION 2011: THE CENTRAL KILOPARSEC IN GALACTIC NUCLEI SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astronomy at High Angular Resolution - The Central Kiloparsec in Galactic Nuclei CY AUG 28-SEP 02, 2011 CL Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG), Physikzentrum, Bad Honnef, GERMANY HO Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG), Physikzentrum ID SAGITTARIUS-A-ASTERISK; CENTRAL PARSEC; IONIZED-GAS; MILLIMETER; REGIME AB The Galactic centre mini-spiral region is a mixture of gas and dust with temperatures ranging from a few hundred K to 10(4) K. We report results from 1.3 and 3mm radio interferometric observations of this region with CARMA, and present a spectral index map of this region. We find a range of emission mechanisms in the region, including the inverted synchrotron spectrum of Sgr A*, free-free emission from the mini-spiral arms, and a possible dust emission contribution indicated by a positive spectral index. C1 [Kunneriath, D.; Eckart, A.; Garcia-Marin, M.; Straubmeier, C.; Zensus, J. A.; Valencia-S, M.] Acad Sci Czech Republic, Astron Inst, Bocni 2, CZ-14100 Prague, Czech Republic. [Kunneriath, D.; Eckart, A.; Valencia-S, M.] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Kunneriath, D.; Karas, V.] Acad Sci, Astron Inst, CZ-14100 Prague, Czech Republic. [Teuben, P.; Staguhn, J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Muzic, K.] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada. [Teuben, P.] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada 18008, Spain. [Moultaka, J.] Univ Toulouse, CNRS, LATT, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Straubmeier, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Staguhn, J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Kunneriath, D (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republic, Astron Inst, Bocni 2, CZ-14100 Prague, Czech Republic. EM devaky@astro.cas.cz RI Karas, Vladimir/C-1559-2013; Kunneriath, Devaky/G-8513-2014; Schoedel, Rainer/D-4751-2014 OI Karas, Vladimir/0000-0002-5760-0459; Schoedel, Rainer/0000-0001-5404-797X FU International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the MPIfR; University of Bonn; Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovacion of the government of Spain; German federal department for education and research (BMBF) [50OS0502, 50OS0801]; COST Action MP0905: Black Holes in a violent Universe; PECS [98040]; University of Cologne FX D. Kunneriath was supported by the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the MPIfR and the Universities of Bonn and Cologne for part of this work. M. Valencia-S is currently a member of the IMPRS. R. Schoedel acknowledges support by the Ramon y Cajal programme by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovacion of the government of Spain. M. Garcia-Marin is supported by the German federal department for education and research (BMBF) under the project numbers: 50OS0502 & 50OS0801. Part of this work was supported by the COST Action MP0905: Black Holes in a violent Universe and PECS project No. 98040. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2012 VL 372 AR 012063 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012063 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBO29 UT WOS:000307718600063 ER PT J AU Gao, F De Colstoun, EB Ma, RH Weng, QH Masek, JG Chen, J Pan, YZ Song, CH AF Gao, Feng De Colstoun, Eric Brown Ma, Ronghua Weng, Qihao Masek, Jeffrey G. Chen, Jin Pan, Yaozhong Song, Conghe TI Mapping impervious surface expansion using medium-resolution satellite image time series: a case study in the Yangtze River Delta, China SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL MIXTURE ANALYSIS; LAND-USE CHANGE; URBAN-GROWTH; CITY LIGHTS; URBANIZATION; COVER; CLASSIFICATION; LANDSCAPE; CLIMATE; SCALE AB Cities have been expanding rapidly worldwide, especially over the past few decades. Mapping the dynamic expansion of impervious surface in both space and time is essential for an improved understanding of the urbanization process, land-cover and land-use change, and their impacts on the environment. Landsat and other medium-resolution satellites provide the necessary spatial details and temporal frequency for mapping impervious surface expansion over the past four decades. Since the US Geological Survey opened the historical record of the Landsat image archive for free access in 2008, the decades-old bottleneck of data limitation has gone. Remote-sensing scientists are now rich with data, and the challenge is how to make best use of this precious resource. In this article, we develop an efficient algorithm to map the continuous expansion of impervious surface using a time series of four decades of medium-resolution satellite images. The algorithm is based on a supervised classification of the time-series image stack using a decision tree. Each imerpervious class represents urbanization starting in a different image. The algorithm also allows us to remove inconsistent training samples because impervious expansion is not reversible during the study period. The objective is to extract a time series of complete and consistent impervious surface maps from a corresponding times series of images collected from multiple sensors, and with a minimal amount of image preprocessing effort. The approach was tested in the lower Yangtze River Delta region, one of the fastest urban growth areas in China. Results from nearly four decades of medium-resolution satellite data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) and China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) show a consistent urbanization process that is consistent with economic development plans and policies. The time-series impervious spatial extent maps derived from this study agree well with an existing urban extent polygon data set that was previously developed independently. The overall mapping accuracy was estimated at about 92.5% with 3% commission error and 12% omission error for the impervious type from all images regardless of image quality and initial spatial resolution. C1 [Song, Conghe] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Gao, Feng] ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [De Colstoun, Eric Brown; Masek, Jeffrey G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ma, Ronghua] Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geog & Limnol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. [Weng, Qihao] Indiana State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Syst, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. [Chen, Jin; Pan, Yaozhong] Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Song, CH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM csong@email.unc.edu RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Song, Conghe/E-3087-2016 OI Song, Conghe/0000-0002-4099-4906 FU US Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat Science Team project; NASA Land Cover and Land Use Change (LCLUC) project; Strategic Priority Research Programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA05050106] FX This work was supported by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat Science Team project, the NASA Land Cover and Land Use Change (LCLUC) project and the Strategic Priority Research Programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues, Grant No. XDA05050106. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 5 U2 60 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 24 BP 7609 EP 7628 DI 10.1080/01431161.2012.700424 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 979RE UT WOS:000306836700001 ER PT J AU Kim, TH Mohammed, S Ramos, C Gervasi, O Fang, WC Stoica, A AF Kim, Tai-hoon Mohammed, Sabah Ramos, Carlos Gervasi, Osvaldo Fang, Wai-Chi Stoica, Adrian TI Biometrics and Biosecurity SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Kim, Tai-hoon] GVSA, Sandy Bay, Tas, Australia. [Kim, Tai-hoon] Univ Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tas, Australia. [Mohammed, Sabah] Lakehead Univ, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada. [Ramos, Carlos] Inst Super Engn Porto GECAD, P-4200072 Oporto, Portugal. [Gervasi, Osvaldo] Univ Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. [Fang, Wai-Chi] Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. [Stoica, Adrian] CALTECH, JPL NASA, Le Canada Flintridge, CA 91011 USA. RP Kim, TH (reprint author), GVSA, 20 Virgina Court, Sandy Bay, Tas, Australia. EM taihoonn@paran.com RI Gervasi, Osvaldo/B-9234-2013; Ramos, Carlos/K-7403-2014 OI Gervasi, Osvaldo/0000-0003-4327-520X; Ramos, Carlos/0000-0002-5143-1711 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1110-7243 J9 J BIOMED BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biomed. Biotechnol. PY 2012 AR 684815 DI 10.1155/2012/684815 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 001UX UT WOS:000308486700001 ER PT J AU Hashimoto, H Wang, WL Milesi, C White, MA Ganguly, S Gamo, M Hirata, R Myneni, RB Nemani, RR AF Hashimoto, Hirofumi Wang, Weile Milesi, Cristina White, Michael A. Ganguly, Sangram Gamo, Minoru Hirata, Ryuichi Myneni, Ranga B. Nemani, Ramakrishna R. TI Exploring Simple Algorithms for Estimating Gross Primary Production in Forested Areas from Satellite Data SO REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE GPP; LAI; EVI; NDVI; MODIS ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; ENHANCED VEGETATION INDEX; MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST; LEAF-AREA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; TERRESTRIAL GROSS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; UNITED-STATES AB Algorithms that use remotely-sensed vegetation indices to estimate gross primary production (GPP), a key component of the global carbon cycle, have gained a lot of popularity in the past decade. Yet despite the amount of research on the topic, the most appropriate approach is still under debate. As an attempt to address this question, we compared the performance of different vegetation indices from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in capturing the seasonal and the annual variability of GPP estimates from an optimal network of 21 FLUXNET forest towers sites. The tested indices include the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation absorbed by plant canopies (FPAR). Our results indicated that single vegetation indices captured 50-80% of the variability of tower-estimated GPP, but no one index performed universally well in all situations. In particular, EVI outperformed the other MODIS products in tracking seasonal variations in tower-estimated GPP, but annual mean MODIS LAI was the best estimator of the spatial distribution of annual flux-tower GPP (GPP = 615 x LAI - 376, where GPP is in g C/m(2)/year). This simple algorithm rehabilitated earlier approaches linking ground measurements of LAI to flux-tower estimates of GPP and produced annual GPP estimates comparable to the MODIS 17 GPP product. As such, remote sensing-based estimates of GPP continue to offer a useful alternative to estimates from biophysical models, and the choice of the most appropriate approach depends on whether the estimates are required at annual or sub-annual temporal resolution. C1 [Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Wang, Weile; Milesi, Cristina] Calif State Univ, Div Sci & Environm Policy, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. [Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Wang, Weile; Milesi, Cristina; Ganguly, Sangram; Nemani, Ramakrishna R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94040 USA. [White, Michael A.] Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Ganguly, Sangram] Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. [Gamo, Minoru] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. [Hirata, Ryuichi] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608589, Japan. [Myneni, Ranga B.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Hashimoto, H (reprint author), Calif State Univ, Div Sci & Environm Policy, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. EM hirofumi.hashimoto@gmail.com; weile.wang@gmail.com; cristina.milesi@gmail.com; mikew.usu@gmail.com; sangramganguly@gmail.com; old-gamo@aist.go.jp; ryuhirat@env.agr.hokudai.ac.jp; ranga.myneni@gmail.com; nemani911@gmail.com RI ganguly, sangram/B-5108-2010; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012; OI White, Michael/0000-0002-0238-8913 FU FLUXNET program; NASA's Earth Sciences Program FX We sincerely appreciate the help of the researchers affiliated with the FLUXNET program. This study was funded by NASA's Earth Sciences Program. We are grateful to Alessandro Cescatti and Scott Goetz for useful comments. NR 80 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 36 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2072-4292 J9 REMOTE SENS-BASEL JI Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2012 VL 4 IS 1 BP 303 EP 326 DI 10.3390/rs4010303 PG 24 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 978PI UT WOS:000306755900015 ER PT S AU Brockers, R Susca, S Zhu, D Matthies, L AF Brockers, Roland Susca, Sara Zhu, David Matthies, Larry BE Karlsen, RE Gage, DW Shoemaker, CM Gerhart, GR TI Fully Self-Contained Vision-Aided Navigation and Landing of a Micro Air Vehicle Independent from External Sensor Inputs SO UNMANNED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology XIV CY APR 25-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE ID SLAM; ENVIRONMENTS; TERRAIN AB Direct-lift micro air vehicles have important applications in reconnaissance. In order to conduct persistent surveillance in urban environments, it is essential that these systems can perform autonomous landing maneuvers on elevated surfaces that provide high vantage points without the help of any external sensor and with a fully contained on-board software solution. In this paper, we present a micro air vehicle that uses vision feedback from a single down looking camera to navigate autonomously and detect an elevated landing platform as a surrogate for a roof top. Our method requires no special preparation (labels or markers) of the landing location. Rather, leveraging the planar character of urban structure, the landing platform detection system uses a planar homography decomposition to detect landing targets and produce approach waypoints for autonomous landing. The vehicle control algorithm uses a Kalman filter based approach for pose estimation to fuse visual SLAM (PTAM) position estimates with IMU data to correct for high latency SLAM inputs and to increase the position estimate update rate in order to improve control stability. Scale recovery is achieved using inputs from a sonar altimeter. In experimental runs, we demonstrate a real-time implementation running on-board a micro aerial vehicle that is fully self-contained and independent from any external sensor information. With this method, the vehicle is able to search autonomously for a landing location and perform precision landing maneuvers on the detected targets. C1 [Brockers, Roland; Susca, Sara; Zhu, David; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Brockers, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM brockers@jpl.nasa.gov; sara.susca@jpl.nasa.gov; david.q.zhu@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9065-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8387 AR 83870Q DI 10.1117/12.919278 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics; Optics GA BAX09 UT WOS:000305906400025 ER PT S AU James, BL Martinez, RM Shirron, P Tuttle, J Galassi, NM McGuinness, DS Puckett, D Francis, JJ Flom, Y AF James, Bryan L. Martinez, Raul M. Shirron, Peter Tuttle, Jim Galassi, Nicholas M. McGuinness, Daniel S. Puckett, David Francis, John J. Flom, Yury BE Balachandran, U TI MECHANICAL TENSILE TESTING OF TITANIUM 15-3-3-3 AND KEVLAR 49 AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 58 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)/International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUN 13-17, 2011 CL Spokane, WA SP ATI Wah Chang, Burkert Fluid Control Syst, Cryocomp, Cryofab, Inc, Cryomagnet, Inc, Eden Cryogen, GE Global Res, Linde, Luvata Waterbury, Inc, Meyer Tool & Mfg, Inc, PHPK Technol, RUAG Space GmbH DE elongation; tensile modulus; yield strength; ultimate tensile strength; break strength AB Titanium 15-3-3-3 and Kevlar 49 are highly desired materials for structural components in cryogenic applications due to their low thermal conductivity at low temperatures. Previous tests have indicated that titanium 15-3-3-3 becomes increasingly brittle as the temperature decreases. Furthermore, little is known regarding the mechanical properties of Kevlar 49 at low temperatures, most specifically its Young's modulus. This testing investigates the mechanical properties of both materials at cryogenic temperatures through cryogenic mechanical tensile testing to failure. The elongation, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and break strength of both materials are provided and analyzed here. C1 [James, Bryan L.; Martinez, Raul M.; Shirron, Peter; Tuttle, Jim; Galassi, Nicholas M.; McGuinness, Daniel S.; Puckett, David; Francis, John J.; Flom, Yury] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP James, BL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1022-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1435 BP 78 EP 85 DI 10.1063/1.4712083 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH75 UT WOS:000306860500007 ER PT J AU Parazoo, NC Denning, AS Kawa, SR Pawson, S Lokupitiya, R AF Parazoo, N. C. Denning, A. S. Kawa, S. R. Pawson, S. Lokupitiya, R. TI CO2 flux estimation errors associated with moist atmospheric processes SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; NATIONAL CENTER; NORTH-AMERICA; TRANSPORT; CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY AB Vertical transport by moist sub-grid scale processes such as deep convection is a well-known source of uncertainty in CO2 source/sink inversion. However, a dynamical link between vertical transport, satellite based retrievals of column mole fractions of CO2, and source/sink inversion has not yet been established. By using the same offline transport model with meteorological fields from slightly different data assimilation systems, we examine sensitivity of frontal CO2 transport and retrieved fluxes to different parameterizations of sub-grid vertical transport. We find that frontal transport feeds off background vertical CO2 gradients, which are modulated by sub-grid vertical transport. The implication for source/sink estimation is two-fold. First, CO2 variations contained in moist poleward moving air masses are systematically different from variations in dry equatorward moving air. Moist poleward transport is hidden from orbital sensors on satellites, causing a sampling bias, which leads directly to small but systematic flux retrieval errors in northern mid-latitudes. Second, differences in the representation of moist sub-grid vertical transport in GEOS-4 and GEOS-5 meteorological fields cause differences in vertical gradients of CO2, which leads to systematic differences in moist poleward and dry equatorward CO2 transport and therefore the fraction of CO2 variations hidden in moist air from satellites. As a result, sampling biases are amplified and regional scale flux errors enhanced, most notably in Europe (0.43 +/- 0.35 PgC yr(-1)). These results, cast from the perspective of moist frontal transport processes, support previous arguments that the vertical gradient of CO2 is a major source of uncertainty in source/sink inversion. C1 [Parazoo, N. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Denning, A. S.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Kawa, S. R.; Pawson, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lokupitiya, R.] Univ Sri Jayawardenepura, Dept Stat & Comp Sci, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. RP Parazoo, NC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM nicholas.c.parazoo@jpl.nasa.gov RI Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X FU NASA Carbon Cycle Science; NASA [NNX08AM56G, MAP/04-0085-0081] FX This research is supported by NASA Carbon Cycle Science and NASA grants NNX08AM56G and MAP/04-0085-0081. NR 49 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 14 BP 6405 EP 6416 DI 10.5194/acp-12-6405-2012 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 979HO UT WOS:000306808300022 ER PT J AU Perez-Ramirez, D Lyamani, H Olmo, FJ Whiteman, DN Navas-Guzman, F Alados-Arboledas, L AF Perez-Ramirez, D. Lyamani, H. Olmo, F. J. Whiteman, D. N. Navas-Guzman, F. Alados-Arboledas, L. TI Cloud screening and quality control algorithm for star photometer data: assessment with lidar measurements and with all-sky images SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; IBERIAN PENINSULA; SUN PHOTOMETRY; EASTERN SPAIN; MOUNTAIN SITE; AERONET; GRANADA; VARIABILITY; ABSORPTION; RETRIEVAL AB This paper presents the development and set up of a cloud screening and data quality control algorithm for a star photometer based on CCD camera as detector. These algorithms are necessary for passive remote sensing techniques to retrieve the columnar aerosol optical depth, delta(Ae)(lambda), and precipitable water vapor content, W, at nighttime. This cloud screening procedure consists of calculating moving averages of delta(Ae)(lambda) and W under different time-windows combined with a procedure for detecting outliers. Additionally, to avoid undesirable delta(Ae)(lambda) and W fluctuations caused by the atmospheric turbulence, the data are averaged on 30 min. The algorithm is applied to the star photometer deployed in the city of Granada (37.16A degrees N, 3.60A degrees W, 680 m a.s.l.; South-East of Spain) for the measurements acquired between March 2007 and September 2009. The algorithm is evaluated with correlative measurements registered by a lidar system and also with all-sky images obtained at the sunset and sunrise of the previous and following days. Promising results are obtained detecting cloud-affected data. Additionally, the cloud screening algorithm has been evaluated under different aerosol conditions including Saharan dust intrusion, biomass burning and pollution events. C1 [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Lyamani, H.; Olmo, F. J.; Navas-Guzman, F.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Granada 18006, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Lyamani, H.; Olmo, F. J.; Navas-Guzman, F.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Dept Fis Aplicada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Whiteman, D. N.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Perez-Ramirez, D (reprint author), Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Av Mediterraneo S-N, Granada 18006, Spain. EM dperez@ugr.es RI Lyamani, Hassan/J-4380-2013; Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/P-5630-2014; Olmo Reyes, Francisco Jose/F-7621-2016; Navas Guzman, Francisco/G-5900-2016; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/Q-1129-2016; OI Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/0000-0003-3576-7167; Olmo Reyes, Francisco Jose/0000-0002-0186-1721; Navas Guzman, Francisco/0000-0002-0905-4385; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/0000-0002-7679-6135; Lyamani, Hassan/0000-0002-6386-1102 FU Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology [CGL2008-01330-E/CLI, CGL2010-18782, CSD2007-00067]; Andalusian Regional Government [P10-RNM-6299, P08-RNM-3568]; EU ACTRIS project [EU INFRA-2010-1.1.16-262254]; University of Granada FX This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through projects CGL2008-01330-E/CLI (Spanish Lidar Network), CGL2010-18782 and CSD2007-00067; by the Andalusian Regional Government through projects P10-RNM-6299 and P08-RNM-3568; by the EU ACTRIS project (EU INFRA-2010-1.1.16-262254); and by the Postdoctoral Program of the University of Granada. The authors express gratitude to the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), Naval Research Laboratory for the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model. We gratefully acknowledge the MODIS mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the production of the data used in this publication. We also would like to thanks AERONET team and the corresponding PI of the stations used in this work for the deployment and maintenance of the instruments and for providing the data. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1585 EP 1599 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1585-2012 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500006 ER PT J AU Seidel, FC Popp, C AF Seidel, F. C. Popp, C. TI Critical surface albedo and its implications to aerosol remote sensing SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SATELLITE; VALIDATION; ABSORPTION; NETWORK; CLIMATE; AERONET; MODIS AB We analyse the critical surface albedo (CSA) and its implications to aerosol remote sensing. CSA is defined as the surface albedo where the reflectance at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) does not depend on aerosol optical depth (AOD). AOD retrievals are therefore inaccurate at the CSA. The CSA is obtained by derivatives of the TOA reflectance with respect to AOD using a radiative transfer code. We present the CSA and the effect of surface albedo uncertainties on AOD retrieval and atmospheric correction as a function of aerosol single-scattering albedo, illumination and observation geometry, wavelength and AOD. In general, increasing aerosol absorption and increasing scattering angles lead to lower CSA. In contrast to the strict definition of the CSA, we show that the CSA can also slightly depend on AOD and therefore rather represent a small range of surface albedo values. This was often neglected in previous studies. The following implications to aerosol remote sensing applications were found: (i) surface albedo uncertainties result in large AOD retrieval errors, particularly close to the CSA; (ii) AOD retrievals of weakly or non-absorbing aerosols require dark surfaces, while strongly absorbing aerosols can be retrieved more accurately over bright surfaces; (iii) the CSA may help to estimate aerosol absorption; and (iv) the presented sensitivity of the reflectance at TOA to AOD provides error estimations to optimise AOD retrieval algorithms. C1 [Seidel, F. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Popp, C.] Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland. RP Seidel, FC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM felix.seidel@jpl.nasa.gov OI Seidel, Felix/0000-0002-4282-2198 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Swiss University Conference; ETH Board as an Innovation/Cooperation project [C-19] FX The work of F. C. Seidel for the AMTD version of this study was performed at the Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Switzerland, and for AMT at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The author's copyright for this publication is transferred to the California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship acknowledged. C. Popp acknowledges Hyper-Swiss-Net which is jointly funded by the Swiss University Conference and the ETH Board as an Innovation/Cooperation project (Reference number C-19). We are very grateful for the thoughtful comments and suggestions by Alexander A. Kokhanovsky and two anonymous reviewers, which helped to considerably improve our manuscript. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1653 EP 1665 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1653-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500011 ER PT J AU Alston, EJ Sokolik, IN Kalashnikova, OV AF Alston, E. J. Sokolik, I. N. Kalashnikova, O. V. TI Characterization of atmospheric aerosol in the US Southeast from ground- and space-based measurements over the past decade SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY; OPTICAL DEPTH; UNITED-STATES; MODIS; ATLANTA; LAND; PRODUCTS; MASS; CLIMATOLOGY; RETRIEVAL AB This study examines how aerosols measured from the ground and space over the US Southeast change temporally over a regional scale during the past decade. PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter > 2.5 micrometers) data consist of two datasets that represent the measurements that are used for regulatory purposes by the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and continuous measurements used for quickly disseminating air quality information. AOD (aerosol optical depth) data come from three NASA sensors: the MODIS sensors onboard Terra and Aqua satellites and the MISR sensor onboard the Terra satellite. We analyze all available data over the state of Georgia from 2000-2009 of both types of aerosol data. The analysis reveals that during the summer the large metropolitan area of Atlanta has average PM2.5 concentrations that are 50% more than the remainder of the state. Strong seasonality is detected in both the AOD and PM2.5 datasets, as evidenced by a threefold increase of AOD from mean winter values to mean summer values, and the increase in PM2.5 concentrations is almost twofold over the same period. Additionally, there is agreement between MODIS and MISR onboard the Terra satellite during the spring and summer, having correlation coefficients of 0.64 and 0.71, respectively. Monthly anomalies were used to determine the presence of a trend in all considered aerosol datasets. We found negative linear trends for both the monthly AOD anomalies from MODIS onboard Terra and the PM2.5 datasets, which are statistically significant. Decreasing trends were also found for MISR onboard Terra and MODIS onboard Aqua, but those trends were not statistically significant. The observed decrease in AOD and PM2.5 concentrations may be indicative of the brightening over the study region during the past decade. C1 [Alston, E. J.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. [Alston, E. J.; Sokolik, I. N.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Kalashnikova, O. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Alston, EJ (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. EM erica.j.alston@nasa.gov OI Alston, Erica/0000-0001-6287-7914 FU Radiation Sciences Programs; Science Directorate, NASA LaRC; NASA FX E. J. Alston would like to thank the Science Directorate, NASA LaRC for its support, and Bruce G. Doddridge for his helpful discussions. I. N. Sokolik acknowledges partial support from the Radiation Sciences Programs. We thank the MISR team for providing access to data, and useful discussions. This work was partially performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. The authors wish to thank the referees for the time and insightful feedback that has strengthened this publication. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1667 EP 1682 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1667-2012 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500012 ER PT J AU Millan, L Livesey, N Read, W Froidevaux, L Kinnison, D Harwood, R MacKenzie, IA Chipperfield, MP AF Millan, L. Livesey, N. Read, W. Froidevaux, L. Kinnison, D. Harwood, R. MacKenzie, I. A. Chipperfield, M. P. TI New Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations of BrO and implications for Br-y SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; BROMINE; DISTRIBUTIONS; SCIAMACHY; RETRIEVAL; MLS; TROPOSPHERE; ALGORITHMS; CHEMISTRY AB This paper introduces a new inversion algorithm for retrievals of stratospheric BrO from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. This version is based on the algorithm described by Livesey et al. (2006a) but uses a more realistic atmospheric state to constrain the retrieval. A description of the methodology and an error analysis are presented. Single daily profile precision uncertainty, when taking the ascending-descending (day-night) difference, was found to be up to 40 pptv while systematic error biases were estimated to be less than about 3 pptv. Monthly mean comparisons show broad agreement with other measurements as well as with state-of-the-art numerical models. We infer a 2005 yearly total inorganic Br-y using the measured MLS BrO to be 20.3 +/- 4.5 pptv, which implies a contribution from very short lived substances to the stratospheric bromine budget of 5 +/- 4.5 pptv. C1 [Millan, L.; Livesey, N.; Read, W.; Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Kinnison, D.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Harwood, R.; MacKenzie, I. A.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Chipperfield, M. P.] Univ Leeds, Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Millan, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM luis.f.millan@jpl.nasa.gov RI mackenzie, ian/E-9320-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Millan, Luis/J-2759-2015 OI Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; UK NERC NCAS; NCEO; National Science Foundation; NASA Atmospheric Composition: Modeling and Analysis, solicitation [NNH10ZDA001N-ACMAP] FX The research described in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The SLIMCAT modeling work was supported by UK NERC NCAS and NCEO. The WACCM modeling work was sponsored by the National Science Foundation and by the NASA Atmospheric Composition: Modeling and Analysis, solicitation NNH10ZDA001N-ACMAP. Vertical distributions of BrO from SCIAMACHY limb observations used in this study have been provided by the SCIAMACHY team of the Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen. The provision of data and support is gratefully acknowledged. The SAOZ-balloon data was provided by F. Goutail from CNRS, France. We sincerely thanks C. A. McLinden for providing the photochemical box model output. The authors acknowledge four anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1741 EP 1751 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1741-2012 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500017 ER PT J AU Sayer, AM Hsu, NC Bettenhausen, C Jeong, MJ Holben, BN Zhang, J AF Sayer, A. M. Hsu, N. C. Bettenhausen, C. Jeong, M. -J. Holben, B. N. Zhang, J. TI Global and regional evaluation of over-land spectral aerosol optical depth retrievals from SeaWiFS SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID UNIFIED SATELLITE CLIMATOLOGY; LONG-TERM TREND; DATA-ASSIMILATION; MODIS; AERONET; PRODUCTS; MISR; ASIA; VARIABILITY; NETWORK AB This study evaluates a new spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) dataset derived from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) measurements over land. First, the data are validated against Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) direct-sun AOD measurements and found to compare well on a global basis. If only data with the highest quality flag are used, the correlation is 0.86 and 72% of matchups fall within an expected absolute uncertainty of 0.05 + 20% (for the wavelength of 550 nm). The quality is similar at other wavelengths and stable over the 13-yr (1997-2010) mission length. Performance tends to be better over vegetated, low-lying terrain with typical AOD of 0.3 or less, such as found over much of North America and Eurasia. Performance tends to be poorer for low-AOD conditions near backscattering geometries, where SeaWiFS overestimates AOD, or optically-thick cases of absorbing aerosol, where SeaWiFS tends to underestimate AOD. Second, the SeaWiFS data are compared with midvisible AOD derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR). All instruments show similar spatial and seasonal distributions of AOD, although there are regional and seasonal offsets between them. At locations where AERONET data are available, these offsets are largely consistent with the known validation characteristics of each dataset. With the results of this study in mind, the SeaWiFS over-land AOD record is suitable for quantitative scientific use. C1 [Sayer, A. M.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. [Sayer, A. M.; Hsu, N. C.; Bettenhausen, C.; Holben, B. N.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Bettenhausen, C.] Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Jeong, M. -J.] Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher & Environm Sci, Kangnung, Gangwon Do, South Korea. [Zhang, J.] Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Sayer, AM (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. EM andrew.sayer@nasa.gov RI Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013 OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; FU NASA MEaSUREs program FX This work was supported by a grant from the NASA MEaSUREs program, managed by Martha Maiden. MODIS data were obtained from the NASA LAADS, and MISR from the NASA Langley ASDC. The Naval Research Laboratory are thanked for the DA-MODIS data. The AERONET PIs are thanked for the creation and maintenance of the sun-photometer data records. The authors thank M. J. Garay, R. A. Kahn, O. V. Kalashnikova, R. C. Levy, S. Mattoo and L. A. Remer for helpful discussions relating to satellite aerosol datasets, and R. Gautam for insights into southern Asian aerosols. A. Lyapustin and two anonymous referees are thanked for their reviews and useful comments on the manuscript. NR 52 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1761 EP 1778 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1761-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500019 ER PT J AU Frankenberg, C Hasekamp, O O'Dell, C Sanghavi, S Butz, A Worden, J AF Frankenberg, C. Hasekamp, O. O'Dell, C. Sanghavi, S. Butz, A. Worden, J. TI Aerosol information content analysis of multi-angle high spectral resolution measurements and its benefit for high accuracy greenhouse gas retrievals SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; VECTOR RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; OBSERVING SATELLITE; CO2 RETRIEVAL; SURFACE; SCIAMACHY; MISSION; MODELS; SPACE AB New generations of space-borne spectrometers for the retrieval of atmospheric abundances of greenhouse gases require unprecedented accuracies as atmospheric variability of long-lived gases is very low. These instruments, such as GOSAT and OCO-2, typically use a high spectral resolution oxygen channel (O-2 A-band) in addition to CO2 and CH4 channels to discriminate changes in the photon path-length distribution from actual trace gas amount changes. Inaccurate knowledge of the photon path-length distribution, determined by scatterers in the atmosphere, is the prime source of systematic biases in the retrieval. In this paper, we investigate the combined aerosol and greenhouse gas retrieval using multiple satellite viewing angles simultaneously. We find that this method, hitherto only applied in multi-angle imagery such as from POLDER or MISR, greatly enhances the ability to retrieve aerosol properties by 2-3 degrees of freedom. We find that the improved capability to retrieve aerosol parameters significantly reduces interference errors introduced into retrieved CO2 and CH4 total column averages. Instead of focussing solely on improvements in spectral and spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratios or sampling frequency, multiple angles reduce uncertainty in space based greenhouse gas retrievals more effectively and provide a new potential for dedicated aerosols retrievals. C1 [Frankenberg, C.; Sanghavi, S.; Worden, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hasekamp, O.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [O'Dell, C.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Butz, A.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, IMK ASF, Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Frankenberg, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM christian.frankenberg@jpl.nasa.gov RI Butz, Andre/A-7024-2013; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Butz, Andre/0000-0003-0593-1608; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [BU2599/1-1] FX Part of the research described in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. All rights reserved. A. B. is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Emmy-Noether grant RemoteC, BU2599/1-1. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1809 EP 1821 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1809-2012 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500022 ER PT J AU Remer, LA Mattoo, S Levy, RC Heidinger, A Pierce, RB Chin, M AF Remer, L. A. Mattoo, S. Levy, R. C. Heidinger, A. Pierce, R. B. Chin, M. TI Retrieving aerosol in a cloudy environment: aerosol product availability as a function of spatial resolution SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; CLEAR-SKY; A-TRAIN; MODIS; TERRA; VARIABILITY; MORTALITY; SYSTEM AB The challenge of using satellite observations to retrieve aerosol properties in a cloudy environment is to prevent contamination of the aerosol signal from clouds, while maintaining sufficient aerosol product yield to satisfy specific applications. We investigate aerosol retrieval availability at different instrument pixel resolutions using the standard MODIS aerosol cloud mask applied to MODIS data and supplemented with a new GOES-R cloud mask applied to GOES data for a domain covering North America and surrounding oceans. Aerosol product availability is not the same as the cloud free fraction and takes into account the techniques used in the MODIS algorithm to avoid clouds, reduce noise and maintain sufficient numbers of aerosol retrievals. The inherent spatial resolution of each instrument, 0.5x0.5 km for MODIS and 1x1 km for GOES, is systematically degraded to 1x1, 2x2, 1x4, 4x4 and 8x8 km resolutions and then analyzed as to how that degradation would affect the availability of an aerosol retrieval, assuming an aerosol product resolution at 8x8 km. The analysis is repeated, separately, for near-nadir pixels and those at larger view angles to investigate the effect of pixel growth at oblique angles on aerosol retrieval availability. The results show that as nominal pixel size increases, availability decreases until at 8x8 km 70% to 85% of the retrievals available at 0.5 km, nadir, have been lost. The effect at oblique angles is to further decrease availability over land but increase availability over ocean, because sun glint is found at near-nadir view angles. Finer resolution sensors (i.e., 1x1, 2x2 or even 1x4 km) will retrieve aerosols in partly cloudy scenes significantly more often than sensors with nadir views of 4x4 km or coarser. Large differences in the results of the two cloud masks designed for MODIS aerosol and GOES cloud products strongly reinforce that cloud masks must be developed with specific purposes in mind and that a generic cloud mask applied to an independent aerosol retrieval will likely fail. C1 [Mattoo, S.; Levy, R. C.; Chin, M.] NASA, Div Earth Sci, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Remer, L. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Mattoo, S.; Levy, R. C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanhan, MD 20709 USA. [Heidinger, A.; Pierce, R. B.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NOAA Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies CIM, Madison, WI USA. RP Mattoo, S (reprint author), NASA, Div Earth Sci, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM shana.mattoo@nasa.gov RI Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X FU NASA FX The authors thank the two anonymous referees who each provided extensive comments on the discussion paper. Answering their questions improved the final paper immensely. The authors would also like to thank the GEO-CAPE aerosol workinggroup for their helpful discussion during the genesis of this work. The work was supported by NASA as part of efforts for GEO-CAPE aerosol science definition under the direction of Jay Al-Saadi. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1823 EP 1840 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1823-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NQ UT WOS:000306975500023 ER PT S AU Nieves, V Wang, JF Bras, RL AF Nieves, Veronica Wang, Jingfeng Bras, Rafael L. BE Goyal, P Giffin, A Knuth, KH Vrscay, E TI A Bayesian Analysis of Scale-Invariant Processes SO BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering (MaxEnt) CY JUL 09-16, 2011 CL Waterloo, CANADA SP Boise State Univ, Univ Albany (SUNY), Dept Phys, Univ Waterloo, Fac Math, Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, MaxEnt Workshops Inc, E T Jaynes Fdn DE Bayesian Statistics; Maximum Entropy; Scale-Invariant Laws; Multifractality; Environmental Sciences AB We have demonstrated that the Maximum Entropy (ME) principle in the context of Bayesian probability theory can be used to derive the probability distributions of those processes characterized by its scaling properties including multiscaling moments and geometric mean. We started from a proof-of-concept case of a power-law probability distribution, followed by the general case of multifractality aided by the wavelet representation of the cascade model. The ME formalism leads to the probability distribution of the multiscaling parameter and those of incremental multifractal processes at different scales. Compared to other methods, the ME method significantly reduces computational cost by leaving out unimportant details. The ME distributions have been evaluated against the empirical histograms derived from the drainage area of river network, soil moisture and topography. This analysis supports the assertion that the ME principle is a universal and unified framework for modeling processes governed by scale-invariant laws. The ME theory opens new possibilities of extracting information of multifractal processes beyond the scales of observation. C1 [Nieves, Veronica] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wang, Jingfeng; Bras, Rafael L.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Nieves, V (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU U.S. Army RDECOM ARL Army Research Office [W911NF-07-1-0126, W911NF-10-1-0236] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Army RDECOM ARL Army Research Office under Grants No. W911NF-07-1-0126 and No. W911NF-10-1-0236. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1039-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1443 BP 56 EP 62 DI 10.1063/1.3703620 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBO11 UT WOS:000307665300007 ER PT J AU Truhlik, V Bilitza, D Triskova, L AF Truhlik, V. Bilitza, D. Triskova, L. TI A new global empirical model of the electron temperature with the inclusion of the solar activity variations for IRI SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Electron temperature; ionosphere; plasmasphere; empirical models; International Reference Ionosphere ID UPPER IONOSPHERE; TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE; ION TEMPERATURES; CYCLE VARIATIONS; SATELLITE DATA; F-REGION; PLASMASPHERE; MINIMUM; DENSITY; ISIS-1 AB A data-base of electron temperature (T-e) comprising of most of the available LEO satellite measurements in the altitude range from 350 to 2000 km has been used for the development of a new global empirical model of T-e for the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). For the first time this will include variations with solar activity. Variations at five fixed altitude ranges centered at 350, 550, 850, 1400, and 2000 km and three seasons (summer, winter, and equinox) were represented by a system of associated Legendre polynomials (up to the 8th order) in terms of magnetic local time and the earlier introduced invdip latitude. The solar activity variations of T-e are represented by a correction term of the T-e global pattern and it has been derived from the empirical latitudinal profiles of T-e for day and night (Truhlik et al., 2009a). Comparisons of the new T-e model with data and with the IRI 2007 T-e model show that the new model agrees well with the data generally within standard deviation limits and that the model performs better than the current IRI T-e model. C1 [Truhlik, V.; Triskova, L.] ASCR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague 14131, Czech Republic. [Bilitza, D.] George Mason Univ, Space Weather Lab, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Bilitza, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliospher Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Truhlik, V (reprint author), ASCR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague 14131, Czech Republic. EM vtr@ufa.cas.cz RI Triskova, Ludmila/H-6503-2014; Truhlik, Vladimir/H-6971-2014 OI Truhlik, Vladimir/0000-0002-6624-4388 FU Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic [A300420603]; Grant Agency of the Czech Republic [P209/10/2086]; NASA [NNH06CD17C] FX We are very grateful to K.-I. Oyama, J. Smilauer, M. Hairston, F. Rich, K. W. Min and P. K. Bhuyan for providing data from Hinotori, Intercosmos (19, 24, 25), DMSP (F12, F13, F14, and F15), DMSP (F10 and F11), KOMPSAT-1 and SROSS C2 satellites, respectively. We are also grateful to NASA's National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) and Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) for providing the other satellite Te data and also the Modelweb interface. We also thank Katerina Podolska, BSc., employee of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics for help with processing of the huge amount of DMSP data. This study was supported by grant A300420603 of the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, by grant P209/10/2086 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and by NASA grant NNH06CD17C. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2012 VL 64 IS 6 BP 531 EP 543 DI 10.5047/eps.2011.10.016 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 984WU UT WOS:000307224500014 ER PT S AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF AF Burlaga, L. F. Ness, N. F. BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Current Sheets in the Heliosheath: Voyager 1, 2009 SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE Interplanetary Magnetic Fields; Solar Wind Plasma ID MAGNETIC HOLES; MIRROR INSTABILITY; TERMINATION SHOCK; SOLAR-WIND; MECHANISM; FIELDS; MODEL AB Current sheets were observed by Voyager 1 (V1) from DOY 1 to 331, 2009, in the heliosheath between 108.5 and 111.8 AU. We discuss observations of a proton boundary layer ("PBL"), a magnetic hole, a magnetic hump, and a current sheet associated with a sector boundary. The magnetic field strength changed across the PBL, the magnetic hole and the magnetic hump, but the direction of B did not change across these structures. At sector boundaries, B rotated in a plane normal to the minimum variance direction, and the component of B along the minimum variance direction was zero within the uncertainties, indicating that the sector boundary was a tangential discontinuity. The widths (passage times) of these current sheets, assumed to be non-propagating, ranged from 1.6 to 4.4 hours, corresponding to thicknesses of the order of 15 - 30 R-L. C1 [Burlaga, L. F.] NASA Code 673, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ness, N. F.] Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA Code 673, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA [NNX09AT41G] FX T. McClanahan and S. Kramer processed the data. Daniel Berdischevsky computed the zero level offsets for the instrument for the data. N. F. Ness was supported in part by NASA grant NNX09AT41G to CUA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 24 EP 29 DI 10.1063/1.4723585 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300004 ER PT S AU Cohen, CMS Mason, GM Wiedenbeck, ME Haggerty, DK Gomez-Herrero, R Bucik, R Christian, ER Cummings, AC Korth, A Labrador, AW Leske, RA Mall, U Mewaldt, RA Stone, EC von Rosenvinge, TT AF Cohen, C. M. S. Mason, G. M. Wiedenbeck, M. E. Haggerty, D. K. Gomez-Herrero, R. Bucik, R. Christian, E. R. Cummings, A. C. Korth, A. Labrador, A. W. Leske, R. A. Mall, U. Mewaldt, R. A. Stone, E. C. von Rosenvinge, T. T. BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Observations of the Longitudinal Spread of Solar Energetic Particle Events in Solar Cycle 24 SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE Solar energetic particles; solar wind; solar composition; solar flares ID ACCELERATION AB With the twin STEREO spacecraft, significantly separated from L1-based satellites such as ACE, simultaneous multi-point measurements of solar energetic particle (SEP) events can be made for H-Fe ions from a few hundred keV/nuc to over 100 MeV/nuc and for electrons from tens to hundreds of keV. These observations allow studies of the longitudinal characteristics of SEP events to advance beyond statistical analysis of single point measurements. Although there have been few large SEP events thus far in cycle 24, there have been a number of smaller events that have been detected by more than one spacecraft. The composition of these SEP events, as indicated by the H/He and Fe/O abundance ratios, shows a dependence on longitudinal distance from the solar source in some events, at times with ratios varying by an order of magnitude. However, these variations are not organized by either the speed or width of the associated coronal mass ejections. C1 [Cohen, C. M. S.; Cummings, A. C.; Labrador, A. W.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.] CALTECH, MC 290-17, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Mason, G. M.; Haggerty, D. K.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Wiedenbeck, M. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gomez-Herrero, R.] Univ Kiel, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. [Bucik, R.; Korth, A.; Leske, R. A.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Christian, E. R.; von Rosenvinge, T. T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cohen, CMS (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 290-17, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Gomez-Herrero, Raul/B-7346-2011; Christian, Eric/D-4974-2012 OI Gomez-Herrero, Raul/0000-0002-5705-9236; Christian, Eric/0000-0003-2134-3937 FU NASA [NNX08AI11G, NNX10AQ68G, NNX10AT75G, NAS5-03131]; UC Berkeley [SA2715-26309]; NRL [N00173-10-1-G010]; German Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft through the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) [50 OC 0902] FX This work was funded by NASA under grants NNX08AI11G and NNX10AQ68G at Caltech, NNX10AT75G at JHUAPL, and subcontracts SA2715-26309 from UC Berkeley (NASA contract NAS5-03131) and N00173-10-1-G010 from NRL. The STEREO/SEPT project is supported under grant 50 OC 0902 by the German Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft through the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR). We thank Nariaki Nitta for useful discussions regarding solar source identifications. We used data from the CME catalog generated and maintained at the CDAW Data Center by NASA and The Catholic University of America in cooperation with NRL and from the CACTus CME catalog, generated and maintained by the SIDC at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 103 EP 109 DI 10.1063/1.4723596 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300015 ER PT S AU Mewaldt, RA Mason, GM Cohen, CMS Gomez-Herrero, R Haggerty, DK Leske, RA Wiedenbeck, ME AF Mewaldt, R. A. Mason, G. M. Cohen, C. M. S. Gomez-Herrero, R. Haggerty, D. K. Leske, R. A. Wiedenbeck, M. E. BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Evolution of Suprathermal Seed Particle and Solar Energetic Particle Abundances SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE Solar energetic particles; solar wind; pickup ions; solar composition; solar flares ID PICKUP IONS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES; COSMIC-RAYS; 1 AU; HELIOSPHERE; EVENTS; WIND; ACCELERATION; POPULATION AB We report on a survey of the composition of solar-wind suprathermal tails and solar energetic particles (SEPs) including data from 1998 to 2010, with a focus on 2007 to 2010. The start of solar cycle 24 included several SEP events that were unusually He-poor. We conclude that these He-poor events are more likely related to Q/M-dependent spectral variations than to seed-particle composition changes. We also find that the quiet-time suprathermal Fe/O ratio during the 2008-2009 solar-minimum was dramatically lower (Fe/O <= 0.01) than earlier due in part to very low solar activity, but also suggesting contributions from an oxygen-rich source of suprathermal ions of unknown origin. C1 [Mewaldt, R. A.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Leske, R. A.] CALTECH, Mail Code 290-17, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Mason, G. M.; Haggerty, D. K.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Gomez-Herrero, R.] Univ Kiel, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. [Wiedenbeck, M. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mewaldt, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Mail Code 290-17, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Gomez-Herrero, Raul/B-7346-2011 OI Gomez-Herrero, Raul/0000-0002-5705-9236 FU NASA at JHU/APL [NNX10AT75G]; NASA at Caltech [NNX08AI11G, NNX10AE45G]; UC Berkeley under NASA [SA2715-26309, NAS5-03131] FX NASA funded this work under grant NNX10AT75G at JHU/APL, and at Caltech under grants NNX08AI11G, NNX10AE45G, and subcontract SA2715-26309 from UC Berkeley under NASA contract NAS5-03131. We thank Eberhard Mobius and Nathan Schwadron for helpful discussions. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 206 EP 211 DI 10.1063/1.4723609 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300028 ER PT S AU Gopalswamy, N AF Gopalswamy, Nat BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Factors Affecting The Intensity of Solar Energetic Particle Events SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE Solar Energetic Particle Events; Coronal Mass Ejections; Coronal Holes ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; HOLES AB This paper updates the influence of environmental and source factors of shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that are likely to influence the solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The intensity variation due to CME interaction reported in [1] is confirmed by expanding the investigation to all the large SEP events of solar cycle 23. The large SEP events are separated into two groups, one associated with CMEs running into other CMEs, and the other with CMEs running into the ambient solar wind. SEP events with CME interaction generally have a higher intensity. New possibilities such as the influence of coronal holes on the SEP intensity are also discussed. For example, the presence of a large coronal hole between a well-connected eruption and the solar disk center may render the shock poorly connected because of the interaction between the CME and the coronal hole. This point is illustrated using the 2004 December 3 SEP event delayed by about 12 hours from the onset of the associated CME. There is no other event at the Sun that can be associated with the SEP onset. This event is consistent with the possibility that the coronal hole interaction influences the connectivity of the CMEs that produce SEPs, and hence the intensity of the SEP event. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gopalswamy, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys Lab, Code 671, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 8 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 247 EP 252 DI 10.1063/1.4723615 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300034 ER PT S AU Ghosh, S Roberts, DA AF Ghosh, S. Roberts, D. A. BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Simulations of Magnetic Minimum Variance Evolution in the Solar Wind SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE MHD Turbulence; nonlinear dynamics; wave-wave interactions ID TURBULENCE; FLUCTUATIONS; ANISOTROPY AB We examine several states of MHD turbulence ranging from isotropic noise to various "two-component" models of the solar wind to see if any of the observed anisotropies of the fields can be explained in light of the need for various quantities, such as the magnetic minimum variance direction, to turn along with the Parker spiral. Previous results used a 3D MHD spectral code to show that, individually, neither two-dimensional (2D) nor slab-wave components will turn their wave vectors in a turning Parker-like field, and that nonlinear interactions between the components are required to reproduce observations. In these new simulations we consider a variety of initial MHD states and examine the direction of minimum variance with respect to the mean magnetic field and the ratio of maximum-to-minimum variance of the fluctuating magnetic field as the large-scale magnetic field slowly changes from a field-aligned flow configuration to a field-perpendicular flow configuration. We find that certain initial states better correspond to observations than others. In particular, initial states starting with slab modes and sheared velocity streams reproduce observations somewhat better than states with randomized noise or those with slab modes and 2D structures. C1 [Ghosh, S.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Roberts, D. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ghosh, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. FU NASA [NNX10AT75G] FX This work was supported by NASA under Grant No. NNX10AT75G. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 302 EP 307 DI 10.1063/1.4723623 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300042 ER PT S AU Pogorelov, NV Borovikov, SN Burlaga, LF Ebert, RW Heerikhuisen, J Hu, Q Kryukov, IA Suess, ST Zank, GP AF Pogorelov, N. V. Borovikov, S. N. Burlaga, L. F. Ebert, R. W. Heerikhuisen, J. Hu, Q. Kryukov, I. A. Suess, S. T. Zank, G. P. BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Numerical Modeling of Transient Phenomena in the Distant Solar Wind and in the Heliosheath SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE interplanetary and interstellar magnetic fields; heliopause; solar wind termination; solar cycle variations; neutral particles; magnetohydrodynamics ID INTERSTELLAR-BOUNDARY-EXPLORER; KINETIC SIMULATION SUITE; COSMIC-RAY MODULATION; MAGNETIC-FIELD; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; TERMINATION SHOCK; NEUTRAL HYDROGEN; 3-DIMENSIONAL FEATURES; GLOBAL HELIOSPHERE; PICKUP PROTONS AB In this paper we summarize our group's efforts to develop a self-consistent, data-driven model of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium. In this model, we describe the motion of plasma with the MHD approach, while the transport of neutral atoms is described by either kinetic or multi-fluid equations. The model and its implementation in the Multi-Scale Fluid-Kinetic Simulation Suite (MS-FLUKSS) is thoroughly tested and validated by comparing our results with other models and spacecraft measurements. The model appears to be rather accurate in reproducing the Interstellar Boundary Explorer ribbon and the general features of the plasma flow available from the Voyager 1 and 2 in-situ data. In particular, the timing of the Voyager crossing of the termination shock is reasonably accurately reproduced without involving exotically strong interstellar magnetic field values. We added a turbulence model to our governing equations and started treating pickup ions as a separate fluid, which made it possible to greatly improve our ability to reproduce the proton temperature. We discuss the results of our modeling of corotating interaction regions, global merged interaction regions, and solar cycle effects. A possible explanation is provided for the low radial velocity measurements from Voyager 1. C1 [Pogorelov, N. V.; Heerikhuisen, J.; Zank, G. P.] Univ Alabama Huntsville, Dept Phys, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Borovikov, S. N.; Hu, Q.; Kryukov, I. A.] Univ Alabama Huntsville, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Burlaga, L. F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ebert, R. W.] Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. [Suess, S. T.] NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Pogorelov, NV (reprint author), Univ Alabama Huntsville, Dept Phys, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RI Kryukov, Igor/L-7310-2015; OI Kryukov, Igor/0000-0003-3759-7552; Heerikhuisen, Jacob/0000-0001-7867-3633 FU NASA [NNX07AH18G, NNX08AE41G, NNX08AJ21G, NNX09AB24G, NNX09AG29G, NNX09AP74A, NNX09AW44G, NNX09AG62G, NNX09AG63G]; NASA High-End Computing program [SMD-11-2195]; Oak Ridge National Laboratory [PSS003]; NSF [MCA07S033] FX This work was carried out in part by the IBEX project, with support from NASAs Explorer Program. This work was supported by NASA grants NNX07AH18G, NNX08AE41G, NNX08AJ21G, NNX09AB24G, NNX09AG29G, NNX09AP74A, NNX09AW44G, NNX09AG62G, and NNX09AG63G. Supercomputer time allocations were provided by NASA High-End Computing program award SMD-11-2195, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Director Discretion project PSS003, and NSF Teragrid project MCA07S033. under the following NSF programs: Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure, Distributed Terascale Facility (DTF), and Terascale Extensions: Enhancements to the Extendible Terascale Facility. NR 50 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 321 EP 330 DI 10.1063/1.4723626 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300045 ER PT S AU Usmanov, AV Goldstein, ML Matthaeus, WH AF Usmanov, A. V. Goldstein, M. L. Matthaeus, W. H. BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of the Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE solar wind plasma; interplanetary magnetic field; pickup protons ID INTERSTELLAR PICKUP PROTONS; ELECTRON HEAT-CONDUCTION; TURBULENCE TRANSPORT; DISSIPATION AB We present initial results from a solar wind model that accounts for transport of turbulence and treats pickup protons as a separate fluid. The model is based on a numerical solution of the coupled set of mean-field Reynolds-averaged solar wind equations and small-scale turbulence transport equations in the region from 0.3-100 AU. The pickup protons are assumed to be comoving with the solar wind flow and described by separate mass and energy equations. The equations include the terms for energy transfer from pickup protons to solar wind protons and for the plasma heating by turbulent dissipation. The momentum equation contains a term that describes the loss of momentum by the solar wind flow due to the charge exchange with the interstellar neutral hydrogen. C1 [Usmanov, A. V.; Matthaeus, W. H.] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Usmanov, A. V.; Goldstein, M. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Usmanov, AV (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Usmanov, Arcadi/A-9860-2013 FU NSF [AST-1004035]; NASA [NNX09AH79G]; NASA Heliophysics Theory Program [NNX08AI47G]; NSF Solar Terrestrial Program [AGS-1063439]; SHINE [ATM-0752135]; Ames Research Center; NASA Center for Computational Sciences (NCCS) at the Goddard Space Flight Center FX The work of AVU was supported by NSF grant AST-1004035 and by NASA grant NNX09AH79G to the University of Delaware. WHM was partially supported by the NASA Heliophysics Theory Program NNX08AI47G and by the NSF Solar Terrestrial Program AGS-1063439 and SHINE ATM-0752135. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at the Ames Research Center and the NASA Center for Computational Sciences (NCCS) at the Goddard Space Flight Center. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 344 EP 349 DI 10.1063/1.4723629 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300048 ER PT S AU Washimi, H Hayashi, K Tokumaru, M Zank, GP Hu, Q Tanaka, T Florinski, V Adams, J Kubo, Y AF Washimi, Haruichi Hayashi, Keiji Tokumaru, Munetoshi Zank, Gary P. Hu, Qiang Tanaka, Takashi Florinski, Vladimir Adams, James Kubo, Yuki BE Heerikhuisen, J Li, G Pogorelov, N Zank, G TI A Preliminary Analysis of Dynamic and Realistic Heliosphere Using Interplanetary Scintillation and Photospheric Magnetic Data SO PHYSICS OF THE HELIOSPHERE: A 10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) CY MAR 13-18, 2011 CL Maui, HI SP Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR) DE MHD simulation; Heliosphere; Termination Shock; Cosmic Ray Transport AB A new MHD simulation method for reproducing a realistic and time-varying global heliospheric modelling is developed using solar-wind speed data from interplanetary sintillation (IPS) and photospheric magnetic data from optical observations. The IPS together with the magnetic data provide us inner boundary conditions which include both co-rotating solar-wind speed distribution and magnetic field distributions using a tilted current sheet model. Hence it enables us to reproduce dynamical co-rotating wind-wind interaction and also magnetic field structures such as an oscillating equatorial magnetic neutral sheet in a three-dimensional heliosphere. In our preliminary results of this method, a realistic and oscillating equatorial neutral sheet and wind-wind interactions are shown both in the interplanetary space and the heliosheath. C1 [Washimi, Haruichi; Zank, Gary P.; Hu, Qiang; Florinski, Vladimir] Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Hayashi, Keiji] Stanford Univ, HEPL, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Tokumaru, Munetoshi] Nagoya Univ, STEL, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Tanaka, Takashi] Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. [Adams, James] NASA MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Kubo, Yuki] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Koganei, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. RP Washimi, H (reprint author), Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. FU NASA [NNX09AB40G, NNX07AH18G, NNG05EC85C, NNX09AG63G, NNX08AJ21G, NNX09AB24G, NNX09AG29G, NNX09AG62G, NNM05AA22A, NNX10AE46G]; NSF [AGS-0995700] FX Numerical computations were carried out on the SX-8R machines at National Institute of Information and Communications Technology in Japan. We acknowledge the partial support of NASA grants NNX09AB40G, NNX07AH18G, NNG05EC85C, NNX09AG63G, NNX08AJ21G, NNX09AB24G, NNX09AG29G, NNX09AG62G,NNM05AA22A, and NNX10AE46G, and NSF grant AGS-0995700. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1026-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1436 BP 350 EP 355 DI 10.1063/1.4723630 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBN96 UT WOS:000307640300049 ER PT S AU Leckey, C Hinders, M AF Leckey, C. Hinders, M. BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI 3D MODELING OF ULTRASONIC WAVE INTERACTION WITH DISBONDS AND WEAK BONDS SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 31A AND 31B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) CY JUL 17-22, 2011 CL Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT SP QNDE Programs, AF Res Lab, Army Res Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing (ASNT), Dept Energy, AMES Lab, Fed Aviat Adm (FAA), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm (NASA), Natl Sci Fdn (NSF), Ind/Univ Cooperat Res Ctr, Iowa State Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat HO Univ Vermont DE Ultrasonic; Simulation; Bond ID ALUMINUM-ALLOYS; INTERFACES; SIMULATION; JOINTS; TIME AB Ultrasonic techniques, such as the use of guided waves, can be ideal for finding damage in the plate and pipe-like structures used in aerospace applications. However, the interaction of waves with real flaw types and geometries can lead to experimental signals that are difficult to interpret. 3-dimensional (3D) elastic wave simulations can be a powerful tool in understanding the complicated wave scattering involved in flaw detection and for optimizing experimental techniques. We have developed and implemented parallel 3D elastodynamic finite integration technique (3D EFIT) code to investigate Lamb wave scattering from realistic flaws. This paper discusses simulation results for an aluminum-aluminum diffusion disbond and an aluminum-epoxy disbond and compares results from the disbond case to the common artificial flaw type of a flat-bottom hole. The paper also discusses the potential for extending the 3D EFIT equations to incorporate physics-based weak bond models for simulating wave scattering from weak adhesive bonds. C1 [Leckey, C.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, 3B E Taylor St,MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Hinders, M.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Leckey, C (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, 3B E Taylor St,MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM cara.ac.leckey@nasa.gov; hinders@wm.edu NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1013-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1430 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1063/1.4716220 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH82 UT WOS:000306913600010 ER PT S AU Wincheski, B Simpson, J Seebo, JP Powell, J AF Wincheski, Buzz Simpson, John Seebo, Jeffery P. Powell, Jessica BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING WITH TWO-AXIS ORTHOGONAL MAGNETO-RESISTIVE SENSOR BASED EDDY CURRENT PROBE SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 31A AND 31B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) CY JUL 17-22, 2011 CL Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT SP QNDE Programs, AF Res Lab, Army Res Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing (ASNT), Dept Energy, AMES Lab, Fed Aviat Adm (FAA), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm (NASA), Natl Sci Fdn (NSF), Ind/Univ Cooperat Res Ctr, Iowa State Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat HO Univ Vermont DE Eddy Current; Magneto-Resistive; High Frequency; High Resolution AB A two-channel magneto-resistive sensor with an embedded, single-strand eddy current inducer has been fabricated and tested for applications including sensory material characterization and the analysis of intermittent contact along compression boundaries and fatigue cracks. A rapid scanning technique has also been implemented to enable high-resolution imaging of relatively large areas in modest times. Applications of the probe for high-resolution imaging of calibration artifacts and sensory materials are presented. Finite element modeling of the probe is also presented and compared with experimental measurements with good agreement. C1 [Wincheski, Buzz] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Simpson, John; Seebo, Jeffery P.] Lockheed Martin Explortat & Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Powell, Jessica] Purdue Univ, Aerospace Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wincheski, B (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM russell.a.wincheski@nasa.gov FU Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [TIN2009-14114-C04-01] FX This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project LEMUR, ref. TIN2009-14114-C04-01). NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1013-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1430 BP 366 EP 372 DI 10.1063/1.4716251 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH82 UT WOS:000306913600041 ER PT S AU Roth, DJ Reyes-Rodriguez, S Zimdars, DA Rauser, RW Ussery, WW AF Roth, D. J. Reyes-Rodriguez, S. Zimdars, D. A. Rauser, R. W. Ussery, W. W. BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI TERAHERTZ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF NASA THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM MATERIALS SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 31A AND 31B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) CY JUL 17-22, 2011 CL Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT SP QNDE Programs, AF Res Lab, Army Res Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing (ASNT), Dept Energy, AMES Lab, Fed Aviat Adm (FAA), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm (NASA), Natl Sci Fdn (NSF), Ind/Univ Cooperat Res Ctr, Iowa State Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat HO Univ Vermont DE Nondestructive Evaluation; NDE; Terahertz; Computed Tomography; Imaging; X-Ray; Sprayed on Foam Insulation ID TECHNOLOGY AB A terahertz (THz) axial computed tomography system has been developed that uses time domain measurements in order to form cross-sectional image slices and three dimensional volume renderings of terahertz-transparent materials. The system can inspect samples as large as 0.0283 m(3) (1 ft(3)) with no safety concerns as for x-ray computed tomography. In this study, the THz-CT system was evaluated for its ability to detect and characterize 1) an embedded void in Space Shuttle external fuel tank thermal protection system (TPS) foam material and 2) impact damage in a TPS configuration under consideration for use in NASA's multi-purpose Orion crew module (CM). Micro-focus X-ray CT is utilized to characterize the flaws and provide a baseline for which to compare the THz CT results. C1 [Roth, D. J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Reyes-Rodriguez, S.] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Zimdars, D. A.] LLC, Picometrix, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. [Rauser, R. W.] Univ Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Ussery, W. W.] Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Denver, CO 80201 USA. RP Roth, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Donald.J.Roth@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1013-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1430 BP 566 EP 572 DI 10.1063/1.4716278 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH82 UT WOS:000306913600068 ER PT S AU Rogge, MD Johnston, PH AF Rogge, M. D. Johnston, P. H. BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI WAVENUMBER IMAGING FOR DAMAGE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 31A AND 31B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) CY JUL 17-22, 2011 CL Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT SP QNDE Programs, AF Res Lab, Army Res Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing (ASNT), Dept Energy, AMES Lab, Fed Aviat Adm (FAA), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm (NASA), Natl Sci Fdn (NSF), Ind/Univ Cooperat Res Ctr, Iowa State Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat HO Univ Vermont DE Structural Health Monitoring; Wavelet Transforms; Acoustic Wavefield Imaging; Guided Waves ID LASER VIBROMETRY; ELASTIC PLATES AB This paper presents a method for analyzing ultrasonic wavefield data using the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) applied in the spatial domain. Unlike data obtained by sparse arrays of transducers, full wavefield data contains information local to the structure and can be used to obtain more detailed measurements of damage type, location, size, etc. By calculating the CWT of the wavefield in the spatial domain, the wavenumber spectrum is determined for the inspected locations. Because wavenumber is affected by the local geometry and material properties of the structure through which Lamb waves propagate, the wavenumber spectrum can be analyzed to assess the location, severity, and size of damage. The technique is first applied to experimental wavefield data obtained using a laser Doppler vibrometer and automated positioning stage. The out-of-plane velocity along the length of a composite stringer was measured to detect the presence of delaminations within the composite overwrap. Next, simulated corrosion is detected and measured within an aluminum plate using the two dimensional CWT. The experimental results show the usefulness of the technique for vehicle structure inspection applications. C1 [Rogge, M. D.; Johnston, P. H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Rogge, MD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM matthew.rogge@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1013-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1430 BP 761 EP 768 DI 10.1063/1.4716302 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BBH82 UT WOS:000306913600092 ER PT S AU Matthews, BC Vaillancourt, JE AF Matthews, Brenda C. Vaillancourt, John E. BE Hoffman, JL Bjorkman, J Whitney, B TI Recent Developments in Submillimeter Polarimetry Archives, the Polarization Spectrum and the Interpretation of Polarization Data SO STELLAR POLARIMETRY: FROM BIRTH TO DEATH SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Stellar Polarimetry - From Birth to Death CY JUN 27-30, 2011 CL Madison, WI SP Univ Wisconsin-Madison, Natl Sci Fdn (NSF) DE star formation; polarization; submillimeter; magnetic fields; turbulence; interstellar medium ID STAR-FORMING REGIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; SHARC-II; CORES; ORION; DISPERSION; EVOLUTION; EMISSION; LEGACY AB Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the power of polarization maps in the submillimeter and millimeter in the past decade. This is made more remarkable by the dearth of new polarimetric facilities over the past 10 years and decommissioning of several long-standing instruments. In particular, we discuss recent work to establish the validity of the previously measured polarization spectrum in the submillimeter, and the enhanced analysis techniques presented in recent years for the interpretation of polarization position angle data without the need for models of the ordered field geometry. C1 [Matthews, Brenda C.] Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, 5071 W Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. [Vaillancourt, John E.] Univ Space Res Assoc, NASA Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA Sci Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Matthews, BC (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, 5071 W Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. EM brenda.matthews@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca OI Vaillancourt, John/0000-0001-8916-1828 NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1012-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1429 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1063/1.3701894 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BBO01 UT WOS:000307648200001 ER PT J AU Moore, C Nimbarte, A Rajulu, S Aghazadeh, F AF Moore, Christopher Nimbarte, Ashish Rajulu, Sudhakar Aghazadeh, Fereydoun TI A study of the kinematics of ingress and egress of upright and recumbent seats SO WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT & REHABILITATION LA English DT Article DE ingress; egress; recumbent seat; 3D kinematics; planer reach ID REACH ENVELOPE AB Research has been done on the maximum reach and ingress/egress of upright seats. However, research on recumbent seats and comparisons between recumbent and upright seats is limited. By using an eight-camera Vicon motion capture system and C-motion Visual 3D modeling software, this research compared the ingress/egress joint kinematics and maximal planar reach of an upright seat with a recumbent seat. Mean range of motion and mean peak angle for each ingress/egress task were determined and the values for the upright seat were compared to the values for the recumbent seat. For each reach task, three extreme points were extracted and compared between the upright and recumbent seat. Seat orientation was found to have a statistically significant effect on the range of motion of several joints during the ingress/egress tasks, as well as one of the extreme points during the reaching tasks. C1 [Moore, Christopher; Nimbarte, Ashish] W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Rajulu, Sudhakar] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Anthropometry & Biomech Facil, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Aghazadeh, Fereydoun] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Construct Management & Ind Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Moore, C (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, POB 6070, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1051-9815 J9 WORK JI Work PY 2012 VL 41 SU 1 BP 1316 EP 1322 DI 10.3233/WOR-2012-0317-1316 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 973LO UT WOS:000306361801068 PM 22316900 ER PT J AU Kim, TH Fang, WC Ramos, C Mohammed, S Gervasi, O Stoica, A AF Kim, Tai-hoon Fang, Wai-Chi Ramos, Carlos Mohammed, Sabah Gervasi, Osvaldo Stoica, Adrian TI Ubiquitous Sensor Networks and Its Application SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Kim, Tai-hoon] Univ Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Fang, Wai-Chi] Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Hsinchu, Taiwan. [Ramos, Carlos] ISEP, GECAD, Oporto, Portugal. [Mohammed, Sabah] Lakehead Univ, Orillia, ON, Canada. [Gervasi, Osvaldo] Univ Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. [Stoica, Adrian] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Los Angeles, CA USA. EM taihoonn@paran.com RI Gervasi, Osvaldo/B-9234-2013; Ramos, Carlos/K-7403-2014 OI Gervasi, Osvaldo/0000-0003-4327-520X; Ramos, Carlos/0000-0002-5143-1711 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1550-1329 J9 INT J DISTRIB SENS N JI Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. PY 2012 AR 310271 DI 10.1155/2012/310271 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA 991MF UT WOS:000307704700001 ER PT J AU Li, WW Raskin, R Goodchild, MF AF Li, Wenwen Raskin, Robert Goodchild, Michael F. TI Semantic similarity measurement based on knowledge mining: an artificial neural net approach SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE semantic similarity; geospatial semantics; geospatial knowledge discovery; spatial data mining; search engine; ranking; ontology ID ENTITY CLASSES; ONTOLOGIES; NETWORK; WEB AB This article presents a new approach to automatically measure semantic similarity between spatial objects. It combines a description logic based knowledge base (an ontology) and a multi-layer neural network to simulate the human process of similarity perception. In the knowledge base, spatial concepts are organized hierarchically and are modelled by a set of features that best represent the spatial, temporal and descriptive attributes of the concepts, such as origin, shape and function. Water body ontology is used as a case study. The neural network was designed and human subjects' rankings on similarity of concept pairs were collected for data training, knowledge mining and result validation. The experiment shows that the proposed method achieves good performance in terms of both correlation and mean standard error analysis in measuring the similarity between neural network prediction and human subject ranking. The application of similarity measurement with respect to improving relevancy ranking of a semantic search engine is introduced at the end. C1 [Li, Wenwen; Goodchild, Michael F.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Spatial Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Raskin, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Li, WW (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Spatial Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM wenwen@spatial.ucsb.edu RI Li, Wenwen/I-8671-2016 FU Earth Science Information Partnership (ESIP) Product and Service Committee; Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) FX This work was funded by the Earth Science Information Partnership (ESIP) Product and Service Committee and the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). The authors are grateful to Dr. Chaowei Yang, George Mason University, for providing his valuable comments on this research. The authors also thank Mr. Steve McClure for proofreading the article. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PY 2012 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1415 EP 1435 DI 10.1080/13658816.2011.635595 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 981NV UT WOS:000306976000004 ER PT S AU Stupl, J Mason, J Marshall, W Levit, C Smith, C Olivier, S Pertica, A De Vries, W AF Stupl, Jan Mason, James Marshall, William Levit, Creon Smith, Craig Olivier, Scot Pertica, Alex De Vries, Wim BE Phipps, C TI LightForce: Orbital Collision Avoidance Using Ground-Based Laser Induced Photon Pressure SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH POWER LASER ABLATION 2012 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on High Power Laser Ablation (HPLA) CY APR 30-MAY 03, 2012 CL Santa Fe, NM SP Gen Dynam Informat Technol (GDIT), U S AF Res Labs, Lawrence Livermore Lab, AEgis Technol Nanogenesis Grp, Specialised Imaging, Altos Photon, Photon Associates, LLC, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev DE space debris mitigation; photon pressure; space debris; collision avoidance; conjunction analysis; Kessler syndrome; active debris removal; laser ID DEBRIS; SYSTEM; BEAM; LEO AB We propose to employ small orbit perturbations, induced by photon pressure from ground-based laser illumination, for collision avoidance in space. Possible applications would be a) protecting space assets from impacts with debris and b) stabilizing the orbital debris environment. In comparison to schemes aimed at de-orbiting debris using laser ablation, collision avoidance requires much less force and hence needs less sophisticated laser/telescope systems. In earlier research we concluded that a system consisting of a 10 kW class laser, directed by a 1.5 m telescope with adaptive optics, could avoid a significant fraction of collisions in low earth orbit. This paper describes our recent efforts which include refining our original analysis, employing higher fidelity simulations and presenting our planned experimental approach. C1 [Stupl, Jan; Mason, James; Marshall, William] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stupl, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS202-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1068-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1464 BP 481 EP 491 DI 10.1063/1.4739902 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BBI82 UT WOS:000306992500046 ER PT J AU Ferrick, MG Mulherin, ND Coutermarsh, BA Durell, GD Curtis, LA St Clair, TL Weiser, ES Cano, RJ Smith, TM Stevenson, CG Martinez, EC AF Ferrick, Michael G. Mulherin, Nathan D. Coutermarsh, Barry A. Durell, Glenn D. Curtis, Leslie A. St Clair, Terry L. Weiser, Erik S. Cano, Roberto J. Smith, Trent M. Stevenson, Charles G. Martinez, Eloy C. TI Minimization of Ice Adhesion to Space Shuttle Component Surfaces SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Double lap shear testing; cryogenic temperature; ice adhesion; icephobic coating; hydrophobic coating; Space Shuttle ID SUPER-HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES; RELEASE COATINGS; STRENGTH AB The goals of this two-phase experimental program were to optimize the effectiveness of an icephobic coating for use on several Space Shuttle surfaces. Coating application with a foam brush provided consistent, controlled and reproducible surface coverage. Ice samples were grown slowly and consistently at -10 degrees C prior to cooling to a constant -112 degrees C temperature for cryogenic double lap shear testing. Phase 1 tests were focused on finding an optimal coating mix of Rain-X and varying weight fractions of PTFE powders MP-55 and UF-8TA. The MP-55 coatings produced large reductions in ice adhesion to aluminum coupons while the UF-8TA coatings were similar to uncoated controls. The M4 mixture with 40% MP-55 and 60% Rain-X gave the best and most consistent coating with outstanding performance and durability through five cycles of ice growth and adhesion failure. Phase 2 tests verified the effectiveness and durability of this coating over Koropon, Kapton tape, Kapton film and fire-retardant-paint surfaces on the shuttle and quantified the changes in effectiveness resulting from the addition of an ultraviolet light absorber (UVA). Solvent loss from Rain-X during prolonged mixing of the coating caused a greater increase in ice adhesion than that by adding the UVA. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2012 C1 [Ferrick, Michael G.; Mulherin, Nathan D.; Coutermarsh, Barry A.; Durell, Glenn D.] USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, CRREL, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Curtis, Leslie A.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Engn & Safety Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [St Clair, Terry L.] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Weiser, Erik S.; Cano, Roberto J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Smith, Trent M.; Stevenson, Charles G.] NASA, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Ksc, FL 32899 USA. [Martinez, Eloy C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ferrick, MG (reprint author), USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, CRREL, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM michael.g.ferrick@usace.army.mil FU NASA [NNL05AA401] FX The authors would like to thank many members of the NASA ice mitigation team who contributed to the success of this work by numerous teleconferences. Nancy Perron of CRREL prepared thin sections for ice structure and fracture visualization. Funding for CRREL contributions was provided by NASA project number NNL05AA401. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 35 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4243 J9 J ADHES SCI TECHNOL JI J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. PY 2012 VL 26 IS 4-5 SI SI BP 473 EP 503 DI 10.1163/016942411X574619 PG 31 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 978LH UT WOS:000306741700006 ER PT J AU Cano, RJ Weiser, ES Smith, TM Trigwell, S Curtis, LA Drewry, D AF Cano, Roberto J. Weiser, Erik S. Smith, Trent M. Trigwell, Steven Curtis, Leslie A. Drewry, Douglas TI Characterization of an Ice Adhesion Reduction Coating for the Space Shuttle Liquid Hydrogen and Liquid Oxygen Umbilical Systems SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ice adhesion; coatings; cryogenics; low surface energy; high contact angle ID RELEASE COATINGS AB NASA has recently developed an ice adhesion reduction coating given the designation Shuttle Ice Liberation Coating (SILC). SILC provides reduced adhesion of ice to a variety of substrate materials commonly found on the Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) and Orbiter. ET thermal protection system (TPS) material substrates, Stepanfoam BX-265, North Carolina Foam Industries (NCFI) 24-124, and Polymer Development Laboratory (PDL)-1034, were tested in tensile mode to evaluate ice adhesion. Tensile testing of ice grown onto these substrates was conducted at -18 degrees C (0 degrees F) and -7 degrees C (20 degrees F). For all tests the ice adhesion to the sample was reduced by approximately 90% for test samples coated with SILC compared with uncoated test samples. The durability of the SILC material was demonstrated by consistently good performance after multiple test cycles. SILC durability was verified by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and contact angle goniometry experiments on pristine, mechanically tested and weathered and aged samples. SILC development, mechanical testing, and testing of flight hardware for ice adhesion on Space Shuttle hardware in relevant atmospheric conditions demonstrated the ability of SILC to reduce and affect the formation of ice and its ability to adhere. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2012 C1 [Cano, Roberto J.; Weiser, Erik S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Smith, Trent M.; Trigwell, Steven] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Ksc, FL 32899 USA. [Curtis, Leslie A.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35813 USA. [Drewry, Douglas] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cano, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 6A W Taylor St,Bldg 1293A,Room 118B,Mail Stop 226, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM roberto.j.cano@nasa.gov FU NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC); National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors would like to acknowledge the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) for their support of this work and all the NESC Ice Reduction Team members for their contributions to this work.; This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Neither the United States Government nor any person acting on behalf of the United States Government assumes any liability resulting from the use of the information contained in this document, or warrants that such use will be free from privately owned rights. The citation of manufacturer's names, trademarks, or other product identification in this document does not constitute an endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4243 J9 J ADHES SCI TECHNOL JI J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. PY 2012 VL 26 IS 4-5 SI SI BP 621 EP 649 DI 10.1163/016942411X574808 PG 29 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 978LH UT WOS:000306741700013 ER PT J AU Burton, AS Stern, JC Elsila, JE Glavin, DP Dworkin, JP AF Burton, Aaron S. Stern, Jennifer C. Elsila, Jamie E. Glavin, Daniel P. Dworkin, Jason P. TI Understanding prebiotic chemistry through the analysis of extraterrestrial amino acids and nucleobases in meteorites SO CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID INTERSTELLAR ICE ANALOGS; PARENT BODY PROCESSES; MURCHISON METEORITE; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EXOGENOUS DELIVERY; ORGANIC-MATTER; ISOVALINE; ORIGIN; MICROMETEORITES AB The discoveries of amino acids of extraterrestrial origin in many meteorites over the last 50 years have revolutionized the Astrobiology field. A variety of non-terrestrial amino acids similar to those found in life on Earth have been detected in meteorites. A few amino acids have even been found with chiral excesses, suggesting that meteorites could have contributed to the origin of homochirality in life on Earth. In addition to amino acids, which have been productively studied for years, sugar-like molecules, activated phosphates, and nucleobases have also been determined to be indigenous to numerous meteorites. Because these molecules are essential for life as we know it, and meteorites have been delivering them to the Earth since accretion, it is plausible that the origin(s) of life on Earth were aided by extraterrestrially-synthesized molecules. Understanding the origins of life on Earth guides our search for life elsewhere, helping to answer the question of whether biology is unique to Earth. This tutorial review focuses on meteoritic amino acids and nucleobases, exploring modern analytical methods and possible formation mechanisms. We will also discuss the unique window that meteorites provide into the chemistry that preceded life on Earth, a chemical record we do not have access to on Earth due to geologic recycling of rocks and the pervasiveness of biology across the planet. Finally, we will address the future of meteorite research, including asteroid sample return missions. C1 [Burton, Aaron S.] Oak Ridge Associated Univ, NASA, Postdoctoral Program, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Stern, Jennifer C.; Elsila, Jamie E.; Glavin, Daniel P.; Dworkin, Jason P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burton, AS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Associated Univ, NASA, Postdoctoral Program, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM aaron.s.burton@nasa.gov RI Elsila, Jamie/C-9952-2012; Burton, Aaron/H-2212-2011; Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012; Dworkin, Jason/C-9417-2012; OI Burton, Aaron/0000-0002-7137-1605; Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765; Dworkin, Jason/0000-0002-3961-8997; Stern, Jennifer/0000-0002-0162-8807 FU NASA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute; Goddard Center for Astrobiology FX A.S.B. is supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Program fellowship administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. D.P.G., J.P.D., J.E.E., and J.C.S. acknowledge funding support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute and the Goddard Center for Astrobiology and the NASA Cosmochemistry and Exobiology Programs. We acknowledge M. Callahan, K. Smith, and M. Martin for technical support and useful discussions, and N. Lehman and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, ANSMET, and the NASA Johnson Space Center for meteorite samples. NR 66 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 12 U2 93 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0306-0012 J9 CHEM SOC REV JI Chem. Soc. Rev. PY 2012 VL 41 IS 16 BP 5459 EP 5472 DI 10.1039/c2cs35109a PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 977KF UT WOS:000306657400009 PM 22706603 ER PT J AU Cleaves, HJ Scott, AM Hill, FC Leszczynski, J Sahai, N Hazen, R AF Cleaves, H. James, II Scott, Andrea Michalkova Hill, Frances C. Leszczynski, Jerzy Sahai, Nita Hazen, Robert TI Mineral-organic interfacial processes: potential roles in the origins of life SO CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID NUCLEIC-ACID BASES; EFFECTIVE CORE POTENTIALS; MONTMORILLONITE-CATALYZED FORMATION; TEMPLATE-DIRECTED SYNTHESIS; TRANSITION-METAL SULFIDES; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; AMINO-ACIDS; PREBIOTIC SYNTHESIS; AB-INITIO; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AB Life is believed to have originated on Earth similar to 4.4-3.5 Ga ago, via processes in which organic compounds supplied by the environment self-organized, in some geochemical environmental niches, into systems capable of replication with hereditary mutation. This process is generally supposed to have occurred in an aqueous environment and, likely, in the presence of minerals. Mineral surfaces present rich opportunities for heterogeneous catalysis and concentration which may have significantly altered and directed the process of prebiotic organic complexification leading to life. We review here general concepts in prebiotic mineral-organic interfacial processes, as well as recent advances in the study of mineral surface-organic interactions of potential relevance to understanding the origin of life. C1 [Cleaves, H. James, II] Blue Marble Space Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20016 USA. [Scott, Andrea Michalkova; Hill, Frances C.; Leszczynski, Jerzy] USA, ERDC, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. [Scott, Andrea Michalkova; Hill, Frances C.; Leszczynski, Jerzy] Jackson State Univ, Interdisciplinary Nanotox Ctr, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. [Sahai, Nita] Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Sahai, Nita] Univ Akron, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Hazen, Robert] Carnegie Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Cleaves, HJ (reprint author), Blue Marble Space Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20016 USA. FU National Science Foundation (NSF); NASA under the NSF Center for Chemical Evolution [CHE-1004570]; NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI); NSF EAR [EAR 0346889]; American Chemical Society [41777-AC2]; NAI-DDF; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) from the University of Wisconsin; University of Akron; NSF; NAI; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Deep carbon Observatory FX HC, JL and AM were supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and NASA Astrobiology Program, under the NSF Center for Chemical Evolution, CHE-1004570. HC also acknowledges support from the NASA Astrobiology Institute - Director's Discretionary Fund (NAI-DDF). NS acknowledges support from NSF EAR CAREER award (EAR 0346889), American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund (41777-AC2), NAI-DDF, a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) award from the University of Wisconsin, and start-up funds from the University of Akron. RH acknowledges support from the NSF, NAI, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the Deep carbon Observatory. NR 352 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 17 U2 194 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0306-0012 J9 CHEM SOC REV JI Chem. Soc. Rev. PY 2012 VL 41 IS 16 BP 5502 EP 5525 DI 10.1039/c2cs35112a PG 24 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 977KF UT WOS:000306657400013 PM 22743683 ER PT J AU Hutcheson, FV Brooks, TF AF Hutcheson, Florence V. Brooks, Thomas F. TI Noise radiation from single and multiple rod configurations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROACOUSTICS LA English DT Article ID CIRCULAR-CYLINDERS; REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; FLOW; SMOOTH AB Acoustic measurements were performed on single and multiple rod configurations to study the effect of Reynolds number, surface roughness, freestream turbulence, proximity and wake interference on the radiated noise. The Reynolds number ranged from 3.8 x 10(3) to 10(5). Directivity measurements were performed to determine how well the dipole assumption for the radiation of vortex shedding noise holds for the different model configurations tested. The dependence of the peak Sound Pressure Level on velocity was also examined. Several concepts for the reduction of the noise radiating from cylindrical rods were tested. It was shown that wire wraps and collar distributions could be used to significantly reduce the noise radiating from rods in tandem configurations. C1 [Hutcheson, Florence V.; Brooks, Thomas F.] NASA, Aeroacoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hutcheson, FV (reprint author), NASA, Aeroacoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM florence.v.hutchenson@nasa.gov NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU MULTI-SCIENCE PUBL CO LTD PI BRENTWOOD PA 5 WATES WAY, BRENTWOOD CM15 9TB, ESSEX, ENGLAND SN 1475-472X J9 INT J AEROACOUST JI Int. J. Aeroacoust. PY 2012 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 291 EP 333 PG 43 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 983TI UT WOS:000307141200002 ER PT J AU Czech, MJ Thomas, RH Elkoby, R AF Czech, Michael J. Thomas, Russell H. Elkoby, Ronen TI Propulsion airframe aeroacoustic integration effects for a hybrid wing body aircraft configuration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROACOUSTICS LA English DT Article AB An extensive experimental investigation was performed to study the propulsion airframe aeroacoustic effects of a high bypass ratio engine for a hybrid wing body aircraft configuration where the engine is installed above the wing. The objective was to provide an understanding of the jet noise shielding effectiveness as a function of engine gas condition and location as well as nozzle configuration. A 4.7% scale nozzle of a bypass ratio seven engine was run at characteristic cycle points under static and forward flight conditions. The effect of the pylon and its orientation on jet noise was also studied as a function of bypass ratio and cycle condition. The addition of a pylon yielded significant spectral changes lowering jet noise by up to 4 dB at high polar angles and increasing it by 2 to 3 dB at forward angles. In order to assess jet noise shielding, a planform representation of the airframe model, also at 4.7% scale was traversed such that the jet nozzle was positioned from downstream of to several diameters upstream of the airframe model trailing edge. Installations at two fan diameters upstream of the wing trailing edge provided only limited shielding in the forward arc at high frequencies for both the axisymmetric and a conventional round nozzle with pylon. This was consistent with phased array measurements suggesting that the high frequency sources are predominantly located near the nozzle exit and, consequently, are amenable to shielding. The mid to low frequency sources were observed further downstream and shielding was insignificant. Chevrons were designed and used to impact the distribution of sources with the more aggressive design showing a significant upstream migration of the sources in the mid frequency range. Furthermore, the chevrons reduced the low frequency source levels and the typical high frequency increase due to the application of chevron nozzles was successfully shielded. The pylon was further modified with a technology that injects air through the shelf of the pylon which was effective in reducing low frequency noise and moving jet noise sources closer to the nozzle exit. In general, shielding effectiveness varied as a function of cycle condition with the cutback condition producing higher shielding compared to sideline power. The configuration with a more strongly immersed chevron and a pylon oriented opposite to the microphones produced the largest reduction in jet noise. In addition to the jet noise source, the shielding of a broadband point noise source was documented with up to 20 dB of noise reduction at directivity angles directly under the shielding surface. C1 [Czech, Michael J.] Boeing Co, Acoust Technol, Everett, WA 98204 USA. [Thomas, Russell H.] NASA, Aeroacoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Elkoby, Ronen] Boeing Co, Acoust Grp, Huntington Beach, CA 92647 USA. RP Czech, MJ (reprint author), Boeing Co, Acoust Technol, 9819 Airport Rd, Everett, WA 98204 USA. EM Michael.J.Czech@boeing.com; Russell.H.Thomas@nasa.gov; Ronen.Elkoby@boeing.com NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU MULTI-SCIENCE PUBL CO LTD PI BRENTWOOD PA 5 WATES WAY, BRENTWOOD CM15 9TB, ESSEX, ENGLAND SN 1475-472X J9 INT J AEROACOUST JI Int. J. Aeroacoust. PY 2012 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 335 EP 367 PG 33 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 983TI UT WOS:000307141200003 ER PT J AU Thomas, RH Burley, CL Olson, ED AF Thomas, Russell H. Burley, Casey L. Olson, Erik D. TI Hybrid wing body aircraft system noise assessment with propulsion airframe aeroacoustic experiments SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROACOUSTICS LA English DT Article AB A system noise assessment of a hybrid wing body configuration was performed using NASA's best available aircraft models, engine model, and system noise assessment method. A propulsion airframe aeroacoustic effects experimental database for key noise sources and interaction effects was used to provide data directly in the noise assessment where prediction methods are inadequate. NASA engine and aircraft system models were created to define the hybrid wing body aircraft concept as a twin engine aircraft with a 7500 nautical mile mission. The engines were modeled as existing technology, in production, bypass ratio seven turbofans. The baseline hybrid wing body aircraft was assessed at 26.4 dB cumulative below the FAA Stage 4 certification level. To determine the potential for noise reduction with relatively near term technologies, seven other configurations were assessed beginning with moving the engines two fan nozzle diameters upstream of the trailing edge and then adding technologies for reduction of the highest noise sources. Aft radiated noise was expected to be the most challenging to reduce and, therefore, the experimental database focused on jet nozzle and pylon configurations that could reduce jet noise through a combination of source reduction and shielding effectiveness. The best configuration for reduction of jet noise used state-of-the-art technology chevrons with a pylon above the engine in the crown position. This configuration resulted in jet source noise reduction, favorable azimuthal directivity, and noise source relocation upstream where it is more effectively shielded by the limited airframe surface, and additional fan noise attenuation from acoustic liner on the crown pylon internal surfaces. Vertical and elevon surfaces were also assessed to add shielding effectiveness. The elevon deflection above the trailing edge showed some small additional noise reduction whereas vertical surfaces resulted in a slight noise increase. With the effects of the configurations from the database included, the best available noise reduction was 41.5 dB cumulative. Projected effects from additional technologies were assessed for an advanced noise reduction configuration including landing gear fairings and advanced pylon and chevron nozzles. Incorporating the three additional technology improvements, an aircraft noise is projected of 42.9 dB cumulative below the Stage 4 level. C1 [Thomas, Russell H.; Burley, Casey L.] NASA, Aeroacoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Olson, Erik D.] NASA, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Thomas, RH (reprint author), NASA, Aeroacoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, MS 461, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Russell.H.Thomas@nasa.gov; Casey.L.Burley@nasa.gov; Erik.D.Olson@nasa.gov NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU MULTI-SCIENCE PUBL CO LTD PI BRENTWOOD PA 5 WATES WAY, BRENTWOOD CM15 9TB, ESSEX, ENGLAND SN 1475-472X J9 INT J AEROACOUST JI Int. J. Aeroacoust. PY 2012 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 369 EP 409 PG 41 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 983TI UT WOS:000307141200004 ER PT S AU Beyon, JY Koch, GJ Kavaya, MJ AF Beyon, Jeffrey Y. Koch, Grady J. Kavaya, Michael J. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Airborne Wind Profiling with the Data Acquisition and Processing System for a Pulsed 2-Micron Coherent Doppler Lidar System SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVII CY APR 24-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Wind profile algorithm; coherent lidar; GRIP; DAWN AIR AB A pulsed 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar system at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia flew on the NASA's DC-8 aircraft during the NASA Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) during the summer of 2010. The participation was part of the project Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar (DAWN) Air. Selected results of airborne wind profiling are presented and compared with the dropsonde data for verification purposes. Panoramic presentations of different wind parameters over a nominal observation time span are also presented for selected GRIP data sets. The real-time data acquisition and analysis software that was employed during the GRIP campaign is introduced with its unique features. C1 [Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Koch, Grady J.; Kavaya, Michael J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Beyon, JY (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 488, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Jeffrey.Y.Beyon@nasa.gov; Grady.J.Koch@nasa.gov; Michael.J.Kavaya@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9057-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8379 AR 83790M DI 10.1117/12.919239 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BAW89 UT WOS:000305843300021 ER PT S AU Beyon, JY Arthur, GE Koch, GJ Kavaya, MJ AF Beyon, Jeffrey Y. Arthur, Grant E. Koch, Grady J. Kavaya, Michael J. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Noise Whitening in Airborne Wind Profiling with a Pulsed 2-Micron Coherent Doppler Lidar at NASA Langley Research Center SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVII CY APR 24-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Noise whitening; coherent lidar; GRIP; wind profile; DAWN AIR AB Two different noise whitening methods in airborne wind profiling with a pulsed 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar system at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia are presented. In order to provide accurate wind parameter estimates from the airborne lidar data acquired during the NASA Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign in 2010, the adverse effects of background instrument noise must be compensated properly in the early stage of data processing. The results of the two methods are presented using selected GRIP data and compared with the dropsonde data for verification purposes. C1 [Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Koch, Grady J.; Kavaya, Michael J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Beyon, JY (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 488, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Jeffrey.Y.Beyon@nasa.gov; grantarthur5@gmail.com; Grady.J.Koch@nasa.gov; Michael.J.Kavaya@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9057-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8379 AR 83790N DI 10.1117/12.919246 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BAW89 UT WOS:000305843300022 ER PT S AU Pliutau, D Prasad, NS AF Pliutau, Denis Prasad, Narasimha S. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Simulation framework to estimate the performance of CO2 and O-2 sensing from space and airborne platforms for the ASCENDS mission requirements analysis SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVII CY APR 24-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; LIDAR AB The Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights Days and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission recommended by the NRC Decadal Survey has a desired accuracy of 0.3% in carbon dioxide mixing ratio (XCO2) retrievals requiring careful selection and optimization of the instrument parameters. NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is investigating 1.57 micron carbon dioxide as well as the 1.26-1.27 micron oxygen bands for our proposed ASCENDS mission requirements investigation. Simulation studies are underway for these bands to select optimum instrument parameters. The simulations are based on a multi-wavelength lidar modeling framework being developed at NASA LaRC to predict the performance of CO2 and O-2 sensing from space and airborne platforms. The modeling framework consists of a lidar simulation module and a line-by-line calculation component with interchangeable lineshape routines to test the performance of alternative lineshape models in the simulations. As an option the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) program may also be used for line-by-line calculations. The modeling framework is being used to perform error analysis, establish optimum measurement wavelengths as well as to identify the best lineshape models to be used in CO2 and O-2 retrievals. Several additional programs for HITRAN database management and related simulations are planned to be included in the framework. The description of the modeling framework with selected results of the simulation studies for CO2 and O-2 sensing is presented in this paper. C1 [Pliutau, Denis; Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Pliutau, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9057-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8379 AR 83790K DI 10.1117/12.919476 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BAW89 UT WOS:000305843300019 ER PT S AU Poberezhskiy, I Johnson, A Chang, D Ek, E Natzic, D Spiers, G Penniman, S Short, B AF Poberezhskiy, Ilya Johnson, Andrew Chang, Daniel Ek, Eric Natzic, David Spiers, Gary Penniman, Steve Short, Brad BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Flash Lidar Performance Testing - Configuration and Results SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVII CY APR 24-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE planetary and lunar landing; hazard detection and avoidance; 3D imaging; flash lidar; intensity dependent range noise AB Future planetary and lunar landers can benefit from a hazard detection (HD) system that employs a lidar to create a high-resolution 3D terrain map in the vicinity of the landing site and an onboard computer to process the lidar data and identify the safest landing site within the surveyed area. A divert maneuver would then be executed to land in this safe site. An HD system enables landing in regions with a relatively high hazard abundance that would otherwise be considered unacceptably risky, but are of high interest to the scientific community. A key component of a HD system is a lidar that can generate a 3D terrain image with the required range precision in the prescribed time and fits within the project resource constraints. In this paper, we present the results obtained during performance testing of a prototype "GoldenEye" 3D Flash Lidar developed by Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc. The testing was performed at JPL with the lidar and the targets separated by 200 m. The analysis of the lidar performance obtained for different target types and albedos, pulse energies, and fields of view is presented and compared to key HD lidar requirements identified for the Mars 2018 lander. C1 [Poberezhskiy, Ilya; Johnson, Andrew; Chang, Daniel; Ek, Eric; Natzic, David; Spiers, Gary] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Poberezhskiy, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ilya@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9057-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8379 AR 837905 DI 10.1117/12.920326 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BAW89 UT WOS:000305843300004 ER PT J AU Mukherjee, A Hansen, M Grabbe, S AF Mukherjee, Avijit Hansen, Mark Grabbe, Shon TI Ground delay program planning under uncertainty in airport capacity SO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ground delay program; air traffic management; air transportation; optimization ID HOLDING PROBLEM; MODELS AB This paper presents an algorithm for assigning flight departure delays under probabilistic airport capacity. The algorithm dynamically adapts to weather forecasts by revising, if necessary, departure delays. The proposed algorithm leverages state-of-the-art optimization techniques that have appeared in recent literature. As a case study, the algorithm is applied to assigning departure delays to flights scheduled to arrive at San Francisco International Airport in the presence of uncertainty in the fog clearance time. The cumulative distribution function of fog clearance time was estimated from historical data. Using daily weather forecasts to update the probabilities of fog clearance times resulted in improvement of the algorithm's performance. Experimental results also indicate that if the proposed algorithm is applied to assign ground delays to flights inbound at San Francisco International airport, overall delays could be reduced up to 25% compared to current level. C1 [Mukherjee, Avijit] NASA, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Hansen, Mark] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Grabbe, Shon] NASA, Aviat Syst Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mukherjee, A (reprint author), NASA, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Ames Res Ctr, MS 210-8,Bldg N210,Room 220, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM avijit@ucsc.edu NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-1060 J9 TRANSPORT PLAN TECHN JI Transp. Plan. Technol. PY 2012 VL 35 IS 6 BP 611 EP 628 DI 10.1080/03081060.2012.710031 PG 18 WC Transportation Science & Technology SC Transportation GA 986OO UT WOS:000307352300001 ER PT S AU Davies, M Pasareanu, CS Raman, V AF Davies, Misty Pasareanu, Corina S. Raman, Vishwanath BE Joshi, R Muller, P Podelski, A TI Symbolic Execution Enhanced System Testing SO VERIFIED SOFTWARE: THEORIES, TOOLS, EXPERIMENTS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Verified Software: Theories, Tool and Experiments (VSTTE 2012) CY JAN 28-29, 2012 CL Philadelphia, PA ID DESIGN AB We describe a testing technique that uses information computed by symbolic execution of a program unit to guide the generation of inputs to the system containing the unit, in such a way that the unit's, and hence the system's, coverage is increased. The symbolic execution computes unit constraints at run-time, along program paths obtained by system simulations. We use machine learning techniques -treatment learning and function fitting- to approximate the system input constraints that will lead to the satisfaction of the unit constraints. Execution of system input predictions either uncovers new code regions in the unit under analysis or provides information that can be used to improve the approximation. We have implemented the technique and we have demonstrated its effectiveness on several examples, including one from the aerospace domain. C1 [Davies, Misty] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Pasareanu, Corina S.; Raman, Vishwanath] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Davies, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM misty.d.davies@nasa.gov; corina.s.pasareanu@nasa.gov; vishwa.raman@west.cmu.edu OI Davies, Misty/0000-0002-6245-9568 NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-27704-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2012 VL 7152 BP 294 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBI26 UT WOS:000306943500023 ER PT J AU Drdla, K Muller, R AF Drdla, K. Mueller, R. TI Temperature thresholds for chlorine activation and ozone loss in the polar stratosphere SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Middle atmosphere; composition and chemistry ID NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; REACTIVE UPTAKE COEFFICIENTS; SULFURIC-ACID; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; ANTARCTIC OZONE; CLOUD FORMATION; EARLY WINTER; HETEROGENEOUS INTERACTIONS; REACTION PROBABILITIES AB Low stratospheric temperatures are known to be responsible for heterogeneous chlorine activation that leads to polar ozone depletion. Here, we discuss the temperature threshold below which substantial chlorine activation occurs. We suggest that the onset of chlorine activation is dominated by reactions on cold binary aerosol particles, without the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), i.e. without any significant uptake of HNO3 from the gas phase. Using reaction rates on cold binary aerosol in a model of stratospheric chemistry, a chlorine activation threshold temperature, T-ACL, is derived. At typical stratospheric conditions, T-ACL is similar in value to T-NAT (within 1-2 K), the highest temperature at which nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) can exist. T-NAT is still in use to parameterise the threshold temperature for the onset of chlorine activation. However, perturbations can cause T-ACL to differ from T-NAT: T-ACL is dependent upon H2O and potential temperature, but unlike T-NAT is not dependent upon HNO3. Furthermore, in contrast to T-NAT, T-ACL is dependent upon the stratospheric sulfate aerosol loading and thus provides a means to estimate the impact on polar ozone of strong volcanic eruptions and some geo-engineering options, which are discussed. A parameterisation of T-ACL is provided here, allowing it to be calculated for low solar elevation (or high solar zenith angle) over a comprehensive range of stratospheric conditions. Considering T-ACL as a proxy for chlorine activation cannot replace a detailed model calculation, and polar ozone loss is influenced by other factors apart from the initial chlorine activation. However, T-ACL provides a more accurate description of the temperature conditions necessary for chlorine activation and ozone loss in the polar stratosphere than T-NAT. C1 [Mueller, R.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Drdla, K.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Muller, R (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM ro.mueller@fz-juelich.de RI Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013 OI Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977 FU NASA's Earth Science Enterprise through the Atmospheric Chemistry and Modeling Analysis Program [NRA-02-OES-02]; European Union [EU-FP7-226365-RECONCILE] FX We are grateful to Dave Fahey, Jens-Uwe Grooss, Thomas Peter, Bob Portmann, Ross Salawitch, Susan Solomon, Simone Tilmes, and Tobias Wegner for very helpful discussions and for constructive critical comments. We thank Thomas Peter, Ross Salawitch, Susan Solomon and a number of anonymous referees for their thoughtful reviews. We also thank Tobias Wegner very much for providing Figs. 1 and 2. This research was supported in part by NASA's Earth Science Enterprise through the Atmospheric Chemistry and Modeling Analysis Program, NRA-02-OES-02 and by the European Union EU-FP7-226365-RECONCILE grant. We are grateful to the United Kingdom Met Office for providing meteorological analyses. NR 138 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1055 EP 1073 DI 10.5194/angeo-30-1055-2012 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981NO UT WOS:000306975300003 ER PT S AU Dearden, AK Kar, S Hagopian, J Ajayan, PM Nayak, SK AF Dearden, Albert K. Kar, Swastik Hagopian, John Ajayan, Pulickel M. Nayak, Saroj K. BE Bose, SM Tripathy, SK TI Energetics of Magnetic States in Graphene Nano-triangles: An Ab-initio Density Functional Theory Study SO FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Functional Materials (IWFM) CY DEC 20-22, 2011 CL Natl Inst Sci Technol (NIST), Berhampur, INDIA SP Drexel Univ, Govt India, Dept Atom Energy, Govt India, Council Sci & Ind Res HO Natl Inst Sci Technol (NIST) DE graphene; spin; magnetism; 0D; shapes; density functional method ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; CARBON NANOTUBES; TRANSITION; METALS AB We present the magnetic properties of zero dimensional triangular graphene flakes using spin density functional theory. These structures consist of equilateral triangles, with zigzag and armchair shaped edges. We find that for zigzag edged triangles, the ground state is ferrimagnetic whose magnetization increases linearly with the edge size. However, for armchair edged triangles, the magnetization consisted of a zero net spin and edges did not play any role in the ground state spin. Additionally, calculations investigating the effect of strain on bond lengths were considered. C1 [Dearden, Albert K.; Nayak, Saroj K.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys Appl Phys & Astron, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Kar, Swastik] Northeastern Univ Boston, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Hagopian, John] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Nayak, Saroj K.] Rice Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Dearden, AK (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys Appl Phys & Astron, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM nayaks@rpi.edu RI Kar, Swastik/B-8118-2013 FU Interconnect Focus Center - MARCO program of SRC; Interconnect Focus Center - State of New York; NSF PetaApps [0749140]; NSF CBET [0931717]; NSF ECCS [110248]; State of New York FX This work is supported partly by the Interconnect Focus Center funded by the MARCO program of SRC and the State of New York, NSF PetaApps grant number 0749140, NSF CBET grant number 0931717, NSF ECCS grant number 110248 and an anonymous gift from Rensselaer. Computation resources of the Computational Center for Nanotechnology Innovations at Rensselaer partly funded by State of New York. SKN would like to thank Professor Mike Payne and Cavendish laboratory for their hospitality. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1065-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1461 BP 34 EP 41 DI 10.1063/1.4736869 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BBG62 UT WOS:000306786200003 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Davis, MH Booker, CJ AF Stoner, Allan W. Davis, Martha H. Booker, Catherine J. TI Abundance and population structure of queen conch inside and outside a marine protected area: repeat surveys show significant declines SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Marine protected area; Population structure; Reproduction; Queen conch; Bahamas ID CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER; STROMBUS-GIGAS; LARVAL DISPERSAL; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; CENTRAL BAHAMAS; RESERVE DESIGN; FLORIDA-KEYS; GENE FLOW; RECRUITMENT AB Effectiveness of a marine protected area (MPA) in supporting fisheries productivity depends upon replenishment patterns, both in supplying recruits to surrounding fished areas and having a sustainable spawning stock in the MPA. Surveys for queen conch Strombus gigas were made in 2011 at 2 locations in the Exuma Cays, The Bahamas, for direct comparison with surveys conducted during the early 1990s at Warderick Wells (WW) near the center of the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP) and at a fished site near Lee Stocking Island (LSI). There was no change in adult conch density and abundance in the shallow bank environment at LSI where numbers were already low in 1991, but numbers declined 91% in the deeper shelf waters. At WW, the adult population declined 69% on the bank and 6% on the island shelf. Unlike observations made in the 1990s, queen conch reproductive behavior near LSI is now rare. Average age of adult conch (indicated by shell thickness) at LSI decreased significantly during the 20 yr period between surveys, while average age increased at WW and juvenile abundance decreased. These results show that the LSI population is being overfished and the WW population is senescing because of low recruitment. In 2011, the ECLSP continued to be an important source of larvae for downstream populations because of abundant spawners in the shelf environment. However, it is clear that the reserve is not self-sustaining for queen conch, and sustainable fishing in the Exuma Cays will depend upon a network of MPAs along with other management measures to reduce fishing mortality. C1 [Stoner, Allan W.] Community Conch, Waldport, OR 97394 USA. [Stoner, Allan W.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Davis, Martha H.] Community Conch, Littleton, CO 80121 USA. [Booker, Catherine J.] Community Conch, Savannah, GA 31405 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), Community Conch, Waldport, OR 97394 USA. EM allan.stoner@gmail.com FU National Undersea Research Program of NOAA; US Department of Commerce; Bahamas National Trust; Bahamas Department of Marine Resources (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) FX The original surveys in the Exuma Cays were funded by the National Undersea Research Program of NOAA, US Department of Commerce, and The Bahamas National Trust provided critical logistical support for both surveys. Research in 2011 was supported with funding from The Bahamas Department of Marine Resources (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) and the non-profit organization Community Conch. We thank the Perry Institute of Marine Science and E. Mueller for assistance with housing, laboratory, small boat and dive support at Lee Stocking Island. We are grateful to our volunteer divers in 2011 including A. McLean, K. Mueller, A. Olson, M. Peyton, J. Stack, T. Thompson, M. Vandenrydt, A. Vellacott, and J. Wilchcombe. B. Laurel, C. Ryer, C. Peterson, and anonymous reviewers provided helpful criticism on the manuscript. NR 59 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 48 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 460 BP 101 EP 114 DI 10.3354/meps09799 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 977UH UT WOS:000306689800008 ER PT J AU Fire, SE Pruden, J Couture, D Wang, ZH Bottein, MYD Haynes, BL Knott, T Bouchard, D Lichtenwalner, A Wippelhauser, G AF Fire, Spencer E. Pruden, Jessica Couture, Darcie Wang, Zhihong Bottein, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Haynes, Bennie L. Knott, Trey Bouchard, Deborah Lichtenwalner, Anne Wippelhauser, Gail TI Saxitoxin exposure in an endangered fish: association of a shortnose sturgeon mortality event with a harmful algal bloom SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Saxitoxin; Sturgeon; Harmful algal bloom; Paralytic shellfish toxin; HAB; Acipenser brevirostrum; Maine ID LIONS ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXINS; RECEPTOR-BINDING ASSAY; POISONING PSP TOXINS; DINOFLAGELLATE TOXINS; ATLANTIC STURGEON; HABITAT USE; RED-TIDE; MOVEMENTS; RIVER AB Saxitoxin (STX)-producing blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium have been responsible for devastating ecosystem-wide impacts in coastal waters of the northeastern USA. In the summer of 2009, a severe Alexandrium bloom in New England coastal waters co-occurred with a shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum mortality event in Sagadahoc Bay, Maine, USA. Thirteen individuals of this endangered fish species were found dead on 10 July 2009, and this die-off was associated with extremely high Alexandrium cell densities, record-breaking toxin burdens (>80 000 ng g(-1)) in shellfish, and closures of shellfish beds affecting nearly the entire Maine coastline. STX-like activity was detected in sturgeon (n = 3) stomach contents and liver and gill tissues via neuroblastoma assay and receptor-binding assay at concentrations ranging between 37 and 2300 ng STX-eq. g(-1) (STX equivalents per gram sample). Stomach content analyses of the 3 necropsied sturgeon carcasses showed a large number of amethyst gem clams Gemma gemma. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of STX and related congeners in sturgeon stomach contents, at concentrations between 311 and 743 ng g(-1). The present study marks the first reported detection of STXs in shortnose sturgeon, and provides evidence of trophic transfer of Alexandrium toxins as a potential cause of mortality in this event, as well as a threat to the health of this endangered population of fish. C1 [Fire, Spencer E.; Wang, Zhihong; Bottein, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui; Haynes, Bennie L.; Knott, Trey] NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Pruden, Jessica] NOAA, NE Reg Shortnose Sturgeon Recovery Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. [Couture, Darcie] Maine Dept Marine Resources, Marine Biotoxin Monitoring Program, W Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. [Bouchard, Deborah; Lichtenwalner, Anne] Univ Maine, Hlth Anim Lab, Dept Anim & Vet Sci Cooperat Extens, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Maine Dept Marine Resources, Bur Sea Run Fisheries & Habitat, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. RP Fire, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM spencer.fire@noaa.gov RI Fire, Spencer/P-6040-2014 OI Fire, Spencer/0000-0002-1657-790X NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 460 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.3354/meps09768 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 977UH UT WOS:000306689800011 ER PT J AU Kaskaoutis, DG Prasad, AK Kosmopoulos, PG Sinha, PR Kharol, SK Gupta, P El-Askary, HM Kafatos, A AF Kaskaoutis, D. G. Prasad, A. K. Kosmopoulos, P. G. Sinha, P. R. Kharol, S. K. Gupta, P. El-Askary, H. M. Kafatos, Andm. TI Synergistic Use of Remote Sensing and Modeling for Tracing Dust Storms in the Mediterranean SO ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; SAHARAN DUST; SATELLITE DATA; NILE DELTA; PARTICLE PROPERTIES; WESTERN SAHARA; MINERAL DUST; TRANSPORT; GREECE; MODIS AB This study focuses on the detection of the dust source region and monitoring of the transport of the dust plume from its primary outflow to final deposition. The application area is the Sahara desert and the eastern Mediterranean, where two dust events occurred during the period 4-6 February 2009, an unusual event for a winter period. The Aqua-MODIS and OMI observations clearly define the spatial distribution of the dust plumes, while the CALIPSO observations of total attenuated backscatter (TAB) at 532 nm, depolarization ratio (DR), and attenuated color ratio (1064/532 nm) on 5 February 2009 provide a clear view and vertical structure of the dust-laden layer. The dust source region is defined to be near the Chad-Niger-Libyan borders, using satellite observations and model (DREAM) output. This dust plume is vertically extended up to 2.5 km and is observed as a mass plume of dust from surface level to that altitude, where the vertical variation of TAB (0.002 to 0.2) and DR (0.2-0.5) implies dust-laden layer with non-spherical particles. CALIPSO profiles show that after the dust plume reached at its highest level, the dust particles start to be deposited over the Mediterranean and the initial dust plume was strongly attenuated, while features of dust were limited below about 1-1.5 km for latitudes northern of similar to 36 degrees (Greek territory). C1 [Kaskaoutis, D. G.] Sharda Univ, Res & Technol Dev Ctr, Greater Noida 201306, India. [Prasad, A. K.; El-Askary, H. M.; Kafatos, Andm.] Chapman Univ, Schmid Coll Sci & Technol, Ctr Excellence Earth Observing, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [Prasad, A. K.; El-Askary, H. M.; Kafatos, Andm.] Chapman Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Schmid Coll Sci & Technol, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [Kosmopoulos, P. G.] Univ Athens, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, Athens, Greece. [Sinha, P. R.] Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Natl Balloon Facil, Hyderabad 500062, Andhra Pradesh, India. [Kharol, S. K.] Dept Space Govt India, Div Oceanog, Atmospher Sci Sect, Natl Remote Sensing Ctr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. [Kharol, S. K.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Gupta, P.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. [Gupta, P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. [El-Askary, H. M.] Univ Alexandria, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Alexandria 21522, Egypt. RP Kaskaoutis, DG (reprint author), Sharda Univ, Res & Technol Dev Ctr, Knowledge Pk 3, Greater Noida 201306, India. EM dimitriskask@hotmail.com RI Gupta, Pawan/F-3624-2011; Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis/E-6156-2013; Prasad, Anup/B-5650-2008; OI Prasad, Anup/0000-0001-7371-2322; El-Askary, Hesham/0000-0002-9876-3705 FU Science System and Applications FX The MODIS and CALIPSO scientific teams are gratefully acknowledged for providing high quality satellite data via the Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data center. The OMI data were obtained via the Giovanni tool, which is also gratefully acknowledged. The DREAM images for the dusty days were obtained from the Barcelona Super-Computing Center, while the AOD data over Crete from the FORTH-CRETE AERONET station, both highly acknowledged. Authors are thankful to Science System and Applications for financial support to us (AKP, MK). They also thank the scientific and technical staff of the National Observatory of Athens and Ministry of Environment in Greece for providing useful meteorological and atmospheric data. NR 70 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1687-9309 EI 1687-9317 J9 ADV METEOROL JI Adv. Meteorol. PY 2012 AR 861026 DI 10.1155/2012/861026 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 978OL UT WOS:000306753000001 ER PT S AU Le Moigne, J Grubb, TG Milner, BC AF Le Moigne, Jacqueline Grubb, Thomas G. Milner, Barbara C. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI NASA IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation and Research SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVIII CY APR 23-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE image processing; benchmark datasets; validation; NASA-centric data; Earth Science AB A number of web-accessible databases, including medical, military or other image data, offer universities and other users the ability to teach or research new Image Processing techniques on relevant and well-documented data. However, NASA images have traditionally been difficult for researchers to find, are often only available in hard-to-use formats, and do not always provide sufficient context and background for a non-NASA Scientist user to understand their content. The new IMAGESEER (IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation and Research) database seeks to address these issues. Through a graphically-rich web site for browsing and downloading all of the selected datasets, benchmarks, and tutorials, IMAGESEER provides a widely accessible database of NASA-centric, easy to read, image data for teaching or validating new Image Processing algorithms. As such, IMAGESEER fosters collaboration between NASA and research organizations while simultaneously encouraging development of new and enhanced Image Processing algorithms. The first prototype includes a representative sampling of NASA multispectral and hyperspectral images from several Earth Science instruments, along with a few small tutorials. Image processing techniques are currently represented with cloud detection, image registration, and map cover/classification. For each technique, corresponding data are selected from four different geographic regions, i.e., mountains, urban, water coastal, and agriculture areas. Satellite images have been collected from several instruments - Landsat-5 and -7 Thematic Mappers, Earth Observing - 1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) and Hyperion, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). After geo-registration, these images are available in simple common formats such as GeoTIFF and raw formats, along with associated benchmark data. C1 [Le Moigne, Jacqueline; Grubb, Thomas G.; Milner, Barbara C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Le Moigne, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jacqueline.LeMoigne@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9068-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8390 AR 839029 DI 10.1117/12.919908 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBD51 UT WOS:000306561700073 ER PT S AU McLaren, D Thompson, DR Davies, AG Gudmundsson, MT Chien, SV AF McLaren, David Thompson, David R. Davies, Ashley G. Gudmundsson, Magnus T. Chien, Steve BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Automatic estimation of volcanic ash plume height using WorldView-2 imagery SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVIII CY APR 23-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE sensorweb; volcanoes; volcanic ash; machine learning; computer vision; pattern recognition; WorldView-2; multispectral AB We explore the use of machine learning, computer vision, and pattern recognition techniques to automatically identify volcanic ash plumes and plume shadows, in WorldView-2 imagery. Using information of the relative position of the sun and spacecraft and terrain information in the form of a digital elevation map, classification, the height of the ash plume can also be inferred. We present the results from applying this approach to six scenes acquired on two separate days in April and May of 2010 of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland. These results show rough agreement with ash plume height estimates from visual and radar based measurements. C1 [McLaren, David; Thompson, David R.; Davies, Ashley G.; Chien, Steve] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chien, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.mclaren@jpl.nasa.gov; david.thompson@jpl.nasa.gov; ashley.davies@jpl.nasa.gov; magnus.gudmundsson@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.chien@jpl.nasa.gov RI Gudmundsson, Magnus/M-3735-2015 OI Gudmundsson, Magnus/0000-0001-5325-3368 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9068-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8390 AR 83901H DI 10.1117/12.919499 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBD51 UT WOS:000306561700046 ER PT S AU McLaren, D Doubleday, J Chien, SV AF McLaren, David Doubleday, Joshua Chien, Steve BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Using WorldView-2 imagery to track flooding in Thailand in a multi-asset sensorweb SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVIII CY APR 23-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE sensorweb; flood tracking; surface water extent; volumetric water calculation; Worldview-2; multispectral AB For the flooding seasons of 2011-2012 multiple space assets were used in a "sensorweb" to track major flooding in Thailand. Worldview-2 multispectral data was used in this effort and provided extremely high spatial resolution (2m / pixel) multispectral (8 bands at 0.45-1.05 mu m spectra) data from which mostly automated workflows derived surface water extent and volumetric water information for use by a range of NGO and national authorities. We first describe how Worldview-2 and its data was integrated into the overall flood tracking sensorweb. We next describe the use of Support Vector Machine learning techniques that were used to derive surface water extent classifiers. Then we describe the fusion of surface water extent and digital elevation map (DEM) data to derive volumetric water calculations. Finally we discuss key future work such as speeding up the workflows and automating the data registration process (the only portion of the workflow requiring human input). C1 [McLaren, David; Doubleday, Joshua; Chien, Steve] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chien, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.mclaren@jpl.nasa.gov; joshua.doubleday@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.chien@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9068-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8390 AR 83901G DI 10.1117/12.919493 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBD51 UT WOS:000306561700045 ER PT S AU Montanaro, M Gerace, AD AF Montanaro, Matthew Gerace, Aaron D. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Tracking Non-Uniformity in the Thermal Infrared Sensor through Pre-Launch Measurements and Simulated On-Orbit Data SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVIII CY APR 23-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Landsat; LDCM; TIRS; Infrared; Calibration; DIRSIG; Side-Slither AB The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) will continue thermal band measurements of the Earth for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The instrument is a dual-channel, push-broom imager that consists of 1850 detector elements per band spanning the 15-degree cross track field of view. The push-broom configuration of the instrument presents several challenges to ensure that the instrument meets uniformity and linearity requirements across the field of view. Each detector element may have a slightly different spectral and radiometric response resulting from variations in pixel-to-pixel gain, bias, and spectral band shape. These differences must be measured and corrected for in order to provide a radiometrically accurate data product necessary for the Landsat science mission. During pre-launch testing, calibration ground support equipment (CGSE) is used to uniformly illuminate the TIRS field of view with various source radiances. Calibration routines are created to convert the raw detector signal from these uniform sources into accurate at-sensor radiances. During the on-orbit life of the instrument, vicarious calibration techniques such as the side-slither method may be used to check the pixel-to-pixel uniformity. To demonstrate the value of this technique for TIRS, the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) tool is utilized to simulate on-orbit TIRS data. Appropriate sites on the Earth are identified and side-slither data is generated. The simulated on-orbit data is then compared to pre-launch calibration data to determine whether this calibration approach is viable to track the calibration of TIRS over its orbital lifetime. C1 [Montanaro, Matthew] NASA, Sigma Space Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Montanaro, M (reprint author), NASA, Sigma Space Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM matthew.montanaro@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9068-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8390 AR 83902C DI 10.1117/12.919420 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBD51 UT WOS:000306561700076 ER PT S AU Nguyen, J Rafol, SB Soibel, A Khoskhlagh, A Ting, DZY Liu, JK Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD AF Jean Nguyen Rafol, Sir B. Soibel, Alexander Khoskhlagh, Arezou Ting, David Z. -Y. Liu, John K. Mumolo, Jason M. Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI 320 x 256 Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector Focal Plane Array for Long-wave Infrared Imaging SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXXVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVIII CY APR 23-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Inductively Coupled Plasma Dry Etching; Superlattice Detectors; Long-wavelength Infrared; Focal Plane Arrays; InAs/GaSb ID INP AB A 320 x 256 Complementary Barrier Infrared (CBIRD) focal plane array for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) imaging is reported. The arrays were grown by molecular beam expitaxy (MBE) with a 300 period 1.9 um thick absorber. The mean dark current density of 2.2 x 10(-4) A/cm(2) was measured at an operating bias of 128 mV with a long wavelength cutoff of 8.8 mu m observed at 50% of the peak. The maximum quantum efficiency was 54% measured at 5.6 mu m. Operating at T = 80K, the array yielded an 81% fill factor with 97% operability. Good imagery with a mean noise equivalent different temperature (NE Delta T) of 18.6 mK and a mean detectivity of D* = 1.3 x 10(11) cm-Hz(1/2)/W was achieved. The substrate was thinned using mechanical lapping and neither an AR coating nor a passivation layer was applied. This article provides the details of the fabrication process for achieving low-dark current LWIR CBIRD arrays. Discussion for an effective hard mask for excellent pattern transfer is given and appropriate mounting techniques for good thermal contact during the dry etching process is described. The challenges and differences between etching large 200 mu m test diodes and small 28 mu m FPA pixels are given. C1 [Jean Nguyen; Rafol, Sir B.; Soibel, Alexander; Khoskhlagh, Arezou; Ting, David Z. -Y.; Liu, John K.; Mumolo, Jason M.; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nguyen, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9031-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8353 AR 835331 DI 10.1117/12.920494 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BBE01 UT WOS:000306604400108 ER PT S AU Soibel, A Nguyen, J Khoshakhlagh, A Rafol, SB Hoeglund, L Keo, SA Mumolo, JM Liu, J Liao, A Ting, DZY Gunapala, SD AF Soibel, Alexander Jean Nguyen Khoshakhlagh, Arezou Rafol, Sir B. Hoeglund, Linda Keo, Sam A. Mumolo, Jason M. Liu, John Liao, Anna Ting, David Z. -Y. Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI High-performance LWIR superlattice detectors and FPA based on CBIRD design SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXXVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVIII CY APR 23-27, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE unipolar barrier; heterostructure; infrared; photodetector; superlattice AB We report our recent efforts on advancing of antimonide superlattice based infrared photodetectors and demonstration of Focal Plane Arrays (FPA) based on a complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. By optimizing design and growth condition we succeeded to reduce the operational bias of CBIRD single pixel detector without increase of dark current or degradation of quantum efficiency. We demonstrated a 1024x1024 pixel long-wavelength infrared focal plane array utilizing CBIRD design. An 11.5 mu m cutoff FPA without anti-reflection coating has yielded noise equivalent differential temperature of 53 mK at operating temperature of 80 K, with 300 K background and cold-stop. In addition, we demonstrated 320x256 format FPA based on the n-CBIRD design. The resulting FPAs yielded noise equivalent differential temperature of 26 mK at operating temperature of 80 K, with 300 K background and cold-stop. These results advance state-of-the art of superlattice detectors and demonstrated advantages of CBIRD architecture for realization of FPA. C1 [Soibel, Alexander; Jean Nguyen; Khoshakhlagh, Arezou; Rafol, Sir B.; Hoeglund, Linda; Keo, Sam A.; Mumolo, Jason M.; Liu, John; Liao, Anna; Ting, David Z. -Y.; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Soibel, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alexander.Soibel@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9031-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8353 AR 83530U DI 10.1117/12.919487 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BBE01 UT WOS:000306604400029 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Assad, C Wolf, M You, KS Pavone, M Huntsberger, T Iwashita, Y AF Stoica, Adrian Assad, Chris Wolf, Michael You, Ki Sung Pavone, Marco Huntsberger, Terry Iwashita, Yumi BE Braun, JJ TI Using arm and hand gestures to command robots during stealth operations SO MULTISENSOR, MULTISOURCE INFORMATION FUSION: ARCHITECTURES, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS 2012 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multisensor, Multisource Information Fusion - Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications CY APR 25-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Human-robot interfaces; gesture recognition; electromyography; EMG sensor arrays; stealth operations AB Command of support robots by the warfighter requires intuitive interfaces to quickly communicate high degree-of-freedom (DOF) information while leaving the hands unencumbered. Stealth operations rule out voice commands and vision-based gesture interpretation techniques, as they often entail silent operations at night or in other low visibility conditions. Targeted at using bio-signal inputs to set navigation and manipulation goals for the robot (say, simply by pointing), we developed a system based on an electromyography (EMG) "BioSleeve", a high density sensor array for robust, practical signal collection from forearm muscles. The EMG sensor array data is fused with inertial measurement unit (IMU) data. This paper describes the BioSleeve system and presents initial results of decoding robot commands from the EMG and IMU data using a BioSleeve prototype with up to sixteen bipolar surface EMG sensors. The BioSleeve is demonstrated on the recognition of static hand positions (e. g. palm facing front, fingers upwards) and on dynamic gestures (e. g. hand wave). In preliminary experiments, over 90% correct recognition was achieved on five static and nine dynamic gestures. We use the BioSleeve to control a team of five LANdroid robots in individual and group/squad behaviors. We define a gesture composition mechanism that allows the specification of complex robot behaviors with only a small vocabulary of gestures/commands, and we illustrate it with a set of complex orders. C1 [Stoica, Adrian; Assad, Chris; Wolf, Michael; You, Ki Sung; Pavone, Marco; Huntsberger, Terry; Iwashita, Yumi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9085-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8407 AR 84070G DI 10.1117/12.923690 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBE04 UT WOS:000306606400014 ER PT J AU Veselovskii, I Dubovik, O Kolgotin, A Korenskiy, M Whiteman, DN Allakhverdiev, K Huseyinoglu, F AF Veselovskii, I. Dubovik, O. Kolgotin, A. Korenskiy, M. Whiteman, D. N. Allakhverdiev, K. Huseyinoglu, F. TI Linear estimation of particle bulk parameters from multi-wavelength lidar measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; BACKSCATTER LIDAR; INVERSION; REGULARIZATION; RETRIEVAL AB An algorithm for linear estimation of aerosol bulk properties such as particle volume, effective radius and complex refractive index from multiwavelength lidar measurements is presented. The approach uses the fact that the total aerosol concentration can well be approximated as a linear combination of aerosol characteristics measured by multiwavelength lidar. Therefore, the aerosol concentration can be estimated from lidar measurements without the need to derive the size distribution, which entails more sophisticated procedures. The definition of the coefficients required for the linear estimates is based on an expansion of the particle size distribution in terms of the measurement kernels. Once the coefficients are established, the approach permits fast retrieval of aerosol bulk properties when compared with the full regularization technique. In addition, the straightforward estimation of bulk properties stabilizes the inversion making it more resistant to noise in the optical data. Numerical tests demonstrate that for data sets containing three aerosol backscattering and two extinction coefficients (so called 3 beta + 2 alpha)the uncertainties in the retrieval of particle volume and surface area are below 45% when input data random uncertainties are below 20 %. Moreover, using linear estimates allows reliable retrievals even when the number of input data is reduced. To evaluate the approach, the results obtained using this technique are compared with those based on the previously developed full inversion scheme that relies on the regularization procedure. Both techniques were applied to the data measured by multiwavelength lidar at NASA/GSFC. The results obtained with both methods using the same observations are in good agreement. At the same time, the high speed of the retrieval using linear estimates makes the method preferable for generating aerosol information from extended lidar observations. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, an extended time series of observations acquired in Turkey in May 2010 was processed using the linear estimates technique permitting, for what we believe to be the first time, temporal-height distributions of particle parameters. C1 [Veselovskii, I.; Kolgotin, A.; Korenskiy, M.] Phys Instrumentat Ctr, Moscow, Russia. [Dubovik, O.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Whiteman, D. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Allakhverdiev, K.] Azerbaijan Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Baku 370143, Azerbaijan. RP Veselovskii, I (reprint author), Phys Instrumentat Ctr, Moscow, Russia. EM igorv@pic.troitsk.ru RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460 FU NASA/GSFC Internal Research and Development Fund FX This work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Research and Development Fund. We gratefully acknowledge stimulating discussions with Arnoud Apituley, David Donovan and Martin De Graaf. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 5 BP 1135 EP 1145 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1135-2012 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 976DK UT WOS:000306560600002 ER PT J AU Walsh, KM Howat, IM Ahn, Y Enderlin, EM AF Walsh, K. M. Howat, I. M. Ahn, Y. Enderlin, E. M. TI Changes in the marine-terminating glaciers of central east Greenland, 2000-2010 SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ICE MASS-LOSS; OUTLET GLACIERS; SHEET; ACCELERATION; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE; SURGE; VARIABILITY; SORTEBRAE; RETREAT AB Marine-terminating outlet glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet have undergone substantial changes over the past decade. The synchronicity of these changes suggest a regional external forcing, such as changes in coastal ocean heat transport and/or increased surface melt and subglacial runoff. A distinct contrast in rates of ice front retreat has been observed between glaciers north and south of 69 degrees N latitude on along the East Greenland coast. This latitude corresponds with the northward limit of subtropical waters carried by the Irminger Current, suggesting variability in ocean heat transport as the dominant forcing. Glacier surging, however, is yet another mechanism of change in this region. In order to provide further spatial and temporal constraint on glacier change across this important oceanographic transition zone, we construct time series of thinning, retreat and flow speed of 37 marine-terminating glaciers along the central east Greenland coast from 2000 to 2010. We assess this dataset for spatial and temporal patterns that may elucidate the mechanisms of glacier change. We confirm that glacial retreat, dynamical thinning, and acceleration have been more pronounced south of 69 degrees N, with a high degree of variability along the Blosseville Coast and little inter-annual change in Scoresby Sound. Our results support the conclusion that variability in coastal ocean heat transport is the primary driver of regional glacier change, but that local factors, such as surging and/or individual glacier morphology, are overprinted on this regional signal. C1 [Walsh, K. M.; Howat, I. M.; Enderlin, E. M.] Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Walsh, K. M.; Howat, I. M.; Ahn, Y.; Enderlin, E. M.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Walsh, KM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM walsh.327@osu.edu RI Howat, Ian/A-3474-2008 OI Howat, Ian/0000-0002-8072-6260 FU NASA [NNX08AQ83G] FX This work was made possible by NASA grant NNX08AQ83G, awarded to I. Howat. The RADARSAT image in Figs. 1 through 4 was provided by I. Joughin. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2012 VL 6 IS 1 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.5194/tc-6-211-2012 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 976CN UT WOS:000306558200001 ER PT J AU Lau, W Pandya, P Sherif, JS AF Lau, William Pandya, Pramod Sherif, Joseph S. TI A dynamic traffic allocation model of voice over internet protocol and public switched telephone network SO KYBERNETES LA English DT Article DE Telecommunications; Internet; Costs; Tariffs; Voice over internet protocol; Beta-binomial distribution; Cost optimization AB Purpose - Corporations with multiple national and international sites rely on telecommunication services such as public switched telephone network (PSTN) to deal with their customers and with vendors. Over the last few years, the cost of using PSTN for telecommunication has increased, thus adding considerable cost to business. The infrastructure of the internet is well placed now, and the continued growth of information technologies have made it cost effective to route voice calls over the internet, known as voice over internet protocol (VoIP). The purpose of this paper is to advance research, strategies and a predictive decision model that analyzes the cost of routing voice-based traffic either via VoIP network or PSTN. This predictive decision model is based on the beta-binomial distribution, and it computes the cost differential in tariff with respect to choice of routing the voice traffic between the VoIP network and the PSTN. Design/methodology/approach - A call supported by the PSTN involves the establishment of an end-to-end circuit that is maintained for the duration of the call. A call supported by VoIP technology, by contrast, involves the transmission of many individual packets over an IP network. The cost of a VoIP call thus depends in part on the number and size of the packets that must be transmitted, i.e. the bandwidth required. Findings - Great savings are realized when optimal number of calls would be routed through CCS vendors, as determined by the VoIP allocation model. The available bandwidth on the internet is capable of supporting VoIP at much cheaper rate than the expensive PSTN. Business could still buy into PSTN service if they require secured telecommunication services. Originality/value - The paper tackles one of the most critical problems of minimizing the burden and costs of telecommunications by PSTN and VoIP. C1 [Lau, William; Pandya, Pramod; Sherif, Joseph S.] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. [Sherif, Joseph S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Pandya, P (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. EM ppandya@fullerton.edu NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY BD16 1WA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0368-492X J9 KYBERNETES JI Kybernetes PY 2012 VL 41 IS 3-4 BP 404 EP 413 DI 10.1108/03684921211229488 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA 974OT UT WOS:000306446600009 ER PT J AU Sogard, SM Merz, JE Satterthwaite, WH Beakes, MP Swank, DR Collins, EM Titus, RG Mangel, M AF Sogard, Susan M. Merz, Joseph E. Satterthwaite, William H. Beakes, Michael P. Swank, David R. Collins, Erin M. Titus, Robert G. Mangel, Marc TI Contrasts in Habitat Characteristics and Life History Patterns of Oncorhynchus mykiss in California's Central Coast and Central Valley SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; LOWER AMERICAN RIVER; STEELHEAD TROUT; SEASONAL PATTERNS; ATLANTIC SALMON; MOKELUMNE RIVER; FEEDING-HABITS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; GROWTH-RATE; SURVIVAL AB Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit high plasticity in their life history patterns. Individual life history decisions are hypothesized to result from genetic thresholds shaped by local adaptation, with variation in environmental factors influencing the trajectories of growth and condition (e.g., Fulton's K, lipid content). We compared growth rates and life history patterns in two coastal creeks (Scott and Soquel) and two Central Valley (CV) rivers (American and Mokelumne) in California. The two regions differed markedly in habitat and physical factors, including hydrograph timing and amplitude, temperature regime, and food availability (measured as drift). Growth rates of coastal age-0 fish averaged 0.1 mm/d in summer-fall and 0.2 mm/d in winter-spring. Growth rates of CV fish were up to 10 times faster than those of fish on the coast and had the opposite seasonal pattern, in which growth in summer-fall was faster than that in winter-spring. Fish growth also differed between CV rivers; the mean growth rates were 1.0 mm/d in summer-fall and 0.7 mm/d in winter-spring among American River fish and 0.7 mm/d in summer-fall and 0.5 mm/d in winter-spring among Mokelumne River fish. The life history expression and age structures of O. mykiss in the coastal creeks were similar, with populations being dominated by age-0 fish but including mature residents up to age 6. The two CV populations were strikingly different in life history expression. In the American River, a single cohort was present and nearly all fish emigrated in the spring following their birth year. In the Mokelumne River, a broad diversity of ages (up to 4 years) was present, with a large proportion of presumed residents. The observed variation in life histories aligned with predictions based on state-dependent life history models developed for the four streams, further demonstrating the adaptability of O. mykiss to contrasting rearing environments. C1 [Sogard, Susan M.; Satterthwaite, William H.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Merz, Joseph E.] Cramer Fish Sci, Auburn, CA 95602 USA. [Merz, Joseph E.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Satterthwaite, William H.; Mangel, Marc] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Beakes, Michael P.] Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. [Swank, David R.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. [Collins, Erin M.; Titus, Robert G.] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. [Mangel, Marc] Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. RP Sogard, SM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM susan.sogard@noaa.gov FU CALFED Science Program under Science Program [SCI-05-140, U-05-SC-40] FX This material is based upon work supported by the CALFED Science Program under Science Program Project SCI-05-140 to Marc Mangel, Susan Sogard, and Rob Titus under grant agreement U-05-SC-40. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Center for Stock Assessment Research and Southwest Fisheries Science Center and California Department of Fish and Game provided additional support. Leora Nanus created the maps used in Figure 1. We thank East Bay Municipal Utility District for providing unpublished data from the Mokelumne River. We thank Noah Parker for technical and logistic support, as well as numerous volunteers who assisted with field collections. Sean Hayes provided a review of an early draft of the paper. NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 35 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PY 2012 VL 141 IS 3 BP 747 EP 760 DI 10.1080/00028487.2012.675902 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 974UE UT WOS:000306462100017 ER PT J AU Ziemke, JR Chandra, S AF Ziemke, J. R. Chandra, S. TI Development of a climate record of tropospheric and stratospheric column ozone from satellite remote sensing: evidence of an early recovery of global stratospheric ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL UPPER TROPOSPHERE; DEEP CONVECTION; TRENDS; INSTRUMENT; LATITUDES; PACIFIC; SEARCH; CLOUDS AB Ozone data beginning October 2004 from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are used to evaluate the accuracy of the Cloud Slicing technique in effort to develop long data records of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone and for studying their long-term changes. Using this technique, we have produced a 32-yr (1979-2010) long record of tropospheric and stratospheric column ozone from the combined Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and OMI. Analyses of these time series suggest that the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is the dominant source of inter-annual variability of stratospheric ozone and is clearest in the Southern Hemisphere during the Aura time record with related inter-annual changes of 30-40 Dobson Units. Tropospheric ozone for the long record also indicates a QBO signal in the tropics with peak-to-peak changes varying from 2 to 7 DU. The most important result from our study is that global stratospheric ozone indicates signature of a recovery occurring with ozone abundance now approaching the levels of year 1980 and earlier. The negative trends in stratospheric ozone in both hemispheres during the first 15 yr of the record are now positive over the last 15 yr and with nearly equal magnitudes. This turnaround in stratospheric ozone loss is occurring about 20 yr earlier than predicted by many chemistry climate models. This suggests that the Montreal Protocol which was first signed in 1987 as an international agreement to reduce ozone destroying substances is working well and perhaps better than anticipated. C1 [Ziemke, J. R.] Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth & Sci Technol & Res, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Ziemke, J. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chandra, S.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Ziemke, JR (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth & Sci Technol & Res, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. EM jerald.r.ziemke@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNH07ZDA001N-AST] FX The authors thank the Aura MLS and OMI instrument and algorithm teams for the extensive satellite measurements used in this study. We thank S. M. Frith and R. D. Stolarski for providing the merged total ozone data set used in our analyses. We also thank editor Tim Dunkerton for his valuable comments and suggestions about the manuscript and to thank the two anonymous referees. The comments from all involved have been very beneficial in improving the paper. OMI is a Dutch-Finnish contribution to the Aura mission. Funding for this research was provided in part by NASA NNH07ZDA001N-AST. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 13 BP 5737 EP 5753 DI 10.5194/acp-12-5737-2012 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973NI UT WOS:000306366500005 ER PT J AU Wells, KC Millet, DB Hu, L Cady-Pereira, KE Xiao, Y Shephard, MW Clerbaux, CL Clarisse, L Coheur, PF Apel, EC de Gouw, J Warneke, C Singh, HB Goldstein, AH Sive, BC AF Wells, K. C. Millet, D. B. Hu, L. Cady-Pereira, K. E. Xiao, Y. Shephard, M. W. Clerbaux, C. L. Clarisse, L. Coheur, P. -F. Apel, E. C. de Gouw, J. Warneke, C. Singh, H. B. Goldstein, A. H. Sive, B. C. TI Tropospheric methanol observations from space: retrieval evaluation and constraints on the seasonality of biogenic emissions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BIOMASS BURNING PLUMES; FOREST CANOPY; TRACE GASES; FORMALDEHYDE; HYDROCARBONS; TRANSPORT; CHEMISTRY; AEROSOLS; SPECTROMETER AB Methanol retrievals from nadir-viewing space-based sensors offer powerful new information for quantifying methanol emissions on a global scale. Here we apply an ensemble of aircraft observations over North America to evaluate new methanol measurements from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the Aura satellite, and combine the TES data with observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the MetOp-A satellite to investigate the seasonality of methanol emissions from northern midlatitude ecosystems. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model as an intercomparison platform, we find that the TES retrieval performs well when the degrees of freedom for signal (DOFS) are above 0.5, in which case the model:TES regressions are generally consistent with the model:aircraft comparisons. Including retrievals with DOFS below 0.5 degrades the comparisons, as these are excessively influenced by the a priori. The comparisons suggest DOFS > 0.5 as a minimum threshold for interpreting retrievals of trace gases with a weak tropospheric signal. We analyze one full year of satellite observations and find that GEOS-Chem, driven with MEGANv2.1 biogenic emissions, underestimates observed methanol concentrations throughout the midlatitudes in springtime, with the timing of the seasonal peak in model emissions 1-2 months too late. We attribute this discrepancy to an underestimate of emissions from new leaves in MEGAN, and apply the satellite data to better quantify the seasonal change in methanol emissions for midlatitude ecosystems. The derived parameters (relative emission factors of 11.0, 0.26, 0.12 and 3.0 for new, growing, mature, and old leaves, respectively, plus a leaf area index activity factor of 0.5 for expanding canopies with leaf area index < 1.2) provide a more realistic simulation of seasonal methanol concentrations in midlatitudes on the basis of both the IASI and TES measurements. C1 [Wells, K. C.; Millet, D. B.; Hu, L.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Cady-Pereira, K. E.; Xiao, Y.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. [Shephard, M. W.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Clerbaux, C. L.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, UMPC Univ Paris 06, CNRS INSU, LATMOS IPSL, Paris, France. [Clerbaux, C. L.; Clarisse, L.; Coheur, P. -F.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Serv Chim Quant & Photophys, Brussels, Belgium. [Apel, E. C.] NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO USA. [de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA USA. [Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA USA. [Sive, B. C.] Appalachian State Univ, Dept Chem, Boone, NC 28608 USA. RP Millet, DB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dbm@umn.edu RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Hu, Lu/0000-0002-4892-454X FU NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program [NNX10AG65G]; NSF through the Atmospheric Chemistry Program [0937004]; University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute FX This work was supported by NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (Grant #NNX10AG65G), by NSF through the Atmospheric Chemistry Program (Grant #0937004), and also by the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. The constrained linear regression was performed using code developed by Michele Cappellari. We gratefully thank John Worden and Ming Luo for their role in developing the TES methanol retrieval. We thank Alex Guenther for his help and suggestions in refining this work. We also thank Gunnar Schade for providing the Blodgett Forest measurements. IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France). It is flown onboard the MetOp satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI level 1 data are distributed in near real time by EUMETSAT through the Eumetcast dissemination system. L. Clarisse is a Postdoctoral Researcher (Charge de Recherches) and P. F. Coheur is a Research Associate (Chercheur Qualifiee) with F.R.S.-FNRS. NR 69 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 13 BP 5897 EP 5912 DI 10.5194/acp-12-5897-2012 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973NI UT WOS:000306366500014 ER PT J AU Swartz, WH Stolarski, RS Oman, LD Fleming, EL Jackman, CH AF Swartz, W. H. Stolarski, R. S. Oman, L. D. Fleming, E. L. Jackman, C. H. TI Middle atmosphere response to different descriptions of the 11-yr solar cycle in spectral irradiance in a chemistry-climate model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAUNDER MINIMUM; UV VARIATIONS; VARIABILITY; OZONE; SIMULATION; DESIGN; TRENDS; IMPACT AB The 11-yr solar cycle in solar spectral irradiance (SSI) inferred from measurements by the SOlar Radiation & Climate Experiment (SORCE) suggests a much larger variation in the ultraviolet than previously accepted. We present middle atmosphere ozone and temperature responses to the solar cycles in SORCE SSI and the ubiquitous Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) SSI reconstruction using the Goddard Earth Observing System chemistry-climate model (GEOSCCM). The results are largely consistent with other recent modeling studies. The modeled ozone response is positive throughout the stratosphere and lower mesosphere using the NRL SSI, while the SORCE SSI produces a response that is larger in the lower stratosphere but out of phase with respect to total solar irradiance above 45 km. The modeled responses in total ozone are similar to those derived from satellite and ground-based measurements, 3-6 Dobson Units per 100 units of 10.7-cm radio flux (F-10.7) in the tropics. The peak zonal mean tropical temperature response using the SORCE SSI is nearly 2 K per 100 units F-10.7 - 3 times larger than the simulation using the NRL SSI. The GEOSCCM and the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 2-D coupled model are used to examine how the SSI solar cycle affects the atmosphere through direct solar heating and photolysis processes individually. Middle atmosphere ozone is affected almost entirely through photolysis, whereas the solar cycle in temperature is caused both through direct heating and photolysis feedbacks, processes that are mostly linearly separable. This is important in that it means that chemistry-transport models should simulate the solar cycle in ozone well, while general circulation models without coupled chemistry will underestimate the temperature response to the solar cycle significantly in the middle atmosphere. Further, the net ozone response results from the balance of ozone production at wavelengths less than 242 nm and destruction at longer wavelengths, coincidentally corresponding to the wavelength regimes of the SOLar STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) and Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) on SORCE, respectively. A higher wavelength-resolution analysis of the spectral response could allow for a better prediction of the atmospheric response to arbitrary SSI variations. C1 [Swartz, W. H.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. [Stolarski, R. S.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Stolarski, R. S.; Oman, L. D.; Fleming, E. L.; Jackman, C. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Fleming, E. L.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Swartz, WH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. EM bill.swartz@jhuapl.edu RI Swartz, William/A-1965-2010; Oman, Luke/C-2778-2009; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012 OI Swartz, William/0000-0002-9172-7189; Oman, Luke/0000-0002-5487-2598; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; FU NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at the NASA/Ames Research Center; NASA through the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center [NNX09AQ74G]; NASA through the Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology program [NNX11AR19G] FX We thank J. W. Harder (University of Colorado/Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics) for providing the SORCE/SIM SSI time series data, and we similarly thank J. Lean (Naval Research Laboratory) for the NRL SSI reconstruction. We appreciate the constructive comments on this paper provided by L. L. Hood (University of Arizona) and another, anonymous referee. The 10.7-cm radio flux data were obtained from the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (http://ngdc.noaa.gov). Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at the NASA/Ames Research Center. This work was supported by NASA under grants NNX09AQ74G, issued through the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and NNX11AR19G, through the Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology program. NR 51 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 13 BP 5937 EP 5948 DI 10.5194/acp-12-5937-2012 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973NI UT WOS:000306366500016 ER PT J AU Garcia-Comas, M Funke, B Lopez-Puertas, M Bermejo-Pantaleon, D Glatthor, N von Clarmann, T Stiller, G Grabowski, U Boone, CD French, WJR Leblanc, T Lopez-Gonzalez, MJ Schwartz, MJ AF Garcia-Comas, M. Funke, B. Lopez-Puertas, M. Bermejo-Pantaleon, D. Glatthor, N. von Clarmann, T. Stiller, G. Grabowski, U. Boone, C. D. French, W. J. R. Leblanc, T. Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J. Schwartz, M. J. TI On the quality of MIPAS kinetic temperature in the middle atmosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIMB EMISSION-SPECTRA; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; MESOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES; EQUILIBRIUM EMISSIONS; SOUNDING MIPAS; DAVIS STATION; RETRIEVAL; MODEL; CO2; AIRGLOW AB The kinetic temperature and line of sight elevation information are retrieved from the MIPAS Middle Atmosphere (MA), Upper Atmosphere (UA) and NoctiLucent-Cloud (NLC) modes of high spectral resolution limb observations of the CO2 15 mu m emission using the dedicated IMK/IAA retrieval algorithm, which considers non-local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. These variables are accurately derived from about 20 km (MA) and 40 km (UA and NLC) to 105 km globally and both at daytime and nighttime. Typical temperature random errors are smaller than 0.5 K below 50 km, 0.5-2 K at 50-70 km, and 2-7 K above. The systematic error is typically 1 K below 70 km, 1-3 K from 70 to 85 km and 3-11 K from 85 to 100 km. The average vertical resolution is typically 4 km below 35 km, 3 km at 35-50 km, 4-6 km at 50-90 km, and 6-10 km above. We compared our MIPAS temperature retrievals from 2005 to 2009 with co-located ground-based measurements from the lidars located at the Table Mountain Facility and Mauna Loa Observatory, the SATI spectrograph in Granada (Spain) and the Davis station spectrometer, and satellite observations from ACE-FTS, Aura-MLS and TIMED-SABER from 20 km to 100 km. We also compared MIPAS temperatures with the high latitudes climatology from falling sphere measurements. The comparisons show very good agreement, with differences smaller than 3 K below 85-90 km in mid-latitudes. Differences over the poles in this altitude range are larger but can be generally explained in terms of known biases of the other instruments. The comparisons above 90 km worsen and MIPAS retrieved temperatures are always larger than other instrument measurements. C1 [Garcia-Comas, M.; Funke, B.; Lopez-Puertas, M.; Bermejo-Pantaleon, D.; Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J.] Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Granada, Spain. [Garcia-Comas, M.] Univ Granada, Dpto Fis Aplicada, Granada, Spain. [Glatthor, N.; von Clarmann, T.; Stiller, G.; Grabowski, U.] Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Boone, C. D.] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [French, W. J. R.] Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas, Australia. [Leblanc, T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Wrightwood, CA USA. [Schwartz, M. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Garcia-Comas, M (reprint author), Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Granada, Spain. EM maya@iaa.es RI Schwartz, Michael/F-5172-2016; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; von Clarmann, Thomas/A-7287-2013; Glatthor, Norbert/B-2141-2013; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Garcia-Comas, Maya/E-4050-2014; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008 OI Schwartz, Michael/0000-0001-6169-5094; Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; von Clarmann, Thomas/0000-0003-2219-3379; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Garcia-Comas, Maya/0000-0003-2323-4486; Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702 FU ESA within the framework of the Changing Earth Science Network Initiative; Spanish MICINN [AYA2008-03498/ESP]; EC FEDER funds; Canadian Space Agency; Antarctic Science Advisory committee [701] FX MGC was supported by ESA within the framework of the Changing Earth Science Network Initiative. The IAA team was supported by the Spanish MICINN, under project AYA2008-03498/ESP, and EC FEDER funds. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment mission is funded primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. The Davis OH data used within this paper were obtained from the Australian Antarctic Data Centre (IDN Node AMD/AU), a part of the Australian Antarctic Division (Commonwealth of Australia). These data are described in the metadata record "Rotational temperature studies of the hydroxyl airglow layer above Davis, Antarctica" of Burns, G. and French, J. (2002, updated 2009) at the Australian Antarctic Data Centre - CAASM Metadata (http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/). The Davis program is supported by the Antarctic Science Advisory committee under project 701. NR 65 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 13 BP 6009 EP 6039 DI 10.5194/acp-12-6009-2012 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973NI UT WOS:000306366500020 ER PT J AU Salama, MS Van der Velde, R van der Woerd, HJ Kromkamp, JC Philippart, CJM Joseph, AT O'Neill, PE Lang, RH Gish, T Werdell, PJ Su, Z AF Salama, M. S. Van der Velde, R. van der Woerd, H. J. Kromkamp, J. C. Philippart, C. J. M. Joseph, A. T. O'Neill, P. E. Lang, R. H. Gish, T. Werdell, P. J. Su, Z. TI Technical Note: Calibration and validation of geophysical observation models SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INHERENT OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SOIL-MOISTURE RETRIEVAL; OCEAN COLOR; GROWTH-CYCLE; CORN; PHYTOPLANKTON; FREQUENCY; IMAGERY; WATERS AB We present a method to calibrate and validate observational models that interrelate remotely sensed energy fluxes to geophysical variables of land and water surfaces. Coincident sets of remote sensing observation of visible and microwave radiations and geophysical data are assembled and subdivided into calibration (Cal) and validation (Val) data sets. Each Cal/Val pair is used to derive the coefficients (from the Cal set) and the accuracy (from the Val set) of the observation model. Combining the results from all Cal/Val pairs provides probability distributions of the model coefficients and model errors. The method is generic and demonstrated using comprehensive matchup sets from two very different disciplines: soil moisture and water quality. The results demonstrate that the method provides robust model coefficients and quantitative measure of the model uncertainty. This approach can be adopted for the calibration/validation of satellite products of land and water surfaces, and the resulting uncertainty can be used as input to data assimilation schemes. C1 [Salama, M. S.; Van der Velde, R.; Su, Z.] Univ Twente, ITC, Dept Water Resources, Enschede, Netherlands. [Salama, M. S.; Kromkamp, J. C.; Philippart, C. J. M.] Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res NIOZ, Yerseke, Netherlands. [van der Woerd, H. J.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies IVM, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Joseph, A. T.; O'Neill, P. E.] NASA GSFC, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Hydrol Sci Branch 614 3, Washington, DC USA. [Lang, R. H.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Gish, T.] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. [Werdell, P. J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Ecol Branch Code 614 2, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Werdell, P. J.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Salama, MS (reprint author), Univ Twente, ITC, Dept Water Resources, Enschede, Netherlands. EM salama@itc.nl RI Salama, Mhd. Suhyb/D-4173-2009; O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; Su, Z. (Bob)/D-4383-2009; van der Velde, Rogier /K-8623-2013; van der Woerd, Hans/K-9812-2013; Kromkamp, Jacco/A-7319-2013 OI Salama, Mhd. Suhyb/0000-0002-6670-6853; van der Velde, Rogier /0000-0003-2157-4110; van der Woerd, Hans/0000-0002-8901-7567; FU Earth and Life Sciences (ALW) division of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) FX The authors would like to thank NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group and individual data contributors for maintaining and updating the SeaBASS database. This work was supported in part by the Earth and Life Sciences (ALW) division of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), in the framework of the National Programme Sea and Coast Research - Changing Carrying Capacity, the IN PLACE project. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2012 VL 9 IS 6 BP 2195 EP 2201 DI 10.5194/bg-9-2195-2012 PG 7 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 966IB UT WOS:000305830000017 ER PT J AU Wierzchos, J Davila, AF Sanchez-Almazo, IM Hajnos, M Swieboda, R Ascaso, C AF Wierzchos, J. Davila, A. F. Sanchez-Almazo, I. M. Hajnos, M. Swieboda, R. Ascaso, C. TI Novel water source for endolithic life in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; NEGEV-DESERT; SOIL CRUST; HALITE; SEM; TEMPERATURE; MARS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LICHENS AB The hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert, Chile, is possibly the driest and most life-limited place on Earth, yet endolithic microorganisms thrive inside halite pinnacles that are part of ancient salt flats. The existence of this microbial community in an environment that excludes any other life forms suggests biological adaptation to high salinity and desiccation stress, and indicates an alternative source of water for life other than rainfall, fog or dew. Here, we show that halite endoliths obtain liquid water through spontaneous capillary condensation at relative humidity (RH) much lower than the deliquescence RH of NaCl. We describe how this condensation could occur inside nano-pores smaller than 100 nm, in a newly characterized halite phase that is intimately associated with the endolithic aggregates. This nanoporous phase helps retain liquid water for long periods of time by preventing its evaporation even in conditions of utmost dryness. Our results explain how life has colonized and adapted to one of the most extreme environments on our planet, expanding the water activity envelope for life on Earth, and broadening the spectrum of possible habitats for life beyond our planet. C1 [Wierzchos, J.; Ascaso, C.] MNCN CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Madrid, Spain. [Davila, A. F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Sanchez-Almazo, I. M.] Univ Granada CIC, Granada, Spain. [Hajnos, M.] Inst Agrophys PAN, Lublin, Poland. [Swieboda, R.] Med Univ Lublin, Lublin, Poland. RP Wierzchos, J (reprint author), MNCN CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Madrid, Spain. EM j.wierzchos@mncn.csic.es RI Davila, Alfonso/A-2198-2013; Ascaso, Carmen/F-5369-2011 OI Davila, Alfonso/0000-0002-0977-9909; Ascaso, Carmen/0000-0001-9665-193X FU Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [CGL2010-16004, CTM2009-12838-C04-03]; NASA [NNX12AD61G] FX The authors thank S. Valea and B. Camara for help with installing the microweather station and K. Wierzchos for data treatment. We are grateful to J. A. Nienow for initial idea of electrical conductivity measurements and B. Gomez Silva for logistic support in Yungay. We also acknowledge L. F. Pinto, T. Carnota and A. Gonzalez for technical assistance and A. Burton for reviewing the English. J. W., C. A. and A. F. D. were supported by grant CGL2010-16004 and C. A. by grant CTM2009-12838-C04-03 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and A. F. D. and J. W. were supported by grant NNX12AD61G of the NASA Exobiology program. Helpful suggestions from two anonymous reviewers were highly appreciated. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2012 VL 9 IS 6 BP 2275 EP 2286 DI 10.5194/bg-9-2275-2012 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 966IB UT WOS:000305830000021 ER PT J AU Kumar, SV Peters-Lidard, CD Santanello, J Harrison, K Liu, Y Shaw, M AF Kumar, S. V. Peters-Lidard, C. D. Santanello, J. Harrison, K. Liu, Y. Shaw, M. TI Land surface Verification Toolkit (LVT) - a generalized framework for land surface model evaluation SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SOIL-MOISTURE; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; COMPLEXITY-MEASURES; INFORMATION-SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; SCALE; CLIMATE AB Model evaluation and verification are key in improving the usage and applicability of simulation models for real-world applications. In this article, the development and capabilities of a formal system for land surface model evaluation called the Land surface Verification Toolkit (LVT) is described. LVT is designed to provide an integrated environment for systematic land model evaluation and facilitates a range of verification approaches and analysis capabilities. LVT operates across multiple temporal and spatial scales and employs a large suite of in-situ, remotely sensed and other model and reanalysis datasets in their native formats. In addition to the traditional accuracy-based measures, LVT also includes uncertainty and ensemble diagnostics, information theory measures, spatial similarity metrics and scale decomposition techniques that provide novel ways for performing diagnostic model evaluations. Though LVT was originally designed to support the land surface modeling and data assimilation framework known as the Land Information System ( LIS), it supports hydrological data products from non-LIS environments as well. In addition, the analysis of diagnostics from various computational subsystems of LIS including data assimilation, optimization and uncertainty estimation are supported within LVT. Together, LIS and LVT provide a robust end-to-end environment for enabling the concepts of model data fusion for hydrological applications. The evolving capabilities of LVT framework are expected to facilitate rapid model evaluation efforts and aid the definition and refinement of formal evaluation procedures for the land surface modeling community. C1 [Kumar, S. V.; Shaw, M.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. [Kumar, S. V.; Peters-Lidard, C. D.; Santanello, J.; Harrison, K.; Liu, Y.; Shaw, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Harrison, K.; Liu, Y.] Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. [Shaw, M.] AF Weather Agcy, Offutt, NE USA. RP Kumar, SV (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. EM sujay.v.kumar@nasa.gov RI Santanello, Joseph/D-4438-2012; Kumar, Sujay/B-8142-2015; Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012 OI Santanello, Joseph/0000-0002-0807-6590; Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876 FU NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO); US Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) FX We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) and the US Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) and the assistance from summer intern students Teodor Georgiev (Princeton University), Yi Yuan (University of Michigan) and Corina Robles (Florida International University) for assembling evaluation datasets and the software testing of LVT. Computing was supported by the resources at the NASA Center for Climate Simulation. NR 97 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 3 BP 869 EP 886 DI 10.5194/gmd-5-869-2012 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 968GG UT WOS:000305964700010 ER PT J AU Chang, YJ Sun, CL Chen, Y Yeh, SZ Dinardo, G AF Chang, Yi-Jay Sun, Chi-Lu Chen, Yong Yeh, Su-Zan Dinardo, Gerard TI Habitat suitability analysis and identification of potential fishing grounds for swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the South Atlantic Ocean SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Pan Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC) CY OCT, 2010 CL Keelung, TAIWAN SP Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Taiwan Ocean Res Inst, Taiwan Natl Sci Council, Fisheries (FA), Environm Protect Agcy Taiwan (EPA), Int Space Sci & Res Agencies ID ALBACORE THUNNUS-ALALUNGA; SOLE SOLEA-SOLEA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; LONGLINE FISHERIES; NORTH PACIFIC; CATCH RATES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY; MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; UNITED-STATES AB Swordfish, Xiphias gladius, is a highly migratory species of important commercial value and widely distributed in three oceans. Recently, the South Atlantic swordfish captured as by-catch in longline fisheries targeting tunas has contributed greatly to the overall Atlantic swordfish's landing. In this study, we have developed a habitat suitability index (HSI) model to examine the relationships between their spatio-temporal distribution and environmental factors and to identify potential fishing grounds for the swordfish in the South Atlantic Ocean using the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery data and remote-sensing oceanographic data for 1998-2007. All the environmental factors considered - sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth (MLD), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), chlorophyll-a concentration (CHA) and ocean bathymetry (BAH) - were highly significant with most of the catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) variation explained by SST. The most optimum habitat (i.e. hotspot) was found in the areas with SSTs of 27-28 degrees C, SSHAs of -0.05 to 0.05 m, CHAs of 0.1-0.2 mg m(-3) and BAHs of -4000 to -4500 m. The arithmetic mean model with five environmental variables was found to be the most appropriate according to the information theory based on the evaluation of different empirical HSI models in combination with different environmental factors. The bimonthly geographic information system maps of the predicted HSI values were cross-validated by the observed CPUE, suggesting that the model can be used as a tool for reliable prediction of potential fishing grounds. Because the distribution and relative abundance of swordfish are sufficiently heterogeneous in space and time, the output of this study could provide a scientific basis for time-area closures based management of this species. C1 [Chang, Yi-Jay; Sun, Chi-Lu; Yeh, Su-Zan] Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Oceanog, Taipei 106, Taiwan. [Chen, Yong] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Dinardo, Gerard] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Sun, CL (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Oceanog, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM chilu@ntu.edu.tw OI Chang, Yi-Jay/0000-0002-7472-4672 NR 70 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 23 SI SI BP 7523 EP 7541 DI 10.1080/01431161.2012.685980 PG 19 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 972OK UT WOS:000306286200015 ER PT J AU Numata, K Camp, J AF Numata, K. Camp, J. TI Experimental performance of a single-mode ytterbium-doped fiber ring laser with intracavity modulator SO LASER PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE fiber laser; single frequency; frequency noise; intensity noise ID FREQUENCY AB We have developed a linearly polarized ytterbium-doped fiber ring laser with a single longitudinal mode output at 1064 nm. A fiber-coupled intracavity phase modulator ensured mode-hop free operation and allowed fast frequency tuning. The fiber laser was locked with high stability to an iodine-stabilized laser, showing a frequency noise suppression of a factor similar to 10(5) at 1 mHz. (C) 2012 by Astro, Ltd. C1 [Numata, K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Numata, K.; Camp, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Numata, K (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM kenji.numata@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1612-2011 EI 1612-202X J9 LASER PHYS LETT JI Laser Phys. Lett. PY 2012 VL 9 IS 8 BP 575 EP 580 DI 10.7452/lapl.201210034 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 968HW UT WOS:000305969500006 ER PT S AU Krainak, MA Abshire, JB Camp, J Chen, JR Coyle, B Li, SX Numata, K Riris, H Stephen, MA Stysley, P Yang, GN Yu, AW AF Krainak, Michael A. Abshire, James B. Camp, Jordan Chen, Jeffrey R. Coyle, Barry Li, Steven X. Numata, Kenji Riris, Haris Stephen, Mark A. Stysley, Paul Yang, Guangning Yu, Anthony W. BE Dubinskii, M Post, SG TI Laser Transceivers for Future NASA Missions SO LASER TECHNOLOGY FOR DEFENSE AND SECURITY VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Technology for Defense and Security VIII CY APR 23-25, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD DE Laser; Photon Counting; Lidar; Remote Sensing ID NARROW-BAND; TRANSMITTER; SYSTEM; NM AB NASA is currently developing several Earth science laser missions that were recommended by the US National Research Council (NRC) Earth Science Decadal Report. The Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) will carry the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) is scheduled for launch in 2016. The Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission and will measure column atmospheric CO2 concentrations from space globally. The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow-On (GRACE-FO) and GRACE-2 missions measure the spatially resolved seasonal variability in the Earth's gravitational field. The objective of the Lidar Surface Topography (LIST) mission is to globally map the topography of the Earth's solid surface with 5 m spatial resolution and 10 cm vertical precision, as well as the height of overlying covers of vegetation, water, snow, and ice. This paper gives an overview of the laser transmitter and receiver approaches and technologies for several future missions that are being investigated by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. C1 [Krainak, Michael A.; Abshire, James B.; Camp, Jordan; Chen, Jeffrey R.; Coyle, Barry; Li, Steven X.; Numata, Kenji; Riris, Haris; Stephen, Mark A.; Stysley, Paul; Yang, Guangning; Yu, Anthony W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.a.krainak@nasa.gov RI Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013 NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9059-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8381 AR 83810Y DI 10.1117/12.920783 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAX05 UT WOS:000305903700023 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS Rosiewicz, A Coleman, S AF Prasad, Narasimha S. Rosiewicz, Alex Coleman, Steve BE Dubinskii, M Post, SG TI Low SWaP Semiconductor Laser Transmitter Modules For ASCENDS Mission Applications SO LASER TECHNOLOGY FOR DEFENSE AND SECURITY VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Technology for Defense and Security VIII CY APR 23-25, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD DE ASCENDS; DFB laser diodes; CO2 sensing; O2 sensing AB The National Research Council's (NRC) Decadal Survey (DS) of Earth Science and Applications from Space has identified the Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) as an important atmospheric science mission. NASA Langley Research Center, working with its partners, is developing fiber laser architecture based intensity modulated CW laser absorption spectrometer for measuring XCO2 in the 1571 nm spectral band. In support of this measurement, remote sensing of O-2 in the 1260 nm spectral band for surface pressure measurements is also being developed. In this paper, we will present recent progress made in the development of advanced transmitter modules for CO2 and O-2 sensing. Advanced DFB seed laser modules incorporating low-noise variable laser bias current supply and low-noise variable temperature control circuit have been developed. The 1571 nm modules operate at > 80 mW and could be tuned continuously over the wavelength range of 1569-1574nm at a rate of 2 pm/mV. Fine tuning was demonstrated by adjusting the laser drive at a rate of 0.7 pm/mV. Heterodyne linewidth measurements have been performed showing linewidth similar to 200 kHz and frequency jitter similar to 75 MHz. In the case of 1260 nm DFB laser modules, we have shown continuous tuning over a range of 1261.4 - 1262.6 nm by changing chip operating temperature and 1261.0 - 1262.0 nm by changing the laser diode drive level. In addition, we have created a new laser package configuration which has been shown to improve the TEC coefficient of performance by a factor of 5 and improved the overall efficiency of the laser module by a factor of 2. C1 [Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Rosiewicz, Alex; Coleman, Steve] EM4, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9059-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8381 AR 83810J DI 10.1117/12.921276 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAX05 UT WOS:000305903700014 ER PT S AU Bhartia, R Hug, WF Reid, R Salas, EC AF Bhartia, R. Hug, William F. Reid, Ray Salas, Everett C. BE Pham, KD Cox, JL Howard, RT Zmuda, H TI Non Contact, reagentless, non destructive, detection of organics, biosignatures, and water SO SENSORS AND SYSTEMS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Systems for Space Applications V CY APR 23-24, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Deep UV; Spectroscopy; Native fluorescence; Resonance Raman; Imaging; Non-contact; Non-destructive; Standoff; Proximity ID ULTRAVIOLET EXCITATION; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY AB We present a new active, non-invasive, non-desctructive, in situ spectroscopic method that enable a better understanding of the spatial distribution of microbes, organics, and water on natural surfaces that could support life-detection, organic stability assessment, and in-situ resource utilization missions on planetary bodies. Analytical and spectroscopic methods that have been employed to attempt to address these types of questions provide detection over a limited spatial area, provide either significant false positives/false negatives, or are limited to either morphological or chemical information. Furthermore, apart from the spectroscopic analyses, the methods are limited to invasive treatments that alter the samples or remove critical spatial context. Active spectroscopic methods such Raman and or LIBS have been employed as a means to approach these questions however, traditional Raman scatting is an extremely weak phenomenon and LIBS provides looses information regarding chemical structure. As an alternative, we present the use of deep UV native fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging from proximity (1-10 cm) to standoff (1-5m). Deep UV native fluorescence, coupled to resonance Raman spectroscopy, can provide a solution that has a means to map large areas with sensitivities to organics, that are expected to be present from meteoritic infall, biosignatures indicating extant or extinct life, and detect the presence of water for in-situ resource utilization. The methodology and the data presented will demonstrate the ability to detect and differentiate organics a natural surface - relevant to Mars and other planetary surfaces, and also elucidate the distribution to enable an understanding of their provenance. C1 [Bhartia, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Chem & Astrobiol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bhartia, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Chem & Astrobiol Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9063-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8385 AR 83850E DI 10.1117/12.921420 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BAX08 UT WOS:000305905200010 ER PT J AU Nicolls, MJ Fritts, DC Janches, D Heinselman, CJ AF Nicolls, M. J. Fritts, D. C. Janches, D. Heinselman, C. J. TI Momentum flux determination using the multi-beam Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Waves and tides; Instruments and techniques; Radio science; Remote sensing ID GRAVITY-WAVE ACTIVITY; MU-RADAR; SEASONAL-VARIATION; WIND DISTURBANCES; SUMMER MESOPAUSE; AUGUST 1987; MEAN WINDS; MST RADAR; MESOSPHERE; ADELAIDE AB In this paper, we develop an estimator for the vertical flux of horizontal momentum with arbitrary beam pointing, applicable to the case of arbitrary but fixed beam pointing with systems such as the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). This method uses information from all available beams to resolve the variances of the wind field in addition to the vertical flux of both meridional and zonal momentum, targeted for high-frequency wave motions. The estimator utilises the full covariance of the distributed measurements, which provides a significant reduction in errors over the direct extension of previously developed techniques and allows for the calculation of an error covariance matrix of the estimated quantities. We find that for the PFISR experiment, we can construct an unbiased and robust estimator of the momentum flux if sufficient and proper beam orientations are chosen, which can in the future be optimized for the expected frequency distribution of momentum-containing scales. However, there is a potential trade-off between biases and standard errors introduced with the new approach, which must be taken into account when assessing the momentum fluxes. We apply the estimator to PFISR measurements on 23 April 2008 and 21 December 2007, from 60-85 km altitude, and show expected results as compared to mean winds and in relation to the measured vertical velocity variances. C1 [Nicolls, M. J.; Heinselman, C. J.] SRI Int, Ctr Geospace Studies, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Fritts, D. C.] NW Res Associates, Colorado Res Associates, Boulder, CO USA. [Janches, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nicolls, MJ (reprint author), SRI Int, Ctr Geospace Studies, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM michael.nicolls@sri.com RI Janches, Diego/D-4674-2012; Nicolls, Michael/N-8680-2013 OI Janches, Diego/0000-0001-8615-5166; Nicolls, Michael/0000-0001-8267-6327 FU NSF [AGS-0608577, AGS-0836142, OPP-0839084] FX PFISR data collection and analysis was supported by NSF cooperative agreement AGS-0608577. Research was supported by NSF grant AGS-0836142 to SRI International and NSF grant OPP-0839084 to CoRA. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 6 BP 945 EP 962 DI 10.5194/angeo-30-945-2012 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966LG UT WOS:000305838500005 ER PT J AU Walsh, BM Haaland, SE Daly, PW Kronberg, EA Fritz, TA AF Walsh, B. M. Haaland, S. E. Daly, P. W. Kronberg, E. A. Fritz, T. A. TI Energetic electrons along the high-latitude magnetopause SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; Magnetosheath; Space plasma physics; Charged particle motion and acceleration ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; PARTICLE SPECTROMETER; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOLAR-WIND; RECONNECTION; MAGNETOSPHERE; CLUSTER; CUSP; ACCELERATION AB A case study is presented to determine the source of the energetic electron layer frequently observed along the high-latitude magnetopause. Measurements by the Cluster spacecraft show bursts of field-aligned electrons occurring during time periods with high potential for dayside reconnection. These properties are compared with the expected signatures from several sources including escape from the exterior cusp, acceleration in a reconnection region, and release from the dayside trapping region through reconnection. The observed properties are most consistent with the electrons being released from the magnetosphere due to reconnection. In this model the electrons would flow along the newly reconnected IMF draped along the magnetopause and propagate along the high-latitude magnetopause. These observations demonstrate an active source for populating the energetic particle layer frequently observed along and just outside the high-latitude magnetopause. C1 [Walsh, B. M.; Fritz, T. A.] Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Walsh, B. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Haaland, S. E.; Daly, P. W.; Kronberg, E. A.] Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Lindau, Germany. [Haaland, S. E.] Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway. RP Walsh, BM (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM brian.m.walsh-1@nasa.gov RI Walsh, Brian/C-4899-2016 OI Walsh, Brian/0000-0001-7426-5413 FU National Science Foundation [AGS-1136827]; NASA [NNX08AU70G] FX We would like to acknowledge the RAPID, PEACE, and FGM Cluster instrument teams for rapid handling and calibration of the data. GEOTAIL magnetic field data were kindly provided by T. Nagai. We would also like to thank M. Muskin for useful scientific discussions. Support was given by the National Science Foundation through grant AGS-1136827. The work at Boston University was supported by NASA grant NNX08AU70G. NR 53 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1003 EP 1013 DI 10.5194/angeo-30-1003-2012 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966LG UT WOS:000305838500010 ER PT J AU Taylor, MGGT Hasegawa, H Lavraud, B Phan, T Escoubet, CP Dunlop, MW Bogdanova, YV Borg, AL Volwerk, M Berchem, J Constantinescu, OD Eastwood, JP Masson, A Laakso, H Soucek, J Fazakerley, AN Frey, HU Panov, EV Shen, C Shi, JK Sibeck, DG Pu, ZY Wang, J Wild, JA AF Taylor, M. G. G. T. Hasegawa, H. Lavraud, B. Phan, T. Escoubet, C. P. Dunlop, M. W. Bogdanova, Y. V. Borg, A. L. Volwerk, M. Berchem, J. Constantinescu, O. D. Eastwood, J. P. Masson, A. Laakso, H. Soucek, J. Fazakerley, A. N. Frey, H. U. Panov, E. V. Shen, C. Shi, J. K. Sibeck, D. G. Pu, Z. Y. Wang, J. Wild, J. A. TI Spatial distribution of rolled up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at Earth's dayside and flank magnetopause SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; Plasma waves and instabilities; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DAWN-DUSK ASYMMETRY; PLASMA SHEET; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY; NORTHWARD IMF; LARMOR RADIUS; INSTABILITY AB The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI) can drive waves at the magnetopause. These waves can grow to form rolled-up vortices and facilitate transfer of plasma into the magnetosphere. To investigate the persistence and frequency of such waves at the magnetopause we have carried out a survey of all Double Star 1 magnetopause crossings, using a combination of ion and magnetic field measurements. Using criteria originally used in a Geotail study made by Hasegawa et al. (2006) (forthwith referred to as H2006), 17 candidate events were identified from the entire TC-1 mission (covering similar to 623 orbits where the magnetopause was sampled), a majority of which were on the dayside of the terminator. The relationship between density and shear velocity was then investigated, to identify the predicted signature of a rolled up vortex from H2006 and all 17 events exhibited some level of rolled up behavior. The location of the events had a clear dawn-dusk asymmetry, with 12 (71%) on the post noon, dusk flank suggesting preferential growth in this region. C1 [Taylor, M. G. G. T.; Escoubet, C. P.; Borg, A. L.; Masson, A.; Laakso, H.; Soucek, J.] ESA ESTEC, Sci & Robot Explorat Directorate, Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Hasegawa, H.] JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. [Lavraud, B.] IRAP CNRS, Toulouse, France. [Phan, T.; Frey, H. U.] SPRG SSL, Berkeley, CA USA. [Dunlop, M. W.] RAL STFC, Didcot, Oxon, England. [Bogdanova, Y. V.; Fazakerley, A. N.] MSSL UCL, Dorking, Surrey, England. [Volwerk, M.; Panov, E. V.] IWF, Graz, Austria. [Berchem, J.] UCLA IGPP, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Constantinescu, O. D.] ISS, Bucharest, Romania. [Eastwood, J. P.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. [Soucek, J.] Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague 14131, Czech Republic. [Shen, C.; Shi, J. K.] CSSAR, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Sibeck, D. G.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Pu, Z. Y.; Wang, J.] Peking Univ, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Wild, J. A.] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England. RP Taylor, MGGT (reprint author), ESA ESTEC, Sci & Robot Explorat Directorate, Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM mtaylor@rssd.esa.int RI Hasegawa, Hiroshi/A-1192-2007; Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Constantinescu, Dragos/A-6007-2013; Soucek, Jan/G-3424-2014; Constantinescu, Ovidiu Dragos/C-4350-2012; OI Hasegawa, Hiroshi/0000-0002-1172-021X; Soucek, Jan/0000-0003-0462-6804; Frey, Harald/0000-0001-8955-3282; Wild, James/0000-0001-8025-8869 FU International Space Science Institute in Bern, Switzerland; "Conjugate response of the dayside magnetopause and dawn/dusk flanks using Cluster-THEMIS conjunction and Ground based observation" international team FX The authors would like to thank the Double Star instruments teams, along with OMNIweb, for provision of data and AMDA for its data visualisation and analysis tool. Part of this study was carried out under the auspices of the International Space Science Institute in Bern, Switzerland and the "Conjugate response of the dayside magnetopause and dawn/dusk flanks using Cluster-THEMIS conjunction and Ground based observation" international team. MGGTT would like to thank A. Masters and M. Nishino for useful discussions. NR 56 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1025 EP 1035 DI 10.5194/angeo-30-1025-2012 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966LG UT WOS:000305838500012 ER PT J AU Wang, SW Zhang, Q Streets, DG He, KB Martin, RV Lamsal, LN Chen, D Lei, Y Lu, Z AF Wang, S. W. Zhang, Q. Streets, D. G. He, K. B. Martin, R. V. Lamsal, L. N. Chen, D. Lei, Y. Lu, Z. TI Growth in NOx emissions from power plants in China: bottom-up estimates and satellite observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; TROPOSPHERIC NO2; NITROGEN-OXIDES; COLUMN RETRIEVAL; INTEX-B; SPACE; MODEL; RESOLUTION; INVENTORY; FORMULATION AB Using OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) tropospheric NO2 columns and a nested-grid 3-D global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), we investigated the growth in NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants and their contributions to the growth in NO2 columns in 2005-2007 in China. We first developed a unit-based power plant NOx emission inventory for 2005-2007 to support this investigation. The total capacities of coal-fired power generation have increased by 48.8% in 2005-2007, with 92.2% of the total capacity additions coming from generator units with size >= 300 MW. The annual NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants were estimated to be 8.11 Tg NO2 for 2005 and 9.58 Tg NO2 for 2007, respectively. The modeled summer average tropospheric NO2 columns were highly correlated (R-2 = 0.79-0.82) with OMI measurements over grids dominated by power plant emissions, with only 7-14% low bias, lending support to the high accuracy of the unit-based power plant NOx emission inventory. The ratios of OMI-derived annual and summer average tropospheric NO2 columns between 2007 and 2005 indicated that most of the grids with significant NO2 increases were related to power plant construction activities. OMI had the capability to trace the changes of NOx emissions from individual large power plants in cases where there is less interference from other NOx sources. Scenario runs from GEOS-Chem model suggested that the new power plants contributed 18.5% and 10% to the annual average NO2 columns in 2007 in Inner Mongolia and North China, respectively. The massive new power plant NOx emissions significantly changed the local NO2 profiles, especially in less polluted areas. A sensitivity study found that changes of NO2 shape factors due to including new power plant emissions increased the summer average OMI tropospheric NO2 columns by 3.8-17.2% for six selected locations, indicating that the updated emission information could help to improve the satellite retrievals. C1 [Zhang, Q.] Tsinghua Univ, Key Lab Earth Syst Modeling, Minist Educ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Wang, S. W.; He, K. B.] Tsinghua Univ, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Sch Environm, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.] Argonne Natl Lab, Decis & Informat Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Martin, R. V.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Martin, R. V.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Lamsal, L. N.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Lamsal, L. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chen, D.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Lei, Y.] Chinese Acad Environm Planning, Key Lab Environm Planning & Policy Simulat, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, Q (reprint author), Tsinghua Univ, Key Lab Earth Syst Modeling, Minist Educ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM qiangzhang@tsinghua.edu.cn RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; lei, yu/D-3274-2016; Zhang, Qiang/D-9034-2012; Chen, Dan/R-4486-2016; Lu, Zifeng/F-3266-2012; Lamsal, Lok/G-4781-2012; Lei, Yu/G-6247-2013; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014 OI Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350; Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402 FU China's National Basic Research Program [2010CB951803]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [20921140409]; Ministry of Environmental Protection of China [200909002]; Joint-Training Program FX The work is funded by China's National Basic Research Program (2010CB951803), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20921140409) and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (200909002). Siwen Wang acknowledges the support of the Joint-Training Program organized by the China Scholarship Council. We acknowledge the free use of tropospheric NO2 column data from the OMI sensor from www.temis.nl. We would also like to thank two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on this work. This study is a contribution to the NASA Air Quality Applied Sciences Team (AQAST) for emissions evaluation and improvement using advanced Earth System tools, hosted at Argonne National Laboratory. NR 62 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 73 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 10 BP 4429 EP 4447 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4429-2012 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 950TM UT WOS:000304672000006 ER PT J AU Klonecki, A Pommier, M Clerbaux, C Ancellet, G Cammas, JP Coheur, PF Cozic, A Diskin, GS Hadji-Lazaro, J Hauglustaine, DA Hurtmans, D Khattatov, B Lamarque, JF Law, KS Nedelec, P Paris, JD Podolske, JR Prunet, P Schlager, H Szopa, S Turquety, S AF Klonecki, A. Pommier, M. Clerbaux, C. Ancellet, G. Cammas, J. -P. Coheur, P. -F. Cozic, A. Diskin, G. S. Hadji-Lazaro, J. Hauglustaine, D. A. Hurtmans, D. Khattatov, B. Lamarque, J. -F. Law, K. S. Nedelec, P. Paris, J. -D. Podolske, J. R. Prunet, P. Schlager, H. Szopa, S. Turquety, S. TI Assimilation of IASI satellite CO fields into a global chemistry transport model for validation against aircraft measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ARCTIC TROPOSPHERE; POLLUTION; STRATOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; AIRBORNE AB This work evaluates the IASI CO product against independent in-situ aircraft data from the MOZAIC program and the POLARCAT aircraft campaign. The validation is carried out by analysing the impact of assimilation of eight months of IASI CO columns retrieved for the period of May to December 2008 into the global chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA. A modelling system based on a sub-optimal Kalman filter was developed and a specific treatment that takes into account the representativeness of observations at the scale of the model grid is applied to the IASI CO columns and associated errors before their assimilation in the model. Comparisons of the assimilated CO profiles with in situ CO measurements indicate that the assimilation leads to a considerable improvement of the model simulations in the middle troposphere as compared with a control run with no assimilation. Model biases in the simulation of background values are reduced and improvement in the simulation of very high concentrations is observed. The improvement is due to the transport by the model of the information present in the IASI CO retrievals. Our analysis also shows the impact of assimilation of CO on the representation of transport into the Arctic region during the POLARCAT summer campaign. A considerable increase in CO mixing ratios over the Asian source region was observed when assimilation was used leading to much higher values of CO during the cross-pole transport episode. These higher values are in good agreement with data from the POLARCAT flights that sampled this plume. C1 [Klonecki, A.; Prunet, P.] NOVELTIS, Ramonville St Agne, France. [Pommier, M.; Clerbaux, C.; Ancellet, G.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.; Law, K. S.] Univ Paris 06, Univ Versailles St Quentin, CNRS INSU, LATMOS IPSL, Paris, France. [Clerbaux, C.; Coheur, P. -F.; Hurtmans, D.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. [Cammas, J. -P.; Nedelec, P.] Univ Toulouse, CNRS, UMR5560, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. [Cozic, A.; Hauglustaine, D. A.; Paris, J. -D.; Szopa, S.] CEA CNRS UVSQ, LSCE IPSL, Saclay, France. [Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Khattatov, B.; Lamarque, J. -F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Podolske, J. R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Schlager, H.] Inst Phys Atmosphare, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Turquety, S.] Univ Paris 06, Ecole Polytech, CNRS UMR 8539, LMD IPSL, Palaiseau, France. RP Klonecki, A (reprint author), NOVELTIS, Ramonville St Agne, France. EM andrzej.klonecki@noveltis.fr RI Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013 OI Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; FU CNES; French ANR; CNRS-INSU (LEFE-CHAT); IPEV; EUFAR; DLR; CNRS-DRI (France); French Ministry of Foreign Affairs; CEA (France); POLARCAT France/Norway; RAS (Russia); RFBR (Russia); INSU-CNRS (France); Meteo-France; Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany); NOVELTIS; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, Canada); "Actions de Recherche Concertees" (Communaute Francaise); Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique [FRS-FNRS F.4511.08]; Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs; European Space Agency [ESA-Prodex C90-327]; French projects Climate Impact of Short-lived Pollutants and Methane in the Arctic (CLIMSLIP) ANR Blanc SIMI [5-6 021 01]; CLIMSLIP-LEFE (CNRS-INSU) FX IASI was developed and built under the responsibility of CNES and flies onboard the MetOp satellite as part of the Eumetsat Polar system. The authors acknowledge the Ether French atmospheric database (http://ether.ipsl.jussieu.fr) for distributing the IASI L1C data. NOVELTIS and the French coauthors are grateful to CNES for his continuous scientific and financial support. POLARCAT-France was funded by French ANR, CNES, CNRS-INSU (LEFE-CHAT), IPEV and also EUFAR.; POLARCAT-GRACE was funded by DLR. The YAK-AEROSIB campaigns were funded by the CNRS-DRI (France), the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, CEA (France), POLARCAT France/Norway, RAS (Russia) and RFBR (Russia), and operated in collaboration with IAO-SB-RAS, Tomsk, Russia.; The authors acknowledge the strong support of the European Commission, Airbus, and the Airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France) who carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and perform the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by INSU-CNRS (France), Meteo-France, and Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany). The MOZAIC data based is supported by ETHER (CNES and INSU-CNRS).; M. Pommier was supported by a fellowship grant from NOVELTIS, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France) and from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, Canada).; The research in Belgium was funded by the "Actions de Recherche Concertees" (Communaute Francaise), the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS F.4511.08), the Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs and the European Space Agency (ESA-Prodex C90-327).; Funding support from the French projects Climate Impact of Short-lived Pollutants and Methane in the Arctic (CLIMSLIP) ANR Blanc SIMI 5-6 021 01 and CLIMSLIP-LEFE (CNRS-INSU) are also acknowledged. NR 42 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 10 BP 4493 EP 4512 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4493-2012 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 950TM UT WOS:000304672000009 ER PT J AU Huang, L Fu, R Jiang, JH Wright, JS Luo, M AF Huang, L. Fu, R. Jiang, J. H. Wright, J. S. Luo, M. TI Geographic and seasonal distributions of CO transport pathways and their roles in determining CO centers in the upper troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; A-TRAIN; DEEP CONVECTION; AURA SATELLITE; BURNED AREA; ATMOSPHERE; PRODUCTS; CLOUDS; MISSION AB Past studies have identified a variety of pathways by which carbon monoxide (CO) may be transported from the surface to the tropical upper troposphere (UT); however, the relative roles that these transport pathways play in determining the distribution and seasonality of CO in the tropical UT remain unclear. We have developed a method to automate the identification of two pathways ('local convection' and 'advection within the lower troposphere (LT) followed by convective vertical transport') involved in CO transport from the surface to the UT. This method is based on the joint application of instantaneous along-track, co-located, A-Train satellite measurements. Using this method, we find that the locations and seasonality of the UT CO maxima in the tropics were strongly correlated with the frequency of local convective transport during 2007. We also find that the 'local convection' pathway (convective transport that occurred within a fire region) typically transported significantly more CO to the UT than the 'LT advection -> convection' pathway (advection of CO within the LT from a fire region to a convective region prior to convective transport). To leading order, the seasonality of CO concentrations in the tropical UT reflected the seasonality of the 'local convection' transport pathway during 2007. The UT CO maxima occurred over Central Africa during boreal spring and over South America during austral spring. Occurrence of the 'local convection' transport pathway in these two regions also peaked during these seasons. During boreal winter and summer, surface CO emission and convection were located in opposite hemispheres, which limited the effectiveness of transport to the UT. During these seasons, CO transport from the surface to the UT typically occurred via the 'LT advection -> convection' pathway. C1 [Huang, L.; Fu, R.; Wright, J. S.] Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Jiang, J. H.; Luo, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Fu, R (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM rongfu@jsg.utexas.edu RI Fu, Rong/B-4922-2011; Huang, Lei/P-1848-2014; OI Wright, Jonathon/0000-0001-6551-7017 FU NASA Aura Science Team [NNX09AD85G]; Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology FX This work is supported by the NASA Aura Science Team program (NNX09AD85G), by the Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin, and by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. We acknowledge the NASA CloudSat project for the CloudSat data. We also appreciate the comments from anonymous reviewers and editor Bryan Duncan that led to significant improvements in the manuscript. NR 65 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 10 BP 4683 EP 4698 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4683-2012 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 950TM UT WOS:000304672000021 ER PT J AU Winkler, H von Savigny, C Burrows, JP Wissing, JM Schwartz, MJ Lambert, A Garcia-Comas, M AF Winkler, H. von Savigny, C. Burrows, J. P. Wissing, J. M. Schwartz, M. J. Lambert, A. Garcia-Comas, M. TI Impacts of the January 2005 solar particle event on noctilucent clouds and water at the polar summer mesopause SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS; ICE PARTICLES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; HIGH-LATITUDES; ION CHEMISTRY; MODEL; VAPOR; TEMPERATURE; LIDAR; SIMULATION AB The response of noctilucent clouds to the solar particle event in January 2005 is investigated by means of icy particle and ion chemistry simulations. It is shown that the decreasing occurrence rate of noctilucent clouds derived from measurements of the SCIAMACHY/Envisat instrument can be reproduced by one-dimensional model simulations if temperature data from the MLS/Aura instrument are used. The model calculations indicate that the sublimation of noctilucent clouds leads to significant changes of the water distribution in the mesopause region. These model results are compared with H2O measurements from the MLS and the MIPAS/Envisat satellite instruments. The pronounced modelled water enhancement below the icy particle layer and its decrease during the SPE are not observed by the satellite instruments. At altitudes > 85 km the satellite measurements show an increase of H2O during the SPE in qualitative agreement with the model predictions. The discrepancies between model H2O and observations at lower altitudes might be attributed to the one-dimensional model approach which in particular neglects inhomogeneities and horizontal transport processes. Additionally, it is revealed that the water depletion due to reactions of proton hydrates during the considered solar particle event has only a minor impact on the icy particles. C1 [Winkler, H.; von Savigny, C.; Burrows, J. P.] Univ Bremen, Inst Umweltphys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Wissing, J. M.] Univ Osnabruck, Fachbereich Phys, D-4500 Osnabruck, Germany. [Schwartz, M. J.; Lambert, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Garcia-Comas, M.] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain. RP Winkler, H (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Umweltphys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM hwinkler@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI winkler, holger/F-6323-2012; von Savigny, Christian/B-3910-2014; Garcia-Comas, Maya/E-4050-2014; Schwartz, Michael/F-5172-2016; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI winkler, holger/0000-0001-8162-7996; Garcia-Comas, Maya/0000-0003-2323-4486; Schwartz, Michael/0000-0001-6169-5094; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 FU German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - DFG); University of Bremen [ZF 01/811/10] FX This work is financially supported by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - DFG) within its priority programme CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System), and the University of Bremen (ZF 01/811/10). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank Karl W. Hoppel from the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C., USA, for providing access to the NOGAPS-ALPHA data. NR 70 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 12 BP 5633 EP 5646 DI 10.5194/acp-12-5633-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966KG UT WOS:000305835900020 ER PT J AU Moody, JL Felker, SR Wimmers, AJ Osterman, G Bowman, K Thompson, AM Tarasick, DW AF Moody, J. L. Felker, S. R. Wimmers, A. J. Osterman, G. Bowman, K. Thompson, A. M. Tarasick, D. W. TI A multi-sensor upper tropospheric ozone product (MUTOP) based on TES ozone and GOES water vapor: validation with ozonesondes SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EMISSION SPECTROMETER; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; NADIR RETRIEVALS; CLIMATOLOGY; TROPOPAUSE; TRANSPORT; IDENTIFICATION; STRATOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY AB Accurate representation of ozone in the extratropical upper troposphere (UT) remains a challenge. However, the implementation of hyper-spectral remote sensing using satellite instruments such as the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) provides an avenue for mapping ozone in this region, from 500 to 300 hPa. As a polar orbiting satellite TES observations are limited, but in this paper they are combined with geostationary satellite observations of water vapor. This paper describes a validation of the Multi-sensor UT Ozone Product (MUTOP). MUTOP, based on a statistical retrieval method, is an image product derived from the multiple regression of remotely sensed TES ozone, against geostationary (GOES) specific humidity (remotely sensed) and potential vorticity (a modeled dynamical tracer in the UT). These TES-derived UT ozone mixing ratios are compared to coincident ozonesonde measurements of layer-average UT ozone mixing ratios made during the NASA INTEX/B field campaign in the spring of 2006; the region for this study is effectively the GOES west domain covering the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the western United States. This intercomparison evaluates MUTOP skill at representing ozone magnitude and variability in this region of complex dynamics. In total, 11 ozonesonde launch sites were available for this study, providing 127 individual sondes for comparison; the overall mean ozone of the 500-300 hPa layer for these sondes was 78.0 ppbv. MUTOP reproduces in situ measurements reasonably well, producing an UT mean of 82.3 ppbv, with a mean absolute error of 12.2 ppbv and a root mean square error of 16.4 ppbv relative to ozonesondes across all sites. An overall UT mean bias of 4.3 ppbv relative to sondes was determined for MUTOP. Considered in the context of past TES validation studies, these results illustrate that MUTOP is able to maintain accuracy similar to TES while expanding coverage to the entire GOES-West satellite domain. In addition MUTOP provides six-hour temporal resolution throughout the INTEX-B study period, making the visualization of UT ozone dynamics possible. This paper presents the overall statistical validation as well as a selection of ozonesonde case studies. The case studies illustrate that error may not always represent a lack of TES-derived product skill, but often results from discrepancies driven by observations made in the presence of strong meteorological gradients. C1 [Moody, J. L.; Felker, S. R.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. [Wimmers, A. J.] Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. [Osterman, G.; Bowman, K.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Thompson, A. M.] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Tarasick, D. W.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. RP Moody, JL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. EM moody@virginia.edu RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692 FU NASA [NNG06GA93G] FX UVA participation in the INTEX/B field program was supported by NASA (award NNG06GA93G). We thank the UCAR Unidata program for support accessing near real-time GOES imagery and GFS model analyses. We thank two anonymous reviewers and the editor for helpful comments. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 12 BP 5661 EP 5676 DI 10.5194/acp-12-5661-2012 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966KG UT WOS:000305835900022 ER PT J AU Nair, PJ Godin-Beekmann, S Froidevaux, L Flynn, LE Zawodny, JM Russell, JM Pazmino, A Ancellet, G Steinbrecht, W Claude, H Leblanc, T McDermid, S van Gijsel, JAE Johnson, B Thomas, A Hubert, D Lambert, JC Nakane, H Swart, DPJ AF Nair, P. J. Godin-Beekmann, S. Froidevaux, L. Flynn, L. E. Zawodny, J. M. Russell, J. M., III Pazmino, A. Ancellet, G. Steinbrecht, W. Claude, H. Leblanc, T. McDermid, S. van Gijsel, J. A. E. Johnson, B. Thomas, A. Hubert, D. Lambert, J. -C. Nakane, H. Swart, D. P. J. TI Relative drifts and stability of satellite and ground-based stratospheric ozone profiles at NDACC lidar stations SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE PROFILES; WATER-VAPOR; NEW-ZEALAND; MAUNA-LOA; DATA SET; TRENDS; RECOVERY; VALIDATION AB The long-term evolution of stratospheric ozone at different stations in the low and mid-latitudes is investigated. The analysis is performed by comparing the collocated profiles of ozone lidars, at the northern mid-latitudes (Meteorological Observatory HohenpeiBenberg, Haute-Provence Observatory, Tsukuba and Table Mountain Facility), tropics (Mauna Loa Observatory) and southern mid-latitudes (Lauder), with ozonesondes and space-borne sensors (SBUV(/2), SAGE II, HALOE, UARS MLS and Aura MLS), extracted around the stations. Relative differences are calculated to find biases and temporal drifts in the measurements. All measurement techniques show their best agreement with respect to the lidar at 20-40 km, where the differences and drifts are generally within +/- 5% and +/- 0.5% yr(-1), respectively, at most stations. In addition, the stability of the long-term ozone observations (lidar, SBUV(/2), SAGE II and HALOE) is evaluated by the cross-comparison of each data set. In general, all lidars and SBUV(/2) exhibit near-zero drifts and the comparison between SAGE II and HALOE shows larger, but insignificant drifts. The RMS of the drifts of lidar and SBUV(/2) is 0.22 and 0.27% yr(-1), respectively at 20-40 km. The average drifts of the long-term data sets, derived from various comparisons, are less than +/- 0.3% yr(-1) in the 20-40 km altitude at all stations. A combined time series of the relative differences between SAGE II, HALOE and Aura MLS with respect to lidar data at six sites is constructed, to obtain long-term data sets lasting up to 27 years. The relative drifts derived from these combined data are very small, within +/- 0.2% yr(-1). C1 [Nair, P. J.; Godin-Beekmann, S.; Pazmino, A.; Ancellet, G.