FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Ferrigno, C Farinelli, R Bozzo, E Pottschmidt, K Klochkov, D Kretschmar, P AF Ferrigno, C. Farinelli, R. Bozzo, E. Pottschmidt, K. Klochkov, D. Kretschmar, P. BE Bozzo, E Kretschmar, P Audard, M Falanga, M Ferrigno, C TI Accretion geometry in the persistent Be/X-ray binary RXJ0440.9+4431 SO PHYSICS AT THE MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY SE EPJ Web of Conferences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics at the Magnetospheric Boundary CY JUN 25-28, 2013 CL Univ Geneva, Fac Sci, Geneva, SWITZERLAND SP Soc Accademique Geneva, Commiss Adm Univ Geneve, Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, European Space Agcy, European Astronom Soc, Univ Geneva, Dept Astron HO Univ Geneva, Fac Sci ID PULSAR RX J0440.9+4431; DISCOVERY; OUTBURST; DISK; STARS; MODEL AB The persistent Be/X-ray binary RXJ0440.9 + 4431 flared in 2010 and 2011 and has been followed by various X-ray facilities (Swift, RXTE, XMM-Newton, and INTEGRAL). We studied the source timing and spectral properties as a function of its X-ray luminosity to investigate the transition from normal to flaring activity. The source spectrum can always be described by a bulk-motion Comptonization model of black body seed photons attenuated by a moderate photoelectric absorption. At the highest luminosity, we measured a curvature of the spectrum, which we attribute to a significant contribution of the radiation pressure in the accretion process. This allows us to estimate that the transition from a bulk-motion-dominated flow to a radiatively dominated one happens at a luminosity of similar to 2 X 10(36) erg s (1). The luminosity dependency of the size of the black body emission region is found to be r(BB) proportional to L-X(0.39 +/- 0.02) X. This suggests that either matter accreting onto the neutron star hosted in RXJ0440.9+4431 penetrates through closed magnetic field lines at the border of the compact object magnetosphere or that the size of the black-body emitting hotspot is larger than the footprint of the accretion column. This phenomenon can be due to illumination of the surface by a growing column or by a a structure of the neutron star magnetic field more complicated than a simple dipole at least close to the surface. C1 [Ferrigno, C.; Farinelli, R.; Bozzo, E.] Univ Geneva, Dept Astron, ISDC, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. [Farinelli, R.] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. [Pottschmidt, K.] CRESST, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Pottschmidt, K.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Pottschmidt, K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Astrophys Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Klochkov, D.] Univ Tubingen, IAAT Abt Astron, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. [Kretschmar, P.] ESAC, ISOC, Madrid, Spain. RP Ferrigno, C (reprint author), Univ Geneva, Dept Astron, ISDC, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. EM carlo.ferrigno@unige.ch OI Kretschmar, Peter/0000-0001-9840-2048 NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2100-014X BN 978-2-7598-1143-4 J9 EPJ WEB CONF PY 2014 VL 64 AR UNSP 06002 DI 10.1051/epjconf/20136406002 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BB2UM UT WOS:000342352600032 ER PT S AU Klus, H Ho, WCG Coe, MJ Corbet, RHD Townsend, LJ AF Klus, H. Ho, W. C. G. Coe, M. J. Corbet, R. H. D. Townsend, L. J. BE Bozzo, E Kretschmar, P Audard, M Falanga, M Ferrigno, C TI Spin period change and the magnetic fields of neutron stars in Be X-ray binaries in the SMC SO PHYSICS AT THE MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY SE EPJ Web of Conferences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics at the Magnetospheric Boundary CY JUN 25-28, 2013 CL Univ Geneva, Fac Sci, Geneva, SWITZERLAND SP Soc Accademique Geneva, Commiss Adm Univ Geneve, Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, European Space Agcy, European Astronom Soc, Univ Geneva, Dept Astron HO Univ Geneva, Fac Sci ID GAMMA-CASSIOPEIAE; OUTBURST AB We report on the long term average spin period, rate of change of spin period and X-ray luminosity during outbursts for 42 Be X-ray binary systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We also collect and calculate parameters of each system and use this data to determine that all systems contain a neutron star which is accreting via a disc, rather than a wind, and that if these neutron stars are near spin equilibrium, then over half of them, including all with spin periods over about 100 seconds, have magnetic fields over the quantum critical level of 4.4x10(13) G. If these neutron stars are not close to spin equilibrium, then their magnetic fields are inferred to be much lower, on the order of 10(6)-10(10) G, comparable to the fields of neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries. Both results are unexpected and have implications for the rate of magnetic field decay and the isolated neutron star population. C1 [Klus, H.; Coe, M. J.; Townsend, L. J.] Univ Southampton, Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Ho, W. C. G.] Univ Southampton, Math Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Corbet, R. H. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Corbet, R. H. D.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Klus, H (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. EM hvk1g11@soton.ac.uk FU Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in the United Kingdom; STFC. LJT; University of Southampton Mayflower FX HK acknowledges a studentship from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in the United Kingdom. WCGH acknowledges support from STFC. LJT acknowledges support from the University of Southampton Mayflower scholarship. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2100-014X BN 978-2-7598-1143-4 J9 EPJ WEB CONF PY 2014 VL 64 AR UNSP 06004 DI 10.1051/epjconf/20136406004 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BB2UM UT WOS:000342352600034 ER PT S AU Paolini, A Tow, D Kelmelis, E AF Paolini, Aaron Tow, David Kelmelis, Eric BE Pham, KD Cox, JL TI Using ATCOM to enhance long-range imagery collected by NASA's flight test tracking cameras at Armstrong Flight Research Center SO SENSORS AND SYSTEMS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Systems for Space Applications VII CY MAY 05-06, 2014 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Long-Range Imaging; Flight Testing; DFRC; AFRC; ATCOM; Turbulence; Speckle Imaging; Surveillance; Image Processing; Image Enhancement AB Located at Edwards Air Force Base, Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) is NASA's premier site for aeronautical research and operates some of the most advanced aircraft in the world. As such, flight tests for advanced manned and unmanned aircraft are regularly performed there. All such tests are tracked through advanced electro-optic imaging systems to monitor the flight status in real-time and to archive the data for later analysis. This necessitates the collection of imagery from long-range camera systems of fast moving targets from a significant distance away. Such imagery is severely degraded due to the atmospheric turbulence between the camera and the object of interest. The result is imagery that becomes blurred and suffers a substantial reduction in contrast, causing significant detail in the video to be lost. In this paper, we discuss the image processing techniques located in the ATCOM software, which uses a multi-frame method to compensate for the distortions caused by the turbulence. C1 [Paolini, Aaron; Kelmelis, Eric] EM Photon, 51 E Main St Ste 203, Newark, DE 19711 USA. [Tow, David] NASA, AFRC, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Paolini, A (reprint author), EM Photon, 51 E Main St Ste 203, Newark, DE 19711 USA. FU NASA Armstrong Research Center [NNX13CD13C] FX This work was supported in part by NASA Armstrong Research Center under contract # NNX13CD13C. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-1-62841-022-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9085 AR UNSP 908503 DI 10.1117/12.2050541 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BB2WA UT WOS:000342427600002 ER PT B AU Liu, AK Cheng, YH Ho, CR Huang, SJ Kuo, NJ AF Liu, A. K. Cheng, Y. -H. Ho, C. -R. Huang, S. -J. Kuo, N. -J. BE Tang, D Sui, G TI Typhoon Eye Observations Using SAR and MTSAT SO TYPHOON IMPACT AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT SE Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Typhoon eye; SAR; MTSAT; Eyewall; Wavelet transform; Tracking ID AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE; INTENSITY; CYCLONES AB Typhoon eyes have been delineated from the smoother area in the Radarsat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of ocean surface roughness and from the warmer area in the Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) infrared images by using wavelet analysis. Case studies for different typhoons and environment have been investigated to demonstrate that SAR can be a powerful tool to help in typhoon tracking and prediction, especially at the ocean surface. It is found that the distance between the center locations of these typhoon's eyes, as determined by SAR and MTSAT, respectively, is quite significant (14-26 km) for all five cases. The result of large center distance between typhoon eyes at the cloud level from MTSAT data and on the ocean surface from SAR data implies that the eyewall shaft may be highly tilted and the vertical wind shear profile is more complex than generally expected. Some of the issues concerning the definition of typhoon eye and typhoon tracking/prediction have been identified and compared with other data sets. Also, the tilted structure and associated vertical wind shear, especially during typhoon turning and staggering, may be caused by the ocean feedback or island blocking effects. C1 [Cheng, Y. -H.; Ho, C. -R.; Huang, S. -J.; Kuo, N. -J.] Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Dept Environm Informat, Keelung, Taiwan. [Liu, A. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Liu, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM lindatonyliu@yahoo.com NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-3-642-40695-9; 978-3-642-40694-2 J9 ADV NAT TECH HAZ RES PY 2014 VL 40 BP 63 EP 79 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-40695-9_3 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-40695-9 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA BA8LE UT WOS:000338255800004 ER PT S AU Brockers, R Kuwata, Y Weiss, S Matthies, L AF Brockers, Roland Kuwata, Yoshiaki Weiss, Stephan Matthies, Larry BE Karlsen, RE Gage, DW Shoemaker, CM Gerhart, GR TI Micro Air Vehicle Autonomous Obstacle Avoidance from Stereo-Vision SO UNMANNED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology XVI CY MAY 06-08, 2014 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE AB We introduce a new approach for on-board autonomous obstacle avoidance for micro air vehicles flying out-doors in close proximity to structure. Our approach uses inverse-range, polar-perspective stereo-disparity maps for obstacle detection and representation, and deploys a closed-loop RRT planner that considers flight dynamics for trajectory generation. While motion planning is executed in 3D space, we reduce collision checking to a fast z-buffer-like operation in disparity space, which allows for significant speed-up compared to full 3d methods. Evaluations in simulation illustrate the robustness of our approach, whereas real world flights under tree canopy demonstrate the potential of the approach. C1 [Brockers, Roland; Kuwata, Yoshiaki; Weiss, Stephan; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Brockers, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM brockers@jpl.nasa.gov; kuwata@alum.mit.edu; stephan.weiss@ieee.org; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-1-62841-021-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9084 DI 10.1117/12.2055288 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BB2VY UT WOS:000342427200021 ER PT J AU Gryazin, V Risi, C Jouzel, J Kurita, N Worden, J Frankenberg, C Bastrikov, V Gribanov, K Stukova, O AF Gryazin, V. Risi, C. Jouzel, J. Kurita, N. Worden, J. Frankenberg, C. Bastrikov, V. Gribanov, K. Stukova, O. TI To what extent could water isotopic measurements help us understand model biases in the water cycle over Western Siberia SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STABLE ISOTOPES; AMAZON BASIN; SAP FLOW; VAPOR; PRECIPITATION; FRACTIONATION; TEMPERATURES; PROFILES; O-18 AB We evaluate the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation simulated by the LMDZ (Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique-Zoom) GCM (General Circulation Model) over Siberia using several data sets: TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) and GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) satellite observations of tropospheric water vapor, GNIP (Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) and SNIP (Siberian Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) precipitation networks, and daily, in situ measurements of water vapor and precipitation at the Kourovka site in Western Siberia. LMDZ captures the spatial, seasonal and daily variations reasonably well, but it underestimates humidity (q) in summer and overestimates delta D in the vapor and precipitation in all seasons. The performance of LMDZ is put in the context of other isotopic models from the SWING2 (Stable Water Intercomparison Group phase 2) models. There is significant spread among models in the simulation of delta D, and of the delta D-q relationship. This confirms that delta D brings additional information compared to q only. We specifically investigate the added value of water isotopic measurements to interpret the warm and dry bias featured by most GCMs over mid and high latitude continents in summer. The analysis of the slopes in delta D-q diagrams and of processes controlling delta D and q variations suggests that the cause of the dry bias could be either a problem in the large-scale advection transporting too much dry and warm air from the south, or too strong boundary-layer mixing. However, delta D-q diagrams using the available data do not tell the full story. Additional measurements would be needed, or a more sophisticated theoretical framework would need to be developed. C1 [Gryazin, V.; Jouzel, J.; Bastrikov, V.] CEA Saclay, LSCE, IPSL, CEA,CNRS,UVSQ, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Gryazin, V.; Bastrikov, V.; Gribanov, K.; Stukova, O.] Ural Fed Univ, Inst Nat Sci, Ekaterinburg, Russia. [Risi, C.] CNRS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Meteorol Dynam, Paris, France. [Kurita, N.] Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Worden, J.; Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Bastrikov, V.] Inst Ind Ecol UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia. RP Gryazin, V (reprint author), CEA Saclay, LSCE, IPSL, CEA,CNRS,UVSQ, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM victor.gryazin@gmail.com RI Kurita, Naoyuki/C-6120-2014; Gryazin, Victor/P-3456-2015; Gribanov, Konstantin/P-3479-2015; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU Russian government [11.G34.31.0064, 2189]; High Education Ministry of Russian Federation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was supported by the grants of Russian government under the contract 11.G34.31.0064 and the project #2189 within the State tasks (base part) of the High Education Ministry of Russian Federation. The authors would like to thank Francesca Guglielmo and Laura Kerber for their helpful comments and discussions. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The LMDZ simulations were run on the IDRIS supercomputers. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments which help to improve the paper. NR 76 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 18 BP 9807 EP 9830 DI 10.5194/acp-14-9807-2014 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AP3QX UT WOS:000341993100021 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Balashov, NV Witte, JC Coetzee, JGR Thouret, V Posny, F AF Thompson, A. M. Balashov, N. V. Witte, J. C. Coetzee, J. G. R. Thouret, V. Posny, F. TI Tropospheric ozone increases over the southern Africa region: bellwether for rapid growth in Southern Hemisphere pollution? SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INITIATIVE SAFARI 2000; NORTHERN MIDLATITUDES; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; REUNION ISLAND; SATELLITE DATA; AIR-POLLUTION; IN-SITU; CLIMATOLOGY; TRANSPORT; ATLANTIC AB Increases in free-tropospheric (FT) ozone based on ozonesonde records from the early 1990s through 2008 over two subtropical stations, Irene (near Pretoria, South Africa) and R union (21 degrees S, 55 degrees E; similar to 2800 km NE of Irene in the Indian Ocean), have been reported. Over Irene a large increase in the urban-influenced boundary layer (BL, 1.5-4 km) was also observed during the 18-year period, equivalent to 30% decade(-1). Here we show that the Irene BL trend is at least partly due to a gradual change in the sonde launch times from early morning to the midday period. The FT ozone profiles over Irene in 1990-2007 are re-examined, filling in a 1995-1999 gap with ozone profiles taken during the Measurements of Ozone by Airbus In-service Aircraft (MOZAIC) project over nearby Johannesburg. A multivariate regression model that accounts for the annual ozone cycle, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and possible tropopause changes was applied to monthly averaged Irene data from 4 to 11 km and to 1992-2011 Reunion sonde data from 4 to 15 km. Statistically significant trends appear predominantly in the middle and upper troposphere (UT; 4-11 km over Irene, 4-15 km over R union) in winter (June-August), with increases similar to 1 ppbv yr(-1) over Irene and similar to 2 ppbv yr(-1) over R union. These changes are equivalent to similar to 25 and 35-45% decade(-1), respectively. Both stations also display smaller positive trends in summer, with a 45% decade(-1) ozone increase near the tropopause over R union in December. To explain the ozone increases, we investigated a time series of dynamical markers, e. g., potential vorticity (PV) at 330-350 K. PV affects UT ozone over Irene in November-December but displays little relationship with ozone over R union. A more likely reason for wintertime FT ozone increases over Irene and R union appears to be long-range transport of growing pollution in the Southern Hemisphere. The ozone increases are consistent with trajectory origins of air parcels sampled by the sondes and with recent NOx emissions trends estimated for Africa, South America and Madagascar. For R union trajectories also point to sources from the eastern Indian Ocean and Asia. C1 [Thompson, A. M.; Witte, J. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Thompson, A. M.; Balashov, N. V.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Witte, J. C.] SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Coetzee, J. G. R.] South African Weather Serv, Pretoria, South Africa. [Thouret, V.] Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Posny, F.] Univ La Reunion, Atmosphere & Cyclone Lab, St Denis, Reunion. RP Thompson, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM amt16@psu.edu RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 FU Fulbright Scholar grant; North-West University Potchefstroom; CSIR Pretoria; University of the Witwatersrand Climatology Research Group; CNRS; SHADOZ; Upper Atmosphere Research Program of NASA; Pennsylvania State University [NNG05GP22G, NNG05GO62G, NNX09AJ23G]; INSU-CNRS (France); Meteo-France; CNES; Universite Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France); Forschungszentrum Julich (FZJ; Julich, Germany); EU project IAGOS-DS; EU project IAGOS-ERI FX This study was begun during a Fulbright Scholar grant that allowed A. M. Thompson to spend 8 months in South Africa during 2010-2011, with extraordinary support and hospitality from North-West University Potchefstroom (D. J. J. Pienaar and his group), the CSIR Pretoria (V. Sivakumar), the University of the Witwatersrand Climatology Research Group (S. J. Piketh) and co-author G. J. R. Coetzee (South African Weather Service). Helpful comments on the manuscript were received from D. Waugh (Johns Hopkins Univ.), J.-L. Baray (LaMP/OPGC, France) and from L. D. Oman and S. Strode at NASA/GSFC. Irene sondes are made possible by the South African Weather Service. The sonde program at R union is supported by CNRS and SHADOZ with technical assistance from NOAA/Global Monitoring Division (GMD; S. J. Oltmans and B. J. Johnson). SHADOZ has been funded since 1998 by the Upper Atmosphere Research Program of NASA (thanks to M. J. Kurylo and K. W. Jucks) with contributions from NOAA/GMD and NASA's Aura Validation. Support for this analysis came from grants to the Pennsylvania State University: NNG05GP22G, NNG05GO62G and NNX09AJ23G. The authors acknowledge the strong support of the European Commission, Airbus, and the airlines (Lufthansa, Air France, Austrian, Air Namibia, Cathay Pacific and China Airlines so far) who carry the MOZAIC or IAGOS equipment and have performed maintenance on it since 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by INSU-CNRS (France), Meteo-France, CNES, Universite Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France) and Forschungszentrum Julich (FZJ; Julich, Germany). IAGOS has been additionally funded by the EU projects IAGOS-DS and IAGOS-ERI. The MOZAIC-IAGOS data are available via the CNES/CNRS-INSU Ether web site: http://www.pole-ether.fr. NR 77 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 18 BP 9855 EP 9869 DI 10.5194/acp-14-9855-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AP3QX UT WOS:000341993100023 ER PT J AU Fast, JD Allan, J Bahreini, R Craven, J Emmons, L Ferrare, R Hayes, PL Hodzic, A Holloway, J Hostetler, C Jimenez, JL Jonsson, H Liu, S Liu, Y Metcalf, A Middlebrook, A Nowak, J Pekour, M Perring, A Russell, L Sedlacek, A Seinfeld, J Setyan, A Shilling, J Shrivastava, M Springston, S Song, C Subramanian, R Taylor, JW Vinoj, V Yang, Q Zaveri, RA Zhang, Q AF Fast, J. D. Allan, J. Bahreini, R. Craven, J. Emmons, L. Ferrare, R. Hayes, P. L. Hodzic, A. Holloway, J. Hostetler, C. Jimenez, J. L. Jonsson, H. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Metcalf, A. Middlebrook, A. Nowak, J. Pekour, M. Perring, A. Russell, L. Sedlacek, A. Seinfeld, J. Setyan, A. Shilling, J. Shrivastava, M. Springston, S. Song, C. Subramanian, R. Taylor, J. W. Vinoj, V. Yang, Q. Zaveri, R. A. Zhang, Q. TI Modeling regional aerosol and aerosol precursor variability over California and its sensitivity to emissions and long-range transport during the 2010 CalNex and CARES campaigns SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; PM10/PM2.5 AIR-QUALITY; BASIS-SET APPROACH; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; UNITED-STATES; MEXICO-CITY; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB The performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting regional model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) in simulating the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol mass, composition, and size over California is quantified using the extensive meteorological, trace gas, and aerosol measurements collected during the California Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Experiment (CalNex) and the Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) conducted during May and June of 2010. The overall objective of the field campaigns was to obtain data needed to better under-stand processes that affect both climate and air quality, including emission assessments, transport and chemical aging of aerosols, aerosol radiative effects. Simulations were performed that examined the sensitivity of aerosol concentrations to anthropogenic emissions and to long-range transport of aerosols into the domain obtained from a global model. The configuration of WRF-Chem used in this study is shown to reproduce the overall synoptic conditions, thermally driven circulations, and boundary layer structure observed in region that controls the transport and mixing of trace gases and aerosols. Reducing the default emissions inventory by 50% led to an overall improvement in many simulated trace gases and black carbon aerosol at most sites and along most aircraft flight paths; however, simulated organic aerosol was closer to observed when there were no adjustments to the primary organic aerosol emissions. We found that sulfate was better simulated over northern California whereas nitrate was better simulated over southern California. While the overall spatial and temporal variability of aerosols and their precursors were simulated reasonably well, we show cases where the local transport of some aerosol plumes were either too slow or too fast, which adversely affects the statistics quantifying the differences between observed and simulated quantities. Comparisons with lidar and in situ measurements indicate that long-range transport of aerosols from the global model was likely too high in the free troposphere even though their concentrations were relatively low. This bias led to an over-prediction in aerosol optical depth by as much as a factor of 2 that offset the under-predictions of boundary-layer extinction resulting primarily from local emissions. Lowering the boundary conditions of aerosol concentrations by 50% greatly reduced the bias in simulated aerosol optical depth for all regions of California. This study shows that quantifying regional-scale variations in aerosol radiative forcing and determining the relative role of emissions from local and distant sources is challenging during 'clean' conditions and that a wide array of measurements are needed to ensure model predictions are correct for the right reasons. In this regard, the combined CalNex and CARES data sets are an ideal test bed that can be used to evaluate aerosol models in great detail and develop improved treatments for aerosol processes. C1 [Fast, J. D.; Liu, Y.; Pekour, M.; Shilling, J.; Shrivastava, M.; Song, C.; Vinoj, V.; Yang, Q.; Zaveri, R. A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Allan, J.; Taylor, J. W.] Univ Manchester, Sch Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England. [Bahreini, R.; Hayes, P. L.; Holloway, J.; Jimenez, J. L.; Perring, A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bahreini, R.; Holloway, J.; Middlebrook, A.; Perring, A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Craven, J.; Metcalf, A.; Seinfeld, J.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Emmons, L.; Hodzic, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Ferrare, R.; Hostetler, C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Jonsson, H.] Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aerosol St, Marina, CA USA. [Liu, S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Nowak, J.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA USA. [Russell, L.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Sedlacek, A.; Springston, S.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Subramanian, R.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Setyan, A.; Zhang, Q.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Fast, JD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jerome.fast@pnnl.gov RI Liu, Shang/F-9085-2011; Zaveri, Rahul/G-4076-2014; Setyan, Ari/C-4025-2011; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Hodzic, Alma/C-3629-2009; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Yang, Qing/H-3275-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Zhang, Qi/F-9653-2010; Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Shilling, John/L-6998-2015; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Liu, Shang/0000-0002-3403-8651; Zaveri, Rahul/0000-0001-9874-8807; Setyan, Ari/0000-0002-9078-6478; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Yang, Qing/0000-0003-2067-5999; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Shilling, John/0000-0002-3728-0195; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Taylor, Jonathan/0000-0002-2120-186X FU National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Radiation Sciences and Tropospheric Chemistry program; US Department of Energy's (DOE); CARB [11-305]; DOE (BER/ASR) [DE-SC0006035]; CIRES; US NOAA's Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program [NA11OAR4310160]; Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC05-76RL01830] FX We thank the numerous scientists (including R. Cohen, A. Goldstein, J. de Gouw, T. Ryerson, I. Pollack, and C. Warneke), pilots, and other staff that contributed to the data collection during CalNex and CARES. CalNex was sponsored by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Change and Air Quality programs, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Radiation Sciences and Tropospheric Chemistry program, and the California Air Resources Board. CARES was supported by the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and Atmospheric System Research (ASR) programs. Patrick Hayes and Jose Jimenez were partially supported by CARB 11-305 and DOE (BER/ASR) DE-SC0006035 and Patrick Hayes was also partially supported by a CIRES Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship. We thank Elaine Chapman for providing comments on this manuscript. Funding for this research has been provided by the US NOAA's Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program (NA11OAR4310160) and DOE's ASR program and utilized resources provided by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Institutional Computing program. PNNL is operated for the US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. NR 128 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 59 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 18 BP 10013 EP 10060 DI 10.5194/acp-14-10013-2014 PG 48 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AP3QX UT WOS:000341993100034 ER PT J AU Kurtz, NT Galin, N Studinger, M AF Kurtz, N. T. Galin, N. Studinger, M. TI An improved CryoSat-2 sea ice freeboard retrieval algorithm through the use of waveform fitting SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID RADAR ALTIMETER; ARCTIC-OCEAN; IMPULSE-RESPONSE; ROUGH-SURFACE; AIRBORNE DATA; SNOW DEPTH; THICKNESS; COVER; FLUCTUATIONS; PENETRATION AB We develop a physical model capable of simulating the mean echo power of CryoSat-2 SAR- and SARIn-mode waveforms over sea-ice-covered regions. The model simulations are used to show the importance of variations in the radar backscatter coefficient with incidence angle and surface roughness for the retrieval of surface elevation of both sea ice floes and leads. The physical model is used to fit CryoSat-2 waveforms to enable retrieval of surface elevation through the use of lookup tables and a bounded trust region Newton least-squares fitting approach. The use of a model to fit returns from sea ice regions offers advantages over currently used threshold retracking methods, which are here shown to be sensitive to the combined effect of bandwidth-limited range resolution and surface roughness variations. Laxon et al. (2013) have compared ice thickness results from CryoSat-2 and IceBridge, and found good agreement; however consistent assumptions about the snow depth and density of sea ice were not used in the comparisons. To address this issue, we directly compare ice freeboard and thickness retrievals from the waveform-fitting and threshold tracker methods of CryoSat-2 to Operation IceBridge data using a consistent set of parameterizations. The purpose of the comparison is to highlight the physical basis between differences in the retracking methods. For three IceBridge campaign periods from March 2011 to March 2013, mean differences (CryoSat-2 -IceBridge) of 0.144 and 1.351m are found between the freeboard and thickness retrievals, respectively, using a 50% sea ice floe threshold retracker, while mean differences of 0.019 and 0.182 m are found when using the waveform-fitting method. This suggests the waveform-fitting technique is capable of better reconciling the sea ice thickness data record from laser and radar altimetry data sets through the usage of consistent physical assumptions. C1 [Kurtz, N. T.; Studinger, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Galin, N.] Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Galin, N.] NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Kurtz, NT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nathan.t.kurtz@nasa.gov FU NASA's Airborne Science and Cryospheric Sciences programs FX We would like to thank the European Space Agency for processing and providing CryoSat-2 data. We would also like to thank the Operation IceBridge instrument teams and air crews for long hours in the field and at home collecting and processing the data and the National Snow and Ice Data Center for archiving and publishing the data. We wish to thank Duncan Wingham for very useful discussions on the CryoSat-2 instrument and radar theory. Lastly, we wish to thank the reviewers for their constructive feedback. This work is funded by NASA's Airborne Science and Cryospheric Sciences programs. NR 63 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1217 EP 1237 DI 10.5194/tc-8-1217-2014 PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AO8RU UT WOS:000341622700008 ER PT J AU Eisenman, I Meier, WN Norris, JR AF Eisenman, I. Meier, W. N. Norris, J. R. TI A spurious jump in the satellite record: has Antarctic sea ice expansion been overestimated? SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; TRENDS; WEATHER; CMIP5; CYCLE AB Recent estimates indicate that the Antarctic sea ice cover is expanding at a statistically significant rate with a magnitude one-third as large as the rapid rate of sea ice retreat in the Arctic. However, during the mid-2000s, with several fewer years in the observational record, the trend in Antarctic sea ice extent was reported to be considerably smaller and statistically indistinguishable from zero. Here, we show that much of the increase in the reported trend occurred due to the previously undocumented effect of a change in the way the satellite sea ice observations are processed for the widely used Bootstrap algorithm data set, rather than a physical increase in the rate of ice advance. Specifically, we find that a change in the intercalibration across a 1991 sensor transition when the data set was reprocessed in 2007 caused a substantial change in the long-term trend. Although our analysis does not definitively identify whether this change introduced an error or removed one, the resulting difference in the trends suggests that a substantial error exists in either the current data set or the version that was used prior to the mid-2000s, and numerous studies that have relied on these observations should be reexamined to determine the sensitivity of their results to this change in the data set. Furthermore, a number of recent studies have investigated physical mechanisms for the observed expansion of the Antarctic sea ice cover. The results of this analysis raise the possibility that much of this expansion may be a spurious artifact of an error in the processing of the satellite observations. C1 [Eisenman, I.; Norris, J. R.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Meier, W. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Eisenman, I (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM eisenman@ucsd.edu OI Meier, Walter/0000-0003-2857-0550 FU NSF grant [ARC-1107795]; G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation FX We thank the editor, R. Lindsay, for helpful suggestions that improved the final presentation, as well as K. Cowtan, G. Foster, P. Holland, E. Steig, J. Walsh, and an anonymous reviewer for raising a number of useful points in the online discussion of this paper. Without implying that they endorse our results, we also thank B. Cornuelle, H. Fricker, J. Comiso, T. Merlis, B. Rose, H. Stern, T. Martin, T. Wagner, M.-L. Timmermans, J. S. Wettlaufer, and J. Walsh for helpful discussions. This work was supported by NSF grant ARC-1107795 and the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1289 EP 1296 DI 10.5194/tc-8-1289-2014 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AO8RU UT WOS:000341622700012 ER PT J AU Le Meur, E Sacchettini, M Garambois, S Berthier, E Drouet, AS Durand, G Young, D Greenbaum, JS Holt, JW Blankenship, DD Rignot, E Mouginot, J Gim, Y Kirchner, D de Fleurian, B Gagliardini, O Gillet-Chaulet, F AF Le Meur, E. Sacchettini, M. Garambois, S. Berthier, E. Drouet, A. S. Durand, G. Young, D. Greenbaum, J. S. Holt, J. W. Blankenship, D. D. Rignot, E. Mouginot, J. Gim, Y. Kirchner, D. de Fleurian, B. Gagliardini, O. Gillet-Chaulet, F. TI Two independent methods for mapping the grounding line of an outlet glacier - an example from the Astrolabe Glacier, Terre Ad lie, Antarctica SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID AMERY ICE SHELF; SATELLITE-RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; LASER ALTIMETRY; EAST ANTARCTICA; BENEATH; GREENLAND; FLEXURE; FLUXES; SHEETS; STREAM AB The grounding line is a key element of coastal outlet glaciers, acting on their dynamics. Accurately knowing its position is fundamental for both modelling the glacier dynamics and establishing a benchmark for later change detection. Here we map the grounding line of the Astrolabe Glacier in East Antarctica (66 degrees 41'S, 140 degrees 05'E), using both hydrostatic and tidal methods. The first method is based on new surface and ice thickness data from which the line of buoyant floatation is found. The second method uses kinematic GPS measurements of the tidal response of the ice surface. By detecting the transitions where the ice starts to move vertically in response to the tidal forcing we determine control points for the grounding line position along GPS profiles. Employing a two-dimensional elastic plate model, we compute the rigid short-term behaviour of the ice plate and estimate the correction required to compare the kinematic GPS control points with the previously determined line of floatation. These two approaches show consistency and lead us to propose a grounding line for the Astrolabe Glacier that significantly deviates from the lines obtained so far from satellite imagery. C1 [Le Meur, E.; Sacchettini, M.; Drouet, A. S.; Durand, G.; de Fleurian, B.; Gagliardini, O.; Gillet-Chaulet, F.] CNRS, LGGE, UMR5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Le Meur, E.; Sacchettini, M.; Drouet, A. S.; Durand, G.; de Fleurian, B.; Gagliardini, O.; Gillet-Chaulet, F.] Univ Grenoble Alpes, LGGE, UMR5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Garambois, S.] UJF Grenoble, CNRS, ISTerre, St Martin Dheres, France. [Berthier, E.] Univ Toulouse, CNRS, LEGOS, Toulouse, France. [Young, D.; Greenbaum, J. S.; Holt, J. W.; Blankenship, D. D.] Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX USA. [Rignot, E.; Mouginot, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. [Rignot, E.; Gim, Y.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Kirchner, D.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Gagliardini, O.] Inst Univ France, Paris, France. RP Le Meur, E (reprint author), CNRS, LGGE, UMR5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France. EM lemeur@lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr RI Young, Duncan/G-6256-2010; Berthier, Etienne/B-8900-2009; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Young, Duncan/0000-0002-6866-8176; Berthier, Etienne/0000-0001-5978-9155; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 FU Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) [ANR-06-VULN-016-01, ANR-09-SYSC-001]; French polar Institute Paul Emile Victor (IPEV); French Space Agency (CNES) [580]; NASA's Ice Bridge program [NNX09AR52G, NNX11AD33G]; NASA's IPY program; LabEx OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenir) [ANR10LABX56] FX This study was funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) through the "DACOTA" project No. ANR-06-VULN-016-01 and the "ADAGE" project No. ANR-09-SYSC-001. Field activities described here largely benefitted from logistical and financial support from the French polar Institute Paul Emile Victor (IPEV). E. Berthier acknowledges support from the French Space Agency (CNES) through the TOSCA and ISIS proposal #580. ICECAP operations over Astrolabe Glacier were funded by NASA's Ice Bridge program (NNX09AR52G and NNX11AD33G to the University of Texas at Austin); WISE was funded by a grant from NASA's IPY program to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This work has also been supported by a grant from LabEx OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenir - ANR10LABX56). Constructive comments and suggestions from two anonymous reviewers have been very helpful in improving this paper. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1331 EP 1346 DI 10.5194/tc-8-1331-2014 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AO8RU UT WOS:000341622700015 ER PT J AU Bolden, CF AF Bolden, Charles F., Jr. TI Human Missions to Mars are Coming SO MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Bolden, CF (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS PI DEARBORN PA ONE SME DRIVE, PO BOX 930, DEARBORN, MI 48121-0930 USA SN 0361-0853 J9 MANUF ENG JI Manuf. Eng. PY 2014 SU 3 BP 39 EP 39 PG 1 WC Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA AP6JD UT WOS:000342183200007 ER PT S AU Shuai, YM Xie, DH Wang, PJ Wu, MX AF Shuai, Yanmin Xie, Donghui Wang, Peijuan Wu, Menxin BE Guo, H TI Understanding of crop phenology using satellite-based retrievals and climate factors - a case study on spring maize in Northeast China plain SO 35TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (ISRSE35) SE IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE35) CY APR 22-26, 2013 CL Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Int Ctr Remote Sensing Environm, Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Grp Earth Observat, Int Soc Digital Earth, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Remote Sensing Ctr China, LDE, REIS, LIESMARS, State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science HO Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth ID VEGETATION INDEXES; MODIS DATA; SEASON; TIME AB Land surface phenology is an efficient bio-indicator for monitoring terrestrial ecosystem variation in response to climate change. Numerous studies point out climate change plays an important role in modulating vegetation phenological events, especially in agriculture. In turn, surface changes caused by geo-biological processes can affect climate transition regionally and perhaps globally, as concluded by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001. Large amounts of research concluded that crops, as one of the most sensitive bio-indicators for climate change, can be strongly influenced by local weather such as temperature, moisture and radiation. Thus, investigating the details of weather impact and the feedback from crops can help improve our understanding of the interaction between crops and climate change at satellite scale. Our efforts start from this point, via case studies over the famous agriculture region in the Northeast China's plain to examine the response of spring maize under temperature and moisture stress. MODIS-based daily green vegetation information together with frequent field specification of the surface phenology as well as continuous measurements of the routine climatic factors during seven years (2003-2009) is used in this paper. Despite the obvious difference in scale between satellite estimations and field observations, the inter-and intra-annual variation of maize in seven-years' growth was captured successfully over three typical spring maize regions (Fuyu, Changling, and Hailun) in Northeast China. The results demonstrate that weather conditions such as changes of temperature and moisture stress provide considerable contribution to the year-to-year variations in the timing of spring maize phenological events. C1 [Shuai, Yanmin] NASA, Biospher Sci Lab Code 618, ERT Inc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Xie, Donghui] Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog & Remote Sensing Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Wang, Peijuan] Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Wu, Menxin] Natl Meteorol Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Shuai, YM (reprint author), NASA, Biospher Sci Lab Code 618, ERT Inc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Yanmin.Shuai@ertcorp.com FU SKLRSS [OFSLRSS201102, # OFSLRSS201316]; National Basic Research Program of China [2010CB951304] FX This work was supported by the open funding program of SKLRSS (# OFSLRSS201102 and # OFSLRSS201316). The authors thank contributors to the MODIS BRDF/ albedo direct broadcast system ( http:// cimss. ssec. wisc. edu/ imapp/ db_ brdf_ v1.0. shtml), and contributors to the Chinese daily climate data set for the Fuyu, Hailun, and Changling agriculture meteorological stations. Peijuan Wang thanks the support from National Basic Research Program of China ( No. 2010CB951304). We would like to thank Dr. Tian Yao ( at NASA/ GSFC code 618) for her polish on the language. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 10 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1755-1307 J9 IOP C SER EARTH ENV JI IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Envir. Sci. PY 2014 VL 17 AR UNSP 012037 DI 10.1088/1755-1315/17/1/012037 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing GA BB1RC UT WOS:000341299300037 ER PT S AU Wang, W Ayhan, B Kwan, C Qi, H Vance, S AF Wang, W. Ayhan, B. Kwan, C. Qi, H. Vance, S. BE Guo, H TI A Novel and Effective Multivariate Method for Compositional Analysis using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy SO 35TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (ISRSE35) SE IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE35) CY APR 22-26, 2013 CL Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Int Ctr Remote Sensing Environm, Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Grp Earth Observat, Int Soc Digital Earth, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Remote Sensing Ctr China, LDE, REIS, LIESMARS, State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science HO Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth ID SAMPLES; SPECTRA AB Compositional analysis is important to interrogate spectral samples for direct analysis of materials in agriculture, environment and archaeology, etc. In this paper, multivariate analysis (MVA) techniques are coupled with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to estimate quantitative elemental compositions and determine the type of the sample. In particular, we present a new multivariate analysis method for composition analysis, referred to as "spectral unmixing". The LIBS spectrum of a testing sample is considered as a linear mixture with more than one constituent signatures that correspond to various chemical elements. The signature library is derived from regression analysis using training samples or is manually set up with the information from an elemental LIBS spectral database. A calibration step is used to make all the signatures in library to be homogeneous with the testing sample so as to avoid inhomogeneous signatures that might be caused by different sampling conditions. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, we compare it with the traditional partial least squares (PLS) method and the univariate method using a standard soil data set with elemental concentration measured a priori. The experimental results show that the proposed method holds great potential for reliable and effective elemental concentration estimation. C1 [Wang, W.; Qi, H.] Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Ayhan, B.; Kwan, C.] Signal Proc Inc, Rockville, MD USA. [Vance, S.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Wang, W (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM wwang34@utk.edu; bulent.ayhan@signalpro.net; chiman.kwan@signalpro.net; hqi@utk.edu; Steven.D.Vance@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX12CB05C] FX This work was supported in part by NASA NNX12CB05C. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1755-1307 J9 IOP C SER EARTH ENV JI IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Envir. Sci. PY 2014 VL 17 AR UNSP 012208 DI 10.1088/1755-1315/17/1/012208 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing GA BB1RC UT WOS:000341299300208 ER PT J AU Huang, FT Mayr, HG Russell, JM Mlynczak, MG AF Huang, F. T. Mayr, H. G. Russell, J. M., III Mlynczak, M. G. TI Ozone and temperature decadal trends in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; middle atmosphere; composition and chemistry ID VARIABILITY; EVOLUTION; RECOVERY; STATIONS AB We have derived ozone and temperature trends from years 2002 through 2012, from 20 to 100 km altitude, and 48 degrees S to 48 degrees N latitude, based on measurements from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. For the first time, trends of ozone and temperature measured at the same times and locations are obtained, and their correlations should provide useful information about the relative importance of photochemistry versus dynamics over the longer term. We are not aware of comparable results covering this time period and spatial extent. For stratospheric ozone, until the late 1990s, previous studies found negative trends (decreasing amounts). In recent years, some empirical and modeling studies have shown the occurrence of a turnaround in the decreasing ozone, possibly beginning in the late 1990s, suggesting that the stratospheric ozone trend is leveling off or even turning positive. Our global results add more definitive evidence, expand the coverage, and show that at mid-latitudes (north and south) in the stratosphere, the ozone trends are indeed positive, with ozone having increased by a few percent from 2002 through 2012. However, in the tropics, we find negative ozone trends between 25 and 50 km. For stratospheric temperatures, the trends are mostly negatively correlated to the ozone trends. The temperature trends are positive in the tropics between 30 and 40 km, and between 20 and 25 km, at approximately 24 degrees N and at 24 degrees S latitude. The stratospheric temperature trends are otherwise mostly negative. In the mesosphere, the ozone trends are mostly flat, with suggestions of small positive trends at lower latitudes. The temperature trends in this region are mostly negative, showing decreases of up to similar to -3Kdecade(-1). In the lower thermosphere (between similar to 85 and 100 km), ozone and temperature trends are both negative. The ozone trend can approach similar to -10% decade(-1), and the temperature trend can approach similar to -3Kdecade(-1). Aside from trends, these patterns of ozone-temperature correlations are consistent with previous studies of ozone and temperature perturbations such as the quasi-biennial (QBO) and semiannual (SAO) oscillations, and add confidence to the results. C1 [Huang, F. T.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Mayr, H. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Russell, J. M., III] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Mlynczak, M. G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM fthuang@verizon.net NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 8 BP 935 EP 949 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-935-2014 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO8LT UT WOS:000341606700004 ER PT J AU Miller, ES Kil, H Makela, JJ Heelis, RA Talaat, ER Gross, A AF Miller, E. S. Kil, H. Makela, J. J. Heelis, R. A. Talaat, E. R. Gross, A. TI Topside signature of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions; ionospheric irregularities; plasma waves and instabilities ID LOW LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; EQUATORIAL-SPREAD-F; ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS; HINOTORI SATELLITE; IMPEDANCE PROBE; DMSP F-15; MIDLATITUDE; ARECIBO; IRREGULARITIES; KOMPSAT-1 AB Plasma blobs, localized plasma density enhancements that occur singularly or in periodic groups, have been observed by in situ sensors in the lower- and middle-latitude nighttime ionosphere. Traditionally, creation of blobs has been thought to be connected to equatorial plasma bubbles, which are localized plasma depletions. Here, we report the association of blobs with medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). On 17 January 2010, an all-sky imager on the Caribbean island of Bonaire (geographic: 12.190 degrees N, 68.244 degrees W; geomagnetic 22.46 degrees N, 7.099 degrees E) observed a nighttime electrified MSTID propagating to the southwest. At the time of the MSTID's transit, the Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation instrument onboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite detected a group of blobs along the same geomagnetic flux tubes. The electron density variations measured at the satellite altitude, indicating the blobs, are anticorrelated with the intensity variations of the 630.0 nm dissociative recombination emission measured on the same magnetic field lines. This relationship is explained by a modulation of the O+ profile altitude due to electric fields generated within the MSTID. This idea is supported by in situ measurements of the vertical ion velocity. We argue that common climatology between blobs and MSTIDs reported in the literature, as well as this coincident observation, suggest that blobs may be the in situ signature of MSTIDs in the topside ionosphere. C1 [Miller, E. S.; Kil, H.; Talaat, E. R.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Makela, J. J.] Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL USA. [Heelis, R. A.] Univ Texas Dallas, WB Hansen Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. [Talaat, E. R.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. RP Miller, ES (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ethan.miller@jhuapl.edu RI Kil, Hyosub/C-2577-2016 OI Kil, Hyosub/0000-0001-8288-6236 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) grant [AGS-1237276]; NSF [AGS-0924914]; NSF CAREER award [ATM-0644654]; NASA grant [NNX10AT02G]; NSF award [ATM-0838142] FX This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grant AGS-1237276. E. S. Miller acknowledges further support from NSF award AGS-0924914. J. J. Makela acknowledges support from NSF CAREER award ATM-0644654. R. A. Heelis is supported by NASA grant NNX10AT02G to the University of Texas at Dallas. E. R. Talaat acknowledges support from NSF award ATM-0838142. We thank Michael Copini for technical support for the PICASSO system in Bonaire and Telfonia Bonairiano for providing Internet access for this system. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 8 BP 959 EP 965 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-959-2014 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO8LT UT WOS:000341606700006 ER PT J AU Tulaczyk, S Mikucki, JA Siegfried, MR Priscu, JC Barcheck, CG Beem, LH Behar, A Burnett, J Christner, BC Fisher, AT Fricker, HA Mankoff, KD Powell, RD Rack, F Sampson, D Scherer, RP Schwartz, SY AF Tulaczyk, Slawek Mikucki, Jill A. Siegfried, Matthew R. Priscu, John C. Barcheck, C. Grace Beem, Lucas H. Behar, Alberto Burnett, Justin Christner, Brent C. Fisher, Andrew T. Fricker, Helen A. Mankoff, Kenneth D. Powell, Ross D. Rack, Frank Sampson, Daniel Scherer, Reed P. Schwartz, Susan Y. CA WISSARD SCI TEAM TI WISSARD at Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica: scientific operations and initial observations SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic glaciology; ice streams; subglacial lakes; subglacial processes; subglacial sediments ID ACTIVE RESERVOIR BENEATH; ICE STREAM; SHEET; VOSTOK; DISCHARGE; CONSTRAINTS; INVENTORY; MECHANICS; SYSTEM; RADAR AB A clean hot-water drill was used to gain access to Subglacial Lake Whillans (SLW) in late January 2013 as part of the Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling (WISSARD) project. Over 3 days, we deployed an array of scientific tools through the SLW borehole: a downhole camera, a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) probe, a Niskin water sampler, an in situ filtration unit, three different sediment corers, a geothermal probe and a geophysical sensor string. Our observations confirm the existence of a subglacial water reservoir whose presence was previously inferred from satellite altimetry and surface geophysics. Subglacial water is about two orders of magnitude less saline than sea water (0.37-0.41 psu vs 35 psu) and two orders of magnitude more saline than pure drill meltwater (<0.002 psu). It reaches a minimum temperature of -0.55 degrees C, consistent with depression of the freezing point by 7.019 MPa of water pressure. Subglacial water was turbid and remained turbid following filtration through 0.45 mu m filters. The recovered sediment cores, which sampled down to 0.8 m below the lake bottom, contained a macroscopically structureless diamicton with shear strength between 2 and 6 kPa. Our main operational recommendation for future subglacial access through water-filled boreholes is to supply enough heat to the top of the borehole to keep it from freezing. C1 [Tulaczyk, Slawek; Barcheck, C. Grace; Beem, Lucas H.; Fisher, Andrew T.; Mankoff, Kenneth D.; Sampson, Daniel; Schwartz, Susan Y.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Mikucki, Jill A.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Microbiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Siegfried, Matthew R.; Fricker, Helen A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Priscu, John C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Behar, Alberto] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Burnett, Justin; Rack, Frank] Univ Nebraska, Antarctic Geol Drilling Sci Management Off, Lincoln, NE USA. [Christner, Brent C.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Powell, Ross D.; Scherer, Reed P.] No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL USA. RP Tulaczyk, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM stulaczyk@ucsc.edu RI Fisher, Andrew/A-1113-2016 FU US National Science Foundation, Section for Antarctic Sciences, Antarctic Integrated System Science program as part of the interdisciplinary WISSARD (Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling) project; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Astrobiology and Cryospheric Sciences programs); US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FX This material is based upon work supported by the US National Science Foundation, Section for Antarctic Sciences, Antarctic Integrated System Science program as part of the interdisciplinary WISSARD (Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling) project. Additional funding for instrumentation development was provided by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Astrobiology and Cryospheric Sciences programs) and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We are particularly thankful to the entire drilling team from the University of Nebraska Lincoln and the WISSARD traverse personnel for crucial technical and logistical support. The United States Antarctic Program enabled our fieldwork, and Air National Guard and Kenn Borek Air provided air support. The manuscript was improved as a result of insightful comments from two anonymous reviewers. NR 51 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 58 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2014 VL 55 IS 65 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.3189/2014AoG65A009 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AO9LI UT WOS:000341676800007 ER PT J AU Li, J Carlson, BE Lacis, A AF Li, J. Carlson, B. E. Lacis, A. TI Application of spectral analysis techniques to the intercomparison of aerosol data - Part 4: Synthesized analysis of multisensor satellite and ground-based AOD measurements using combined maximum covariance analysis SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID COMPARE SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIABILITY; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; OPTICAL DEPTH RETRIEVALS; TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; 2010 RUSSIAN WILDFIRES; SOUTHEAST-ASIA; A-TRAIN; AERONET; MODIS; LAND AB In this paper, we introduce the usage of a newly developed spectral decomposition technique - combined maximum covariance analysis (CMCA) - in the spatiotemporal comparison of four satellite data sets and ground-based observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD). This technique is based on commonly used principal component analysis (PCA) and maximum covariance analysis (MCA). By decomposing the cross-covariance matrix between the joint satellite data field and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station data, both parallel comparison across different satellite data sets and the evaluation of the satellite data against the AERONET measurements are simultaneously realized. We show that this new method not only confirms the seasonal and interannual variability of aerosol optical depth, aerosol-source regions and events represented by different satellite data sets, but also identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each data set in capturing the variability associated with sources, events or aerosol types. Furthermore, by examining the spread of the spatial modes of different satellite fields, regions with the largest uncertainties in aerosol observation are identified. We also present two regional case studies that respectively demonstrate the capability of the CMCA technique in assessing the representation of an extreme event in different data sets, and in evaluating the performance of different data sets on seasonal and interannual timescales. Global results indicate that different data sets agree qualitatively for major aerosol-source regions. Discrepancies are mostly found over the Sahel, India, eastern and southeastern Asia. Results for eastern Europe suggest that the intense wildfire event in Russia during summer 2010 was less well-represented by SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), which might be due to misclassification of smoke plumes as clouds. Analysis for the Indian subcontinent shows that here SeaWiFS agrees best with AERONET in terms of seasonality for both the Gangetic Basin and southern India, while on interannual timescales it has the poorest agreement. C1 [Li, J.; Carlson, B. E.; Lacis, A.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Li, J.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM jl2862@columbia.edu OI Li, Jing/0000-0002-0540-0412 FU NASA climate grant [509496.02.08.04.24]; NASA Radiation Science program FX We thank the MODIS, MISR, SeaWiFS and OMI science teams for providing the satellite data used in this study. Thanks are given to the AERONET team for providing the AERONET data. Jing Li thanks Xichen Li at the Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, for his helpful comments. This study is funded by NASA climate grant 509496.02.08.04.24. Jing Li also acknowledges Hal Maring and the NASA Radiation Science program for providing funding for this investigation. NR 53 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 8 BP 2531 EP 2549 DI 10.5194/amt-7-2531-2014 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO8LE UT WOS:000341605200010 ER PT J AU Nguyen, H Osterman, G Wunch, D O'Dell, C Mandrake, L Wennberg, P Fisher, B Castano, R AF Nguyen, H. Osterman, G. Wunch, D. O'Dell, C. Mandrake, L. Wennberg, P. Fisher, B. Castano, R. TI A method for colocating satellite X-CO2 data to ground-based data and its application to ACOS-GOSAT and TCCON SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK; CO2 RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SPATIAL DATA; CALIBRATION; VALIDATION; SPECTRA; MISSION; XCO2 AB Satellite measurements are often compared with higher-precision ground-based measurements as part of validation efforts. The satellite soundings are rarely perfectly coincident in space and time with the ground-based measurements, so a colocation methodology is needed to aggregate "nearby" soundings into what the instrument would have seen at the location and time of interest. We are particularly interested in validation efforts for satellite-retrieved total column carbon dioxide (X-CO2), where X-CO2 data from Greenhouse Gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT) retrievals (ACOS, NIES, RemoteC, PPDF, etc.) or SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIA-MACHY) are often colocated and compared to ground-based column X-CO2 measurement from Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Current colocation methodologies for comparing satellite measurements of total column dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (X-CO2) with ground-based measurements typically involve locating and averaging the satellite measurements within a latitudinal, longitudinal, and temporal window. We examine a geostatistical colocation methodology that takes a weighted average of satellite observations depending on the "distance" of each observation from a ground-based location of interest. The "distance" function that we use is a modified Euclidian distance with respect to latitude, longitude, time, and midtropospheric temperature at 700 hPa. We apply this methodology to X-CO2 retrieved from GOSAT spectra by the ACOS team, cross-validate the results to TCCON X-CO2 ground-based data, and present some comparisons between our methodology and standard existing colocation methods showing that, in general, geostatistical colocation produces smaller mean-squared error. C1 [Nguyen, H.; Osterman, G.; Mandrake, L.; Fisher, B.; Castano, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wunch, D.; Wennberg, P.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [O'Dell, C.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Nguyen, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM hai.nguyen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 8 BP 2631 EP 2644 DI 10.5194/amt-7-2631-2014 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO8LE UT WOS:000341605200016 ER PT J AU Lupascu, M Welker, JM Seibt, U Xu, X Velicogna, I Lindsey, DS Czimczik, CI AF Lupascu, M. Welker, J. M. Seibt, U. Xu, X. Velicogna, I. Lindsey, D. S. Czimczik, C. I. TI The amount and timing of precipitation control the magnitude, seasonality and sources (C-14) of ecosystem respiration in a polar semi-desert, northwestern Greenland SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HIGH ARCTIC ECOSYSTEM; SEA-ICE DECLINE; SOIL RESPIRATION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CARBON-CYCLE; CO2 FLUX; ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATIONS; RADIOCARBON CONTENT; CLIMATE FEEDBACKS AB This study investigates how warming and changes in precipitation may affect the cycling of carbon (C) in tundra soils, and between high Arctic tundra and the atmosphere. We quantified ecosystem respiration (R-eco) and soil pore space CO2 in a polar semi-desert in northwestern Greenland under current and future climate conditions simulated by long-term experimental warming (+2 degrees C, +4 degrees C), water addition (+50% summer precipitation), and a combination of both (+4 degrees C x +50% summer precipitation). We also measured the C-14 content of R-eco and soil CO2 to distinguish young C cycling rapidly between the atmosphere and the ecosystem from older C stored in the soil for centuries to millennia. We identified changes in the amount and timing of precipitation as a key control of the magnitude, seasonality and sources of Reco in a polar semi-desert. Throughout each summer, small (< 4 mm) precipitation events during drier periods triggered the release of very old C pulses from the deep soil, while larger precipitation events (> 4 mm), more winter snow and experimental irrigation were associated with higher R-eco fluxes and the release of recently fixed (young) C. Warmer summers and experimental warming also resulted in higher Reco fluxes (+2 degrees C > +4 degrees C), but coincided with losses of older C. We conclude that in high Arctic, dry tundra systems, future magnitudes and patterns of old C emissions will be controlled as much by the summer precipitation regime and winter snowpack as by warming. The release of older soil C is of concern, as it may lead to net C losses from the ecosystem. Therefore, reliable predictions of precipitation amounts, frequency, and timing are required to predict the changing C cycle in the high Arctic. C1 [Lupascu, M.; Xu, X.; Velicogna, I.; Lindsey, D. S.; Czimczik, C. I.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Welker, J. M.] Univ Alaska Anchorage, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Seibt, U.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Seibt, U.] Univ Paris 06, Bioemco, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. [Velicogna, I.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lupascu, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM mlupascu@uci.edu FU US National Science Foundation [ARC-0909514, ARC-0909538]; European Research Council (ERC) [202835]; NASA Cryospheric Science Program; NASA Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program; NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program; NASA IDS Program; NASA MEaSUREs Program FX This work was made possible by assistance from US Air Force Base Thule, Greenland, CH2M Hill Polar Services, the US National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates program, and the KCCAMS laboratory. We thank A. Stills, J. Thomas, J. Yi, M. Ruacho, C. Lett and K. Maseyk for their help in the field and/or laboratory. Furthermore, we thank J. Zautner (14th Weather Squadron, Thule) for sharing the climate data set. This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation (ARC-0909514 to C. I. Czimczik and ARC-0909538 to J. M. Welker), the European Research Council (ERC grant agreement no. 202835 to U. Seibt) and the NASA Cryospheric Science Program, Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program, Terrestrial Hydrology Program, IDS Program, and MEaSUREs Program to I. Velicogna. NR 105 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 44 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 16 BP 4289 EP 4304 DI 10.5194/bg-11-4289-2014 PG 16 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AO8MP UT WOS:000341608900001 ER PT J AU Fischer, R Nowicki, S Kelley, M Schmidt, GA AF Fischer, R. Nowicki, S. Kelley, M. Schmidt, G. A. TI A system of conservative regridding for ice-atmosphere coupling in a General Circulation Model (GCM) SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPATIAL SENSITIVITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; MASS RESPONSE; SHEET MODEL; GREENLAND; PROJECT; SIMULATIONS; ANTARCTICA AB The method of elevation classes, in which the ice surface model is run at multiple elevations within each grid cell, has proven to be a useful way for a low-resolution atmosphere inside a general circulation model (GCM) to produce high-resolution downscaled surface mass balance fields for use in one-way studies coupling atmospheres and ice flow models. Past uses of elevation classes have failed to conserve mass and energy because the transformation used to regrid to the atmosphere was inconsistent with the transformation used to downscale to the ice model. This would cause problems for two-way coupling. A strategy that resolves this conservation issue has been designed and is presented here. The approach identifies three grids between which data must be regridded and five transformations between those grids required by a typical coupled atmosphere-ice flow model. This paper develops a theoretical framework for the problem and shows how each of these transformations may be achieved in a consistent, conservative manner. These transformations are implemented in Glint2, a library used to couple atmosphere models with ice models. Source code and documentation are available for download. Confounding real-world issues are discussed, including the use of projections for ice modeling, how to handle dynamically changing ice geometry, and modifications required for finite element ice models. C1 [Fischer, R.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Fischer, R.; Kelley, M.; Schmidt, G. A.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Nowicki, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kelley, M.] Trinnovim LLC, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Fischer, R (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM robert.fischer@nasa.gov RI Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012 OI Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486 FU NASA MAP program FX Thanks to Ed Bueler, Jeremy Fycke, William Lipscomb, Christian Rodehacke and Ryan Walker for reading drafts. Thanks also to Roger Braithwaite, Nicholas Gould, Regine Hock and David Rind. This research is sponsored by the NASA MAP program. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 3 BP 883 EP 907 DI 10.5194/gmd-7-883-2014 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA AO8JH UT WOS:000341600100010 ER PT J AU Keller, CA Long, MS Yantosca, RM Da Silva, AM Pawson, S Jacob, DJ AF Keller, C. A. Long, M. S. Yantosca, R. M. Da Silva, A. M. Pawson, S. Jacob, D. J. TI HEMCO v1.0: a versatile, ESMF-compliant component for calculating emissions in atmospheric models SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU; MINERAL DUST; AIR-QUALITY; CONSTRAINTS; AEROSOLS; INVENTORIES; PARTICLES; CHEMISTRY; FRAMEWORK; PLUMES AB We describe the Harvard-NASA Emission Component version 1.0 (HEMCO), a stand-alone software component for computing emissions in global atmospheric models. HEMCO determines emissions from different sources, regions, and species on a user-defined grid and can combine, overlay, and update a set of data inventories and scale factors, as specified by the user through the HEMCO configuration file. New emission inventories at any spatial and temporal resolution are readily added to HEMCO and can be accessed by the user without any preprocessing of the data files or modification of the source code. Emissions that depend on dynamic source types and local environmental variables such as wind speed or surface temperature are calculated in separate HEMCO extensions. HEMCO is fully compliant with the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) environment. It is highly portable and can be deployed in a new model environment with only few adjustments at the top-level interface. So far, we have implemented HEMCO in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) Earth system model (ESM) and in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM). By providing a widely applicable framework for specifying constituent emissions, HEMCO is designed to ease sensitivity studies and model comparisons, as well as inverse modeling in which emissions are adjusted iteratively. The HEMCO code, extensions, and the full set of emissions data files used in GEOS-Chem are available at http://wiki.geos-chem.org/HEMCO. C1 [Keller, C. A.; Long, M. S.; Yantosca, R. M.; Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Da Silva, A. M.; Pawson, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Keller, CA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM ckeller@seas.harvard.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Yantosca, Robert/F-7920-2014 OI Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Yantosca, Robert/0000-0003-3781-1870 FU NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Program FX This work was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Program. The authors would like to thank J. E. Nielsen for his technical support. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1409 EP 1417 DI 10.5194/gmd-7-1409-2014 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA AO8KS UT WOS:000341603900008 ER PT J AU Barahona, D Molod, A Bacmeister, J Nenes, A Gettelman, A Morrison, H Phillips, V Eichmann, A AF Barahona, D. Molod, A. Bacmeister, J. Nenes, A. Gettelman, A. Morrison, H. Phillips, V. Eichmann, A. TI Development of two-moment cloud microphysics for liquid and ice within the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS-5) SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY ATMOSPHERE MODEL; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER; RELAXED ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; MIXED-PHASE CLOUDS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; WATER-VAPOR; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS AB This work presents the development of a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme within version 5 of the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5). The scheme includes the implementation of a comprehensive stratiform microphysics module, a new cloud coverage scheme that allows ice supersaturation, and a new microphysics module embedded within the moist convection parameterization of GEOS-5. Comprehensive physically based descriptions of ice nucleation, including homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing, and liquid droplet activation are implemented to describe the formation of cloud particles in stratiform clouds and convective cumulus. The effect of preexisting ice crystals on the formation of cirrus clouds is also accounted for. A new parameterization of the subgrid-scale vertical velocity distribution accounting for turbulence and gravity wave motion is also implemented. The new microphysics significantly improves the representation of liquid water and ice in GEOS-5. Evaluation of the model against satellite retrievals and in situ observations shows agreement of the simulated droplet and ice crystal effective radius, the ice mass mixing ratio and number concentration, and the relative humidity with respect to ice. When using the new microphysics, the fraction of condensate that remains as liquid follows a sigmoidal dependency with temperature, which is in agreement with observations and which fundamentally differs from the linear increase assumed in most models. The performance of the new microphysics in reproducing the observed total cloud fraction, longwave and shortwave cloud forcing, and total precipitation is similar to the operational version of GEOS-5 and in agreement with satellite retrievals. The new microphysics tends to underestimate the coverage of persistent low-level stratocumulus. Sensitivity studies showed that the simulated cloud properties are robust to moderate variation in cloud microphysical parameters. Significant sensitivity remains to variation in the dispersion of the ice crystal size distribution and the critical size for ice autoconversion. Despite these issues, the implementation of the new microphysics leads to a considerably improved and more realistic representation of cloud processes in GEOS-5, and allows the linkage of cloud properties to aerosol emissions. C1 [Barahona, D.; Molod, A.; Eichmann, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Molod, A.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Bacmeister, J.; Gettelman, A.; Morrison, H.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Phillips, V.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Eichmann, A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Barahona, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donifan.o.barahona@nasa.gov FU NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program under WBS [802678.02.17.01.07] FX Donifan Barahona was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program under WBS 802678.02.17.01.07. GPCC precipitation data was provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their website at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. MODIS data was downloaded from http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/. We thank Frank Li for providing level 3 CloudSat data. The authors thank Yong-Sang Choi for providing CALIOP-derived SCF data, and Minghuai Wang for his help with the analysis of field campaign data. NR 149 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1733 EP 1766 DI 10.5194/gmd-7-1733-2014 PG 34 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA AO8KS UT WOS:000341603900029 ER PT B AU Calle, LM Li, W AF Calle, L. M. Li, W. BE Hamdy, AS TI Microencapsulated indicators and inhibitors for corrosion detection and control SO HANDBOOK OF SMART COATINGS FOR MATERIALS PROTECTION SE Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE smart coatings; self-healing coatings; corrosion detection; microencapsulation; microcapsule; microparticle; pH-sensitive microcapsule; corrosion indicator; corrosion sensing coatings; corrosion inhibitor; corrosion protective coatings ID ORGANIC-COATED AA2024-T3; ANION-EXCHANGE PIGMENTS; SELF-HEALING ABILITY; ANTICORROSION COATINGS; PROTECTIVE-COATINGS; FILIFORM CORROSION; ALUMINUM-ALLOY; FLUORESCENT-PROBES; NANOCONTAINERS; RELEASE AB This chapter concerns the development of microcapsules and microparticles for the incorporation of corrosion indicators and inhibitors into a multifunctional smart coating for the autonomous indication and control of corrosion. The incorporation of these microcapsules/microparticles into a corrosion protective coating will result in a smart coating that has the inherent ability to detect the chemical changes associated with the onset of corrosion and respond autonomously to indicate it and control it. The microcapsules/ microparticles were specifically designed for corrosion control applications. Their design has, in addition to the usual advantages of other microencapsulation technologies, the corrosion controlled release function that triggers the delivery of corrosion indicators or inhibitors on demand, at the onset of corrosion. This chapter summarizes the development, optimization and testing of pH-sensitive microcapsules and microparticles, specifically designed for early detection and indication of corrosion and to deliver corrosion inhibitors on demand when incorporated into a coating. C1 [Calle, L. M.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Li, W.] ESC Team QNA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Calle, LM (reprint author), NASA, Mail Code NE L4, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM luz.m.calle@nasa.gov; wenyan.li-1@nasa.gov NR 86 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-85709-688-3; 978-0-85709-680-7 J9 WOODH PUBL SER METAL PY 2014 IS 64 BP 370 EP 422 DI 10.1533/9780857096883.2.370 PG 53 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BB2DT UT WOS:000341700100016 ER PT J AU Marais, EA Jacob, DJ Guenther, A Chance, K Kurosu, TP Murphy, JG Reeves, CE Pye, HOT AF Marais, E. A. Jacob, D. J. Guenther, A. Chance, K. Kurosu, T. P. Murphy, J. G. Reeves, C. E. Pye, H. O. T. TI Improved model of isoprene emissions in Africa using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations of formaldehyde: implications for oxidants and particulate matter SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; AREA INDEX PRODUCTS; WEST-AFRICA; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; TROPICAL FOREST; MEGAN MODEL; PHOTOOXIDATION; EXPRESSO; AEROSOLS AB We use a 2005-2009 record of isoprene emissions over Africa derived from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) to better understand the factors controlling isoprene emission in the continent and evaluate the impact on atmospheric composition. OMI-derived isoprene emissions show large seasonality over savannas driven by temperature and leaf area index (LAI), and much weaker seasonality over equatorial forests driven by temperature. The commonly used MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature, version 2.1) global isoprene emission model reproduces this seasonality but is biased high, particularly for equatorial forests, when compared to OMI and relaxed-eddy accumulation measurements. Isoprene emissions in MEGAN are computed as the product of an emission factor E-o, LAI, and activity factors dependent on environmental variables. We use the OMI-derived emissions to provide improved estimates of E-o that are in good agreement with direct leaf measurements from field campaigns (r = 0.55, bias = -19%). The largest downward corrections to MEGAN E-o values are for equatorial forests and semi-arid environments, and this is consistent with latitudinal transects of isoprene over western Africa from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) aircraft campaign. Total emission of isoprene in Africa is estimated to be 77 Tg Ca-1, compared to 104 TgC a(-1) in MEGAN. Simulations with the GEOS-Chem oxidant-aerosol model suggest that isoprene emissions increase mean surface ozone in western Africa by up to 8 ppbv, and particulate matter by up to 1.5 mu gm(-3), due to coupling with anthropogenic influences. C1 [Marais, E. A.; Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Marais, E. A.; Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Guenther, A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Chance, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kurosu, T. P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Murphy, J. G.] Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. [Reeves, C. E.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Pye, H. O. T.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Marais, EA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM emarais@seas.harvard.