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8190, LATMOS,IPSL,INSU, Paris, France. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Flynn, L. E.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Zawodny, J. M.] NASA, Chem & Dynam Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. [Russell, J. M., III] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Steinbrecht, W.; Claude, H.] Deutsch Wetterdienst, Meteorol Observatorium, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. [Leblanc, T.; McDermid, S.] Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA USA. [van Gijsel, J. A. E.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Johnson, B.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Thomas, A.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand. [Hubert, D.; Lambert, J. -C.] BIRA, Belgium Inst Space Aeron, IASB, Brussels, Belgium. [Nakane, H.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Yatabe, Ibaraki 305, Japan. [Swart, D. P. J.] Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Nair, PJ (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8190, LATMOS,IPSL,INSU, Paris, France. EM gopalapi@aero.jussieu.fr RI van Gijsel, Joanna/F-8087-2010; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/G-6113-2010; Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; OI Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/0000-0003-0680-6729; Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Nakane, Hideaki/0000-0002-9032-6105; Hubert, Daan/0000-0002-4365-865X FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring of the atmosphere) European project FX P. J. Nair is grateful to Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, LATMOS, for his assisstance in extracting the SAGE II and MLS data. We would like to thank Cathy Boonne for maintaining ETHER data cluster. The author is grateful to T. Uekubo and T. Fujimoto, Japan Meterological Agency (JMA), for providing information regarding the Japanese ozonesondes. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We also thank the NASA Langley Research Center (NASA-LaRC) and the NASA Langley Radiation and Aerosols Branch for providing SAGE II data, and the collaborative institutes of the NASA Langley Research Center for maintaining HALOE data. The data used in this publication were obtained as part of the NDACC and are publicly available (see http://www.ndacc.org). The data used in this effort were acquired as part of the activities of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, and are archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC). The Japanese ozonesonde data are archived from JMA, World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC). Retrieved 21 September 2011, from http://www.woudc.org. This work was supported by a funding from the GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring of the atmosphere) European project. NR 58 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1301 EP 1318 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1301-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966KX UT WOS:000305837600007 ER PT J AU Galli, A Butz, A Scheepmaker, RA Hasekamp, O Landgraf, J Tol, P Wunch, D Deutscher, NM Toon, GC Wennberg, PO Griffith, DWT Aben, I AF Galli, A. Butz, A. Scheepmaker, R. A. Hasekamp, O. Landgraf, J. Tol, P. Wunch, D. Deutscher, N. M. Toon, G. C. Wennberg, P. O. Griffith, D. W. T. Aben, I. TI CH4, CO, and H2O spectroscopy for the Sentinel-5 Precursor mission: an assessment with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SCIAMACHY; METHANE; RETRIEVALS; SPECTROMETER; ATMOSPHERES; CALIBRATION; VALIDATION; SATELLITE; MONOXIDE; SPECTRA AB The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) will be part of ESA's Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite platform scheduled for launch in 2015. TROPOMI will monitor methane and carbon monoxide concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere by measuring spectra of back-scattered sunlight in the short-wave infrared (SWIR). S5P will be the first satellite mission to rely uniquely on the spectral window at 4190-4340 cm(-1) (2.3 mu m) to retrieve CH4 and CO. In this study, we investigated if the absorption features of the three relevant molecules CH4, CO, and H2O are adequately known. To this end, we retrieved total columns of CH4, CO, and H2O from absorption spectra measured by two ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers that are part of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The retrieval results from the 4190-4340 cm(-1) range at the TROPOMI resolution (0.45 cm(-1)) were then compared to the CH4 results obtained from the 6000 cm(-1) region, and the CO results obtained from the 4190-4340 cm(-1) region at the higher TCCON resolution (0.02 cm(-1)). For TROPOMI-like settings, we were able to reproduce the CH4 columns to an accuracy of 0.3% apart from a constant bias of 1%. The CO retrieval accuracy was, through interference, systematically influenced by the shortcomings of the CH4 and H2O spectroscopy. In contrast to CH4, the CO column error also varied significantly with atmospheric H2O content. Unaddressed, this would introduce seasonal and latitudinal biases to the CO columns retrieved from TROPOMI measurements. We therefore recommend further effort from the spectroscopic community to be directed at the H2O and CH4 spectroscopy in the 4190-4340 cm(-1) region. C1 [Galli, A.; Scheepmaker, R. A.; Hasekamp, O.; Landgraf, J.; Tol, P.; Aben, I.] Netherlands Inst Space Res SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Butz, A.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76344 Leopoldshafen, Germany. [Wunch, D.; Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Deutscher, N. M.; Griffith, D. W. T.] Univ Wollongong, Ctr Atmospher Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. [Deutscher, N. M.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. [Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Galli, A (reprint author), Netherlands Inst Space Res SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. EM a.galli@sron.nl RI Butz, Andre/A-7024-2013; Deutscher, Nicholas/E-3683-2015 OI Butz, Andre/0000-0003-0593-1608; Deutscher, Nicholas/0000-0002-2906-2577 FU European Union [218793]; Dutch User Support Programme [GO-AO/16]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [BU2599/1-1]; TCCON comes from NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program [NNX11AG01G]; Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program; Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) Program; DOE/ARM Program; Australian Research Council [LE0668470, DP0879468, DP110103118, LP0562346]; OCO project FX This research was funded by the TROPOMI project through NSO. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement no. 218793, and by the Dutch User Support Programme under project GO-AO/16. A. Butz is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Emmy-Noether programme, grant BU2599/1-1 (RemoteC). US funding for TCCON comes from NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program, grant number NNX11AG01G, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program, the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) Program and the DOE/ARM Program. The Darwin TCCON site was built at Caltech with funding from the OCO project, and is operated by the University of Wollongong, with travel funds for maintenance and equipment costs funded by the OCO-2 project. We acknowledge funding to support Darwin and Wollongong from the Australian Research Council, Projects LE0668470, DP0879468, DP110103118 and LP0562346. ECMWF ERA Interim analyses are provided through http://data-portal.ecmwf.int/data/d/interimdaily/. TM4 modelled CH4 and CO concentration fields have been made available through J. F. Meirink, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). The CarbonTracker 2010 results have been provided by NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colorado, USA from the website at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1387 EP 1398 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1387-2012 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 966KX UT WOS:000305837600013 ER PT J AU Gouweleeuw, BT van Dijk, AIJM Guerschman, JP Dyce, P Owe, M AF Gouweleeuw, B. T. van Dijk, A. I. J. M. Guerschman, J. P. Dyce, P. Owe, M. TI Space-based passive microwave soil moisture retrievals and the correction for a dynamic open water fraction SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DEPTH RETRIEVAL; COMMON LAND MODEL; REAL-TIME; AMSR-E; ASSIMILATION; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; METHODOLOGY; STATES; SCALE AB The large observation footprint of low-frequency satellite microwave emissions complicates the interpretation of near-surface soil moisture retrievals. While the effect of sub-footprint lateral heterogeneity is relatively limited under unsaturated conditions, open water bodies (if not accounted for) cause a strong positive bias in the satellite-derived soil moisture retrieval. This bias is generally assumed static and associated with large, continental lakes and coastal areas. Temporal changes in the extent of smaller water bodies as small as a few percent of the sensor footprint size, however, can cause significant and dynamic biases. We analysed the influence of such small open water bodies on near-surface soil moisture products derived from actual (non-synthetic) data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) for three areas in Oklahoma, USA. Differences between on-ground observations, model estimates and AMSR-E retrievals were related to dynamic estimates of open water fraction, one retrieved from a global daily record based on higher frequency AMSR-E data, a second derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and a third through inversion of the radiative transfer model, used to retrieve soil moisture. The comparison demonstrates the presence of relatively small areas (< 0.05) of open water in or near the sensor footprint, possibly in combination with increased, below-critical vegetation density conditions (optical density < 0.8), which contribute to seasonally varying biases in excess of 0.2 (m(3) m(-3)) soil water content. These errors need to be addressed, either through elimination or accurate characterisation, if the soil moisture retrievals are to be used effectively in a data assimilation scheme. C1 [Gouweleeuw, B. T.; van Dijk, A. I. J. M.; Guerschman, J. P.; Dyce, P.] CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia. [Owe, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gouweleeuw, BT (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia. EM ben.gouweleeuw@csiro.au RI GUERSCHMAN, Juan/C-1479-2009; Gouweleeuw, Ben/A-8200-2012; Van Dijk, Albert/B-3106-2011 OI GUERSCHMAN, Juan/0000-0001-7464-6304; Van Dijk, Albert/0000-0002-6508-7480 FU Water Information Research and Development Alliance (WIRADA) [3.1] FX This research is funded under the Water Information Research and Development Alliance (WIRADA) between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), Project 3.1 "Water Resources Assessment and Water Use Accounting". NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2012 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1635 EP 1645 DI 10.5194/hess-16-1635-2012 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 966HV UT WOS:000305829400006 ER PT J AU Peischl, S Walker, JP Rudiger, C Ye, N Kerr, YH Kim, E Bandara, R Allahmoradi, M AF Peischl, S. Walker, J. P. Ruediger, C. Ye, N. Kerr, Y. H. Kim, E. Bandara, R. Allahmoradi, M. TI The AACES field experiments: SMOS calibration and validation across the Murrumbidgee River catchment SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE RETRIEVAL; MISSION; DURATION; CAMPAIGN AB Following the launch of the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission on 2 November 2009, SMOS soil moisture products need to be rigorously validated at the satellite's approximately 45 km scale and disaggregation techniques for producing maps with finer resolutions tested. The Australian Airborne Cal/val Experiments for SMOS (AACES) provide the basis for one of the most comprehensive assessments of SMOS data world-wide by covering a range of topographic, climatic and land surface variability within an approximately 500 x 100 km(2) study area, located in South-East Australia. The AACES calibration and validation activities consisted of two extensive field experiments which were undertaken across the Murrumbidgee River catchment during the Australian summer and winter season of 2010, respectively. The datasets include airborne L-band brightness temperature, thermal infrared and multi-spectral observations at 1 km resolution, as well as extensive ground measurements of near-surface soil moisture and ancillary data, such as soil temperature, soil texture, surface roughness, vegetation water content, dew amount, leaf area index and spectral characteristics of the vegetation. This paper explains the design and data collection strategy of the airborne and ground component of the two AACES campaigns and presents a preliminary analysis of the field measurements including the application and performance of the SMOS core retrieval model on the diverse land surface conditions captured by the experiments. The data described in this paper are publicly available from the website: < a href='http://www.moisturemap.monash.edu.au/aaces'target='_blank'> http://www.moisturemap.monash.edu.au/aaces . C1 [Peischl, S.; Walker, J. P.; Ruediger, C.; Ye, N.; Bandara, R.] Monash Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. [Kerr, Y. H.] Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere CESBIO, Toulouse, France. [Kim, E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Peischl, S.; Walker, J. P.; Ruediger, C.; Ye, N.; Bandara, R.; Allahmoradi, M.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Infrastruct Engn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Peischl, S (reprint author), Monash Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. EM sandy.peischl@monash.edu RI Walker, Jeffrey/D-2624-2009; OI Rudiger, Christoph/0000-0003-4375-4446 FU Australian Research Council [DP0879212, DP0343778, DP0557543, LE0453434, LE0560930]; CRC for Catchment Hydrology; ESA; Australian Academy of Science FX The AACES campaigns were funded through the Australian Research Council (DP0879212) as part of the MoistureMap project. The initial setup and maintenance of the Murrumbidgee monitoring network was funded by two ARC grants (DP0343778, DP0557543) and the CRC for Catchment Hydrology. The airborne instrumentation has been developed through ARC infrastructure grants (LE0453434, LE0560930). Further financial support for travel expenses was provided by ESA for the European participants and by the Australian Academy of Science for the Chinese visiting scientists. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2012 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1697 EP 1708 DI 10.5194/hess-16-1697-2012 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 966HV UT WOS:000305829400010 ER PT J AU McKinney, JA Hoffmayer, ER Wu, W Fulford, R Hendon, JM AF McKinney, Jennifer A. Hoffmayer, Eric R. Wu, Wei Fulford, Richard Hendon, Jill M. TI Feeding habitat of the whale shark Rhincodon typus in the northern Gulf of Mexico determined using species distribution modelling SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Whale shark; Distribution; MaxEnt; ENFA; AUC; Kappa ID GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; NINGALOO REEF; SUITABILITY; ABUNDANCE; ACCURACY; BIOLOGY; PREDICTION; AGREEMENT AB Whale shark Rhincodon typus is a globally distributed species, but there is a lack of knowledge pertaining to their biology, seasonal occurrence, and distribution in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM). Understanding critical habitat for whale sharks is essential on both a regional and global basis for proper management because of their large migratory range. The goal of the present study was to describe the regional distribution of whale shark feeding aggregations in the NGOM by exploiting a presence-only dataset collected as a part of a volunteer sighting survey. Whale shark aggregations have been documented in large numbers in the NGOM since 2003, and species distribution models provide a unique approach to analyzing these presence data. We used maximum entropy and ecological niche factor analysis, 2 algorithms designed for predicting species distribution based only on presence data, to analyze data for the summer period in 2008 and 2009. Cohen's kappa (kappa) and the 'area under the receiver operating characteristic curve' (AUC) were used to evaluate model performance with an external testing dataset. Kappa values ranged from 0.28 to 0.69, and AUC values ranged from 0.73 to 0.80, indicating that the predicted distribution had a fair to substantial agreement with the testing data. Distance to continental shelf edge, distance to adjacent petroleum platforms, and chlorophyll a were the variables most strongly related to whale shark sightings, likely due to an association of these variables with high food availability. Suitable habitat was predicted along the continental shelf edge, with the most suitable habitat predicted south of the Mississippi River Delta. The spatial distribution of suitable habitat is dynamic; therefore, a multi-year study is underway to better delineate temporal trends in regional whale shark distribution and to identify consistent areas of high suitability. Presence-only habitat models are a powerful tool for delineating important regional habitat for a vulnerable, highly migratory species. C1 [Hoffmayer, Eric R.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. [McKinney, Jennifer A.] Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ctr Fisheries Res & Dev, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. [Wu, Wei; Fulford, Richard] Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Dept Coastal Studies, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. RP McKinney, JA (reprint author), Louisiana Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Fisheries Management Div, 2000 Quail Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. EM jmckinney@wlf.la.gov NR 58 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 48 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 458 BP 199 EP 211 DI 10.3354/meps09777 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 968GW UT WOS:000305966400014 ER PT S AU Iwashita, Y Uchino, K Kurazume, R Stoica, A AF Iwashita, Yumi Uchino, Koji Kurazume, Ryo Stoica, Adrian BE Kolk, AHJ Southern, SO Montgomery, KN Taylor, CW Kumar, BVKV Prabhakar, S Ross, AA TI Gait identification from invisible shadows SO SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR GLOBAL HEALTH, MILITARY MEDICINE, DISASTER RESPONSE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING II: AND BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensing Technologies for Global Health, Military Medicine, Disaster Response and Environmental Monitoring II - and Biometric Technology for Human Identification IX CY APR 23-25, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Person identification; gait; shadow biometrics; infrared light ID RECOGNITION AB This paper introduces a person identification system that uses as input the shadow images of a walking person, as projected by multiple lights(in this application invisible/infrared lights); the system uses a database of examples of shadows images of a number of people who walk. While it is accepted that personal identification has a higher correct classification rate if views from multiple cameras are used, most systems use only one camera, mainly because (i) Installation in real-world environments is easier, less cameras and no need to synchronize cameras, (ii) Computational cost is reduced. In the proposed system, we obtain the advantages of multiple viewpoints with a single camera and additional light sources. More specific, we install multiple infrared lights to project shadows of a subject on the ground and a camera with an infrared transmitting filter mounted in the ceiling inside of a building. Shadow areas, which are projections of one's body on the ground by multiple lights, can be considered as body areas captured from different viewpoints; thus, the proposed system is able to capture multiple projections of the body from a single camera. We explored in other papers the use of sun-produced shadow for identification of people walking freely in the outdoor. In this paper the application scenario is a system installed at the airport in the areas that precedes the immigration checkpoint. Japan already has health monitoring cameras focused on approaching individuals, to determine their health condition; the here described system would also be installed in such a controlled area with restricted walk corridors of walk and controlled lighting. Gait is a remote biometrics and can provide early warning; on another hand it can be used as corroborating evidence in a multi-modal biometrics system. A database of images including shadows for a set of 28 walking people was collected, and the features extracted from shadow areas by affine moment invariants, after which identification of the subject followed. The experiments using the database show the effectiveness of the proposed method and further prove the superiority of using multiple viewpoints compared to a single viewpoint. C1 [Iwashita, Yumi; Stoica, Adrian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Iwashita, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM yumi@ait.kyushu-u.ac.jp OI Kurazume, Ryo/0000-0002-4219-7644 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9049-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8371 AR 83711S DI 10.1117/12.919605 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAW71 UT WOS:000305799000034 ER PT S AU Zalameda, JN Burke, ER Parker, FR Seebo, JP Wright, CW Bly, JB AF Zalameda, Joseph N. Burke, Eric R. Parker, F. Raymond Seebo, Jeff P. Wright, Christopher W. Bly, James B. BE Burleigh, D Stockton, GR TI Thermography Inspection for Early Detection of Composite Damage in Structures during Fatigue Loading SO THERMOSENSE: THERMAL INFRARED APPLICATIONS XXXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense - Thermal Infrared Applications XXXIV CY APR 23-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE thermal nondestructive evaluation (NDE); fatigue damage; composite delamination; matrix cracking ID THERMAL-DIFFUSIVITY AB Advanced composite structures are commonly tested under controlled loading. Understanding the initiation and progression of composite damage under load is critical for validating design concepts and structural analysis tools. Thermal nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is used to detect and characterize damage in composite structures during fatigue loading. A difference image processing algorithm is demonstrated to enhance damage detection and characterization by removing thermal variations not associated with defects. In addition, a one-dimensional multilayered thermal model is used to characterize damage. Lastly, the thermography results are compared to other inspections such as non-immersion ultrasonic inspections and computed tomography X-ray. C1 [Zalameda, Joseph N.; Burke, Eric R.; Parker, F. Raymond; Wright, Christopher W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zalameda, JN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM joseph.n.zalameda@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9032-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8354 AR 835403 DI 10.1117/12.918126 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAW76 UT WOS:000305811900002 ER PT S AU Zalameda, JN Horvath, TJ Kerns, RV Burke, ER Taylor, JC Spisz, T Gibson, DM Shea, EJ Mercer, CD Schwartz, RJ Tack, S Bush, BC Dantowitz, RF Kozubal, MJ AF Zalameda, Joseph N. Horvath, Thomas J. Kerns, Robbie V. Burke, Eric R. Taylor, Jeff C. Spisz, Tom Gibson, David M. Shea, Edward J. Mercer, C. David Schwartz, Richard J. Tack, Steve Bush, Brett C. Dantowitz, Ronald F. Kozubal, Marek J. BE Burleigh, D Stockton, GR TI Thermographic Imaging of the Space Shuttle during Re-Entry Using a Near Infrared Sensor SO THERMOSENSE: THERMAL INFRARED APPLICATIONS XXXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense - Thermal Infrared Applications XXXIV CY APR 23-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE HYTHIRM; Space Shuttle thermography; hypersonic imaging; near infrared imaging; eigenvalue image sharpness; singular value decomposition; histogram analysis AB High resolution calibrated near infrared (NIR) imagery of the Space Shuttle Orbiter was obtained during hypervelocity atmospheric re-entry of the STS-119, STS-125, STS-128, STS-131, STS-132, STS-133, and STS-134 missions. This data has provided information on the distribution of surface temperature and the state of the airflow over the windward surface of the Orbiter during descent. The thermal imagery complemented data collected with onboard surface thermocouple instrumentation. The spatially resolved global thermal measurements made during the Orbiter's hypersonic re-entry will provide critical flight data for reducing the uncertainty associated with present day ground-to-flight extrapolation techniques and current state-of-the-art empirical boundary-layer transition or turbulent heating prediction methods. Laminar and turbulent flight data is critical for the validation of physics-based, semi-empirical boundary-layer transition prediction methods as well as stimulating the validation of laminar numerical chemistry models and the development of turbulence models supporting NASA's next-generation spacecraft. In this paper we provide details of the NIR imaging system used on both air and land-based imaging assets. The paper will discuss calibrations performed on the NIR imaging systems that permitted conversion of captured radiant intensity (counts) to temperature values. Image processing techniques are presented to analyze the NIR data for vignetting distortion, best resolution, and image sharpness. C1 [Zalameda, Joseph N.; Horvath, Thomas J.; Kerns, Robbie V.; Burke, Eric R.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zalameda, JN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM joseph.n.zalameda@nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9032-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8354 AR 83540F DI 10.1117/12.918127 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAW76 UT WOS:000305811900012 ER PT S AU Geldzahler, BJ AF Geldzahler, B. J. BE Gilbreath, GC Hawley, CT TI Coherent Uplink Arraying Techniques for Next Generation Orbital Debris, Near Earth Object, and Space Situational Awareness Radar Systems SO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SIGNATURES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Active and Passive Signatures III CY APR 25-26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE antenna arrays; atmospheric fluctuations; coherent uplink; coherent forward link AB With the successful completion of a field demonstration of uplink arraying at 8 GHz (X-band) using real-time atmospheric compensation enabled by phase transfer rather than time transfer techniques- completion in mid-Aug 2010, NASA is interested in demonstrating a similar capability at 30-31 GHz (Ka band). Such a demonstration would enable NASA to establish [a] a high power, high resolution, 24/7 availability radar system for characterizing observations of Near Earth Objects, determining the statistics of small [<= 10cm] orbital debris, [b] to incorporate the capability into its space communication and navigation tracking stations for emergency spacecraft commanding in the Ka band era which NASA is entering and [c] to field capabilities of interest to other US government agencies. We describe a a project of Evolutionary Steps Leading to Revolutionary Increases in Capability and Capacity C1 Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Geldzahler, BJ (reprint author), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9060-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8382 AR 83820R DI 10.1117/12.924829 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAW48 UT WOS:000305745600020 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS Trivedi, SB Palosz, W Rosemeier, R Rosemeier, C Kutcher, S Mayers, D Taylor, PJ Maddux, J Singh, J AF Prasad, Narasimha S. Trivedi, Sudhir B. Palosz, Witold Rosemeier, Robert Rosemeier, Cory Kutcher, Susan Mayers, David Taylor, Patrick J. Maddux, Jay Singh, Jogender BE Dhar, NK Wijewarnasuriya, PS Dutta, A TI Development of PbTe Material for Advanced Thermoelectric Power Generation SO ENERGY HARVESTING AND STORAGE: MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Energy Harvesting and Storage - Materials, Devices, and Applications III CY APR 23-24, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE AB In this paper, development of single crystalline n- and p-type PbTe crystals and PbTe bulk nanocomposites using PbTe nano powders and emerging field assisted sintering technology (FAST) are discussed. Materials requirements for efficient thermoelectric power generation using waste heat at intermediate temperature range (6500 to 8500 K) will be discussed. Recent results on production of n- and p-type PbTe crystals and their thermoelectric characterization will be presented. Relative characteristics and performance of PbTe bulk single crystals and nano composites for thermoelectric power generation will be discussed. C1 [Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9055-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8377 AR 83770K DI 10.1117/12.920875 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BAU70 UT WOS:000305554300013 ER PT J AU Armstrong, EM Wagner, G Vazquez-Cuervo, J Chin, TM AF Armstrong, Edward M. Wagner, Grant Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge Chin, Toshio M. TI Comparisons of regional satellite sea surface temperature gradients derived from MODIS and AVHRR sensors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID GULF-STREAM; OCEANIC FRONTS; NORTH PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; GROUNDS; RATES AB Regional sea surface temperature (SST) gradients were examined for a 6-year (2003-2008) period using data from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on two NOAA satellite platforms. Two regions, one in the California Current System and the other in the Gulf Stream, representing an eastern boundary upwelling region and strong western boundary current, respectively, were chosen to investigate the seasonal variability, statistical differences and similarities, and correlations with respect to the two sets of SST gradients. Results indicated higher gradient magnitudes using MODIS SST in relative comparison to those derived from AVHRR that are attributed to instrument and algorithm differences. These observed differences are important for any studies that employ SST gradients, such as fisheries investigations that have traditionally relied on AVHRR SST gradients only. C1 [Armstrong, Edward M.; Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge; Chin, Toshio M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wagner, Grant] Brigham Young Univ Idaho, Rexburg, ID 83460 USA. RP Armstrong, EM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM edward.m.armstrong@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA [NNH07ZDA001N-DECISIONS/07-DEC07-0107] FX This study was originally funded for the Idaho Space Grant programme by NASA grant NNH07ZDA001N-DECISIONS/07-DEC07-0107 from the NASA Applied Science Program in Ecological Forecasting, and performed in the summer of 2010 by intern Grant Wagner at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It was reviewed, modified and written by mentor Edward Armstrong. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers who helped improve the final manuscript. This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the NASA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 21 BP 6639 EP 6651 DI 10.1080/01431161.2012.692832 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 962JE UT WOS:000305539700001 ER PT S AU Yu, N Baumgartel, LM Chembo, Y Grudinin, IS Strekalov, DV Thompson, RJ AF Yu, Nan Baumgartel, Lukas M. Chembo, Yanne Grudinin, Ivan S. Strekalov, Dmitry V. Thompson, Robert J. BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Aschke, L Washio, K TI Whispering-gallery-mode resonators for miniature optical clocks SO LASER RESONATORS, MICRORESONATORS, AND BEAM CONTROL XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XIV CY JAN 22-25, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery mode resonators; optical clocks ID FREQUENCY COMB GENERATION; STABILIZATION AB Crystalline whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are small and structurally monolithic, yet capable of ultra-high quality factors and dramatically enhanced optical nonlinearities. These properties can be exploited in developing miniature optical clocks. Several studies have explored using WGM resonators as frequency reference cavities, and there also exists great research interest in using WGMs for frequency comb generation. In this paper, we will describe our efforts in pursuing laser stabilization using WGM reference cavities with both passive and active temperature stabilization schemes. We will also present our latest analysis and experimental results in frequency comb generation in WGM resonators. C1 [Yu, Nan; Baumgartel, Lukas M.; Grudinin, Ivan S.; Strekalov, Dmitry V.; Thompson, Robert J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8879-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8236 AR 82360P DI 10.1117/12.909005 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAW39 UT WOS:000305732400019 ER PT S AU Liu, D Hostetler, C Miller, I Cook, A Hare, R Harper, D Hair, J AF Liu, Dong Hostetler, Chris Miller, Ian Cook, Anthony Hare, Richard Harper, David Hair, Johnathan BE Berghmans, F Mignani, AG DeMoor, P TI Tilted pressure-tuned field-widened Michelson interferometer for high spectral resolution lidar SO OPTICAL SENSING AND DETECTION II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Sensing and Detection II CY APR 16-19, 2012 CL Brussels, BELGIUM SP SPIE, Brussels Photon Team (B-PHOT), Brussels-Capital Reg, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO), Int Commiss Opt (ICO), Ville Bruxelles DE Atmospheric and oceanic optics; remote sensing and sensor; Lidar; backscattering; optical instruments; interferometry ID OPTICAL-SCATTERING PROPERTIES; IODINE ABSORPTION FILTER; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; COEFFICIENTS; EXTINCTION AB High spectral resolution lidars (HSRLs) designed for aerosol and cloud remote sensing are increasingly being deployed on aircraft and called for on future space-based missions. The HSRL technique relies on spectral discrimination of the atmospheric backscatter signals to enable independent, unambiguous retrieval of aerosol extinction and backscatter. NASA Langley Research Center is developing a tilted pressure-tuned field-widened Michelson interferometer (FWMI) to achieve the spectral discrimination for an HSRL system. The FWMI consists of a cubic beam splitter, a solid glass arm, and a sealed air arm. The spacer that connects the air arm mirror to the main part of the interferometer is designed to minimize thermal sensitivity. The pressure of the sealed air-arm air can be accurately controlled such that the frequency of maximum interference can be tuned with great precision to the transmitted laser wavelength. In this paper, the principle of the tilted pressure-tuned FWMI for HSRL is presented. The pressure tuning rate, the tilted angle requirement and challenges in building the real instrument are discussed. C1 [Liu, Dong; Hostetler, Chris; Cook, Anthony; Hare, Richard; Harper, David; Hair, Johnathan] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Liu, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM dong.liu@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9131-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8439 AR 84390P DI 10.1117/12.922022 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAS50 UT WOS:000305390100022 ER PT S AU Smith, DD Myneni, K Chang, H Toftul, A Schambeau, C Odutola, JA Diels, JC AF Smith, David D. Myneni, Krishna Chang, H. Toftul, A. Schambeau, C. Odutola, J. A. Diels, J. C. BE Shahriar, SM Narducci, FA TI Tuning the sensitivity of an optical cavity with slow and fast light SO ADVANCES IN SLOW AND FAST LIGHT V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Slow and Fast Light V CY JAN 22-24, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical Resonators; Laser Gyroscopes; Coherent Optical Effects AB We have measured mode pushing by the dispersion of a rubidium vapor in a Fabry-Perot cavity and have shown that the scale factor and sensitivity of a passive cavity can be strongly enhanced by the presence of such an anomalous dispersion medium. The enhancement is the result of the atom-cavity coupling, which provides a positive feedback to the cavity response. The cavity sensitivity can also be controlled and tuned through a pole by a second, optical pumping, beam applied transverse to the cavity. Alternatively, the sensitivity can be controlled by the introduction of a second counter-propagating input beam that interferes with the first beam, coherently increasing the cavity absorptance. We show that the pole in the sensitivity occurs when the sum of the effective group index and an additional cavity delay factor that accounts for mode reshaping goes to zero, and is an example of an exceptional point, commonly associated with coupled non-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems. Additionally we show that a normal dispersion feature can decrease the cavity scale factor and can be generated through velocity selective optical pumping. C1 [Smith, David D.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Syst Dept, ES31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Myneni, Krishna] US Army RDECOM, AMSRD AMR WS ST, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 USA. [Chang, H.] ERC Inc, Jacobs ESTS Grp, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Toftul, A.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Elect Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Schambeau, C.] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Odutola, J. A.] Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Dept Chem & Math, Normal, AL 35762 USA. [Diels, J. C.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Smith, DD (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Syst Dept, ES31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RI Shahriar, Selim/B-7270-2009 FU NASA; MSFC FX This work was sponsored by ILIR at the AMRDEC. A. Toftul acknowledges funding by the Nebraska Space Grant and NASA MSFC Education Programs Office. J. A. Odutola was supported by the NASA Administrator Fellows Program. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8916-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8273 AR 82730T DI 10.1117/12.914724 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAR79 UT WOS:000305324800012 ER PT J AU Jones, A Walker, KA Jin, JJ Taylor, JR Boone, CD Bernath, PF Brohede, S Manney, GL McLeod, S Hughes, R Daffer, WH AF Jones, A. Walker, K. A. Jin, J. J. Taylor, J. R. Boone, C. D. Bernath, P. F. Brohede, S. Manney, G. L. McLeod, S. Hughes, R. Daffer, W. H. TI Technical Note: A trace gas climatology derived from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) data set SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID UPPER TROPOSPHERE; VALIDATION; STRATOSPHERE; HALOE; INSTRUMENT; OZONE; HCL; HF; TRANSPORT; H2O AB The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) aboard the Canadian satellite SCISAT (launched in August 2003) was designed to investigate the composition of the upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. ACE-FTS utilizes solar occultation to measure temperature and pressure as well as vertical profiles of over thirty chemical species including O-3, H2O, CH4, N2O, CO, NO, NO2, N2O5, HNO3, HCl, ClONO2, CCl3F, CCl2F2, and HF. Global coverage for each species is obtained approximately over a three month period and measurements are made with a vertical resolution of typically 3-4 km. A quality-controlled climatology has been created for each of these 14 baseline species, where individual profiles are averaged over the period of February 2004 to February 2009. Measurements used are from the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data set including updates for O-3 and N2O5. The climatological fields are provided on a monthly and three-monthly basis (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) at 5 degree latitude and equivalent latitude spacing and on 28 pressure surfaces (26 of which are defined by the Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) Chemistry-Climate Model Validation Activity). The ACE-FTS climatological data set is available through the ACE website. C1 [Jones, A.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Walker, K. A.; Boone, C. D.; McLeod, S.; Hughes, R.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Jin, J. J.; Manney, G. L.; Daffer, W. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Taylor, J. R.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Taylor, J. R.] Natl Ecol Observ Network, Boulder, CO USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Domin Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Brohede, S.] Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Walker, KA (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM kwalker@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca RI Jin, Jianjun/G-8357-2012; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X FU Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (CFCAS); CSA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; UK Natural Environment Research Council, NERC FX The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (CFCAS) and CSA. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology is done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some support is also provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, NERC. NR 45 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 11 BP 5207 EP 5220 DI 10.5194/acp-12-5207-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 959AH UT WOS:000305281600025 ER PT S AU Lee, R Wolpert, D AF Lee, Ritchie Wolpert, David BE Guy, TV Karny, M Wolpert, DH TI Game Theoretic Modeling of Pilot Behavior during Mid-Air Encounters SO DECISION MAKING WITH IMPERFECT DECISION MAKERS SE Intelligent Systems Reference Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB We show how to combine Bayes nets and game theory to predict the behavior of hybrid systems involving both humans and automated components. We call this novel framework "Semi Network-Form Games", and illustrate it by predicting aircraft pilot behavior in potential near mid-air collisions. At present, at the beginning of such potential collisions, a collision avoidance system in the aircraft cockpit advises the pilots what to do to avoid the collision. However studies of midair encounters have found wide variability in pilot responses to avoidance system advisories. In particular, pilots rarely perfectly execute the recommended maneuvers, despite the fact that the collision avoidance system's effectiveness relies on their doing so. Rather pilots decide their actions based on all information available to them (advisory, instrument readings, visual observations). We show how to build this aspect into a semi network-form game model of the encounter and then present computational simulations of the resultant model. C1 [Lee, Ritchie] Carnegie Mellon Univ Silicon Valley, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Wolpert, David] NASA, Intelligent Syst Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Wolpert, David] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Wolpert, David] Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. [Lee, Ritchie] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Lee, R (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ Silicon Valley, NASA Ames Res Pk,Mail Stop 23-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ritchie.lee@sv.cmu.edu; david.h.wolpert@nasa.gov RI Guy, Tatiana/G-6897-2014 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1868-4394 BN 978-3-642-24646-3 J9 INTEL SYST REF LIBR PY 2012 VL 28 BP 75 EP 111 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-24647-0 PG 37 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BAC11 UT WOS:000303779200004 ER PT S AU Reck, T Siles, J Jung, C Gill, J Lee, C Chattopadhyay, G Mehdi, I Cooper, K AF Reck, Theodore Siles, Jose Jung, Cecile Gill, John Lee, Choonsup Chattopadhyay, Goutam Mehdi, Imran Cooper, Ken BE Wikner, DA Luukanen, AR TI Array Technology for Terahertz Imaging SO PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive and Active Millimeter-Wave Imaging XV CY APR 26, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Terahertz; Imaging; Array; Silicon; Micromachining AB Heterodyne terahertz (0.3 - 3THz) imaging systems are currently limited to single or a low number of pixels. Drastic improvements in imaging sensitivity and speed can be achieved by replacing single pixel systems with an array of detectors. This paper presents an array topology that is being developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory based on the micromachining of silicon. This technique fabricates the array's package and waveguide components by plasma etching of silicon, resulting in devices with precision surpassing that of current metal machining techniques. Using silicon increases the versatility of the packaging, enabling a variety of orientations of circuitry within the device which increases circuit density and design options. The design of a two-pixel transceiver utilizing a stacked architecture is presented that achieves a pixel spacing of 10mm. By only allowing coupling from the top and bottom of the package the design can readily be arrayed in two dimensions with a spacing of 10mm x 18mm. C1 [Reck, Theodore; Siles, Jose; Jung, Cecile; Gill, John; Lee, Choonsup; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Mehdi, Imran; Cooper, Ken] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Reck, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9040-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8362 AR 836202 DI 10.1117/12.920497 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAW53 UT WOS:000305750500001 ER PT S AU Vanderbilt, VC Daughtry, CST AF Vanderbilt, Vern C. Daughtry, Craig S. T. BE Chenault, DB Goldstein, DH TI MUELLER MATRIX OF A DICOT LEAF SO POLARIZATION: MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS, AND REMOTE SENSING X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization - Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing X CY APR 23-24, 2012 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE leaf polarization; bidirectional reflectance; Mueller matrix AB A better understanding of the information contained in the spectral, polarized bidirectional reflectance and transmittance of leaves may lead to improved techniques for identifying plant species in remotely sensed imagery as well as better estimates of plant moisture and nutritional status. Here we report an investigation of the optical polarizing properties of several leaves of one species, Cannabis sativa, represented by a 3x3 Mueller matrix measured over the wavelength region 400-2,400 nm. Our results support the hypothesis that the leaf surface alters the polarization of incident light - polarizing off nadir, unpolarized incident light, for example - while the leaf volume tends to depolarized incident polarized light. C1 [Vanderbilt, Vern C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Vanderbilt, VC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, MS 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9042-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8364 AR 83640R DI 10.1117/12.919480 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BAW50 UT WOS:000305747200023 ER PT J AU Anderson-Cook, CM Lu, L Clark, G DeHart, SP Hoerl, R Jones, B MacKay, RJ Montgomery, D Parker, PA Simpson, J Snee, R Steiner, SH Van Mullekom, J Vining, GG Wilson, AG AF Anderson-Cook, Christine M. Lu, Lu Clark, Gordon DeHart, Stephanie P. Hoerl, Roger Jones, Bradley MacKay, R. Jock Montgomery, Douglas Parker, Peter A. Simpson, James Snee, Ronald Steiner, Stefan H. Van Mullekom, Jennifer Vining, G. Geoff Wilson, Alyson G. TI Statistical Engineering-Forming the Foundations SO QUALITY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SIGMA C1 [Anderson-Cook, Christine M.; Lu, Lu] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Clark, Gordon] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [DeHart, Stephanie P.] DuPont Co Inc, Appl Stat Grp, Roanoke, VA USA. [Hoerl, Roger] GE Global Res, Appl Stat Lab, Schenectady, NY USA. [Jones, Bradley] SAS, JMP Div, Cary, NC USA. [MacKay, R. Jock] Univ Waterloo, Inst Improvement Qual & Prod, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Montgomery, Douglas] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. [Parker, Peter A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Engn Branch, Langley, VA USA. [Snee, Ronald] Snee Associates LLC, Newark, DE USA. [Van Mullekom, Jennifer] DuPont Co Inc, Richmond, VA USA. [Vining, G. Geoff] Virginia Tech, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA USA. [Wilson, Alyson G.] Inst Def Anal, Inst Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC USA. [Steiner, Stefan H.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Steiner, Stefan H.] Univ Waterloo, Business & Ind Stat Res Grp, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Simpson, James] USAF, Test Management Grp 53, Eglin AFB, FL USA. RP Anderson-Cook, CM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, POB 1663,MS FS600, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM c-and-cook@lanl.gov OI Wilson, Alyson/0000-0003-1461-6212 NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0898-2112 J9 QUAL ENG JI Qual. Eng. PY 2012 VL 24 IS 2 SI SI BP 110 EP 132 DI 10.1080/08982112.2012.641150 PG 23 WC Engineering, Industrial; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 962CD UT WOS:000305516000002 ER PT J AU Anderson-Cook, CM Lu, L Clark, G DeHart, SP Hoerl, R Jones, B MacKay, RJ Montgomery, D Parker, PA Simpson, J Snee, R Steiner, SH Van Mullekom, J Vining, GG Wilson, AG AF Anderson-Cook, Christine M. Lu, Lu Clark, Gordon DeHart, Stephanie P. Hoerl, Roger Jones, Bradley MacKay, R. Jock Montgomery, Douglas Parker, Peter A. Simpson, James Snee, Ronald Steiner, Stefan H. Van Mullekom, Jennifer Vining, G. Geoff Wilson, Alyson G. TI Statistical Engineering-Roles for Statisticians and the Path Forward SO QUALITY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 [Anderson-Cook, Christine M.; Lu, Lu] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Clark, Gordon] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [DeHart, Stephanie P.] DuPont Co Inc, Appl Stat Grp, Roanoke, VA USA. [Hoerl, Roger] GE Global Res, Appl Stat Lab, Schenectady, NY USA. [Jones, Bradley] SAS, JMP Div, Cary, NC USA. [MacKay, R. Jock] Univ Waterloo, Inst Improvement Qual & Prod, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Steiner, Stefan H.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Steiner, Stefan H.] Univ Waterloo, Business & Ind Stat Res Grp, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. [Parker, Peter A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Engn Branch, Langley, VA USA. [Simpson, James] USAF, Test Management Grp 53, Eglin AFB, FL USA. [Snee, Ronald] Snee Associates LLC, Newark, DE USA. [Van Mullekom, Jennifer] DuPont Co Inc, Richmond, VA USA. [Vining, G. Geoff] Virginia Tech, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA USA. [Wilson, Alyson G.] Inst Def Anal, Inst Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC USA. RP Anderson-Cook, CM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, POB 1663,MS FS600, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM c-and-cook@lanl.gov OI Wilson, Alyson/0000-0003-1461-6212 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0898-2112 J9 QUAL ENG JI Qual. Eng. PY 2012 VL 24 IS 2 SI SI BP 133 EP 152 DI 10.1080/08982112.2012.641151 PG 20 WC Engineering, Industrial; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 962CD UT WOS:000305516000003 ER PT J AU Silvestrini, RT Parker, PA AF Silvestrini, Rachel T. Parker, Peter A. TI Aerospace Research through Statistical Engineering SO QUALITY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE design of experiments; face-centered cube; repeat measures; replication; sample size ID DESIGN AB The application of statistical engineering as described here is applied to fundamental research in support of hypersonic air breathing propulsion. An aerospace experiment that took place in a wind tunnel is the application of interest. One goal of the project was to accurately model the relationship between specific input and output parameters in the hypersonic combustion process within a controlled environment. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in a nontraditional manner to develop the response surface as the final deliverable rather than a tool to optimize a product or process. C1 [Parker, Peter A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Engn Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Silvestrini, Rachel T.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Operat Res, Monterey, CA USA. RP Parker, PA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Engn Branch, MS 238, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM peter.a.parker@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0898-2112 J9 QUAL ENG JI Qual. Eng. PY 2012 VL 24 IS 2 SI SI BP 292 EP 305 DI 10.1080/08982112.2012.641146 PG 14 WC Engineering, Industrial; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 962CD UT WOS:000305516000016 ER PT J AU Commo, SA Parker, PA AF Commo, Sean A. Parker, Peter A. TI Statistical Engineering Perspective on Planetary Entry, Descent, and Landing Research SO QUALITY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE design of experiments; measurement system characterization; regression; response surface methodology; statistical engineering AB Statistical engineering emphasizes developing and leveraging statistical methods and tools to help identify and solve large, complex problems. Within NASA, these large, complex problems are known as the agency's "Grand Challenges." Research in planetary entry, descent, and landing technologies is one of these challenges and is an expensive, resource-intensive endeavor that benefits from the rigorous approach of statistical engineering. This article highlights the contributions of statistical engineering to the Mars Science Laboratory mission and, more generally, planetary entry, descent, and landing research. For example, a new approach utilizing response surface methods was developed for characterizing a complex measurement system. In addition, we reflect on areas where early implementation of a statistical engineering approach can increase the overall impact of the research objectives. C1 [Commo, Sean A.; Parker, Peter A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Commo, SA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 238, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM sean.a.commo@nasa.gov; peter.a.parker@nasa.gov FU MEDLI project FX This work has been supported and funded by the MEDLI project. The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to everyone who has contributed to this project. In particular, the authors would like to recognize the following individuals: Mark Schoenenberger, principle investigator for the project, for his invaluable input to support the mission's science objectives; Michelle Munk and the Facility Calibration Team for the tireless efforts to complete the pressure measurement system characterization; Mark Hutchinson for his leadership in promoting the application of statistical engineering to develop improved and defensible approaches to pressure measurement characterization; and Jason Corman and Brian German for their research effort on flight trajectory reconstruction. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0898-2112 EI 1532-4222 J9 QUAL ENG JI Qual. Eng. PY 2012 VL 24 IS 2 SI SI BP 306 EP 316 DI 10.1080/08982112.2012.641147 PG 11 WC Engineering, Industrial; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 962CD UT WOS:000305516000017 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW AF Stoner, Allan W. TI Assessing Stress and Predicting Mortality in Economically Significant Crustaceans SO REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mortality; stress; injury; bycatch; discard; behavior; physiology; reflexes ID LOBSTER NEPHROPS-NORVEGICUS; WESTERN ROCK LOBSTER; PANULIRUS-CYGNUS GEORGE; CRAB CANCER-PAGURUS; CLYDE SEA AREA; NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS RATHBUN; PRAWNS METAPENAEUS-MACLEAYI; RANINA-RANINA LINNAEUS; JUVENILE SCHOOL PRAWNS AB Reducing animal stress and mortality associated with bycatch and discard in fishing, aquaculture, and live-market trade depends upon improvements in fishing gear and the practices employed in capture, holding, handling, and transport. Several approaches have been used to evaluate the likely mortality of commercially important crustaceans: (1) assess external injuries assuming a direct relationship to mortality, (2) extrapolate from direct observations of mortality under specific environmental conditions and handling practices, (3) evaluate the physiological condition of test animals to predict the associated mortality, and (4) assess behavioral indicators of vitality. Intrinsic variables, such as animal size, gender, and shell condition, and external variables, such as season, fishing and environmental conditions, and type of injury (physiological and mechanical), all have large effects on the complex interactions between stressors and mortality. This review shows that physiological parameters provide insight into the mechanisms of stress and stress responses, but they are often unrelated to mortality outcomes, and the methods are difficult and expensive to carry out in routine field or factory applications. In contrast, behavioral indicators, particularly those utilizing observations on multiple reflex actions, can provide excellent tools where predicting mortality is the primary goal. C1 [Stoner, Allan W.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov NR 162 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 30 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-1262 J9 REV FISH SCI JI Rev. Fish. Sci. PY 2012 VL 20 IS 3 BP 111 EP 135 DI 10.1080/10641262.2012.689025 PG 25 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 962CM UT WOS:000305516900001 ER PT J AU Basart, S Perez, C Nickovic, S Cuevas, E Baldasano, JM AF Basart, Sara Perez, Carlos Nickovic, Slodoban Cuevas, Emilio Maria Baldasano, Jose TI Development and evaluation of the BSC-DREAM8b dust regional model over Northern Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE mineral dust; model simulation; model comparison; aerosol optical depth; seasonal variability ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; DESERT DUST; SAHARAN DUST; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; TRANSPORT; VARIABILITY; AERONET; SYSTEM; SCHEME AB The BSC-DREAM8b model and its predecessor are analysed in terms of aerosol optical depth (AOD) for 2004 over Northern Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. We discuss the model performance and we test and analyse its behaviour with new components. The results are evaluated using hourly data from 44 AERONET stations and seasonally averaged satellite observations. The operational versions strongly underestimate the winter AOD over the Sahel and overestimate the AOD over the Middle East and the Mediterranean achieving a low average annual correlation (similar to 0.35). The use of a more detailed size distribution and a corrected wash-out ratio, together with a new dry deposition scheme, improves the transport over the Mediterranean, although underestimations remain over the Sahel and overestimations over the Middle East. The inclusion of a 'preferential source' mask improves the localisation of the main North African sources and consequently the dust transport towards Europe and the Atlantic. The use of a more physically based dust emission scheme and a new soil texture database leads to significant improvements in the representation of emissions and the transport over the Sahel, achieving an average annual correlation of 0.53. In this case, the use of a preferential source mask does not introduce significant improvements. C1 [Basart, Sara; Maria Baldasano, Jose] Barcelona Supercomp Ctr, Ctr Nacl Supercomp, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona, Spain. [Perez, Carlos] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Perez, Carlos] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Nickovic, Slodoban] World Meteorol Org, Geneva, Switzerland. [Cuevas, Emilio] Meteorol State Agcy Spain AEMET, Izana Atmospher Res Ctr, Santa Cruz De Tenerife, Spain. [Maria Baldasano, Jose] Tech Univ Catalonia, Environm Modelling Lab, Barcelona, Spain. RP Basart, S (reprint author), Barcelona Supercomp Ctr, Ctr Nacl Supercomp, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona, Spain. EM sara.basart@bsc.es RI Cuevas, Emilio/L-2109-2013; OI Cuevas, Emilio/0000-0003-1843-8302; Basart, Sara/0000-0002-9821-8504; Perez Garcia-Pando, Carlos/0000-0002-4456-0697 FU project CICYT of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science [CGL2006-11879]; Earth Institute at Columbia University through the Cross-Cutting Initiative project: Atmospheric Aerosol impacts on health in sub-Saharan Africa FX We would like to acknowledge the AERONET and PHOTONS networks, which kindly provided their data, and the research groups that contribute to the networks. We also acknowledge the MODIS and TOMS mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the production of the data used in this research effort. Satellite data used in this paper were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. Also, special thanks to Dr Michael Schulz and Dr Maria Val Martin. This work was funded by the project CICYT CGL2006-11879 of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. The Earth Institute at Columbia University is acknowledged for support through the Cross-Cutting Initiative project: Atmospheric Aerosol impacts on health in sub-Saharan Africa. All simulations were performed on the MareNostrum supercomputer hosted by BSC-CNS. NR 97 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PY 2012 VL 64 AR 18539 DI 10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18539 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 961HE UT WOS:000305454100001 ER PT J AU Fu, JS Hsu, NC Gao, Y Huang, K Li, C Lin, NH Tsay, SC AF Fu, J. S. Hsu, N. C. Gao, Y. Huang, K. Li, C. Lin, N. -H. Tsay, S. -C. TI Evaluating the influences of biomass burning during 2006 BASE-ASIA: a regional chemical transport modeling SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; TRACE-P EXPERIMENT; AIR-QUALITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; PARTICULATE MATTER; UNITED-STATES; DRY-SEASON; AEROSOLS AB To evaluate the impact of biomass burning from Southeast Asia to East Asia, this study conducted numerical simulations during NASA's 2006 Biomass-burning Aerosols in South-East Asia: Smoke Impact Assessment (BASE-ASIA). Two typical episode periods (27-28 March and 13-14 April) were examined. Two emission inventories, FLAMBE and GFED, were used in the simulations. The influences during two episodes in the source region (Southeast Asia) contributed to the surface CO, O-3 and PM2.5 concentrations as high as 400 ppbv, 20 ppbv and 80 mu g m(-3), respectively. The perturbations with and without biomass burning of the above three species during the intense episodes were in the range of 10 to 60%, 10 to 20% and 30 to 70%, respectively. The impact due to long-range transport could spread over the southeastern parts of East Asia and could reach about 160 to 360 ppbv, 8 to 18 ppbv and 8 to 64 mu g m(-3) on CO, O-3 and PM2.5, respectively; the percentage impact could reach 20 to 50% on CO, 10 to 30% on O-3, and as high as 70% on PM2.5. In March, the impact of biomass burning mainly concentrated in Southeast Asia and southern China, while in April the impact becomes slightly broader and even could go up to the Yangtze River Delta region. Two cross-sections at 15A degrees N and 20A degrees N were used to compare the vertical flux of biomass burning. In the source region (Southeast Asia), CO, O-3 and PM2.5 concentrations had a strong upward transport from surface to high altitudes. The eastward transport becomes strong from 2 to 8 km in the free troposphere. The subsidence process during the long-range transport contributed 60 to 70%, 20 to 50%, and 80% on CO, O-3 and PM2.5, respectively to surface in the downwind area. The study reveals the significant impact of Southeastern Asia biomass burning on the air quality in both local and downwind areas, particularly during biomass burning episodes. This modeling study might provide constraints of lower limit. An additional study is underway for an active biomass burning year to obtain an upper limit and climate effects. C1 [Fu, J. S.; Gao, Y.; Huang, K.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Hsu, N. C.; Li, C.; Tsay, S. -C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Li, C.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lin, N. -H.] Natl Cent Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. RP Fu, JS (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM jsfu@utk.edu RI Huang, Kan/E-4824-2011; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Li, Can/F-6867-2011; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014 FU NASA GSFC [NNX09AG75G]; NASA FX We thank Edward J. Hyer for providing FLAMBE biomass burning emission data. We thank NASA GSFC on funding support (grant no.: NNX09AG75G). Data products from SMART-COMMIT and Deep Blue groups of NASA GSFC are funded by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program, managed by Hal Maring. Hong Kong data was obtained from Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department. NR 69 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 9 BP 3837 EP 3855 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3837-2012 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OT UT WOS:000304055600001 ER PT J AU Saiz-Lopez, A Lamarque, JF Kinnison, DE Tilmes, S Ordonez, C Orlando, JJ Conley, AJ Plane, JMC Mahajan, AS Santos, GS Atlas, EL Blake, DR Sander, SP Schauffler, S Thompson, AM Brasseur, G AF Saiz-Lopez, A. Lamarque, J. -F. Kinnison, D. E. Tilmes, S. Ordonez, C. Orlando, J. J. Conley, A. J. Plane, J. M. C. Mahajan, A. S. Santos, G. Sousa Atlas, E. L. Blake, D. R. Sander, S. P. Schauffler, S. Thompson, A. M. Brasseur, G. TI Estimating the climate significance of halogen-driven ozone loss in the tropical marine troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC EXPLORATORY MISSION; BOUNDARY-LAYER HALOGENS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; COASTAL ANTARCTICA; BROMINE CHEMISTRY; DOAS MEASUREMENTS; IODINE CHEMISTRY; REUNION ISLAND; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB We have integrated observations of tropospheric ozone, very short-lived (VSL) halocarbons and reactive iodine and bromine species from a wide variety of tropical data sources with the global CAM-Chem chemistry-climate model and offline radiative transfer calculations to compute the contribution of halogen chemistry to ozone loss and associated radiative impact in the tropical marine troposphere. The inclusion of tropospheric halogen chemistry in CAM-Chem leads to an annually averaged depletion of around 10% (similar to 2.5 Dobson units) of the tropical tropospheric ozone column, with largest effects in the middle to upper troposphere. This depletion contributes approximately -0.10 W m(-2) to the radiative flux at the tropical tropopause. This negative flux is of similar magnitude to the similar to 0.33 W m(-2) contribution of tropospheric ozone to present-day radiative balance as recently estimated from satellite observations. We find that the implementation of oceanic halogen sources and chemistry in climate models is an important component of the natural background ozone budget and we suggest that it needs to be considered when estimating both preindustrial ozone baseline levels and long term changes in tropospheric ozone. C1 [Saiz-Lopez, A.; Ordonez, C.; Mahajan, A. S.] CSIC, Lab Atmospher & Climate Sci, Toledo, Spain. [Lamarque, J. -F.; Kinnison, D. E.; Tilmes, S.; Orlando, J. J.; Conley, A. J.] NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO USA. [Plane, J. M. C.] Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Santos, G. Sousa] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Atlas, E. L.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Sander, S. P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Schauffler, S.] NCAR, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Thompson, A. M.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Brasseur, G.] Climate Serv Ctr, Hamburg, Germany. RP Saiz-Lopez, A (reprint author), CSIC, Lab Atmospher & Climate Sci, Toledo, Spain. EM a.saiz-lopez@ciac.jccm-csic.es RI Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; Mahajan, Anoop/D-2714-2012; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso/B-3759-2015; Plane, John/C-7444-2015; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Ordonez, Carlos/F-1450-2016 OI Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Mahajan, Anoop/0000-0002-2909-5432; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso/0000-0002-0060-1581; Plane, John/0000-0003-3648-6893; Ordonez, Carlos/0000-0003-2990-0195 FU World Meteorological Organization; Department of Energy under the SciDAC; National Science Foundation; Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy FX The authors are grateful to S. Solomon for valuable discussions and comments on this manuscript. We thank the University of York for making available the ozone data at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory. Ozonesonde data at Naha were obtained from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) operated by Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization. This work was supported by the Department of Energy under the SciDAC program. The CESM project is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. NR 66 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 51 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 9 BP 3939 EP 3949 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3939-2012 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OT UT WOS:000304055600006 ER PT J AU Bangert, M Nenes, A Vogel, B Vogel, H Barahona, D Karydis, VA Kumar, P Kottmeier, C Blahak, U AF Bangert, M. Nenes, A. Vogel, B. Vogel, H. Barahona, D. Karydis, V. A. Kumar, P. Kottmeier, C. Blahak, U. TI Saharan dust event impacts on cloud formation and radiation over Western Europe SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MIXED-PHASE CLOUDS; MINERAL DUST; ICE NUCLEATION; MODEL DESCRIPTION; REGIONAL-SCALE; WATER CLOUDS; DESERT DUST; COSMO-ART; AEROSOL AB We investigated the impact of mineral dust particles on clouds, radiation and atmospheric state during a strong Saharan dust event over Europe in May 2008, applying a comprehensive online-coupled regional model framework that explicitly treats particle microphysics and chemical composition. Sophisticated parameterizations for aerosol activation and ice nucleation, together with two-moment cloud microphysics are used to calculate the interaction of the different particles with clouds depending on their physical and chemical properties. The impact of dust on cloud droplet number concentration was found to be low, with just a slight increase in cloud droplet number concentration for both uncoated and coated dust. For temperatures lower than the level of homogeneous freezing, no significant impact of dust on the number and mass concentration of ice crystals was found, though the concentration of frozen dust particles reached up to 100 l(-1) during the ice nucleation events. Mineral dust particles were found to have the largest impact on clouds in a temperature range between freezing level and the level of homogeneous freezing, where they determined the number concentration of ice crystals due to efficient heterogeneous freezing of the dust particles and modified the glaciation of mixed phase clouds. Our simulations show that during the dust events, ice crystals concentrations were increased twofold in this temperature range (compared to if dust interactions are neglected). This had a significant impact on the cloud optical properties, causing a reduction in the incoming short-wave radiation at the surface up to -75 W m(-2). Including the direct interaction of dust with radiation caused an additional reduction in the incoming short-wave radiation by 40 to 80 W m(-2), and the incoming long-wave radiation at the surface was increased significantly in the order of +10 W m(-2). The strong radiative forcings associated with dust caused a reduction in surface temperature in the order of -0.2 to -0.5 K for most parts of France, Germany, and Italy during the dust event. The maximum difference in surface temperature was found in the East of France, the Benelux, and Western Germany with up to -1 K. This magnitude of temperature change was sufficient to explain a systematic bias in numerical weather forecasts during the period of the dust event. C1 [Bangert, M.; Vogel, B.; Vogel, H.; Kottmeier, C.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Nenes, A.; Karydis, V. A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Nenes, A.; Kumar, P.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Barahona, D.] NASA GSFC, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Barahona, D.] IM Syst Grp, Rockville, MD USA. [Kumar, P.] SABIC Innovat Plast, Selkirk, NY USA. [Blahak, U.] Deutsch Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany. RP Bangert, M (reprint author), Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, Karlsruhe, Germany. EM max.bangert@kit.edu RI Vogel, Bernhard/A-9558-2013; Kottmeier, Christoph/A-9553-2013; Vogel, Heike/A-3196-2013; Bangert, Max/H-2393-2013; Barahona, Donifan/G-4157-2011 OI Bangert, Max/0000-0003-1832-6730; FU Karlsruhe House of Young Scientist (KHYS); NSF CAREER; NASA MAP; NASA ACMAP; NOAA OGP; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology FX We thank H. Flentje (DWD) for providing the PM10 measurement data and U. Damrath (DWD) for providing the forecast validation information. We gratefully acknowledge A. Seifert (DWD) for his support with his cloud microphysic scheme, E. Zubler (ETH) for providing the code for the improved parametrization of cloud optical properties, and R. Frey (UW-Madison) for his information on the MODIS cloud product. This work was supported by the Karlsruhe House of Young Scientist (KHYS). AN, DB, VK and PK acknowledge support from an NSF CAREER award, and grants from NASA MAP, NASA ACMAP and NOAA OGP. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. NR 66 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 9 BP 4045 EP 4063 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4045-2012 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OT UT WOS:000304055600013 ER PT J AU Bisiaux, MM Edwards, R McConnell, JR Curran, MAJ Van Ommen, TD Smith, AM Neumann, TA Pasteris, DR Penner, JE Taylor, K AF Bisiaux, M. M. Edwards, R. McConnell, J. R. Curran, M. A. J. Van Ommen, T. D. Smith, A. M. Neumann, T. A. Pasteris, D. R. Penner, J. E. Taylor, K. TI Changes in black carbon deposition to Antarctica from two high-resolution ice core records, 1850-2000 AD SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SNOW SURFACE; CLIMATE; EMISSIONS; AEROSOL; 20TH-CENTURY; OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERE; HISTORY AB Refractory black carbon aerosols (rBC) emitted by biomass burning (fires) and fossil fuel combustion, affect global climate and atmospheric chemistry. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), rBC is transported in the atmosphere from low- and mid-latitudes to Antarctica and deposited to the polar ice sheet preserving a history of emissions and atmospheric transport. Here, we present two high-resolution Antarctic rBC ice core records drilled from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet divide and Law Dome on the periphery of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Separated by similar to 3500 km, the records span calendar years 1850-2001 and reflect the rBC distribution over the Indian and Pacific ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. Concentrations of rBC in the ice cores displayed significant variability at annual to decadal time scales, notably in ENSO-QBO and AAO frequency bands. The delay observed between rBC and ENSO variability suggested that ENSO does not directly affect rBC transport, but rather continental hydrology, subsequent fire regimes, and aerosol emissions. From 1850 to 1950, the two ice core records were uncorrelated but were highly correlated from 1950 to 2002 (cross-correlation coefficient at annual resolution: r = 0.54, p < 0.01) due to a common decrease in rBC variability. The decrease in ice-core rBC from the 1950s to late 1980s displays similarities with inventories of SH rBC grass fires and biofuel emissions, which show reduced emission estimates over that period. C1 [Bisiaux, M. M.; Edwards, R.; McConnell, J. R.; Pasteris, D. R.; Taylor, K.] Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. [Edwards, R.] Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, WA, Australia. [Curran, M. A. J.; Van Ommen, T. D.] Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas, Australia. [Curran, M. A. J.; Van Ommen, T. D.] Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Climate & Environm CRC, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Smith, A. M.] Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia. [Neumann, T. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Bisiaux, MM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. EM marion.ma.bisiaux@gmail.com RI van Ommen, Tas/B-5020-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Taylor, Kendrick/A-3469-2016; Edwards, Ross/B-1433-2013 OI van Ommen, Tas/0000-0002-2463-1718; Taylor, Kendrick/0000-0001-8535-1261; Edwards, Ross/0000-0002-9233-8775 FU NSF [OPP 0739780, 0839496, 0538416, 0538427, 0440817, 0230396]; Australian Government through the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); Desert Research Institute; NSF Office of Polar Programs FX This work was supported by NSF grants OPP 0739780, 0839496, 0538416, 0538427, the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme through the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) and the Desert Research Institute. We gratefully acknowledge the WAIS divide drilling team, the Law Dome drilling team and the DRI ice core team. The authors appreciate the support of the WAIS Divide Science Coordination Office at the Desert Research Institute of Reno Nevada for the collection and distribution of the WAIS Divide ice core and related tasks (NSF Grants 0440817 and 0230396). The NSF Office of Polar Programs also funds the Ice Drilling Program Office and Ice Drilling Design and Operations group for coring activities; Raytheon Polar Services for logistics support in Antarctica; and the 109th New York Air National Guard for airlift in Antarctica. The National Ice Core Laboratory, which archived the WAIS core and preformed core processing, is funded by the National Science Foundation. We thank Jean-Robert Petit for help and advice on spectral analysis as well as Jean-Francois Lamarque and Ito Akinory for help with emissions inventories. NR 44 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 32 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 9 BP 4107 EP 4115 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4107-2012 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OT UT WOS:000304055600017 ER PT J AU Damiani, A Funke, B Marsh, DR Lopez-Puertas, M Santee, ML Froidevaux, L Wang, S Jackman, CH von Clarmann, T Gardini, A Cordero, RR Storini, M AF Damiani, A. Funke, B. Marsh, D. R. Lopez-Puertas, M. Santee, M. L. Froidevaux, L. Wang, S. Jackman, C. H. von Clarmann, T. Gardini, A. Cordero, R. R. Storini, M. TI Impact of January 2005 solar proton events on chlorine species SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING MIPAS; OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 2003; PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; ODD HYDROGEN; STRATOSPHERE; OZONE; MESOSPHERE AB Sudden changes in stratospheric chlorine species in the polar northern atmosphere, caused by the Solar Proton Events (SPEs) of 17 and 20 January 2005, have been investigated and compared with version 4 of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM4). We used Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements to monitor the variability of ClO, HCl, HOCl and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounder (MIPAS) on ENVISAT to retrieve ClONO2. SPE-induced chlorine activation has been identified. HCl decrease occurred at nearly all the investigated altitudes (i.e., 10-0.5 hPa) with the strongest decrease (of about 0.25 ppbv) on 21 January. HOCl was found to be the main active chlorine species under nighttime conditions (with increases of more than 0.2 ppbv) whereas both HOCl and ClO enhancements (about 0.1 ppbv) have been observed at the polar night terminator. Further, small ClO decreases (of less than 0.1 ppbv) and ClONO2 enhancements (about 0.2 ppbv) have been observed at higher latitudes (i.e., at nighttime) roughly above 2 hPa. While WACCM4 reproduces most of the SPE-induced variability in the chlorine species fairly well, in some particular regions discrepancies between the modeled and measured temporal evolution of the abundances of chlorine species were found. HOCl changes are modelled very well with respect to both magnitude and geographic distribution. ClO decreases are reproduced at high latitudes, whereas ClO enhancements in the terminator region are underestimated and attributed to background variations. WACCM4 also reproduces the HCl depletion in the mesosphere but it does not show the observed decrease below about 2 hPa. Finally, WACCM4 simulations indicate that the observed ClONO2 increase is dominated by background variability, although SPE-induced production might contribute by 0.1 ppbv. C1 [Damiani, A.; Cordero, R. R.] Univ Santiago Chile, Dept Phys, Santiago, Chile. [Funke, B.; Lopez-Puertas, M.; Gardini, A.] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain. [Marsh, D. R.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Santee, M. L.; Froidevaux, L.; Wang, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Jackman, C. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [von Clarmann, T.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Storini, M.] INAF, Inst Interplanetary Space Phys, Rome, Italy. RP Damiani, A (reprint author), Univ Santiago Chile, Dept Phys, Santiago, Chile. EM alessandro.damiani@usach.cl RI Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; von Clarmann, Thomas/A-7287-2013; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008; Marsh, Daniel/A-8406-2008 OI von Clarmann, Thomas/0000-0003-2219-3379; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702; Marsh, Daniel/0000-0001-6699-494X FU FONDECYT [3110159]; CONICYT ANILLO [Preis ACT98]; Spanish MICINN [AYA2008-03498/ESP]; CSIC [200950I081]; EC; National Science Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNX08AX28G]; Italian Space Agency [I/022/10/0] FX This work was supported by FONDECYT project no. 3110159 and CONICYT ANILLO Preis ACT98. The IAA team was supported by the Spanish MICINN under project AYA2008-03498/ESP, project 200950I081 of CSIC, and EC FEDER funds. WACCM simulations were performed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). NCAR is supported by the National Science Foundation. Support for DRM was provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant NNX08AX28G. Support for CHJ was provided by the NASA Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology Program. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. MS was supported by Italian Space Agency under contract no. I/022/10/0. NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 9 BP 4159 EP 4179 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4159-2012 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OT UT WOS:000304055600021 ER PT J AU Zhang, L Li, QB Murray, LT Luo, M Liu, H Jiang, JH Mao, Y Chen, D Gao, M Livesey, N AF Zhang, L. Li, Q. B. Murray, L. T. Luo, M. Liu, H. Jiang, J. H. Mao, Y. Chen, D. Gao, M. Livesey, N. TI A tropospheric ozone maximum over the equatorial Southern Indian Ocean SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CARBON-MONOXIDE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MONITORING INSTRUMENT; EMISSION SPECTROMETER; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; SCIENCE OBJECTIVES; MOIST CONVECTION AB We examine the distribution of tropical tropospheric ozone (O-3) from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) by using a global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem). MLS and TES observations of tropospheric O-3 during 2005 to 2009 reveal a distinct, persistent O-3 maximum, both in mixing ratio and tropospheric column, in May over the Equatorial Southern Indian Ocean (ESIO). The maximum is most pronounced in 2006 and 2008 and less evident in the other three years. This feature is also consistent with the total column O-3 observations from the Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Model results reproduce the observed May O-3 maximum and the associated interannual variability. The origin of the maximum reflects a complex interplay of chemical and dynamic factors. The O-3 maximum is dominated by the O-3 production driven by lightning nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which accounts for 62% of the tropospheric column O-3 in May 2006. We find the contribution from biomass burning, soil, anthropogenic and biogenic sources to the O-3 maximum are rather small. The O-3 productions in the lightning outflow from Central Africa and South America both peak in May and are directly responsible for the O-3 maximum over the western ESIO. The lightning outflow from Equatorial Asia dominates over the eastern ESIO. The interannual variability of the O-3 maximum is driven largely by the anomalous anti-cyclones over the southern Indian Ocean in May 2006 and 2008. The lightning outflow from Central Africa and South America is effectively entrained by the anti-cyclones followed by northward transport to the ESIO. C1 [Zhang, L.; Li, Q. B.; Mao, Y.; Chen, D.; Gao, M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Zhang, L.; Li, Q. B.; Mao, Y.; Chen, D.; Gao, M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Murray, L. T.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Luo, M.; Jiang, J. H.; Livesey, N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Liu, H.] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA. RP Li, QB (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM qli@atmos.ucla.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Murray, Lee/F-2296-2014; ZHANG, LI/C-6743-2015; Chen, Dan/R-4486-2016 OI Murray, Lee/0000-0002-3447-3952; FU NASA from the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP) [NNX09AF07G, NNX08AF64G]; NASA Aura Science Team; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was supported in part by NASA grants NNX09AF07G and NNX08AF64G from the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP). We also acknowledge supports by the NASA Aura Science Team program. Work at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The GEOS-Chem model is managed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling group at Harvard University with support from the NASA ACMAP program. We thank Jennifer Logan for helpful discussions. NR 79 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 9 BP 4279 EP 4296 DI 10.5194/acp-12-4279-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OT UT WOS:000304055600028 ER PT S AU Gabuzda, DC Christodoulou, DM Contopoulos, I Kazanas, D AF Gabuzda, D. C. Christodoulou, D. M. Contopoulos, I. Kazanas, D. GP IOP TI Evidence for Helical Magnetic fields in Kiloparsec-Scale AGN Jets and the Action of a Cosmic Battery SO INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BEAMED AND UNBEAMED GAMMA-RAYS FROM GALAXIES SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Beamed and Unbeamed Gamma-Rays from Galaxies CY APR 11-15, 2011 CL Muonio, FINLAND SP Cluster Excellence Origin & Struct Universe ID GALACTIC NUCLEI; RADIO GALAXIES; FARADAY-ROTATION; LINEAR-POLARIZATION; ACCRETION DISKS; POWER SPECTRUM; DRIVEN JETS; REDSHIFT; CLUSTER; GHZ AB A search for transverse kiloparsec-scale gradients in Faraday rotation-measure (RM) maps of extragalactic radio sources in the literature has yielded 6 AGNs displaying continuous, monotonic RM gradients across their jets, oriented roughly orthogonal to the local jet direction. The most natural interpretation of such transverse RM gradients is that they are caused by the systematic change in the line-of-sight components of helical magnetic fields associated with these jets. All the identified transverse RM gradients increase in the counterclockwise (CCW) direction on the sky relative to the centers of these AGNs. Taken together with the results of Contopoulos et al. [7], who found evidence for a predominance of clockwise (CW) transverse RM gradients across parsec-scale (VLBI) jets, this provides new evidence for preferred orientations of RM gradients due to helical jet magnetic fields, with a reversal from CW in the inner jets to CCW farther from the centers of activity. This can be explained by the "Poynting-Robertson cosmic-battery" mechanism, which can generate helical magnetic fields with a characteristic "twist," which are expelled with the jet outflows. If the Poynting-Robertson battery mechanism is not operating, an alternative mechanism must be identified, which is able to explain the predominance of CW/CCW RM gradients on parsec/kiloparsec scales. C1 [Gabuzda, D. C.] Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Phys, Cork, Ireland. [Christodoulou, D. M.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Math Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. [Contopoulos, I.] Acad Athens, Cent Res Astron, Athens 11527, AL USA. [Kazanas, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gabuzda, DC (reprint author), Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Phys, Cork, Ireland. EM d.gabuzda@ucc.ie NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2012 VL 355 AR 012019 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/355/1/012019 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BAP12 UT WOS:000304981300019 ER PT S AU Ojha, R AF Ojha, Roopesh GP IOP TI From Radio with Love: an overview of the role of radio observations in understanding high-energy emission from active galaxies SO INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BEAMED AND UNBEAMED GAMMA-RAYS FROM GALAXIES SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Beamed and Unbeamed Gamma-Rays from Galaxies CY APR 11-15, 2011 CL Muonio, FINLAND SP Cluster Excellence Origin & Struct Universe ID BASE-LINE ARRAY; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; GAMMA-RAY EMISSION; GALACTIC NUCLEI; RELATIVISTIC JETS; AGN JETS; EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES; X-RAY; BLAZARS; QUASARS AB The gamma-ray satellite Fermi and the ground based TeV facilities MAGIC, VERITAS and HESS have ushered in a new era in the observation of high-energy emission from active galaxies. The energy budgets of these objects have a major contribution from gamma-rays and it is simply not possible to understand their physics without high-energy observations. Though the exact mechanisms for high-energy production in galaxies remains an open question, gamma-rays typically result from interactions between high-energy particles. Via different interactions these same particles can produce radio emission. Thus the non-thermal nature of gamma-ray emission practically guarantees that high-energy emitters are also radio loud. Aside from their obvious role as a component of multiwavelength analysis, radio observations provide two crucial elements essential to understanding the source structure and physical processes of high-energy emitters: very high timing resolution and very high spatial resolution. A brief overview of the unique role played by radio observations in unraveling the mysteries of the high energy Universe is presented here. C1 NASA, Astrophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ojha, R (reprint author), NASA, Astrophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Roopesh.Ojha@gmail.com NR 59 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2012 VL 355 AR 012006 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/355/1/012006 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BAP12 UT WOS:000304981300006 ER PT S AU Lopez-Urrutia, JRC Simon, MC Beilmann, C Rudolph, J Steinbrugge, R Eberle, S Schwarz, M Baumann, TM Schmitt, BL Brunner, F Ginzel, R Klawitter, R Kubicek, K Epp, SW Mokler, PH Mackel, V Ullrich, J Brown, GV Graf, A Leutenegger, M Beiersdorfer, P Behar, E Follath, R Reichardt, G Schwarzkopf, O AF Lopez-Urrutia, J. R. Crespo Simon, M. C. Beilmann, C. Rudolph, J. Steinbruegge, R. Eberle, S. Schwarz, M. Baumann, T. M. Schmitt, B. L. Brunner, F. Ginzel, R. Klawitter, R. Kubicek, K. Epp, S. W. Mokler, P. H. Maeckel, V. Ullrich, J. Brown, G. V. Graf, A. Leutenegger, M. Beiersdorfer, P. Behar, E. Follath, R. Reichardt, G. Schwarzkopf, O. BE Aggarwal, K Shearer, F TI Photoionizing Trapped Highly Charged Ions with Synchrotron Radiation SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS (ICAPIP) SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas (ICAPiP) CY JUL 19-22, 2011 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, NORTH IRELAND SP Royal Astronom Soc, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, AF Off, AWE Aldermaston, Off Sci Fus Energy Sci, U S Dept Energy, Atom & Mol Interact Grp Inst Phys HO Queens Univ DE Photoionization; highly charged ions ID SHELL PHOTOIONIZATION; ATOMIC IONS AB We review our recent high resolution experiments on photoabsorption by Fe14+ [M. C. Simon, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 183001 (2010)], Fe15+, and Ar12+ [M. C. Simon, et al., J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43, 065003 (2010)] at photon energies up to 1 keV. These ions play an essential role in photoionized astrophysical plasmas. Diagnostics of X-ray binary systems rely heavily on precise identification and knowledge of absorption lines. Novel experiments using an electron beam ion trap, FLASH EBIT, in combination with monochromatic synchrotron radiation allow us to investigate ions in charge states hitherto out of reach. Trapped ions can be prepared in any charge state at target densities sufficient to measure absorption cross sections below 0.1 Mb. This results in benchmark state-of-the-art predictions of the transitions wavelengths, widths, and absolute cross sections. C1 [Lopez-Urrutia, J. R. Crespo; Simon, M. C.; Beilmann, C.; Rudolph, J.; Steinbruegge, R.; Eberle, S.; Schwarz, M.; Baumann, T. M.; Schmitt, B. L.; Brunner, F.; Ginzel, R.; Klawitter, R.; Kubicek, K.; Epp, S. W.; Mokler, P. H.; Maeckel, V.; Ullrich, J.] Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Brown, G. V.; Graf, A.; Beiersdorfer, P.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Leutenegger, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rudolph, J.] Univ Giessen, Inst Atom & Molekulphys, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. [Follath, R.; Reichardt, G.; Schwarzkopf, O.] BESSY 2, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. [Behar, E.] TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. [Epp, S. W.] Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. CFEL, Max Planck Adv Study Grp, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany. RP Lopez-Urrutia, JRC (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Simon, Martin/I-5384-2012; Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./F-7069-2011; OI Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, Jose R./0000-0002-2937-8037; Epp, Sascha/0000-0001-6366-9113 FU LLNL [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; U.S. Department of State Fulbright FX We thank the staff at BESSY II for their excellent support. Our special gratitude goes to the MPIK technicians N. Muller, K. Bechberger, C. Kaiser, T. Schiffmann, and S. Vogel, who were very directly involved in the success of these experiments, and to M. Citron. Prepared in part by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. BLS was supported by a U.S. Department of State Fulbright research grant. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1029-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1438 BP 80 EP 85 DI 10.1063/1.4707859 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BAN04 UT WOS:000304804300012 ER PT S AU Leutenegger, MA Cohen, DH Owocki, SP AF Leutenegger, Maurice A. Cohen, David H. Owocki, Stanley P. BE Aggarwal, K Shearer, F TI Atomic Physics Of Shocked Plasma In Winds Of Massive Stars SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS (ICAPIP) SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas (ICAPiP) CY JUL 19-22, 2011 CL Queens Univ, Belfast, NORTH IRELAND SP Royal Astronom Soc, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, AF Off, AWE Aldermaston, Off Sci Fus Energy Sci, U S Dept Energy, Atom & Mol Interact Grp Inst Phys HO Queens Univ DE stars: mass-loss; stars: early-type; stars: winds; outflows; X-rays: stars; radiative transfer ID EMISSION-LINE-PROFILES; O-TYPE STARS; INTENSITIES; DENSITY; PUPPIS; RATIO AB High resolution diffraction grating spectra of X-ray emission from massive stars obtained with Chandra and XMM-Newton have revolutionized our understanding of their powerful, radiation-driven winds Emission line shapes and line ratios provide diagnostics on a number of key wind parameters. Modeling of resolved emission line velocity profiles allows us to derive independent constraints on stellar mass-loss rates, leading to downward revisions of a factor of a few from previous measurements. Line ratios in He-like ions strongly constrain the spatial distribution of Xray emitting plasma, confirming the expectations of radiation hydrodynamic simulations that X-ray emission begins moderately close to the stellar surface and extends throughout the wind. Some outstanding questions remain, including the possibility of large optical depths in resonance lines, which is hinted at by differences in line shapes of resonance and intercombination lines from the same ion. Resonance scattering leads to nontrivial radiative transfer effects, and modeling it allows us to place constraints on shock size, density, and velocity structure. C1 [Leutenegger, Maurice A.] NASA, Astrophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST UMBC, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Cohen, David H.] Swarthmore Coll, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA. [Owocki, Stanley P.] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Leutenegger, MA (reprint author), NASA, Astrophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST UMBC, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA [NNG04-GL76G, AR5-6003X, AR7-8002X, TM6-7003X, NNG05GC36G] FX This work includes previously published results supported by NASA grants NNG04-GL76G, AR5-6003X, AR7-8002X, TM6-7003X, and NNG05GC36G. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1029-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1438 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1063/1.4707864 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BAN04 UT WOS:000304804300017 ER PT J AU Martinson, EC Stokes, HH Scarnecchia, DL AF Martinson, Ellen C. Stokes, Houston H. Scarnecchia, Dennis L. TI Use of juvenile salmon growth and temperature change indices to predict groundfish post age-0 yr class strengths in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Bering Sea; groundfish; Gulf of Alaska; indicators; salmon ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; OSCILLATING CONTROL HYPOTHESIS; WALLEYE POLLOCK; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PINK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; CARRYING-CAPACITY; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ECOSYSTEM; RECRUITMENT AB Juvenile marine growth (SW1) of salmon and a new temperature change (TC) index were evaluated as ecosystem indicators and predictors for the post age-0 year class strength (YCS) of groundfish in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and eastern Bering Sea (EBS). Our hypothesis was that SW1, as measured on the scales of adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), is a proxy for ocean productivity on the continental shelf, a rearing area for young salmon and groundfish. Less negative TC index values are the result of a cool late summer followed by a warm spring, conditions favorable for groundfish YCS. In the GOA, SW1 was a positive predictor of age-1 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), but not age-2 sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) YCS, indicating that the growth of the Karluk River sockeye salmon that enter Shelikof Strait is a proxy for ocean conditions experienced by age-0 pollock. Contrary to our hypotheses, the TC index was a negative predictor of GOA pollock YCS; and the SW1 a negative predictor of EBS pollock and cod YCS since the 1980s. Recent fisheries oceanography survey results provide insight into possible mechanisms to support the inverse SW1 and YCS relationship. For the EBS, the TC index was a significant positive predictor for pollock and cod YCS, supporting the hypothesis that a cool late summer followed by a warm spring maximizes the over-wintering survival of pollock and cod (Gadus macrocephalus), especially since the 1980s. The TC and SW1 index showed value for the assessment of pollock and cod, but not sablefish. C1 [Martinson, Ellen C.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Stokes, Houston H.] Univ Illinois, Dept Econ, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Scarnecchia, Dennis L.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Martinson, EC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 17109 Point Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ellen.martinson@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2012 VL 21 IS 4 BP 307 EP 319 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2012.00626.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 952US UT WOS:000304819100007 ER PT S AU Duffy, KP Lerch, BA Wilmoth, NG Kray, N Gemeinhardt, G AF Duffy, Kirsten P. Lerch, Bradley A. Wilmoth, Nathan G. Kray, Nicholas Gemeinhardt, Gregory BE Sodano, HA TI Mechanical and vibration testing of carbon fiber composite material with embedded piezoelectric sensors SO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SMART STRUCTURES AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 2012 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Piezoelectricity; polymer matrix fiber composite; damping; aircraft engine blades; PZT-5A; Type-II PZT ID SMART STRUCTURES; BEHAVIOR AB Piezoelectric materials have been proposed as a means of decreasing turbomachinery blade vibration either through a passive damping scheme, or as part of an active vibration control system. For polymer matrix fiber composite (PMFC) blades, the piezoelectric elements could be embedded within the blade material, protecting the brittle piezoceramic material from the airflow and from debris. Before implementation of a piezoelectric element within a PMFC blade, the effect on PMFC mechanical properties needs to be understood. This study attempts to determine how the inclusion of a packaged piezoelectric patch affects the material properties of the PMFC. Composite specimens with embedded piezoelectric patches were tested in four-point bending, short beam shear, and flatwise tension configurations. Results show that the embedded piezoelectric material does decrease the strength of the composite material, especially in flatwise tension, attributable to failure at the interface or within the piezoelectric element itself. In addition, the sensing properties of the post-cured embedded piezoelectric materials were tested, and performed as expected. The piezoelectric materials include a non-flexible patch incorporating solid piezoceramic material, and two flexible patch types incorporating piezoelectric fibers. The piezoceramic material used in these patches was Navy Type-II PZT. C1 [Duffy, Kirsten P.] Univ Toledo, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Duffy, KP (reprint author), Univ Toledo, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Kirsten.P.Duffy@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8998-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8341 AR 834116 DI 10.1117/12.916769 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAI31 UT WOS:000304243500033 ER PT J AU Mukai, K Nelson, T Chomiuk, L Donato, D Sokoloski, J AF Mukai, K. Nelson, T. Chomiuk, L. Donato, D. Sokoloski, J. TI THE X-RAY EVOLUTION OF THE SYMBIOTIC STAR V407 CYG DURING ITS 2010 OUTBURST SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Asiago Meeting on Symbiotic Stars CY JUL 10-11, 2011 CL Asiago, ITALY DE stars: symbiotic, white dwarfs; X-rays: stars ID NOVA RS-OPHIUCHI; ASYMMETRIC BLAST WAVE; SWIFT OBSERVATIONS; EMISSION; SPECTROSCOPY AB We present a summary of Swift and Suzaku X-ray observations of the 2010 nova outburst of the symbiotic star, V407 Cyg. The Suzaku spectrum obtained on day 30 indicates the presence of the supersoft component from the white dwarf surface, as well as optically thin component from the shock between the nova ejecta and the Mira wind. The Swift observations then allow us to track the evolution of both components from day 4 to day 150. Most notable is the sudden brightening of the optically thin component around day 20. We identify this as the time when the blast wave reached the immediate vicinity of the photosphere of the Mira. We have developed a simpe model of the blast wave - wind interaction that can reproduce the gross features of the X-ray evolution of V407 Cyg. If the model is correct, the binary separation is likely to be larger than previously suggested and the mass-loss rate of the Mira is likely to be relatively low. C1 [Mukai, K.; Nelson, T.; Donato, D.] NASA, CRESST, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mukai, K.; Nelson, T.] NASA, Xray Astrophys Lab, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mukai, K.; Nelson, T.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Chomiuk, L.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Chomiuk, L.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Donato, D.] NASA, Astroparticle Phys Lab, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Donato, D.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sokoloski, J.] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Mukai, K (reprint author), NASA, CRESST, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI XRAY, SUZAKU/A-1808-2009 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST THEORETICAL PHYSICS ASTRONOMY PI MOLETAI PA MOLETAI LT-4150, LITHUANIA SN 1392-0049 J9 BALT ASTRON JI Balt. Astron. PY 2012 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 54 EP 61 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 949LB UT WOS:000304576600009 ER PT J AU Shore, SN Genovali, K Wahlgren, GM AF Shore, S. N. Genovali, K. Wahlgren, G. M. TI THE LONG-TERM SPECTROSCOPIC MISADVENTURES OF AG DRA WITH A NOD TOWARD V407 CYG: DEGENERATES BEHAVING BADLY SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Asiago Meeting on Symbiotic Stars CY JUL 10-11, 2011 CL Asiago, ITALY DE stars: symbiotic, individual (AG Dra, V407 Cyg); stars: novae ID SYMBIOTIC STARS; NOVA OUTBURST; DRACONIS; SCATTERING; EVOLUTION; RAMAN; LINE AB We present some results of an ongoing study of the long-term spectroscopic variations of AG Dra, a prototypical eruptive symbiotic system. We discuss the effects of the environment and orbital modulation in this system and some of the physical processes revealed by a comparison with the nova outburst of the symbiotic-like recurrent nova V407 Cyg 2010. C1 [Shore, S. N.; Genovali, K.] Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis Enrico Fermi, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. [Genovali, K.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Wahlgren, G. M.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Wahlgren, G. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shore, SN (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis Enrico Fermi, Largo B Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. EM shore@df.unipi.it; katia.genovali@roma2.infn.it; glenn.m.wahlgren@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNG06GJ29G] FX We thank T. Iijima, C. Rossi and R. Viotti for providing some of the spectra used in this study. SNS thanks the organizers for their kind invitation and patience, and D. Folini, J. Jose, P. Koubsky, L. Leedjarv, J. Mikolajewska, K. Mukai, C. Rossi, A. Siviero, A. Skopal, J. Sokoloski, S. Starrfield, R. Viotti and R. Walder for stimulating discussions. Extensive use has been made during this project of the Simbad, ADS and MAST databases. We also thank the AAVSO for providing archival photometry. GMW acknowledges support from NASA grant NNG06GJ29G. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST THEORETICAL PHYSICS ASTRONOMY PI MOLETAI PA MOLETAI LT-4150, LITHUANIA SN 1392-0049 J9 BALT ASTRON JI Balt. Astron. PY 2012 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 149 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 949LB UT WOS:000304576600019 ER PT J AU Weidhaas, JL Zigmond, MJ Dupont, RR AF Weidhaas, Jennifer L. Zigmond, Michael J. Dupont, R. Ryan TI Aerobic Biotransformation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine and N-Nitrodimethylamine by Benzene-, Butane-, Methane-, Propane-, and Toluene-Fed Cultures SO BIOREMEDIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; kinetics; NDMA; N-nitrodimethylamine; N-nitrosodimethylamine ID METHYLOSINUS-TRICHOSPORIUM OB3B; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA F1; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; TRICHLOROETHYLENE DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION KINETICS; DRINKING-WATER; MIXED CULTURES; BUTYL ETHER; NDMA; MONOOXYGENASE AB N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an emerging contaminant of concern. N-nitrodimethylamine (DMNA) is a structural analog to NDMA. NDMA and DMNA have been found in drinking water, groundwater, and other media and are of concern due their toxicity. The authors evaluated biotransformation of NDMA and DMNA by cultures enriched from contaminated groundwater growing on benzene, butane, methane, propane, or toluene. Maximum specific growth rates of enriched cultures on butane (mu(max) = 1.1 h(-1)) and propane (mu(max) = 0.65 h(-1)) were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those presented in the literature. Growth rates of mixed cultures grown on benzene (mu(max) = 1.3 h(-1)), methane (mu(max) = 0.09 h(-1)), and toluene (mu(max) = 0.99 h(-1)) in these studies were similar to those presented in the literature. NDMA biotransformation rates for methane oxidizers (upsilon(max) = 1.4 ng min(-1) mg(-1)) and toluene oxidizers (upsilon(max) = 2.3 ng min(-1) mg(-1)) were comparable to those presented in the literature, whereas the biotransformation rate for propane oxidizers (upsilon(max) = 0.37 ng min(-1) mg(-1)) was lower. NDMA biotransformation rates for benzene oxidizers (upsilon(max) = 1.02 ng min(-1) mg(-1)) and butane oxidizers (upsilon(max) = 1.2 ng min(-1) mg(-1)) were comparable to those reported for other primary substrates. These studies showed that DMNA biotransformation rates for benzene (upsilon(max) = 0.79 ng min(-1) mg(-1)), butane (upsilon(max) = 1.0 ng min(-1) mg(-1)), methane (upsilon(max) = 2.1 ng min(-1) mg(-1)), propane (upsilon(max) = 1.46 ng min(-1) mg(-1)), and toluene (upsilon(max) = 0.52 ng min(-1) mg(-1)) oxidizers were all comparable. These studies highlight potential bioremediation methods for NDMA and DMNA in contaminated groundwater. C1 [Weidhaas, Jennifer L.] W Virginia Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Zigmond, Michael J.] NASA, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM USA. [Dupont, R. Ryan] Utah State Univ, Utah Water Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Weidhaas, JL (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, POB 6103, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM jennifer.weidhaas@mail.wvu.edu FU NASA [NNJ06HC02C] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the WSTF staff, Aran Armstrong, Donovan Troy Wiebe, and Mary Canavan. Additionally, the authors appreciate the insightful discussions with Tamzen Macbeth, and the significant analytical support provided by Michael J. Peterson and Joseph Stewart of the Utah Water Research Laboratory. This research was performed under NASA Contract NNJ06HC02C. The authors appreciated the insightful comments and constructive criticism of the independent peer reviewers and the editorial board, which strengthened the manuscript. NR 65 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1088-9868 J9 BIOREMEDIAT J JI Bioremediat. J. PY 2012 VL 16 IS 2 BP 74 EP 85 DI 10.1080/10889868.2012.665961 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 950SJ UT WOS:000304668900003 ER PT J AU Yurchak, BS AF Yurchak, Boris S. TI Assessment of specular radar backscatter from a planar surface using a physical optics approach SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Satellite and airborne radar altimeter return signals often contain the specular component primarily in polar regions due to the backscatter from a relatively smooth and planar water or ice surface. It is demonstrated here that the specular backscatter from a planar surface should be estimated taking into account the spherical nature of the incident electromagnetic wave. This article introduces the radar equation derived using the physical optics approach and describes the backscatter as a function of the spatial distribution of the complex Fresnel reflection coefficient across a planar surface. The closed form of the radar equation was obtained for an infinite surface, an annulus and a disk with sizes greater than the radius of the first Fresnel zone. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Yurchak, BS (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM yurboris@umbc.edu FU NASA FX This work was supported by NASA's Cryospheric Science Program. The author is grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their comments, which have contributed to the thoroughness of this work. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 20 BP 6446 EP 6458 DI 10.1080/01431161.2012.689116 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 949RI UT WOS:000304593100009 ER PT B AU Lau, WKM AF Lau, William K. M. BA Lau, WKM Waliser, DE BF Lau, WKM Waliser, DE TI El Nino Southern Oscillation connection SO INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN CLIMATE SYSTEM, SECOND EDITION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SUMMER; WESTERLY WIND EVENTS; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lau, WKM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 117 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-13913-0 PY 2012 BP 297 EP 334 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-13914-7 PG 38 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BZC59 UT WOS:000301099300009 ER PT B AU Waliser, D AF Waliser, Duane BA Lau, WKM Waliser, DE BF Lau, WKM Waliser, DE TI Predictability and forecasting SO INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN CLIMATE SYSTEM, SECOND EDITION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EXTENDED-RANGE PREDICTION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; PACIFIC CIRCULATION ANOMALIES; EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS; MJO SIMULATION DIAGNOSTICS; AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOON; WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth Sci & Technol Directorate, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Waliser, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth Sci & Technol Directorate, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 144 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-13913-0 PY 2012 BP 433 EP 476 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-13914-7 PG 44 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BZC59 UT WOS:000301099300012 ER PT B AU Tian, BJ Waliser, DE AF Tian, Baijun Waliser, Duane E. BA Lau, WKM Waliser, DE BF Lau, WKM Waliser, DE TI Chemical and biological impacts SO INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN CLIMATE SYSTEM, SECOND EDITION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS; TOTAL OZONE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TRANSPORT; MODULATION; PACIFIC; STRATOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; CHEMISTRY C1 [Waliser, Duane E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth Sci & Technol Directorate, Pasadena, CA USA. OI Tian, Baijun/0000-0001-9369-2373 NR 52 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-13913-0 PY 2012 BP 569 EP 585 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-13914-7 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BZC59 UT WOS:000301099300018 ER PT J AU Smart, MC Lucht, BL Dalavi, S Krause, FC Ratnakumar, BV AF Smart, Marshall C. Lucht, Brett L. Dalavi, Swapnil Krause, Frederick C. Ratnakumar, Bugga V. TI The Effect of Additives upon the Performance of MCMB/LiNixCo1-xO2 Li-Ion Cells Containing Methyl Butyrate-Based Wide Operating Temperature Range Electrolytes SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIPF6-BASED ELECTROLYTES; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; CARBONATE ELECTROLYTE; BATTERIES; INTERCALATION; SPECTROSCOPY; COSOLVENTS; PROPYLENE; GRAPHITE; LIBOB AB The effect of additives upon the ability of meso-carbon microbead (MCMB) carbon/LiNixCo1-xO2 lithium-ion cells containing methyl butyrate-based electrolytes to provide operation over a wide temperature range (-60 to + 60 degrees C) was investigated. A number of electrolyte additives were studied, including mono-fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium oxalate, vinylene carbonate (VC), and lithium bis(oxalato borate) (LiBOB). The intent of incorporating these additives into methyl butyrate-based electrolytes is to widen the operating temperature range of these systems, especially at warm temperatures. A number of formulations were investigated in experimental three-electrode MCMB/LixNiyCo1-yO2 lithium-ion cells, based on an electrolyte that has previously been demonstrated to provide good low temperature performance (to -60 degrees C), namely 1.00M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) + methyl butyrate (MB) (20:20:60 v/v%). In addition to studying the charge and discharge behavior of the cells, a number of electrochemical techniques were also employed, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel polarization and linear polarization to understand the interfacial effects on the intercalation kinetics. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.058206jes] All rights reserved. C1 [Smart, Marshall C.; Krause, Frederick C.; Ratnakumar, Bugga V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lucht, Brett L.; Dalavi, Swapnil] Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Chem, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Smart, MC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Marshall.C.Smart@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA-Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESRT); Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231, 6879235]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX The work described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and under sponsorship of the NASA-Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESRT). This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Subcontract No 6879235 under the Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 55 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2012 VL 159 IS 6 BP A739 EP A751 DI 10.1149/2.058206jes PG 13 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 943QS UT WOS:000304140700007 ER PT B AU Hinkley, JA Connell, JW AF Hinkley, Jeffrey A. Connell, John W. BE Pochiraju, KV Tandon, GP Schoeppner, GA TI Resin Systems and Chemistry: Degradation Mechanisms and Durability SO LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF POLYMERIC MATRIX COMPOSITES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID END-CAPPED POLYIMIDES; PHENYLETHYNYL-TERMINATED POLY(ETHERIMIDE); INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; AEROSPACE COMPOSITE-MATERIALS; POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES; CARBON-FIBER COMPOSITES; SOLID-STATE C-13; EPOXY-RESIN; THERMAL-DEGRADATION; MOISTURE ABSORPTION AB This chapter focuses on the chemistry of polymer resins and the changes that occur when resins are exposed to environmental factors that can cause degradation. The exposures that are considered are elevated temperatures (with or without oxygen); contact with water and other fluids; radiation; and mechanical loads. Some general observations about the types of effects to be expected for each exposure condition are outlined first. Then, the chemistries of the various classes of resins that are in current use as matrices for high-performance composites are described. Separate sections treat epoxies, bismaleimides, PMR-type thermosets, phenyethynyl-terminated imides, and high-temperature thermoplastics. For each resin type, the formulation and curing are briefly discussed. This discussion is followed by a review of the available literature on mechanisms of long-tem degradation as determined by spectroscopy, chromatography, and other analytical techniques. Consequences to constituent properties are also described: increases or decreases in glass transition temperatures; shrinkage and cracking; and changes in mechanical stiffnesses, strengths, and toughnesses. C1 [Hinkley, Jeffrey A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hinkley, JA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Mail Stop 226,6A W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM jeffrey.a.hinkley@nasa.gov NR 182 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-1-4419-9307-6 PY 2012 BP 1 EP 37 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3_1 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3 PG 37 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BYK63 UT WOS:000299174800001 ER PT B AU Thesken, JC Bowman, CL Sutter, JK AF Thesken, John C. Bowman, Cheryl L. Sutter, James K. BE Pochiraju, KV Tandon, GP Schoeppner, GA TI Durability of Polymer Composites in Power and Propulsion Applications SO LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF POLYMERIC MATRIX COMPOSITES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CREEP; POLYIMIDE; BEHAVIOR; FATIGUE; MATRIX; GROWTH AB Advancements in polymer matrix composites have made them attractive to developers of power and propulsion equipment for spaceflight and aeronautic applications. However, many of these applications have very unique operational environments that are not easily found in the available design databases. Rapid insertion of these materials through prototype development and concept demonstration programs are hampered by the absence of relevant design data. In such cases, development programs conducted by the NASA Glenn Research Center have found it beneficial to employ pathfinder experimental methods designed to focus on the specific application and operational environment at hand. This chapter describes specialized experimental investigations of composite durability for applications that include flywheel energy storage, combustion chamber, and fan case structures. The experiments were designed to investigate complex thermomechanical and hygrothermal environments posed by these technologies. Beyond cycles-to-failure and residual strength, dimensional stability and stiffness degradation are key, if not primary, concerns in preserving functional capability for the cited applications. C1 [Thesken, John C.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Thesken, JC (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM john.c.thesken@nasa.gov NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-1-4419-9307-6 PY 2012 BP 549 EP 596 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3_14 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3 PG 48 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BYK63 UT WOS:000299174800014 ER PT J AU Jacobson, KC Baldwin, R Reese, DC AF Jacobson, Kym C. Baldwin, Rebecca Reese, Douglas C. TI Parasite communities indicate effects of cross-shelf distributions, but not mesoscale oceanographic features on northern California Current mid-trophic food web SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Marine parasites; Pelagic fish; Cape Blanco; Hotspot; Inshore-offshore ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; MARINE FISH; METAZOAN PARASITES; UPWELLING SEASON; JUVENILE SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER; CURRENT SYSTEM; CENTRAL OREGON; JACK MACKEREL; PATTERNS AB Mesoscale physical oceanographic features, such as jets and eddies, can influence the structure of marine ecosystems. We used trophically transmitted parasite communities of pelagic fishes in the northern California Current to examine effects of physical oceanographic features on pelagic ecosystem structure. We tested the hypotheses that (1) oceanographic features associated with a coastal promontory, Cape Blanco, Oregon (USA), produced a faunal break resulting in different pelagic ecosystems north and south of the cape, and that (2) the use of biological hotspots in the area by pelagic nekton is reflected in the trophic interactions of mid- and upper trophic level fishes. We recovered 19 taxa of trophically transmitted parasites from 10 common pelagic fish species caught between Newport, Oregon, and Crescent City, California. Non-metric multidimensional scaling of parasite communities reflected a trophic structure among these fish species; results were similar to published diet studies. We found no evidence in the trophically transmitted parasites of spatial differences between the pelagic ecosystems north or south of Cape Blanco, or within versus outside of the biological hotspots. However, we found significant cross shelf differences in parasite communities. Therefore, Cape Blanco does not seem to be a strong faunal boundary, rather the strongest influence is cross-shelf transport associated with coastal upwelling. C1 [Jacobson, Kym C.] NOAA, Newport Field Stn, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Baldwin, Rebecca] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. [Reese, Douglas C.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jacobson, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Newport Field Stn, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM kym.jacobson@noaa.gov FU NOAA; National Science Foundation FX We thank the captains and crew of the FV 'Sea Eagle' and FV 'Frosti' for their assistance in conducting the trawling operations for these surveys and the numerous members of the Fish Ecology Division of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Cooperative Institute of Marine Resources Studies staff at Oregon State University that assisted in field sampling and fish necropsies. We also thank a number of internal and journal reviewers for their suggested improvements of this manuscript. Research was conducted as part of the US GLOBEC Northeast Pacific program and was jointly funded by NOAA and the National Science Foundation. This is contribution number 720 of US GLOBEC. NR 68 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 16 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2012 VL 454 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.3354/meps09654 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 949VW UT WOS:000304605500002 ER PT S AU Belcastro, CM AF Belcastro, Christine M. BE Varga, A Hansson, A Puyou, G TI Validation and Verification (V&V) of Safety-Critical Systems Operating under Off-Nominal Conditions SO OPTIMIZATION BASED CLEARANCE OF FLIGHT CONTROL LAWS: A CIVIL AIRCRAFT APPLICATION SE Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Loss of control (LOC) remains one of the largest contributors to aircraft fatal accidents worldwide. Aircraft LOC accidents are highly complex in that they can result from numerous causal and contributing factors acting alone or more often in combination. Hence, there is no single intervention strategy to prevent these accidents. Research is underway at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the development of advanced onboard system technologies for preventing or recovering from loss of vehicle control and for assuring safe operation under off-nominal conditions associated with aircraft LOC accidents. The transition of these technologies into the commercial fleet will require their extensive validation and verification (V&V) and ultimate certification. The V&V of complex integrated systems poses highly significant technical challenges and is the subject of a parallel research effort at NASA. This chapter summarizes the V&V problem and presents a proposed process that could be applied to complex integrated safety-critical systems developed for preventing aircraft LOC accidents. A summary of recent research accomplishments in this effort is referenced. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Belcastro, CM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM christine.m.belcastro@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0170-8643 BN 978-3-642-22626-7 J9 LECT NOTES CONTR INF PY 2012 VL 416 BP 399 EP 419 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-22627-4 PG 21 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science GA BYL30 UT WOS:000299233600020 ER PT S AU de Santos, O MacNeal, P AF de Santos, Omar MacNeal, Paul BE Goulbourne, NC Ounaies, Z TI Characterization of friction joints subjected to high levels of random vibration SO BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICS OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES 2012 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Dicronite; Plasmadize; aluminum; stick-slip; random vibration; friction AB When designing optical devices, the alignment of every element is integral to the proper functionality of the device. If any of these elements is secured by means of a friction joint, it is important to understand the limitations of the joint when vibrations (mainly during launch) occur; a phenomenon called "stick-slip" may happen and permanently displace joints relying on friction and cause optical misalignments. There is little to no data documenting the characteristics of the "stick-slip" phenomenon on friction joints under random vibratory motion. The test program was designed with the aim of gathering data that would broaden the understanding of the "stick-slip" phenomenon and among other things provide sufficient information to quantify the static coefficients of friction of several single-bolt friction joint material pairings. This paper describes the test program in detail including test sample description, test procedures, and vibration test results of multiple test samples. The material pairs used in the experiment were Aluminum-Aluminum, Aluminum-Dicronite coated Aluminum, and Aluminum-Plasmadize coated Aluminum. Levels of vibration for each set of twelve samples of each material pairing were gradually increased until all samples experienced substantial displacement. Data was collected on 1) acceleration in all three axes, 2) relative static displacement between vibration runs utilizing photogrammetry techniques, and 3) surface galling and contaminant generation. This data was used to estimate the values of static friction during random vibratory motion when "stick-slip" occurs and compare these to static friction coefficients measured before and after vibration testing. C1 [de Santos, Omar; MacNeal, Paul] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP de Santos, O (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8999-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8342 AR 834228 DI 10.1117/12.917774 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BAI30 UT WOS:000304243100058 ER PT J AU Serabyn, E Mawet, D AF Serabyn, Eugene Mawet, Dimitri TI Detecting Exoplanets with a Liquid-Crystal-Based Vortex Coronagraph SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE Coronagraphy; exoplanets; vortex ID PHASE-MASK CORONAGRAPH; BETA-PICTORIS; HR 8799; STAR; DISK; IMAGES AB Planets beyond our own solar system are difficult to image directly because of their proximity to significantly brighter stars. In order to suppress the intense starlight, a high-performance optical coronagraph is required, and the optical vortex coronagraph can in theory enable observations very close to stars. The vortex phase masks needed to implement this approach have been manufactured as circularly symmetric half-wave plates made of liquid crystal polymers, and initial on-sky tests have been carried out. This approach has in fact already allowed the successful detection of exoplanets as close as two diffraction beam widths from a bright star, at contrasts of approximately 10(-5). Significantly improved performance should be possible in the near future. C1 [Serabyn, Eugene] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mawet, Dimitri] European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM gene.serabyn@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2012 VL 559 SI SI BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1080/15421406.2012.658683 PG 7 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 945MJ UT WOS:000304277600008 ER PT S AU Badescu, M Bar-Cohen, Y Sherrit, S Bao, XQ Chang, ZS Donnelly, C Aldrich, J AF Badescu, Mircea Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Sherrit, Stewart Bao, Xiaoqi Chang, Zensheu Donnelly, Chris Aldrich, Jack BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Lynch, JP TI Percussive Augmenter of Rotary Drills (PARoD) SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2012, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Asian-Pacific Network Ctr Res Smart Struct Technol (ANCRiSST) DE Drilling; USDC; Planetary Sampling; piezoelectric actuation; percussive augmenter AB Increasingly, NASA exploration mission objectives include sample acquisition tasks for in-situ analysis or for potential sample return to Earth. To address the requirements for samplers that could be operated at the conditions of the various bodies in the solar system, a piezoelectric actuated percussive sampling device was developed that requires low preload (as low as 10N) which is important for operation at low gravity. This device can be made as light as 400g, can be operated using low average power, and can drill rocks as hard as basalt. Significant improvement of the penetration rate was achieved by augmenting the hammering action by rotation and use of a fluted bit to provide effective cuttings removal. Generally, hammering is effective in fracturing drilled media while rotation of fluted bits is effective in cuttings removal. To benefit from these two actions, a novel configuration of a percussive mechanism was developed to produce an augmenter of rotary drills. The device was called Percussive Augmenter of Rotary Drills (PARoD). A breadboard PARoD was developed with a 6.4 mm (0.25 in) diameter bit and was demonstrated to increase the drilling rate of rotation alone by 1.5 to over 10 times. Further, a large PARoD breadboard with 50.8 mm diameter bit was developed and its tests are currently underway. This paper presents the design, analysis and preliminary test results of the percussive augmenter. C1 [Badescu, Mircea; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Sherrit, Stewart; Bao, Xiaoqi; Chang, Zensheu; Donnelly, Chris; Aldrich, Jack] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Badescu, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9002-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8345 AR 83450J DI 10.1117/12.914422 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAH76 UT WOS:000304192100014 ER PT S AU Bao, XQ Bar-Cohen, Y Sherrit, S Badescu, M Shrout, T AF Bao, Xiaoqi Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Sherrit, Stewart Badescu, Mircea Shrout, Tom BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Lynch, JP TI High temperature piezoelectric drill SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2012, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Asian-Pacific Network Ctr Res Smart Struct Technol (ANCRiSST) DE High Temperature; Piezoelectric Drill; Rock sampling; Venus AB Venus is one of the planets in the solar systems that are considered for potential future exploration missions. It has extreme environment where the average temperature is 460 degrees C and its ambient pressure is about 90 atm. Since the existing actuation technology cannot maintain functionality under the harsh conditions of Venus, it is a challenge to perform sampling and other tasks that require the use of moving parts. Specifically, the currently available electromagnetic actuators are limited in their ability to produce sufficiently high stroke, torque, or force. In contrast, advances in developing electro-mechanical materials (such as piezoelectric and electrostrictive) have enabled potential actuation capabilities that can be used to support such missions. Taking advantage of these materials, we developed a piezoelectric actuated drill that operates at the temperature range up to 500 degrees C and the mechanism is based on the Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) configuration. The detailed results of our study are presented in this paper. C1 [Bao, Xiaoqi; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Sherrit, Stewart; Badescu, Mircea] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Shrout, Tom] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Bao, XQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM xbao@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA; Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP) FX Research reported in this manuscript was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This task was funded by the NASA Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP). NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9002-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8345 AR 83452D DI 10.1117/12.915687 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAH76 UT WOS:000304192100062 ER PT S AU Bar-Cohen, Y Badescu, M Sherrit, S Zacny, K Paulsen, GL Beegle, L Bao, XQ AF Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Badescu, Mircea Sherrit, Stewart Zacny, Kris Paulsen, Gale L. Beegle, Luther Bao, Xiaoqi BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Lynch, JP TI Deep Drilling and Sampling via the Wireline Auto-Gopher Driven by Piezoelectric Percussive Actuator and EM Rotary Motor SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2012, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Asian-Pacific Network Ctr Res Smart Struct Technol (ANCRiSST) DE Drilling; Deep drill; Auto-Gopher; USDC; Planetary Sampling; Rotary-hammering drill AB The ability to penetrate subsurfaces and perform sample acquisition at depths of meters is critical for future NASA in-situ exploration missions to bodies in the solar system, including Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. A corer/sampler was developed with the goal of acquiring pristine samples by reaching depths on Mars beyond the oxidized and sterilized zone. The developed rotary-hammering coring drill, called Auto-Gopher, employs a piezoelectric actuated percussive mechanism for breaking formations and an electric motor rotates the bit to remove the powdered cuttings. This sampler is a wireline drill that is incorporated with an inchworm mechanism allowing thru cyclic coring and core removal to reach great depths. The penetration rate is optimized by simultaneously activating the percussive and rotary motions of the Auto-Gopher. The percussive mechanism is based on the Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) mechanism, which is driven by a piezoelectric stack, demonstrated to require low axial preload. The Auto-Gopher has been produced taking into account the lessons learned from the development of the Ultrasonic/Sonic Gopher that was designed as a percussive ice drill and was demonstrated in Antarctica in 2005 to reach about 2 meters deep. A field demonstration of the Auto-Gopher is currently being planned with the objective of reaching as deep as 3 to 5 meters in tufa formation. C1 [Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Badescu, Mircea; Sherrit, Stewart; Beegle, Luther; Bao, Xiaoqi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Zacny, Kris] Honeybee Robot Spacecraft Mech Corp, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU NASA Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) FX Research reported in this manuscript was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This task was funded by the NASA Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) program. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 9 U2 18 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9002-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8345 AR 83452A DI 10.1117/12.914257 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAH76 UT WOS:000304192100059 ER PT S AU Choi, BB Duffy, K Kauffman, JL Kray, N AF Choi, Benjamin B. Duffy, Kirsten Kauffman, Jeffrey L. Kray, Nicholas BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Lynch, JP TI Optimal topology and experimental evaluation of PE materials for actively shunted GE polymer matrix fiber composite blades SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2012, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Asian-Pacific Network Ctr Res Smart Struct Technol (ANCRiSST) DE Active damping; Digital shunt; Digital resonant control; Blade damping; Digital passive damping ID VIBRATIONS AB NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), in collaboration with GE Aviation, has begun the development of a smart adaptive structure system with piezoelectric transducers to improve composite fan blade damping at resonances. Traditional resonant damping approaches may not be realistic for rotating frame applications such as engine blades. The limited space in which the blades reside in the engine makes it impossible to accommodate the circuit size required to implement passive resonant damping. Thus, we have developed a novel digital shunt scheme to replace the conventional electric passive shunt circuits. The digital shunt dissipates strain energy through the load capacitor on a power amplifier. GE designed and fabricated a variety of polymer matrix fiber composite (PMFC) test specimens. We investigated the optimal topology of PE sensors and actuators for each test specimen to discover the best PE transducer location for each target mode. Also a variety of flexible patches, which can conform to the blade surface, have been tested to identify the best performing piezoelectric patch. The active damping control achieved significant performance at target modes. This work has been highlighted by successful spin testing up to 5,000 rpm of subscale GEnx composite blades in GRC's Dynamic Spin Rig. C1 [Choi, Benjamin B.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Choi, BB (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Kauffman, Jeffrey/G-3811-2012 OI Kauffman, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1980-9865 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9002-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8345 AR 83452G DI 10.1117/12.917224 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAH76 UT WOS:000304192100064 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S Ostlund, PN Chang, ZS Bao, XQ Bar-Cohen, Y Widholm, SE Badescu, M AF Sherrit, Stewart Ostlund, Patrick N. Chang, Zensheu Bao, Xiaoqi Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Widholm, Scott E. Badescu, Mircea BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Lynch, JP TI Miniaturization of Planar Horn Motors SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2012, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Asian-Pacific Network Ctr Res Smart Struct Technol (ANCRiSST) DE Actuators; Piezoelectric Motors; Rotary Devices; Horn Actuation; Barth motor AB There is a great need for compact, efficient motors for driving various mechanisms including robots or mobility platforms. A study is currently underway to develop a new type of piezoelectric actuators with significantly more strength, low mass, small footprint, and efficiency. The actuators/motors utilize piezoelectric actuated horns which have a very high power density and high electromechanical conversion efficiency. The horns are fabricated using our recently developed novel pre-stress flexures that make them thermally stable and increases their coupling efficiency. The monolithic design and integrated flexures that pre-stresses the piezoelectric stack eliminates the use of a stress bolt. This design allows embedding solid-state motors and actuators in any structure so that the only macroscopically moving parts are the rotor or the linear translator. The developed actuator uses a stack/horn actuation and has a Barth motor configuration, which potentially generates very large torque and speeds that do not require gearing. Finite element modeling and design tools were investigated to determine the requirements and operation parameters and the results were used to design and fabricate a motor. This new design offers a highly promising actuation mechanism that can potentially be miniaturized and integrated into systems and structures. It can be configured in many shapes to operate as multi-degrees of freedom and multi-dimensional motors/actuators including unidirectional, bidirectional, 2D and 3D. In this manuscript, we are reporting the experimental measurements from a bench top design and the results from the efforts to miniaturize the design using 2x2x2 mm piezoelectric stacks integrated into thin plates that are of the order of 3 x 3x 0.2 cm. C1 [Sherrit, Stewart; Ostlund, Patrick N.; Chang, Zensheu; Bao, Xiaoqi; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Widholm, Scott E.; Badescu, Mircea] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA); [RCTA2011] FX Research reported in this manuscript was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), and was funded by the Armys RCTA2011 program. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9002-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8345 AR 83452C DI 10.1117/12.915387 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAH76 UT WOS:000304192100061 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S Domm, L Bao, XQ Bar-Cohen, Y Chang, ZS Badescu, M AF Sherrit, Stewart Domm, Lukas Bao, Xiaoqi Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Chang, Zensheu Badescu, Mircea BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Lynch, JP TI Single Piezo-Actuator Rotary-Hammering (SPaRH) Drill SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2012, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 12-15, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Asian-Pacific Network Ctr Res Smart Struct Technol (ANCRiSST) DE Piezoelectric drills; piezoelectric horn transducers; asymmetric grooves structures; rotary motion; ultrasonic impacts; USDC ID ULTRASONIC/SONIC DRILLER/CORER; USDC AB The search for present or past life in the Universe is one of the most important objectives of NASA's exploration missions. Drills for subsurface sampling of rocks, ice and permafrost are an essential tool for astrobiology studies on other planets. Increasingly, it is recognized that drilling via a combination of rotation and hammering offers an efficient and effective rapid penetration mechanism. The rotation provides an intrinsic method for removal of cuttings from the borehole while the impact and shear forces aid in the fracturing of the penetrated medium. Conventional drills that use a single actuator are based on a complex mechanism with many parts and their use in future mission involves greater risk of failure and/or may require lubrication that can introduce contamination. In this paper, a compact drill is reported that uses a single piezoelectric actuator to produce hammering and rotation of the bit. A horn with asymmetric grooves was designed to impart a longitudinal (hammering) and transverse force (rotation) to a keyed free mass. The drill requires low axial pre-load since the hammering-impacts fracture the rock under the bit kerf and rotate the bit to remove the powdered cuttings while augmenting the rock fracture via shear forces. The vibrations 'fluidize' the powdered cuttings inside the flutes reducing the friction with the auger surface. This action reduces the consumed power and heating of the drilled medium helping to preserve the pristine content of the acquired samples. The drill consists of an actuator that simultaneously impacts and rotates the bit by applying force and torque via a single piezoelectric stack actuator without the need for a gearbox or lever mechanism. This can reduce the development/fabrication cost and complexity. In this paper, the drill mechanism will be described and the test results will be reported and discussed. C1 [Sherrit, Stewart; Domm, Lukas; Bao, Xiaoqi; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Chang, Zensheu; Badescu, Mircea] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and was sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9002-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8345 AR 83452B DI 10.1117/12.915379 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAH76 UT WOS:000304192100060 ER PT J AU Dornbrack, A Pitts, MC Poole, LR Orsolini, YJ Nishii, K Nakamura, H AF Doernbrack, A. Pitts, M. C. Poole, L. R. Orsolini, Y. J. Nishii, K. Nakamura, H. TI The 2009-2010 Arctic stratospheric winter - general evolution, mountain waves and predictability of an operational weather forecast model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; CALIPSO; VARIABILITY; PERFORMANCE; CLOUDS; CLIMATOLOGY; SCANDINAVIA; REANALYSIS; WARMINGS; SYSTEM AB The relatively warm 2009-2010 Arctic winter was an exceptional one as the North Atlantic Oscillation index attained persistent extreme negative values. Here, selected aspects of the Arctic stratosphere during this winter inspired by the analysis of the international field experiment RECONCILE are presented. First of all, and as a kind of reference, the evolution of the polar vortex in its different phases is documented. Special emphasis is put on explaining the formation of the exceptionally cold vortex in mid winter after a sequence of stratospheric disturbances which were caused by upward propagating planetary waves. A major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) occurring near the end of January 2010 concluded the anomalous cold vortex period. Wave ice polar stratospheric clouds were frequently observed by spaceborne remote-sensing instruments over the Arctic during the cold period in January 2010. Here, one such case observed over Greenland is analysed in more detail and an attempt is made to correlate flow information of an operational numerical weather prediction model to the magnitude of the mountain-wave induced temperature fluctuations. Finally, it is shown that the forecasts of the ECMWF ensemble prediction system for the onset of the major SSW were very skilful and the ensemble spread was very small. However, the ensemble spread increased dramatically after the major SSW, displaying the strong non-linearity and internal variability involved in the SSW event. C1 [Doernbrack, A.] DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Poole, L. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Orsolini, Y. J.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. [Nishii, K.; Nakamura, H.] Univ Tokyo, Res Ctr Adv Sci & Technol, Tokyo, Japan. RP Dornbrack, A (reprint author), DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. EM andreas.doernbrack@dlr.de FU EC [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; NASA [NASA contract NNL11AA00B] FX The field activities in Kiruna, as well as the meteorological support and analysis, were funded by the EC as part of the FP7 project RECONCILE (Grant number: RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1. We thank Hal Maring, NASA Radiation Sciences Program manager, and David Considine, NASA Program Scientist for the CALIPSO/CloudSat Missions for their continued support of CALIPSO PSC research (MP, LP). Support for L. Poole is provided under NASA contract NNL11AA00B. The ECMWF data were available through the special project "Effect of nonhydrostatic gravity waves on the stratosphere above Scandinavia" by one of the authors (A. D.). NR 34 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 8 BP 3659 EP 3675 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3659-2012 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942ON UT WOS:000304054800007 ER PT J AU Barahona, D AF Barahona, D. TI On the ice nucleation spectrum SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MINERAL DUST; BIOLOGICAL PARTICLES; WATER DROPLETS; SOOT; NUCLEI; PARAMETERIZATION; AEROSOL; CLOUDS; CLIMATE; MODELS AB This work presents a novel formulation of the ice nucleation spectrum, i.e. the function relating the ice crystal concentration to cloud formation conditions and aerosol properties. The new formulation is physically-based and explicitly accounts for the dependency of the ice crystal concentration on temperature, supersaturation, cooling rate, and particle size, surface area and composition. This is achieved by introducing the concepts of ice nucleation coefficient (the number of ice germs present in a particle) and nucleation probability dispersion function (the distribution of ice nucleation coefficients within the aerosol population). The new formulation is used to generate ice nucleation parameterizations for the homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets and the heterogeneous deposition ice nucleation on dust and soot ice nuclei. For homogeneous freezing, it was found that by increasing the dispersion in the droplet volume distribution the fraction of supercooled droplets in the population increases. For heterogeneous ice nucleation the new formulation consistently describes singular and stochastic behavior within a single framework. Using a fundamentally stochastic approach, both cooling rate independence and constancy of the ice nucleation fraction over time, features typically associated with singular behavior, were reproduced. Analysis of the temporal dependency of the ice nucleation spectrum suggested that experimental methods that measure the ice nucleation fraction over few seconds would tend to underestimate the ice nuclei concentration. It is shown that inferring the aerosol heterogeneous ice nucleation properties from measurements of the onset supersaturation and temperature may carry significant error as the variability in ice nucleation properties within the aerosol population is not accounted for. This work provides a simple and rigorous ice nucleation framework where theoretical predictions, laboratory measurements and field campaign data can be reconciled, and that is suitable for application in atmospheric modeling studies. C1 [Barahona, D.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Barahona, D.] IM Syst Grp Inc, Rockville, MD USA. RP Barahona, D (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM donifan.o.barahona@nasa.gov RI Barahona, Donifan/G-4157-2011 FU NASA [WBS 802678.02.17.01.07] FX This work was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program under WBS 802678.02.17.01.07. The author also thanks Athanasios Nenes, Ricardo Morales and Sara Lance for their helpful comments and discussion. NR 63 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 8 BP 3733 EP 3752 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3733-2012 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942ON UT WOS:000304054800012 ER PT J AU Bisiaux, MM Edwards, R McConnell, JR Albert, MR Anschutz, H Neumann, TA Isaksson, E Penner, JE AF Bisiaux, M. M. Edwards, R. McConnell, J. R. Albert, M. R. Anschutz, H. Neumann, T. A. Isaksson, E. Penner, J. E. TI Variability of black carbon deposition to the East Antarctic Plateau, 1800-2000 AD SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SNOW CHEMISTRY; TIME-SERIES; CLIMATE; ATMOSPHERE; FIRE; ACCUMULATION; 20TH-CENTURY; AEROSOLS AB Refractory black carbon aerosols (rBC) from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion are deposited to the Antarctic ice sheet and preserve a history of emissions and long-range transport from low- and mid-latitudes. Antarctic ice core rBC records may thus provide information with respect to past combustion aerosol emissions and atmospheric circulation. Here, we present six East Antarctic ice core records of rBC concentrations and fluxes covering the last two centuries with approximately annual resolution (cal. yr. 1800 to 2000). The ice cores were drilled in disparate regions of the high East Antarctic ice sheet, at different elevations and net snow accumulation rates. Annual rBC concentrations were log-normally distributed and geometric means of annual concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.18 mu g kg(-1). Average rBC fluxes were determined over the time periods 1800 to 2000 and 1963 to 2000 and ranged from 3.4 to 15.5 mu g m(-2) a(-1) and 3.6 to 21.8 mu g m(-2) a(-1), respectively. Geometric mean concentrations spanning 1800 to 2000 increased linearly with elevation at a rate of 0.025 mu g kg(-1)/500 m. Spectral analysis of the records revealed significant decadal-scale variability, which at several sites was comparable to decadal ENSO variability. C1 [Bisiaux, M. M.; Edwards, R.; McConnell, J. R.] Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Hydrol Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. [Edwards, R.] Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, WA, Australia. [Albert, M. R.] Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Anschutz, H.; Isaksson, E.] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Tromso, Norway. [Neumann, T. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Bisiaux, MM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Hydrol Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. EM marion.ma.bisiaux@gmail.com RI Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Edwards, Ross/B-1433-2013; OI Edwards, Ross/0000-0002-9233-8775; Albert, Mary/0000-0001-7842-2359 FU National Science Foundation [0733089, 0538185, 0538416, 0538595]; US National Science Foundation [152]; Norwegian Polar Institute [152]; Research Council of Norway [152] FX This research is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers 0733089, 0538185, 0538416, 0538595 and has been carried out under the umbrella of TASTE-IDEA within the framework of IPY project no. 152 jointly funded by the US National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Polar Institute, and the Research Council of Norway. The project is part of the Trans-Antarctic Scientific Traverse Expeditions-Ice Divide of East Antarctica (TASTE-IDEA), and the International Partners in Ice Coring Sciences (IPICS) under the ISCU-WMO endorsement for the International Polar Year 2007-08 and 2008-09. We gratefully acknowledge the NUS traverse field teams, the National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Polar Institute, and the DRI ice core analysis team. Logistic support in Antarctica was provided by Raytheon Polar Services in Antarctica, and the 109th New York Air National Guard. The National Ice Core Laboratory, which archived the ice cores and preformed core processing, is funded by the National Science Foundation. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 8 BP 3799 EP 3808 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3799-2012 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942ON UT WOS:000304054800017 ER PT J AU Lindenmaier, R Strong, K Batchelor, RL Chipperfield, MP Daffer, WH Drummond, JR Duck, TJ Fast, H Feng, W Fogal, PF Kolonjari, F Manney, GL Manson, A Meek, C Mittermeier, RL Nott, GJ Perro, C Walker, KA AF Lindenmaier, R. Strong, K. Batchelor, R. L. Chipperfield, M. P. Daffer, W. H. Drummond, J. R. Duck, T. J. Fast, H. Feng, W. Fogal, P. F. Kolonjari, F. Manney, G. L. Manson, A. Meek, C. Mittermeier, R. L. Nott, G. J. Perro, C. Walker, K. A. TI Unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 column measurements at Eureka, Canada during winter/spring 2011 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETERS; ACE-FTS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; VOLCANIC AEROSOL; LOWER MESOSPHERE; WINTER 2002/2003; ANTARCTIC OZONE AB As a consequence of dynamically variable meteorological conditions, springtime Arctic ozone levels exhibit significant interannual variability in the lower stratosphere. In winter 2011, the polar vortex was strong and cold for an unusually long time. Our research site, located at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (80.05A degrees N, 86.42A degrees W), was mostly inside the vortex from October 2010 until late March 2011. The Bruker 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Eureka acquired measurements from 23 February to 6 April during the 2011 Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Validation Campaign. These measurements showed unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 total columns compared to the previous 14 yr. To remove dynamical effects, we normalized these total columns by the HF total column. The normalized values of the ozone, HCl, and HNO3 total columns were smaller than those from previous years, and confirmed the occurrence of chlorine activation and chemical ozone depletion. To quantify the chemical ozone loss, a three-dimensional chemical transport model, SLIMCAT, and the passive subtraction method were used. The chemical ozone depletion was calculated as the mean percentage difference between the measured ozone and the SLIMCAT passive ozone, and was found to be 35%. C1 [Batchelor, R. L.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Chem Div, Boulder, CO 80310 USA. [Chipperfield, M. P.; Feng, W.] Univ Leeds, Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Daffer, W. H.; Manney, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Drummond, J. R.; Duck, T. J.; Nott, G. J.; Perro, C.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 1Z9, Canada. [Fast, H.; Fogal, P. F.; Mittermeier, R. L.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. [Feng, W.] Univ Leeds, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Manson, A.; Meek, C.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. [Lindenmaier, R.; Strong, K.; Fogal, P. F.; Kolonjari, F.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RP Lindenmaier, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rodica@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca RI Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; FENG, WUHU/B-8327-2008; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014 OI Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; FENG, WUHU/0000-0002-9907-9120; FU Atlantic Innovation Fund/Nova Scotia Research Innovation Trust; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Environment Canada (EC); Government of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); Ontario Innovation Trust; Polar Continental Shelf Program; Ontario Research Fund; Northern Scientific Training Program FX The authors wish to thank the staff at the Eureka weather station and CANDAC for the logistical and on-site support provided at Eureka. Thanks to CANDAC/PEARL operators Ashley Harrett, Alexei Khmel, Paul Loewen, Keith MacQuarrie, Oleg Mikhailov, and Matt Okraszewski, for their invaluable assistance in maintaining the Bruker 125HR and for taking measurements. CANDAC and PEARL are funded by the Atlantic Innovation Fund/Nova Scotia Research Innovation Trust, Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Environment Canada (EC), Government of Canada International Polar Year funding, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), Ontario Innovation Trust, Polar Continental Shelf Program and the Ontario Research Fund. The springtime Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaigns are supported by the CSA, EC, NSERC, and the Northern Scientific Training Program. Thanks to EC for launching the radiosondes and making the data available. NR 92 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 8 BP 3821 EP 3835 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3821-2012 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942ON UT WOS:000304054800019 ER PT J AU Crisp, D Fisher, BM O'Dell, C Frankenberg, C Basilio, R Bosch, H Brown, LR Castano, R Connor, B Deutscher, NM Eldering, A Griffith, D Gunson, M Kuze, A Mandrake, L McDuffie, J Messerschmidt, J Miller, CE Morino, I Natraj, V Notholt, J O'Brien, DM Oyafuso, F Polonsky, I Robinson, J Salawitch, R Sherlock, V Smyth, M Suto, H Taylor, TE Thompson, DR Wennberg, PO Wunch, D Yung, YL AF Crisp, D. Fisher, B. M. O'Dell, C. Frankenberg, C. Basilio, R. Boesch, H. Brown, L. R. Castano, R. Connor, B. Deutscher, N. M. Eldering, A. Griffith, D. Gunson, M. Kuze, A. Mandrake, L. McDuffie, J. Messerschmidt, J. Miller, C. E. Morino, I. Natraj, V. Notholt, J. O'Brien, D. M. Oyafuso, F. Polonsky, I. Robinson, J. Salawitch, R. Sherlock, V. Smyth, M. Suto, H. Taylor, T. E. Thompson, D. R. Wennberg, P. O. Wunch, D. Yung, Y. L. TI The ACOS CO2 retrieval algorithm - Part II: Global X-CO2 data characterization SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GASES OBSERVING SATELLITE; CONSTRAINED MULTISPECTRUM ANALYSIS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; REFLECTED SUNLIGHT; 4750-7000 CM(-1); ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LINE STRENGTHS; COLUMN; (CO2)-C-12-O-16; CALIBRATION AB Here, we report preliminary estimates of the column averaged carbon dioxide (CO2) dry air mole fraction, X-CO2, retrieved from spectra recorded over land by the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite, GOSAT (nicknamed 'Ibuki'), using retrieval methods originally developed for the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) mission. After screening for clouds and other known error sources, these retrievals reproduce much of the expected structure in the global X-CO2 field, including its variation with latitude and season. However, low yields of retrieved X-CO2 over persistently cloudy areas and ice covered surfaces at high latitudes limit the coverage of some geographic regions, even on seasonal time scales. Comparisons of early GOSAT X-CO2 retrievals with X-CO2 estimates from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) revealed a global, -2% (7-8 parts per million, ppm, with respect to dry air) X-CO2 bias and 2 to 3 times more variance in the GOSAT retrievals. About half of the global X-CO2 bias is associated with a systematic, 1% overestimate in the retrieved air mass, first identified as a global +10 hPa bias in the retrieved surface pressure. This error has been attributed to errors in the O-2 A-band absorption cross sections. Much of the remaining bias and spurious variance in the GOSAT X-CO2 retrievals has been traced to uncertainties in the instrument's calibration, oversimplified methods for generating O-2 and CO2 absorption cross sections, and other subtle errors in the implementation of the retrieval algorithm. Many of these deficiencies have been addressed in the most recent version (Build 2.9) of the retrieval algorithm, which produces negligible bias in X-CO2 on global scales as well as a similar to 30% reduction in variance. Comparisons with TCCON measurements indicate that regional scale biases remain, but these could be reduced by applying empirical corrections like those described by Wunch et al. (2011b). We recommend that such corrections be applied before these data are used in source sink inversion studies to minimize spurious fluxes associated with known biases. These and other lessons learned from the analysis of GOSAT data are expected to accelerate the delivery of high quality data products from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), once that satellite is successfully launched and inserted into orbit. C1 [Crisp, D.; Fisher, B. M.; Frankenberg, C.; Basilio, R.; Brown, L. R.; Castano, R.; Eldering, A.; Gunson, M.; Mandrake, L.; McDuffie, J.; Miller, C. E.; Natraj, V.; Oyafuso, F.; Smyth, M.; Thompson, D. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [O'Dell, C.; O'Brien, D. M.; Polonsky, I.; Taylor, T. E.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Boesch, H.] Univ Leicester, Leicester, Leics, England. [Connor, B.] BC Consulting Ltd, Alexandra, New Zealand. [Deutscher, N. M.; Notholt, J.] Univ Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Deutscher, N. M.; Griffith, D.] Univ Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. [Kuze, A.; Suto, H.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Morino, I.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Robinson, J.; Sherlock, V.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Salawitch, R.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Crisp, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM david.crisp@jpl.nasa.gov RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Morino, Isamu/K-1033-2014; Deutscher, Nicholas/E-3683-2015; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012; KUZE, AKIHIKO/J-2074-2016; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Morino, Isamu/0000-0003-2720-1569; Deutscher, Nicholas/0000-0002-2906-2577; KUZE, AKIHIKO/0000-0001-5415-3377; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The GOSAT spectr were provided to the ACOS Team through a GOSAT Research Announcement (RA) agreement between the California Institute of Technology and the three parties, JAXA, NIES and the MOE. The meteorological data used to initialize the retrievals and as a reference for comparison with the surface pressure results were based on data and products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). TCCON data were obtained from the TCCON Data Archive, operated by the California Institute of Technology from the website at http://tccon.ipac.caltech.edu/. Part of the research described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 56 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 4 U2 65 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 4 BP 687 EP 707 DI 10.5194/amt-5-687-2012 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OY UT WOS:000304056200001 ER PT J AU Mieruch, S Weber, M von Savigny, C Rozanov, A Bovensmann, H Burrows, JP Bernath, PF Boone, CD Froidevaux, L Gordley, LL Mlynczak, MG Russell, JM Thomason, LW Walker, KA Zawodny, JM AF Mieruch, S. Weber, M. von Savigny, C. Rozanov, A. Bovensmann, H. Burrows, J. P. Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. D. Froidevaux, L. Gordley, L. L. Mlynczak, M. G. Russell, J. M., III Thomason, L. W. Walker, K. A. Zawodny, J. M. TI Global and long-term comparison of SCIAMACHY limb ozone profiles with correlative satellite data (2002-2008) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; EOS MLS; SAGE-II; SOUNDER; VALIDATION; MISSION; TRENDS; MODEL; CALIBRATION AB SCIAMACHY limb scatter ozone profiles from 2002 to 2008 have been compared with MLS (2005-2008), SABER (2002-2008), SAGE II (2002-2005), HALOE (2002-2005) and ACE-FTS (2004-2008) measurements. The comparison is performed for global zonal averages and heights from 10 to 50 km in one km steps. The validation was performed by comparing monthly mean zonal means and by comparing averages over collocated profiles within a zonal band and month. Both approaches yield similar results. For most of the stratosphere SCIAMACHY agrees to within 10% or better with other correlative data. A systematic bias of SCIAMACHY ozone of up to 100% between 10 and 20 km in the tropics points to some remaining issues with regard to convective cloud interference. Statistical hypothesis testing reveals at which altitudes and in which region differences between SCIAMACHY and other satellite data are statistically significant. We also estimated linear trends from monthly mean data for different periods where SCIAMACHY has common observations with other satellite data using a classical trend model with QBO and seasonal terms in order to draw conclusions on potential instrumental drifts as a function of latitude and altitude. Since the time periods considered here are rather short these trend estimates are only used to identify potential instrumental issues with the SCIAMACHY data. As a result SCIAMACHY exhibits a statistically significant negative trend in the range of of about 1-3% per year depending on latitude during the period 2002-2005 (overlapping with HALOE and SAGE II) and somewhat less during 2002-2008 (overlapping with SABER) in the altitude range of 30-40 km, while in the period 2004-2008 (overlapping with MLS and ACE-FTS) no significant trends are observed. Since all correlative satellite instruments do not show to a very large extent statistically significant trends in any of the time periods considered here, the negative trends observed with SCIAMACHY data point at some remaining instrumental artifact which is most likely related to residual errors in the tangent height registration of SCIAMACHY. C1 [Mieruch, S.; Weber, M.; von Savigny, C.; Rozanov, A.; Bovensmann, H.; Burrows, J. P.] Univ Bremen, FB1, Inst Umweltphys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Boone, C. D.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Gordley, L. L.; Mlynczak, M. G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Thomason, L. W.; Zawodny, J. M.] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Russell, J. M., III; Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Weber, M (reprint author), Univ Bremen, FB1, Inst Umweltphys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM weber@uni-bremen.de RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; von Savigny, Christian/B-3910-2014; Weber, Mark/F-1409-2011; Bovensmann, Heinrich/P-4135-2016; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014; OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Weber, Mark/0000-0001-8217-5450; Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 FU BMWi [50EE0839]; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada FX This work has been supported by a grant from BMWi under grant number 50EE0839 (ENVIVAL-LIFE). The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. NR 64 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 4 BP 771 EP 788 DI 10.5194/amt-5-771-2012 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OY UT WOS:000304056200006 ER PT J AU Joiner, J Yoshida, Y Vasilkov, AP Middleton, EM Campbell, PKE Yoshida, Y Kuze, A Corp, LA AF Joiner, J. Yoshida, Y. Vasilkov, A. P. Middleton, E. M. Campbell, P. K. E. Yoshida, Y. Kuze, A. Corp, L. A. TI Filling-in of near-infrared solar lines by terrestrial fluorescence and other geophysical effects: simulations and space-based observations from SCIAMACHY and GOSAT SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID INDUCED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; SUN-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY; STRESS DETECTION; PLANT STRESS; VEGETATION; SATELLITE; REFLECTANCE AB Global mapping of terrestrial vegetation fluorescence from space has recently been accomplished with high spectral resolution (nu/delta nu > 35 000) measurements from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). These data are of interest because they can potentially provide global information on the functional status of vegetation including light-use efficiency and global primary productivity that can be used for global carbon cycle modeling. Quantifying the impact of fluorescence on the O-2-A band is important as this band is used for photon pathlength characterization in cloud- and aerosol-contaminated pixels for trace-gas retrievals including CO2. Here, we examine whether fluorescence information can be derived from space using potentially lower-cost hyperspectral instrumentation, i.e., more than an order of magnitude less spectral resolution (nu/delta nu similar to 1600) than GOSAT, with a relatively simple algorithm. We discuss laboratory measurements of fluorescence near one of the few wide and deep solar Fraunhofer lines in the long-wave tail of the fluorescence emission region, the calcium (Ca) II line at 866 nm that is observable with a spectral resolution of similar to 0.5 nm. The filling-in of the Ca II line due to additive signals from various atmospheric and terrestrial effects, including fluorescence, is simulated. We then examine filling-in of this line using the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) satellite instrument. In order to interpret the satellite measurements, we developed a general approach to correct for various instrumental artifacts that produce false filling-in of solar lines in satellite measurements. The approach is applied to SCIAMACHY at the 866 nm Ca II line and to GOSAT at 758 and 770 nm on the shoulders of the O-2-A feature where there are several strong solar Fraunhofer lines that are filled in primarily by vegetation fluorescence. Finally, we compare temporal and spatial variations of SCIAMACHY additive signals with those of GOSAT and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Although the derived additive signals from SCIAMACHY are extremely weak at 866 nm, their spatial and temporal variations are consistent with chlorophyll a fluorescence or another vegetation-related source. We also show that filling-in occurs at 866 nm over some barren areas, possibly originating from luminescent minerals in rock and soil. C1 [Joiner, J.; Middleton, E. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Yoshida, Y.; Vasilkov, A. P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Campbell, P. K. E.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Environm Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Yoshida, Y.] NIES, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Kuze, A.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy JAXA, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Corp, L. A.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD USA. RP Joiner, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joanna.joiner@nasa.gov RI Campbell, Petya/G-4931-2013; Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012; Campbell, Petya/L-7486-2013; KUZE, AKIHIKO/J-2074-2016 OI Campbell, Petya/0000-0002-0505-4951; Campbell, Petya/0000-0002-0505-4951; KUZE, AKIHIKO/0000-0001-5415-3377 FU NASA [NNH10DA001N] FX Funding for this work was provided by the NASA Carbon Cycle Science program (NNH10DA001N) managed by Diane E. Wickland and Richard Eckman. The authors are indebted to C. Retscher for assistance with the satellite data sets, particularly the SCIAMACHY data. We gratefully acknowledge the European Space Agency, the GOSAT project, and the MODIS data processing team for making available the SCIAMACHY, GOSAT, and MODIS data, respectively, used here. We also thank L. Guanter and an anonymous reviewer for comments that helped to improve the manuscript and W. Philpot, W. Cook, K. F. Huemmrich, Y.-B. Cheng, Q. Zhang, J. Mao, C. Weaver, D. Crisp, and A. da Silva for helpful discussions/correspondence. NR 66 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 4 BP 809 EP 829 DI 10.5194/amt-5-809-2012 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OY UT WOS:000304056200008 ER PT J AU Lyapustin, A Wang, Y Laszlo, I Korkin, S AF Lyapustin, A. Wang, Y. Laszlo, I. Korkin, S. TI Improved cloud and snow screening in MAIAC aerosol retrievals using spectral and spatial analysis SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID LAND; REGION AB An improved cloud/snow screening technique in the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm is described. It is implemented as part of MAIAC aerosol retrievals based on analysis of spectral residuals and spatial variability. Comparisons with AERONET aerosol observations and a large-scale MODIS data analysis show strong suppression of aerosol optical thickness outliers due to unresolved clouds and snow. At the same time, the developed filter does not reduce the aerosol retrieval capability at high 1 km resolution in strongly inhomogeneous environments, such as near centers of the active fires. Despite significant improvement, the optical depth outliers in high spatial resolution data are and will remain the problem to be addressed by the application-dependent specialized filtering techniques. C1 [Lyapustin, A.] NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wang, Y.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Laszlo, I.] NOAA NESDIS STAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Korkin, S.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. RP Lyapustin, A (reprint author), NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM alexei.i.lyapustin@nasa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739 FU NASA; NOAA GOES-R FX The research of A. Lyapustin, Y. Wang and S. Korkin was funded by the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program (D. Wickland), NASA Applications Program (L. Friedl, B. Doorn) and in part by the NOAA GOES-R program (M. Goldberg). The work of I. Laszlo is supported by the NOAA GOES-R program. We are grateful to AERONET team for providing data. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 4 BP 843 EP 850 DI 10.5194/amt-5-843-2012 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942OY UT WOS:000304056200010 ER PT J AU Petrenko, M Ichoku, C Leptoukh, G AF Petrenko, M. Ichoku, C. Leptoukh, G. TI Multi-sensor Aerosol Products Sampling System (MAPSS) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DEPTH; DATA-ASSIMILATION; AVHRR DATA; MODIS; RETRIEVALS; LAND; ALGORITHM; CHANNELS; AERONET; OCEANS AB Global and local properties of atmospheric aerosols have been extensively observed and measured using both spaceborne and ground-based instruments, especially during the last decade. Unique properties retrieved by the different instruments contribute to an unprecedented availability of the most complete set of complimentary aerosol measurements ever acquired. However, some of these measurements remain underutilized, largely due to the complexities involved in analyzing them synergistically. To characterize the inconsistencies and bridge the gap that exists between the sensors, we have established a Multi-sensor Aerosol Products Sampling System (MAPSS), which consistently samples and generates the spatial statistics (mean, standard deviation, direction and rate of spatial variation, and spatial correlation coefficient) of aerosol products from multiple spaceborne sensors, including MODIS (on Terra and Aqua), MISR, OMI, POLDER, CALIOP, and SeaWiFS. Samples of satellite aerosol products are extracted over Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) locations as well as over other locations of interest such as those with available ground-based aerosol observations. In this way, MAPSS enables a direct cross-characterization and data integration between Level-2 aerosol observations from multiple sensors. In addition, the available well-characterized co-located ground-based data provides the basis for the integrated validation of these products. This paper explains the sampling methodology and concepts used in MAPSS, and demonstrates specific examples of using MAPSS for an integrated analysis of multiple aerosol products. C1 [Petrenko, M.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Petrenko, M.; Ichoku, C.; Leptoukh, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Petrenko, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM maksym.petrenko@nasa.gov RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549 FU NASA HQ [NNX08AN39A] FX Support for the development of this project has been provided by NASA HQ under Grant Number NNX08AN39A through the ROSES 2007 ACCESS Program based on a proposal entitled: "Integrated validation, intercomparison, and analysis of aerosol products from multiple satellites". We thank the science and support teams of MODIS, MISR, OMI, POLDER, CALIOP, SeaWiFS and AERONET for retrieving and making available their respective aerosol products, as well as for providing assistance during the development of MAPSS sampling for these products. We also thank the Principal Investigators (PIs) of AERONET sites and their staff for establishing and maintaining these sites. In addition, we would like to thank the Giovanni team for developing and hosting the MAPSS database and the Web MAPSS user interface. Lastly, our colleague, Gregory Leptoukh, suddenly passed away while this paper was in review. He was a great visionary in the area of facilitating scientific data compatibility and analysis, as well as assuring data quality and enabling multi-sensor data fusion. He made significant contributions not only in this paper but also in the field of remote sensing data analysis at large. We wish to dedicate this paper to his memory. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 5 BP 913 EP 926 DI 10.5194/amt-5-913-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942PG UT WOS:000304057300003 ER PT J AU Adams, C Strong, K Batchelor, RL Bernath, PF Brohede, S Boone, C Degenstein, D Daffer, WH Drummond, JR Fogal, PF Farahani, E Fayt, C Fraser, A Goutail, F Hendrick, F Kolonjari, F Lindenmaier, R Manney, G McElroy, CT McLinden, CA Mendonca, J Park, JH Pavlovic, B Pazmino, A Roth, C Savastiouk, V Walker, KA Weaver, D Zhao, X AF Adams, C. Strong, K. Batchelor, R. L. Bernath, P. F. Brohede, S. Boone, C. Degenstein, D. Daffer, W. H. Drummond, J. R. Fogal, P. F. Farahani, E. Fayt, C. Fraser, A. Goutail, F. Hendrick, F. Kolonjari, F. Lindenmaier, R. Manney, G. McElroy, C. T. McLinden, C. A. Mendonca, J. Park, J. -H. Pavlovic, B. Pazmino, A. Roth, C. Savastiouk, V. Walker, K. A. Weaver, D. Zhao, X. TI Validation of ACE and OSIRIS ozone and NO2 measurements using ground-based instruments at 80 degrees N SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT ACE; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETERS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODELS; AIR-MASS-FACTORS; ZENITH-SKY; STRATOSPHERIC NO2; MID-LATITUDE; MAX-DOAS; PARIS-IR AB The Optical Spectrograph and Infra-Red Imager System (OSIRIS) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) have been taking measurements from space since 2001 and 2003, respectively. This paper presents intercomparisons between ozone and NO2 measured by the ACE and OSIRIS satellite instruments and by ground-based instruments at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), which is located at Eureka, Canada (80A degrees N, 86A degrees W) and is operated by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC). The ground-based instruments included in this study are four zenith-sky differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments, one Bruker Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and four Brewer spectrophotometers. Ozone total columns measured by the DOAS instruments were retrieved using new Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) guidelines and agree to within 3.2%. The DOAS ozone columns agree with the Brewer spectrophotometers with mean relative differences that are smaller than 1.5%. This suggests that for these instruments the new NDACC data guidelines were successful in producing a homogenous and accurate ozone dataset at 80A degrees N. Satellite 14-52 km ozone and 17-40 km NO2 partial columns within 500 km of PEARL were calculated for ACE-FTS Version 2.2 (v2.2) plus updates, ACE-FTS v3.0, ACE-MAESTRO (Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation) v1.2 and OSIRIS SaskMART v5.0x ozone and Optimal Estimation v3.0 NO2 data products. The new ACE-FTS v3.0 and the validated ACE-FTS v2.2 partial columns are nearly identical, with mean relative differences of 0.0 +/- 0.2% and -0.2 +/- 0.1% for v2.2 minus v3.0 ozone and NO2, respectively. Ozone columns were constructed from 14-52 km satellite and 0-14 km ozonesonde partial columns and compared with the ground-based total column measurements. The satellite-plus-sonde measurements agree with the ground-based ozone total columns with mean relative differences of 0.1-7.3%. For NO2, partial columns from 17 km upward were scaled to noon using a photochemical model. Mean relative differences between OSIRIS, ACE-FTS and ground-based NO2 measurements do not exceed 20%. ACE-MAESTRO measures more NO2 than the other instruments, with mean relative differences of 25-52%. Seasonal variation in the differences between NO2 partial columns is observed, suggesting that there are systematic errors in the measurements and/or the photochemical model corrections. For ozone spring-time measurements, additional coincidence criteria based on stratospheric temperature and the location of the polar vortex were found to improve agreement between some of the instruments. For ACE-FTS v2.2 minus Bruker FTIR, the 2007-2009 spring-time mean relative difference improved from -5.0 +/- 0.4% to -3.1 +/- 0.8% with the dynamical selection criteria. This was the largest improvement, likely because both instruments measure direct sunlight and therefore have well-characterized lines-of-sight compared with scattered sunlight measurements. For NO2, the addition of a +/- 1A degrees latitude coincidence criterion improved spring-time intercomparison results, likely due to the sharp latitudinal gradient of NO2 during polar sunrise. The differences between satellite and ground-based measurements do not show any obvious trends over the missions, indicating that both the ACE and OSIRIS instruments continue to perform well. C1 [Adams, C.; Strong, K.; Batchelor, R. L.; Drummond, J. R.; Fogal, P. F.; Farahani, E.; Fraser, A.; Kolonjari, F.; Lindenmaier, R.; Mendonca, J.; Park, J. -H.; Pavlovic, B.; Walker, K. A.; Weaver, D.; Zhao, X.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.; Boone, C.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA USA. [Brohede, S.] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Degenstein, D.; Roth, C.] Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [Daffer, W. H.; Manney, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Drummond, J. R.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Fayt, C.; Hendrick, F.] IASB BIRA, Brussels, Belgium. [Goutail, F.; Pazmino, A.] LATMOS IPSL, CNRS INSU, F-78280 Guyancourt, France. [Manney, G.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [McElroy, C. T.] York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [McElroy, C. T.; McLinden, C. A.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Savastiouk, V.] Full Spectrum Sci Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Adams, C (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM cadams@physics.utoronto.ca RI Fraser, Annemarie/D-3874-2012; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; FU Nova Scotia Research Innovation Trust; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Environment Canada (EC); Government of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP); Ontario Innovation Trust; Polar Continental Shelf Program; Ontario Research Fund; Sweden (SNSB); Finland (TEKES); France (CNES); European Space Agency; Belgian PRODEX SECPEA; A3C; European Commission [FP6-2005-Global-4-036677, 284421] FX The 2006-2011 UT-GBS, PEARL-GBS, SAOZ, and Bruker FTIR measurements at Eureka were made at PEARL by CANDAC. CANDAC is supported by the Atlantic Innovation Fund/Nova Scotia Research Innovation Trust, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Environment Canada (EC), Government of Canada International Polar Year funding, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP), Ontario Innovation Trust, Polar Continental Shelf Program, and Ontario Research Fund. Brewer and ozonesonde measurements were made by EC. The spring 2004-2011 UT-GBS, PEARL-GBS, SAOZ, Bruker FTIR, Brewer, and ozonesonde measurements were also supported by the Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaigns, which were funded by CSA, NSERC, NSTP, and EC. Spring 2007 GBS measurements were also supported by the Centre for Global Change Science. The 2001-2003 GBS measurements were supported by CFCAS and NSTP. C. Adams was partially supported by the NSERC CREATE Training Program in Arctic Atmospheric Science. SAOZ participation in the campaigns was supported by the Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales. The authors wish to thank the CANDAC operators and the staff at EC's Eureka weather station for their contributions to data acquisition, and logistical and on-site support. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), the CSA, Finland (TEKES), France (CNES), and supported since 2007 by the third party mission programme of the European Space Agency. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment, also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the CSA and NSERC. Work carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The IASB-BIRA work was supported by the Belgian PRODEX SECPEA and A3C projects and by the European Commission through the projects GEOmon (FP6; contract FP6-2005-Global-4-036677) and NORS (FP7; contract 284421). NR 73 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 5 BP 927 EP 953 DI 10.5194/amt-5-927-2012 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942PG UT WOS:000304057300004 ER PT J AU Bauer, R Rozanov, A McLinden, CA Gordley, LL Lotz, W Russell, JM Walker, KA Zawodny, JM Ladstatter-Weissenmayer, A Bovensmann, H Burrows, JP AF Bauer, R. Rozanov, A. McLinden, C. A. Gordley, L. L. Lotz, W. Russell, J. M., III Walker, K. A. Zawodny, J. M. Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer, A. Bovensmann, H. Burrows, J. P. TI Validation of SCIAMACHY limb NO2 profiles using solar occultation measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT ACE; INFRARED IMAGER SYSTEM; SAGE-II; OZONE PROFILES; OPTICAL SPECTROGRAPH; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; NITROGEN-OXIDES; RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE; SPECTROMETER AB The increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere necessitate accurate global measurements of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Over the past decade, the SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) instrument on ENVISAT (European Environmental Satellite) has been providing global coverage of stratospheric NO2 every 6 days. In this study, the vertical distributions of NO2 retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb measurements of the scattered solar light are validated by comparison with NO2 products from three different satellite instruments (SAGE II, HALOE and ACE-FTS). The retrieval algorithm based on the information operator approach is discussed, and the sensitivity of the SCIAMACHY NO2 limb retrievals is investigated. The photochemical corrections needed to make this validation feasible, and the chosen collocation criteria are described. For each instrument, a time period of two years is analyzed with several hundreds of collocation pairs for each year. As NO2 is highly variable, the comparisons are performed for five latitudinal bins and four seasons. In the 20 to 40 km altitude range, mean relative differences between SCIAMACHY and other instruments are found to be typically within 20 to 30%. The mean partial NO2 columns in this altitude range agree typically within 15% (both global monthly and zonal annual means). Larger differences are seen for SAGE II comparisons, which is consistent with the results presented by other authors. For SAGE II and ACE-FTS, the observed differences can be partially attributed to the diurnal effect error. C1 [Bauer, R.; Rozanov, A.; Lotz, W.; Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer, A.; Bovensmann, H.; Burrows, J. P.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys IUP, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [McLinden, C. A.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Gordley, L. L.] GATS Inc, Newport News, VA USA. [Russell, J. M., III] Hampton Univ, Dept Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Zawodny, J. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Bauer, R (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys IUP, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM ralf.bauer@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Bovensmann, Heinrich/P-4135-2016; Ladstatter-WeiSSenmayer, Annette/P-8086-2016; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108; Ladstatter-WeiSSenmayer, Annette/0000-0001-7506-8569; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 FU Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; European Commission; DLR [FKZ 50EE0727]; ESA through the SCIAMACHY Quality Working Group; University and State of Bremen FX We are thankful to ECMWF for providing pressure and temperature information (ECMWF Special Project SPDECDIO) for this study. Some data shown here were calculated on German HLRN (High-Performance Computer Center North). Services and support provided by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, are greatly appreciated. Our gratitude also goes to the HALOE science and data processing teams for providing the profiles used in this study. We wish to thank the NASA Langley Research Center (NASA-LaRC) and the NASA Langley Radiation and Aerosols Branch for making it possible for us to work with SAGE II data sets. This work was funded in parts by the European Commission FP7 project QUANTIFY, the DLR project SADOS (FKZ 50EE0727), by ESA through the SCIAMACHY Quality Working Group and by the University and State of Bremen. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1084 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1059-2012 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942PG UT WOS:000304057300011 ER PT J AU Sanghavi, S Martonchik, JV Landgraf, J Platt, U AF Sanghavi, S. Martonchik, J. V. Landgraf, J. Platt, U. TI Retrieval of the optical depth and vertical distribution of particulate scatterers in the atmosphere using O-2 A- and B-band SCIAMACHY observations over Kanpur: a case study SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN A-BAND; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; SULFATE AEROSOLS; ONBOARD ENVISAT; ALGORITHM; SPACE; MISSION; SENSITIVITY; VALIDATION; ABSORPTION AB Due to the well-defined vertical profile of O-2 in the atmosphere, the strong A-band (757-774 nm) has long been used to estimate vertical distributions of aerosol/cloud from space. We extend this approach to include part of the O-2 B-band (684-688 nm) as well. SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT is the first instrument to provide spectral data at moderate resolution (0.2-1.5 nm) in the UV/VIS/NIR including both the O-2 A- and B-bands. Using SCIAMACHY specifications, we make combined use of these bands in an optimal estimation algorithm. Theoretical studies show that our algorithm is applicable both over bright and dark surfaces for the retrieval of a lognormal approximation of the vertical profile of particulate matter, in addition to its optical thickness. Synthetic studies and information content analyses prove that such a combined use provides additional information on the vertical distribution of atmospheric scatterers, attributable to differences in the absorption strengths of the two bands and their underlying surface albedos. Due to the high computational cost of the retrieval, we restrict application to real data to a case study over Kanpur through the year 2003. Comparison with AERONET data shows a commonly observed seasonal pattern of haziness, manifesting a correlation coefficient of r = 0.92 for non-monsoon monthly mean AOTs. The retrieved particulate optical thickness is found to be anti-correlated with the relative contrast of the Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (LER) at 682 nm and 755 nm by a coefficient of 0.788, confirming the hypothesis made in Sanghavi et al. (2010). Our case study demonstrates a stable physics-based retrieval of particulate matter using only SCIAMACHY data. The feasibility of our approach is enhanced by the information provided by measurements around the O-2 B-band in addition to the A-band. Nonetheless, operational application to SCIAMACHY data remains challenged by radiometric uncertainties, yielding simultaneous retrieval of particle microphysical parameters impracticable and leading to over-reliance on climatological data. Addressing these issues in future instruments similar to SCIAMACHY, coupled with computational resources and speed-up of the current line-by-line radiative transfer calculations, can allow our approach to be extended to the global scale, particularly as it is not limited to dark surfaces. C1 [Sanghavi, S.; Martonchik, J. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Landgraf, J.] Netherlands Inst Space Res SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Platt, U.] Inst Environm Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Sanghavi, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 169-237,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM suniti.sanghavi@gmail.com FU IMPRS FX The authors wish to thank three anonymous referees, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven and Luis Guanter for their insightful comments and suggestions, which have greatly contributed to the quality of presentation of our work. The bulk of this work was carried out as part of Suniti Sanghavi's PhD thesis. She would like to express her gratitude to Ulrich Platt for his support and acknowledge the IMPRS for awarding her the scholarship that funded this work. NR 61 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 5 BP 1099 EP 1119 DI 10.5194/amt-5-1099-2012 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942PG UT WOS:000304057300013 ER PT J AU Meyssignac, B Melia, DSY Becker, M Llovel, W Cazenave, A AF Meyssignac, B. Salas y Melia, D. Becker, M. Llovel, W. Cazenave, A. TI Tropical Pacific spatial trend patterns in observed sea level: internal variability and/or anthropogenic signature? SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GLOBAL OCEAN; WORLD OCEAN; SIMULATION; REANALYSIS; RISE; MASS; SATELLITE AB In this study we focus on the sea level trend pattern observed by satellite altimetry in the tropical Pacific over the 1993-2009 time span (i.e. 17 yr). Our objective is to investigate whether this 17-yr-long trend pattern was different before the altimetry era, what was its spatio-temporal variability and what have been its main drivers. We try to discriminate the respective roles of the internal variability of the climate system and of external forcing factors, in particular anthropogenic emissions (greenhouse gases and aerosols). On the basis of a 2-D past sea level reconstruction over 1950-2009 (based on a combination of observations and ocean modelling) and multi-century control runs (i.e. with constant, preindustrial external forcing) from eight coupled climate models, we have investigated how the observed 17-yr sea level trend pattern evolved during the last decades and centuries, and try to estimate the characteristic time scales of its variability. For that purpose, we have computed sea level trend patterns over successive 17-yr windows (i.e. the length of the altimetry record), both for the 60-yr long reconstructed sea level and the model runs. We find that the 2-D sea level reconstruction shows spatial trend patterns similar to the one observed during the altimetry era. The pattern appears to have fluctuated with time with a characteristic time scale of the order of 25-30 yr. The same behaviour is found in multi-centennial control runs of the coupled climate models. A similar analysis is performed with 20th century coupled climate model runs with complete external forcing (i.e. solar plus volcanic variability and changes in anthropogenic forcing). Results suggest that in the tropical Pacific, sea level trend fluctuations are dominated by the internal variability of the ocean-atmosphere coupled system. While our analysis cannot rule out any influence of anthropogenic forcing, it concludes that the latter effect in that particular region is stillhardly detectable. C1 [Meyssignac, B.; Becker, M.; Cazenave, A.] Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP PCA, LEGOS, UMR5566, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Meyssignac, B.; Cazenave, A.] CNES, LEGOS, UMR5566, F-31401 Toulouse, France. [Becker, M.] CNRS, LEGOS, UMR5566, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Salas y Melia, D.] Meteo France CNRM GMGEC CNRS GAME, F-31000 Toulouse, France. [Llovel, W.] CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Meyssignac, B (reprint author), Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP PCA, LEGOS, UMR5566, 14 Av Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM benoit.meyssignac@legos.obs-mip.fr RI BECKER, Melanie/B-3658-2012; Meyssignac, Benoit/O-1910-2015; LLOVEL, William/G-6930-2016 OI BECKER, Melanie/0000-0002-0263-5558; FU ANR "CECILE"; NASA; CNES; CNRS-INSU FX This study was partially supported by the ANR "CECILE" project. Melanie Becker was funded by the post-doctoral grant of the ANR CECILE project. W. Llovel is supported by a NASA Postdoctorate fellowship. This work was partly supported by CNES.; The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU. NR 67 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2012 VL 8 IS 2 BP 787 EP 802 DI 10.5194/cp-8-787-2012 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942PW UT WOS:000304059700027 ER PT B AU Brown, TM Lanz, T Sweigart, AV Cracraft, M Hubeny, I Landsman, WB AF Brown, T. M. Lanz, T. Sweigart, A. V. Cracraft, Misty Hubeny, Ivan Landsman, W. B. BE Kilkenny, D Jeffery, CS Koen, C TI New Observational Evidence of Flash Mixing on the White Dwarf Cooling Curve SO FIFTH MEETING ON HOT SUBDWARF STARS AND RELATED OBJECTS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Meeting on Hot Subdwarf Stars and Related Objects CY JUL 25-29, 2011 CL Univ W Cape, Stellenbosch, SOUTH AFRICA SP Stellenbosch Inst Adv Studies, S African Natl Res Fdn HO Univ W Cape ID SPACE-TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS; GALACTIC GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS; EXTREME HORIZONTAL-BRANCH; BLUE HOOK STARS; OMEGA-CENTAURI; MAIN-SEQUENCE; NGC-2808; M54; POPULATIONS; DISCOVERY AB Blue hook stars are a class of subluminous extreme horizontal branch stars that were discovered in UV images of the massive globular clusters to omega Cen and NGC 2808. These stars occupy a region of the HR diagram that is unexplained by canonical stellar evolution theory. Using new theoretical evolutionary and atmospheric models, we have shown that the blue hook stars are very likely the progeny of stars that undergo extensive internal mixing during a late helium-core flash on the white dwarf cooling curve. This "flash mixing" produces hotter-than-normal EHB stars with atmospheres significantly enhanced in helium and carbon. The larger bolometric correction, combined with the decrease in hydrogen opacity, makes these stars appear subluminous in the optical and UV. Flash mixing is more likely to occur in stars born with a high helium abundance, due to their lower mass at the main sequence turnoff. For this reason, the phenomenon is more common in those massive globular clusters that show evidence for secondary populations enhanced in helium. However, a high helium abundance does not, by itself, explain the presence of blue hook stars in massive globular clusters. Here, we present new observational evidence for flash mixing, using recent HST observations. These include UV color-magnitude diagrams of six massive globular clusters and far-UV spectroscopy of hot subdwarfs in one of these clusters (NGC 2808). C1 [Brown, T. M.; Cracraft, Misty] Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Lanz, T.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sweigart, A. V.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hubeny, Ivan] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA. [Landsman, W. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Adnet Syst, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brown, TM (reprint author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM tbrown@stsci.edu FU NASA [10815, 11665]; STScI; AURA [NAS 5-26555] FX Support for programs 10815 and 11665 are provided through a NASA grant from STScI, which is operated by AURA under contract NAS 5-26555. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-787-2; 978-1-58381-786-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2012 VL 452 BP 23 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BAG95 UT WOS:000304125800003 ER PT J AU Lamarque, JF Emmons, LK Hess, PG Kinnison, DE Tilmes, S Vitt, F Heald, CL Holland, EA Lauritzen, PH Neu, J Orlando, JJ Rasch, PJ Tyndall, GK AF Lamarque, J. -F. Emmons, L. K. Hess, P. G. Kinnison, D. E. Tilmes, S. Vitt, F. Heald, C. L. Holland, E. A. Lauritzen, P. H. Neu, J. Orlando, J. J. Rasch, P. J. Tyndall, G. K. TI CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE CLIMATES; GASEOUS DRY DEPOSITION; GLOBAL-MODEL; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; SURFACE RESISTANCES; TRANSPORT MODELS; OZONE POLLUTION AB We discuss and evaluate the representation of atmospheric chemistry in the global Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 4, the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We present a variety of configurations for the representation of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, wet removal, and online and offline meteorology. Results from simulations illustrating these configurations are compared with surface, aircraft and satellite observations. Major biases include a negative bias in the high-latitude CO distribution, a positive bias in upper-tropospheric/lower-stratospheric ozone, and a positive bias in summertime surface ozone (over the United States and Europe). The tropospheric net chemical ozone production varies significantly between configurations, partly related to variations in stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Aerosol optical depth tends to be underestimated over most regions, while comparison with aerosol surface measurements over the United States indicate reasonable results for sulfate , especially in the online simulation. Other aerosol species exhibit significant biases. Overall, the model-data comparison indicates that the offline simulation driven by GEOS5 meteorological analyses provides the best simulation, possibly due in part to the increased vertical resolution (52 levels instead of 26 for online dynamics). The CAM-chem code as described in this paper, along with all the necessary datasets needed to perform the simulations described here, are available for download at < a href='http://www.cesm.ucar.edu'> www.cesm.ucar.edu . C1 [Lamarque, J. -F.; Emmons, L. K.; Kinnison, D. E.; Tilmes, S.; Vitt, F.; Holland, E. A.; Lauritzen, P. H.; Orlando, J. J.; Tyndall, G. K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Hess, P. G.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. [Heald, C. L.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Neu, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Rasch, P. J.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Lamarque, JF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM lamar@ucar.edu RI Heald, Colette/A-6813-2011; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015 OI Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796 FU NSF [0840825, 0929282]; EPA [834283]; Department of Energy under SciDAC; Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy FX We would like to acknowledge the help of M. Schultz and M. Val Martin with surface ozone measurements. P. G. H. was partially funded under the NSF award 0840825 and EPA Grant #: 834283. C. L. H. was partially supported by NSF award 0929282. D. K., J.-F. L. and F. V. were partially funded by the Department of Energy under the SciDAC program. We also acknowledge the science teams producing the data used for model evaluation, including the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division for surface CO and ozone sondes, and the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) for ozonesondes. The CESM project is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. NR 99 TC 190 Z9 195 U1 16 U2 91 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 2 BP 369 EP 411 DI 10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012 PG 43 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 942QD UT WOS:000304060600008 ER PT J AU Los, SO Rosette, JAB Kljun, N North, PRJ Chasmer, L Suarez, JC Hopkinson, C Hill, RA van Gorsel, E Mahoney, C Berni, JAJ AF Los, S. O. Rosette, J. A. B. Kljun, N. North, P. R. J. Chasmer, L. Suarez, J. C. Hopkinson, C. Hill, R. A. van Gorsel, E. Mahoney, C. Berni, J. A. J. TI Vegetation height and cover fraction between 60A degrees S and 60A degrees N from ICESat GLAS data SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID WAVE-FORM LIDAR; LASER ALTIMETRY; CANOPY HEIGHT; PINE FOREST; AVHRR DATA; BIOMASS; CARBON; LAND; VALIDATION; GRASSLANDS AB We present new coarse resolution (0.5A degrees x 0.5A degrees) vegetation height and vegetation-cover fraction data sets between 60A degrees S and 60A degrees N for use in climate models and ecological models. The data sets are derived from 2003-2009 measurements collected by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), the only LiDAR instrument that provides close to global coverage. Initial vegetation height is calculated from GLAS data using a development of the model of Rosette et al. (2008) with with further calibration on desert sites. Filters are developed to identify and eliminate spurious observations in the GLAS data, e.g. data that are affected by clouds, atmosphere and terrain and as such result in erroneous estimates of vegetation height or vegetation cover. Filtered GLAS vegetation height estimates are aggregated in histograms from 0 to 70 m in 0.5 m intervals for each 0.5A degrees x 0.5A degrees. The GLAS vegetation height product is evaluated in four ways. Firstly, the Vegetation height data and data filters are evaluated using aircraft LiDAR measurements of the same for ten sites in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Application of filters to the GLAS vegetation height estimates increases the correlation with aircraft data from r = 0.33 to r = 0.78, decreases the root-mean-square error by a factor 3 to about 6 m (RMSE) or 4.5 m (68% error distribution) and decreases the bias from 5.7 m to -1.3 m. Secondly, the global aggregated GLAS vegetation height product is tested for sensitivity towards the choice of data quality filters; areas with frequent cloud cover and areas with steep terrain are the most sensitive to the choice of thresholds for the filters. The changes in height estimates by applying different filters are, for the main part, smaller than the overall uncertainty of 4.5-6 m established from the site measurements. Thirdly, the GLAS global vegetation height product is compared with a global vegetation height product typically used in a climate model, a recent global tree height product, and a vegetation greenness product and is shown to produce realistic estimates of vegetation height. Finally, the GLAS bare soil cover fraction is compared globally with the MODIS bare soil fraction (r = 0.65) and with bare soil cover fraction estimates derived from AVHRR NDVI data (r = 0.67); the GLAS tree-cover fraction is compared with the MODIS tree-cover fraction (r = 0.79). The evaluation indicates that filters applied to the GLAS data are conservative and eliminate a large proportion of spurious data, while only in a minority of cases at the cost of removing reliable data as well. The new GLAS vegetation height product appears more realistic than previous data sets used in climate models and ecological models and hence should significantly improve simulations that involve the land surface. C1 [Los, S. O.; Rosette, J. A. B.; Kljun, N.; North, P. R. J.; Mahoney, C.] Swansea Univ, Dept Geog, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. [Rosette, J. A. B.; Suarez, J. C.] NASA, Biospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rosette, J. A. B.; Suarez, J. C.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20771 USA. [Chasmer, L.; Hopkinson, C.] Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Cold Reg Res Ctr, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. [Suarez, J. C.] Forest Res, No Res Stn, Roslin EH25 9SY, Midlothian, Scotland. [Hill, R. A.] Bournemouth Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Poole BH12 5BB, Dorset, England. [van Gorsel, E.; Berni, J. A. J.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Pye Lab, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Los, SO (reprint author), Swansea Univ, Dept Geog, Singleton Pk, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. EM s.o.los@swansea.ac.uk RI Hill, Ross/B-3871-2009; Los, Sietse/G-8985-2012; Jimenez-Berni, Jose/F-8602-2011; Geophysical Equipment Facility, NERC/G-5260-2010; Kljun, Natascha/B-8467-2008; North, Peter/A-1616-2009; van Gorsel, Eva/A-1699-2012 OI Jimenez-Berni, Jose/0000-0001-6542-921X; Kljun, Natascha/0000-0001-9650-2184; North, Peter/0000-0001-9933-6935; van Gorsel, Eva/0000-0002-9939-7217 FU NERC [NE/G000360/1]; NERC/ARSF/FSF [EU10-01]; NERC/GEF [909 (PI NK)]; NCEO EO FX The MODIS global vegetation continuous fields, MOD44B, were obtained from the Global Land Cover Facility, http://www.landcover.org/, the ICESat GLAS data were obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), http://nsidc.org/, and the interpolated SRTM-DEM version 4.1 data were obtained from the Consultative Group for International Agriculture Research - Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIAR-CSI), http://www.cgiar-csi.org/. Airborne LiDAR data for the UK were provided by the UK government Forestry Commission research agency, Forest Research. The LiDAR data of Peru were acquired by Dr Bryan Mark of Ohio State University. We are also grateful to Doreen Boyd of the University of Nottingham who is part of the team working on this data set. Airborne LiDAR data from the Canadian sites were obtained with support from NERC (grant NE/G000360/1, PI NK), from the Netherlands and German sites with support from NERC/ARSF/FSF grant EU10-01 and NERC/GEF grant 909 (PI NK); and from Australia with support from NCEO EO mission support 2009 (PI NK). Special thanks to the Applied Geomatics Research Group (AGRG) in Nova Scotia, the NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) and Airborne Research Australia (ARA) for carrying out the airborne campaigns. We thank Mike Lefsky for making his tree height product available. NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 33 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 2 BP 413 EP 432 DI 10.5194/gmd-5-413-2012 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 942QD UT WOS:000304060600009 ER PT J AU Signorini, SR Hakkinen, S Gudmundsson, K Olsen, A Omar, AM Olafsson, J Reverdin, G Henson, SA McClain, CR Worthen, DL AF Signorini, S. R. Haekkinen, S. Gudmundsson, K. Olsen, A. Omar, A. M. Olafsson, J. Reverdin, G. Henson, S. A. McClain, C. R. Worthen, D. L. TI The role of phytoplankton dynamics in the seasonal and interannual variability of carbon in the subpolar North Atlantic - a modeling study SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; SEA-ICE; COCCOLITHOPHORE BLOOM; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; ARCTIC-OCEAN; TIME-SERIES; SURFACE; WATERS; CIRCULATION; SILICATE AB We developed an ecosystem/biogeochemical model system, which includes multiple phytoplankton functional groups and carbon cycle dynamics, and applied it to investigate physical-biological interactions in Icelandic waters. Satellite and in situ data were used to evaluate the model. Surface seasonal cycle amplitudes and biases of key parameters (DIC, TA, pCO(2), air-sea CO2 flux, and nutrients) are significantly improved when compared to surface observations by prescribing deep water values and trends, based on available data. The seasonality of the coccolithophore and 'other phytoplankton' (diatoms and dinoflagellates) blooms is in general agreement with satellite ocean color products. Nutrient supply, biomass and calcite concentrations are modulated by light and mixed layer depth seasonal cycles. Diatoms are the most abundant phytoplankton, with a large bloom in early spring and a secondary bloom in fall. The diatom bloom is followed by blooms of dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. The effect of biological changes on the seasonal variability of the surface ocean pCO(2) is nearly twice the temperature effect, in agreement with previous studies. The inclusion of multiple phytoplankton functional groups in the model played a major role in the accurate representation of CO2 uptake by biology. For instance, at the peak of the bloom, the exclusion of coccolithophores causes an increase in alkalinity of up to 4 mu mol kg(-1) with a corresponding increase in DIC of up to 16 mu mol kg(-1). During the peak of the bloom in summer, the net effect of the absence of the coccolithophores bloom is an increase in pCO(2) of more than 20 mu atm and a reduction of atmospheric CO2 uptake of more than 6 mmol m(-2) d(-1). On average, the impact of coccolithophores is an increase of air-sea CO2 flux of about 27%. Considering the areal extent of the bloom from satellite images within the Irminger and Icelandic Basins, this reduction translates into an annual mean of nearly 1500 tonnes C yr(-1). C1 [Signorini, S. R.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. [Haekkinen, S.; Worthen, D. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gudmundsson, K.; Olafsson, J.] Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Olsen, A.; Omar, A. M.] Uni Bjerknes Ctr, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Olsen, A.; Omar, A. M.] Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Olafsson, J.] Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. [Reverdin, G.] IPSL, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, F-75252 Paris, France. [Henson, S. A.] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. [Signorini, S. R.; McClain, C. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Ecol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Worthen, D. L.] Wyle Informat Syst Grp, Mclean, VA USA. RP Signorini, SR (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. EM sergio.signorini@nasa.gov RI Olsen, Are/A-1511-2011 OI Olsen, Are/0000-0003-1696-9142 FU NASA; Institut National de Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) in France; Natural Environment Research Council (UK); Reykjavik Marine Research Institute (MRI) FX This project was supported by the NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program. We want to acknowledge the project A-CARB of the Research Council of Norway. We also want to acknowledge the SURATLANTE project, which is supported by the Institut National de Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) in France, and the MarProd program sponsored by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK). Continuous Plankton Recorder data were obtained from the Sir Alistair Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences. We would like to acknowledge the support of the Reykjavik Marine Research Institute (MRI) personnel (Solveig Olafsdottir and Magnus Danielsen). NR 77 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 3 BP 683 EP 707 DI 10.5194/gmd-5-683-2012 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 942QH UT WOS:000304061200007 ER PT J AU Kapoor, B Sherif, J AF Kapoor, Bhushan Sherif, Joseph TI Global human resources (HR) information systems SO KYBERNETES LA English DT Article DE Human resource management; Multinational companies; Globalization; Databases; Global databases; Global employee staffing; Information management AB Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to advance information systems, research and strategies to manage global human resources. The influx of diversity candidates into the marketplace is driving the wheels of change. With an increase in minorities and international workforce in advanced education and professional positions, employers are choosing to embrace diversity. Those that successfully make this transition will prosper in this new century and beyond. A culturally diverse workforce provides an enriched environment for the development of new ideas, fresh perspectives and innovative methodologies. Design/methodology/approach - The paper discusses the fact that the increasing prevalence of globalization is driven by a number of factors, including shortage of talent in developed countries, availability of low-cost labor, growing consumers in developing countries, technological progress and worldwide workforce diversity. Human Resources (HR) departments of global companies must assemble global databases that obtain information such as employee's attrition and hiring, compensation and benefits, ethnic, gender, cultural, and nationality distributions. By applying advanced analytical techniques on the global database, HR professionals will get intelligent business insight, predict changes and make informed decisions at operational and strategic levels. Findings - The global supply of talent is short of its long-term demand, and the gap is a challenge for employers everywhere. The shortage between the demand and supply of talent is likely to continue to increase notably for high skilled workers and for the next generation of business executives. Practical implications - Only those multinational enterprises willing to adapt their HR practices to the changing global labor market conditions will be able to attract and retain high performing employees. Organizations need to place greater emphasis on attracting human capital in addition to financial capital. Global staffing and management of a workforce diverse in culture and language skills and dispersed in different countries are the key goals of global human resources. Originality/value - The paper tackles one of the most critical problems of educating multinational enterprises to adapt their HR practices to the changing global labor market conditions. In so doing multinational enterprises will attract, develop and retain high performing employees in order to survive and succeed in the global competition. Management of culturally diverse and geographically dispersed workforce is a key goal of global human resources. It is also critical that businesses not only familiarize with local ways of doing business and understand needs of the local consumers, but also to develop a global mindset, global HR information systems and global HR databases. Global HR will play roles and responsibilities in leading organizations towards openness to cultural diversity. C1 [Kapoor, Bhushan; Sherif, Joseph] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. [Sherif, Joseph] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Sherif, J (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. EM jsherif@fullerton.edu NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 7 U2 36 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY BD16 1WA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0368-492X EI 1758-7883 J9 KYBERNETES JI Kybernetes PY 2012 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1108/03684921211213052 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA 942EA UT WOS:000304024000020 ER PT J AU El-Alaoui, M Richard, RL Ashour-Abdalla, M Walker, RJ Goldstein, ML AF El-Alaoui, M. Richard, R. L. Ashour-Abdalla, M. Walker, R. J. Goldstein, M. L. TI Turbulence in a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the Earth's magnetosphere during northward and southward interplanetary magnetic field SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; PLASMA SHEET; SOLAR-WIND; SUBSTORM ONSET; RECONNECTION; MAGNETOTAIL; MHD; INTERMITTENCY; FLUCTUATIONS; DISSIPATION AB We report the results of MHD simulations of Earth's magnetosphere for idealized steady solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. The simulations feature purely northward and southward magnetic fields and were designed to study turbulence in the magnetotail plasma sheet. We found that the power spectral densities (PSDs) for both northward and southward IMF had the characteristics of turbulent flow. In both cases, the PSDs showed the three scale ranges expected from theory: the energy-containing scale, the inertial range, and the dissipative range. The results were generally consistent with in-situ observations and theoretical predictions. While the two cases studied, northward and southward IMF, had some similar characteristics, there were significant differences as well. For southward IMF, localized reconnection was the main energy source for the turbulence. For northward IMF, remnant reconnection contributed to driving the turbulence. Boundary waves may also have contributed. In both cases, the PSD slopes had spatial distributions in the dissipative range that reflected the pattern of resistive dissipation. For southward IMF there was a trend toward steeper slopes in the dissipative range with distance down the tail. For northward IMF there was a marked dusk-dawn asymmetry with steeper slopes on the dusk side of the tail. The inertial scale PSDs had a dusk-dawn symmetry during the northward IMF interval with steeper slopes on the dawn side. This asymmetry was not found in the distribution of inertial range slopes for southward IMF. The inertial range PSD slopes were clustered around values close to the theoretical expectation for both northward and southward IMF. In the dissipative range, however, the slopes were broadly distributed and the median values were significantly different, consistent with a different distribution of resistivity. C1 [El-Alaoui, M.; Richard, R. L.; Ashour-Abdalla, M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [El-Alaoui, M.; Richard, R. L.; Ashour-Abdalla, M.; Walker, R. J.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Walker, R. J.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Goldstein, M. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geospace Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP El-Alaoui, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM mostafa@igpp.ucla.edu RI NASA MMS, Science Team/J-5393-2013 OI NASA MMS, Science Team/0000-0002-9504-5214 FU NASA [NNX10AQ47G, NNX08AO48G]; Magnetospheric Multiscale project Interdisciplinary Scientist grant FX Research was supported by NASA grants NNX10AQ47G and NNX08AO48G to UCLA and by the Magnetospheric Multiscale project Interdisciplinary Scientist grant to the Goddard Space Flight Center. The computations were performed on THRESHER at San Diego and on NASA's supercomputer. UCLA-IGPP Publication #6530. NR 52 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2012 VL 19 IS 2 BP 165 EP 175 DI 10.5194/npg-19-165-2012 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 942QP UT WOS:000304062400002 ER PT J AU Colliander, A AF Colliander, Andreas TI Analysis of coincident L-band radiometer and radar measurements with respect to soil moisture and vegetation conditions SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Backscatter; brightness temperature ID SENSOR; FREQUENCY AB Active and passive microwave remote sensing data offer complementary information on the properties of the observed scene. This study investigates the relationship of L-band radiometer and radar signals to vegetation and soil during four field campaigns conducted in United States between 1999 and 2008. The study shows complex relationship between radiometer observed reflectivity and radar observed backscatter over various landscapes, as expected. Vegetation classification was attempted with different in situ and remote sensing parameters but only a purely empirical combination of Vegetation Water Content and cross-polarized backscatter was able to successfully divide the observations into broad categories of high and low vegetation. The study suggests that a combination of radar and radiometer signal is necessary for establishing a parameter that can fully describe the vegetation state. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Colliander, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM andreas.colliander@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ITALIANA TELERILEVAMENTO PI FIRENZE PA UNIV DEGLI STUDI FIRENZE, DIPT SCI TERRA, VIA JACOPO NARDI, FIRENZE, 50132, ITALY SN 2279-7254 J9 EUR J REMOTE SENS JI Eur. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 45 IS 1 BP 111 EP 120 DI 10.5721/EuJRS20124511 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 935FM UT WOS:000303504400011 ER PT J AU Roberts, A Romanofsky, R AF Roberts, Anthony Romanofsky, Robert TI Implementing a Piezoelectric Transformer for a Ferroelectric Phase Shifter Circuit SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of Information-Society-Innovation-Fund (ISIF) CY 2011 CL Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Informat Soc Innovat Fund DE Ferroelectric phase shifter; ferroelectricity; piezoelectricity; piezoelectric transformer; phased array antenna AB This paper describes the successful development of a piezoelectric transformer-based driver circuit used to bias a ferroelectric phase shifter. The proof-of-concept circuit achieves voltages in excess of 400 VDC and accomplishes 0 to 180 degrees of phase shift at Ka-band. The ferroelectric phase shifter is the fundamental component in a new type of scanning phased array, the ferroelectric reflectarray. The coplanar ferroelectric phase shifter requires only one control signal, currently generated by magnetic circuit components. However magnetic devices suffer from resistive and magnetic losses, and dimensional and economic costs. New phased array architecture, not reliant on magnetics, can be realized because the piezoelectric transformer allows a low level signal to be routed to each phase shifter and converted to the proper bias voltage levels at each phase shifter. This research explores the use of a piezoelectric transformer (PT) as the alternative enabling component in the voltage supply for a ferroelectric phase shifter utilizing piezoelectrics in an AC-DC converter. C1 [Roberts, Anthony] Cleveland State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. [Romanofsky, Robert] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Antennas & Opt Syst Branch, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Roberts, A (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2012 VL 134 BP 102 EP 110 DI 10.1080/10584587.2012.665306 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 936DD UT WOS:000303570200015 ER PT J AU Hunt, M Sayyah, R Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Hunt, Mitchell Sayyah, Rana Macleod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Characterization of a Common-Gate Amplifier Using Ferroelectric Transistors SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of Information-Society-Innovation-Fund (ISIF) CY 2011 CL Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Informat Soc Innovat Fund DE FeFET; FFET; ferroelectric transistor; common-gate amplifier ID ANALOG AMPLIFIER AB In this paper, the empirical data collected through experiments performed using a ferroelectric transistor (FeFET) in the common-gate amplifier circuit is presented. The FeFET common-gate amplifier was characterized by varying all parameters in the circuit, such as load resistance, biasing of the transistor, and input voltages. Due to the polarization of the ferroelectric layer, the particular behavior of the FeFET common-gate amplifier presents interesting results. Furthermore, the differences between a FeFET common-gate amplifier and a MOSFET common-gate amplifier are examined. C1 [Hunt, Mitchell; Sayyah, Rana; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Macleod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ho, FD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM ho@ece.uah.edu NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2012 VL 134 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1080/10584587.2012.665308 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 936DD UT WOS:000303570200017 ER PT J AU Phillips, TA MacLeod, TC Ho, FD AF Phillips, Thomas A. MacLeod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Modeling of Sonos Memory Cell Erase Cycle SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities CY AUG 03, 2011 CL Cambridge, ENGLAND DE SONOS; MOSFET Model; Flash Memory AB This paper investigates the Silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory cell erase cycle. A nonquasi-static (NQS) MOSFET model was developed and implemented in software. The model equations were incrementally solved at each time step. During an erase cycle, a negative pulse is applied to the gate which causes Fowler-Nordheim tunneling between the floating gate and channel. The SONOS floating gate voltage, tunneling current, and threshold voltage were characterized during this erase cycle. Comparisons were made between the model predictions and experimental data for the threshold voltage. C1 [Phillips, Thomas A.; MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Phillips, TA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM thomas.a.phillips@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2012 VL 132 BP 70 EP 75 DI 10.1080/10584587.2012.660819 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 936CM UT WOS:000303568500012 ER PT J AU John, CS MacLeod, TC Evans, J Ho, FD AF John, Caroline S. MacLeod, Todd C. Evans, Joe Ho, Fat D. TI Characterization of an Autonomous Non-Volatile Ferroelectric Memory Latch SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE Ferroelectric capacitor; non-volatile; autonomous; memory latch AB In this paper we present an autonomous non-volatile ferroelectric memory latch using the principle that when an electric field is applied to a ferroelectric capacitor, the positive and negative remnant polarization charge states of the capacitor are denoted as either data '0' or data '1'. The latch holds the new data as long as power is applied and returns automatically to that state when the power is removed and reapplied ensuring non-volatility. Further the memory latch is autonomous as it operates with the ground, power and output node connections only. The unique quality of this latch circuit is that it can be written when powered off. The circuit was laid out using discrete components which was used to characterize the design. This paper analyses the electrical characterization and the data retention of the circuit. C1 [MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [John, Caroline S.; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Evans, Joe] Radiant Technol Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87107 USA. RP Evans, J (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM todd.macleod@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2012 VL 132 BP 76 EP 81 DI 10.1080/10584587.2012.660821 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 936CM UT WOS:000303568500013 ER PT J AU Mitchell, C Laws, C MacLeod, TC Ho, FD AF Mitchell, Cody Laws, Crystal MacLeod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Characteristics of a Nonvolatile SRAM Cell Utilizing a Ferroelectric Transistor SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE SRAM; nonvolatile; ferroelectric AB The SRAM cell circuit is a standard for volatile data storage. When utilizing one or more ferroelectric transistors, the hysteresis characteristics give unique properties to the SRAM circuit, providing for investigation into the development of a nonvolatile memory cell. This paper discusses various formations of the SRAM circuit, using ferroelectric transistors, n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs, and resistive loads. With varied source and supply voltages, the effects on the timing and retention characteristics are investigated, including retention times of up to 24 hours. C1 [MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Mitchell, Cody; Laws, Crystal; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP MacLeod, TC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM todd.macleod@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2012 VL 132 BP 82 EP 87 DI 10.1080/10584587.2012.660822 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 936CM UT WOS:000303568500014 ER PT J AU MacLeod, TC Sims, WH Varnavas, KA Ho, FD AF MacLeod, Todd C. Sims, W. Herb Varnavas, Kosta A. Ho, Fat D. TI Results from on-Orbit Testing of the Fram Memory Test Experiment on the Fastsat Micro-Satellite SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE Component; FRAM; satellite; radiation test AB The Memory Test Experiment is a space test of a ferroelectric memory device on a low Earth orbit satellite that launched in November 2010. The memory device being tested is a commercial Ramtron Inc. 512K memory device. The circuit was designed into the FASTSAT avionics and is not used to control the satellite. The test consists of writing and reading data with the ferroelectric based memory device. Any errors are detected and are stored on board the satellite. The data is sent to the ground through telemetry once a day. Analysis of the data can determine the kind of error that was found and will lead to a better understanding of the effects of space radiation on memory systems. The test is one of the first flight demonstrations of ferroelectric memory in a near polar orbit which allows testing in a varied radiation environment. The initial data from the test is presented. This paper details the goals and purpose of this experiment as well as the development process. The process for analyzing the data to gain the maximum understanding of the performance of the ferroelectric memory device is detailed. C1 [MacLeod, Todd C.; Sims, W. Herb; Varnavas, Kosta A.