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Murphy, Jennifer/C-2367-2011; Pye, Havala/F-5392-2012; OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Pye, Havala/0000-0002-2014-2140; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577; Marais, Eloise/0000-0001-5477-8051 FU NASA; South African National Research Scholarship for Study Abroad FX This work was funded by NASA through the Aura Science Team and by a South African National Research Scholarship for Study Abroad awarded to E. A. Marais. The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development collaborated in the research described here. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication, but may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 15 BP 7693 EP 7703 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7693-2014 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO1VN UT WOS:000341103600001 ER PT J AU Ialongo, I Hakkarainen, J Hyttinen, N Jalkanen, JP Johansson, L Boersma, KF Krotkov, N Tamminen, J AF Ialongo, I. Hakkarainen, J. Hyttinen, N. Jalkanen, J. -P. Johansson, L. Boersma, K. F. Krotkov, N. Tamminen, J. TI Characterization of OMI tropospheric NO2 over the Baltic Sea region SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; NITROGEN-OXIDES; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; EXHAUST EMISSIONS; TRENDS; URBAN; MODEL AB Satellite-based data are very important for air-quality applications in the Baltic Sea region, because they provide information on air pollution over the sea and where ground-based and aircraft measurements are not available. Both the emissions from urban sites over land and ships over sea, contribute to tropospheric NO2 levels. Tropospheric NO2 monitoring at high latitudes using satellite data is challenging because of the reduced light hours in winter and the weak signal due to the low Sun, which make the retrieval complex. This work presents a characterization of tropospheric NO2 columns based on case-study analysis in the Baltic Sea region, using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) tropospheric NO2 standard product. Previous works have focused on larger seas and lower latitudes. The results of this paper showed that, despite the regional area of interest, it is possible to distinguish the signal from the main coastal cities and from the ships by averaging the data over a seasonal time range. The summertime NO2 emission and lifetime values (E' = (1.5 +/- 0.6) mol s(-1) and tau = (3 +/- 1) h, respectively) in Helsinki were estimated from the decay of the signal with distance from the city center. These results agree within the uncertainties with the emissions from the existing database. For comparison, the results for the cities of Saint Petersburg and Stockholm are also shown. The method developed for megacities was successfully applied to smaller-scale sources, in both size and intensity, which are located at high latitudes (similar to 60 degrees N). The same methodology could be applied to similar-scale cities elsewhere, as long as they are relatively isolated from other sources. Transport by the wind plays an important role in the Baltic Sea region. The NO2 spatial distribution is mainly determined by the contribution of westerly winds, which dominate the wind patterns during summer. The comparison between the ship emissions from model calculations and OMI NO2 tropospheric columns supports the applicability of satellite data for ship emission monitoring. In particular, both the ship emission data and the OMI observations showed similar year-to-year variability, with a drop in the year 2009, corresponding to the effect of the financial crisis. C1 [Ialongo, I.; Hakkarainen, J.; Hyttinen, N.; Tamminen, J.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Jalkanen, J. -P.; Johansson, L.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Air Qual Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Boersma, K. F.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, Climate Observat Dept, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Boersma, K. F.] Wageningen Univ, Meteorol & Air Qual Grp, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands. [Krotkov, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ialongo, I (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM iolanda.ialongo@fmi.fi RI Hakkarainen, Janne/C-8404-2012; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Hyttinen, Noora/O-5916-2016; Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Tamminen, Johanna/D-7959-2014; Ialongo, Iolanda/E-1638-2014 OI Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Hyttinen, Noora/0000-0002-6025-5959; Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Tamminen, Johanna/0000-0003-3095-0069; FU NASA Earth Science Division FX This work was founded by ESA-SAMBA project on ship emission monitoring in the Baltic Sea area. The Dutch-Finnish-built OMI instrument is part of the NASA EOS-Aura satellite payload. The OMI project is managed by KNMI and the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs (NIVR). We acknowledge the NASA Earth Science Division for funding of OMI NO2 standard product development and archiving. A version of the manuscript was checked for language glitches by Curtis Wood (FMI). NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 15 BP 7795 EP 7805 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7795-2014 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO1VN UT WOS:000341103600008 ER PT J AU Kaspari, S Painter, TH Gysel, M Skiles, SM Schwikowski, M AF Kaspari, S. Painter, T. H. Gysel, M. Skiles, S. M. Schwikowski, M. TI Seasonal and elevational variations of black carbon and dust in snow and ice in the Solu-Khumbu, Nepal and estimated radiative forcings SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-ABSORPTION; HYPERSPECTRAL ANALYSIS; HIMALAYAN GLACIERS; TIBETAN PLATEAU; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; BROWN CARBON; DESERT DUST; IRON-OXIDES; GRAIN-SIZE; DIRTY SNOW AB Black carbon (BC) and dust deposited on snow and glacier surfaces can reduce the surface albedo, accelerate snow and ice melt, and trigger albedo feedback. Assessing BC and dust concentrations in snow and ice in the Himalaya is of interest because this region borders large BC and dust sources, and seasonal snow and glacier ice in this region are an important source of water resources. Snow and ice samples were collected from crevasse profiles and snow pits at elevations between 5400 and 6400 m a.s.l. from Mera glacier located in the Solu-Khumbu region of Nepal during spring and fall 2009, providing the first observational data of BC concentrations in snow and ice from the southern slope of the Himalaya. The samples were measured for Fe concentrations (used as a dust proxy) via ICP-MS, total impurity content gravimetrically, and BC concentrations using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). Measured BC concentrations underestimate actual BC concentrations due to changes to the sample during storage and loss of BC particles in the ultrasonic nebulizer; thus, we correct for the underestimated BC mass. BC and Fe concentrations are substantially higher at elevations <6000 m due to post-depositional processes including melt and sublimation and greater loading in the lower troposphere. Because the largest areal extent of snow and ice resides at elevations <6000 m, the higher BC and dust concentrations at these elevations can reduce the snow and glacier albedo over large areas, accelerating melt, affecting glacier mass balance and water resources, and contributing to a positive climate forcing. Radiative transfer modeling constrained by measurements at 5400 m at Mera La indicates that BC concentrations in the winter-spring snow/ice horizons are sufficient to reduce albedo by 6-10% relative to clean snow, corresponding to localized instantaneous radiative forcings of 75-120 W m(-2). The other bulk impurity concentrations, when treated separately as dust, reduce albedo by 40-42% relative to clean snow and give localized instantaneous radiative forcings of 488 to 525 W m(-2). Adding the BC absorption to the other impurities results in additional radiative forcings of 3 W m(-2). The BC and Fe concentrations were used to further examine relative absorption of BC and dust. When dust concentrations are high, dust dominates absorption, snow albedo reduction, and radiative forcing, and the impact of BC may be negligible, confirming the radiative transfer modeling. When impurity concentrations are low, the absorption by BC and dust may be comparable; however, due to the low impurity concentrations, albedo reductions are small. While these results suggest that the snow albedo and radiative forcing effect of dust is considerably greater than BC, there are several sources of uncertainty. Further observational studies are needed to address the contribution of BC, dust, and colored organics to albedo reductions and snow and ice melt, and to characterize the time variation of radiative forcing. C1 [Kaspari, S.] Cent Washington Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. [Painter, T. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Gysel, M.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospher Chem, Villigen, Switzerland. [Skiles, S. M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Skiles, S. M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Schwikowski, M.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radiochem & Environm Chem, Villigen, Switzerland. RP Kaspari, S (reprint author), Cent Washington Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. EM kaspari@geology.cwu.edu RI Gysel, Martin/C-3843-2008; Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016 OI Gysel, Martin/0000-0002-7453-1264; FU National Science Foundation [OISE-0653933, EAR-0957935]; NASA [NNX10AO97G]; Office of the Dean, College of the Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington; Swiss National Science Foundation FX We thank T. D. Sherpa, J. Cunningham, and the Nepali staff for assistance in the field during the spring 2009 field season; Y. Arnaud and P. Wagnon for collecting the fall 2009 snow samples and for valuable information about the Mera region; EV-K2-CNR for collection of fresh snow samples at NCO-P and assistance with obtaining permits; and Y. Balkanski and three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions that improved the manuscript. W. Szeliga calculated the BC MAC value based on measured BC size distributions and Sarah Doherty and Dean Hegg provided helpful insight on using Fe to constrain dust absorption. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (OISE-0653933 and EAR-0957935), NASA project NNX10AO97G, and partially supported by the Office of the Dean, College of the Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. Collection of fresh snow samples at NCO-P was carried out within the framework of the EV-K2-CNR project in collaboration with the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology as foreseen by the Memorandum of Understanding between Nepal and Italy, and thanks to contributions from the Italian National Research Council. M. Gysel received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation. NR 72 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 49 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 15 BP 8089 EP 8103 DI 10.5194/acp-14-8089-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO1VN UT WOS:000341103600027 ER PT J AU Wecht, KJ Jacob, DJ Sulprizio, MP Santoni, GW Wofsy, SC Parker, R Bosch, H Worden, J AF Wecht, K. J. Jacob, D. J. Sulprizio, M. P. Santoni, G. W. Wofsy, S. C. Parker, R. Boesch, H. Worden, J. TI Spatially resolving methane emissions in California: constraints from the CalNex aircraft campaign and from present (GOSAT, TES) and future (TROPOMI, geostationary) satellite observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; SENTINEL-5 PRECURSOR; CH4; VALIDATION; RESOLUTION; AEROSOL; MISSION; MODEL; N2O AB We apply a continental-scale inverse modeling system for North America based on the GEOS-Chem model to optimize California methane emissions at 1/2 degrees x 2/3 degrees horizontal resolution using atmospheric observations from the CalNex aircraft campaign (May-June 2010) and from satellites. Inversion of the CalNex data yields a best estimate for total California methane emissions of 2.86 +/- 0.21 Tg a(-1), compared with 1.92 Tg a(-1) in the EDGAR v4.2 emission inventory used as a priori and 1.51 Tg a(-1) in the California Air Resources Board (CARB) inventory used for state regulations of greenhouse gas emissions. These results are consistent with a previous Lagrangian inversion of the CalNex data. Our inversion provides 12 independent pieces of information to constrain the geographical distribution of emissions within California. Attribution to individual source types indicates dominant contributions to emissions from landfills/wastewater (1.1 Tg a(-1)), livestock (0.87 Tg a(-1)), and gas/oil (0.64 Tg a(-1)). EDGAR v4.2 underestimates emissions from livestock, while CARB underestimates emissions from landfills/wastewater and gas/oil. Current satellite observations from GOSAT can constrain methane emissions in the Los Angeles Basin but are too sparse to constrain emissions quantitatively elsewhere in California (they can still be qualitatively useful to diagnose inventory biases). Los Angeles Basin emissions derived from CalNex and GOSAT inversions are 0.42 +/- 0.08 and 0.31 +/- 0.08 Tg a(-1) that the future TROPOMI satellite instrument (2015 launch) will be able to constrain California methane emissions at a detail comparable to the CalNex aircraft campaign. Geostationary satellite observations offer even greater potential for constraining methane emissions in the future. C1 [Wecht, K. J.; Jacob, D. J.; Sulprizio, M. P.; Santoni, G. W.; Wofsy, S. C.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Parker, R.; Boesch, H.] Univ Leicester, Space Res Ctr, Leicester, Leics, England. [Worden, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Wecht, KJ (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM wecht@fas.harvard.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012 FU NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS); NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP); NASA; UK National Centre for Earth Observation; European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative FX This work was supported by the NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS), the NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP), and by a NASA Earth System Science Fellowship to K. J. Wecht. The University of Leicester GOSAT retrieval was supported by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 15 BP 8173 EP 8184 DI 10.5194/acp-14-8173-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AO1VN UT WOS:000341103600033 ER PT J AU Fisher, JB Sikka, M Oechel, WC Huntzinger, DN Melton, JR Koven, CD Ahlstrom, A Arain, MA Baker, I Chen, JM Ciais, P Davidson, C Dietze, M El-Masri, B Hayes, D Huntingford, C Jain, AK Levy, PE Lomas, MR Poulter, B Price, D Sahoo, AK Schaefer, K Tian, H Tomelleri, E Verbeeck, H Viovy, N Wania, R Zeng, N Miller, CE AF Fisher, J. B. Sikka, M. Oechel, W. C. Huntzinger, D. N. Melton, J. R. Koven, C. D. Ahlstrom, A. Arain, M. A. Baker, I. Chen, J. M. Ciais, P. Davidson, C. Dietze, M. El-Masri, B. Hayes, D. Huntingford, C. Jain, A. K. Levy, P. E. Lomas, M. R. Poulter, B. Price, D. Sahoo, A. K. Schaefer, K. Tian, H. Tomelleri, E. Verbeeck, H. Viovy, N. Wania, R. Zeng, N. Miller, C. E. TI Carbon cycle uncertainty in the Alaskan Arctic SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COMPARISON PROJECT WETCHIMP; GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PERMAFROST CARBON; ATMOSPHERIC INVERSIONS; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS; METHANE EMISSIONS; WETLAND EXTENT; PRESENT STATE AB Climate change is leading to a disproportionately large warming in the high northern latitudes, but the magnitude and sign of the future carbon balance of the Arctic are highly uncertain. Using 40 terrestrial biosphere models for the Alaskan Arctic from four recent model intercomparison projects - NACP (North American Carbon Program) site and regional syntheses, TRENDY (Trends in net land atmosphere carbon exchanges), and WETCHIMP (Wetland and Wetland CH4 Inter-comparison of Models Project) - we provide a baseline of terrestrial carbon cycle uncertainty, defined as the multi-model standard deviation (sigma) for each quantity that follows. Mean annual absolute uncertainty was largest for soil carbon (14.0+/-9.2 kgCm(-2)), then gross primary production (GPP) (0.22+/-0.50 kgCm(-2) yr(-1)), ecosystem respiration (Re) (0.23+/-0.38 kgCm(-2) yr(-1)), net primary production (NPP) (0.14+/-0.33 kgCm(-2) yr(-1)), autotrophic respiration (Ra) (0.09+/-0.20 kgCm(-2) yr(-1)), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) (0.14+/-0.20 kgCm(-2) yr(-1)), net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (-0.01+/-0.19 kgCm(-2) yr(-1)), and CH4 flux (2.52+/-4.02 g CH4 m(-2) yr(-1)). There were no consistent spatial patterns in the larger Alaskan Arctic and boreal regional carbon stocks and fluxes, with some models showing NEE for Alaska as a strong carbon sink, others as a strong carbon source, while still others as carbon neutral. Finally, AmeriFlux data are used at two sites in the Alaskan Arctic to evaluate the regional patterns; observed seasonal NEE was captured within multi-model uncertainty. This assessment of carbon cycle uncertainties may be used as a baseline for the improvement of experimental and modeling activities, as well as a reference for future trajectories in carbon cycling with climate change in the Alaskan Arctic and larger boreal region. C1 [Fisher, J. B.; Sikka, M.; Miller, C. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Oechel, W. C.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, Global Change Res Grp, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Oechel, W. C.] Open Univ, Dept Environm Earth & Ecosyst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Huntzinger, D. N.] Univ Arizona, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Melton, J. R.] Environm Canada, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. [Koven, C. D.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Earth Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94708 USA. [Ahlstrom, A.] Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. [Arain, M. A.] McMaster Univ, Sch Geog Earth Sci, Hamilton, ON, Canada. [Arain, M. A.] McMaster Univ, McMaster Ctr Climate Change, Hamilton, ON, Canada. [Baker, I.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Chen, J. M.] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. [Ciais, P.; Poulter, B.; Viovy, N.] Orme Merisiers, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Davidson, C.] Univ Illinois, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Dietze, M.] Boston Univ, Dept Earth & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [El-Masri, B.; Jain, A. K.] Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Hayes, D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Climate Change Sci Inst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Hayes, D.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Huntingford, C.] Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. [Levy, P. E.] Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Penicuik EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland. [Lomas, M. R.] Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Ctr Terr Carbon Dynam, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. [Price, D.] Nat Resources Canada, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. [Sahoo, A. K.] Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Schaefer, K.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Tian, H.] Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Tomelleri, E.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Biogeochem Model Data Integrat Grp, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Verbeeck, H.] Univ Ghent, Fac Biosci Engn, Lab Plant Ecol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. [Wania, R.] Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, Inst Sci Evolut UMR5554, F-34090 Montpellier, France. [Zeng, N.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fisher, JB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jbfisher@jpl.nasa.gov RI Huntingford, Chris/A-4307-2008; Dietze, Michael/A-5834-2009; Ahlstrom, Anders/F-3215-2017; Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012; Koven, Charles/N-8888-2014; Jain, Atul/D-2851-2016 OI Dietze, Michael/0000-0002-2324-2518; Ahlstrom, Anders/0000-0003-1642-0037; Melton, Joe/0000-0002-9414-064X; Huntingford, Chris/0000-0002-5941-7770; Fisher, Joshua/0000-0003-4734-9085; Poulter, Benjamin/0000-0002-9493-8600; Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091; Koven, Charles/0000-0002-3367-0065; Jain, Atul/0000-0002-4051-3228 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; US Department of Energy (Terrestrial Ecosystems Program); NSF by the Office of Polar Programs; Division of Environmental Biology; UK NERC ARCC (Arctic Responses to a Changing Climate) programme; NSERC Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship FX Part of the research described in this paper was performed for the Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE), an Earth Ventures (EV-1) investigation by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work also supports the NASA Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) and the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program. Funding for W. C. O. was provided by the US Department of Energy (Terrestrial Ecosystems Program) and NSF by the Office of Polar Programs and the Division of Environmental Biology. Funding for C. H. was provided by the UK NERC ARCC (Arctic Responses to a Changing Climate) programme. J. R. M. was supported by a NSERC Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship. R. Grant, F. Hoffman, S. Levis, J. Randerson, D. Ricciuto, G. van der Werf, E. Weng, and S. Zaehle provided model output for ecosys, CLM-CASA, CLM4-CN, CASA-TRANSCOM, LoTEC, CASA-GFED, TECO, and O-CN, respectively. P. Thornton and S. Sitch helped coordinate the NACP site and TRENDY syntheses, respectively. We thank D. McGuire and anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. Copyright 2014 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. NR 98 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 92 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 15 BP 4271 EP 4288 DI 10.5194/bg-11-4271-2014 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AO1VU UT WOS:000341104400015 ER PT J AU Zhang, P Bounoua, L Imhoff, ML Wolfe, RE Thome, K AF Zhang, Ping Bounoua, Lahouari Imhoff, Marc L. Wolfe, Robert E. Thome, Kurtis TI Comparison of MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature over the Continental USA Meteorological Stations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID URBAN HEAT-ISLAND; UNITED-STATES; PRODUCTS; CITY; VALIDATION; CLIMATE; GROWTH; AREA AB The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) Impervious Surface Area (ISA) and MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) are used in a spatial analysis to assess the surface-temperature-based urban heat island's (UHIS) signature on LST amplitude over the continental USA and to make comparisons to local air temperatures. Air-temperature-based UHIs (UHIA), calculated using the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) daily air temperatures, are compared with UHIS for urban areas in different biomes during different seasons. NLCD ISA is used to define urban and rural temperatures and to stratify the sampling for LST and air temperatures. We find that the MODIS LST agrees well with observed air temperature during the nighttime, but tends to overestimate it during the daytime, especially during summer and in nonforested areas. The minimum air temperature analyses show that UHIs in forests have an average UHIA of 1 degrees C during the summer. The UHIS, calculated from nighttime LST, has similar magnitude of 1-2 degrees C. By contrast, the LSTs show a midday summer UHIS of 3-4 degrees C for cities in forests, whereas the average summer UHIA calculated from maximum air temperature is close to 0 degrees C. In addition, the LSTs and air temperatures difference between 2006 and 2011 are in agreement, albeit with different magnitude. C1 [Zhang, Ping; Bounoua, Lahouari; Thome, Kurtis] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zhang, Ping] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Imhoff, Marc L.] Joint Global Change Res Inst, PNNL, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Wolfe, Robert E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhang, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Code 618, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Ping.Zhang@nasa.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012; Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855; NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 21 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS & SPACE INST PI KANATA PA 350 TERRY FOX DR, STE 104, KANATA, ON K2K 2W5, CANADA SN 0703-8992 EI 1712-7971 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PY 2014 VL 40 IS 2 BP 110 EP 122 DI 10.1080/07038992.2014.935934 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA AO0TM UT WOS:000341025200004 ER PT B AU Benedetto, S Divsalar, D Montorsi, G AF Benedetto, Sergio Divsalar, Dariush Montorsi, Guido BE Declerq, D Fossorier, M Biglieri, E TI Turbo-Like Codes Constructions SO CHANNEL CODING: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID DECODING ERROR-PROBABILITY; CONVOLUTIONAL-CODES; PARALLEL TURBO; LINEAR CODES; DESIGN; INTERLEAVERS; BOUNDS; ARCHITECTURES; INTERFERENCE; COMPLEXITY C1 [Benedetto, Sergio; Montorsi, Guido] Politecn Torino, DET, I-10129 Turin, Italy. [Divsalar, Dariush] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Benedetto, S (reprint author), Politecn Torino, DET, Cso Duca Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Turin, Italy. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA BN 978-0-12-397223-1; 978-0-12-396499-1 PY 2014 BP 53 EP 140 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-396499-1.00002-9 PG 88 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BB1ED UT WOS:000341025000003 ER PT J AU Veraverbeke, S Sedano, F Hook, SJ Randerson, JT Jin, YF Rogers, BM AF Veraverbeke, Sander Sedano, Fernando Hook, Simon J. Randerson, James T. Jin, Yufang Rogers, Brendan M. TI Mapping the daily progression of large wildland fires using MODIS active fire data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE carbon emissions; fire growth; fire propagation; fire spread ID DIURNAL FIRE; SPREAD; SMOKE; INTERPOLATION; ALGORITHM; ACCURACY; PRODUCTS; PATTERNS; WILDFIRE; MODELS AB High temporal resolution information on burnt area is needed to improve fire behaviour and emissions models. We used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal anomaly and active fire product (MO(Y)D14) as input to a kriging interpolation to derive continuous maps of the timing of burnt area for 16 large wildland fires. For each fire, parameters for the kriging model were defined using variogram analysis. The optimal number of observations used to estimate a pixel's time of burning varied between four and six among the fires studied. The median standard error from kriging ranged between 0.80 and 3.56 days and the median standard error from geolocation uncertainty was between 0.34 and 2.72 days. For nine fires in the south-western US, the accuracy of the kriging model was assessed using high spatial resolution daily fire perimeter data available from the US Forest Service. For these nine fires, we also assessed the temporal reporting accuracy of the MODIS burnt area products (MCD45A1 and MCD64A1). Averaged over the nine fires, the kriging method correctly mapped 73% of the pixels within the accuracy of a single day, compared with 33% for MCD45A1 and 53% for MCD64A1. Systematic application of this algorithm to wildland fires in the future may lead to new information about vegetation, climate and topographic controls on fire behaviour. C1 [Veraverbeke, Sander; Hook, Simon J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Veraverbeke, Sander; Sedano, Fernando; Randerson, James T.; Jin, Yufang; Rogers, Brendan M.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Sedano, Fernando] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Veraverbeke, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sander.veraverbeke@uci.edu RI Veraverbeke, Sander/H-2301-2012 OI Veraverbeke, Sander/0000-0003-1362-5125 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA [NNX10AL14G] FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The work was funded by a NASA grant for Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science (NNX10AL14G). We thank Lorri Peltz-Lewis and Thomas Mellin of the USFS for granting us access to the perimeter data of the fires in the southwest included in this study. We are also grateful to the fire personnel who created the fire perimeter data. Work performed in this study was conducted on official time so any research or applications arising from this remain under copyright of California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 17 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI CLAYTON PA UNIPARK, BLDG 1, LEVEL 1, 195 WELLINGTON RD, LOCKED BAG 10, CLAYTON, VIC 3168, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 EI 1448-5516 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2014 VL 23 IS 5 BP 655 EP 667 DI 10.1071/WF13015 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA AN4OP UT WOS:000340567700006 ER PT J AU Hartwig, J Mann, JA AF Hartwig, Jason Mann, J. Adin, Jr. TI A PREDICTIVE BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE MODEL FOR POROUS LIQUID ACQUISITION DEVICE SCREENS SO JOURNAL OF POROUS MEDIA LA English DT Article DE liquid acquisition device; porous screen; Young-LaPlace; surface tension; contact angle ID ORGANIC OXYGEN COMPOUNDS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CONTACT ANGLES; SURFACE; TENSION AB This article presents a simplified model for porous screen channel liquid acquisition devices based on a maximum bubble point pressure method from Adamson and Gast (1997). To validate the model, three 304 stainless steel (325 x 2300, 450 x 2750, and 510 x 3600) mesh samples were tested in methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and water. Screen pores are estimated based on analysis from scanning electron microscopy, historical data, and current test data. Results show that the bubble point pressure is proportional to the surface tension of the fluid only when accounting for nonzero contact angles. The previous assumption that bubble point pressure scales inversely with effective pore diameter is shown to be invalid, as the second finest 450 x 2750 produced the highest bubble point of the three screens. The simplified bubble point model can be used to make predictions for any pure fluid when pore diameters are based on bubble point tests and not SEM analysis. C1 [Hartwig, Jason] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Mann, J. Adin, Jr.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Hartwig, J (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Jason.W.Hartwig@nasa.gov NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1091-028X EI 1934-0508 J9 J POROUS MEDIA JI J. Porous Media PY 2014 VL 17 IS 7 BP 587 EP 600 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA AO0CX UT WOS:000340977800003 ER PT S AU Olsen, ML Warren, EL Parilla, PA Toberer, ES Kennedy, CE Snyder, GJ Firdosy, SA Nesmith, B Zakutayev, A Goodrich, A Turchi, CS Netter, J Gray, MH Ndione, PF Tirawat, R Baranowski, LL Gray, A Ginley, DS AF Olsen, M. L. Warren, E. L. Parilla, P. A. Toberer, E. S. Kennedy, C. E. Snyder, G. J. Firdosy, S. A. Nesmith, B. Zakutayev, A. Goodrich, A. Turchi, C. S. Netter, J. Gray, M. H. Ndione, P. F. Tirawat, R. Baranowski, L. L. Gray, A. Ginley, D. S. BE Pitchumani, R TI A high-temperature, high-efficiency solar thermoelectric generator prototype SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOLARPACES 2013 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE Energy Procedia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference of the SolarPACES CY SEP 17-20, 2013 CL Las Vegas, NE SP SolarPACES DE solar thermoelectric generators; solar-selective absorbers; solar cavity-receivers; solid-state heat engines AB Solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) have the potential to convert solar energy at greater than 15% efficiency. This project investigates the system design, the necessary thermoelectric and optical technologies, and the economic feasibility of the STEG approach. A STEG is a solid-state heat engine that converts sunlight directly into DC electricity through the thermoelectric effect. STEGs consist of three subsystems: the solar absorber, the thermoelectric generator (TEG), and the heat management system (insulation, heat exchanger, vacuum enclosure, etc.). This project will integrate several state-of-the-art technologies to achieve high efficiency, including next-generation materials for TEGs, high-temperature solar-selective absorbers, and thermal cavities. We will test STEGs at NREL's high flux solar furnace (HFSF) and perform analysis of parasitic losses and lifetime analysis to optimize prototype operation. Equally important for this technology is the development of a cost model to determine the economic competitiveness and possible application niches for STEG technologies. We report on first-order economic analysis to identify the most promising pathways for advancing the technology. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) C1 [Olsen, M. L.; Parilla, P. A.; Toberer, E. S.; Kennedy, C. E.; Zakutayev, A.; Goodrich, A.; Turchi, C. S.; Netter, J.; Gray, M. H.; Ndione, P. F.; Tirawat, R.; Gray, A.; Ginley, D. S.] Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Warren, E. L.; Toberer, E. S.; Baranowski, L. L.] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Snyder, G. J.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Firdosy, S. A.; Nesmith, B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Olsen, ML (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Snyder, G. Jeffrey/E-4453-2011; Snyder, G/I-2263-2015; OI Snyder, G. Jeffrey/0000-0003-1414-8682; Zakutayev, Andriy/0000-0002-3054-5525 FU Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AR0670-4918]; NREL's [DE-AC36-08GO28308] FX Funding for this project is provided by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Award Number DE-AR0670-4918. NREL's prime contract award number is DE-AC36-08GO28308. The authors also thank A. Lewandowski for providing the HFSF SolTrace input file. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1876-6102 J9 ENRGY PROCED PY 2014 VL 49 BP 1460 EP 1469 DI 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.155 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BB0VC UT WOS:000340733700150 ER PT B AU Randolph, R AF Randolph, Richard BE Johnston, LF Bauman, WA TI Contemporary Cosmology SO SCIENCE AND RELIGION: ONE PLANET, MANY POSSIBILITIES SE Routledge Studies in Religion LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Randolph, Richard] Ctr Theol & Nat Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. [Randolph, Richard] NASA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 978-1-315-81736-1; 978-0-415-73842-2 J9 ROUTL STUD RELIG PY 2014 VL 37 BP 70 EP 86 PG 17 WC Religion SC Religion GA BB0UQ UT WOS:000340728200007 ER PT B AU LeFebvre, R AF LeFebvre, Rebecca BE Franke, V Guttieri, K Civic, MA TI Security by drones The global market for remote-controlled warfare SO UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX MILITARY OPERATIONS: A CASE STUDY APPROACH SE Security and Conflict Management LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [LeFebvre, Rebecca] Southern Polytech State Univ, Dept Social & Int Studies, Marietta, GA 30060 USA. [LeFebvre, Rebecca] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [LeFebvre, Rebecca] Motorola Inc, Chicago, IL USA. [LeFebvre, Rebecca] Turner Broadcasting, Atlanta, GA USA. RP LeFebvre, R (reprint author), Southern Polytech State Univ, Dept Social & Int Studies, Marietta, GA 30060 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 978-1-315-88157-7; 978-0-415-71280-4 J9 SECUR CONFL MANAG PY 2014 BP 186 EP 196 PG 11 WC International Relations; Political Science SC International Relations; Government & Law GA BB1JI UT WOS:000341149600016 ER PT J AU Lulla, K Nellis, MD Rundquist, B AF Lulla, Kamlesh Nellis, M. Duane Rundquist, Brad TI Innovations in Geospatial technologies: CubeSats for Earth Observations SO GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Lulla, Kamlesh] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Nellis, M. Duane] Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Rundquist, Brad] Univ N Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Lulla, K (reprint author), NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM drlulla.geocarto@gmail.com; dnellis@uidaho.edu; bradley.rundquist@email.und.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1010-6049 EI 1752-0762 J9 GEOCARTO INT JI Geocarto Int. PY 2014 VL 29 IS 8 BP 821 EP 821 DI 10.1080/10106049.2014.942099 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AN3NR UT WOS:000340495700001 ER PT J AU Tang, WQ Liu, WT Stiles, B Fore, A AF Tang, Wenqing Liu, W. Timothy Stiles, Bryan Fore, Alexander TI Detection of diurnal cycle of ocean surface wind from space-based observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SEMIDIURNAL VARIATIONS; FIELDS AB We derive the diurnal cycle of ocean surface vector wind from three contemporary space-based wind sensors: OSCAT, WindSAT, and ASCAT, assuming the diurnal signal is embedded in the deviation from the daily mean as measured by ascending and descending passes of each sensor. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to estimate uncertainties. Strong diurnal signals are found in coastal regions and tropical oceans. Their geographical and seasonal variations are described. C1 [Tang, Wenqing; Liu, W. Timothy; Stiles, Bryan; Fore, Alexander] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tang, WQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Wenqing.Tang@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The work described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2014 VL 35 IS 14 SI SI BP 5328 EP 5341 DI 10.1080/01431161.2014.926413 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AN3HO UT WOS:000340477400003 ER PT J AU Liu, WT Tang, WQ Pinker, RT Niu, XL Lee, T AF Liu, W. Timothy Tang, Wenqing Pinker, Rachel T. Niu, Xiaolei Lee, Tong TI Solar warming of the south-central Pacific SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SATELLITE DATA; ENSO; VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES; MODIS; CLOUD AB Surface solar radiation is found to have contributed significantly and positively to the record warming event in the south-central Pacific (SCP) that peaked in December of 2009. The SCP region is within a positive teleconnection pattern between sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific and basin-wide surface solar radiation, as revealed by a 24-year time series; the pattern extends southeast from the western equatorial Pacific toward the SCP region. The results are consistent with the 'atmospheric bridge postulation' on El Nino teleconnection with extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies, but with the extension to cloud cover and surface solar radiation over the mid-latitude southern oceans. C1 [Liu, W. Timothy; Tang, Wenqing; Lee, Tong] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Pinker, Rachel T.; Niu, Xiaolei] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Liu, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM w.t.liu@jpl.nasa.gov RI Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); NASA Physical Oceanography programme; NASA Energy and Water Studies (NEWS) programme; National Science Foundation [ATM-0631792]; NASA from the NASA Science Mission Directorate Division of Earth Science [NNX08AN40A] FX This study was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It was jointly supported by the NASA Physical Oceanography and the NASA Energy and Water Studies (NEWS) programmes. The work of R.T. Pinker was supported by a collaborative research [grant number ATM-0631792] of the National Science Foundation and benefited from NASA support [grant number NNX08AN40A] from the NASA Science Mission Directorate Division of Earth Science to the University of Maryland. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2014 VL 35 IS 14 SI SI BP 5411 EP 5419 DI 10.1080/01431161.2014.926426 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AN3HO UT WOS:000340477400009 ER PT J AU Walsh, AP Haaland, S Forsyth, C Keesee, AM Kissinger, J Li, K Runov, A Soucek, J Walsh, BM Wing, S Taylor, MGGT AF Walsh, A. P. Haaland, S. Forsyth, C. Keesee, A. M. Kissinger, J. Li, K. Runov, A. Soucek, J. Walsh, B. M. Wing, S. Taylor, M. G. G. T. TI Dawn-dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system: a review SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; solar-wind-magnetosphere interactions ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; CONVECTION ELECTRIC-FIELD; KINETIC ALFVEN WAVES; HIGH-SPEED FLOWS; LATITUDE PLASMA CONVECTION; DISCRETE CHORUS EMISSIONS; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ VORTICES; MAGNETOTAIL CURRENT SHEET; FINITE-WIDTH MAGNETOTAIL; CLUSTER EDI MEASUREMENTS AB Dawn-dusk asymmetries are ubiquitous features of the coupled solar-wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system. During the last decades, increasing availability of satellite and ground-based measurements has made it possible to study these phenomena in more detail. Numerous publications have documented the existence of persistent asymmetries in processes, properties and topology of plasma structures in various regions of geospace. In this paper, we present a review of our present knowledge of some of the most pronounced dawn-dusk asymmetries. We focus on four key aspects: (1) the role of external influences such as the solar wind and its interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere; (2) properties of the magnetosphere itself; (3) the role of the ionosphere and (4) feedback and coupling between regions. We have also identified potential inconsistencies and gaps in our understanding of dawn-dusk asymmetries in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. C1 [Walsh, A. P.] European Space Agcy, Sci & Robot Explorat Directorate, ESAC, Madrid, Spain. [Haaland, S.; Li, K.] Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Gottingen, Germany. [Haaland, S.] Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway. [Forsyth, C.] UCL Dept Space & Climate Phys, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury, Surrey, England. [Keesee, A. M.] W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Kissinger, J.; Walsh, B. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Runov, A.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Soucek, J.] Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic. [Wing, S.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Taylor, M. G. G. T.] European Space Agcy, Sci & Robot Explorat Directorate, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Walsh, B. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Walsh, AP (reprint author), European Space Agcy, Sci & Robot Explorat Directorate, ESAC, Madrid, Spain. EM andrew.walsh@esa.int RI Soucek, Jan/G-3424-2014; Forsyth, Colin/E-4159-2010; Walsh, Brian/C-4899-2016; OI Soucek, Jan/0000-0003-0462-6804; Forsyth, Colin/0000-0002-0026-8395; Walsh, Brian/0000-0001-7426-5413; Walsh, Andrew/0000-0002-1682-1212 FU ISSI; Norwegian Research Council [223252/F50]; NASA EPSCoR Award [NNX10AN08A]; WVU Research and Scholarship Committee; Czech Science Foundation GACR [P209/12/2394]; NSF [AGS-1058456]; STFC Consolidated Grant [ST/K000977/1] FX This paper is the output of the International Space Science Institute international team "dawn-dusk asymmetry in the Coupled Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere system". The authors wish to acknowledge ISSI for funding our meetings in Berne. S. Haaland acknowledges support by the Norwegian Research Council under contract 223252/F50. A. M. Keesee acknowledges support from NASA EPSCoR Award NNX10AN08A and WVU Research and Scholarship Committee. J. Soucek acknowledges the support of grant P209/12/2394 of Czech Science Foundation GACR. S. Wing acknowledges the support of NSF grant AGS-1058456. C. Forsyth acknowledges support of STFC Consolidated Grant ST/K000977/1. J. Kissinger was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 244 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 6 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 7 BP 705 EP 737 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-705-2014 PG 33 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YX UT WOS:000339938200001 ER PT J AU Zeng, S Riedi, J Trepte, CR Winker, DM Hu, YX AF Zeng, S. Riedi, J. Trepte, C. R. Winker, D. M. Hu, Y. -X. TI Study of global cloud droplet number concentration with A-Train satellites SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WATER CLOUDS; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; AEROSOLS; CLIMATE; CALIPSO; MISSION; ALBEDO; GROWTH; RADIUS; OCEAN AB Cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) is an important microphysical property of liquid clouds that impacts radiative forcing, precipitation and is pivotal for understanding cloud-aerosol interactions. Current studies of this parameter at global scales with satellite observations are still challenging, especially because retrieval algorithms developed for passive sensors (i.e., MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua) have to rely on the assumption of cloud adiabatic growth. The active sensor component of the A-Train constellation (i.e., Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)/CALIPSO) allows retrievals of CDNC from depolarization measurements at 532 nm. For such a case, the retrieval does not rely on the adiabatic assumption but instead must use a priori information on effective radius (r(e)), which can be obtained from other passive sensors. In this paper, r(e) values obtained from MODIS/Aqua and Polarization and Directionality of the Earth Reflectance (POLDER)/PARASOL (two passive sensors, components of the A-Train) are used to constrain CDNC retrievals from CALIOP. Intercomparison of CDNC products retrieved from MODIS and CALIOP sensors is performed, and the impacts of cloud entrainment, drizzling, horizontal heterogeneity and effective radius are discussed. By analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of different retrieval techniques, this study aims to better understand global CDNC distribution and eventually determine cloud structure and atmospheric conditions in which they develop. The improved understanding of CDNC can contribute to future studies of global cloud-aerosol-precipitation interaction and parameterization of clouds in global climate models (GCMs). C1 [Zeng, S.] Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Zeng, S.; Trepte, C. R.; Winker, D. M.; Hu, Y. -X.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Riedi, J.] Univ Lille 1, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Zeng, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM shan.zeng@hotmail.com RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 FU NASA FX The authors are very grateful to NASA's Langley and Goddard Centers and the French ICARE Data and Services Center for providing the CALIOP, POLDER and MODIS data used in this study. This research has been supported by NASA Postdoctoral Program. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 14 BP 7125 EP 7134 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7125-2014 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5XR UT WOS:000339934900002 ER PT J AU Parrish, A Boyd, IS Nedoluha, GE Bhartia, PK Frith, SM Kramarova, NA Connor, BJ Bodeker, GE Froidevaux, L Shiotani, M Sakazaki, T AF Parrish, A. Boyd, I. S. Nedoluha, G. E. Bhartia, P. K. Frith, S. M. Kramarova, N. A. Connor, B. J. Bodeker, G. E. Froidevaux, L. Shiotani, M. Sakazaki, T. TI Diurnal variations of stratospheric ozone measured by ground-based microwave remote sensing at the Mauna Loa NDACC site: measurement validation and GEOSCCM model comparison SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EMISSION SOUNDER SMILES; TRACE CONSTITUENTS; MESOSPHERIC OZONE; UARS; SATELLITE; TRANSPORT AB There is presently renewed interest in diurnal variations of stratospheric and mesospheric ozone for the purpose of supporting homogenization of records of various ozone measurements that are limited by the technique employed to being made at certain times of day. We have made such measurements for 19 years using a passive microwave remote sensing technique at the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) in Hawaii, which is a primary station in the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). We have recently reprocessed these data with hourly time resolution to study diurnal variations. We inspected differences between pairs of the ozone spectra (e. g., day and night) from which the ozone profiles are derived to determine the extent to which they may be contaminated by diurnally varying systematic instrumental or measurement effects. These are small, and we have reduced them further by selecting data that meet certain criteria that we established. We have calculated differences between profiles measured at different times: morning-night, afternoon-night, and morning-afternoon and have intercompared these with like profiles derived from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (Aura-MLS), the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder (UARS-MLS), the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES), and Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet version 2 (SBUV/2) measurements. Differences between averages of coincident profiles are typically <1.5% of typical nighttime values over most of the covered altitude range with some exceptions. We calculated averages of ozone values for each hour from the Mauna Loa microwave data, and normalized these to the average for the first hour after midnight for comparison with corresponding values calculated with the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Climate Model (GEOSCCM). We found that the measurements and model output mostly agree to better than 1.5% of the midnight value, with one noteworthy exception: The measured morning-night values are significantly (2-3 %) higher than the modeled ones from 3.2 to 1.8 hPa (similar to 39-43 km), and there is evidence that the measured values are increasing compared to the modeled values before sunrise in this region. C1 [Parrish, A.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Boyd, I. S.] BC Sci Consulting LLC, Dinuba, CA USA. [Nedoluha, G. E.] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Bhartia, P. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Frith, S. M.; Kramarova, N. A.] SSAI, Lanham, MD USA. [Connor, B. J.] BC Sci Consulting LLC, Wellington, New Zealand. [Bodeker, G. E.] Bodeker Sci, Alexandra, New Zealand. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Shiotani, M.; Sakazaki, T.] Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Uji, Japan. RP Parrish, A (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM parrish@astro.umass.edu; iboyd@astro.umass.edu RI Kramarova, Natalya/D-2270-2014; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016; OI Kramarova, Natalya/0000-0002-6083-8548; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137; Bodeker, Gregory/0000-0003-1094-5852 FU NOAA; NASA [NNX09AG85G] FX The SBUV/2, UARS-, and Aura-MLS data used in this effort were acquired as part of the activities of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, and are archived and distributed by the NASA-Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. The SBUV/2 effort is also supported by NOAA, as the instruments are aboard NOAA operational satellites. The SMILES instrument was jointly developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. The L2 data were processed and distributed from the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of JAXA under the supervision of M. Suzuki. We thank all those involved in developing these instruments, processing and understanding their data, and making them available to the research community. We likewise thank all those involved in the NASA-Goddard GEOSCCM modeling effort. We thank the International Space Sciences Institute for hosting a set of three workshops on characterizing ozone diurnal variations that several of us attended. This work was supported by NASA Grant NNX09AG85G. Field support for the MWR was provided by Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory staff. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with NASA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 14 BP 7255 EP 7272 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7255-2014 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5XR UT WOS:000339934900009 ER PT J AU Aryal, RP Voss, KJ Terman, PA Keene, WC Moody, JL Welton, EJ Holben, BN AF Aryal, R. P. Voss, K. J. Terman, P. A. Keene, W. C. Moody, J. L. Welton, E. J. Holben, B. N. TI Comparison of surface and column measurements of aerosol scattering properties over the western North Atlantic Ocean at Bermuda SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; SEA-SALT; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; IN-SITU AB Light scattering by size-resolved aerosols in near-surface air at Tudor Hill, Bermuda, was measured between January and June 2009. Vertical distributions of aerosol backscattering and column-averaged aerosol optical properties were characterized in parallel with a micro-pulse lidar (MPL) and an automated sun-sky radiometer. Comparisons were made between extensive aerosol parameters in the column, such as the lidar-retrieved extinction at 400 m and the aerosol optical depth (AOD), and scattering was measured with a surface nephelometer. Comparisons were also made for intensive parameters such as the Angstrom exponent and calculations using AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)derived aerosol physical parameters (size distribution, index of refraction) and Mie theory, and the ratio of submicron scattering to total scattering for size-segregated nephelometer measurements. In these comparisons the r(2) was generally around 0.50. Data were also evaluated based on back trajectories. The correlation between surface scattering and lidar extinction was highest for flows when the surface scattering was dominated by smaller particles and the flow had a longer footprint over land then over the ocean. The correlation of AOD with surface scatter was similar for all flow regimes. There was also no clear dependence of the atmospheric lapse rate, as determined from a nearby radiosonde station, on flow regime. The Angstrom exponent for most flow regimes was 0.9-1.0, but for the case of air originating from North America, but with significant time over the ocean, the Angstrom exponent was 0.57 +/- 0.18. The submicron fraction of aerosol near the surface (Rsub-surf) was significantly greater for the flows from land (0.66 +/- 0.11) than for the flows which spent more time over the ocean (0.40 +/- 0.05). When comparing Rsub-surf and the column-integrated submicron scattering fraction, Rsub-col, the correlation was similar, r(2) = 0.50, but Rsub-surf was generally less than Rsub-col, indicating more large particles contributing to light scattering at the surface, contrary to conditions over continents and for polluted continental transport over the ocean. In general, though, the marginal correlations indicate that the column optical properties are weakly correlated with the surface optical measurements. Thus, if it is desired to associate aerosol chemical/physical properties with their optical properties, it is best to use optical and chemical/physical measurements with both collected at the surface or both collected in the column. C1 [Aryal, R. P.; Voss, K. J.; Terman, P. A.] Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA. [Keene, W. C.; Moody, J. L.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Welton, E. J.; Holben, B. N.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Voss, KJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA. EM voss@physics.miami.edu FU National Science Foundation [ATM 0541566, ATM 0541570]; NASA through AERONET program; NASA through MPLNET program FX We thank Miguel Izaguirre, Kim Zeeh, and Chris Marsay for assisting in field operations and data generation and processing. Peter Sedwick and Andrew Peters supervised operations at the observatory, and the Bermuda Institute for Ocean Sciences provided outstanding logistical support. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through awards to the University of Miami (ATM 0541566) and the University of Virginia (ATM 0541570). Additional support was provided by NASA through the AERONET and MPLNET programs. MPLNET is supported by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program and NASA Earth Observing System. NR 73 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 14 BP 7617 EP 7629 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7617-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5XR UT WOS:000339934900029 ER PT J AU Barahona, D AF Barahona, D. TI Analysis of the effect of water activity on ice formation using a new thermodynamic framework SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; SUPERCOOLED WATER; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; ATMOSPHERIC APPLICATIONS; FREEZING NUCLEATION; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; CIRRUS CLOUDS; MODEL; DROPLETS AB In this work a new thermodynamic framework is developed and used to investigate the effect of water activity on the formation of ice within supercooled droplets. The new framework is based on a novel concept where the interface is assumed to be made of liquid molecules "trapped" by the solid matrix. It also accounts for the change in the composition of the liquid phase upon nucleation. Using this framework, new expressions are developed for the critical ice germ size and the nucleation work with explicit dependencies on temperature and water activity. However unlike previous approaches, the new model does not depend on the interfacial tension between liquid and ice. The thermodynamic framework is introduced within classical nucleation theory to study the effect of water activity on the ice nucleation rate. Comparison against experimental results shows that the new approach is able to reproduce the observed effect of water activity on the nucleation rate and the freezing temperature. It allows for the first time a phenomenological derivation of the constant shift in water activity between melting and nucleation. The new framework offers a consistent thermodynamic view of ice nucleation, simple enough to be applied in atmospheric models of cloud formation. C1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barahona, D (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donifan.o.barahona@nasa.gov FU NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program [WBS 802678.02.17.01.07] FX Donifan Barahona was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program under WBS 802678.02.17.01.07. The author thanks Athanasios Nenes for his comments on the manuscript. NR 59 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 14 BP 7665 EP 7680 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7665-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5XR UT WOS:000339934900032 ER PT J AU Noel, V Chepfer, H Hoareau, C Reverdy, M Cesana, G AF Noel, V. Chepfer, H. Hoareau, C. Reverdy, M. Cesana, G. TI Effects of solar activity on noise in CALIOP profiles above the South Atlantic Anomaly SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENT AB We show that nighttime dark noise measurements from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP contain valuable information about the evolution of upwelling high-energy radiation levels. Above the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), CALIOP dark noise levels fluctuate by +/- 6% between 2006 and 2013, and follow the known anticorrelation of local particle flux with the 11-year cycle of solar activity (with a 1-year lag). By analyzing the geographic distribution of noisy profiles, we are able to reproduce known findings about the SAA region. Over the considered period, it shifts westward by 0.3 degrees year(-1), and changes in size by 6 degrees meridionally and 2 degrees zonally, becoming larger with weaker solar activity. All results are in strong agreement with previous works. We predict SAA noise levels will increase anew after 2014, and will affect future spaceborne lidar missions most near 2020. C1 [Noel, V.; Chepfer, H.; Hoareau, C.; Reverdy, M.] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Meteorol Dynam UMR8539, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. [Cesana, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Noel, V (reprint author), Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Meteorol Dynam UMR8539, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. EM vincent.noel@lmd.polytechnique.fr OI Noel, Vincent/0000-0001-9494-0340 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1597 EP 1603 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1597-2014 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YB UT WOS:000339935900006 ER PT J AU Chiou, EW Bhartia, PK McPeters, RD Loyola, DG Coldewey-Egbers, M Fioletov, VE Van Roozendael, M Spurr, R Lerot, C Frith, SM AF Chiou, E. W. Bhartia, P. K. McPeters, R. D. Loyola, D. G. Coldewey-Egbers, M. Fioletov, V. E. Van Roozendael, M. Spurr, R. Lerot, C. Frith, S. M. TI Comparison of profile total ozone from SBUV (v8.6) with GOME-type and ground-based total ozone for a 16-year period (1996 to 2011) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SENSORS GOME/ERS-2; ALGORITHM; SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT; GOME-2/METOP-A; COLUMN AB This paper describes the comparison of the variability of total column ozone inferred from the three independent multi-year data records, namely, (i) Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SBUV) v8.6 profile total ozone, (ii) GTO (GOME-type total ozone), and (iii) ground-based total ozone data records covering the 16-year overlap period (March 1996 through June 2011). Analyses are conducted based on area-weighted zonal means for 0-30 degrees S, 0-30 degrees N, 50-30 degrees S, and 30-60 degrees N. It has been found that, on average, the differences in monthly zonal mean total ozone vary between -0.3 and 0.8% and are well within 1%. For GTO minus SBUV, the standard deviations and ranges (maximum minus minimum) of the differences regarding monthly zonal mean total ozone vary between 0.6-0.7% and 2.8-3.8% respectively, depending on the latitude band. The corresponding standard deviations and ranges regarding the differences in monthly zonal mean anomalies show values between 0.4-0.6% and 2.2-3.5%. The standard deviations and ranges of the differences ground-based minus SBUV regarding both monthly zonal means and anomalies are larger by a factor of 1.4-2.9 in comparison to GTO minus SBUV. The ground-based zonal means demonstrate larger scattering of monthly data compared to satellite-based records. The differences in the scattering are significantly reduced if seasonal zonal averages are analyzed. The trends of the differences GTO minus SBUV and ground-based minus SBUV are found to vary between -0.04 and 0.1% yr(-1) (-0.1 and 0.3 DU yr(-1)). These negligibly small trends have provided strong evidence that there are no significant time-dependent differences among these multiyear total ozone data records. Analyses of the annual deviations from pre-1980 level indicate that, for the 15-year period of 1996 to 2010, all three data records show a gradual increase at 30-60 degrees N from -5% in 1996 to -2% in 2010. In contrast, at 50-30 degrees S and 30 degrees S-30 degrees N there has been a levelling off in the 15 years after 1996. The deviations inferred from GTO and SBUV show agreement within 1%, but a slight increase has been found in the differences during the period 1996-2010. C1 [Chiou, E. W.] ADNET Syst Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Bhartia, P. K.; McPeters, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Loyola, D. G.; Coldewey-Egbers, M.] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Fioletov, V. E.] Environm Canada, N York, ON, Canada. [Van Roozendael, M.; Lerot, C.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Brussels, Belgium. [Spurr, R.] RT Solut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Frith, S. M.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Chiou, EW (reprint author), ADNET Syst Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM echiou@sesda3.com RI McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016; OI McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137; Fioletov, Vitali/0000-0002-2731-5956 FU NASA [NNG12PL17C] FX E. W. Chiou is supported under NASA Contract NNG12PL17C. The authors would like to thank the TOMS and SBUV instrument team members and WOUDC team members for their work in preparing the SBUV (v8.6) and ground-based data records. The GTO merged ozone data record used in this work was created in the framework of the ESA ozone CCI project. Thanks to ESA for provision of GOME and SCIAMACHY level-1 and level-2 products through DLR D-PAF and D-PAC contracts. We thank EUMETSAT for provision of the GOME-2 level-1 data, and O3M-SAF for operational GOME-2 total ozone products. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1681 EP 1692 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1681-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YB UT WOS:000339935900012 ER PT J AU Dils, B Buchwitz, M Reuter, M Schneising, O Boesch, H Parker, R Guerlet, S Aben, I Blumenstock, T Burrows, JP Butz, A Deutscher, NM Frankenberg, C Hase, F Hasekamp, OP Heymann, J De Maziere, M Notholt, J Sussmann, R Warneke, T Griffith, D Sherlock, V Wunch, D AF Dils, B. Buchwitz, M. Reuter, M. Schneising, O. Boesch, H. Parker, R. Guerlet, S. Aben, I. Blumenstock, T. Burrows, J. P. Butz, A. Deutscher, N. M. Frankenberg, C. Hase, F. Hasekamp, O. P. Heymann, J. De Maziere, M. Notholt, J. Sussmann, R. Warneke, T. Griffith, D. Sherlock, V. Wunch, D. TI The Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI): comparative validation of GHG-CCI SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS/GOSAT CO2 and CH4 retrieval algorithm products with measurements from the TCCON SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; METHANE EMISSIONS; FTS MEASUREMENTS; THIN CLOUDS; PART 1; CALIBRATION; SATELLITE AB Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane have been retrieved from spectra acquired by the TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observations-Fourier Transform Spectrometer) and SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography) instruments on board GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) and ENVISAT (ENVIronmental SATellite), respectively, using a range of European retrieval algorithms. These retrievals have been compared with data from ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The participating algorithms are the weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithm (WFMD, University of Bremen), the Bremen optimal estimation DOAS algorithm (BESD, University of Bremen), the iterative maximum a posteriori DOAS (IMAP, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Netherlands Institute for Space Research algorithm (SRON)), the proxy and full-physics versions of SRON's RemoTeC algorithm (SRPR and SRFP, respectively) and the proxy and full-physics versions of the University of Leicester's adaptation of the OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) algorithm (OCPR and OCFP, respectively). The goal of this algorithm inter-comparison was to identify strengths and weaknesses of the various so-called round-robin data sets generated with the various algorithms so as to determine which of the competing algorithms would proceed to the next round of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) project, which is the generation of the so-called Climate Research Data Package (CRDP), which is the first version of the Essential Climate Variable (ECV) "greenhouse gases" (GHGs). For XCO2, all algorithms reach the precision requirements for inverse modelling (< 8 ppm), with only WFMD having a lower precision (4.7 ppm) than the other algorithm products (2.4-2.5 ppm). When looking at the seasonal relative accuracy (SRA, variability of the bias in space and time), none of the algorithms have reached the demanding < 0.5 ppm threshold. For XCH4, the precision for both SCIAMACHY products (50.2 ppb for IMAP and 76.4 ppb for WFMD) fails to meet the < 34 ppb threshold for inverse modelling, but note that this work focusses on the period after the 2005 SCIAMACHY detector degradation. The GOSAT XCH4 precision ranges between 18.1 and 14.0 ppb. Looking at the SRA, all GOSAT algorithm products reach the < 10 ppm threshold (values ranging between 5.4 and 6.2 ppb). For SCIAMACHY, IMAP and WFMD have a SRA of 17.2 and 10.5 ppb, respectively. C1 [Dils, B.; De Maziere, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. [Buchwitz, M.; Reuter, M.; Schneising, O.; Burrows, J. P.; Deutscher, N. M.; Heymann, J.; Notholt, J.; Warneke, T.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys IUP, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Boesch, H.; Parker, R.] Univ Leicester, Leicester, Leics, England. [Guerlet, S.; Aben, I.; Hasekamp, O. P.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Blumenstock, T.; Butz, A.; Hase, F.; Sussmann, R.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Blumenstock, T.; Butz, A.; Hase, F.; Sussmann, R.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Deutscher, N. M.; Griffith, D.] Univ Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. [Sherlock, V.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res NIWA, Lauder, New Zealand. [Wunch, D.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Dils, B (reprint author), Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. EM bart.dils@aeronomy.be RI Butz, Andre/A-7024-2013; Deutscher, Nicholas/E-3683-2015; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012; Reuter, Maximilian/L-3752-2014; Sussmann, Ralf/K-3999-2012; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI Butz, Andre/0000-0003-0593-1608; Deutscher, Nicholas/0000-0002-2906-2577; Reuter, Maximilian/0000-0001-9141-3895; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 FU ESA/ESRIN (GHG-CCI); EU [283576]; DLR (SADOS); State and the University of Bremen; PRODEX [SECPEA/A3C]; TCCON; NASA [NNX11AG01G, NAG5-12247, NNG05-GD07G]; Australian Research Council [DP0879468, LP0562346]; EU projects IMECC; InGoS; GEOmon; Senate of Bremen FX This work was primarily funded by ESA/ESRIN (GHG-CCI), with additional funds from EU FP7 (grant agreement no. 283576, MACC-II), DLR (SADOS), the State and the University of Bremen and PRODEX SECPEA/A3C. We thank the members of the GOSAT Project (JAXA, NIES, and Ministry of the Environment (MoE), Japan) for providing GOSAT Level 1B and Level 2 data products (GOSAT RA1PI project CONSCIGO). We also thank TCCON and related funding organizations (NASA grants NNX11AG01G, NAG5-12247 and NNG05-GD07G; NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program; DOE ARM program; the Australian Research Council, DP0879468 and LP0562346; the EU projects IMECC, InGoS and GEOmon; and the Senate of Bremen). NR 56 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1723 EP 1744 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1723-2014 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YB UT WOS:000339935900016 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Meyer, K Platnick, S Oreopoulos, L Lee, D Yu, H AF Zhang, Z. Meyer, K. Platnick, S. Oreopoulos, L. Lee, D. Yu, H. TI A novel method for estimating shortwave direct radiative effect of above-cloud aerosols using CALIOP and MODIS data SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID CALIPSO LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL DEPTH; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; LIQUID CLOUDS; SAFARI 2000; LAYERS; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHMS; THICKNESS AB This paper describes an efficient and unique method for computing the shortwave direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosol residing above low-level liquid-phase clouds using CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. It addresses the overlap of aerosol and cloud rigorously by utilizing the joint histogram of cloud optical depth and cloud top pressure while also accounting for subgrid-scale variations of aerosols. The method is computationally efficient because of its use of grid-level cloud and aerosol statistics, instead of pixel-level products, and a precomputed look-up table based on radiative transfer calculations. We verify that for smoke and polluted dust over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean the method yields a seasonal mean instantaneous (approximately 13:30 local time) shortwave DRE of above-cloud aerosol (ACA) that generally agrees with a more rigorous pixel-level computation within 4%. We also estimate the impact of potential CALIOP aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval bias of ACA on DRE. We find that the regional and seasonal mean instantaneous DRE of ACA over southeastern Atlantic Ocean would increase, from the original value of 6.4 W m(-2) based on operational CALIOP AOD to 9.6 W m(-2) if CALIOP AOD retrievals are biased low by a factor of 1.5 (Meyer et al., 2013) and further to 30.9 W m(-2) if CALIOP AOD retrievals are biased low by a factor of 5 as suggested in Jethva et al. (2014). In contrast, the instantaneous ACA radiative forcing efficiency (RFE) remains relatively invariant in all cases at about 53 W m(-2) AOD(-1), suggesting a near-linear relation between the instantaneous RFE and AOD. We also compute the annual mean instantaneous shortwave DRE of light-absorbing aerosols (i.e., smoke and polluted dust) over global oceans based on 4 years of CALIOP and MODIS data. We find that given an above-cloud aerosol type the optical depth of the underlying clouds plays a larger role than above-cloud AOD in the variability of the annual mean shortwave DRE of above-cloud light-absorbing aerosol. While we demonstrate our method using CALIOP and MODIS data, it can also be extended to other satellite data sets. C1 [Zhang, Z.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Zhang, Z.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst & Technol JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Meyer, K.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. [Meyer, K.; Platnick, S.; Oreopoulos, L.; Lee, D.; Yu, H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lee, D.] Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Yu, H.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zhang, Z (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM zhibo.zhang@umbc.edu RI Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014; Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012; Zhang, Zhibo/D-1710-2010; Meyer, Kerry/E-8095-2016 OI Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567; Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905; Zhang, Zhibo/0000-0001-9491-1654; Meyer, Kerry/0000-0001-5361-9200 FU NASA through the New (Early Career) Investigator Program [NNX14AI35G]; NASA CALIPSO/CloudSat project [NNX14AB21G]; NASA's Modeling Analysis and Prediction program FX We would like to acknowledge the Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER), Inc. for developing the RRTM_SW model and making it publicly available. The CALIPSO data used in this study are from the NASA Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The MODIS data are from the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Achieve and Distribution System (LAADS). Z. Zhang acknowledges funding support from NASA through the New (Early Career) Investigator Program (NNX14AI35G) managed by Ming-Ying Wei. H. Yu was supported by NASA CALIPSO/CloudSat project under NNX14AB21G, managed by David Considine. L. Oreopoulos and D. Lee gratefully acknowledge support by NASA's Modeling Analysis and Prediction program. NR 64 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1777 EP 1789 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1777-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YB UT WOS:000339935900019 ER PT J AU Gong, J Wu, DL AF Gong, J. Wu, D. L. TI CloudSat-constrained cloud ice water path and cloud top height retrievals from MHS 157 and 183.3 GHz radiances SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; CIRRUS CLOUDS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; AMSU-B; SATELLITE; AIRS; CLIMATE; RADAR; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Ice water path (IWP) and cloud top height (h(t)) are two of the key variables in determining cloud radiative and thermodynamical properties in climate models. Large uncertainty remains among IWP measurements from satellite sensors, in large part due to the assumptions made for cloud microphysics in these retrievals. In this study, we develop a fast algorithm to retrieve IWP from the 157, 183.3+/-3 and 190.3 GHz radiances of the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) such that the MHS cloud ice retrieval is consistent with CloudSat IWP measurements. This retrieval is obtained by constraining the empirical forward models between collocated and coincident measurements of CloudSat IWP and MHS cloud-induced radiance depression (T-cir) at these channels. The empirical forward model is represented by a lookup table (LUT) of T-cir-IWP relationships as a function of h(t) and the frequency channel. With h(t) simultaneously retrieved, the IWP is found to be more accurate. The useful range of the MHS IWP retrieval is between 0.5 and 10 kgm(-2), and agrees well with CloudSat in terms of the normalized probability density function (PDF). Compared to the empirical model, current operational radiative transfer models (RTMs) still have significant uncertainties in characterizing the observed T-cir-IWP relationships. Therefore, the empirical LUT method developed here remains an effective approach to retrieving ice cloud properties from the MHS-like microwave channels. C1 [Gong, J.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Gong, J.; Wu, D. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gong, J (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. EM jie.gong@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNH10ZDA001N-ESDRERR] FX This work is performed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center with support from the NASA NNH10ZDA001N-ESDRERR (Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis) project. The authors are grateful to S. Buehler, V. John, I. Moradi, and S. Wong for helpful discussions and comments. We thank the two anonymous referees for their reviews. AAPP is provided by the EUMETSAT network of satellite application facilities. NR 45 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1873 EP 1890 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1873-2014 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YB UT WOS:000339935900026 ER PT J AU Sofieva, VF Kalakoski, N Paivarinta, SM Tamminen, J Laine, M Froidevaux, L AF Sofieva, V. F. Kalakoski, N. Paivarinta, S. -M. Tamminen, J. Laine, M. Froidevaux, L. TI On sampling uncertainty of satellite ozone profile measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID IMPACT; MLS AB Satellite measurements sample continuous fields of atmospheric constituents at discrete locations and times. However, insufficient or inhomogeneous sampling, if not taken into account, can result in inaccurate average estimates and even induce spurious features. We propose to characterize the spatiotemporal inhomogeneity of atmospheric measurements by a measure, which is a linear combination of the asymmetry and entropy of a sampling distribution. It is shown that this measure is related to the so-called sampling uncertainty, which occurs due to non-uniform sampling patterns. We have estimated the sampling uncertainty of zonal mean ozone profiles for six limb-viewing satellite instruments participating in the European Space Agency Ozone Climate Change Initiative project using the high-resolution ozone field simulated with the FinROSE chemistry-transport model. It is shown that the sampling uncertainty for the instruments with coarse sampling is not negligible and can be as large as a few percent. It is found that the standard deviation of the sampling uncertainty in the monthly zonal mean data allows for a simple parameterization in terms of the product of the standard deviation of natural variations and the proposed inhomogeneity measure. The sampling uncertainty estimates improve the uncertainty quantification and can be used in comprehensive data analyses. The focus of this work is the vertical ozone distributions measured by limb-viewing satellite instruments, but the developed methods can also be applied to different satellite, ground-based and in situ measurements. C1 [Sofieva, V. F.; Kalakoski, N.; Paivarinta, S. -M.; Tamminen, J.; Laine, M.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Sofieva, VF (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM viktoria.sofieva@fmi.fi RI Sofieva, Viktoria/E-1958-2014; Tamminen, Johanna/D-7959-2014; Paivarinta, Sanna-Mari/D-1084-2014; Laine, Marko/E-9574-2012; Kalakoski, Niilo/D-8441-2014 OI Sofieva, Viktoria/0000-0002-9192-2208; Tamminen, Johanna/0000-0003-3095-0069; Paivarinta, Sanna-Mari/0000-0001-9390-7282; Laine, Marko/0000-0002-5914-6747; Kalakoski, Niilo/0000-0003-3733-4277 FU ESA Ozone Climate Change Initiative project; Academy of Finland (project MIDAT); Academy of Finland (project ASTREX); Academy of Finland (project INQUIRE) FX The work of the FMI team has been supported by the ESA Ozone Climate Change Initiative project and the Academy of Finland (projects MIDAT, ASTREX and INQUIRE). NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1891 EP 1900 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1891-2014 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YB UT WOS:000339935900027 ER PT J AU Arun, PV AF Arun, P. V. TI An intelligent approach towards automatic shape modelling and object extraction from satellite images using cellular automata based algorithm SO GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE cellular automata; remote sensing; object extraction ID CLASSIFICATION AB Automatic feature extraction domain has witnessed the application of many intelligent methodologies over past decade; however detection accuracy of these approaches were limited as object geometry and contextual knowledge were not given enough consideration. In this paper, we propose a frame work for accurate detection of features along with automatic interpolation, and interpretation by modelling feature shape as well as contextual knowledge using advanced techniques such as SVRF, Cellular Neural Network, Core set, and MACA. Developed methodology has been compared with contemporary methods using different statistical measures. Investigations over various satellite images revealed that considerable success was achieved with the CNN approach. CNN has been effective in modelling different complex features effectively and complexity of the approach has been considerably reduced using corset optimization. The system has dynamically used spectral and spatial information for representing contextual knowledge using CNN-prologue approach. System has been also proved to be effective in providing intelligent interpolation and interpretation of random features. C1 NASA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Arun, PV (reprint author), NASA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pv2601@nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1010-6049 EI 1752-0762 J9 GEOCARTO INT JI Geocarto Int. PY 2014 VL 29 IS 6 BP 628 EP 638 DI 10.1080/10106049.2013.826738 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AN0AS UT WOS:000340244100005 ER PT J AU Lafaye, M Vignolles, C Haynes, J Estes, S AF Lafaye, Murielle Vignolles, Cecile Haynes, John Estes, Sue TI CNES strategy: satellite data and modelling for public health: towards a cooperation with NASA SO GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE public health; satellites; air quality; tele-epidemiology AB For ages, links between environment, climate and their impacts on human health have been observed and studied. Research to improve our understanding of environmental key determinants of infectious diseases can provide innovative information for adaptation strategies and lead to new tools optimizing surveillance, vector control measures, and disease prevention. As earth observation satellites can measure meteorological and environmental parameters, NASA and CNES have separately engaged in an innovative use of their earth observation infrastructure development programs: space tools addressing public health. As NASA and CNES have fruitful cooperation for satellite development missions for years, both health programs have proposed to explore a new area of collaboration: satellites addressing health issues. As members of international organizations, NASA and CNES could promote their common views towards the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Community of Practice for Health & Environment and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Societal Benefit Area on Health. C1 [Lafaye, Murielle; Vignolles, Cecile] CNES, Paris 9, France. [Haynes, John] NASA, Appl Sci Program, Hlth & Air Qual Program, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Estes, Sue] Hlth & Air Qual Program, Appl Sci Program, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Lafaye, M (reprint author), CNES, Paris 9, France. EM murielle.lafaye@cnes.fr NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1010-6049 EI 1752-0762 J9 GEOCARTO INT JI Geocarto Int. PY 2014 VL 29 IS 6 BP 663 EP 670 DI 10.1080/10106049.2013.827751 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AN0AS UT WOS:000340244100007 ER PT J AU Christopher, B Pruchnicki, S Burian, BK Cotton, S AF Christopher, Bonny Pruchnicki, Shawn Burian, Barbara K. Cotton, Samuel TI Enhancing NextGen RNAV Capabilities: Human Performance Evaluation of NRS Waypoint Nomenclatures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WORKING-MEMORY CAPACITY; EXPERTISE AB As part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) initiative, a redevelopment of the high-altitude airspace is underway to realize the benefits of area navigation (RNAV) capabilities. Three nomenclatures were evaluated as possible alternatives to the current waypoint nomenclature used in the Navigation Reference System (NRS). A part-task study was conducted to assess if speed of NRS waypoint location on an en route chart, speed of flight management system (FMS) entry, number of FMS entry errors, and NRS waypoint reroute use were different among the nomenclatures tested. Overall preference was also assessed. C1 [Christopher, Bonny; Pruchnicki, Shawn; Cotton, Samuel] San Jose State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Christopher, Bonny; Burian, Barbara K.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Christopher, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4,Bldg N262,Rm 228, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bonny.r.christopher@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1050-8414 EI 1532-7108 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2014 VL 24 IS 3 BP 155 EP 171 DI 10.1080/10508414.2014.918409 PG 17 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA AM8EO UT WOS:000340104400001 ER PT J AU Tian, YD Liu, YQ Arsenault, KR Behrangi, A AF Tian, Yudong Liu, Yuqiong Arsenault, Kristi R. Behrangi, Ali TI A new approach to satellite-based estimation of precipitation over snow cover SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE-MICROWAVE; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; UNCERTAINTY; ALGORITHMS; RESOLUTION; LAND AB Current satellite-based remote-sensing approaches are largely incapable of estimating precipitation over snow cover. This note reports a proof-of-concept study of a new satellite-based approach to the estimation of precipitation over snow-covered surfaces. The method is based on the principle that precipitation can be inferred from the changes in the snow water equivalent of the snowpack. Using satellite-based snow water equivalent measurements, we derived daily precipitation amounts for the northern hemisphere for three snow-accumulation seasons, and evaluated these against independent reference datasets. The new precipitation estimates captured realistic-looking storm events over largely un-instrumented regions. However, the data are noisy and, on a seasonal scale, the amount of precipitation is believed to be underestimated. Nevertheless, current uncertainty in snow measurements, albeit large (50-100%), is still lower than direct precipitation measurements over snow (100-140%) and therefore this approach is still useful. The method will become more feasible as the quality of remotely sensed snow measurements improves. C1 [Tian, Yudong; Liu, Yuqiong] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tian, Yudong; Liu, Yuqiong; Arsenault, Kristi R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Arsenault, Kristi R.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. [Behrangi, Ali] CALTECH, NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tian, YD (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM Yudong.Tian@nasa.gov RI Measurement, Global/C-4698-2015 FU NASA Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis Program (Martha E. Maiden) [NNX11AO22G] FX This research was supported by the NASA Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis Program (Martha E. Maiden) [grant number NNX11AO22G]. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2014 VL 35 IS 13 BP 4940 EP 4951 DI 10.1080/01431161.2014.930208 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AM8EU UT WOS:000340105700020 ER PT J AU Petropoulos, GP Ireland, G Srivastava, PK Ioannou-Katidis, P AF Petropoulos, George P. Ireland, Gareth Srivastava, Prashant K. Ioannou-Katidis, Pavlos TI An appraisal of the accuracy of operational soil moisture estimates from SMOS MIRAS using validated in situ observations acquired in a Mediterranean environment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; 1ST ASSESSMENT; SATELLITE; CATCHMENT; PRODUCTS; CALIBRATION; MODEL; UNCERTAINTY; PARAMETERS AB Acquiring information on the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture is of key importance in extending our capability to understand the Earth system's physical processes, and is also required in many practical applications. Earth observation (EO) provides a promising avenue to observe the distribution of soil moisture at different observational scales, with a number of products distributed at present operationally. Validation of such products at a range of climate and environmental conditions across continents is a fundamental step related to their practical use. Various in situ soil moisture ground observational networks have been established globally providing suitable data for evaluating the accuracy of EO-based soil moisture products. This study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of soil moisture estimates provided from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission (SMOS) global operational product at test sites from the REMEDHUS International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) in Spain. For this purpose, validated observations from in situ ground observations acquired nearly concurrent to SMOS overpass were utilized. Overall, results showed a generally reasonable agreement between the SMOS product and the in situ soil moisture measurements in the 0-5 cm soil moisture layer (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.116 m(3) m(-3)). An improvement in product accuracy for the overall comparison was shown when days of high radio frequency interference were filtered out (RMSE = 0.110 m(3) m(-3)). Seasonal analysis showed highest agreement during autumn, followed by summer, winter, and spring seasons. A systematic soil moisture underestimation was also found for the overall comparison and during the four seasons. Overall, the result provides supportive evidence of the potential value of this operational product for meso-scale studies and practical applications. C1 [Petropoulos, George P.; Ireland, Gareth; Ioannou-Katidis, Pavlos] Aberystwyth Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. [Srivastava, Prashant K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MA USA. [Srivastava, Prashant K.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, Baltimore, MA USA. RP Petropoulos, GP (reprint author), Aberystwyth Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. EM gep9@aber.ac.uk RI Petropoulos, George/F-2384-2013 OI Petropoulos, George/0000-0003-1442-1423 FU European Space Agency (ESA); European Space Agency (ESA) Support to Science Element (STSE) PROgRESSIon project [STSE-TEBM-EOPG-TN-08-0005] FX Dr Petropoulos gratefully acknowledges the European Space Agency (ESA) for providing the financial means that assisted this study's materialization. This work was supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) Support to Science Element (STSE) PROgRESSIon project [grant under contract STSE-TEBM-EOPG-TN-08-0005]. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2014 VL 35 IS 13 BP 5239 EP 5250 DI 10.1080/2150704X.2014.933277 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AM8EU UT WOS:000340105700035 ER PT J AU Tinto, M Dhurandhar, SV AF Tinto, Massimo Dhurandhar, Sanjeev V. TI Time-Delay Interferometry SO LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY LA English DT Review DE Interferometry; Gravitational-wave detectors ID LISA PHASEMETER; BINARIES AB Equal-arm detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the detector. In order to solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called time-delay interferometry (TDI). This article provides an overview of the theory, mathematical foundations, and experimental aspects associated with the implementation of TDI. Although emphasis on the application of TDI to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission appears throughout this article, TDI can be incorporated into the design of any future space-based mission aiming to search for gravitational waves via interferometric measurements. We have purposely left out all theoretical aspects that data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the TDI data combinations. C1 [Tinto, Massimo] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Dhurandhar, Sanjeev V.] IUCAA, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India. RP Tinto, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Massimo.Tinto@jpl.nasa.gov; sanjeev@iucaa.ernet.in FU IFCPAR, Delhi, India; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX S.V.D. acknowledges support from IFCPAR, Delhi, India under which the work was carried out in collaboration with J.-Y. Vinet. S.V.D. also thanks IUCAA for a visiting professorship during which this article was updated. This research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 65 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 14 U2 25 PU SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG PI CHAM PA GEWERBESTRASSE 11, CHAM, CH-6330, SWITZERLAND SN 1433-8351 J9 LIVING REV RELATIV JI Living Rev. Relativ. PY 2014 VL 17 AR 6 DI 10.12942/lrr-2014-6 PG 54 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA AM8VU UT WOS:000340157300001 PM 28163627 ER PT J AU Kharuk, VI Kuzmichev, VV Im, ST Ranson, KJ AF Kharuk, Viacheslav I. Kuzmichev, Valeriy V. Im, Sergey T. Ranson, Kenneth J. TI Birch stands growth increase in Western Siberia SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE birch stands; CO2 fertilization; climate-induced tree growth ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; RADIAL GROWTH; CO2; TEMPERATURE; MOUNTAINS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PRODUCTIVITY; MORTALITY; BIOMASS AB Birch (Betula pendula Roth) growth within the Western Siberia forest-steppe was analyzed based on long-term (1897-2006) inventory data (height, diameter at breast height [dbh], and stand volume). Analysis of biometry parameters showed increased growth at the beginning of twenty-first century compared to similar stands (stands age = 40-60 years) at the end of nineteenth century. Mean height, dbh, and stem volume increased from 14 to 20 m, from 16 to 22 cm, and from similar to 63 to similar to 220 m(3)/ha, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the stands mean height, dbh, and volume on the one hand, and vegetation period length (r(s) = 0.71 to 0.74), atmospheric CO2 concentration (r(s) = 0.71 to 0.76), and drought index (Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, r(s) = -0.33 to -0.51) on the other hand. The results obtained have revealed apparent climate-induced impacts (e. g. increase of vegetation period length and birch habitat drying due to drought increase) on the stands growth. Along with this, a high correlation of birch biometric parameters and [CO2] in ambient air indicated an effect of CO2 fertilization. Meanwhile, further drought increase may switch birch stand growth into decline and greater mortality as has already been observed within the Trans-Baikal forest-steppe ecotone. C1 [Kharuk, Viacheslav I.; Kuzmichev, Valeriy V.; Im, Sergey T.] Sukachev Forest Inst, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. [Kharuk, Viacheslav I.; Im, Sergey T.] Siberian Fed Univ, GIS Chair, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. [Ranson, Kenneth J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kharuk, VI (reprint author), Sukachev Forest Inst, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. EM kharuk@ksc.krasn.ru RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012; Im, Sergei/J-2736-2016 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270; Im, Sergei/0000-0002-5794-7938 NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA KARL JOHANS GATE 5, NO-0154 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0282-7581 EI 1651-1891 J9 SCAND J FOREST RES JI Scand. J. Forest Res. PY 2014 VL 29 IS 5 BP 421 EP 426 DI 10.1080/02827581.2014.912345 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA AM5SU UT WOS:000339921400002 ER PT J AU Oswald, FB Zaretsky, EV Poplawski, JV AF Oswald, Fred B. Zaretsky, Erwin V. Poplawski, Joseph V. TI Effect of Roller Geometry on Roller Bearing Load-Life Relation SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Rolling-Element Bearings; Roller Bearings; Roller Crowning; Life Prediction; Stress Analysis ID FATIGUE LIFE; RELIABILITY; PREDICTION; PROFILE AB Cylindrical roller bearings typically employ roller profile modification to equalize the load distribution, minimize the stress concentration at roller ends, and allow for a small amount of misalignment. The 1947 Lundberg-Palmgren analysis reported an inverse fourth-power relation between load and life for roller bearings with line contact. In 1952, Lundberg and Palmgren changed their load-life exponent to 10/3 for roller bearings, assuming mixed line and point contacts. The effect of the roller-crown profile was reanalyzed in this article to determine the actual load-life relation for modified roller profiles. For uncrowned rollers (line contact), the load-life exponent is p = 4, in agreement with the 1947 Lundberg-Palmgren value, but crowning reduces the value of the exponent, p. The lives of modern roller bearings made from vacuum-processed steels significantly exceed those predicted by the Lundberg-Palmgren theory. The Zaretsky rolling-element bearing life model of 1996 produces a load-life exponent of p = 5 for flat rollers, which is more consistent with test data. For the Zaretsky model with fully crowned rollers, p = 4.3. For an aerospace profile and chamfered rollers, p = 4.6. Using the 1952 Lundberg-Palmgren value p = 10/3, the value incorporated in ANSI/ABMA and ISO bearing standards, can create significant life calculation errors for roller bearings. C1 [Oswald, Fred B.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Poplawski, Joseph V.] JV Poplawski & Associates, Bethlehem, PA 18018 USA. RP Oswald, FB (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-2004 EI 1547-397X J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PY 2014 VL 57 IS 5 BP 928 EP 938 DI 10.1080/10402004.2014.927545 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA AM9MC UT WOS:000340204700018 ER PT J AU Hache, E Attie, JL Tourneur, C Ricaud, P Coret, L Lahoz, WA El Amraoui, L Josse, B Hamer, P Warner, J Liu, X Chance, K Hopfner, M Spurr, R Natraj, V Kulawik, S Eldering, A Orphal, J AF Hache, E. Attie, J-L. Tourneur, C. Ricaud, P. Coret, L. Lahoz, W. A. El Amraoui, L. Josse, B. Hamer, P. Warner, J. Liu, X. Chance, K. Hoepfner, M. Spurr, R. Natraj, V. Kulawik, S. Eldering, A. Orphal, J. TI The added value of a visible channel to a geostationary thermal infrared instrument to monitor ozone for air quality SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; LOWERMOST TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; SYSTEM SIMULATION EXPERIMENT; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENTS; POLLUTION; MODEL; RETRIEVAL; CHEMISTRY AB Ozone is a tropospheric pollutant and plays a key role in determining the air quality that affects human wellbeing. In this study, we compare the capability of two hypothetical grating spectrometers onboard a geostationary (GEO) satellite to sense ozone in the lowermost troposphere (surface and the 0-1 km column). We consider 1 week during the Northern Hemisphere summer simulated by a chemical transport model, and use the two GEO instrument configurations to measure ozone concentration (1) in the thermal infrared (GEO TIR) and (2) in the thermal infrared and the visible (GEO TIR+VIS). These configurations are compared against each other, and also against an ozone reference state and a priori ozone information. In a first approximation, we assume clear sky conditions neglecting the influence of aerosols and clouds. A number of statistical tests are used to assess the performance of the two GEO configurations. We consider land and sea pixels and whether differences between the two in the performance are significant. Results show that the GEO TIR+VIS configuration provides a better representation of the ozone field both for surface ozone and the 0-1 km ozone column during the daytime especially over land. C1 [Hache, E.; Attie, J-L.; Ricaud, P.; El Amraoui, L.; Josse, B.; Hamer, P.] GAME CNRM, CNRS, UMR3589, Meteo France, Toulouse, France. [Hache, E.; Attie, J-L.] Univ Toulouse, CNRS, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. [Tourneur, C.; Coret, L.] EADS Astrium, Toulouse, France. [Lahoz, W. A.] NILU Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. [Warner, J.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Liu, X.; Chance, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Hoepfner, M.; Orphal, J.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, IMK, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Spurr, R.] RT Solut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Natraj, V.; Kulawik, S.; Eldering, A.] Jet Prop Lab NASA JPL, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hache, E (reprint author), GAME CNRM, CNRS, UMR3589, Meteo France, Toulouse, France. EM emeric.hache@meteo.fr RI Hopfner, Michael/A-7255-2013; Liu, Xiong/P-7186-2014; OI Hopfner, Michael/0000-0002-4174-9531; Liu, Xiong/0000-0003-2939-574X; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577 FU Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS); Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques (CNRM) of Meteo-France; RTRA/STAE foundation; GENCI-TGCC [2012-t2012016951]; GENCI-IDRIS [2013-t2013016951] FX This work was funded by the Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS) and the Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques (CNRM) of Meteo-France. JLA and WL were supported by the RTRA/STAE foundation. EH and JLA thank also the Region Midi Pyrenees (INFOAIR project) and ASTRIUM-EADS for their strong support. This work was performed using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC (grant 2012-t2012016951) and GENCI-IDRIS (grant 2013-t2013016951). We acknowledge the referee and the editor for their corrections and their reports that helped to improve the quality of the paper. NR 59 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 7 BP 2185 EP 2201 DI 10.5194/amt-7-2185-2014 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YN UT WOS:000339937200020 ER PT J AU Cady-Pereira, KE Chaliyakunnel, S Shephard, MW Millet, DB Luo, M Wells, KC AF Cady-Pereira, K. E. Chaliyakunnel, S. Shephard, M. W. Millet, D. B. Luo, M. Wells, K. C. TI HCOOH measurements from space: TES retrieval algorithm and observed global distribution SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; BIOMASS BURNING PLUMES; TRANSFER MODEL LBLRTM; VINYL ALCOHOL; ACETIC-ACIDS; FORMIC-ACID; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; CENTRAL AMAZON; ORGANIC-ACIDS AB Presented is a detailed description of the TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer)-Aura satellite formic acid (HCOOH) retrieval algorithm and initial results quantifying the global distribution of tropospheric HCOOH. The retrieval strategy, including the optimal estimation methodology, spectral microwindows, a priori constraints, and initial guess information, are provided. A comprehensive error and sensitivity analysis is performed in order to characterize the retrieval performance, degrees of freedom for signal, vertical resolution, and limits of detection. These results show that the TES HCOOH retrievals (i) typically provide at best 1.0 pieces of information; (ii) have the most vertical sensitivity in the range from 900 to 600 hPa with similar to 2 km vertical resolution; (iii) require at least 0.5 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) of HCOOH for detection if thermal contrast is greater than 5 K, and higher concentrations as thermal contrast decreases; and (iv) based on an ensemble of simulated retrievals, are unbiased with a standard deviation of +/-0.4 ppbv. The relative spatial distribution of tropospheric HCOOH derived from TES and its associated seasonality are broadly correlated with predictions from a state-of-the-science chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM). However, TES HCOOH is generally higher than is predicted by GEOS-Chem, and this is in agreement with recent work pointing to a large missing source of atmospheric HCOOH. The model bias is especially pronounced in summertime and over biomass burning regions, implicating biogenic emissions and fires as key sources of the missing atmospheric HCOOH in the model. C1 [Cady-Pereira, K. E.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. [Chaliyakunnel, S.; Millet, D. B.; Wells, K. C.] Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. [Shephard, M. W.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Luo, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Cady-Pereira, KE (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. EM cadyp@aer.com RI Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); University of Minnesota; NSF [AGS-1148951]; NASA [NNX10AG65G]; University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute FX We thank Tom Connor, Alan Lipton, Jean-Luc Moncet, and Gennady Uymin of AER for building an OSS version for TES. We also thank Paul Wennberg and the MILAGRO and INTEX-B teams for providing the data from these campaigns and the IASI team at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles for providing the IASI HCOOH data. Research at JPL was supported under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Research at AER was supported under contract to NASA and the University of Minnesota. Work at UMN was supported by NSF through the Atmospheric Chemistry Program (grant no. AGS-1148951), by NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (grant no. NNX10AG65G), and by the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. The TES HCOOH product is available at http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/data/. NR 61 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 7 BP 2297 EP 2311 DI 10.5194/amt-7-2297-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YN UT WOS:000339937200027 ER PT J AU Colarco, PR Kahn, RA Remer, LA Levy, RC AF Colarco, P. R. Kahn, R. A. Remer, L. A. Levy, R. C. TI Impact of satellite viewing-swath width on global and regional aerosol optical thickness statistics and trends SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID DATA-ASSIMILATION; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SPECTRAL RADIANCES; A-TRAIN; AEROCOM; MODIS; PRODUCTS; LAND; SIMULATIONS AB We use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product to assess the impact of reduced swath width on global and regional AOT statistics and trends. Along-track and across-track sampling strategies are employed, in which the full MODIS data set is sub-sampled with various narrow-swath (similar to 400-800 km) and single pixel width (similar to 10 km) configurations. Although view-angle artifacts in the MODIS AOT retrieval confound direct comparisons between averages derived from different sub-samples, careful analysis shows that with many portions of the Earth essentially unobserved, spatial sampling introduces uncertainty in the derived seasonal-regional mean AOT. These AOT spatial sampling artifacts comprise up to 60% of the full-swath AOT value under moderate aerosol loading, and can be as large as 0.1 in some regions under high aerosol loading. Compared to full-swath observations, narrower swath and single pixel width sampling exhibits a reduced ability to detect AOT trends with statistical significance. On the other hand, estimates of the global, annual mean AOT do not vary significantly from the full-swath values as spatial sampling is reduced. Aggregation of the MODIS data at coarse grid scales (10 degrees) shows consistency in the aerosol trends across sampling strategies, with increased statistical confidence, but quantitative errors in the derived trends are found even for the full-swath data when compared to high spatial resolution (0.5 degrees) aggregations. Using results of a model-derived aerosol reanalysis, we find consistency in our conclusions about a seasonal-regional spatial sampling artifact in AOT. Furthermore, the model shows that reduced spatial sampling can amount to uncertainty in computed shortwave top-of-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing of 2-3 W m(-2). These artifacts are lower bounds, as possibly other unconsidered sampling strategies would perform less well. These results suggest that future aerosol satellite missions having significantly less than full-swath viewing are unlikely to sample the true AOT distribution well enough to obtain the statistics needed to reduce uncertainty in aerosol direct forcing of climate. C1 [Colarco, P. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Lab Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kahn, R. A.; Levy, R. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Lab Code 613, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Remer, L. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Colarco, PR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Lab Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM peter.r.colarco@nasa.gov RI Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012 OI Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662 FU NASA Earth Science Division as part of the pre-formulation study for the Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (ACE) Mission FX This work was funded by the NASA Earth Science Division as part of the pre-formulation study for the Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (ACE) Mission. We acknowledge Hal Maring, Paula Bontempi, Mark Schoeberl, David Starr, and Lisa Callahan for supporting this work. We thank Rich Ferrare, Alexei Lyapustin, Alexander Marshak, Jeffrey Reid, and Ellsworth Welton for comments on an early version of this manuscript. The MERRAero results derive from a number of people's work, including Arlindo da Silva, Ravi Govindaraju, and Anton Darmenov. The image of the Mona Lisa shown in Fig. 1 was taken from the website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from _C2RMF_retouched.jpg. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 7 BP 2313 EP 2335 DI 10.5194/amt-7-2313-2014 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM5YN UT WOS:000339937200028 ER PT J AU Sedano, F Randerson, JT AF Sedano, F. Randerson, J. T. TI Multi-scale influence of vapor pressure deficit on fire ignition and spread in boreal forest ecosystems SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BLACK SPRUCE FOREST; NORMALIZED BURN RATIO; INTERIOR ALASKA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CARBON EMISSIONS; WILDLAND FIRE; SEVERITY; WILDFIRE; MODIS; VULNERABILITY AB Climate-driven changes in the fire regime within boreal forest ecosystems are likely to have important effects on carbon cycling and species composition. In the context of improving fire management options and developing more realistic scenarios of future change, it is important to understand how meteorology regulates different aspects of fire dynamics, including ignition, daily fire spread, and cumulative annual burned area. Here we combined Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fires (MCD14ML), MODIS imagery (MOD13A1) and ancillary historic fire perimeter information to produce a data set of daily fire spread maps for Alaska during 2002-2011. This approach provided a spatial and temporally continuous representation of fire progression and a precise identification of ignition and extinction locations and dates for each wildfire. The fire-spread maps were analyzed with daily vapor pressure deficit (VPD) observations from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and lightning strikes from the Alaska Lightning Detection Network (ALDN). We found a significant relationship between daily VPD and likelihood that a lightning strike would develop into a fire ignition. In the first week after ignition, above average VPD increased the probability that fires would grow to large or very large sizes. Strong relationships also were identified between VPD and burned area at several levels of temporal and spatial aggregation. As a consequence of regional coherence in meteorology, ignition, daily fire spread, and fire extinction events were often synchronized across different fires in interior Alaska. At a regional scale, the sum of positive VPD anomalies during the fire season was positively correlated with annual burned area during the NARR era (1979-2011; R-2 = 0.45). Some of the largest fires we mapped had slow initial growth, indicating opportunities may exist for suppression efforts to adaptively manage these forests for climate change. The results of our spatiotemporal analysis provide new information about temporal and spatial dynamics of wildfires and have implications for modeling the terrestrial carbon cycle. C1 [Sedano, F.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sedano, F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Randerson, J. T.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP Sedano, F (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM fsedano@umd.edu FU NASA FX This work was supported by NASA's Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) Project. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. NR 84 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 14 BP 3739 EP 3755 DI 10.5194/bg-11-3739-2014 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AM5KA UT WOS:000339895600003 ER PT J AU Schunk, RW Scherliess, L Eccles, V Gardner, LC Sojka, JJ Zhu, L Pi, X Mannucci, AJ Butala, M Wilson, BD Komjathy, A Wang, C Rosen, G AF Schunk, R. W. Scherliess, L. Eccles, V. Gardner, L. C. Sojka, J. J. Zhu, L. Pi, X. Mannucci, A. J. Butala, Mark Wilson, B. D. Komjathy, A. Wang, C. Rosen, G. GP ION TI Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System for Space Weather Applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2014 INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 27-29, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP Inst Navigat AB The Earth's Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Electrodynamics (I-T-E) system is highly nonlinear and varies markedly on a range of spatial and temporal scales. Recently, we have created a Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEP S) that is based on data assimilation models, with the goal being to specify and forecast the global I-T-E system (Schunk et al., 2012). Our team has 7 first-principles-based data assimilation models for the ionosphere, ionosphere-plasmasphere, thermosphere, high-latitude ionosphere-electrodynamics, and mid-low latitude ionosphere-electrodynamics. Hence, we can conduct ensemble modeling of the I-T-E system with different data assimilation models and then compare model reconstructions, which should help distinguish between the underlying physics and model artifacts. C1 [Schunk, R. W.; Scherliess, L.; Eccles, V.; Gardner, L. C.; Sojka, J. J.; Zhu, L.] Utah State Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Space Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Pi, X.; Mannucci, A. J.; Butala, Mark; Wilson, B. D.; Komjathy, A.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wang, C.; Rosen, G.] Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. RP Schunk, RW (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Space Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Scherliess, Ludger/0000-0002-7388-5255 FU NASA/ NSF Space Weather Modeling Collaboration program via NSF [AGS- 1329544]; Utah State University; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research was supported by the NASA/ NSF Space Weather Modeling Collaboration program via NSF Grant AGS- 1329544 to Utah State University. The research conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, is under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2014 BP 725 EP 729 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BA9OA UT WOS:000339630900077 ER PT J AU Lee, YC Shindell, DT Faluvegi, G Wenig, M Lam, YF Ning, Z Hao, S Lai, CS AF Lee, Y. C. Shindell, D. T. Faluvegi, G. Wenig, M. Lam, Y. F. Ning, Z. Hao, S. Lai, C. S. TI Increase of ozone concentrations, its temperature sensitivity and the precursor factor in South China SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ozone trends; temperature sensitivity of ozone; sensitivity and concentration; ozone precursors; future ozone; South China ID HONG-KONG; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; NORTH-AMERICA; SURFACE OZONE; AIR-QUALITY; SATELLITE; EMISSIONS; CLIMATE; SIMULATIONS; EPISODES AB Concerns have been raised about the possible connections between the local and regional photochemical problem and global warming. The current study assesses the trend of ozone in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in South China and investigates the interannual changes of sensitivity of ozone to air temperature, as well as the trends in regional precursors. Results reveal, at the three monitoring sites from the mid-1990s to 2010, an increase in the mean ozone concentrations from 1.0 to 1.6 mu g.m(-3) per year. The increase occurred in all seasons, with the highest rate in autumn. This is consistent with trends and temperature anomalies in the region. The increase in the sensitivity of ozone to temperature is clearly evident from the correlation between ozone (OMI [Ozone Monitoring Instrument] column amount) and surface air temperature (from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) displayed in the correlation maps for the PRD during the prominently high ozone period of July-September. It is observed to have increased from 2005 to 2010, the latter being the hottest year on record globally. To verify this temporal change in sensitivity, the ground-level trends of correlation coefficients/regression slopes are analysed. As expected, results reveal a statistically significant upward trend over a 14-year period (1997-2010). While the correlation revealed in the correlation maps is in agreement with the corresponding OMI ozone maps when juxtaposed, temperature sensitivity of surface ozone also shows an association with ozone concentration, with R = 0.5. These characteristics of ozone sensitivity are believed to have adverse implications for the region. As shown by ground measurements and/or satellite analyses, the decrease in nitrogen oxides (NO2) and NOx in Hong Kong is not statistically significant while NO2 of the PRD has only very slightly changed. However, carbon dioxide has remarkably declined in the whole region. While these observations concerning precursors do not seem to adequately support an increasing ozone trend, measured surface levels of formaldehyde, a proxy for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, have risen significantly in the PRD (2004-2010). Hence, the reactive VOCs in the PRD are likely to be the main culprit for the increase of ozone, as far as precursors are concerned. Despite the prevailing problem, model simulations suggest prospects for improvement in the future. C1 [Lee, Y. C.; Lam, Y. F.; Ning, Z.] City Univ Hong Kong, Guy Carpenter Asia Pacific Climate Impact Ctr, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. [Wenig, M.] Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80539 Munich, Germany. [Lam, Y. F.; Ning, Z.; Hao, S.; Lai, C. S.] City Univ Hong Kong, Sch Energy & Environm, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Lam, YF (reprint author), City Univ Hong Kong, Guy Carpenter Asia Pacific Climate Impact Ctr, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM yunflam@cityu.edu.hk RI Ning, Zhi/E-9398-2011; 杨, 宇栋/F-6250-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; LAM, Yun Fat/K-7287-2015 OI Ning, Zhi/0000-0002-8223-1501; LAM, Yun Fat/0000-0002-5917-0907 FU City University of Hong Kong [9041479]; Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre of the City University of Hong Kong FX The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from City University of Hong Kong (Project No. 9041479). Thanks are due to the Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre of the City University of Hong Kong for research grant support. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Environmental Protection Department and the Hong Kong Observatory of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the provision of air quality and meteorological data for the research. We also owe our special thanks to the NOAA-ESRL Physical Sciences Division (PSD) and the NASA GES DISC (Giovanni system) for analyses and visualisations generated on their online data systems. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 63 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PY 2014 VL 66 AR 23455 DI 10.3402/tellusb.v66.23455 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AM7PA UT WOS:000340058600001 ER PT S AU Safie, FM Stutts, RG Broussard, SK AF Safie, Fayssal M. Stutts, Richard G. Broussard, Steven K. GP IEEE TI Reliability and Maintainability - Key To Launch Vehicle Affordability SO 2014 60TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 60th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 27-30, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, AIAA, IIE, IEST, Soc Reliabil Engineers, SSS DE Affordability; Availability; Cost Analysis; Maintainability; NASA; Reliability AB R&M is extremely critical to build safe, reliable, and cost effective systems. The challenges of today's unmanned and manned space flight programs demand the most efficient use of our technical knowledge base to develop cost effective and affordable systems. An efficient reliability and maintainability program is essential to meet the challenges for the nation's Space Program. This paper discusses the role of Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) and its potential impact on operational availability, and affordability. This includes discussion of the R&M elements that need to be addressed and the R&M analyses that need to be performed in order to support an affordable system design. The paper also provides some lessons learned on the impact of R&M on safety and affordability. Lessons learned discussed in this paper clearly demonstrate the importance of reliability and maintainability engineering in designing and operating safe and affordable launch systems. C1 [Safie, Fayssal M.; Broussard, Steven K.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, QD01, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Stutts, Richard G.] NASA Safety Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. RP Safie, FM (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, QD01, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM fayssal.safie@msfc.nasa.gov; richard.g.stutts@nasa.gov; steven.k.broussard@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4799-2847-7 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2014 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BA9GL UT WOS:000339361600055 ER PT S AU Beck, BS Cunefare, KA AF Beck, Benjamin S. Cunefare, Kenneth A. BE Liao, WH TI Improved negative capacitance shunt damping with the use of Acoustic Black Holes SO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SMART STRUCTURES AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems CY MAR 10-13, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Shunt damping; acoustic black holes; piezoelectric transducers; negative capacitance; active control ID VIBRATION; NETWORKS; PLATES AB Negative capacitance shunt damping is an effective broadband method for attenuating flexural vibration. However, proper selection of the location of the piezoelectric patches on a structure to maximize reduction has been an ongoing question in the field. Acoustic black holes are a recently developed concept to reduce vibrations on thin vibrating structures. By engineering the geometric or material properties of these thin structures, it is possible to minimize the reflected wave by gradually reducing the wave speed. However, the flexural wave speed cannot be reduced to zero on a realized structure. Therefore, when acoustic black holes are implemented, some of the incident wave energy is reflected because the wave speed must be truncated. Similarly due to the reduction in wave speed, the transverse velocity significantly increases within the acoustic black hole. It is therefore possible to add piezoelectric transducers to acoustic black hole regions on a structure to utilize negative capacitance shunt damping to address both of these issues. Consequently, the transducers are placed in the locations where the greatest control can be made and the reflected waves can be attenuated. The combination of negative capacitance shunt damping with acoustic black holes shows increased suppression of vibration over shunt damping alone. C1 [Beck, Benjamin S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Cunefare, Kenneth A.] Georgia Inst Technol, GW Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Beck, BS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9983-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9057 AR UNSP 90571Z DI 10.1117/12.2045927 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BA9GW UT WOS:000339374200063 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S Lee, HJ Walkemeyer, P Hasenoehrl, J Hall, JL Colonius, T Tosi, LP Arrazola, A Kim, N Sun, K Corbett, G AF Sherrit, Stewart Lee, Hyeong Jae Walkemeyer, Phillip Hasenoehrl, Jennifer Hall, Jeffery L. Colonius, Tim Tosi, Luis Phillipe Arrazola, Alvaro Kim, Namhyo Sun, Kai Corbett, Gary BE Liao, WH TI Flow Energy Piezoelectric Bimorph Nozzle Harvester SO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SMART STRUCTURES AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems CY MAR 10-13, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Actuators; Piezoelectric Devices; Flow Energy Harvesting; bimorphs; transducers ID TRANSDUCERS AB There is a need for a long-life power generation scheme that could be used downhole in an oil well to produce 1 Watt average power. There are a variety of existing or proposed energy harvesting schemes that could be used in this environment but each of these has its own limitations. The vibrating piezoelectric structure is in principle capable of operating for very long lifetimes (decades) thereby possibly overcoming a principle limitation of existing technology based on rotating turbo-machinery. In order to determine the feasibility of using piezoelectrics to produce suitable flow energy harvesting, we surveyed experimentally a variety of nozzle configurations that could be used to excite a vibrating piezoelectric structure in such a way as to enable conversion of flow energy into useful amounts of electrical power. These included reed structures, spring mass-structures, drag and lift bluff bodies and a variety of nozzles with varying flow profiles. Although not an exhaustive survey we identified a spline nozzle/piezoelectric bimorph system that experimentally produced up to 3.4 mW per bimorph. This paper will discuss these results and present our initial analyses of the device using dimensional analysis and constitutive electromechanical modeling. The analysis suggests that an order-of-magnitude improvement in power generation from the current design is possible. C1 [Sherrit, Stewart; Lee, Hyeong Jae; Walkemeyer, Phillip; Hasenoehrl, Jennifer; Hall, Jeffery L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Colonius, Tim; Tosi, Luis Phillipe] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Arrazola, Alvaro; Kim, Namhyo; Sun, Kai; Corbett, Gary] Chevron Corp, Houston, TX USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA) FX The research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA). Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9983-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9057 AR UNSP 90570D DI 10.1117/12.2045191 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BA9GW UT WOS:000339374200011 ER PT S AU Nolte, C Otte, T Pinder, R Bowden, J Herwehe, J Faluvegi, G Shindell, D AF Nolte, Christopher Otte, Tanya Pinder, Robert Bowden, J. Herwehe, J. Faluvegi, Greg Shindell, Drew BE Steyn, DG Builtjes, PJH Timmermans, RMA TI Influences of Regional Climate Change on Air Quality Across the Continental US Projected from Downscaling IPCC AR5 Simulations SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XXII SE NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C-Environmental Security LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application CY MAY 07-11, 2012 CL Utrecht, NETHERLANDS SP N Atlantic Treaty Org Sci Peace & Secur, TNO, VVM, Univ British Columbia, Earth, Environm & Life Sci, Univ British Columbia, Space Sci, Environm Canada, European Assoc Sci Air Pollut DE Regional climate modeling; Climate change; Air quality; CMAQ ID REANALYSIS AB Projecting climate change scenarios to local scales is important for understanding, mitigating, and adapting to the effects of climate change on society and the environment. Many of the global climate models (GCMs) that are participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) do not fully resolve regional-scale processes and therefore cannot capture regional-scale changes in temperatures and precipitation. We use a regional climate model (RCM) to dynamically downscale the GCM's large-scale signal to investigate the changes in regional and local extremes of temperature and precipitation that may result from a changing climate. In this paper, we show preliminary results from downscaling the NASA/GISS ModelE IPCC AR5 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 6.0 scenario. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as the RCM to downscale decadal time slices (1995-2005 and 2025-2035) and illustrate potential changes in regional climate for the continental U. S. that are projected by ModelE and WRF under RCP6.0. The regional climate change scenario is further processed using the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system to explore influences of regional climate change on air quality. C1 [Nolte, Christopher; Otte, Tanya; Pinder, Robert; Herwehe, J.] US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Bowden, J.] Univ N Carolina, Inst Environm, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Faluvegi, Greg; Shindell, Drew] NASA Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Nolte, C (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM nolte.chris@epa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; OI Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 FU The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development FX The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here. It has been subjected to the Agency's administrative review and approved for publication. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4668 BN 978-94-007-5576-5; 978-94-007-5577-2 J9 NATO SCI PEACE SECUR JI NATO Sci. Peace Secur. Ser. C- Environ. Secur. PY 2014 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_2 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BA9HI UT WOS:000339389900002 ER PT S AU Solomos, S Kallos, G Kushta, J Nenes, A Barahona, D Bartsotas, N AF Solomos, Stavros Kallos, George Kushta, Jonilda Nenes, A. Barahona, D. Bartsotas, N. BE Steyn, DG Builtjes, PJH Timmermans, RMA TI The Role of Aerosol Properties on Cloud Nucleation Processes SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XXII SE NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C-Environmental Security LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application CY MAY 07-11, 2012 CL Utrecht, NETHERLANDS SP N Atlantic Treaty Org Sci Peace & Secur, TNO, VVM, Univ British Columbia, Earth, Environm & Life Sci, Univ British Columbia, Space Sci, Environm Canada, European Assoc Sci Air Pollut DE Aerosols; Clouds; CCN; Nucleation AB The clouds that develop in maritime or polluted environments have significant differences in their properties. A number of modeling sensitivity tests have been performed to describe the physical processes related to aerosol - cloud interactions at various stages of cloud development. Precipitation amounts and cloud structure were found to be very sensitive to changes in the size distribution and number concentrations of the aerosols. Certain combinations of CCN/IN properties and atmospheric properties may lead to significant enhancement of convection and precipitation. These interactions are not linear and it is the synergetic effects between meteorology and atmospheric chemistry that are responsible for the variation of precipitation. C1 [Solomos, Stavros; Kallos, George; Kushta, Jonilda; Bartsotas, N.] Univ Athens, Sch Phys, Athens, Greece. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. [Barahona, D.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Kallos, G (reprint author), Univ Athens, Sch Phys, Athens, Greece. EM kallos@mg.uoa.gr NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4668 BN 978-94-007-5576-5; 978-94-007-5577-2 J9 NATO SCI PEACE SECUR JI NATO Sci. Peace Secur. Ser. C- Environ. Secur. PY 2014 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_5 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BA9HI UT WOS:000339389900005 ER PT S AU Jorba, O Perez, C Haustein, K Janjic, Z MariaBaldasano, J Dabdub, D Badia, A Spada, M AF Jorba, Oriol Perez, Carlos Haustein, Karsten Janjic, Zavisa MariaBaldasano, Jose Dabdub, Donald Badia, Alba Spada, Michele BE Steyn, DG Builtjes, PJH Timmermans, RMA TI Multiscale Air Quality with the NMMB/BSC Chemical Transport Model SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XXII SE NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C-Environmental Security LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application CY MAY 07-11, 2012 CL Utrecht, NETHERLANDS SP N Atlantic Treaty Org Sci Peace & Secur, TNO, VVM, Univ British Columbia, Earth, Environm & Life Sci, Univ British Columbia, Space Sci, Environm Canada, European Assoc Sci Air Pollut DE NMMB/BSC-model; Global modeling; Regional modeling; Aerosols AB The NMMB/BSC Chemical Transport Model (NMMB/BSC-CTM) is a new air quality modeling system under development at the Earth Sciences Department of BSC in collaboration with several research institutions. It is an on-line model based on the NCEP new global/regional Nonhydrostatic Multiscale Model on the B grid (NMMB). NMMB is an evolution of the WRF-NMMe model extending from meso to global scales. Its unified nonhydrostatic dynamical core allows regional and global simulations and forecasts. NMMB/BSC-CTM incorporates an aerosol module that simulates the global life cycle of mineral dust, sea salt, black carbon and organic carbon, and sulfate. Additionally, a gas-phase chemistry module has been implemented. C1 [Jorba, Oriol; Haustein, Karsten; Badia, Alba; Spada, Michele] BSC, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona 08034, Spain. [Perez, Carlos] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Janjic, Zavisa] Natl Centers Environm Predict, NOAA NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Dabdub, Donald] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Irvine, CA 92602 USA. [MariaBaldasano, Jose] Barcelona Supercomputing Ctr, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona, Spain. [MariaBaldasano, Jose] Tech Univ Catalonia, Environm Modeling Lab, Barcelona, Spain. RP Jorba, O (reprint author), BSC, Dept Earth Sci, Barcelona 08034, Spain. EM oriol.jorba@bsc.es FU Spanish Ministry of Economy [CGL2008- 02818- CLI, CGL2010- 19652] FX This work is funded by grants CGL2008- 02818- CLI and CGL2010- 19652 of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. All the numerical simulations were performed with the Mare Nostrum supercomputer hosted by the BSC. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4668 BN 978-94-007-5576-5; 978-94-007-5577-2 J9 NATO SCI PEACE SECUR JI NATO Sci. Peace Secur. Ser. C- Environ. Secur. PY 2014 BP 315 EP 319 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_53 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BA9HI UT WOS:000339389900052 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Najafi, A Abdi, F Bhatt, RT Grady, JE AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Najafi, Ali Abdi, Frank Bhatt, Ramakrishna T. Grady, Joseph E. BE Goulbourne, NC Naguib, HE TI Test Validation of Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Durability and Damage Tolerance Modeling Approach SO BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICS OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites CY MAR 10-12, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE EBC; Finite Element; NDE; CMC; Coatings; Dogbone; Tensile Testing ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; COMPOSITES; OXIDATION; CERAMICS AB Protection of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) is rather an important element for the engine manufacturers and aerospace companies to help improve the durability of their hot engine components. The CMC's are typically porous materials which permits some desirable infiltration that lead to strength enhancements. However, they experience various durability issues such as degradation due to coating oxidation. These concerns are being addressed by introducing a high temperature protective system, Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) that can operate at temperature applications(1, 3) In this paper, linear elastic progressive failure analyses are performed to evaluate conditions that would cause crack initiation in the EBC. The analysis is to determine the overall failure sequence under tensile loading conditions on different layers of material including the EBC and CMC in an attempt to develop a life/failure model. A 3D finite element model of a dogbone specimen is constructed for the analyses. Damage initiation, propagation and final failure is captured using a progressive failure model considering tensile loading conditions at room temperature. It is expected that this study will establish a process for using a computational approach, validated at a specimen level, to predict reliably in the future component level performance without resorting to extensive testing. C1 [Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.; Grady, Joseph E.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Najafi, Ali] ANSYS Inc, Houston, TX 77094 USA. [Abdi, Frank] Alpha STAR Corp, Long Beach, CA 90804 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9984-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9058 AR UNSP 90580P DI 10.1117/12.2045914 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BA9EZ UT WOS:000339327700021 ER PT B AU Zwart, SR Gibson, CR Smith, SM AF Zwart, S. R. Gibson, C. R. Smith, S. M. BE Preedy, VR TI Space Flight Ophthalmic Changes, Diet, and Vitamin Metabolism SO HANDBOOK OF NUTRITION, DIET, AND THE EYE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; FOLATE STATUS; LENS OPACITY; RISK-FACTOR; ASTRONAUTS; RADIATION; CATARACT; EXPOSURE; MICROGRAVITY C1 [Zwart, S. R.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Div Space Life Sci, Houston, TX USA. [Gibson, C. R.] Wyle Sci, Technol & Engn, Houston, TX USA. [Gibson, C. R.] Coastal Eye Associates, Webster, NY USA. [Smith, S. M.] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Biomed Res & Environm Sci Div MC SK3, Houston, TX USA. RP Zwart, SR (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Div Space Life Sci, Houston, TX USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA BN 978-0-12-404606-1; 978-0-12-401717-7 PY 2014 BP 393 EP 399 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-401717-7.00040-X PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Ophthalmology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Ophthalmology GA BA6TH UT WOS:000337276300041 ER PT S AU Pena, F Strutner, SM Richards, WL Piazza, A Parker, AR AF Pena, Francisco Strutner, Scott M. Richards, W. Lance Piazza, Anthony Parker, Allen R. BE Farinholt, KM Griffin, SF TI Evaluation of Embedded FBGs in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels for Strain Based Structural Health Monitoring SO INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies CY MAR 11-12, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE FBGs; COPV; FOSS AB The increased use of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) in space and commercial applications, and the explosive nature of pressure vessel ruptures, make it crucial to develop techniques for early condition based damage detection. The need for a robust health monitoring system for COPVs is a high priority since the mechanisms of stress rupture are not fully understood. Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have been proposed as a potential solution that may be utilized to anticipate and potentially avoid catastrophic failures. The small size and light weight of optical fibers enable manufactures to integrate FBGs directly into composite structures for the purpose of structural health monitoring. A challenging aspect of embedding FBGs within composite structures is the risk of potentially impinging the optical fiber while the structure is under load, thus distorting the optical information to be transferred. As the COPV is pressurized, an embedded optical sensor is compressed between the expansion of the inner bottle, and the outer overwrap layer of composite. In this study, FBGs are installed on the outer surface of a COPV bottle as well as embedded underneath a composite overwrap layer for comparison of strain measurements. Experimental data is collected from optical fibers containing multiple FBGs during incremental pressurization cycles, ranging from 0 to 10,000 psi. The graphical representations of high density strain maps provide a more efficient process of monitoring structural integrity. Preliminary results capture the complex distribution of strain, while furthering the understanding of the failure mechanisms of COPVs. C1 [Pena, Francisco] Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. [Strutner, Scott M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Richards, W. Lance; Piazza, Anthony; Parker, Allen R.] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Pena, F (reprint author), Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9985-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9059 AR UNSP 90590G DI 10.1117/12.2046343 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BA9HM UT WOS:000339392900012 ER PT S AU Strutner, SM Pena, F Piazza, A Parker, AR Richards, WL Carman, GP AF Strutner, Scott M. Pena, Frank Piazza, Anthony Parker, Allen R. Richards, W. Lance Carman, Gregory P. BE Farinholt, KM Griffin, SF TI Recovering strain readings from chirping fiber Bragg gratings in composite overwrapped pressure vessels SO INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies CY MAR 11-12, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Microcrack; Composite overwrapped pressure vessel; Fiber Bragg gratings; Structural health monitoring; Chirped; Strain ID SENSORS; SPECTRA AB This study reports on signal recovery of optical fiber Bragg gratings embedded in a carbon fiber composite overwrapped pressure vessel's (COPV) structure which have become chirped due to microcracks. COPVs are commonly used for the storage of high pressure liquids and gases. They utilize a thin metal liner to seal in contents, with a composite overwrap to strengthen the vessel with minimal additional mass. A COPV was instrumented with an array of surface mounted and embedded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for structural health monitoring (SHM) via strain sensing of the material. FBGs have been studied as strain sensors for the last couple decades. Many of the embedded FBGs reflected a multi-peak, chirped response which was not able to be interpreted well by the current monitoring algorithm. Literature and this study found that the chirping correlated with microcracks. As loading increases, so does the number of chirped FBGs and microcracks. This study uses optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to demultiplex the array of FBGs, and then subdivide individual FBGs. When a FBG is sub-divided using OFDR, the gratings' strain along its length is recovered. The sub-divided chirped FBGs have strain gradients along their length from microcracks. Applying this to all chirped gratings, nearly the entirety of the embedded sensors' readings can be recovered into a series of single peak responses, which show very large local strains throughout the structure. This study reports on this success in recovering embedded FBGs signal, and the strain gradient from microcracks. C1 [Strutner, Scott M.; Carman, Gregory P.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mech & Aerosp Eng Dept, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Pena, Frank] Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. [Piazza, Anthony; Parker, Allen R.; Richards, W. Lance] NASA, Dryden Fligh Res Ctr, Palmdale, CA 93550 USA. RP Strutner, SM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mech & Aerosp Eng Dept, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM sstrutner@ucla.edu FU AERO [615]; NASA Dryden FX This research was funded by AERO 615 contract from the AERO Institute and NASA Dryden. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9985-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9059 AR UNSP 90590F DI 10.1117/12.2045148 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BA9HM UT WOS:000339392900011 ER PT S AU Krause, FC Hwang, C Ratnakumari, BV Smart, MC McOwen, DW Henderson, WA AF Krause, F. C. Hwang, C. Ratnakumari, B. V. Smart, M. C. McOwen, D. W. Henderson, W. A. BE Bugga, RV Smart, MC Manthiram, A TI The Use of Methyl Butyrate-Based Electrolytes with Additives to Enable the Operation of Li-Ion Cells with High Voltage Cathodes over a Wide Temperature Range SO LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Lithium-Ion Batteries held during the 224th meeting of The Electrochemical-Society (ECS) CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP Electrochem Soc, Battery Div ID BATTERIES; SALTS; PERFORMANCE AB In the present work, a number of wide operating temperature range electrolyte formulations that contain methyl butyrate (MB) and various additives have been investigated in Li-ion cells consisting of Conoco Phillips Al2 graphite anodes and Toda HE5050 Li1.2Ni0.15Co0.10Mn0.55O2 cathodes. In an attempt to improve the nature of the solid electrolyte interphase (SET) and/or cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) of these systems, a number of electrolyte additives were investigated, including lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl) imidazole (LiTDI), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), and di-t-butyl pyrocarbonate (DBPC). In summary, improved performance of the low temperature power capability was observed for many of the methyl butyrate formulations, with the most dramatic improvement being observed for 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 0.10M LiDFOB. In addition, all of the methyl butyrate-based electrolytes studied resulted in improved rate capability compared to cells with the all carbonate-based baseline formulation at low temperature. It was also determined that at low temperatures the cathode kinetics govern the rate capability, being the rate determining electrode. C1 [Krause, F. C.; Hwang, C.; Ratnakumari, B. V.; Smart, M. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [McOwen, D. W.; Henderson, W. A.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Biomol & Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Krause, FC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI McOwen, Dennis/N-3337-2014 OI McOwen, Dennis/0000-0002-1313-1574 FU Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-ACO2-05CH11231]; Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) [6879235]; NASA-Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) FX The work described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and under sponsorship by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-ACO2-05CH11231, Subcontract No 6879235 under the Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program and the NASA-Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP). NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-60768-536-4 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2014 VL 58 IS 48 BP 97 EP + DI 10.1149/05848.0097ecst PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA BA9HA UT WOS:000339379700009 ER PT J AU Aharonson, O Hayes, AG Hayne, PO Lopes, RM Lucas, A Perron, JT AF Aharonson, O. Hayes, A. G. Hayne, P. O. Lopes, R. M. Lucas, A. Perron, J. T. BE MullerWodarg, I Griffith, CA Lellouch, E Cravens, TE TI Titan's surface geology SO TITAN: INTERIOR, SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CASSINI RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SATURNS MOON TITAN; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; PLANETOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS; WATER VOLCANISM; METHANE CYCLE; HUYGENS PROBE; ONTARIO LACUS; LANDING SITE; LIQUID C1 [Aharonson, O.; Hayne, P. O.; Lucas, A.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hayes, A. G.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Lopes, R. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Perron, J. T.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Aharonson, O (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Ctr Planetary Sci, 234 Herzl St, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RI Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014 OI Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630 NR 190 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-19992-6 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2014 IS 14 BP 63 EP 101 PG 39 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BA7OS UT WOS:000337683300005 ER PT J AU Flasar, FM Achterberg, RK Schinder, PJ AF Flasar, F. M. Achterberg, R. K. Schinder, P. J. BE MullerWodarg, I Griffith, CA Lellouch, E Cravens, TE TI Thermal structure of Titan's troposphere and middle atmosphere SO TITAN: INTERIOR, SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ROTOTRANSLATIONAL ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; COMPOSITE INFRARED SPECTROMETER; CASSINI RADIO OCCULTATIONS; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; VOYAGER-1 ENCOUNTER; SATURN SYSTEM; IN-SITU; DYNAMICS; MODEL; PAIRS C1 [Flasar, F. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Achterberg, R. K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Schinder, P. J.] Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Flasar, FM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 72 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-19992-6 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2014 IS 14 BP 102 EP 121 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BA7OS UT WOS:000337683300006 ER PT J AU Lebonnois, S Flasar, FM Tokano, T Newman, CE AF Lebonnois, S. Flasar, F. M. Tokano, T. Newman, C. E. BE MullerWodarg, I Griffith, CA Lellouch, E Cravens, TE TI The general circulation of Titan's lower and middle atmosphere SO TITAN: INTERIOR, SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID VENUS-LIKE ATMOSPHERE; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; ZONAL WINDS; EQUATORIAL SUPERROTATION; LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; HADLEY CIRCULATIONS; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS C1 [Lebonnois, S.] UPMC, CNRS, IPSL, Lab Meteorol Dynam, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Lebonnois, S.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Flasar, F. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Tokano, T.] Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany. [Newman, C. E.] Ashima Res, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Lebonnois, S (reprint author), UPMC, CNRS, IPSL, Lab Meteorol Dynam, F-75252 Paris 05, France. NR 186 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-19992-6 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2014 IS 14 BP 122 EP 157 PG 36 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BA7OS UT WOS:000337683300007 ER PT J AU Griffith, CA Rafkin, S Rannou, P McKay, CP AF Griffith, C. A. Rafkin, S. Rannou, P. McKay, C. P. BE MullerWodarg, I Griffith, CA Lellouch, E Cravens, TE TI Storms, clouds, and weather SO TITAN: INTERIOR, SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID HUYGENS LANDING SITE; CASSINI RADIO OCCULTATIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TITANS LOWER ATMOSPHERE; METHANE CYCLE; TROPOSPHERIC CLOUDS; SOUTH-POLE; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; OPTICAL DEPTH; HAZE C1 [Griffith, C. A.] Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Rafkin, S.] SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Rannou, P.] Univ Reims, CNRS, UMR 7331, GSMA, F-51100 Reims, France. [McKay, C. P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Griffith, CA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 130 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-19992-6 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2014 IS 14 BP 190 EP 223 PG 34 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BA7OS UT WOS:000337683300009 ER PT J AU West, R Lavvas, P Anderson, C Imanaka, H AF West, R. Lavvas, P. Anderson, C. Imanaka, H. BE MullerWodarg, I Griffith, CA Lellouch, E Cravens, TE TI Titan's haze SO TITAN: INTERIOR, SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IMAGER/SPECTRAL RADIOMETER DISR; NORTH POLAR STRATOSPHERE; CM(-1) SPECTRAL RANGE; HUYGENS LANDING SITE; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; ORGANIC HAZE; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; COUPLING PHOTOCHEMISTRY; HETEROGENEOUS REACTION C1 [West, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lavvas, P.] Univ Reims, CNRS, UMR 7331, GSMA, F-51100 Reims, France. [Anderson, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Imanaka, H.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Imanaka, H.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. RP West, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 137 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-19992-6 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2014 IS 14 BP 285 EP 321 PG 37 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BA7OS UT WOS:000337683300011 ER PT J AU Morlighem, M Rignot, E Mouginot, J Seroussi, H Larour, E AF Morlighem, M. Rignot, E. Mouginot, J. Seroussi, H. Larour, E. TI High-resolution ice-thickness mapping in South Greenland SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glacier mapping; glaciological instruments and methods; ground-penetrating radar; ice-sheet modelling; radio-echo sounding ID BED TOPOGRAPHY; SHEET; ANTARCTICA; SURFACE; VELOCITY; GLACIER; FLOW AB Airborne radar sounding is difficult in South Greenland because of the presence of englacial water, which prevents the signal from reaching the bed. Data coverage remains suboptimal for traditional methods of ice-thickness and bed mapping that rely on geostatistical techniques, such as kriging, because important features are missing. Here we apply two alternative approaches of high-resolution ( similar to 300 m) ice-thickness mapping, that are based on the conservation of mass, to two regions of South Greenland: (1) Qooqqup Sermia and Kiattuut Sermiat, and (2) Ikertivaq. These two algorithms solve optimization problems, for which the conservation of mass is either enforced as a hard constraint, or as a soft constraint. For the first region, very few measurements are available but there is no gap in ice motion data, whereas for Ikertivaq, more ice-thickness measurements are available, but there are gaps in ice motion data. We show that mass-conservation algorithms can be used as validation tools for radar sounding. We also show that it is preferable to apply mass conservation as a hard constraint, rather than a soft constraint, as it better preserves elongated features, such as glacial valleys and ridges. C1 [Morlighem, M.; Rignot, E.; Mouginot, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Rignot, E.; Seroussi, H.; Larour, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Morlighem, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM Mathieu.Morlighem@uci.edu RI Morlighem, Mathieu/O-9942-2014; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Morlighem, Mathieu/0000-0001-5219-1310; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cryospheric Sciences Program [NNX12AB86G]; US National Science Foundation (NSF) [ANT-0424589]; NASA [NNX10AT68G] FX This work was performed at the University of California Irvine, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cryospheric Sciences Program, grant NNX12AB86G. We acknowledge the use of data and/or data products from CReSIS generated with support from US National Science Foundation (NSF) grant ANT-0424589 and NASA grant NNX10AT68G. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2014 VL 55 IS 67 BP 64 EP 70 DI 10.3189/2014AoG67A088 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AL8BS UT WOS:000339363400009 ER PT J AU Mouginot, J Rignot, E Gim, Y Kirchner, D Le Meur, E AF Mouginot, J. Rignot, E. Gim, Y. Kirchner, D. Le Meur, E. TI Low-frequency radar sounding of ice in East Antarctica and southern Greenland SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic glaciology; ground-penetrating radar; radio-echo sounding; remote sensing ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; JAKOBSHAVN ISBRAE; MASS-BALANCE; LASER DATA; ALASKA; SHEET; USA; GLACIER; SUBSURFACE; TEMPERATE AB We discuss a decameter-wavelength airborne radar sounder, the Warm Ice Sounding Explorer (WISE), that provides ice thickness in areas where radar signal penetration at higher frequencies is expected to be limited. Here we report results for three campaigns conducted in Greenland (2008, 2009, 2010) and two in Antarctica (2009, 2010). Comparisons with higher-frequency radar data indicate an accuracy of +/- 55 m for ice-thickness measurements in Greenland and +/- 25 m in Antarctica. We also estimate ice thickness of the Qassimiut lobe in southwest Greenland, where few ice-thickness measurements have been made, demonstrating that WISE penetrates in strongly scattering environments. C1 [Mouginot, J.; Rignot, E.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Rignot, E.; Gim, Y.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Kirchner, D.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Le Meur, E.] CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, Grenoble, France. [Le Meur, E.] Univ Grenoble Alpes, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, Grenoble, France. RP Mouginot, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM jmougino@uci.edu RI Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration Cryospheric Science Program; French polar institute, Institut Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV); IPEV - Agence Nationale pour la Recherche [DACOTA-ANR-06-VULN-016-01]; IPEV [DACOTA-IPEV-1053]; NASA's Planetary Instruments Definition and Development Program (PIDDP) FX This work was performed at the Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, and at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Cryospheric Science Program; and at the Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) under a contract with the French polar institute, Institut Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV). The Antarctic program benefited from logistical support from the IPEV through the program DACOTA-ANR-06-VULN-016-01 (funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche) and the program DACOTA-IPEV-1053 (funded by the IPEV). Part of the development of WISE has been funded by NASA's Planetary Instruments Definition and Development Program (PIDDP). We thank the three reviewers, Steven Arcone, John Paden and Jie-Bang Yan, and the scientific editor, Sivaprasad Gogineni, for helpful and constructive comments on the manuscript. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 14 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2014 VL 55 IS 67 BP 138 EP 146 DI 10.3189/2014AoG67A089 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AL8BS UT WOS:000339363400017 ER PT J AU Rex, M Kremser, S Huck, P Bodeker, G Wohltmann, I Santee, ML Bernath, P AF Rex, M. Kremser, S. Huck, P. Bodeker, G. Wohltmann, I. Santee, M. L. Bernath, P. TI Technical Note: SWIFT - a fast semi-empirical model for polar stratospheric ozone loss SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CHEMISTRY; DEPLETION; SIMULATION; CLOUDS; TRENDS AB An extremely fast model to estimate the degree of stratospheric ozone depletion during polar winters is described. It is based on a set of coupled differential equations that simulate the seasonal evolution of vortex-averaged hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), active forms of chlorine (ClOx = Cl+ClO+2ClOOCl) and ozone (O-3) on isentropic levels within the polar vortices. Terms in these equations account for the chemical and physical processes driving the time rate of change of these species. Eight empirical fit coefficients associated with these terms are derived by iteratively fitting the equations to vortex-averaged satellite-based measurements of HCl, HNO3 and ClONO2 and observationally derived ozone loss rates. The system of differential equations is not stiff and can be solved with a time step of one day, allowing many years to be processed per second on a standard PC. The inputs required are the daily fractions of the vortex area covered by polar stratospheric clouds and the fractions of the vortex area exposed to sunlight. The resultant model, SWIFT (Semi-empirical Weighted Iterative Fit Technique), provides a fast yet accurate method to simulate ozone loss rates in polar regions. SWIFT's capabilities are demonstrated by comparing measured and modeled total ozone loss outside of the training period. C1 [Rex, M.; Wohltmann, I.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. [Kremser, S.; Huck, P.; Bodeker, G.] Bodeker Sci, Alexandra, New Zealand. [Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Bernath, P.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Rex, M (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. EM markus.rex@awi.de RI Wohltmann, Ingo/C-1301-2010; Rex, Markus/A-6054-2009; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; OI Wohltmann, Ingo/0000-0003-4606-6788; Rex, Markus/0000-0001-7847-8221; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Bodeker, Gregory/0000-0003-1094-5852; /0000-0002-3573-7083 FU BMBF under the FAST-O3 project in the MiKliP framework programme [FKZ 01LP1137A]; European Community [603557]; New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute; Canadian Space Agency FX This work was supported by the BMBF under the FAST-O3 project in the MiKliP framework programme (FKZ 01LP1137A) and by the European Community within the StratoClim project (grant no. 603557). Work at Bodeker Scientific was supported in part by a New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute-funded project. The ACE mission is supported primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. We thank ECMWF for providing reanalysis data. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 13 BP 6545 EP 6555 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6545-2014 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AL6LR UT WOS:000339244600005 ER PT J AU Ichoku, C Ellison, L AF Ichoku, C. Ellison, L. TI Global top-down smoke-aerosol emissions estimation using satellite fire radiative power measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; OPTICAL DEPTH; FOREST-FIRE; MODIS; PRODUCTS; VALIDATION; RESOLUTION; MODEL; RETRIEVALS; INVENTORY AB Fire emissions estimates have long been based on bottom-up approaches that are not only complex, but also fraught with compounding uncertainties. We present the development of a global gridded (1 degrees x 1 degrees) emission coefficients (C-e) product for smoke total particulate matter (TPM) based on a top-down approach using coincident measurements of fire radiative power (FRP) and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. This new Fire Energetics and Emissions Research version 1.0 (FEER. v1) C-e product has now been released to the community and can be obtained from http://feer.gsfc.nasa.gov/, along with the corresponding 1-to-1 mapping of their quality assurance (QA) flags that will enable the C-e values to be filtered by quality for use in various applications. The regional averages of C-e values for different ecosystem types were found to be in the ranges of 16-21 g MJ-1 for savanna and grasslands, 15-32 g MJ-1 for tropical forest, 9-12 g MJ-1 for North American boreal forest, and 1826 g MJ-1 for Russian boreal forest, croplands and natural vegetation. The FEER. v1 C-e product was multiplied by time-integrated FRP data to calculate regional smoke TPM emissions, which were compared with equivalent emissions products from three existing inventories. FEER. v1 showed higher and more reasonable smoke TPM estimates than two other emissions inventories that are based on bottom-up approaches and already reported in the literature to be too low, but portrayed an overall reasonable agreement with another top-down approach. This suggests that top-down approaches may hold better promise and need to be further developed to accelerate the reduction of uncertainty associated with fire emissions estimation in air-quality and climate research and applications. Results of the analysis of FEER. v1 data for 2004-2011 show that 65-85 Tg yr(-1) of TPM is emitted globally from open biomass burning, with a generally decreasing trend over this short time period. The FEER. v1 C-e product is the first global gridded product in the family of "emission factors", that is based essentially on satellite measurements, and requires only direct satellite FRP measurements of an actively burning fire anywhere to evaluate its emission rate in near-real time, which is essential for operational activities, such as the monitoring and forecasting of smoke emission impacts on air quality. C1 [Ichoku, C.; Ellison, L.] NASA, Climate & Radiat Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ellison, L.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Ichoku, C (reprint author), NASA, Climate & Radiat Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM charles.ichoku@nasa.gov RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate FX This research was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate under its Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis (ACMAP) and Interdisciplinary Studies (IDS) Earth Science Research programs. We thank the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS) fire and aerosol science teams for generating and providing these satellite products, the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) for providing the MERRA assimilated meteorological data sets, the Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) INteractive eXplorer (MINX) team for developing this MINX tool and the near-source smoke plume characterization, and the providers of the GFED.v3, GFAS.v1, and QFED.v2 emissions inventories for their products. We also thank Arlindo da Silva, Ralph Kahn, Edward Hyer, Jun Wang, Johannes Kaiser, Cathy Liousse, and several other colleagues for valuable discussions. Finally, we are very grateful to the Editor, Philip Stier, who handled this manuscript review process and the anonymous reviewers who devoted their precious time and effort to carefully review the discussion version of this paper and to provide excellent comments and insights that have resulted in a much-improved final version. NR 83 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 13 BP 6643 EP 6667 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6643-2014 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AL6LR UT WOS:000339244600010 ER PT J AU McGrath-Spangler, EL Molod, A AF McGrath-Spangler, E. L. Molod, A. TI Comparison of GEOS-5 AGCM planetary boundary layer depths computed with various definitions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MIXING-HEIGHT; MODEL; CONVECTION; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; MOISTURE; IMPACTS AB Accurate models of planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes are important for forecasting weather and climate. The present study compares seven methods of calculating PBL depth in the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) over land. These methods depend on the eddy diffusion coefficients, bulk and local Richardson numbers, and the turbulent kinetic energy. The computed PBL depths are aggregated to the K ppen-Geiger climate classes, and some limited comparisons are made using radiosonde profiles. Most methods produce similar midday PBL depths, although in the warm, moist climate classes the bulk Richardson number method gives midday results that are lower than those given by the eddy diffusion coefficient methods. Additional analysis revealed that methods sensitive to turbulence driven by radiative cooling produce greater PBL depths, this effect being most significant during the evening transition. Nocturnal PBLs based on Richardson number methods are generally shallower than eddy diffusion coefficient based estimates. The bulk Richardson number estimate is recommended as the PBL height to inform the choice of the turbulent length scale, based on the similarity to other methods during the day, and the improved nighttime behavior. C1 [McGrath-Spangler, E. L.