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP MacLeod, TC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM todd.macleod@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2012 VL 132 BP 88 EP 98 DI 10.1080/10584587.2012.660829 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 936CM UT WOS:000303568500015 ER PT J AU Veraverbeke, S Verstraeten, WW Lhermitte, S Van de Kerchove, R Goossens, R AF Veraverbeke, Sander Verstraeten, Willem W. Lhermitte, Stefaan Van de Kerchove, Ruben Goossens, Rudi TI Assessment of post-fire changes in land surface temperature and surface albedo, and their relation with fire-burn severity using multitemporal MODIS imagery SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE climate; NDVI; remote sensing; satellite ID 2007 PELOPONNESE WILDFIRES; TIME-SERIES; FOREST-FIRE; BOREAL FOREST; VEGETATION RECOVERY; NORTHERN AUSTRALIA; INTERIOR ALASKA; SATELLITE IMAGERY; TROPICAL SAVANNA; SPATIAL-PATTERNS AB This study evaluates the effects of the large 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires on changes in broadband surface albedo (a), daytime land surface temperature (LSTd) and night-time LST (LSTn) using a 2-year post-fire time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. In addition, it assesses the potential of remotely sensed a and LST as indicators for fire-burn severity. Immediately after the fire event, mean a dropped up to 0.039 (standard deviation = 0.012) (P < 0.001), mean LSTd increased up to 8.4 (3.0) K (P < 0.001), and mean LSTn decreased up to -1.2 (1.5) K (P < 0.001) for high-severity plots (P < 0.001). After this initial alteration, fire-induced changes become clearly smaller and seasonality starts governing the a and LST time series. Compared with the fire-induced changes in a and LST, the post-fire NDVI drop was more persistent in time. This temporal constraint restricts the utility of remotely sensed a and LST as indicators for fire-burn severity. For the times when changes in a and LST were significant, the magnitude of changes was related to fire-burn severity, revealing the importance of vegetation as a regulator of land surface energy fluxes. C1 [Veraverbeke, Sander; Van de Kerchove, Ruben; Goossens, Rudi] Univ Ghent, Dept Geog, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium. [Veraverbeke, Sander] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Verstraeten, Willem W.; Lhermitte, Stefaan] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Verstraeten, Willem W.] Eindhoven Univ Technol, Fluid Dynam Dept, NL-5600 Eindhoven, Netherlands. [Lhermitte, Stefaan] Univ la Serena, Ctr Estudios Avanzados Zonas Aridas, La Serena, Chile. RP Veraverbeke, S (reprint author), Univ Ghent, Dept Geog, Krijgslaan 281 S8, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM sander.s.veraverbeke@jpl.nasa.gov RI Veraverbeke, Sander/H-2301-2012; Verstraeten, Willem W./D-3247-2014; Lhermitte, Stef (Stefaan)/A-3385-2013; OI Veraverbeke, Sander/0000-0003-1362-5125; Verstraeten, Willem W./0000-0002-7222-5212; Lhermitte, Stef (Stefaan)/0000-0002-1622-0177; Van De Kerchove, Ruben/0000-0001-6314-4931 FU Ghent University (BOF, Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds); National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The study was initially financed by the Ghent University special research funds (BOF, Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds). Part of the work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We are indebted to the reviewers and the editor for their constructive remarks, which resulted in an improved manuscript. The JPL author's copyright for this publication is held by the California Institute of Technology. NR 70 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 29 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2012 VL 21 IS 3 BP 243 EP 256 DI 10.1071/WF10075 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 939QB UT WOS:000303826700006 ER PT J AU McQuillen, JB Chato, DJ Motil, BJ Doherty, MP Chao, DF Zhang, NL AF McQuillen, John B. Chato, David J. Motil, Brian J. Doherty, Michael P. Chao, David F. Zhang, Nengli TI POROUS SCREEN APPLIED IN LIQUID ACQUISITION DEVICE CHANNEL AND CFD SIMULATION OF FLOW IN THE CHANNEL SO JOURNAL OF POROUS MEDIA LA English DT Article DE microgravity; cryogenic liquid propellants; liquid acquisition device (LAD); porous screen; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) AB In low gravity or the reduced acceleration environments that occur during space missions, cryogenic liquid propellants cannot always be transferred from storage tanks to an engine using buoyancy or acceleration forces. A capillary-flow liquid acquisition device (LAD) for cryogenic propellants has been developed and tested in NASA Glenn Research Center. The prototypical screen channel LAD was fabricated with a screen, covering a rectangular flow channel with a cylindrical outlet tube, and was tested with liquid oxygen (LOX). The screen's small pore openings prevented gas/vapor from entering the channel while allowing liquid to pass freely. Vapor ingestion occurs when the pressure drop in the LAD channel exceeds the bubble point for the screen, and if there is vapor adjacent to the screen. "Bubble point" is defined as the differential pressure across the screen that overcomes the surface tension of the liquid on the screen. It is, therefore, the most significant concern for screen-channel LAD designs. In order to better understand the performance of the screen channel LAD, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of LOX flow through the LAD screen channel was undertaken. It revealed that the flow passing through the screen and into the channel is continuously augmented along the channel length, but is subjected to increasing flow resistance along the channel length. The gravity effects on the flow in LAD channel are tested and analyzed through comparing the simulation results under different gravity conditions. C1 [Zhang, Nengli] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhang, NL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM nzhang@grc.nasa.gov RI Chato, David/B-2698-2013 OI Chato, David/0000-0003-2990-0646 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1091-028X J9 J POROUS MEDIA JI J. Porous Media PY 2012 VL 15 IS 5 BP 429 EP 437 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 941DN UT WOS:000303944000003 ER PT J AU Lane, JE Metzger, PT AF Lane, J. E. Metzger, P. T. TI Ballistics Model for Particles on a Horizontal Plane in a Vacuum Propelled by a Vertically Impinging Gas Jet SO PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lunar architecture; particle trajectory; rarefied gas jet; rocket plume ejecta ID SPHERICAL-PARTICLE AB In previous work, a time-stepped numerical algorithm to compute particle trajectories consisting of lunar soil blown by the engine exhaust of a lunar lander was developed. The time-stepped integration method relies on the gas density, velocity, and temperature fields, calculated by computational fluid dynamics simulations, to compute the forces and accelerations acting on single noninteracting particles. In this paper, a computationally efficient particle ballistics model is presented where the trajectory is estimated by computing the vertical position (axial coordinate x) as a function of the horizontal position (radial coordinate y) using a constant horizontal velocity and a vertical acceleration approximated as a power-law. The unknown parameters of the model are determined by fitting the ballistics trajectory path to a matrix of trajectories generated by the time-step integration method using the rocket exhaust gas properties predicted by computational fluid dynamics software. Also in previous work, a strictly empirical trajectory model was developed to satisfy the need for a computationally efficient method of computing particle trajectories. This new model (like the previous model) is expressed as a time-independent trajectory path function. However, the method of this current work is based on physical laws of motion, unlike the previous empirical model. C1 [Lane, J. E.] ASRC Aerosp, Space Life Sci Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. [Metzger, P. T.] NASA, Granular Mech & Regolith Operat Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. RP Lane, JE (reprint author), ASRC Aerosp, Space Life Sci Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. EM John.E.Lane@nasa.gov RI Metzger, Philip/R-3136-2016 OI Metzger, Philip/0000-0002-6871-5358 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0272-6351 J9 PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL JI Part. Sci. Technol. PY 2012 VL 30 IS 2 BP 196 EP 208 DI 10.1080/02726351.2011.554968 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 937LD UT WOS:000303659100007 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Woike, M Baaklini, G Bodis, JR AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Woike, Mark Baaklini, George Bodis, James R. BE Matikas, TE Peters, KJ Ecke, W TI Turbine Engine Disk Rotor Health Monitoring Assessment Using Spin Tests Data SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2012 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 12-14, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Rotor Disk; Structural health Monitoring; Cracks; microwave; Sensor; Spin test AB Detecting rotating engine component malfunctions and structural anomalies is increasingly becoming a crucial key feature that will help boost safety and lower maintenance cost. However, achievement of such technology, which can be referred to as a health monitoring remains somewhat challenging to implement. This is mostly due to presence of scattered loading conditions, crack sizes, component geometry and material properties that hinders the simplicity of imposing such application. Different approaches are being considered to assist in developing other means of health monitoring or nondestructive techniques to detect hidden flaws and mini cracks before any catastrophic events occur. These methods extend further to assess material discontinuities and other defects that have matured to the level where a failure is very likely. This paper is focused on presenting data obtained from spin test experiments of a turbine engine like rotor disk and their correlation to the development of a structural health monitoring and fault detection system. The data collected includes blade tip clearance, blade tip timing measurements and shaft displacements. The experimental results are collected at rotational speeds up to 10,000 Rpm and tests are conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center's Rotordynamics Laboratory via a high precision spin system. Additionally, this study offers a closer glance at a selective online evaluation of a rotating disk using advanced capacitive, microwave and eddy current sensor technology. C1 [Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Woike, Mark; Baaklini, George; Bodis, James R.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9003-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8346 AR 834616 DI 10.1117/12.912524 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAB82 UT WOS:000303762300027 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Abumeri, G Troha, W Bhatt, RT Grady, JE Zhu, D AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Abumeri, Galib Troha, William Bhatt, Ramakrishna T. Grady, Joseph E. Zhu, D. BE Matikas, TE Peters, KJ Ecke, W TI Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Durability Modeling Using Progressive Failure Analysis Approach SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2012 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 12-14, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CMC; EBC; Progressive Failure Analysis; GENEOA; Degradation; Life Prediction; Finite Element ID COMPOSITES; OXIDATION; CERAMICS AB Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are getting the attention of most engine manufacturers and aerospace firms for turbine engine and other related applications. This is because of their potential weight advantage and performance benefits. As a protecting guard for these materials, a highly specialized form of environmental barrier coating (EBC) is being developed and explored for high temperature applications that are greater than 1100 degrees C-1,C- 2. The EBCs are typically a multilayer of coatings and are on the order of hundreds of microns thick. CMCs are generally porous materials and this feature is somewhat beneficial since it allows some desirable infiltration of the EBC. Their degradation usually includes coating interface oxidation as opposed to moisture induced matrix degradation which is generally seen at a higher temperature. A variety of factors such as residual stresses, coating process related flaws, and casting conditions may influence the strength of degradation. The cause of such defects which cause cracking and other damage is that not much energy is absorbed during fracture of these materials. Therefore, an understanding of the issues that control crack deflection and propagation along interfaces is needed to maximize the energy dissipation capabilities of layered ceramics. Thus, evaluating components and subcomponents made out of CMCs under gas turbine engine conditions is suggested to demonstrate that these material will perform as expected and required under these aggressive environmental circumstances. Progressive failure analysis (PFA) is applied to assess the damage growth of the coating under combined thermal and mechanical loading conditions. The PFA evaluation is carried out using a full-scale finite element model to account for the average material failure at the microscopic or macroscopic levels. The PFA life prediction evaluation identified the root cause for damage initiation and propagation. It indicated that delamination type damage initiated mainly in the bond and intermediate coating materials then propagated to the substrate. Results related to damage initiation and propagation; behavior and life assessment of the coating at the interface of the EBC/CMC are presented and discussed. C1 [Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.; Grady, Joseph E.; Zhu, D.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9003-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8346 AR 834612 DI 10.1117/12.912865 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAB82 UT WOS:000303762300024 ER PT S AU Woike, MR Abdul-Aziz, A Fralick, GC Wrbanek, JD AF Woike, Mark R. Abdul-Aziz, Ali Fralick, Gustave C. Wrbanek, John D. BE Matikas, TE Peters, KJ Ecke, W TI Investigation of a Moire Based Crack Detection Technique for Propulsion Health Monitoring SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2012 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 12-14, 2012 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Gas Turbine Engines; Optical Instrumentation; Moire; Propulsion Health Monitoring; Crack Detection AB The development of techniques for the health monitoring of the rotating components in gas turbine engines is of major interest to NASA's Aviation Safety Program. As part of this on-going effort several experiments utilizing a novel optical Moire based concept along with external blade tip clearance and shaft displacement instrumentation were conducted on a simulated turbine engine disk as a means of demonstrating a potential optical crack detection technique. A Moire pattern results from the overlap of two repetitive patterns with slightly different periods. With this technique, it is possible to detect very small differences in spacing and hence radial growth in a rotating disk due to a flaw such as a crack. The experiment involved etching a circular reference pattern on a subscale engine disk that had a 50.8 mm (2 in.) long notch machined into it to simulate a crack. The disk was operated at speeds up to 12 000 RPM and the Moire pattern due to the shift with respect to the reference pattern was monitored as a means of detecting the radial growth of the disk due to the defect. In addition, blade displacement data were acquired using external blade tip clearance and shaft displacement sensors as a means of confirming the data obtained from the optical technique. The results of the crack detection experiments and its associated analysis are presented in this paper. C1 [Woike, Mark R.; Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Fralick, Gustave C.; Wrbanek, John D.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Woike, MR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9003-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8346 AR 834615 DI 10.1117/12.914836 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BAB82 UT WOS:000303762300026 ER PT J AU Nemchin, AA Grange, ML Pidgeon, RT Meyer, C AF Nemchin, A. A. Grange, M. L. Pidgeon, R. T. Meyer, C. TI Lunar zirconology SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Moon; impact melt breccia; zircon; apatite; U-Pb age ID U-PB; APOLLO-17; HISTORY; PETROLOGY; BRECCIAS; ORIGIN; AGES; DIFFERENTIATION; CHRONOLOGY; STATION-2 AB Compared with zircons found in a variety of rocks on Earth, lunar zircons have received relatively little attention over the last four decades since samples were delivered by the Apollo missions. Nevertheless, the comparatively small number of studies carried out following these missions and in particular made over the last five years has demonstrated enormous potential of zircon research for understanding of lunar magmatism, impact history and provenance of lunar breccias. These studies have identified zircon age patterns that shed new light on the history of the Moon and raise new questions related to our understanding of lunar evolution. In particular, (i) the youngest limit for Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) crystallisation was determined as 4417+/-6 Ma; (ii) several periods of intensified magmatic activity at about 4.34, 4.20 and 4.00 Ga were identified in the post-LMO history of the Moon; and (iii) several pre- 3.9 Ga impacts have been identified on the Moon. Here we discuss some of these results, questions and new directions, and propose an approach for further lunar zircon research. C1 [Nemchin, A. A.; Grange, M. L.; Pidgeon, R. T.] Curtin Univ Technol, Western Australian Sch Mines, Dept Appl Geol, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. [Meyer, C.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Nemchin, AA (reprint author), Curtin Univ Technol, Western Australian Sch Mines, Dept Appl Geol, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. EM nemchina@kalg.curtin.edu.au RI Grange, Marion/B-1449-2013; OI Grange, Marion/0000-0001-6405-8795 NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0812-0099 J9 AUST J EARTH SCI JI Aust. J. Earth Sci. PY 2012 VL 59 IS 2 SI SI BP 277 EP 290 DI 10.1080/08120099.2011.613484 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 936BA UT WOS:000303564700010 ER PT S AU Yu, AW Krainak, MA Stephen, MA Chen, JR Coyle, B Numata, K Camp, J Abshire, JB Allan, GR Li, SX Riris, H AF Yu, Anthony W. Krainak, Michael A. Stephen, Mark A. Chen, Jeffrey R. Coyle, Barry Numata, Kenji Camp, Jordan Abshire, James B. Allan, Graham R. Li, Steven X. Riris, Haris BE Honea, EC Hendow, ST TI Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers for Space-based Science and Exploration SO FIBER LASERS IX: TECHNOLOGY, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Fiber Lasers IX - Technology, Systems, and Applications CY JAN 23-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE, NKT Photon A/S, Fianium Ltd, PolarOnyx, Inc DE Fiber laser; Fiber amplifier; Lidar; Remote Sensing ID LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; TRANSMITTER; ALTIMETER; POWER; NM AB We present current and near-term uses of high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers for NASA science and spacecraft applications. Fiber lasers and amplifiers offer numerous advantages for the deployment of instruments on exploration and science remote sensing satellites. Ground-based and airborne systems provide an evolutionary path to space and a means for calibration and verification of space-borne systems. NASA fiber-laser-based instruments include laser sounders and lidars for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor and methane and a pulsed or pseudo-noise (PN) code laser ranging system in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength band. The associated fiber transmitters include high-power erbium, ytterbium, and neodymium systems and a fiber laser pumped optical parametric oscillator. We discuss recent experimental progress on these systems and instrument prototypes for ongoing development efforts. C1 [Yu, Anthony W.; Krainak, Michael A.; Stephen, Mark A.; Chen, Jeffrey R.; Coyle, Barry; Numata, Kenji; Camp, Jordan; Abshire, James B.; Allan, Graham R.; Li, Steven X.; Riris, Haris] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yu, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM anthony.w.yu@nasa.gov RI Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013; Allan, Graham/D-3905-2013 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8880-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8237 AR 823713 DI 10.1117/12.916069 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR74 UT WOS:000302609600027 ER PT J AU Oswald, FB Zaretsky, EV Poplawski, JV AF Oswald, Fred B. Zaretsky, Erwin V. Poplawski, Joseph V. TI Effect of Internal Clearance on Load Distribution and Life of Radially Loaded Ball and Roller Bearings SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Ball Bearings; Rolling Bearings; Cylindrical Roller Bearings; Contact Mechanics; Contacts; Life Prediction Methods; Maintenance AB The effect of internal clearance on radially loaded deep-groove ball and cylindrical roller bearing load distribution and fatigue life was determined for four clearance groups defined in the bearing standards. The analysis was extended to negative clearance (interference) conditions to produce a curve of life factor versus internal clearance. Rolling element loads can be optimized and bearing life maximized for a small negative operating clearance. Life declines gradually with positive clearance and rapidly with increasing negative clearance. Relationships were found between bearing life and internal clearance as a function of ball or roller diameter adjusted for load. Results are presented as life factors for radially loaded bearings independent of bearing size or applied load. In addition, a modified Stribeck equation is presented that relates the maximum rolling element load to internal bearing clearance. C1 [Oswald, Fred B.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Poplawski, Joseph V.] JV Poplawski & Associates, Bethlehem, PA 18018 USA. RP Oswald, FB (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-2004 J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PY 2012 VL 55 IS 2 BP 245 EP 265 DI 10.1080/10402004.2011.639050 PG 21 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 936KW UT WOS:000303590300012 ER PT J AU Lohn, AJ Coleman, E Tompa, GS Kobayashi, NP AF Lohn, Andrew J. Coleman, Elane Tompa, Gary S. Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P. TI Assessment on thermoelectric power factor in silicon nanowire networks SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nanowire networks; Seebeck coefficients; thermoelectric properties ID SEEBECK COEFFICIENT; POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON; DEPENDENCE; MERIT AB Thermoelectric devices based on three-dimensional networks of highly interconnected silicon nanowires were fabricated and the parameters that contribute to the power factor, namely the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were assessed. The large area (2 cm x 2 cm) devices were fabricated at low cost utilizing a highly scalable process involving silicon nanowires grown on steel substrates. Temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient was found to be weak over the range of 20-80 degrees C at approximately -400 mu V/K for unintentionally doped devices and +/-50 mu V/K for p-type and n-type devices, respectively. (C) 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim C1 [Lohn, Andrew J.; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 94035 USA. [Lohn, Andrew J.; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NECTAR, Adv Studies Labs, NASA,Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Coleman, Elane; Tompa, Gary S.] Struct Mat Ind Inc, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Lohn, AJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 94035 USA. EM lohnaj@soe.ucsc.edu RI Kobayashi, Nobuhiko/E-3834-2012 FU Bio-Info-Nano R&D Institute (Moffett Field, California); University Affiliated Research Center (UARC, Moffett Field, California); NASA Ames Research Center; Information and Quantum Systems Laboratory at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories (Palo Alto, California); NASA SBIR [S3.03-9087] FX The authors are grateful to the support from Bio-Info-Nano R&D Institute (Moffett Field, California), University Affiliated Research Center (UARC, Moffett Field, California), NASA Ames Research Center and Information and Quantum Systems Laboratory at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories (Palo Alto, California). This project is also partially supported by NASA SBIR Phase I, "High-Efficiency, Nanowire Based Thermoelectric Devices for Radioisotope Power Conversion", NASA Proposal Number: S3.03-9087. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1862-6300 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI A JI Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Mat. PD JAN PY 2012 VL 209 IS 1 BP 171 EP 175 DI 10.1002/pssa.201127388 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 933RT UT WOS:000303380700034 ER PT J AU Hunter, G Wal, RV Evans, L Xu, J Berger, G Kullis, M Biaggi-Labiosa, A AF Hunter, Gary Wal, Randy Vander Evans, Laura Xu, Jennifer Berger, Gordon Kullis, Michael Biaggi-Labiosa, Azlin TI Nanostructured material sensor processing using microfabrication techniques SO SENSOR REVIEW LA English DT Article DE Sensors; Microsensors; Intelligent sensors; Nanotechnology ID CARBON NANOTUBES; NANOWIRE ARRAYS; DIELECTROPHORETIC MANIPULATION; OXIDE NANOBELTS; GAS SENSORS; FABRICATION; METAL; SPECTROSCOPY; DEVICES; SIZE AB Purpose - The development of chemical sensors based on nanostructures, such as nanotubes or nanowires, depends on the capability to reproducibly control the processing of the sensor. Alignment and consistent electrical contact of nanostructures on a microsensor platform is challenging. This can be accomplished using labor-intensive approaches, specialized processing technology, or growth of nanostructures in situ. However, the use of standard microfabrication techniques for fabricating nanostructured microsensors is problematic. The purpose of this paper is to address this challenge using standard photoresist processing combined with dielectrophoresis. Design/methodology/approach - Nanostructures are suspended in photoresist and aligned between opposing sawtooth electrode patterns using an alternating current (AC) electric field (dielectrophoresis). The use of photoresist processing techniques allow the burying of the nanostructures between layers of metal, thus improving the electrical contact of the nanostructures to the microsensor platform. Findings - This approach is demonstrated for both multi-walled carbon nanotubes and tin oxide nanowires. Preliminary data show the electrical continuity of the sensor structure as well as the response to various gases. Research limitations/implications - It is concluded that this approach demonstrates a foundation for a new tool for, the fabrication of microsensors using nanostructures, and can be expanded towards enabling the combination of common microfabrication techniques with nanostructured sensor development. Originality/value - This approach is intended to address the significant barriers of deposition control, contact robustness, and simplified processing to realizing the potential of nanotechnology as applied to sensors. C1 [Hunter, Gary; Wal, Randy Vander; Berger, Gordon; Kullis, Michael] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, USRA, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Hunter, G (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, USRA, Cleveland, OH USA. EM ghunter@grc.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 16 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY BD16 1WA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0260-2288 J9 SENSOR REV JI Sens. Rev. PY 2012 VL 32 IS 2 BP 106 EP 117 DI 10.1108/02602281211209392 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA 931AR UT WOS:000303186800003 ER PT S AU Miller, JE Bohl, WE Christiansen, EC Davis, BA Foreman, CD AF Miller, J. E. Bohl, W. E. Christiansen, E. C. Davis, B. A. Foreman, C. D. BE Elert, ML Buttler, WT Borg, JP Jordan, JL Vogler, TJ TI BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF POROUS-CERAMIC, THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2011, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Conference of the American-Physical-Society-Topical-Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter CY JUN 26-JUL 01, 2011 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Phys Soc (APS), Top Grp, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs DE Ballistic impact; porous; hypervelocity impact AB Porous-ceramic, thermal protection systems are used heavily in current reentry vehicles like the Orbiter, and they are currently being proposed for the next generation of US manned spacecraft, Orion. These systems insulate reentry critical components of a spacecraft against the intense thermal environments of atmospheric reentry. Additionally, these materials are highly exposed to space environment hazards like solid particle impacts. This paper discusses impact studies up to 10 km/s on 8 lb/ft(3) alumina-fiber-enhanced-thermal-barrier (AETB8) tiles coated with a toughened-unipiece-fibrous-insulation/reaction-cured-glass layer (TUFI/RCG). A semi-empirical, first principles impact model that describes projectile dispersion is described that provides excellent agreement with observations over a broad range of impact velocities, obliquities and projectile materials. Model extensions to look at the implications of greater than 10 GPa equation of state is also discussed. Predicted penetration probabilities for a vehicle visiting the International Space Station is 60% lower for orbital debris and 95% lower for meteoroids with this model compared to an energy scaled approach. C1 [Miller, J. E.; Bohl, W. E.] Lockheed Martin Space Syst Co, Denver, CO 80127 USA. [Christiansen, E. C.; Davis, B. A.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Foreman, C. D.] Lockheed Martin Explorat & Sci, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Miller, JE (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Space Syst Co, Denver, CO 80127 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1006-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1426 DI 10.1063/1.3686227 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BZS44 UT WOS:000302774300015 ER PT S AU Nahra, H Ghosn, L Christiansen, E Davis, BA Keddy, C Rodriguez, K Miller, J Bohl, W AF Nahra, H. Ghosn, L. Christiansen, E. Davis, B. A. Keddy, C. Rodriguez, K. Miller, J. Bohl, W. BE Elert, ML Buttler, WT Borg, JP Jordan, JL Vogler, TJ TI BURST PRESSURE FAILURE OF TITANIUM TANKS DAMAGED BY SECONDARY PLUMES FROM HYPERVELOCITY IMPACTS ON ALUMINUM SHIELDS SO SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2011, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Conference of the American-Physical-Society-Topical-Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter CY JUN 26-JUL 01, 2011 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Phys Soc (APS), Top Grp, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Sandia Natl Labs DE Hypervelocity impacts; plume ejecta; depth of penetration; fracture; Stress Intensity Factor; toughness AB Metallic pressure tanks used in space missions are inherently vulnerable to hypervelocity impacts from micrometeoroids and orbital debris; thereby knowledge of impact damage and its effect on the tank integrity is crucial to a spacecraft risk assessment. This paper describes tests that have been performed to assess the effects of hypervelocity impact (HVI) damage on Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) pressure vessels burst pressure and characteristics. The tests consisted of a pair of HVI impact tests on water-filled Ti-6Al-4V tanks (water being used as a surrogate to the actual propellant) and subsequent burst tests as well as a burst test on an undamaged control tank. The tanks were placed behind Aluminum (Al) shields and then each was impacted with a 7 km/s projectile. The resulting impact debris plumes partially penetrated the Ti-6Al-4V tank surfaces resulting in a distribution of craters. During the burst tests, the tank that failed at a lower burst pressure did appear to have the failure initiating at a crater site with observed spall cracks. A fracture mechanics analysis showed that the tanks failure at the impact location may have been due to a spall crack that formed upon impact of a fragmentation on the Titanium surface. This result was corroborated with a finite element analysis from calculated Von-Mises and hoop stresses. C1 [Nahra, H.; Ghosn, L.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Christiansen, E.; Davis, B. A.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Keddy, C.; Rodriguez, K.] NASA, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. [Miller, J.; Bohl, W.] Lockheed Martin Space Syst Co, Denver, CO 80201 USA. RP Nahra, H (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. FU rion Program FX The authors wish to thank the Orion Program for providing funding for this contribution. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1006-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1426 DI 10.1063/1.3686231 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BZS44 UT WOS:000302774300019 ER PT S AU Van Herle, K Behne, JM Van Herle, A Blaschke, TF Smith, TJ Yeaman, MR AF Van Herle, Katja Behne, Jacinta M. Van Herle, Andre Blaschke, Terrence F. Smith, Terry J. Yeaman, Michael R. BE Insel, PA Amara, SG Blaschke, TF TI Integrative Continuum: Accelerating Therapeutic Advances in Rare Autoimmune Diseases SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 52 SE Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE orphan disease; neuromyelitis optica (NMO); therapy; repurposing ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NEUROMYELITIS-OPTICA; MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS; ANTIIDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES; T-CELLS; SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; EFFICACY; INDUCTION; DIFFERENTIATION AB Autoimmune diseases are chronic, life threatening, and of burgeoning public health concern. They rank among the 10 most common causes of death in women, and some have incidence rates surpassing those of heart disease and cancer. Emerging information regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms affords opportunities for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies or the repurposing of FDA-approved pharmacologic agents. Yet, obstacles to drug development amplify as an inverse function of the incidence of rare autoimmune disease; challenges include heterogeneous clinical presentation, paucity of definitive biomarkers, and poorly validated measures of therapeutic response. An integrative continuum model to address these challenges is being applied to neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-a potentially devastating neurodegenerative process that has had limited therapeutic options. This model links target discovery with pharmacologic application to accelerate improved clinical efficacy. The application of such innovative strategies may help researchers overcome barriers to therapeutic advances in NMO and other rare autoimmune diseases. C1 [Van Herle, Katja; Van Herle, Andre; Yeaman, Michael R.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Behne, Jacinta M.] Guthy Jackson Charitable Fdn, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. [Behne, Jacinta M.] NASA, Educ & Publ Outreach Program, Bethesda, MD 20801 USA. [Blaschke, Terrence F.] Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Blaschke, Terrence F.] Stanford Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Smith, Terry J.] Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Smith, Terry J.] Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Yeaman, Michael R.] Los Angeles Cty Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Div Mol Med, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. [Yeaman, Michael R.] Los Angeles Cty Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. [Yeaman, Michael R.] Los Angeles Biomed Res Inst, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. RP Van Herle, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. EM doctor@kvh3.com OI Smith, Terry/0000-0002-6279-9685 NR 79 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0897 USA SN 0362-1642 BN 978-0-8243-0452-2 J9 ANNU REV PHARMACOL JI Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. PY 2012 VL 52 BP 523 EP 547 DI 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134628 PG 25 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA BZK49 UT WOS:000301839600025 PM 22235861 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AV Rozanov, E Shapiro, AI Wang, S Egorova, T Schmutz, W Peter, T AF Shapiro, A. V. Rozanov, E. Shapiro, A. I. Wang, S. Egorova, T. Schmutz, W. Peter, Th. TI Signature of the 27-day solar rotation cycle in mesospheric OH and H2O observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE MODEL; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE RESPONSES; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; 11-YEAR VARIABILITY; MIDDLE; OSCILLATION; INSTRUMENT; HYDROXYL AB The mesospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) is mainly produced by the water vapor (H2O) photolysis and could be considered as a proxy for the influence of the solar irradiance variability on the mesosphere. We analyze the tropical mean response of the mesospheric OH and H2O data as observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) to 27-day solar variability. The analysis is performed for two time periods corresponding to the different phases of the 11-yr cycle: from December 2004 to December 2005 (the period of 'high activity' with a pronounced 27-day solar cycle) and from August 2008 to August 2009 ('solar minimum' period with a vague 27-day solar cycle). We demonstrate, for the first time, that in the mesosphere the daily time series of OH concentrations correlate well with the solar irradiance (correlation coefficients up to 0.79) at zero time-lag. At the same time H2O anticorrelates (correlation coefficients up to -0.74) with the solar irradiance at non-zero time-lag. We found that the response of OH and H2O to the 27-day variability of the solar irradiance is strong for the period of the high solar activity and negligible for the solar minimum conditions. It allows us to suggest that the 27-day cycle in the solar irradiance and in OH and H2O are physically connected. C1 [Shapiro, A. V.; Rozanov, E.; Shapiro, A. I.; Egorova, T.; Schmutz, W.] Phys Meteorol Observ World Radiat Ctr, Davos, Switzerland. [Wang, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Shapiro, A. V.; Rozanov, E.; Peter, Th.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Shapiro, AV (reprint author), Phys Meteorol Observ World Radiat Ctr, Davos, Switzerland. EM anna.shapiro@pmodwrc.ch RI Schmutz, Werner/B-4153-2014; Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012 OI Schmutz, Werner/0000-0003-1159-5639; Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488 FU Swiss National Science Foundation [200020 130102]; FUPSOL [CRSI122-130642]; European Community [218816]; Gebert Ruf Foundation FX This research received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant agreements no. 200020 130102, CRSI122-130642 (FUPSOL), from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 218816 (SOTERIA) and from the Gebert Ruf Foundation. We thank the SOLSTICE SORCE and MLS AURA science teams for their work in producing the data sets used in this paper. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 7 BP 3181 EP 3188 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3181-2012 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 926BQ UT WOS:000302806700003 ER PT J AU Neu, JL Prather, MJ AF Neu, J. L. Prather, M. J. TI Toward a more physical representation of precipitation scavenging in global chemistry models: cloud overlap and ice physics and their impact on tropospheric ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUD; NITRIC-ACID; TRACE GASES; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; REACTIVE NITROGEN; WESTERN PACIFIC; WET DEPOSITION AB Uptake and removal of soluble trace gases and aerosols by precipitation represents a major uncertainty in the processes that control the vertical distribution of atmospheric trace species. Model representations of precipitation scavenging vary greatly in their complexity, and most are divorced from the physics of precipitation formation and transformation. Here, we describe a new large-scale precipitation scavenging algorithm, developed for the UCI chemistry-transport model (UCI-CTM), that represents a step toward a more physical treatment of scavenging through improvements in the formulation of the removal in sub-gridscale cloudy and ambient environments and their overlap within the column as well as ice phase uptake of soluble species. The UCI algorithm doubles the lifetime of HNO3 in the upper troposphere relative to a scheme with commonly used fractional cloud cover assumptions and ice uptake determined by Henry's Law and provides better agreement with HNO3 observations. We find that the process of ice phase scavenging of HNO3 is a critical component of the tropospheric O-3 budget, but that NOx and O-3 mixing ratios are relatively insensitive to large differences in the removal rate. Ozone abundances are much more sensitive to the lifetime of HNO4, highlighting the need for better understanding of its interactions with ice and for additional observational constraints. C1 [Neu, J. L.; Prather, M. J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP Neu, JL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM jessica.l.neu@jpl.nasa.gov FU NSF [ATM-0550234]; NASA [NNG06GB84G, NNX09AJ47G] FX This research was supported by NSF's Atmospheric Chemistry program (grant ATM-0550234) and NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction/Global Modeling Initiative program (grants NNG06GB84G and NNX09AJ47G). NR 69 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 7 BP 3289 EP 3310 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3289-2012 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 926BQ UT WOS:000302806700011 ER PT J AU Leibensperger, EM Mickley, LJ Jacob, DJ Chen, WT Seinfeld, JH Nenes, A Adams, PJ Streets, DG Kumar, N Rind, D AF Leibensperger, E. M. Mickley, L. J. Jacob, D. J. Chen, W. -T. Seinfeld, J. H. Nenes, A. Adams, P. J. Streets, D. G. Kumar, N. Rind, D. TI Climatic effects of 1950-2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols - Part 1: Aerosol trends and radiative forcing SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION INFLUENCES; STRATIFORM CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; ART. NO. 4407; BLACK-CARBON; ORGANIC AEROSOL; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; MODEL DESCRIPTION; DROPLET FORMATION; SULFUR CYCLE AB We calculate decadal aerosol direct and indirect (warm cloud) radiative forcings from US anthropogenic sources over the 1950-2050 period. Past and future aerosol distributions are constructed using GEOS-Chem and historical emission inventories and future projections from the IPCC A1B scenario. Aerosol simulations are evaluated with observed spatial distributions and 1980-2010 trends of aerosol concentrations and wet deposition in the contiguous US. Direct and indirect radiative forcing is calculated using the GISS general circulation model and monthly mean aerosol distributions from GEOS-Chem. The radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols is strongly localized over the eastern US. We find that its magnitude peaked in 1970-1990, with values over the eastern US (east of 100A degrees W) of -2.0 W m(-2) for direct forcing including contributions from sulfate (-2.0 W m(-2)), nitrate (-0.2 W m(-2)), organic carbon (-0.2 W m(-2)), and black carbon (+0.4 W m(-2)). The uncertainties in radiative forcing due to aerosol radiative properties are estimated to be about 50%. The aerosol indirect effect is estimated to be of comparable magnitude to the direct forcing. We find that the magnitude of the forcing declined sharply from 1990 to 2010 (by 0.8 W m(-2) direct and 1.0 W m(-2) indirect), mainly reflecting decreases in SO2 emissions, and project that it will continue declining post-2010 but at a much slower rate since US SO2 emissions have already declined by almost 60% from their peak. This suggests that much of the warming effect of reducing US anthropogenic aerosol sources has already been realized. The small positive radiative forcing from US BC emissions (+0.3 W m(-2) over the eastern US in 2010; 5% of the global forcing from anthropogenic BC emissions worldwide) suggests that a US emission control strategy focused on BC would have only limited climate benefit. C1 [Chen, W. -T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Seinfeld, J. H.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Streets, D. G.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Kumar, N.] Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA USA. [Rind, D.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Leibensperger, E. M.; Mickley, L. J.; Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Leibensperger, EM (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM eleibens@mit.edu RI Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Chen, Wei-Ting/A-4476-2012; OI Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X; Chen, Wei-Ting/0000-0002-9292-0933; Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350 FU Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) FX This work was supported by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and an EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Research Fellowship to Eric Leibensperger. The EPRI and EPA have not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed herein may not reflect those of the EPRI and EPA. This work utilized resources and technical support offered by the Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Science Instructional and Research Computing Services. We would like to thank Jack Yatteau for computational assistance. We thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped improve this work. NR 103 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 6 U2 64 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 7 BP 3333 EP 3348 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3333-2012 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 926BQ UT WOS:000302806700013 ER PT J AU Leibensperger, EM Mickley, LJ Jacob, DJ Chen, WT Seinfeld, JH Nenes, A Adams, PJ Streets, DG Kumar, N Rind, D AF Leibensperger, E. M. Mickley, L. J. Jacob, D. J. Chen, W. -T. Seinfeld, J. H. Nenes, A. Adams, P. J. Streets, D. G. Kumar, N. Rind, D. TI Climatic effects of 1950-2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols - Part 2: Climate response SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION INFLUENCES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CLOUD DROPLET FORMATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC CLIMATE; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; ART. NO. 4407; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; AIR-QUALITY; GODDARD INSTITUTE; GREENHOUSE GASES AB We investigate the climate response to changing US anthropogenic aerosol sources over the 1950-2050 period by using the NASA GISS general circulation model (GCM) and comparing to observed US temperature trends. Time-dependent aerosol distributions are generated from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model applied to historical emission inventories and future projections. Radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols peaked in 1970-1990 and has strongly declined since due to air quality regulations. We find that the regional radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols elicits a strong regional climate response, cooling the central and eastern US by 0.5-1.0 A degrees C on average during 1970-1990, with the strongest effects on maximum daytime temperatures in summer and autumn. Aerosol cooling reflects comparable contributions from direct and indirect (cloud-mediated) radiative effects. Absorbing aerosol (mainly black carbon) has negligible warming effect. Aerosol cooling reduces surface evaporation and thus decreases precipitation along the US east coast, but also increases the southerly flow of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico resulting in increased cloud cover and precipitation in the central US. Observations over the eastern US show a lack of warming in 1960-1980 followed by very rapid warming since, which we reproduce in the GCM and attribute to trends in US anthropogenic aerosol sources. Present US aerosol concentrations are sufficiently low that future air quality improvements are projected to cause little further warming in the US (0.1 A degrees C over 2010-2050). We find that most of the warming from aerosol source controls in the US has already been realized over the 1980-2010 period. C1 [Leibensperger, E. M.; Mickley, L. J.; Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Chen, W. -T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Seinfeld, J. H.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Streets, D. G.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Kumar, N.] Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA USA. [Rind, D.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Leibensperger, EM (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM eleibens@mit.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013; Chen, Wei-Ting/A-4476-2012 OI Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350; Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X; Chen, Wei-Ting/0000-0002-9292-0933 FU Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) FX This work was funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and by an EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Research Fellowship to Eric Leibensperger. The EPRI and EPA have not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed herein may not reflect those of the EPRI and EPA. This work utilized resources and technical support offered by the Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) Instructional and Research Computing Services (IRCS). We would like to thank Jeff Jonas and Mark Chandler of NASA GISS for help with ocean heat flux calculations and Jack Yatteau for computational assistance. We also thank three anonymous referees. NR 100 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 37 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 7 BP 3349 EP 3362 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3349-2012 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 926BQ UT WOS:000302806700014 ER PT J AU Basart, S Pay, MT Jorba, O Perez, C Jimenez-Guerrero, P Schulz, M Baldasano, JM AF Basart, S. Pay, M. T. Jorba, O. Perez, C. Jimenez-Guerrero, P. Schulz, M. Baldasano, J. M. TI Aerosols in the CALIOPE air quality modelling system: evaluation and analysis of PM levels, optical depths and chemical composition over Europe SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CMAQ MODEL; UNITED-STATES; PARTICULATE MATTER; SAHARAN DUST; PERFORMANCE EVALUATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; EMISSION MODEL; VERSION 4.5; AERONET; PARTICLES AB The CALIOPE air quality modelling system is developed and applied to Europe with high spatial resolution (12 km x 12 km). The modelled daily-to-seasonal aerosol variability over Europe in 2004 is evaluated and analysed. Aerosols are estimated from two models, CMAQv4.5 (AERO4) and BSC-DREAM8b. CMAQv4.5 calculates biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt aerosol and BSC-DREAM8b provides the natural mineral dust contribution from North African deserts. For the evaluation, we use daily PM10, PM2.5 and aerosol components data from 55 stations of the EMEP/CREATE network and total, coarse and fine aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from 35 stations of the AERONET sun photometer network. Annual correlations between modelled and observed values for PM10 and PM2.5 are 0.55 and 0.47, respectively. Correlations for total, coarse and fine AOD are 0.51, 0.63, and 0.53, respectively. The higher correlations of the PM10 and the coarse mode AOD are largely due to the accurate representation of the African dust influence in the forecasting system. Overall PM and AOD levels are underestimated. The evaluation of the aerosol components highlights underestimations in the fine fraction of carbonaceous matter (EC and OC) and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA; i.e. nitrate, sulphate and ammonium). The scores of the bulk parameters are significantly improved after applying a simple model bias correction based on the observed aerosol composition. The simulated PM10 and AOD present maximum values over the industrialized and populated Po Valley and Benelux regions. SIA are dominant in the fine fraction representing up to 80% of the aerosol budget in latitudes north of 40A degrees N. In southern Europe, high PM10 and AOD are linked to the desert dust transport from the Sahara which contributes up to 40% of the aerosol budget. Maximum seasonal ground-level concentrations (PM10 > 30 mu g m(-3)) are found between spring and early autumn. We estimate that desert dust causes daily exceedances of the PM10 European air quality limit value (50 mu g m(-3)) in large areas south of 45A degrees N with more than 75 exceedances per year in the southernmost regions. C1 [Basart, S.; Pay, M. T.; Jorba, O.; Baldasano, J. M.] BSC CNS, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona, Spain. [Perez, C.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Perez, C.] Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Jimenez-Guerrero, P.] Univ Murcia, Dept Phys, Murcia, Spain. [Schulz, M.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Baldasano, J. M.] Tech Univ Catalonia, Environm Modelling Lab, Barcelona, Spain. RP Baldasano, JM (reprint author), BSC CNS, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona, Spain. EM jose.baldasano@bsc.es RI Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; OI Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Basart, Sara/0000-0002-9821-8504; Jorba, Oriol/0000-0001-5872-0244; Perez Garcia-Pando, Carlos/0000-0002-4456-0697; Pay, Maria Teresa/0000-0001-7985-9253 FU Spanish Ministry of the Environment [441/2006/3-12.1, A357/2007/2-12.1, 157/PC08/3-12.0]; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science [CICYT CGL2010-19652] FX The authors wish to thank EMEP and AERONET for the provision of measurements stations and CIEMAT, CSIC-IJA, CEAM for their collaboration in the CALIOPE project. We also acknowledge the MODIS mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the production of the data used in this study. Also, special thanks to N. Clave as well M. Piot, L. Gonzalez and S. Gasso for their work related to the CALIOPE system and S. Szopa and A. Cozic for the provision of LMDz-INCA2 chemical data. This work is partially funded by the CALIOPE project of the Spanish Ministry of the Environment (441/2006/3-12.1, A357/2007/2-12.1, 157/PC08/3-12.0) and the project CICYT CGL2010-19652 of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. P. Jimenez-Guerrero acknowledges the Ramon y Cajal Programme of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. All simulations were performed on the MareNostrum supercomputer hosted by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion. Finally, we acknowledge the anonymous reviewers who contributed to improve the quality of the present work. NR 108 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 7 BP 3363 EP 3392 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3363-2012 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 926BQ UT WOS:000302806700015 ER PT J AU Kohlhepp, R Ruhnke, R Chipperfield, MP De Maziere, M Notholt, J Barthlott, S Batchelor, RL Blatherwick, RD Blumenstock, T Coffey, MT Demoulin, P Fast, H Feng, W Goldman, A Griffith, DWT Hamann, K Hannigan, JW Hase, F Jones, NB Kagawa, A Kaiser, I Kasai, Y Kirner, O Kouker, W Lindenmaier, R Mahieu, E Mittermeier, RL Monge-Sanz, B Morino, I Murata, I Nakajima, H Palm, M Paton-Walsh, C Raffalski, U Reddmann, T Rettinger, M Rinsland, CP Rozanov, E Schneider, M Senten, C Servais, C Sinnhuber, BM Smale, D Strong, K Sussmann, R Taylor, JR Vanhaelewyn, G Warneke, T Whaley, C Wiehle, M Wood, SW AF Kohlhepp, R. Ruhnke, R. Chipperfield, M. P. De Maziere, M. Notholt, J. Barthlott, S. Batchelor, R. L. Blatherwick, R. D. Blumenstock, Th. Coffey, M. T. Demoulin, P. Fast, H. Feng, W. Goldman, A. Griffith, D. W. T. Hamann, K. Hannigan, J. W. Hase, F. Jones, N. B. Kagawa, A. Kaiser, I. Kasai, Y. Kirner, O. Kouker, W. Lindenmaier, R. Mahieu, E. Mittermeier, R. L. Monge-Sanz, B. Morino, I. Murata, I. Nakajima, H. Palm, M. Paton-Walsh, C. Raffalski, U. Reddmann, Th. Rettinger, M. Rinsland, C. P. Rozanov, E. Schneider, M. Senten, C. Servais, C. Sinnhuber, B. -M. Smale, D. Strong, K. Sussmann, R. Taylor, J. R. Vanhaelewyn, G. Warneke, T. Whaley, C. Wiehle, M. Wood, S. W. TI Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETERS; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE TRENDS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; ARCTIC WINTER 1992/1993; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; LONG-TERM TRENDS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AB Time series of total column abundances of hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) were determined from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra recorded at 17 sites belonging to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and located between 80.05A degrees N and 77.82A degrees S. By providing such a near-global overview on ground-based measurements of the two major stratospheric chlorine reservoir species, HCl and ClONO2, the present study is able to confirm the decrease of the atmospheric inorganic chlorine abundance during the last few years. This decrease is expected following the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments, where restrictions and a subsequent phase-out of the prominent anthropogenic chlorine source gases (solvents, chlorofluorocarbons) were agreed upon to enable a stabilisation and recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. The atmospheric fluorine content is expected to be influenced by the Montreal Protocol, too, because most of the banned anthropogenic gases also represent important fluorine sources. But many of the substitutes to the banned gases also contain fluorine so that the HF total column abundance is expected to have continued to increase during the last few years. The measurements are compared with calculations from five different models: the two-dimensional Bremen model, the two chemistry-transport models KASIMA and SLIMCAT, and the two chemistry-climate models EMAC and SOCOL. Thereby, the ability of the models to reproduce the absolute total column amounts, the seasonal cycles, and the temporal evolution found in the FTIR measurements is investigated and inter-compared. This is especially interesting because the models have different architectures. The overall agreement between the measurements and models for the total column abundances and the seasonal cycles is good. Linear trends of HCl, ClONO2, and HF are calculated from both measurement and model time series data, with a focus on the time range 2000-2009. This period is chosen because from most of the measurement sites taking part in this study, data are available during these years. The precision of the trends is estimated with the bootstrap resampling method. The sensitivity of the trend results with respect to the fitting function, the time of year chosen and time series length is investigated, as well as a bias due to the irregular sampling of the measurements. The measurements and model results investigated here agree qualitatively on a decrease of the chlorine species by around 1% yr(-1). The models simulate an increase of HF of around 1% yr(-1). This also agrees well with most of the measurements, but some of the FTIR series in the Northern Hemisphere show a stabilisation or even a decrease in the last few years. In general, for all three gases, the measured trends vary more strongly with latitude and hemisphere than the modelled trends. Relative to the FTIR measurements, the models tend to underestimate the decreasing chlorine trends and to overestimate the fluorine increase in the Northern Hemisphere. At most sites, the models simulate a stronger decrease of ClONO2 than of HCl. In the FTIR measurements, this difference between the trends of HCl and ClONO2 depends strongly on latitude, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. C1 [Kohlhepp, R.; Ruhnke, R.; Barthlott, S.; Blumenstock, Th.; Hamann, K.; Hase, F.; Kaiser, I.; Kouker, W.; Reddmann, Th.; Schneider, M.; Sinnhuber, B. -M.; Wiehle, M.] KIT, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK ASF, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Chipperfield, M. P.; Feng, W.; Monge-Sanz, B.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [De Maziere, M.; Senten, C.; Vanhaelewyn, G.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. [Notholt, J.; Palm, M.; Sinnhuber, B. -M.; Warneke, T.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Batchelor, R. L.; Lindenmaier, R.; Strong, K.; Taylor, J. R.; Whaley, C.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Batchelor, R. L.; Coffey, M. T.; Goldman, A.; Hannigan, J. W.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Blatherwick, R. D.] Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO USA. [Demoulin, P.; Mahieu, E.; Servais, C.] Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. [Fast, H.; Mittermeier, R. L.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Griffith, D. W. T.; Jones, N. B.; Paton-Walsh, C.] Univ Wollongong, Ctr Atmospher Chem, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. [Kagawa, A.; Kasai, Y.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. [Kagawa, A.] Fujitsu FIP Corp, Tokyo, Japan. [Kirner, O.] KIT, Steinbuch Ctr Comp, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Morino, I.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Global Environm Res, Tokyo, Japan. [Murata, I.] Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Dept Environm Studies, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. [Nakajima, H.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Div Atmospher Environm, Tokyo, Japan. [Raffalski, U.] Swedish Inst Space Phys IRF, Kiruna, Sweden. [Rettinger, M.; Sussmann, R.] KIT, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK IFU, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Rinsland, C. P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Rozanov, E.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci IACETH, Zurich, Switzerland. [Rozanov, E.] World Res Ctr, Phys Meterol Observ, Davos, Switzerland. [Smale, D.; Wood, S. W.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd NIWA, Lauder, New Zealand. [Taylor, J. R.] NEON, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kohlhepp, R (reprint author), KIT, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK ASF, Karlsruhe, Germany. EM regina.kohlhepp@kit.edu RI Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/A-7007-2013; Hase, Frank/A-7497-2013; Reddmann, Thomas/A-7681-2013; Schneider, Matthias/B-1441-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; FENG, WUHU/B-8327-2008; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Paton-Walsh, Clare/B-2774-2009; Morino, Isamu/K-1033-2014; Kirner, Oliver/K-8815-2015; Ruhnke, Roland/J-8800-2012; Blumenstock, Thomas/K-2263-2012; Sussmann, Ralf/K-3999-2012; Barthlott, Sabine/B-1439-2013; Jones, Nicholas/G-5575-2011; Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016; OI Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/0000-0001-9608-7320; Reddmann, Thomas/0000-0003-1733-7016; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; FENG, WUHU/0000-0002-9907-9120; Paton-Walsh, Clare/0000-0003-1156-4138; Morino, Isamu/0000-0003-2720-1569; Kirner, Oliver/0000-0001-5668-6177; Barthlott, Sabine/0000-0003-0258-9421; Jones, Nicholas/0000-0002-0111-2368; Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X; Whaley, Cynthia/0000-0002-0028-1514; Mahieu, Emmanuel/0000-0002-5251-0286 FU Atlantic Innovation Fund/Nova Scotia Research Innovation Trust; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Canadian Space Agency; Environment Canada; Government of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council; Ontario Innovation Trust; Northern Scientific Training Program; Polar Continental Shelf Program; Ontario Research Fund; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science; National Science Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP); Danish Meteorological Institute; ABB Bomem; Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund; Premier's Research Excellent Award; University of Toronto; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BEL-SPO, Brussels); European Commission [FP6-2005-Global-4-036677, 037048]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology FX The PEARL Bruker 125HR measurements at Eureka were made by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC) and in part by the Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaigns, and were supported by the Atlantic Innovation Fund/Nova Scotia Research Innovation Trust, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Space Agency, Environment Canada, Government of Canada International Polar Year funding, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Northern Scientific Training Program, Ontario Innovation Trust, Polar Continental Shelf Program, and Ontario Research Fund. For the DA8 measurements at Eureka we gratefully acknowledge the collaborative effort between the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Environment Canada, and the financial support provided by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science to the University of Toronto for our joint measurement program at Eureka in 2002-2003. The recording of DA8 atmospheric solar absorption spectra, from 2004 to 2008, was made possible through collaboration with the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Arctic Validation Team. The authors wish to thank the staff at the Eureka weather station and CANDAC for the logistical and on-site support provided at Eureka.; The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation. The NCAR FTS observation program at Thule, GR is supported under contract by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This work is also supported by the NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP). The Mauna Loa FTS program is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We wish to thank the Danish Meteorological Institute for support at the Thule site.; The TAO Bomem DA8 measurements were supported by ABB Bomem, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science, Canadian Space Agency, Environment Canada, Natural Science and Engineering Research Council, Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund, Premier's Research Excellent Award, and University of Toronto.; The University of Liege contribution to the present work has primarily been supported by the SECPEA and A3C PRODEX projects funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BEL-SPO, Brussels). The ULg team further acknowledges the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG, Bern) for supporting the facilities needed to perform the observations. E. Mahieu is Research Associate with the F.R.S.-FNRS (Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium).; We acknowledge the support of the European Commission through GEOmon (contract number FP6-2005-Global-4-036677) and HYMN (contract no. 037048 (GOCE)) projects under the 6th Framework Programme.; We further acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. NR 98 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 7 BP 3527 EP 3556 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3527-2012 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 926BQ UT WOS:000302806700024 ER PT J AU Kim, JW Lillehei, PT Park, C AF Kim, Jae-Woo Lillehei, Peter T. Park, Cheol TI Assembly of modified ferritin proteins on carbon nanotubes and its electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BIOFUEL CELLS; FUNCTIONALIZATION; BIOSENSORS; WATER; SOLUBILIZATION; ENZYME AB Highly effective dispersions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be made using a commercially available buffer solution. Buffer solutions of 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), which consists of a cyclic ring with nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms, a charged group, and an alkyl chain greatly enhance the dispersibility and stability of CNTs in aqueous solutions. Additionally, the ability of biomolecules, especially cationized Pt-cored ferritins, to adhere onto the well-dispersed CNTs in the aqueous buffer solution is also improved. This was accomplished without the use of surfactant molecules, which are detrimental to the electrical, mechanical, and other physical properties of the resulting products. The assembled Pt-cored ferritin proteins on the CNTs were used as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. C1 [Kim, Jae-Woo; Park, Cheol] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Lillehei, Peter T.] NASA LaRC, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kim, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM jae-woo.kim-1@nasa.gov RI Kim, Jae-Woo/A-8314-2008; Lillehei, Peter/C-9196-2009 OI Lillehei, Peter/0000-0001-8183-9980 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2012 VL 22 IS 17 BP 8408 EP 8412 DI 10.1039/c2jm30476g PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 919YG UT WOS:000302367500033 ER PT J AU Haque, ZU Suh, K Ansari, RR Mikel, WB AF Haque, Zahur U. Suh, Kwang Ansari, Rafat R. Mikel, W. Benjy TI Association tendency of heated milk proteins SO MILCHWISSENSCHAFT-MILK SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Milk proteins (heating, association tendency) ID NATIVELY UNFOLDED PROTEINS; DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN AB; BOVINE SERUM-ALBUMIN; CASEIN; PH; DENATURATION; BEHAVIOR; GELATION; INSIGHT AB Quasielastic Light Scattering (QLS) was used to investigate thermal clustering tendency of milk proteins and the association tendency index (ATI) was calculated based on the mean aggregate diameter (MAD) of gelling and non-gelling milk protein (1% (w/v) beta-lactoglobulin AB (B-LA), alpha-lactalbumins (A-LA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), alpha(s1)-casein (A-CN), beta-casein (B-CN) and k-casein (K-ON) at pH range of 3.5 to 9 in the temperature range 5 to 80 degrees C. The MAD profiles were also used to calculate the contribution of pH ([H]) and heat (Delta) to ATI. Ratio of the [H] and Delta of the gelling proteins, B-LG and BSA, were 1:2.2 and 1:4, respectively, indicating strong thermal susceptibility. Among the non-gelling proteins, A-LA and K-ON were similarly influenced by pH and heat with the [H]: A ratio being 1:1.2 and 1.1:1, respectively. B-ON, was an exception in that, (i) it showed no aggregate enlargement with heat, and, (ii) its susceptibility to pH regulated ATI was 20 fold greater than it was to heat. Conversely, the [H]: A ratio of A-ON was 5 fold greater in favor of thermally association tendency. C1 [Haque, Zahur U.; Mikel, W. Benjy] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Food Sci Nutr & Hlth Promot, MAFES, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Suh, Kwang; Ansari, Rafat R.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Haque, ZU (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Food Sci Nutr & Hlth Promot, MAFES, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM Haque@ra.msstate.edu NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU A V A AGRARVERLAG PI KEMPTEN PA PROSCHESTR 2, 87437 KEMPTEN, GERMANY SN 0026-3788 J9 MILCHWISSENSCHAFT JI Milchwiss.-Milk Sci. Int. PY 2012 VL 67 IS 2 BP 134 EP 137 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 927GG UT WOS:000302894600005 ER PT S AU Bae, SY Korniski, R Ream, A Fritz, E Shearn, M AF Bae, Sam Y. Korniski, Ronald Ream, Allen Fritz, Eric Shearn, Michael BE Woods, AJ Holliman, NS Favalora, GE TI Single lens dual-aperture 3D imaging system: color modeling SO STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS AND APPLICATIONS XXIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXIII (SD and A)/IS and T/SPIE Electronic Imaging - Science and Technology Symposium CY JAN 23-25, 2012 CL Burlingame, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol (IS&T), SPIE, IMAX, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Technicolor, DepthQ Stereoscop, ELDIM, River Valley TV, 3Droundabout, Veritas Visus, Christie, Visitech 3D, Strong/MDI Screen Syst, Fakespace Labs, Sony, JVC Profess, Dimens 3 DE 3D imaging system; dual aperture; complementary multi-band bandpass filters; color rivalry; Bradford; chromatic adaptation transformation ID FUSION LIMIT AB In an effort to miniaturize a 3D imaging system, we created two viewpoints in a single objective lens camera. This was accomplished by placing a pair of Complementary Multi-band Bandpass Filters (CMBFs) in the aperture area. Two key characteristics about the CMBFs are that the passbands are staggered so only one viewpoint is opened at a time when a light band matched to that passband is illuminated, and the passbands are positioned throughout the visible spectrum, so each viewpoint can render color by taking RGB spectral images. However, each viewpoint takes a different spectral image from the other viewpoint hence yielding a different color image relative to the other. This color mismatch in the two viewpoints could lead to color rivalry, where the human vision system fails to resolve two different colors. The difference will be closer if the number of passbands in a CMBF increases. (However, the number of passbands is constrained by cost and fabrication technique.) In this paper, simulation predicting the color mismatch is reported. C1 [Bae, Sam Y.; Korniski, Ronald; Shearn, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bae, SY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8935-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8288 AR 828807 DI 10.1117/12.912001 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BZR38 UT WOS:000302558300005 ER PT S AU Bodaghee, A Tomsick, JA Rodriguez, J Chaty, S Pottschmidt, K Walter, R Romano, P AF Bodaghee, A. Tomsick, J. A. Rodriguez, J. Chaty, S. Pottschmidt, K. Walter, R. Romano, P. BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI Supergiant X-ray binaries observed by Suzaku SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE accretion, accretion disks; gamma-rays: general; stars: neutron; supergiants; X-rays: binaries; X-rays: individual (IGR J16207-5129; IGR J17391-3021=XTE J1739-302) ID XTE J1739-302; TRANSIENT; STATE AB Suzaku observations are presented for the high-mass X-ray binaries IGR J16207-5129 and IGR J17391-3021. For IGR J16207-5129, we provide the first X-ray broadband (0.5-60 keV) spectrum from which we confirm a large intrinsic column density (N-H = 1.6 x 10(23) cm(-2)), and we constrain the cutoff energy for the first time (E-cut = 19 keV). A prolonged (> 30 ks) attenuation of the X-ray flux was observed which we tentatively attribute to an eclipse of the probable neutron star by its massive companion, in a binary system with an orbital period between 4 and 9 days, and inclination angles > 50 degrees. For IGR J17391-3021, we witnessed a transition from quiescence to a low-activity phase punctuated by weak flares whose peak luminosities in the 0.5-10 keV band are only a factor of 5 times that of the pre-flare emission. These micro flares are accompanied by an increase in N-H which suggests the accretion of obscuring clumps of wind. We now recognize that these low-activity epochs constitute the most common emission phase for this system, and perhaps in other supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXTs) as well. We close with an overview of our upcoming program in which Suzaku will provide the first ever observation of an SFXT (IGR J16479-4514) during a binary orbit enabling us to probe the accretion wind at every phase. C1 [Bodaghee, A.; Tomsick, J. A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Rodriguez, J.; Chaty, S.] Ctr Saclay, CEA DSM IRFU SAp, CEA IRFU UPD CNRS INSU, Lab AIM, Saclay, France. [Pottschmidt, K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Walter, R.] Observ Univ Geneve, ISDC, Geneva, Switzerland. [Romano, P.] Inst Astrofis Spaziale Fis Cosmica, INAF, Palermo, Italy. RP Bodaghee, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Rodriguez, Jerome/0000-0002-4151-4468; Chaty, Sylvain/0000-0002-5769-8601 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696150 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900008 ER PT S AU Caballero, I Muller, S Bordas, P Ferrigno, C Kuhnel, M Pottschmidt, K Kretschmar, P Wilms, J Kreykenbohm, I Klochkov, D Santangelo, A Staubert, R Suchy, S Rothschild, R Camero-Arranz, A Finger, M AF Caballero, I. Mueller, S. Bordas, P. Ferrigno, C. Kuehnel, M. Pottschmidt, K. Kretschmar, P. Wilms, J. Kreykenbohm, I. Klochkov, D. Santangelo, A. Staubert, R. Suchy, S. Rothschild, R. Camero-Arranz, A. Finger, M. BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI First INTEGRAL and Swift observations of a giant outburst of A 0535+26 SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE X-rays: binaries; stars: magnetic fields; stars: individual: A 0535+26 ID RAY; A0535+262; ENERGY AB The Be/X-ray binary A 0535+26 has shown three giant outbursts since 2005, after a long period of quiescence. The giant outbursts in 2005 (similar to 5.2 Crab, 15-50 keV range) and 2009 (similar to 5.6 Crab) could not be observed by most X-ray observatories due to Sun observing constraints Finally, a giant outburst in February 2011, that reached a flux of similar to 3.8 Crab, was monitored with INTEGRAL and Swift TOO observations. We present first results of these observations, with a special focus on the cyclotron lines present in the X-ray spectrum of the source. C1 [Caballero, I.] Univ P Diderot, CEA, CNRS, CEA Saclay,DSM,IRFU,SAp,UMR AIM 7158, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Mueller, S.; Wilms, J.; Kreykenbohm, I.] ECAP, Munich, Germany. [Bordas, P.; Ferrigno, C.] ISDC, Data Cent Astrophys, Geneva, Switzerland. [Pottschmidt, K.] CRESST UMBC, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Kreykenbohm, I.] ESAC ESA, Madrid, Spain. [Klochkov, D.; Santangelo, A.; Staubert, R.] LAAT, Tubingen, Germany. [Suchy, S.; Rothschild, R.] CASS UCSD, San Diego, CA USA. [Camero-Arranz, A.; Finger, M.] NSSTC, Huntsville, TX USA. RP Caballero, I (reprint author), Univ P Diderot, CEA, CNRS, CEA Saclay,DSM,IRFU,SAp,UMR AIM 7158, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RI Wilms, Joern/C-8116-2013; OI Wilms, Joern/0000-0003-2065-5410; Kretschmar, Peter/0000-0001-9840-2048; Bordas, Pol/0000-0002-0266-8536 FU French Space Agency CNES through CNRS FX IC acknowledges financial support from the French Space Agency CNES through CNRS NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696213 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900071 ER PT S AU Hamaguchi, K Corcoran, MF AF Hamaguchi, Kenji Corcoran, Michael F. BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI Eclipse and Collapse of the Colliding Wind X-ray Emission from Eta Carinae SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE Stars: individual (eta Carinae); stars: early-type; stars: winds, outflows; binaries: general; X-rays: stars AB X-ray emission from the massive stellar binary system, eta Carinae, drops strongly around periastron passage; the event is called the X-ray minimum We launched a focused observing campaign in early 2009 to understand the mechanism of causing the X-ray minimum During the campaign, hard X-ray emission (<10 keV) from eta Carinae declined as in the previous minimum, though it recovered a month earlier. Extremely hard X-ray emission between 15-25 keV, closely monitored for the first time with the Suzaku HXD/PIN, decreased similarly to the hard X-rays, but it reached minimum only after hard X-ray emission from the star had already began to recover. This indicates that the X-ray minimum is produced by two composite mechanisms the thick primary wind first obscured the hard, 2-10 keV thermal X-ray emission from the wind-wind collision (WWC) plasma; the WWC activity then decays as the two stars reach periastron. C1 [Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.] NASA, CRESST, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hamaguchi, K (reprint author), NASA, CRESST, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696208 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900066 ER PT S AU Katsuda, S Mori, K Petre, R Yamaguchi, H Tsunemi, H Bocchino, F Bamba, A Miceli, M Hewitt, JW Temim, T Uchida, H Yoshii, R AF Katsuda, Satoru Mori, Koji Petre, Robert Yamaguchi, Hiroya Tsunemi, Hiroshi Bocchino, Fabrizio Bamba, Aya Miceli, Marco Hewitt, John W. Temim, Tea Uchida, Hiroyuki Yoshii, Rie BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI Diffuse Hard X-Ray Emission outside Vela X Detected with Suzaku/XIS SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE X-rays: ISM; supernova remnants ID PULSAR WIND NEBULA; RADIO AB Vela Xis a large, 3 degrees x 2 degrees, radio-emitting pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by the Vela pulsar in the Vela supernova remnant Using Suzaku/XIS observations, we find hard X-ray emission extending outside the Vela X region. The spectral and spatial properties of the hard X-ray emission suggest that it is associated with the Vela PWN. The larger X-ray extension found in this work strongly suggests that distinct populations relativistic electrons form the X-ray PWN and Vela X. We also notice diffuse hard X-ray emission in the other direction. More Suzaku/XIS observations are strongly desired to reveal the entire morphology of the Vela PWN. C1 [Katsuda, Satoru; Yoshii, Rie] RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. [Mori, Koji] Miyazaki Univ, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan. [Petre, Robert; Hewitt, John W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Yamaguchi, Hiroya] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Tsunemi, Hiroshi] Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5600043, Japan. [Bocchino, Fabrizio; Miceli, Marco] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Palermo, I-90134 Palermo, Italy. [Bamba, Aya] Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Coll Sci & Engn, Dept Math & Phys, Chuo Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2525258, Japan. [Miceli, Marco] Univ Palermo, Dipartmento Fis, Sez Astron, I-90134 Palermo, Italy. [Uchida, Hiroyuki] Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Katsuda, S (reprint author), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. OI Bocchino, Fabrizio/0000-0002-2321-5616; Miceli, Marco/0000-0003-0876-8391; Temim, Tea/0000-0001-7380-3144 FU Special Postdoctoral Researchers Program in RIKEN FX S.K. is supported by the Special Postdoctoral Researchers Program in RIKEN. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696200 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900058 ER PT S AU Miller, ED Bautz, M George, J Mushotzky, R Davis, D Henry, JP AF Miller, Eric D. Bautz, Marshall George, Jithin Mushotzky, Richard Davis, David Henry, J. Patrick BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI The Outer Limits of Galaxy Clusters: Observations to the Virial Radius with Suzaku, XMM, and Chandra SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE Galaxy Clusters; ICM; Suzaku; X-ray ID TEMPERATURE; CONSTRAINTS; PROFILES; DENSITY AB The outskirts of galaxy clusters, near the virial radius, remain relatively unexplored territory and yet are vital to our understanding of cluster growth, structure, and mass. In this presentation, we show the first results from a program to constrain the state of the outer intra-cluster medium (ICM) in a large sample of galaxy clusters, exploiting the strengths of three complementary X-ray observatories: Suzaku (low, stable background), XMM-Newton (high sensitivity), and Chandra (good spatial resolution). By carefully combining observations from the cluster core to beyond r(200), we are able to identify and reduce systematic uncertainties that would impede our spatial and spectral analysis using a single telescope. Our sample comprises nine clusters at z similar to 0.1-0.2 fully covered in azimuth to beyond r(200), and our analysis indicates that the ICM is not in hydrostatic equilibrium in the cluster outskirts, where we see clear azimuthal variations in temperature and surface brightness. In one of the clusters, we are able to measure the diffuse X-ray emission well beyond r(200), and we find that the entropy profile and the gas fraction are consistent with expectations from theory and numerical simulations. These results stands in contrast to recent studies which point to gas clumping in the outskirts; the extent to which differences of cluster environment or instrumental effects factor in this difference remains unclear. From a broader perspective, this project will produce a sizeable fiducial data set for detailed comparison with high-resolution numerical simulations. C1 [Miller, Eric D.; Bautz, Marshall] MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [George, Jithin; Mushotzky, Richard] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA. [Davis, David] NASA, GSFC, Xray Astrophys Lab, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Davis, David] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD USA. [Henry, J. Patrick] Univ Hawaii, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Miller, ED (reprint author), MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM milleric@mit.edu FU NASA [NNX10AV02G, NNX09AE58G]; SAO [GO1-12165X] FX We thank both the organizers and attendees of Suzaku 2011 for a highly enlightening and enjoyable meeting. This work was supported by NASA grants NNX10AV02G and NNX09AE58G, and by SAO grant GO1-12165X. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696144 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900002 ER PT S AU Mitsuishi, I Gupta, A Yamasaki, NY Takei, Y Ohashi, T Sato, K Galeazzi, M Henry, JP Kelley, RL AF Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Gupta, Anjali Yamasaki, Noriko Y. Takei, Yoh Ohashi, Takaya Sato, Kosuke Galeazzi, Massimiliano Henry, J. Patrick Kelley, Richard L. BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI Search for X-Ray Emission from the Shapley Supercluster and the WHIM with Suzaku SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE X-ray; cluster; supercluster; WHIM ID CORE AB Suzaku performed observations of 3 regions in and around the Shapley supercluster: a region located between A3558 and A3556, at similar to 0.9 times the virial radii of both clusters, and two other regions at 1 degrees and 4 degrees away from the first pointing. The 4 degrees-offset observation was used to evaluate the Galactic foreground emission. We did not detect significant redshifted Oxygen emission lines (O-VII and O-VIII) in the spectra of all three pointings, after subtracting the contribution of foreground and background emission. An upper limit for the redshifted O-VIII K alpha line intensity of the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) is 1.5 x 10(-7) photons s(-1) cm(-2) arcmin(-2), which corresponds to an overdensity of similar to 380 (Z/0.1 Z(circle dot))(-1/2)(L/3 Mpc)(-1/2), assuming T = 3 x 10(6) K. We found excess continuum emission in the 1 degrees-offset and on-filament regions, represented by thermal models with kT similar to 1 keV and similar to 2 keV, respectively. The redshifts of both 0 and that of the supercluster (0.048) are consistent with the observed spectra. The similar to 1 keV emission can be also fitted with Ne-rich Galactic (zero redshift) thin thermal emission. Radial intensity profile of 2 keV component suggests contribution from nearby clusters A3558 and A3556, but with significant steepening of the intensity slope in the outer region of A3558. C1 [Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Yamasaki, Noriko Y.; Takei, Yoh] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy ISAS JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Chuo Ku, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2525210, Japan. [Gupta, Anjali; Galeazzi, Massimiliano] Miami Univ, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 45056 USA. [Ohashi, Takaya] Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. [Sato, Kosuke] Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. [Henry, J. Patrick] Univ Hawaii, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kelley, Richard L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mitsuishi, I (reprint author), Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy ISAS JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Chuo Ku, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2525210, Japan. RI Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696235 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900093 ER PT S AU Nowak, MA Wilms, J Pottschmidt, K Schulz, N Miller, J Maitra, D AF Nowak, Michael A. Wilms, Joern Pottschmidt, Katja Schulz, Norbert Miller, Jon Maitra, Dipankar BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI Suzaku Observations of 4U 1957+11: The Most Rapidly Spinning Black Hole in the Galaxy? SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE accretion, accretion disks; black hole physics; X-rays: binaries ID X-RAY BINARY; ACCRETION DISK; HIGH-STATE; SPECTRA AB We present three Suzaku observations of the black hole candidate 4U 1957+11-a source that exhibits some of the simplest and cleanest examples of soft, disk-dominated spectra. 4U 1957+11 also presents among the highest peak temperatures found from disk-dominated spectra. Such temperatures may be associated with rapid black hole spin. The 4U 1957+11 spectra also require a very low normalization, which can be explained by a combination of small inner disk radius and a large distance (> 10 kpc) which places 4U 1957+11 well into the Galactic halo. We perform joint fits to the Suzaku spectra with relativistic disk models. Assuming a low mass black hole and the nearest distance (3M(circle dot), 10 kpc), the dimensionless spin parameter a* = Jc/GM(2) greater than or similar to 0.9. Higher masses and farther distances yield a* approximate to 1. Low spin cannot be recovered unless 4U 1957+11 is a low mass black hole that is at the unusually large distance of greater than or similar to 40 kpc. C1 [Nowak, Michael A.; Schulz, Norbert] MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Wilms, Joern] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, Dr Karl Remeis Sternwarte, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany. [Pottschmidt, Katja] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Miller, Jon; Maitra, Dipankar] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Nowak, MA (reprint author), MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Wilms, Joern/C-8116-2013 OI Wilms, Joern/0000-0003-2065-5410 FU NASA [NNX10AR94G, SV3-73016]; European Commission [ITN 215212]; Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie through Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt [50OR0701, 50OR1005] FX Michael Nowak was supported by NASA Grants NNX10AR94G and SV 3-73016. JornWilms was partly supported by the European Commission under contract ITN 215212 Black Hole Universe and by the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie through Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt grants 50OR0701 and 50OR1005. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696149 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900007 ER PT S AU Simionescu, A Allen, SW Mantz, A Werner, N Takei, Y AF Simionescu, A. Allen, S. W. Mantz, A. Werner, N. Takei, Y. BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI Baryons in the outskirts of the X-ray brightest galaxy cluster SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE Clusters of galaxies; intracluster medium; large-scale structure formation ID VIRIAL RADIUS; INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM; OUTER REGIONS; TEMPERATURE; SUZAKU; PROFILE; MASS; EMISSION; DENSITY; R(200) AB Studies of the diffuse X-ray emitting gas in galaxy clusters have provided powerful constraints on cosmological parameters and insights into plasma astrophysics. However, measurements of the faint cluster outskirts have become possible only over the last few years. Here, we present results from Suzaku observations of the Perseus Cluster, which provide our best measurements of the thermodynamic properties of the ICM at large radii to date. In particular, we focus on the details of the data analysis procedure and discuss the evidence for a clumpy distribution of the gas in the outskirts, which is important for understanding the physics of the ongoing growth of clusters from the surrounding cosmic web. C1 [Simionescu, A.; Allen, S. W.; Werner, N.] Stanford Univ, KIPAC, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Mantz, A.] Univ Chicago, Kavali Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Mantz, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Takei, Y.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Simionescu, A (reprint author), Stanford Univ, KIPAC, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696143 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900001 ER PT S AU Tombesi, F Sambruna, RM Reeves, JN Braito, V Cappi, M Reynolds, CS Mushotzky, RF AF Tombesi, F. Sambruna, R. M. Reeves, J. N. Braito, V. Cappi, M. Reynolds, C. S. Mushotzky, R. F. BE Petre, R Mitsuda, K Angelini, L TI New insights on the accretion disk-winds connection in radio-loud AGNs from Suzaku SO SUZAKU 2011: EXPLORING THE X-RAY UNIVERSE: SUZAKU AND BEYOND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Exploring the X-ray Universe - Suzaku and Beyond (SUZAKU) CY JUL 20-22, 2011 CL Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron, Palo Alto, CA SP NASA, JAXA, Natl Space Agencies USA & Japan HO Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr ( SLAC), Kavli Inst Particle Phys & Astron DE galaxies: active; X-rays: galaxies; accretion, accretion disks; plasmas ID ULTRA-FAST OUTFLOWS; ABSORPTION-LINES; JET; EMISSION; QUASAR AB From the spectral analysis of long Suzaku observations of five radio-loud AGNs we have been able to discover the presence of ultra-fast outflows with velocities similar to 0.1c in three of them, namely 3C 111, 3C 120 and 3C 390.3. They are consistent with being accretion disk winds/outflows. We also performed a follow-up on 3C 111 to monitor its outflow on similar to 7 days time-scales and detected an anti-correlated variability of a possible relativistic emission line with respect to blue-shifted Fe K features, following a flux increase. This provides the first direct evidence for an accretion disc-wind connection in an AGN. The mass outflow rate of these outflows can be comparable to the accretion rate and their mechanical power can correspond to a significant fraction of the bolometric luminosity and is comparable to their typical jet power. Therefore, they can possibly play a significant role in the expected feedback from AGNs and can give us further clues on the relation between the accretion disk and the formation of winds/jets. C1 [Tombesi, F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Tombesi, F.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sambruna, R. M.] George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Braito, V.] Keele Univ, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England. [Braito, V.] Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Cappi, M.] INAF IASF Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Reynolds, C. S.; Mushotzky, R. F.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Tombesi, F (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Cappi, Massimo/F-4813-2015; OI Cappi, Massimo/0000-0001-6966-8920 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1010-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2012 VL 1427 DI 10.1063/1.3696173 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BZS45 UT WOS:000302776900031 ER PT S AU Memarsadeghi, N McFadden, LA Skillman, DR McLean, B Mutchler, M Carsenty, U Palmer, EE AF Memarsadeghi, Nargess McFadden, Lucy A. Skillman, David R. McLean, Brian Mutchler, Max Carsenty, Uri Palmer, Eric E. CA Dawn Mission's Satellite Working G BE Bouman, CA Pollak, I Wolfe, PJ TI Moon Search Algorithms for NASA's Dawn Mission to Asteroid Vesta SO COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Imaging X CY JAN 23-24, 2012 CL Burlingame, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol (IS&T), SPIE DE Planetary sciences; astronomy; natural satellite search; Pluto; Dawn mission; asteroid (4) Vesta; image registration; filtering ID IRREGULAR SATELLITES; COMPLETENESS; DISCOVERY; CATALOG; LIMITS AB A moon or natural satellite is a celestial body that orbits a planetary body such as a planet, dwarf planet, or an asteroid. Scientists seek understanding the origin and evolution of our solar system by studying moons of these bodies. Additionally, searches for satellites of planetary bodies can be important to protect the safety of a spacecraft as it approaches or orbits a planetary body. If a satellite of a celestial body is found, the mass of that body can also be calculated once its orbit is determined. Ensuring the Dawn spacecraft's safety on its mission to the asteroid (4) Vesta primarily motivated the work of Dawn's Satellite Working Group (SWG) in summer of 2011. Dawn mission scientists and engineers utilized various computational tools and techniques for Vesta's satellite search. The objectives of this paper are to 1) introduce the natural satellite search problem, 2) present the computational challenges, approaches, and tools used when addressing this problem, and 3) describe applications of various image processing and computational algorithms for performing satellite searches to the electronic imaging and computer science community. Furthermore, we hope that this communication would enable Dawn mission scientists to improve their satellite search algorithms and tools and be better prepared for performing the same investigation in 2015, when the spacecraft is scheduled to approach and orbit the dwarf planet (1) Ceres. C1 [Memarsadeghi, Nargess; McFadden, Lucy A.; Skillman, David R.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Memarsadeghi, N (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Mail Stop 587, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Nargess.Memarsadeghi@nasa.gov RI Skillman, David/C-8995-2013; McFadden, Lucy-Ann/I-4902-2013 OI McFadden, Lucy-Ann/0000-0002-0537-9975 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-943-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8296 AR 82960H DI 10.1117/12.915564 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BZR22 UT WOS:000302533300009 ER PT J AU Epstein, HE Raynolds, MK Walker, DA Bhatt, US Tucker, CJ Pinzon, JE AF Epstein, Howard E. Raynolds, Martha K. Walker, Donald A. Bhatt, Uma S. Tucker, Compton J. Pinzon, Jorge E. TI Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Arctic tundra; circumpolar; NDVI; remote sensing; spatial and temporal dynamics; vegetation biomass ID WET SEDGE TUNDRA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SATELLITE DATA; SHRUB EXPANSION; NORTHERN ALASKA; VEGETATION INDEX; SIBERIAN TUNDRA; CARBON-CYCLE; NDVI; TRENDS AB Numerous studies have evaluated the dynamics of Arctic tundra vegetation throughout the past few decades, using remotely sensed proxies of vegetation, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). While extremely useful, these coarse-scale satellite-derived measurements give us minimal information with regard to how these changes are being expressed on the ground, in terms of tundra structure and function. In this analysis, we used a strong regression model between NDVI and aboveground tundra phytomass, developed from extensive field-harvested measurements of vegetation biomass, to estimate the biomass dynamics of the circumpolar Arctic tundra over the period of continuous satellite records (1982-2010). We found that the southernmost tundra subzones (C-E) dominate the increases in biomass, ranging from 20 to 26%, although there was a high degree of heterogeneity across regions, floristic provinces, and vegetation types. The estimated increase in carbon of the aboveground live vegetation of 0.40 Pg C over the past three decades is substantial, although quite small relative to anthropogenic C emissions. However, a 19.8% average increase in aboveground biomass has major implications for nearly all aspects of tundra ecosystems including hydrology, active layer depths, permafrost regimes, wildlife and human use of Arctic landscapes. While spatially extensive on-the-ground measurements of tundra biomass were conducted in the development of this analysis, validation is still impossible without more repeated, long-term monitoring of Arctic tundra biomass in the field. C1 [Epstein, Howard E.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Raynolds, Martha K.; Walker, Donald A.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Bhatt, Uma S.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Tucker, Compton J.; Pinzon, Jorge E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Epstein, HE (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. FU US NSF [ARC-0531166, ARC-0902152]; NASA [NNG6GE00A, NNX09AK56G] FX Funding for this work was provided by the US NSF grants ARC-0531166, ARC-0902152 and NASA grants NNG6GE00A, NNX09AK56G. Jerrica Frazier contributed to the literature review, production of tables and manuscript formatting. NR 62 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 11 U2 93 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD JAN-MAR PY 2012 VL 7 IS 1 AR 015506 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015506 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 922XA UT WOS:000302580600060 ER PT J AU Gaffin, SR Imhoff, M Rosenzweig, C Khanbilvardi, R Pasqualini, A Kong, AYY Grillo, D Freed, A Hillel, D Hartung, E AF Gaffin, S. R. Imhoff, M. Rosenzweig, C. Khanbilvardi, R. Pasqualini, A. Kong, A. Y. Y. Grillo, D. Freed, A. Hillel, D. Hartung, E. TI Bright is the new black-multi-year performance of high-albedo roofs in an urban climate SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE urban heat island; mitigation; cool roofs; white roofs; albedo; emissivity; TPO; EPDM; asphaltic membrane; solar reflectance; Energy Star Reflective Roof program ID SOLAR REFLECTANCE; ENERGY SAVINGS; COATINGS AB High-albedo white and cool roofing membranes are recognized as a fundamental strategy that dense urban areas can deploy on a large scale, at low cost, to mitigate the urban heat island effect. We are monitoring three generic white membranes within New York City that represent a cross section of the dominant white membrane options for US flat roofs: (1) an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber membrane; (2) a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) membrane; and (3) an asphaltic multi-ply built-up membrane coated with white elastomeric acrylic paint. The paint product is being used by New York City's government for the first major urban albedo enhancement program in its history. We report on the temperature and related albedo performance of these three membranes at three different sites over a multi-year period. The results indicate that the professionally installed white membranes are maintaining their temperature control effectively and are meeting the Energy Star Cool Roofing performance standards requiring a three-year aged albedo above 0.50. The EPDM membrane shows evidence of low emissivity; however this had the interesting effect of avoiding any 'winter heat penalty' for this building. The painted asphaltic surface shows high emissivity but lost about half of its initial albedo within two years of installation. Given that the acrylic approach is such an important 'do-it-yourself', low-cost, retrofit technique, and, as such, offers the most rapid technique for increasing urban albedo, further product performance research is recommended to identify conditions that optimize its long-term albedo control. Even so, its current multi-year performance still represents a significant albedo enhancement for urban heat island mitigation. C1 [Gaffin, S. R.; Rosenzweig, C.; Pasqualini, A.; Kong, A. Y. Y.; Hillel, D.; Hartung, E.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Imhoff, M.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Khanbilvardi, R.] CUNY City Coll, NOAA CREST Ctr, New York, NY USA. [Grillo, D.] New York City Dept Bldg, New York, NY USA. [Freed, A.] Mayors Off Long Term Planning & Sustainabil, New York, NY USA. RP Gaffin, SR (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM srg43@columbia.edu NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 7 U2 50 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD JAN-MAR PY 2012 VL 7 IS 1 AR 014029 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014029 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 922XA UT WOS:000302580600040 ER PT S AU Biswas, A Piazzolla, S Moision, B Lisman, D AF Biswas, Abhijit Piazzolla, Sabino Moision, Bruce Lisman, Douglas BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Evaluation of deep-space laser communication under different mission scenarios SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Laser communications; data-rates; data-volumes; mission scenarios AB A number of space agencies, including NASA, are considering free-space laser communications as a means for returning higher data-rates from future space missions. In this paper, potential deep-space missions are evaluated to show that with optical communication a 10x increase relative to state-of-the art telecommunication systems could be achieved. The maximum deep-space distance where ground transmitted laser beacons could assist acquisition and tracking; and operating points where optical communication performance degrades faster than the inverse square distance are also discussed. C1 [Biswas, Abhijit; Piazzolla, Sabino; Moision, Bruce; Lisman, Douglas] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Biswas, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM abiswas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 82460W DI 10.1117/12.913216 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400024 ER PT S AU Erkmen, BI Moision, BE Dolinar, SJ Birnbaum, KM Divsalar, D AF Erkmen, Baris I. Moision, Bruce E. Dolinar, Samuel J. Birnbaum, Kevin M. Divsalar, Dariush BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI On approaching the ultimate limits of communication using a photon-counting detector SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE ID CHANNEL CAPACITY; QUANTUM CHANNEL AB Coherent states achieve the Holevo capacity of a pure-loss channel when paired with an optimal measurement, but a physical realization of this measurement scheme is as of yet unknown, and it is also likely to be of high complexity. In this paper, we focus on the photon-counting measurement and study the photon and dimensional efficiencies attainable with modulations over classical-and nonclassical-state alphabets. We analyze two binary-modulation architectures that improve upon the dimensional versus photon efficiency tradeoff achievable with the state-of-the-art coherent-state on-off keying modulation. We show that at high photon efficiency these architectures achieve an efficiency tradeoff that differs from the best possible tradeoff-determined by the Holevo capacity-by only a constant factor. The first architecture we analyze is a coherent-state transmitter that relies on feedback from the receiver to control the transmitted energy. The second architecture uses a single-photon number-state source. C1 [Erkmen, Baris I.; Moision, Bruce E.; Dolinar, Samuel J.; Birnbaum, Kevin M.; Divsalar, Dariush] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Erkmen, BI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM baris.i.erkmen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 824605 DI 10.1117/12.908695 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400002 ER PT S AU Farr, WH Stern, JA Shaw, MD AF Farr, William H. Stern, Jeffrey A. Shaw, Matthew D. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Superconducting Nanowire Arrays for Multi-Meter Free Space Optical Communications Receivers SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE optical communications; photon counting detector; superconducting nanowire array ID SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTOR AB Reception of faint optical communications signals from deep space presumes multi-meter diameter optical receivers coupled to high detection efficiency photon counting detectors. Superconducting nanowire detectors presently offer the highest performance for photon starved optical communications at near-infrared optical communications wavelengths. Square-millimeter sized arrays are required due to atmospheric turbulence and the classical solid angle-area invariant of an optical system, but most development of superconducting nanowire detectors has been for small pixels and arrays of less than 0.001 square-millimeter area. One deep space receiver approach is to partition detector area across multiple receive apertures (multiple telescopes) to use these small detectors, but this carries performance and cost penalties compared to use of a single large aperture. At JPL we are pursuing the development of large superconducting nanowire arrays for free space coupling to multi-meter telescopes and have developed a facility for testing large area free-space coupled nanowire arrays and fabricated arrays up to 64 pixels in the NbTiN and W(1-x)Six material systems. C1 [Farr, William H.; Stern, Jeffrey A.; Shaw, Matthew D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Farr, WH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 82460R DI 10.1117/12.913317 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400020 ER PT S AU Kovalik, J Hemmati, H Biswas, A AF Kovalik, J. Hemmati, H. Biswas, A. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI 10 GB/S LASERCOM SYSTEM FOR SPACECRAFT SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical Communications; Laser Communications; Optical Transceiver AB JPL is developing and testing a 10 Gb/s laser communications terminal for use with earth-orbiting spacecraft. The system consists of an optical transceiver head on a two-axis gimbal with a separate electronics assembly that contains the avionics, modem and laser. The link is achieved by multiplexing on the flight terminal four 0.5-W lasers in the C-band that are modulated at up to 2.5 Gb/s; transmitted through a 5-cm aperture; and received by a 1m ground aperture. A description of the system together with experimental tests of a prototype is presented. C1 [Kovalik, J.; Hemmati, H.; Biswas, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kovalik, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 82460F DI 10.1117/12.908644 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400009 ER PT S AU Moision, B Erkmen, BI Farr, W Dolinar, SJ Birnbaum, KM AF Moision, Bruce Erkmen, Baris I. Farr, William Dolinar, Samuel J. Birnbaum, Kevin M. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Limits on achievable dimensional and photon efficiencies with intensity-modulation and photon-counting due to non-ideal photon-counter behavior SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE optical communications; quantum-limited communications; photon-counting detectors; photon information efficiency AB An ideal intensity-modulated photon-counting channel can achieve unbounded photon information efficiencies (PIEs). However, a number of limitations of a physical system limit the practically achievable PIE. In this paper, we discuss several of these limitations and illustrate their impact on the channel. We show that, for the Poisson channel, noise does not strictly bound PIE, although there is an effective limit, as the dimensional information efficiency goes as e-e(PIE) beyond a threshold PIE. Since the Holevo limit is bounded in the presence of noise, this illustrates that the Poisson approximation is invalid at large PIE for any number of noise modes. We show that a finite transmitter extinction ratio bounds the achievable PIE to a maximum that is logarithmic in the extinction ratio. We show how detector jitter limits the ability to mitigate noise in the PPM signaling framework. We illustrate a method to model detector blocking when the number of detectors is large, and illustrate mitigation of blocking with spatial spreading and filtering. Finally, we illustrate the design of a high photon efficiency system using state-of-the-art photo-detectors and taking all these effects into account. C1 [Moision, Bruce; Erkmen, Baris I.; Farr, William; Dolinar, Samuel J.; Birnbaum, Kevin M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moision, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bmoision@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 824609 DI 10.1117/12.906939 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400004 ER PT S AU Shields, J Srinivasan, M Regehr, MW AF Shields, Joel Srinivasan, Meera Regehr, Martin W. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Progress on the Development of a Simulation Environment for Optical Communications SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical communications; isolator; fast steering mirror; pointing control; acquisition; tracking; centroiding AB Deep space laser communications require extremely accurate beam pointing to take advantage of the narrow beams achievable at optical wavelengths. This pointing accuracy must be achieved in the presence of spacecraft basebody motion which may exceed laser pointing requirements by orders of magnitude. In this paper a model of an optical band transceiver pointing control system is developed that can be used to predict performance under various operating scenarios. The transceiver model consists of an electro-mechanical model of the telescope platform and isolator. A novel photon counting detector array is used in the simulation as the focal plane detector. In the simulation we are able to inject various cases of spacecraft basebody motion based on both flight data and future mission spacecraft jitter requirements. Various models of uplink beacon flux levels and atmospheric scintillation are also available for analysis. Using these models, detector processing and control functions are implemented in the simulation. A complete acquisition sequence is demonstrated with blind acquisition and tracking of the modulated uplink beam and positioning of the downlink beam on the focal plane array. These simulations predict that pointing requirements will be met with representative disturbance models and uplink beam scintillation C1 [Shields, Joel; Srinivasan, Meera; Regehr, Martin W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Shields, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Joel.F.Shields@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 82460X DI 10.1117/12.913567 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400025 ER PT S AU Wright, MW Piccirilli, AB Grant, AR AF Wright, Malcolm W. Piccirilli, Alfonso B. Grant, Andrew R. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Preliminary results of testing a space-grade laser transmitter for optical communications SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XXIV CY JAN 24-26, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Free space optical communications; laser; space qualification AB Pulsed fiber based laser transmitters suitable for optical communications in both near Earth and deep space scenarios are being developed in partnership between JPL and industry. As a precursor to a full space qualification process, commercial components were integrated into a polarization maintaining 1550 nm master oscillator laser as part of a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser transmitter designed to support pulse position modulation and operation in the vacuum environment. This optically pre-amplified seed laser generated sub-ns pulses at up to 100 MHz with high extinction ratio over variable duty cycle. Test results in both ambient and under vacuum conditions will be reported for this system including a preliminary life-test with over 5000 hours under high vacuum at temperatures ranging from 0 to 40 degrees C. C1 [Wright, Malcolm W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wright, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM malcolm.wright@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8889-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8246 AR 82460L DI 10.1117/12.913635 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BZR76 UT WOS:000302637400015 ER PT S AU Ramesham, R AF Ramesham, Rajeshuni BE GarciaBlanco, SM Ramesham, R TI Reliability of High I/O High Density CCGA Interconnect Electronic Packages under Extreme Thermal Environments SO RELIABILITY, PACKAGING, TESTING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMS/MOEMS AND NANODEVICES XI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Reliability, Packaging, Testing, and Characterization of MEMS/MOEMS and Nanodevices XI CY JAN 23-24, 2012 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE, Dyoptyka, VUZIX Corp DE Extreme temperatures; High density CCGA qualification; CCGA reliability; solder joint failures; optical inspection; and x-ray inspection AB Ceramic column grid array (CCGA) packages have been increasing in use based on their advantages such as high interconnect density, very good thermal and electrical performances, compatibility with standard surface-mount packaging assembly processes, and so on. CCGA packages are used in space applications such as in logic and microprocessor functions, telecommunications, payload electronics, and flight avionics. As these packages tend to have less solder joint strain relief than leaded packages or more strain relief over lead-less chip carrier packages, the reliability of CCGA packages is very important for short-term and long-term deep space missions. We have employed high density CCGA 1152 and 1272 daisy chained electronic packages in this preliminary reliability study. Each package is divided into several daisy-chained sections. The physical dimensions of CCGA1152 package is 35 mm x 35 mm with a 34 x 34 array of columns with a 1 mm pitch. The dimension of the CCGA1272 package is 37.5 mm x 37.5 mm with a 36 x 36 array with a 1 mm pitch. The columns are made up of 80% Pb/20%Sn material. CCGA interconnect electronic package printed wiring polyimide boards have been assembled and inspected using non-destructive x-ray imaging techniques. The assembled CCGA boards were subjected to extreme temperature thermal atmospheric cycling to assess their reliability for future deep space missions. The resistance of daisy-chained interconnect sections were monitored continuously during thermal cycling. This paper provides the experimental test results of advanced CCGA packages tested in extreme temperature thermal environments. Standard optical inspection and x-ray non-destructive inspection tools were used to assess the reliability of high density CCGA packages for deep space extreme temperature missions. C1 CALTECH, Off Safety & Mission Success, Reliabil Engn & Mission Environm Assurance Off, Jet Prop Lab NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ramesham, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Off Safety & Mission Success, Reliabil Engn & Mission Environm Assurance Off, Jet Prop Lab NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rajeshuni.ramesham@jpl.nasa.gov; rajeshuni.ramesham@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8893-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2012 VL 8250 AR 82500A DI 10.1117/12.913558 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BZR81 UT WOS:000302641100008 ER PT J AU Morales, W Street, KW Zaretsky, EV AF Morales, Wilfredo Street, Kenneth W., Jr. Zaretsky, Erwin V. TI Performance and Analysis of Perfluoropolyalkyl Ether Grease Used on Space Shuttle Actuators-A Case Study SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Greases; Perfluoropolyalkyl Ether; Gears; Infrared Spectroscopy; Gravimetry; Liquid Chromatography; Space Shuttle ID LIFE; OILS AB Actuators used on the U.S. space shuttle fleet are lubricated with unspecified amounts of Braycote 601 grease consisting of a perfluorinatedpolyalkyl ether (PFPAE) base oil thickened with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Each shuttle has four body flap actuators (BFAs; two on each wing) on a common segmented shaft and four rudder speed brake (RSB) actuators. The actuators were designed to operate for 10 years and 100 flights without periodic relubrication. Visible inspection of two partially disassembled RSB actuators in continuous use for 19 years raised concerns over possible grease degradation due to discoloration of the grease on several places on the surfaces of the gears. Inspection revealed fretting, micropitting, wear, and corrosion of the bearings and gears. A small amount of oil dripped from the disassembled actuators. New grease is beige in appearance, whereas the discolored grease was both grey and reddish. Grease samples taken from the actuators together with representative off-the-shelf new and unused grease samples were analyzed for oil content using gravimetry; for metals content using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis; for base oil decomposition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; and for determination of the molecular weight distributions of the base oil using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The Braycote 601 grease was physically and chemically stable after 19 years of continuous use in the sealed RSB actuators and was fit for its intended purpose. There were no significant chemical differences between the used grease samples and new and unused samples. Base oil separation was not significant within the sealed actuators and no iron fluoride was detected. The grey color of grease samples was due to metallic iron. The red color was due to oxidation of the metallic wear particles from the gears and the bearings comprising the actuators. C1 [Morales, Wilfredo; Street, Kenneth W., Jr.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Morales, W (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-2004 J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PY 2012 VL 55 IS 1 BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.1080/10402004.2011.633736 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 923FC UT WOS:000302603800009 ER PT J AU Ishimaru, A Jaruwatanadilok, S Kuga, Y AF Ishimaru, Akira Jaruwatanadilok, Sermsak Kuga, Yasuo TI Imaging through random multiple scattering media using integration of propagation and array signal processing SO WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA LA English DT Article ID TIME-REVERSAL OPERATOR; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; TARGETS; DECOMPOSITION; ACOUSTICS; CAPACITY; CHANNEL; MATRIX; RADAR; GAIN AB Imaging of objects through complex environment is important in several applications, including imaging of hidden objects in obscuring media such as atmospheric and ocean turbulence, rough ocean surfaces, rain, fog, snow, and biological tissues. These media are often randomly varying in space and time, and statistical treatments are necessary to obtain images with useful spatial and temporal resolutions. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using signal processing and correlation techniques to improve resolutions and to distinguish images from clutter. This paper presents several imaging techniques for objects in the presence of random media. Time-reversal MUSIC (multiple signal classification) imaging has excellent resolution when multiple scattering is small or moderate. Modified beamformer imaging has moderately high resolution even at large multiple scattering. We also include time reversal (TR) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging for comparison. The technique involves stochastic Green's function and mutual coherence function (MCF), eigenvectors of time-reversal matrix and pseudo spectrum. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of these imaging techniques. C1 [Ishimaru, Akira; Kuga, Yasuo] Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Jaruwatanadilok, Sermsak] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ishimaru, A (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ishimaru@u.washington.edu FU Office of Naval Research [N00014-07-1-0428]; National Science Foundation [ECS0601394, ECCS0925034] FX This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-07-1-0428) and the National Science Foundation (ECS0601394 and ECCS0925034). NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1745-5030 EI 1745-5049 J9 WAVE RANDOM COMPLEX JI Waves Random Complex Media PY 2012 VL 22 IS 1 SI SI BP 24 EP 39 DI 10.1080/17455030.2010.528065 PG 16 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 922RH UT WOS:000302565200003 ER PT J AU Lambert, A Santee, ML Wu, DL Chae, JH AF Lambert, A. Santee, M. L. Wu, D. L. Chae, J. H. TI A-train CALIOP and MLS observations of early winter Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds and nitric acid in 2008 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; ARCTIC LOWER STRATOSPHERE; LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; OZONE DEPLETION; GRAVITY-WAVES; ICE PARTICLES; SAGE-II; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION; PHASE-TRANSITIONS AB A-train Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations are used to investigate the development of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and the gas-phase nitric acid distribution in the early 2008 Antarctic winter. Observational evidence of gravity-wave activity is provided by Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances and infrared spectroscopic detection of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in PSCs is obtained from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS-5 DAS) analyses are used to derive Lagrangian trajectories and to determine temperature-time histories of air parcels. We use CALIOP backscatter and depolarization measurements to classify PSCs and the MLS measurements to determine the corresponding gas-phase HNO3 as a function of temperature. For liquid PSCs the uptake of HNO3 follows the theoretical equilibrium curve for supercooled ternary solutions (STS), but at temperatures about 1 K lower as determined from GEOS-5. In the presence of solid phase PSCs, above the ice frost-point, the HNO3 depletion occurs over a wider range of temperatures (+2 to -7 K) distributed about the NAT equilibrium curve. Rapid gas-phase HNO3 depletion is first seen by MLS from from 23-25 May 2008, consisting of a decrease in the volume mixing ratio from 14 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) to 7 ppbv on the 46-32 hPa (hectopascal) pressure levels and accompanied by a 2-3 ppbv increase by renitrification at the 68 hPa pressure level. The observed region of depleted HNO3 is substantially smaller than the region bounded by the NAT existence temperature threshold. Temperature-time histories of air parcels demonstrate that the depletion is more clearly correlated with prior exposure to temperatures a few kelvin above the frost-point. From the combined data we infer the presence of large-size NAT particles with effective radii > 5-7 mu m and low NAT number densities < 1 x 10(-3) cm(-3). This denitrification event is observed close to the pole in the Antarctic vortex before synoptic temperatures first fall below the ice frost point and before the widespread occurrence of large-scale NAT PSCs. An episode of mountain wave activity detected by AIRS on 28 May 2008 led to wave-ice formation in the rapid cooling phases over the Antarctic Peninsula and Ellsworth Mountains, seeding an outbreak of NAT PSCs that were detected by CALIOP and MIPAS. The NAT clouds formed at altitudes of 18-26 km in a polar freezing belt and appear to be composed of relatively small particles with estimated effective radii of around 1 mu m and high NAT number densities > 0.2 cm(-3). This NAT outbreak is similar to an event previously reported from MIPAS observations in mid-June 2003. C1 [Lambert, A.; Santee, M. L.; Wu, D. L.; Chae, J. H.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Lambert, A (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA USA. EM alyn.lambert@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We gratefully acknowledge all of the teams associated with the AIRS, CALIOP, MLS and MIPAS instruments, and the GEOS-5 meteorological analyses. AIRS and MLS data were obtained from the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information and Services Center. CALIOP data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. EnviSat MIPAS Level-1 data were provided by the European Space Agency. We thank A. Dudhia for supplying MIPAS cloud top height data and maintaining an online resource of MIPAS related information (http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/group/mipas/). IDL software for calculation of PSC thermodynamic properties provided by M. E. Hervig was obtained from the GATS Scientific Software website (http://gwest.gats-inc.com/software/software_page.html). Fortran software for T-matrix calculations provided by M. I. Mishchenko was obtained from the NASA GISS website (http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/mmishchenko/t_matrix.html). We are grateful to M. C. Pitts and L. R. Poole for their comments on an early version of the manuscript. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 118 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 6 BP 2899 EP 2931 DI 10.5194/acp-12-2899-2012 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 917LM UT WOS:000302178000006 ER PT J AU Haustein, K Perez, C Baldasano, JM Jorba, O Basart, S Miller, RL Janjic, Z Black, T Nickovic, S Todd, MC Washington, R Muller, D Tesche, M Weinzierl, B Esselborn, M Schladitz, A AF Haustein, K. Perez, C. Baldasano, J. M. Jorba, O. Basart, S. Miller, R. L. Janjic, Z. Black, T. Nickovic, S. Todd, M. C. Washington, R. Mueller, D. Tesche, M. Weinzierl, B. Esselborn, M. Schladitz, A. TI Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model - Part 2: Experimental campaigns in Northern Africa SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER CALCULATIONS; CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; SAMUM 2006; SAHARAN DUST; MINERAL DUST; SIZE DISTRIBUTION AB The new NMMB/BSC-Dust model is intended to provide short to medium-range weather and dust forecasts from regional to global scales. It is an online model in which the dust aerosol dynamics and physics are solved at each model time step. The companion paper (P,rez et al., 2011) develops the dust model parameterizations and provides daily to annual evaluations of the model for its global and regional configurations. Modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) was evaluated against AERONET Sun photometers over Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe with correlations around 0.6-0.7 on average without dust data assimilation. In this paper we analyze in detail the behavior of the model using data from the Saharan Mineral dUst experiment (SAMUM-1) in 2006 and the Bod,l, Dust Experiment (BoDEx) in 2005. AOD from satellites and Sun photometers, vertically resolved extinction coefficients from lidars and particle size distributions at the ground and in the troposphere are used, complemented by wind profile data and surface meteorological measurements. All simulations were performed at the regional scale for the Northern African domain at the expected operational horizontal resolution of 25 km. Model results for SAMUM-1 generally show good agreement with satellite data over the most active Saharan dust sources. The model reproduces the AOD from Sun photometers close to sources and after long-range transport, and the dust size spectra at different height levels. At this resolution, the model is not able to reproduce a large haboob that occurred during the campaign. Some deficiencies are found concerning the vertical dust distribution related to the representation of the mixing height in the atmospheric part of the model. For the BoDEx episode, we found the diurnal temperature cycle to be strongly dependant on the soil moisture, which is underestimated in the NCEP analysis used for model initialization. The low level jet (LLJ) and the dust AOD over the Bod,l, are well reproduced. The remaining negative AOD bias (due to underestimated surface wind speeds) can be substantially reduced by decreasing the threshold friction velocity in the model. C1 [Haustein, K.; Washington, R.] Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Grp, Oxford, England. [Haustein, K.; Baldasano, J. M.; Jorba, O.; Basart, S.] Barcelona Supercomp Ctr, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona, Spain. [Perez, C.; Miller, R. L.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Perez, C.; Miller, R. L.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Perez, C.] Int Res Inst Climate & Soc, Palisades, NY USA. [Baldasano, J. M.] Tech Univ Catalonia, Environm Modeling Lab, Barcelona, Spain. [Janjic, Z.; Black, T.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Nickovic, S.] World Meteorol Org, Res Dept, Geneva, Switzerland. [Todd, M. C.] Univ Sussex, Dept Geog, Brighton, E Sussex, England. [Mueller, D.] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Kwangju, South Korea. [Tesche, M.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Environm Sci, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Weinzierl, B.; Esselborn, M.] Inst Phys Atmosphare, Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Esselborn, M.] European So Observ, Div Technol, D-8046 Garching, Germany. [Mueller, D.; Schladitz, A.] Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. RP Haustein, K (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Grp, Oxford, England. EM karsten.haustein@ouce.ox.ac.uk; carlos.perezga@nasa.gov RI Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; MUELLER, DETLEF/F-1010-2015; todd, martin/I-4143-2015; Weinzierl, Bernadett/G-5319-2012; OI MUELLER, DETLEF/0000-0002-0203-7654; Weinzierl, Bernadett/0000-0003-4555-5686; Basart, Sara/0000-0002-9821-8504; Tesche, Matthias/0000-0003-0096-4785; Perez Garcia-Pando, Carlos/0000-0002-4456-0697; Jorba, Oriol/0000-0001-5872-0244 FU Earth Institute at Columbia University through the Cross-Cutting Initiative; Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology [CGL2006-11879, CGL2008-02818, CGL2010-19652, CSD00C-06-08924] FX The authors would like to thank the AERONET program for establishing and maintaining the used sites. We would like to thank the EARLINET program for providing and analyzing the lidar data. We are grateful to Benoit Laurent and LISA for providing high resolution roughness length data. We would also like to express our thanks to the whole SAMUM-1 and BoDEx team, who provided us with in-situ and surface based data gathered during the field campaign. OMI and MODIS daily data used in this paper were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. The Earth Institute at Columbia University is acknowledged for support through the Cross-Cutting Initiative project: Atmospheric Aerosol impacts on health in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable and helpful comments. This work was developed under the research projects CGL2006-11879, CGL2008-02818, CGL2010-19652 and CSD00C-06-08924 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. Simulations were performed with the Marenostrum Supercomputer at the BSC. NR 112 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 6 BP 2933 EP 2958 DI 10.5194/acp-12-2933-2012 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 917LM UT WOS:000302178000007 ER PT J AU Esteve, AR Ogren, JA Sheridan, PJ Andrews, E Holben, BN Utrillas, MP AF Esteve, A. R. Ogren, J. A. Sheridan, P. J. Andrews, E. Holben, B. N. Utrillas, M. P. TI Sources of discrepancy between aerosol optical depth obtained from AERONET and in-situ aircraft profiles SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; FILTER-BASED MEASUREMENTS; RADIATION BUDGET NETWORK; SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; MID-ATLANTIC COAST; UNITED-STATES; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; VERTICAL PROFILES; NORTH-AMERICA AB Aerosol optical properties were measured by NOAA's Airborne Aerosol Observatory over Bondville, Illinois, during more than two years using a light aircraft. Measured properties included total light scattering, backscattering, and absorption, while calculated parameters included aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent, single-scattering albedo, hemispheric backscatter fraction, asymmetry parameter, and submicrometer mode fraction of scattering. The in-situ aircraft measurements are compared here with AERONET measurements and retrievals of the aerosol optical properties at the same location, although it is difficult to verify the AERONET retrieval algorithm at a site that is not highly polluted. The comparison reveals discrepancies between the aerosol properties retrieved from AERONET and from in-situ aircraft measurements. These discrepancies are smaller for the AOD, while the biggest discrepancies are for the other derived aerosol properties. Possible sources of discrepancy between the AOD measured by AERONET and the one calculated from the in-situ aircraft measurements are investigated. The largest portion of the AOD discrepancy is likely due to an incorrect adjustment to ambient RH of the scattering coefficient. Another significant part (along with uncertain nephelometer truncation corrections) may come from the possibility that there might be less aerosol below the lowest flight altitude or that the aircraft inlet excludes aerosol particles larger than 5-7 mu m diameter. C1 [Esteve, A. R.; Utrillas, M. P.] Univ Valencia, Dept Earth Phys & Thermodynam, Valencia, Spain. [Ogren, J. A.; Sheridan, P. J.; Andrews, E.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Andrews, E.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Esteve, AR (reprint author), Univ Valencia, Dept Earth Phys & Thermodynam, Valencia, Spain. EM anna.esteve@uv.es RI Utrillas, Maria Pilar/B-5099-2015; Esteve, Anna/C-3396-2015; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Utrillas, Maria Pilar/0000-0002-1952-4117; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 FU NOAA; Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) of the Spanish Government [BES-2006-12521, CGL2009-07790] FX This research was funded by the NOAA Climate Program. The collaboration of A. R. Esteve was possible thanks to the fellowship BES-2006-12521 and the project CGL2009-07790 of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) of the Spanish Government. The authors would like to thank Alexander Smirnov for his help with the AERONET data; John Augustine for the MFRSR data; Jenny Hand for the IMPROVE data; Jason Tackett for examining the CALIPSO data above the aircraft flight altitudes; and the pilots, crew and support personnel of Greenwood Aviation. NR 64 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 6 BP 2987 EP 3003 DI 10.5194/acp-12-2987-2012 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 917LM UT WOS:000302178000010 ER PT J AU Redemann, J Vaughan, MA Zhang, Q Shinozuka, Y Russell, PB Livingston, JM Kacenelenbogen, M Remer, LA AF Redemann, J. Vaughan, M. A. Zhang, Q. Shinozuka, Y. Russell, P. B. Livingston, J. M. Kacenelenbogen, M. Remer, L. A. TI The comparison of MODIS-Aqua (C5) and CALIOP (V2 & V3) aerosol optical depth SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CALIPSO; VARIABILITY; ALGORITHM; PRODUCTS; EXTINCTION; VALIDATION; OCEANS; VIEW AB We assess the consistency between instantaneously collocated level-2 aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from MODIS-Aqua (C5) and CALIOP (Version 2 & 3), comparing the standard MODIS AOD (MYD04_L2) data to the AOD calculated from CALIOP aerosol extinction profiles for both the previous release (V2) and the latest release (V3) of CALIOP data. Based on data collected in January 2007, we investigate the most useful criteria for screening the MODIS and CALIOP retrievals to achieve the best agreement between the two data sets. Applying these criteria to eight months of data (Jan, Apr, Jul, Oct 2007 and 2009), we find an order of magnitude increase for the CALIOP V3 data density (by comparison to V2), that is generally accompanied by equal or better agreement with MODIS AOD. Differences in global, monthly mean, over-ocean AOD (532 nm) between CALIOP and MODIS range between 0.03 and 0.04 for CALIOP V3, with CALIOP generally biased low, when all available data from both sensors are considered. Root-mean-squares (RMS) differences in instantaneously collocated AOD retrievals by the two instruments are reduced from values ranging between 0.14 and 0.19 using the unscreened V3 data to values ranging from 0.09 to 0.1 for the screened data. A restriction to scenes with cloud fractions less than 1% (as defined in the MODIS aerosol retrievals) generally results in improved correlation (R-2 > 0.5), except for the month of July when correlations remain relatively lower. Regional assessments show hot spots in disagreement between the two sensors in Asian outflow during April and off the coast of South Africa in July. C1 [Redemann, J.; Zhang, Q.; Shinozuka, Y.; Kacenelenbogen, M.] NASA Ames, BAER Inst, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. [Vaughan, M. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Russell, P. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Livingston, J. M.] SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Remer, L. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Redemann, J (reprint author), NASA Ames, BAER Inst, 4742 Suffolk Ct, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. EM jens.redemann-1@nasa.gov FU CALIPSO ST under NASA [NNX10AN60G] FX This study was partially supported by CALIPSO ST funding under NASA grant NNX10AN60G. We would like to thank the MODIS and CALIOP algorithm development teams for their efforts in providing and discussing these data sets. NR 45 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2012 VL 12 IS 6 BP 3025 EP 3043 DI 10.5194/acp-12-3025-2012 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 917LM UT WOS:000302178000012 ER PT J AU Joiner, J Vasilkov, AP Gupta, P Bhartia, PK Veefkind, P Sneep, M de Haan, J Polonsky, I Spurr, R AF Joiner, J. Vasilkov, A. P. Gupta, P. Bhartia, P. K. Veefkind, P. Sneep, M. de Haan, J. Polonsky, I. Spurr, R. TI Fast simulators for satellite cloud optical centroid pressure retrievals; evaluation of OMI cloud retrievals SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; OXYGEN A-BAND; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION; COLUMN RETRIEVAL; SOLAR-RADIATION; ERROR ANALYSIS; TOP PRESSURE; GOME AB The cloud Optical Centroid Pressure (OCP) is a satellite-derived parameter that is commonly used in trace-gas retrievals to account for the effects of clouds on near-infrared through ultraviolet radiance measurements. Fast simulators are desirable to further expand the use of cloud OCP retrievals into the operational and climate communities for applications such as data assimilation and evaluation of cloud vertical structure in general circulation models. In this paper, we develop and validate fast simulators that provide estimates of the cloud OCP given a vertical profile of optical extinction. We use a pressure-weighting scheme where the weights depend upon optical parameters of clouds and/or aerosols. A cloud weighting function is easily extracted using this formulation. We then use fast simulators to compare two different satellite cloud OCP retrievals, from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), with estimates based on collocated cloud extinction profiles from a combination of CloudSat radar and MODIS visible radiance data. These comparisons are made over a wide range of conditions to provide a comprehensive validation of the OMI cloud OCP retrievals. We find generally good agreement between OMI cloud OCPs and those predicted by CloudSat. However, the OMI cloud OCPs from the two independent algorithms agree better with each other than either does with the estimates from CloudSat/MODIS. Differences between OMI cloud OCPs and those based on CloudSat/MODIS may result from undetected snow/ice at the surface, cloud 3-D effects, cases of low clouds obscurred by ground-clutter in CloudSat observations and by opaque high clouds in CALIPSO lidar observations, and the fact that CloudSat/CALIPSO only observes a relatively small fraction of an OMI field-of-view. C1 [Joiner, J.; Bhartia, P. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Vasilkov, A. P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Gupta, P.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Veefkind, P.; Sneep, M.; de Haan, J.] Royal Dutch Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. [Polonsky, I.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Spurr, R.] RTSolutions Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. [Gupta, P.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. RP Joiner, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joanna.joiner@nasa.gov RI Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012; Gupta, Pawan/F-3624-2011; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 FU Science Mission Directorate for the Aura Science Team through National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNH10ZDA001N-AURA] FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under agreement NNH10ZDA001N-AURA issued through the Science Mission Directorate for the Aura Science Team managed by Kenneth Jucks and Richard Eckman. We thank the OMI, MODIS, and CloudSat data processing teams for providing the data used for this study. We thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments led to improvements in the final version of the manuscript and associate editor Bernhard Mayer. The lead author thanks Arlindo da Silva for helpful discussions that include coining the term "optical centroid pressure". NR 58 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 3 BP 529 EP 545 DI 10.5194/amt-5-529-2012 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 917LP UT WOS:000302178500003 ER PT J AU Chubarova, N Nezval', Y Sviridenkov, I Smirnov, A Slutsker, I AF Chubarova, N. Nezval', Ye Sviridenkov, I. Smirnov, A. Slutsker, I. TI Smoke aerosol and its radiative effects during extreme fire event over Central Russia in summer 2010 SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MOSCOW; VARIABILITY; AERONET; DEPTH; ASSESSMENTS; ATMOSPHERE; URBAN; MODEL; SUN AB Different microphysical, optical and radiative properties of aerosol were analyzed during the severe fires in summer 2010 over Central Russia using ground measurements at two AERONET sites in Moscow (Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University - MSU MO) and Zvenigorod (Moscow Region) and radiative measurements at the MSU MO. Volume aerosol size distribution in smoke conditions had a bimodal character with the significant prevalence of fine mode particles, for which effective radius was shifted to higher values (r < aub > eff-fine = 0.24 mu m against approximately 0.15 mu m in typical conditions). For smoke aerosol, the imaginary part of refractive index (REFI) in the visible spectral region was lower than that for typical aerosol (REFI lambda =675 nm = 0.006 against REFI lambda =675 nm = 0.01), while single scattering albedo (SSA) was significantly higher (SSA(lambda =675 nm) = 0.95 against SSA(lambda =675 nm) similar to 0.9). Extremely high aerosol optical thickness at 500 nm (AOT500) was observed on 6-8 August reaching the absolute maximum on 7 August in Moscow (AOT500 = 6.4) and at Zvenigorod (AOT500 = 5.9). A dramatic attenuation of solar irradiance at ground was also recorded. Maximum irradiance loss had reached 64% for global shortwave irradiance, 91% for UV radiation 300-380 nm, and 97% for erythemally-weighted UV irradiance at relatively high solar elevation 47A degrees. Significant spectral dependence in attenuation of solar irradiance in smoky conditions was mainly explained by higher AOT and smaller SSA in UV (0.8-0.9) compared with SSA in the visible region of spectrum. The assessments of radiative forcing effect (RFE) at the TOA indicated a significant cooling of the smoky atmosphere. Instant RFE reached -167 Wm(-2) at AOT500 = 6.4, climatological RFE calculated with August 2010 monthly mean AOT was about -65 Wm(-2), compared with -20 Wm(-2) for typical aerosol according to the 10 yr period of measurements in Moscow. C1 [Chubarova, N.; Nezval', Ye] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Geog, Moscow 119991, Russia. [Sviridenkov, I.] AM Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys RAS, Moscow 119017, Russia. [Smirnov, A.; Slutsker, I.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sigma Space Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chubarova, N (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Geog, Moscow 119991, Russia. EM chubarova@imp.kiae.ru RI Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009 OI Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304 FU Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation [02.740.11.0676]; RFBR [10-05-01019, 09-05-00582] FX The work was partially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (contract # no. 02.740.11.0676) and by RFBR grants #10-05-01019, #09-05-00582. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2012 VL 5 IS 3 BP 557 EP 568 DI 10.5194/amt-5-557-2012 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 917LP UT WOS:000302178500005 ER PT J AU Keppel-Aleks, G Wennberg, PO Washenfelder, RA Wunch, D Schneider, T Toon, GC Andres, RJ Blavier, JF Connor, B Davis, KJ Desai, AR Messerschmidt, J Notholt, J Roehl, CM Sherlock, V Stephens, BB Vay, SA Wofsy, SC AF Keppel-Aleks, G. Wennberg, P. O. Washenfelder, R. A. Wunch, D. Schneider, T. Toon, G. C. Andres, R. J. Blavier, J. -F. Connor, B. Davis, K. J. Desai, A. R. Messerschmidt, J. Notholt, J. Roehl, C. M. Sherlock, V. Stephens, B. B. Vay, S. A. Wofsy, S. C. TI The imprint of surface fluxes and transport on variations in total column carbon dioxide SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEM-ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE; FOSSIL-FUEL CONSUMPTION; TALL TOWER; OBSERVING NETWORK; VERTICAL PROFILES; CO2 FLUX; EMISSIONS; SINKS; NORTHERN; CLIMATE AB New observations of the vertically integrated CO2 mixing ratio, aYCO(2)aY (c), from ground-based remote sensing show that variations in CO(2)aY (c) are primarily determined by large-scale flux patterns. They therefore provide fundamentally different information than observations made within the boundary layer, which reflect the combined influence of large-scale and local fluxes. Observations of both aYCO(2)aY (c) and CO2 concentrations in the free troposphere show that large-scale spatial gradients induce synoptic-scale temporal variations in aYCO(2)aY (c) in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes through horizontal advection. Rather than obscure the signature of surface fluxes on atmospheric CO2, these synoptic-scale variations provide useful information that can be used to reveal the meridional flux distribution. We estimate the meridional gradient in aYCO(2)aY (c) from covariations in aYCO(2)aY (c) and potential temperature, theta, a dynamical tracer, on synoptic timescales to evaluate surface flux estimates commonly used in carbon cycle models. We find that simulations using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) biospheric fluxes underestimate both the aYCO(2)aY (c) seasonal cycle amplitude throughout the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and the meridional gradient during the growing season. Simulations using CASA net ecosystem exchange (NEE) with increased and phase-shifted boreal fluxes better fit the observations. Our simulations suggest that climatological mean CASA fluxes underestimate boreal growing season NEE (between 45-65A degrees N) by ~40%. We describe the implications for this large seasonal exchange on inference of the net Northern Hemisphere terrestrial carbon sink. C1 [Keppel-Aleks, G.; Wennberg, P. O.; Wunch, D.; Schneider, T.; Roehl, C. M.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Washenfelder, R. A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. [Andres, R. J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Toon, G. C.; Blavier, J. -F.] NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Davis, K. J.] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Desai, A. R.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. [Messerschmidt, J.; Notholt, J.] Univ Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Sherlock, V.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Stephens, B. B.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Vay, S. A.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Langley, VA USA. [Wofsy, S. C.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Keppel-Aleks, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM gka@alum.mit.edu RI Washenfelder, Rebecca/E-7169-2010; Keppel-Aleks, Gretchen/A-3239-2013; Schneider, Tapio /A-7038-2014; Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008; Desai, Ankur/A-5899-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016 OI Washenfelder, Rebecca/0000-0002-8106-3702; Schneider, Tapio /0000-0001-5687-2287; ANDRES, ROBERT/0000-0001-8781-4979; Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182; Desai, Ankur/0000-0002-5226-6041; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X FU NASA [NNX08AI86G]; NSF; AAUW; New Zealand Foundation of Research Science and Technology [C01X0204, C01X0703, C01X0406]; National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration; Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) National Institute for Climatic Change Research (NICCR) Midwestern Region [050516Z19]; National Science Foundation (NSF) Biology Directorate [DEB-0845166]; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Senate of Bremen; EU FX Support for this work from NASA Carbon Cycle Program grant NNX08AI86G is gratefully acknowledged. GKA acknowledges fellowships from NSF and AAUW. The simulations used in this study were performed on the Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences Dell Cluster. Lauder TCCON measurements are funded by New Zealand Foundation of Research Science and Technology contracts C01X0204, C01X0703, and C01X0406. HIPPO is supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration. CarbonTracker 2009 results were provided by NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colorado, USA from the website at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov. LEF flux tower observations were made possible with assistance from A. Andrews (NOAA), J. Thom (UW), D. Baumann and M. Kubiske (USFS), and R. Strand and J. Ayers of the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board, and supported by Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) National Institute for Climatic Change Research (NICCR) Midwestern Region Subagreement 050516Z19 and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Biology Directorate Grant DEB-0845166. RJA was sponsored by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programs and performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. We acknowledge financial support by the Senate of Bremen and the EU projects IMECC and GEOmon as well as maintainance and logistical work provided by AeroMeteo Service (Bialystok). NR 50 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2012 VL 9 IS 3 BP 875 EP 891 DI 10.5194/bg-9-875-2012 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 917LX UT WOS:000302179500001 ER PT J AU Propastin, PA Kappas, MW Herrmann, SM Tucker, CJ AF Propastin, Pavel A. Kappas, Martin W. Herrmann, Stefanie M. Tucker, Compton J. TI Modified light use efficiency model for assessment of carbon sequestration in grasslands of Kazakhstan: combining ground biomass data and remote-sensing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LEAF-AREA INDEX; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; CENTRAL-ASIA; FIELD DATA; SATELLITE; RADIATION; CLIMATE AB A modified light use efficiency (LUE) model was tested in the grasslands of central Kazakhstan in terms of its ability to characterize spatial patterns and interannual dynamics of net primary production (NPP) at a regional scale. In this model, the LUE of the grassland biome (epsilon(n)) was simulated from ground-based NPP measurements, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and meteorological observations using a new empirical approach. Using coarse-resolution satellite data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), monthly NPP was calculated from 1998 to 2008 over a large grassland region in Kazakhstan. The modelling results were verified against scaled up plot-level observations of grassland biomass and another available NPP data set derived from a field study in a similar grassland biome. The results indicated the reliability of productivity estimates produced by the model for regional monitoring of grassland NPP. The method for simulation of epsilon(n) suggested in this study can be used in grassland regions where no carbon flux measurements are accessible. C1 [Propastin, Pavel A.; Kappas, Martin W.] Univ Gottingen, Dept Cartog, GIS & Remote Sensing, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. [Herrmann, Stefanie M.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Space & Earth Sci Res & Anal, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Herrmann, Stefanie M.; Tucker, Compton J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Biospher & Hydrospher Proc, Biosphere Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20171 USA. RP Propastin, PA (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Dept Cartog, GIS & Remote Sensing, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. EM ppropas@uni-goettingen.de FU World Development Bank; Government of Kazakhstan; Space Research Institute of the Science Academy of Kazakhstan FX This research work has been carried out as part of the research project 'Dry Lands Management in Kazakhstan', which was funded by the World Development Bank and the Government of Kazakhstan. The work of the first author was supported by a grant from the Space Research Institute of the Science Academy of Kazakhstan. We thank all colleagues of the Space Research Institute and particularly the Head of the Institute Dr N.R. Muratova for the field data provided and helpful recommendations and approvals. NR 78 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 40 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 5 BP 1465 EP 1487 DI 10.1080/01431161.2011.577105 PG 23 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 917GT UT WOS:000302161600008 ER PT J AU Morel, AC Fisher, JB Malhi, Y AF Morel, Alexandra C. Fisher, Joshua B. Malhi, Yadvinder TI Evaluating the potential to monitor aboveground biomass in forest and oil palm in Sabah, Malaysia, for 2000-2008 with Landsat ETM plus and ALOS-PALSAR SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; ASTER SATELLITE DATA; LEAF-AREA INDEX; VEGETATION INDEXES; TM DATA; CARBON ESTIMATION; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; TREE BIOMASS; COVER CHANGE AB We explored the potential of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery to quantify the expansion of planted oil palm area and changes in above-ground biomass (AGB) in plantation and forest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, from 2000 to 2008. For comparison, a classification layer derived from an Advanced Land-Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS-PALSAR) Fine Beam Dual (FBD)-polarized mosaic from 2008 was used for change detection analysis. Field-measured AGB values from 85 ha of forest and oil palm plantation plots were compared with 12 vegetation indices (VIs) and four spectral mixture analysis (SMA) derivatives. Correlations against indices using optical data were higher for oil palm biomass than for forest biomass. Change detection analysis of forest conversion to oil palm plantation was performed for areas designated as protected areas, commercial forest reserve and areas with no forest-use designation. This analysis found an increase in oil palm area of 38% (1450 km(2)) and a total decrease in forest area of 13.1% (1900 km(2)) for the whole study area from 2000 to 2008. The greatest area of forest loss was in areas not designated as forest reserve by the Sabah Forestry Department, although some oil palm expansion was detected in both commercial and protected areas. Using derived equations for biomass, we estimated that 46.6 Tg of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO(2)e) were released in these three forest designations or 53.4 Tg CO(2)e for the entire study area due to forest conversion to oil palm. These results are presented as relevant for on-going efforts to remotely monitor the carbon emission implications of forest loss as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's (UNFCCC's) proposed mechanism, Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). C1 [Morel, Alexandra C.; Malhi, Yadvinder] Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, OUCE, Oxford, England. [Fisher, Joshua B.] CALTECH, NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Morel, AC (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, OUCE, Oxford, England. EM alexandra.morel@gmail.com RI Malhi, Yadvinder/I-4668-2012; chen, zhu/K-5923-2013 NR 83 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 50 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 11 BP 3614 EP 3639 DI 10.1080/01431161.2011.631949 PG 26 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 917HP UT WOS:000302163800016 ER PT J AU Kidd, C Chapman, L AF Kidd, Chris Chapman, Lee TI Derivation of sky-view factors from lidar data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID URBAN HEAT-ISLAND; AIRBORNE LIDAR; CANYON GEOMETRY; TERRAIN MODELS; FEATURES; APPROXIMATION; VISUALIZATION; ENVIRONMENTS; VALIDATION; LANDSCAPE AB The use of lidar (light detection and ranging), an active light-emitting instrument, is becoming increasingly common for a range of potential applications. Its ability to provide fine-resolution spatial and vertical-resolution elevation data makes it ideal for a wide range of studies. This article demonstrates the ability of lidar data to measure sky-view factors (psi(s)). The lidar data are used to generate a spatial map of psi(s), which are then compared against photographically derived psi(s) at selected locations. At each location, three near-surface elevation measurements were taken and compared with collocated lidar-derived estimates. Generally a good agreement was found between the two methodologies, although with decreasing psi(s), the lidar technique tended to overestimate psi(s). This can be attributed in part to the spatial resolution of the lidar sampling. Nevertheless, airborne lidar systems can easily map psi(s) over a large area, potentially improving the use of such data in atmospheric and meteorological models. C1 [Kidd, Chris] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Kidd, Chris] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chapman, Lee] Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Kidd, C (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM chris.kidd@nasa.gov RI Chapman, Lee/F-4674-2014; Kidd, Christopher/H-9910-2014 OI Chapman, Lee/0000-0002-2837-8334; NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 11 BP 3640 EP 3652 DI 10.1080/01431161.2011.635163 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 917HP UT WOS:000302163800017 ER PT J AU Gutman, G Masek, JG AF Gutman, Garik Masek, Jeffrey G. TI Long-term time series of the Earth's land-surface observations from space SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; VEGETATION INDEXES; SATELLITE DATA; GLOBAL DATA; AVHRR DATA; MODIS DATA; DATA SETS; NDVI DATA; CALIBRATION AB This overview describes those satellite time series that represent at least a 20-year-long record of land-surface observations. The focus is on the optical remote-sensing measurements to study and monitor land-surface characteristics at spatial resolutions from tens of metres to a few kilometres. The objective is to draw the attention of the science community to the longest time series of space observations of the Earth's characteristics available in the US data archives. We highlight the moderate resolution data record from Landsat - the longest record of land observations from space. The utility of Landsat data for time series analyses has increased tremendously during the past few years since the data became freely available. Our intention is to give as much information on the data availability as possible with references in peer-reviewed journals and current websites, where users can find further details on the features of the data sets described here. C1 [Gutman, Garik] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Masek, Jeffrey G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gutman, G (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM ggutman@nasa.gov RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012 NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2012 VL 33 IS 15 SI SI BP 4700 EP 4719 DI 10.1080/01431161.2011.638341 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 917JB UT WOS:000302169100004 ER EF