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [McGrath-Spangler, E. L.; Molod, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Molod, A.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP McGrath-Spangler, EL (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. EM erica.l.mcgrath-spangler@nasa.gov OI McGrath-Spangler, Erica/0000-0002-8540-5423 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG11HP16A] FX Computing was supported by the NASA Center for Climate Simulation. The research was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant NNG11HP16A. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 13 BP 6717 EP 6727 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6717-2014 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AL6LR UT WOS:000339244600014 ER PT J AU Lee, D Sud, YC Oreopoulos, L Kim, KM Lau, WK Kang, IS AF Lee, D. Sud, Y. C. Oreopoulos, L. Kim, K-M. Lau, W. K. Kang, I-S. TI Modeling the influences of aerosols on pre-monsoon circulation and rainfall over Southeast Asia SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-MICROPHYSICS; SUMMER MONSOON; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; POLLUTION AEROSOL; CLIMATE MODEL; ICE NUCLEI; INDO-CHINA; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION AB We conduct several sets of simulations with a version of NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5, (GEOS-5) Atmospheric Global Climate Model (AGCM) equipped with a two-moment cloud microphysical scheme to understand the role of biomass burning aerosol (BBA) emissions in Southeast Asia (SEA) in the pre-monsoon period of February-May. Our experiments are designed so that both direct and indirect aerosol effects can be evaluated. For climatologically prescribed monthly sea surface temperatures, we conduct sets of model integrations with and without biomass burning emissions in the area of peak burning activity, and with direct aerosol radiative effects either active or inactive. Taking appropriate differences between AGCM experiment sets, we find that BBA affects liquid clouds in statistically significantly ways, increasing cloud droplet number concentrations, decreasing droplet effective radii (i.e., a classic aerosol indirect effect), and locally suppressing precipitation due to a deceleration of the autoconversion process, with the latter effect apparently also leading to cloud condensate increases. Geographical re-arrangements of precipitation patterns, with precipitation increases downwind of aerosol sources are also seen, most likely because of advection of weakly precipitating cloud fields. Somewhat unexpectedly, the change in cloud radiative effect (cloud forcing) at surface is in the direction of lesser cooling because of decreases in cloud fraction. Overall, however, because of direct radiative effect contributions, aerosols exert a net negative forcing at both the top of the atmosphere and, perhaps most importantly, the surface, where decreased evaporation triggers feedbacks that further reduce precipitation. Invoking the approximation that direct and indirect aerosol effects are additive, we estimate that the overall precipitation reduction is about 40% due to the direct effects of absorbing aerosols, which stabilize the atmosphere and reduce surface latent heat fluxes via cooler land surface temperatures. Further refinements of our two-moment cloud microphysics scheme are needed for a more complete examination of the role of aerosol-convection interactions in the seasonal development of the SEA monsoon. C1 [Lee, D.] Morgan State Univ, GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Lee, D.; Sud, Y. C.; Oreopoulos, L.; Kim, K-M.; Lau, W. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lee, D.; Kang, I-S.] Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea. RP Lee, D (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. EM dongmin.lee@nasa.gov RI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; 안, 민섭/D-9972-2015 OI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; FU NASA's Modeling Analysis and Prediction (MAP) program; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korean government (MEST) [NRF-2012M1A2A2671775]; BK21 program FX Funding from NASA's Modeling Analysis and Prediction (MAP) program managed by D. Considine, and from the Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science (IDS) program (Water and Energy Cycle Impacts of Biomass Burning subelement) managed by Hal Maring is gratefully acknowledged. I.-S. Kang was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (NRF-2012M1A2A2671775) and the BK21 program. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 13 BP 6853 EP 6866 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6853-2014 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AL6LR UT WOS:000339244600023 ER PT J AU Bourassa, AE Degenstein, DA Randel, WJ Zawodny, JM Kyrola, E McLinden, CA Sioris, CE Roth, CZ AF Bourassa, A. E. Degenstein, D. A. Randel, W. J. Zawodny, J. M. Kyrola, E. McLinden, C. A. Sioris, C. E. Roth, C. Z. TI Trends in stratospheric ozone derived from merged SAGE II and Odin-OSIRIS satellite observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; INSTRUMENT; SCIAMACHY; PROFILES; RECOVERY; SPECTRA; MODEL; GOMOS; QBO AB Stratospheric ozone profile measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II satellite instrument (1984-2005) are combined with those from the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) instrument on the Odin satellite (2001-Present) to quantify interannual variability and decadal trends in stratospheric ozone between 60 degrees S and 60 degrees N. These data are merged into a multi-instrument, long-term stratospheric ozone record (1984-present) by analyzing the measurements during the overlap period of 2002-2005 when both satellite instruments were operational. The variability in the deseasonalized time series is fit using multiple linear regression with predictor basis functions including the quasi-biennial oscillation, El Nino-Southern Oscillation index, solar activity proxy, and the pressure at the tropical tropopause, in addition to two linear trends (one before and one after 1997), from which the decadal trends in ozone are derived. From 1984 to 1997, there are statistically significant negative trends of 5-10% per decade throughout the stratosphere between approximately 30 and 50 km. From 1997 to present, a statistically significant recovery of 3-8% per decade has taken place throughout most of the stratosphere with the notable exception between 40 degrees S and 40 degrees N below approximately 22 km where the negative trend continues. The recovery is not significant between 25 and 35 km altitudes when accounting for a conservative estimate of instrument drift. C1 [Bourassa, A. E.; Degenstein, D. A.; Roth, C. Z.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [Randel, W. J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Zawodny, J. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Kyrola, E.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [McLinden, C. A.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Sioris, C. E.] York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. RP Bourassa, AE (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. EM adam.bourassa@usask.ca RI Randel, William/K-3267-2016; OI Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162; Sioris, Christopher/0000-0003-1168-8755 FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada); Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Sweden (SNSB); Canada (CSA); France (CNES); Finland (Tekes) FX This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), Canada (CSA), France (CNES) and Finland (Tekes). NR 35 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 13 BP 6983 EP 6994 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6983-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AL6LR UT WOS:000339244600031 ER PT J AU Fairlie, TD Vernier, JP Natarajan, M Bedka, KM AF Fairlie, T. D. Vernier, J. -P. Natarajan, M. Bedka, K. M. TI Dispersion of the Nabro volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer monsoon SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PINATUBO ERUPTION; MOUNT-PINATUBO; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; CLIMATE; AIR; CLOUDS; SO2; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; DIOXIDE AB We use nighttime measurements from the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite, together with a Lagrangian trajectory model, to study the initial dispersion of volcanic aerosol from the eruption of Mt. Nabro (Ethiopia/Eritrea) in June 2011. The Nabro eruption reached the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) directly, and the plume was initially entrained by the flow surrounding the Asian anticyclone, which prevails in the UTLS from the Mediterranean Sea to East Asia during boreal summer. CALIPSO detected aerosol layers, with optical properties consistent with sulfate, in the lower stratosphere above the monsoon convective region in South and Southeast Asia within 10 days of the eruption. We show that quasi-isentropic differential advection in the vertically sheared flow surrounding the Asian anticyclone explains many of these stratospheric aerosol layers. We use Meteosat-7 data to examine the possible role of deep convection in the Asian monsoon in transporting volcanic material to the lower stratosphere during this time, but find no evidence that convection played a direct role, in contrast with claims made in earlier studies. On longer timescales, we use CALIPSO data to illustrate diabatic ascent of the Nabro aerosol in the lower stratosphere at rates of similar to 10K per month for the first two months after the eruption, falling to similar to 3K per month after the Asian anticyclone dissipates. Maps of stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) show local peaks of similar to 0.04-0.06 in July in the region of the Asian anticyclone; we find associated estimates of radiative forcing small, similar to 5-10% of those reported for the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. Additionally, we find no clear response in outgoing shortwave (SW) flux due to the presence of Nabro aerosol viewed in the context of SW flux variability as measured by CERES (Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System). C1 [Fairlie, T. D.; Natarajan, M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Vernier, J. -P.; Bedka, K. M.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Fairlie, TD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM t.d.fairlie@nasa.gov FU SAGE II project; CALIPSO project; Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis (ACMAP) Program under NASA's Science Mission Directorate FX The authors would like to thank the SAGE II, CALIPSO, and CERES instrument teams for their support, notably M. Vaughan, Z. Liu, L. Thomason, C. Trepte, P. Taylor, S. Kato, and N. Baker. We thank B. Pierce, M. von Hobe, and D. Jacob for very helpful suggestions on the manuscript, M. Mills, B. Randel, M. Fromm, and G. Nedoluha for useful discussions. We thank A. Karnieli, and E. J. Welton for providing us with data from the MPLNET lidar at Sede Boker. We thank M. Rienecker and the NASA GMAO for providing the GEOS-5 analyses. This work was also supported by the SAGE II and CALIPSO projects and by the Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis (ACMAP) Program under NASA's Science Mission Directorate. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 13 BP 7045 EP 7057 DI 10.5194/acp-14-7045-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AL6LR UT WOS:000339244600035 ER PT J AU Ciais, P Dolman, AJ Bombelli, A Duren, R Peregon, A Rayner, PJ Miller, C Gobron, N Kinderman, G Marland, G Gruber, N Chevallier, F Andres, RJ Balsamo, G Bopp, L Breon, FM Broquet, G Dargaville, R Battin, TJ Borges, A Bovensmann, H Buchwitz, M Butler, J Canadell, JG Cook, RB DeFries, R Engelen, R Gurney, KR Heinze, C Heimann, M Held, A Henry, M Law, B Luyssaert, S Miller, J Moriyama, T Moulin, C Myneni, RB Nussli, C Obersteiner, M Ojima, D Pan, Y Paris, JD Piao, SL Poulter, B Plummer, S Quegan, S Raymond, P Reichstein, M Rivier, L Sabine, C Schimel, D Tarasova, O Valentini, R Wang, R van der Werf, G Wickland, D Williams, M Zehner, C AF Ciais, P. Dolman, A. J. Bombelli, A. Duren, R. Peregon, A. Rayner, P. J. Miller, C. Gobron, N. Kinderman, G. Marland, G. Gruber, N. Chevallier, F. Andres, R. J. Balsamo, G. Bopp, L. Breon, F. -M. Broquet, G. Dargaville, R. Battin, T. J. Borges, A. Bovensmann, H. Buchwitz, M. Butler, J. Canadell, J. G. Cook, R. B. DeFries, R. Engelen, R. Gurney, K. R. Heinze, C. Heimann, M. Held, A. Henry, M. Law, B. Luyssaert, S. Miller, J. Moriyama, T. Moulin, C. Myneni, R. B. Nussli, C. Obersteiner, M. Ojima, D. Pan, Y. Paris, J. -D. Piao, S. L. Poulter, B. Plummer, S. Quegan, S. Raymond, P. Reichstein, M. Rivier, L. Sabine, C. Schimel, D. Tarasova, O. Valentini, R. Wang, R. van der Werf, G. Wickland, D. Williams, M. Zehner, C. TI Current systematic carbon-cycle observations and the need for implementing a policy-relevant carbon observing system SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; HYPERSPECTRAL INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS; COLUMN-AVERAGED METHANE; FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION; CO2 SURFACE FLUXES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; FOREST BIOMASS AB A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The paper is addressed to scientists, policymakers, and funding agencies who need to have a global picture of the current state of the (diverse) carbon observations. We identify the current state of carbon observations, and the needs and notional requirements for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy-relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests, and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote-sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy-relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. In addition, uncertainties for each observation data-stream should be assessed. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases interoperable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales. C1 [Ciais, P.; Peregon, A.; Chevallier, F.; Bopp, L.; Breon, F. -M.; Broquet, G.; Luyssaert, S.; Moulin, C.; Paris, J. -D.; Poulter, B.; Rivier, L.; Wang, R.] CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Dolman, A. J.; van der Werf, G.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Bombelli, A.; Valentini, R.] CMCC, Euromediterranean Ctr Climate Change, Div Climate Change Impacts Agr Forests & Nat Ecos, I-73100 Lecce, Italy. [Duren, R.; Miller, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Rayner, P. J.; Dargaville, R.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Gobron, N.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Global Environm Monitoring Unit, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. [Kinderman, G.; Obersteiner, M.] IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria. [Marland, G.] Appalachian State Univ, Res Inst Environm Energy & Econ, Boone, NC 28608 USA. [Gruber, N.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, Zurich, Switzerland. [Gruber, N.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Ctr Climate Syst Modeling, Zurich, Switzerland. [Andres, R. J.; Cook, R. B.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Carbon Dioxide Informat Anal Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Balsamo, G.; Engelen, R.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. [Battin, T. J.] Univ Vienna, Dept Limnol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. [Borges, A.] Univ Liege, Chem Oceanog Unit, Inst Phys B5, B-4000 Cointe Ougree, Belgium. [Bovensmann, H.; Buchwitz, M.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys IUP, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Butler, J.; Miller, J.] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Canadell, J. G.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. [DeFries, R.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Gurney, K. R.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Sustainabil, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Heinze, C.] Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Heinze, C.] Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. [Heinze, C.] Uni Res, Uni Bjerknes Ctr, Bergen, Norway. [Heimann, M.; Reichstein, M.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Held, A.] CSIRO, AusCover Facil, TERN, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. [Henry, M.] UN, Dept Forestry, Food & Agr Org, I-00153 Rome, Italy. [Law, B.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Miller, J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Moriyama, T.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy JAXA, Tokyo, Japan. [Myneni, R. B.] Boston Univ, Dept Earth & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Nussli, C.] Thales Alenia Space, Toulouse, France. [Ojima, D.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Pan, Y.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. [Piao, S. L.] Peking Univ, Dept Ecol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Plummer, S.] European Space Agcy Harwell, ESA Climate Off, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Quegan, S.] Univ Sheffield, Ctr Terr Carbon Dynam, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England. [Raymond, P.] Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Sabine, C.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Schimel, D.] Natl Ecol Observ Network, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Tarasova, O.] World Meteorol Org, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. [Wickland, D.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Williams, M.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. [Zehner, C.] ESA ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. RP Ciais, P (reprint author), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM philippe.ciais@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Luyssaert, Sebastiaan/F-6684-2011; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012; Held, Andre/A-4672-2011; Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Canadell, Josep/E-9419-2010; Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016; Breon, Francois-Marie/M-4639-2016; Bovensmann, Heinrich/P-4135-2016; Tarasova, Olga/E-4318-2014; Law, Beverly/G-3882-2010; OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Canadell, Josep/0000-0002-8788-3218; Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Breon, Francois-Marie/0000-0003-2128-739X; Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108; Tarasova, Olga/0000-0002-4230-3849; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203; Dargaville, Roger/0000-0002-0103-5198; Cook, Robert/0000-0001-7393-7302; Borges, Alberto V./0000-0002-5434-2247; Poulter, Benjamin/0000-0002-9493-8600; ANDRES, ROBERT/0000-0001-8781-4979; Luyssaert, Sebastiaan/0000-0003-1121-1869; Dolman, A.J./0000-0003-0099-0457 FU European Commission; Climate-KIC/European Institute of Technology; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER); U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; Australian Professorial Fellowship [DP1096309] FX This study was carried out as part of the GEO task on integrated carbon observations (GEO Carbon Strategy Report; available for download at http://www.falw.vu/similar to dola/downloads.html coordinated by H. Dolman and P. Ciais), and the FP7 European Commission funded project GEOCARBON (www.geocarbon.net). The writing of the manuscript is sponsored by Climate-KIC/European Institute of Technology (www.climate-kic.org/) through the Carbocount project. RJA was sponsored by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programs and performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under U.S. Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. P. Rayner is in receipt of an Australian Professorial Fellowship (DP1096309). NR 282 TC 29 Z9 28 U1 15 U2 106 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 13 BP 3547 EP 3602 DI 10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014 PG 56 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AL6TM UT WOS:000339265800009 ER PT S AU Domagal-Goldman, S AF Domagal-Goldman, Shawn BE Shaw, GH TI How low can you go? Maximum constraints on hydrogen concentrations prior to the Great Oxidation Event SO EARTH'S EARLY ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE ENVIRONMENT SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pardee Symposium was held at the Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 12, 2011 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Geol Soc Amer ID MULTIPLE SULFUR ISOTOPES; ATMOSPHERE; EARTH AB Shaw postulates that Earth's early atmosphere was rich in reducing gases such as hydrogen, brought to Earth via impact events. This commentary seeks to place constraints on this idea through a very brief review of existing geological and geochemical upper limits on the reducing power of Earth's atmosphere prior to the rise of oxygen. While these constraints place tight limits on this idea for rocks younger than 3.8 Ga, few constraints exist prior to that time, due to a paucity of rocks of that age. The time prior to these constraints is also a time frame for which the proposal is most plausible, and for which it carries the greatest potential to explain other mysteries. Given this potential, several tests are suggested for the H-2 - rich early Earth hypothesis. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Environm Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Domagal-Goldman, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Environm Lab, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM shawn.goldman@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2504-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2014 VL 504 BP 11 EP 13 DI 10.1130/2014.2504(02) PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BA9CR UT WOS:000339191800003 ER PT S AU Zahnle, K Catling, D AF Zahnle, Kevin Catling, David BE Shaw, GH TI Waiting for O-2 SO EARTH'S EARLY ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE ENVIRONMENT SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pardee Symposium was held at the Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 12, 2011 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Geol Soc Amer ID MASS-INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION; MULTIPLE SULFUR ISOTOPES; GREAT OXIDATION EVENT; BILLION YEARS AGO; DETRITAL HEAVY MINERALS; ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN; ARCHEAN ATMOSPHERE; EARTHS ATMOSPHERE; MANTLE REDOX; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS AB Oxygenic photosynthesis appears to be necessary for an oxygen-rich atmosphere like Earth's. However, available geological and geochemical evidence suggests that at least 200 m. y., and possibly as many as 700 m. y., elapsed between the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis and the establishment of an oxygen atmosphere. The interregnum implies that at least one other necessary condition for O-2 needed to be met. Here, we argue that the second condition was the oxidation of the surface and crust to the point where free O-2 became more stable than competing reduced gases such as CH4, and that the cause of Earth's surface oxidation was the same cause as it is for other planets with oxidized surfaces: hydrogen escape to space. The duration of the interregnum was determined by the rate of hydrogen escape and by the size of the reduced reservoir that needed to be oxidized before O-2 became favored. We speculate that hydrogen escape determined the history of continental growth, and we are confident that hydrogen escape provided a progressive bias to biological evolution. C1 [Zahnle, Kevin] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Catling, David] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Astrobiol Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Zahnle, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Kevin.J.Zahnle@nasa.gov OI Catling, David/0000-0001-5646-120X FU NASA Exobiology Program; NASA National Astrobiology Institute; NASA Exobiology [NNX10AQ90G] FX The authors thank A. Bekker, R. Buick, J. Farquhar, J. Kasting, L. Kump, and E. Stecken for insightful revie, data, or both. The authors thank the NASA Exobiology Program and the NASA National Astrobiology Institute for support of this work. DCC acknowledges support from NASA Exobiology grant number NNX10AQ90G. NR 97 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 18 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2504-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2014 VL 504 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1130/2014.2504(07) PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BA9CR UT WOS:000339191800008 ER PT S AU Ohmoto, H Watanabe, Y Lasaga, AC Naraoka, H Johnson, I Brainard, J Chorney, A AF Ohmoto, Hiroshi Watanabe, Yumiko Lasaga, Antonio C. Naraoka, Hiroshi Johnson, Ian Brainard, Jamie Chorney, Andrew BE Shaw, GH TI Oxygen, iron, and sulfur geochemical cycles on early Earth: Paradigms and contradictions SO EARTH'S EARLY ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE ENVIRONMENT SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pardee Symposium was held at the Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 12, 2011 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Geol Soc Amer ID BILLION YEARS AGO; THERMOCHEMICAL SULFATE REDUCTION; MASS-INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; MULTIPLE-SULFUR; SOUTH-AFRICA; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS AB The current understanding of the evolution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere on early Earth has been strongly influenced by the following six major paradigms for the geochemical cycles of oxygen, iron, and sulfur: (1) a dramatic change from a reducing to an oxidizing atmosphere at ca. 2.4-2.2 Ga, termed the "Great Oxidation Event" (GOE); (2) Fe-rich oceans until ca. 1.85 Ga; (3) a hydrothermal origin for the global oceanic Fe; (4) SO42--poor oceans before the GOE; (5) an atmospheric origin for the oceanic sulfur species; and (6) the existence of sulfidic Proterozoic oceans. Each of the six paradigms has been built on other paradigms, such as those concerning: (1) the behavior of Fe during soil formation, (2) the environments and processes required for the formation of Fe-III oxides in banded iron formations (BIFs), and (3) the origins of siderite and pyrite, as well as (4) the origin of anomalous isotope fractionation of sulfur (AIF-S) in Archean sedimentary rocks. Here, we show that some of the paradigms contradict each other, and that each has serious flaws (contradictions, problems) when they are compared to a variety of observations (geological, mineralogical, or geochemical data from natural samples; laboratory experimental data; results of theoretical studies). In contrast, all of these observations are better explained by the Dimroth-Ohmoto model for Earth's evolution, which postulates that a fully oxygenated atmosphere-ocean system developed by ca. 3.5 Ga. Examination of the available data from natural and experimental systems has also led us to suggest the following: (1) The geochemical cycles of O, Fe, and S (and other redox-sensitive elements) through the atmosphere-ocean-oceanic crust-mantle-continental crust have been basically the same as today since at least ca. 3.5 Ga. (2) The anaerobic and aerobic microbial biospheres, both in the oceans and on land, developed by ca. 3.5 Ga, playing an important role in the geochemical cycles of nutrients and other elements. (3) The geochemistry of sedimentary rocks (shales, carbonates, cherts) has been basically the same since ca. 3.5 Ga. (4) Fe-III oxides in BIFs were formed by reactions between locally discharged Fe2+-and silica-rich submarine hydrothermal fluids and O-2-rich deep seawater. (5) Magnetite in BIFs was formed during high-temperature diagenetic stages of BIFs through reactions between primary goethite or hematite and Fe2+-rich hydrothermal fluids. (6) BIFs were formed throughout geologic history. (7) Sulfidic oceans (i.e., the "Canfield ocean") did not exist during the Proterozoic Eon. However, regional sulfidic seas, like the Black Sea, have existed in globally oxygenated oceans throughout geologic history. (8) The primary carbonate in Archean oceans, as in younger oceans, was Fe-poor calcite. Furthermore, (9) the pre-1.8 Ga atmosphere was CO2 rich with the pCO(2) level greater than similar to 100 present atmospheric level (PAL). CO2 alone provided the greenhouse effect necessary to compensate for the young Sun's lower luminosity. (10) The Archean pH values were 4.0-4.5 for rainwater, between 4.5 and 6.0 for river water, and 7.0 +/- 0.5 for ocean water. The oceans were saturated with calcite but undersaturated with siderite. (11) The delta O-18 of Archean oceans was similar to 0%, as today. (12) Ferich carbonates (siderite, ankerite) have formed during the diagenesis of sediments throughout geologic history by reactions between the primary calcite and Fe2+-rich solutions, either hydrothermal solutions or those derived from biological or abiological dissolution of Fe-III-(hydr)oxides within the sediments. Other suggestions include: (13) The ranges of delta S-34 values of pyrite and sulfates in Archean sedimentary rocks are much larger than those quoted in the literature and comparable to those in Proterozoic sedimentary rocks. (14) Pyrites in organic C-rich black shales associated with BIFs were formed by a reaction between Fe2+-and SO(4)(2-)rich hydrothermal solutions and organic C-rich shales during early diagenetic stages of the host sediments. This reaction also created AIF-S in the pyrite and the residual SO42-. (15) The AIF-S signatures in Archean and younger rocks were not created by the ultraviolet photolysis of volcanic SO2 in a reducing atmosphere. AIF-S signatures are not evidence for a reducing atmosphere. (16) Contrary to a popular belief that AIF-S-forming events ceased at ca. 2.45 Ga, AIF-S was also formed at later geologic times. (17) The presence of AIF-S signatures in some pre-2.4 Ga rocks, but the lower abundance of AIF-S in post-2.4 Ga rocks, may reflect changes in the mantle-crust dynamics, including changes in the thickness and movements of oceanic lithosphere. C1 [Ohmoto, Hiroshi; Watanabe, Yumiko; Johnson, Ian; Brainard, Jamie; Chorney, Andrew] NASA, Astrobiol Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Watanabe, Yumiko] J PARC Ctr, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. [Lasaga, Antonio C.] Geokinetics, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. [Naraoka, Hiroshi] Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP Ohmoto, H (reprint author), NASA, Astrobiol Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM hqo@psu.edu FU NASA Institute [NCC21057, NNA04CC06A, NNA09DA76A]; National Science Foundation [EAR-0229556, EAR-000194170, EAR1024550] FX This paper would not have been possible without the research support and advice received from a very large number of researchers over the past -20 years, including Arthur Hickman, Bruce Runnegar, Munetomo and Yoko Nedachi, Ken- ichiro Hayashi, Takeshi Kakegawa, Kosei Yamaguchi, Shuhei Ono, Tsubasa Otake, Masamichi Hoashi, Yashuhiro Kato, Kentaro Nakamura, Michael Bau, Efem Altinok, Nick Beukes, Kate Spangler, Denny Walizer, David Bevacqua, Michael Mobilia, Kazumasa Kumazawa, David Rickard, Martin Schoonen, Abby Allwood, and Paul Knauth. We are grateful for useful suggestions and comments from the reviewers of an earlier manuscript: Hu Barnes, Will Ethier, Robert Letchworth, Megan Pickard, Kyle Rybacki, Eric Cheney, and Euan Nesbit. Financial support from the NASA Institute (grants NCC21057, NNA04CC06A, NNA09DA76A) and the National Science Foundation (EAR-0229556, EAR-000194170, and EAR1024550) is gratefully acknowledged. NR 162 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 7 U2 60 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2504-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2014 VL 504 BP 55 EP 95 DI 10.1130/2014.2504(09) PG 41 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BA9CR UT WOS:000339191800010 ER PT S AU Domagal-Goldman, S AF Domagal-Goldman, Shawn BE Shaw, GH TI The upside-down biosphere: "Evidence for the partially oxygenated oceans during the Archean Eon" SO EARTH'S EARLY ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE ENVIRONMENT SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pardee Symposium was held at the Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 12, 2011 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Geol Soc Amer AB This is a commentary on the preceding chapter by Ohmoto et al., in which it is suggested that oxygen concentrations have been high throughout Earth history. This is a contentious suggestion at odds with the prevailing view in the field, which contends that atmospheric oxygen concentrations rose from trace levels to a few percent of modern-day levels around 2.5 b.y. ago. This comment notes that many of the data sets cited by Ohmoto et al. as evidence for a relatively oxidized environment come from deep-ocean settings. This presents a possibility to reconcile some of these data and suggestions with the overwhelming evidence for an atmosphere free of oxygen at that time. Specifically, it is possible that deep-ocean waters were relatively oxidized with respect to certain redox pairs. These deep-ocean waters would have been more oxidized than surface waters, thus representing an "upside-down biosphere," as originally proposed 25 years ago by Jim Walker. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Environm Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Domagal-Goldman, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Environm Lab, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM shawn.goldman@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2504-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2014 VL 504 BP 97 EP 99 DI 10.1130/2014.2504(10) PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BA9CR UT WOS:000339191800011 ER PT S AU Lvovich, V Wu, J Bennett, W DeMattia, B Miller, T AF Lvovich, Vadim Wu, James Bennett, William DeMattia, Brianne Miller, Thomas BE Lvovich, V Khosla, A Orazem, M Hansen, DC Vanysek, P TI Applications of AC Impedance Spectroscopy as Characterization and Diagnostic Tool in Li-metal Battery Cells SO IMPEDANCE TECHNIQUES, DIAGNOSTICS, AND SENSING APPLICATIONS SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Impedance Techniques, Diagnostics, and Sensing Applications held during the 224th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society (ECS) CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP Electrochem Soc, Sensor Div, Corros Div, Ind Electrochemistry & Electrochem Engn Div, Phys & Analyt Electrochemistry Div ID LITHIUM BATTERIES; IONIC LIQUIDS; ELECTROLYTES AB Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an exceptionally powerful and rapidly evolving technique for investigating electrical properties of materials and electrochemical interfacial kinetic processes in a wide variety of practical systems and applications. The method offers the most powerful on-line and off-line analysis of the status of investigated media, electrodes, and probes in many different complex time-and space-resolved processes that occur in electrochemical laboratory experiments or over a lifetime of monitored samples, devices, or materials. EIS is useful as an empirical quality control procedure that can also be employed to interpret fundamental electrochemical processes (1, 2). At NASA Glenn Research Center the EIS technique is being widely and effectively employed in characterization and performance monitoring of rechargeable energy storage devices, such as states of electrodes during charging / discharging cycles in secondary batteries and fuel cells. The technical objective for batteries is to improve the performance of rechargeable cells to meet the energy storage requirements of human missions. The approach is to develop advanced battery components to safely provide substantially higher specific energy for relatively few charge/discharge cycles. In the presented work, impedance spectroscopy and other electrochemical and surface science techniques have been widely applied to monitoring developed lithium-metal battery (LMB) cells, including investigation of the impact of novel ionic liquid electrolytes on cycle life and dendrite growth/suppression on Li anodes. Applications of EIS method allowed for efficient in situ performance monitoring of various types of electrodes and electrolytes used in experimental battery cells. The studies were focused initially on evaluating performance of separate battery components in symmetric lithium coin cells, with a purpose of future complete impedance analysis of full cells with Li anode and dedicated cathode. C1 [Lvovich, Vadim; Wu, James; Bennett, William; DeMattia, Brianne; Miller, Thomas] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Electrochem Branch, Power & In Space Prop Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Lvovich, V (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Electrochem Branch, Power & In Space Prop Div, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM vadim.f.lvovich@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-60768-500-5 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2014 VL 58 IS 22 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1149/05822.0001ecst PG 14 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BA9HF UT WOS:000339387300001 ER PT J AU Ordaz, I Li, W AF Ordaz, Irian Li, Wu TI Integration of Off-Track Sonic Boom Analysis for Supersonic Aircraft Conceptual Design SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB A highly desired capability for aircraft conceptual design is the ability to rapidly and accurately evaluate new concepts to avoid adverse trade decisions that may hinder the development process in the later stages of design. Evaluating the robustness of new low-boom concepts is important for the conceptual design of supersonic aircraft Here, robustness means that the aircraft configuration has a low-boom ground signature at both under- and off-track locations. An integrated process for under- and off-track sonic boom analysis is developed to facilitate the design of robust low-boom supersonic aircraft. The key enabler for sonic boom analysis is accurate computational fluid dynamics solutions for off-body pressure distributions. To ensure the numerical accuracy of the off-body pressure distributions, a mesh study is performed with Cart3D (an inviscid computational fluid dynamics solver) to determine the mesh requirements for off-body computational fluid dynamics analysis. Comparisons are made between the sonic boom analysis results conducted with the Cart3D and USM3D inviscid computational fluid dynamics solvers. The variation in the ground signature that results from changes in the location of the computational fluid dynamics off-body pressure distribution is also examined. Finally, a complete under- and off-track sonic boom analysis is presented for two distinct supersonic concepts to demonstrate the capability of the integrated analysis process. C1 [Ordaz, Irian; Li, Wu] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Syst Anal & Concepts Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Ordaz, I (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Syst Anal & Concepts Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 EI 1533-3868 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.2514/1.C031511 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AL2RP UT WOS:000338973100002 ER PT J AU Li, W Rallabhandi, S AF Li, Wu Rallabhandi, Sriram TI Inverse Design of Low-Boom Supersonic Concepts Using Reversed Equivalent-Area Targets SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID OPTIMIZATION AB A promising path for developing a low-boom configuration is a multifidelity approach that starts from a low-fidelity low-boom design, refines the low-fidelity design with computational fluid dynamics equivalent-area analysis, and improves the design with sonic-boom analysis by using computational fluid dynamics off-body pressure distributions. The focus of this paper is on the third step of this approach, in which the design is improved with sonic-boom analysis through the use of computational fluid dynamics calculations. A new inverse design process for off-body pressure tailoring is formulated and demonstrated with a low-boom supersonic configuration that was developed by using the mixed-fidelity design method with computational fluid dynamics equivalent-area analysis. The new inverse design process uses the reverse propagation of the pressure distribution from a mid-field location to a near-field location, converts the near-field into an equivalent-area distribution, generates a low-boom target for the reversed equivalent area of the configuration, and modifies the configuration to minimize the differences between the configuration's reversed equivalent area and the low-boom target. The new inverse design process is used to modify a supersonic demonstrator concept for a cruise Mach number of 1.6 and a cruise weight of 30,000 Ib. The modified configuration has a fully shaped ground signature that has a perceived loudness value of 78.5, whereas the original configuration has a partially shaped aft signature with a perceived loudness of 82.3. C1 [Li, Wu] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Rallabhandi, Sriram] NIA, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Li, W (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Mail Stop 442, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 EI 1533-3868 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 29 EP 36 DI 10.2514/1.C031551 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AL2RP UT WOS:000338973100003 ER PT J AU Greenwood, E Schmitz, FH AF Greenwood, Eric Schmitz, Fredric H. TI Effects of Ambient Conditions on Helicopter Rotor Source Noise Modeling SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB A phenomenological noise-modeling method called Fundamental Rotorcraft Acoustic Modeling from Experiments is used to demonstrate the changes in rotor harmonic noise generation of a helicopter operating at different ambient conditions. The method is based upon a nondimensional representation of the governing acoustic and performance equations of a single-rotor helicopter. Measured external noise is used together with parameter-identification techniques to develop a model of helicopter external noise that is a hybrid between theory and experiment. The method is used to evaluate the main rotor harmonic noise of a Bell 206B3 helicopter operating at different altitudes. The variation with altitude of blade-vortex interaction noise, known to be a strong function of the helicopter's advance ratio, depends upon which definition of airspeed is used. If normal flight procedures are followed and indicated airspeed is held constant, the true airspeed of the helicopter increases with altitude. This causes an increase in advance ratio and a decrease in the speed of sound, which results in large changes to blade-vortex interaction noise levels. Additionally, thickness noise on this helicopter becomes more intense with increasing altitude. The noise magnitude and directivity variations differ when flight conditions are defined by true airspeed. These results suggest that existing empirical helicopter rotor noise-source models may give incorrect noise estimates when they are used at conditions where data were not measured and may need to be corrected for mission land-use planning purposes. C1 [Greenwood, Eric] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroacoust Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Schmitz, Fredric H.] Univ Maryland, Dept Aerosp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Greenwood, E (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroacoust Branch, Mail Stop 461, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Greenwood, Eric/Q-7642-2016 OI Greenwood, Eric/0000-0002-0427-539X NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 EI 1533-3868 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 90 EP 103 DI 10.2514/1.C032045 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AL2RP UT WOS:000338973100009 ER PT J AU Shenoy, R Smith, MJ Park, MA AF Shenoy, Rajiv Smith, Marilyn J. Park, Michael A. TI Unstructured Overset Mesh Adaptation with Turbulence Modeling for Unsteady Aerodynamic Interactions SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID FLOW PROBLEMS; ROTOR; GRIDS; HOVER AB Schemes for anisotropic grid adaptation for dynamic overset simulations are presented. These approaches permit adaptation over a periodic time window in a dynamic flowfield so that an accurate evolution of the unsteady wake may be obtained, as demonstrated on an unstructured flow solver. Unlike prior adaptive schemes, this approach permits grid adaptation to occur seamlessly across any number of grids that are overset, excluding only the boundary layer to avoid surface manipulations. A demonstration on a rotor/fuselage-interaction configuration includes correlations with time-averaged and instantaneous fuselage pressures, and wake trajectories. Additionally, the effects of modeling the flow as inviscid and turbulent are reported. The ability of the methodology to improve these predictions is confirmed, including a vortex/fuselage-impingement phenomenon that has before now not been captured by computational simulations. The adapted solutions exhibit dependency based on the choice of the feature to form the adaptation indicator, indicating that there is no single best practice for feature-based adaptation across the spectrum of rotorcraft applications. C1 [Shenoy, Rajiv; Smith, Marilyn J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Aerosp Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Smith, Marilyn J.] AIAA, Atlanta, GA USA. [Park, Michael A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Computat Aerosci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Shenoy, R (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Aerosp Engn, 270 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. FU U.S. Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research [N00014-09-1-1019] FX A portion of this research has been supported by the U.S. Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research under grant N00014-09-1-1019, titled "Deconstructing Hub Drag." Judah Milgram is the technical monitor. Computational support was provided through the U.S. Department of Defense high-performance computing (HPC) centers at the Engineer Research and Development Center through an HPC grant from the U.S. Navy. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Office of Naval Research. The authors would like to especially acknowledge and thank the NASA FUN3D development team, in particular Bil Kleb and Eric Nielsen, who pioneered the grid-adaptation efforts within FUN3D. Without their discussions, ideas, and suggestions, this effort would not have been possible. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 EI 1533-3868 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 161 EP 174 DI 10.2514/1.C032195 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AL2RP UT WOS:000338973100014 ER PT J AU Yeo, H Truong, KV Ormiston, RA AF Yeo, Hyeonsoo Khiem-Van Truong Ormiston, Robert A. TI Comparison of One-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Structural Dynamics Modeling of Advanced Geometry Blades SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID BEAM SECTIONAL ANALYSIS; COMPOSITE BEAMS; SHELLS AB Comparisons between one-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses are conducted systematically for advanced geometry blades, which have tip sweep, tip taper, and planform variations near the root with various materials and effects of boundary conditions in order to better understand the differences between the two approaches and the physics behind them. One-dimensional beam analysis is conducted using the rotorcraft comprehensive analysis system with variational asymptotical beam sectional analysis calculated two-dimensional cross-sectional properties. Three-dimensional finite element analysis is conducted using a commercial code MSC/Marc. Natural frequencies are calculated at various rotor rotational speeds, and the differences are quantified. There is very good agreement between the one-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses for free-free aluminum beams, even for a very short beam with beam length five times chord (L = 5 x c). The one-dimensional analysis accurately captures the planform variation near the root for an aluminum beam. In general, the differences between the one-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses occur when there is coupling, either generated from geometry (tip sweep) or material (composite), especially for high-frequency modes. Without coupling, the one-dimensional analysis appears to capture free vibration characteristics of various advanced geometry beams and blades reasonably well for at least the six lowest frequency modes when the beam length is greater than 10 times chord. C1 [Yeo, Hyeonsoo; Ormiston, Robert A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, US Army Aviat Dev Directorate, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Yeo, Hyeonsoo; Ormiston, Robert A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Aviat & Missile Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Khiem-Van Truong] ONERA French Aerosp Lab, F-92322 Chatillon, France. RP Yeo, H (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, US Army Aviat Dev Directorate, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM hyeonsoo.yeo.civ@mail.mil; khiem-Van.Truong@onera.fr; robert.ormiston@amrdec.army.mil NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 EI 1533-3868 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 226 EP 235 DI 10.2514/1.C032304 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AL2RP UT WOS:000338973100020 ER PT J AU Brunt, KM Macayeal, DR AF Brunt, Kelly M. Macayeal, Douglas R. TI Tidal modulation of ice-shelf flow: a viscous model of the Ross Ice Shelf SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ice shelves; ice/ocean interactions ID STICK-SLIP MOTION; POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE; WEST ANTARCTICA; OCEAN TIDE; STREAM; SEA; GLACIER; VELOCITY; LAW AB Three stations near the calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, recorded GPS data through a full spring neap tidal cycle in November 2005. The data revealed a diurnal horizontal motion that varied both along and transverse to the long-term average velocity direction, similar to tidal signals observed in other ice shelves and, ice streams. Based on its periodicity, it was hypothesized that the signal represents a flow response of the Ross Ice Shelf to the diurnal tides of the Ross Sea. To assess the influence of the tide on the ice-shelf motion, two hypotheses were developed. The first addressed the direct response of the ice shelf to tidal forcing, such as forces due to sea-surface slopes or forces due to sub-ice-shelf currents. The second involved the indirect response of ice-shelf flow to the tidal signals observed in the ice streams that source the ice shelf. A finite-element model, based on viscous creep flow, was developed to test these hypotheses, but succeeded only in falsifying both hypotheses, i.e. showing that direct tidal effects produce too small a response, and indirect tidal effects produce a response that is not smooth in time. This nullification suggests that a combination of viscous and elastic deformation is required to explain the observations. C1 [Brunt, Kelly M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, GESTAR, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Macayeal, Douglas R.] Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Brunt, KM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, GESTAR, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM kelly.m.brunt@nasa.gov FU US National Science Foundation [OPP-0229546, ANT-0944193]; NASA Science Innovation Fund; NASA Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory FX We thank R. Bindschadler for ice-stream GPS data; M. King and L. Copland for GPS data analysis; E. O'Donnell, J. Thom, L.M. Cathles, O. Sergienko, M. Okal, T. Wagner, Kenn Borek Air, the University Navstar Consortium (UNAVCO) and the US Antarctic Program for field support; R. Walker for helpful discussions; and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript. This work was supported by US National Science Foundation grants OPP-0229546 and ANT-0944193, NASA Science Innovation Fund and NASA Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2014 VL 60 IS 221 BP 500 EP 508 DI 10.3189/2014JoG13J203 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AL4YI UT WOS:000339140300009 ER PT J AU Pfeffer, WT Arendt, AA Bliss, A Bolch, T Cogley, JG Gardner, AS Hagen, JO Hock, R Kaser, G Kienholz, C Miles, ES Moholdt, G Molg, N Paul, F Radic, V Rastner, P Raup, BH Rich, J Sharp, MJ Andeassen, LM Bajracharya, S Barrand, NE Beedle, MJ Berthier, E Bhambri, R Brown, I Burgess, DO Burgess, EW Cawkwell, F Chinn, T Copland, L Cullen, NJ Davies, B De Angelis, H Fountain, AG Frey, H Giffen, BA Glasser, NF Gurney, SD Hagg, W Hall, DK Haritashya, UK Hartmann, G Herreid, S Howat, I Jiskoot, H Khromova, TE Klein, A Kohler, J Konig, M Kriegel, D Kutuzov, S Lavrentiev, I Le Bris, R Li, X Manley, WF Mayer, C Menounos, B Mercer, A Mool, P Negrete, A Nosenko, G Nuth, C Osmonov, A Pettersson, R Racoviteanu, A Ranzi, R Sarikaya, MA Schneider, C Sigurdsson, O Sirguey, P Stokes, CR Wheate, R Wolken, GJ Wu, LZ Wyatt, FR AF Pfeffer, W. Tad Arendt, Anthony A. Bliss, Andrew Bolch, Tobias Cogley, J. Graham Gardner, Alex S. Hagen, Jon-Ove Hock, Regine Kaser, Georg Kienholz, Christian Miles, Evan S. Moholdt, Geir Moelg, Nico Paul, Frank Radic, Valentina Rastner, Philipp Raup, Bruce H. Rich, Justin Sharp, Martin J. Andeassen, L. M. Bajracharya, S. Barrand, N. E. Beedle, M. J. Berthier, E. Bhambri, R. Brown, I. Burgess, D. O. Burgess, E. W. Cawkwell, F. Chinn, T. Copland, L. Cullen, N. J. Davies, B. De Angelis, H. Fountain, A. G. Frey, H. Giffen, B. A. Glasser, N. F. Gurney, S. D. Hagg, W. Hall, D. K. Haritashya, U. K. Hartmann, G. Herreid, S. Howat, I. Jiskoot, H. Khromova, T. E. Klein, A. Kohler, J. Konig, M. Kriegel, D. Kutuzov, S. Lavrentiev, I. Le Bris, R. Li, X. Manley, W. F. Mayer, C. Menounos, B. Mercer, A. Mool, P. Negrete, A. Nosenko, G. Nuth, C. Osmonov, A. Pettersson, R. Racoviteanu, A. Ranzi, R. Sarikaya, M. A. Schneider, C. Sigurdsson, O. Sirguey, P. Stokes, C. R. Wheate, R. Wolken, G. J. Wu, L. Z. Wyatt, F. R. CA Randolph Consortium TI The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic glaciology; Arctic glaciology; glacier delineation; glacier mapping; remote sensing; tropical glaciology ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; ICE CAPS; MOUNTAIN GLACIERS; ALASKAN GLACIERS; MASS-BALANCE; PROJECT; VOLUME; LANDSAT AB The Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) is a globally complete collection of digital outlines of glaciers, excluding the ice sheets, developed to meet the needs of the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for estimates of past and future mass balance. The RGI was created with limited resources in a short period. Priority was given to completeness of coverage, but a limited, uniform set of attributes is attached to each of the similar to 198 000 glaciers in its latest version, 3.2. Satellite imagery from 1999-2010 provided most of the outlines. Their total extent is estimated as 726 800 +/- 34 000 km(2). The uncertainty, about +/- 5%, is derived from careful single-glacier and basin-scale uncertainty estimates and comparisons with inventories that were not sources for the RGI. The main contributors to uncertainty are probably misinterpretation of seasonal snow cover and debris cover. These errors appear not to be normally distributed, and quantifying them reliably is an unsolved problem. Combined with digital elevation models, the RGI glacier outlines yield hypsometries that can be combined with atmospheric data or model outputs for analysis of the impacts of climatic change on glaciers. The RGI has already proved its value in the generation of significantly improved aggregate estimates of glacier mass changes and total volume, and thus actual and potential contributions to sea-level rise. C1 [Pfeffer, W. Tad] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Arendt, Anthony A.; Bliss, Andrew; Hock, Regine; Kienholz, Christian; Rich, Justin] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Bolch, Tobias; Moelg, Nico; Paul, Frank; Rastner, Philipp] Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland. [Bolch, Tobias] Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Cartog, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. [Cogley, J. Graham] Trent Univ, Dept Geog, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. [Gardner, Alex S.] Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. [Hagen, Jon-Ove] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Hock, Regine] Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Uppsala, Sweden. [Kaser, Georg] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Miles, Evan S.] Univ Cambridge, Scott Polar Res Inst, Cambridge CB2 1ER, England. [Moholdt, Geir] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Radic, Valentina] Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Raup, Bruce H.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Sharp, Martin J.] Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Andeassen, L. M.] Norwegian Water Resources & Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway. [Bajracharya, S.; Mool, P.] Int Ctr Integrated Mt Dev, Kathmandu, Nepal. [Barrand, N. E.] Univ Birmingham, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. [Beedle, M. J.] Univ No British Columbia, Terrace, BC, Canada. [Berthier, E.] Lab Etudes Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, Toulouse, France. [Bhambri, R.] Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh, India. [Brown, I.; De Angelis, H.; Mercer, A.] Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden. [Burgess, D. O.] Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Burgess, E. W.; Herreid, S.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Cawkwell, F.] Univ Coll Cork, Cork, Ireland. [Chinn, T.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Copland, L.] Univ Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Cullen, N. J.; Sirguey, P.] Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Davies, B.; Glasser, N. F.] Aberystwyth Univ, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. [Fountain, A. G.] Portland State Univ, Portland, OR USA. [Frey, H.; Le Bris, R.] Univ Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [Giffen, B. A.] National Pk Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. [Gurney, S. D.] Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England. [Hagg, W.] Univ Munich, Munich, Germany. [Hall, D. K.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Haritashya, U. K.] Univ Dayton, Dayton, OH USA. [Hartmann, G.] Alberta Geol Survey, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Howat, I.; Negrete, A.] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH USA. [Jiskoot, H.] Univ Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada. [Khromova, T. E.; Kutuzov, S.; Lavrentiev, I.; Nosenko, G.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Moscow, Russia. [Klein, A.] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. [Kohler, J.; Konig, M.] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Tromso, Norway. [Kriegel, D.] German Res Ctr Geosci, Potsdam, Germany. [Li, X.; Wu, L. Z.] Cold & Arid Regions Environm & Engn Res Inst, Lanzhou, Peoples R China. [Manley, W. F.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO USA. [Mayer, C.] Bavarian Acad Sci, Commiss Geodesy & Glaciol, Munich, Germany. [Menounos, B.; Wheate, R.] Univ No British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada. [Nuth, C.] Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [Osmonov, A.] Central Asian Inst Appl Geosci, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. [Pettersson, R.] Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden. [Racoviteanu, A.] Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, Grenoble, France. [Ranzi, R.] Univ Brescia, Brescia, Italy. [Sarikaya, M. A.] Fatih Univ, Istanbul, Turkey. [Schneider, C.] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. [Sigurdsson, O.] Iceland Meteorol Off, Reykjavik, Iceland. [Stokes, C. R.] Univ Durham, Durham, England. [Wolken, G. J.] Alaska Div Geolog & Geophys Surveys, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Wyatt, F. R.] Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP Pfeffer, WT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gcogley@trentu.ca RI Stokes, Chris/A-1957-2011; Li, Xin/F-7473-2011; Howat, Ian/A-3474-2008; RANZI, Roberto/A-1594-2009; westgis.CAREERI, SCI paper/O-2255-2013; Berthier, Etienne/B-8900-2009; Kutuzov, Stanislav/A-2775-2013; Lavrentiev, Ivan/E-2224-2017; OI Miles, Evan/0000-0001-5446-8571; Stokes, Chris/0000-0003-3355-1573; Li, Xin/0000-0003-2999-9818; Howat, Ian/0000-0002-8072-6260; RANZI, Roberto/0000-0002-7408-9891; westgis.CAREERI, SCI paper/0000-0001-5298-1494; Berthier, Etienne/0000-0001-5978-9155; Kutuzov, Stanislav/0000-0003-2007-0922; Lavrentiev, Ivan/0000-0002-6902-7186; Davies, Bethan/0000-0002-8636-1813; Racoviteanu, Adina/0000-0003-4954-1871; Glasser, Neil/0000-0002-8245-2670; Bolch, Tobias/0000-0002-8201-5059; Gardner, Alex/0000-0002-8394-8889; Bliss, Andrew/0000-0002-8637-1923 FU NASA's Cryospheric Research Branch [NNX11AF41G, NNX13AK37G, NNX11A023G]; US Geological Survey's Alaska Climate Science Center; US National Park Service [H9911080028]; European Space Agency [4000101 7781 10/I-AM]; ice2sea programme (European Union) [226375]; German Research Foundation (DFG) [BO 3199/2-1]; US National Science Foundation [ANTI 043649, EAR 0943742]; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [1900-N21, P25362-N26]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Environment Canada FX We thank D. Bahr for helpful discussions, and an anonymous reviewer for a constructive review. Support for planning of the RGI, and for meetings in Winter Park, Colorado, and Randolph, New Hampshire, USA, was provided by the International Association for Cryospheric Sciences and the International Arctic Science Committee. K.M. Cuffey kindly provided the venue and helped to arrange a meeting in Berkeley, California, USA. We are grateful for support from NASA's Cryospheric Research Branch (grants NNX11AF41G to C.K., NNX13AK37G to A.A. and J.R., NNX11A023G to A.B.); the US Geological Survey's Alaska Climate Science Center and the US National Park Service (grant H9911080028 to A.A. and J.R.); the European Space Agency (Glaciers_cci project 4000101 7781 10/I-AM to T.B. and F.P.); the ice2sea programme (European Union 7th Framework Programme grant No. 226375 to P.R.; ice2sea contribution No. 100); the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant BO 3199/2-1 to T.B.); the US National Science Foundation (grants ANTI 043649 and EAR 0943742 to R.H.); the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; grants 1900-N21 and P25362-N26 to G.K.); and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery Grant) and Environment Canada (to M.S.). NR 60 TC 163 Z9 167 U1 9 U2 84 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2014 VL 60 IS 221 BP 537 EP 552 DI 10.3189/2014JoG13J176 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AL4YI UT WOS:000339140300012 ER PT S AU Hunter, GW Scardelletti, MC Ponchak, GE Beheim, GM Mackey, JA Spry, DJ Meredith, RD Dynys, FW Neudeck, PG Jordan, JL Chen, LY Harsh, K Zorman, CA AF Hunter, G. W. Scardelletti, M. C. Ponchak, G. E. Beheim, G. M. Mackey, J. A. Spry, D. J. Meredith, R. D. Dynys, F. W. Neudeck, P. G. Jordan, J. L. Chen, L. Y. Harsh, K. Zorman, C. A. BE Ren, F Wang, YL Jang, S Pearton, SJ Stokes, EB Kim, J TI High Temperature Wireless Smart Sensor Technology Based on Silicon Carbide Electronics SO WIDE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES 15 SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices 15 Held during the 225th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society CY MAY 11-15, 2014 CL Orlando, FL SP Electrochem Soc, Elect & Photon Div, Sensor Div AB Smart Sensor Systems that can operate at high temperatures are required for a range of aerospace applications including propulsion systems. This paper discusses the development and demonstration of the components of a high temperature Smart Sensor System that includes a sensor, electronics, wireless communication, and power scavenging. In particular, a wireless pressure sensor system was demonstrated at 475 degrees C with a notable amount of the power provided by power scavenging at elevated temperatures. This wireless pressure sensor system included a sensor, electronics, and wireless communication components integrated onto a single alumina substrate. High temperature wireless signal transmission at a distance of 1 meter using this approach was demonstrated at 475 degrees C from 70-100 psi for more than one hour. This demonstration of multiple Smart Sensor System components is considered a foundation for the development of high temperature Smart Sensor Systems for use in harsh environments. C1 [Hunter, G. W.; Scardelletti, M. C.; Ponchak, G. E.; Beheim, G. M.; Mackey, J. A.; Spry, D. J.; Meredith, R. D.; Dynys, F. W.; Neudeck, P. G.; Jordan, J. L.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Chen, L. Y.] Ohio Aerospace Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. [Harsh, K.] Sporian Microsyst, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. [Zorman, C. A.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Hunter, GW (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. OI Mackey, Jonathan/0000-0003-1053-7007; Zorman, Christian/0000-0001-9773-9351 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-60768-519-7 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2014 VL 61 IS 4 BP 127 EP 138 DI 10.1149/06104.0127ecst PG 12 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BA8VR UT WOS:000338846600017 ER PT J AU Newcomer, ME Kuss, AJM Ketron, T Remar, A Choksi, V Skiles, JW AF Newcomer, Michelle Elizabeth Kuss, Amber Jean Michael Ketron, Tyler Remar, Alex Choksi, Vivek Skiles, J. W. TI Estuarine sediment deposition during wetland restoration: a GIS and remote sensing modelling approach SO GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE suspended sediment concentration; remote sensing; MARSED; wetlands; GIS ID HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS; TOTAL SUSPENDED MATTER; COASTAL WATERS; SALT-MARSH; SATELLITE DATA; EROSION TABLE; SEA-LEVEL; ELEVATION; IMAGERY; BAY AB Restoration is currently underway in the industrial salt flats of San Francisco Bay, California. Remote sensing of suspended sediment concentration and other geographical information system predictor variables were used to model sediment deposition within recently restored ponds. Suspended sediment concentrations were calibrated to reflectance values from Landsat TM 5 and ASTER satellite image data using three statistical techniques - linear regression, multivariate regression and artificial neural network (ANN) regression. Multivariate and ANN regressions using ASTER proved to be the most accurate methods, yielding r(2) values of 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. Predictor variables such as sediment grain size and tidal frequency were used in the marsh sedimentation (MARSED) model for predicting deposition rates. MARSED results show a root-mean-square deviation of 66.8mm (<1 sigma) between modelled and field observations. This model was applied to a pond breached in November 2010 and indicated that the pond will reach sediment equilibrium levels after 60 months of tidal inundation. C1 [Newcomer, Michelle Elizabeth; Kuss, Amber Jean Michael] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA DEVELOP Natl Program, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Ketron, Tyler] Stanford Univ, Earth Syst Program, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Remar, Alex] Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, Newark, NJ USA. [Choksi, Vivek] Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Skiles, J. W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Newcomer, ME (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA DEVELOP Natl Program, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM michelle.e.newcomer@nasa.gov FU NASA DEVELOP National Program FX This research was funded by the NASA DEVELOP National Program. We thank Dr Randy Berthold, John Preston and Matt Linton for making the NASA DART boats available for our sampling campaign. We also thank Dr Mike Torresan and Angela Lam for providing the USGS facilities for our sediment analysis. We also thank Dr Karen Grove, Erin Justice, Dr Charles Williams, Brad Lobitz and Dr David Freyberg for their help and support with this project. The team also acknowledges the ASTER science team and the Landsat TM 5 science team for providing the data and support. The team acknowledges the helpful review provided by Cindy Schmidt and Christine Scofield and the comments provided by anonymous reviewers. NR 50 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 7 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1010-6049 EI 1752-0762 J9 GEOCARTO INT JI Geocarto Int. PY 2014 VL 29 IS 4 BP 451 EP 467 DI 10.1080/10106049.2013.798356 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AK9ST UT WOS:000338767700008 ER PT J AU Watson, AB AF Watson, Andrew B. TI A formula for human retinal ganglion cell receptive field density as a function of visual field location SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE vision; perception; acuity; retinal topography; retinal ganglion cells; midget retinal ganglion cell; eccentricity; peripheral vision; visual resolution ID SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; CORTICAL MAGNIFICATION; MACAQUE RETINA; HUMAN FOVEA; MIDGET; TOPOGRAPHY; MORPHOLOGY; GRATINGS; VISION; LIMITS AB In the human eye, all visual information must traverse the retinal ganglion cells. The most numerous subclass, the midget retinal ganglion cells, are believed to underlie spatial pattern vision. Thus the density of their receptive fields imposes a fundamental limit on the spatial resolution of human vision. This density varies across the retina, declining rapidly with distance from the fovea. Modeling spatial vision of extended or peripheral targets thus requires a quantitative description of midget cell density throughout the visual field. Through an analysis of published data on human retinal topography of cones and ganglion cells, as well as analysis of prior formulas, we have developed a new formula for midget retinal ganglion cell density as a function of position in the monocular or binocular visual field. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Watson, AB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM andrew.b.watson@nasa.gov FU NASA Space Human Factors Research Project [WBS 466199] FX I thank Albert Ahumada, Jeffrey Mulligan, Dennis Dacey, Heinz Wassle, Joy Hirsch, Neville Drasdo, Tony Movshon, and Denis Pelli and two anonymous referees for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. I thank Christine Curcio for providing the cone density and retinal ganglion cell data, and Ethan Rossi for providing the acuity data in Figure 17. This work supported by the NASA Space Human Factors Research Project WBS 466199. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 AR 15 DI 10.1167/14.7.15 PG 17 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA AL0VK UT WOS:000338844900001 ER PT S AU Cooper, C Eldridge, K Kim, MH Yoon, H Choi, SH Song, KD AF Cooper, Camille Eldridge, Keisharra Kim, Min Hyuck Yoon, Hargsoon Choi, Sang H. Song, Kyo D. BE Varadan, VK TI Parylene-C Passivation and Effects on Rectennas' Wireless Power Transfer Performance SO NANOSENSORS, BIOSENSORS, AND INFO-TECH SENSORS AND SYSTEMS 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensors, Biosensors, and Info-Tech Sensors and Systems CY MAR 10-12, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Parylene Passivation; Microwave; Rectenna; Wireless Power Transfer ID MICROWAVE; POLYMER AB In this study, the effect of Parylene-C coated as a passivation layer on various rectennas is investigated in terms of their wireless power transfer performance. A passivation has been used for protection of rectenna circuits and their packaging in order for protection of the circuit elements and electrical insulation. Especially, wireless power receiving rectennas attached on sensors or on moving vehicles such as airship needs proper protection while they are exposed to harsh environment. In this research, a layer of Parylene-C thin film is used for passivation on rectennas and electromagnetic coupling by the coating is assessed by the measurement of receiving power levels. In this research, an electrochemical analysis method will also be introduced to measure the degree of water protection by a Parylene-C layer. C1 [Cooper, Camille; Eldridge, Keisharra; Yoon, Hargsoon; Song, Kyo D.] Norfolk State Univ, Ctr Mat Res, 700 Pk Ave, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. [Kim, Min Hyuck; Yoon, Hargsoon; Song, Kyo D.] Norfolk State Univ, Dept Engn, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. [Choi, Sang H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cooper, C (reprint author), Norfolk State Univ, Ctr Mat Res, 700 Pk Ave, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9986-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9060 AR UNSP 90601A DI 10.1117/12.2045384 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA8SI UT WOS:000338593400031 ER PT S AU Tiano, AL Park, C Lee, JW Luong, HH Gibbons, LJ Chu, SH Applin, SI Gnoffo, P Lowther, S Kim, HJ Danehy, PM Inman, JA Jones, SB Kang, JH Sauti, G Thibeault, SA Yamakov, V Wise, KE Su, J Fay, CC AF Tiano, Amanda L. Park, Cheol Lee, Joseph W. Luong, Hoa H. Gibbons, Luke J. Chu, Sang-Hyon Applin, Samantha I. Gnoffo, Peter Lowther, Sharon Kim, Hyun Jung Danehy, Paul M. Inman, Jennifer A. Jones, Stephen B. Kang, Jin Ho Sauti, Godfrey Thibeault, Sheila A. Yamakov, Vesselin Wise, Kristopher E. Su, Ji Fay, Catharine C. BE Varadan, VK TI Boron Nitride Nanotube: Synthesis and Applications SO NANOSENSORS, BIOSENSORS, AND INFO-TECH SENSORS AND SYSTEMS 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensors, Biosensors, and Info-Tech Sensors and Systems CY MAR 10-12, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE boron nitride; nanotubes; purification; dispersion; structural composites; modeling; optical diagnostics; radiation shielding; piezoelectricity ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; CARBON NANOTUBES; WATER; PURIFICATION; GROWTH; FUNCTIONALIZATION; COMPOSITES; SOLUBILITY; ROPES; FILMS AB Scientists have predicted that carbon's immediate neighbors on the periodic chart, boron and nitrogen, may also form perfect nanotubes, since the advent of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991. First proposed then synthesized by researchers at UC Berkeley in the mid 1990's, the boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) has proven very difficult to make until now. Herein we provide an update on a catalyst-free method for synthesizing highly crystalline, small diameter BNNTs with a high aspect ratio using a high power laser under a high pressure and high temperature environment first discovered jointly by NASA/NIA/JSA. Progress in purification methods, dispersion studies, BNNT mat and composite formation, and modeling and diagnostics will also be presented. The white BNNTs offer extraordinary properties including neutron radiation shielding, piezoelectricity, thermal oxidative stability (>800 degrees C in air), mechanical strength, and toughness. The characteristics of the novel BNNTs and BNNT polymer composites and their potential applications are discussed. C1 [Tiano, Amanda L.; Park, Cheol; Gibbons, Luke J.; Chu, Sang-Hyon; Applin, Samantha I.; Kim, Hyun Jung; Kang, Jin Ho; Sauti, Godfrey; Yamakov, Vesselin] Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Lee, Joseph W.; Danehy, Paul M.; Inman, Jennifer A.; Jones, Stephen B.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Sensing & Opt Measurement Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Luong, Hoa H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mat Expt Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Gnoffo, Peter] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerothermodynam Branch, Hampton, VA USA. [Lowther, Sharon; Thibeault, Sheila A.; Wise, Kristopher E.; Su, Ji; Fay, Catharine C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA USA. RP Tiano, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM amanda.tiano@nianet.org; catharine.c.fay@nasa.gov FU NASA; Internal Research and Development; B P programs; US Air Force Office of Scientific Research - Low Density Materials program [FA9550- 11- 1- 0042] FX This work was supported in part by the NASA Langley Creativity and Innovation, Internal Research and Development, and B& P programs, as well as the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts programs. C. Park acknowledges that this work was funded in part by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research - Low Density Materials program under Grant No. FA9550- 11- 1- 0042. The authors also thank Michelle Tsui, Amelia McMullen, Michael C. Lowney, Jim Benson, and Rebecca Silva for their contributions and the Langley Aerospace Research Summer Scholars ( LARSS) and the LaRC Undergraduate Research Program ( USRP) for their sponsorship. We also acknowledge Erin Lilie- Fisher for her contributions on BNNT purification. We also thank Sivaram Arepalli for his helpful guidance and discussion, including his assistance with the new NIA synthesis chamber. We also acknowledge Dr. Wei Cao from the Applied Research Center at ODU for his assistance with electron microscopy. NR 59 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 8 U2 39 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9986-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9060 AR UNSP 906006 DI 10.1117/12.2045396 PG 19 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA8SI UT WOS:000338593400005 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Lu, T Walker, B Reyes, G AF Chao, Tien-Hsin Lu, Thomas Walker, Brian Reyes, George BE Casasent, D Chao, TH TI High-speed Optical processing Using Digital Micromirror Device SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXV CY MAY 06-07, 2014 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Real-time Optical Processing; Grayscale Optical Correlator; Optical implementation of CGH using a DMD SLM; Computer Generated Hologram; Correlation filter implemented on a DMD SLM ID CORRELATOR AB We have designed optical processing architecture and algorithms utilizing the DMD as the input and filter Spatial Light Modulators (SLM). Detailed system analysis will be depicted. Experimental demonstration, for the first time, showing that a complex-valued spatial filtered can be successfully written on the DMDSLM using a Computer Generated Hologram (CGH) [1] encoding technique will also be provided. The high-resolution, high-bandwidth provided by the DMD and its potential low cost due to mass production will enable its vast defense and civil application. C1 [Chao, Tien-Hsin; Lu, Thomas; Reyes, George] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Walker, Brian] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-1-62841-031-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9094 AR UNSP 909402 DI 10.1117/12.2054349 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BA8SD UT WOS:000338583700001 ER PT S AU Vincent, K Nguyen, D Walker, B Lu, T Chao, TH AF Vincent, Kevin Damien Nguyen Walker, Brian Lu, Thomas Chao, Tien-Hsin BE Casasent, D Chao, TH TI GPU processing for parallel image processing and real-time object recognition SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXV CY MAY 06-07, 2014 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE automated target recognition; GPU; CUDA programming; parallelization; real-time; computer vision; optimization AB In this paper, we present a method for reducing the computation time of Automated Target Recognition (ATR) algorithms through the utilization of the parallel computation on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). A selected multi-stage ATR algorithm is refounded to encourage efficient execution on the GPU. Such refounding includes parallel reimplementations of optical correlation, Feature Extraction, Classification and Correlation using NVIDIA's CUDA programming model. This method is shown to significantly reduce computation time of the selected ATR algorithms allowing the potential for further complexity and real-time applications. C1 [Vincent, Kevin] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. [Lu, Thomas; Chao, Tien-Hsin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Damien Nguyen] Saddleback Coll, Mission Viejo, CA 92692 USA. [Walker, Brian] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vincent, K (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. EM Thomas.t.lu@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA; JPL; Caltech FX The research described in this paper was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This project was also sponsored by the MSP program through NASA, JPL, and Caltech. Special thanks goes to Jack Fitzsimons, Colin Costello, George Reyes and Rachelle Yongvanich for their continuing guidance, advice, and support. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-1-62841-031-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9094 AR UNSP 909407 DI 10.1117/12.2054353 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BA8SD UT WOS:000338583700005 ER PT S AU Walker, B Lu, T Costello, C Reyes, G Chao, TH AF Walker, Brian Lu, Thomas Costello, Colin Reyes, George Chao, Tien-Hsin BE Casasent, D Chao, TH TI Addressing channel noise and bit rate in a multi-channel free space optical communication system SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXV CY MAY 06-07, 2014 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Free space optical communication; noise reduction; cross talk; in-plane/out-plane alignment AB In this paper, we present a method to optimize Multi-Channel Free Space Optical Communication for statically aligned transmitter-receiver pairs. Pattern recognition algorithms are employed to minimize crosstalk between pixels, reducing the need for channel redundancy. Digitization is accomplished through comparison with several look up tables which are generated during alignment. Mathematical modeling has been performed to simulate the optical misalignment. A multi-stage automated alignment system can be developed based on the models. Simulation of the in plane and out-of-plane translation and rotation shows that this method builds a foundation of an effective self-healing precision optical alignment system. C1 [Walker, Brian] Georgia Inst Tech, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Lu, Thomas; Reyes, George; Chao, Tien-Hsin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Costello, Colin] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. RP Walker, B (reprint author), Georgia Inst Tech, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM Thomas.T.Lu@jpl.nasa.gov FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL); California Institute of Technology ( CalTech); National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA) FX This research was completed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL), California Institute of Technology ( CalTech) under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA). NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-1-62841-031-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9094 AR UNSP 90940E DI 10.1117/12.2054352 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BA8SD UT WOS:000338583700012 ER PT J AU Matsuoka, A Babin, M Doxaran, D Hooker, SB Mitchell, BG Belanger, S Bricaud, A AF Matsuoka, A. Babin, M. Doxaran, D. Hooker, S. B. Mitchell, B. G. Belanger, S. Bricaud, A. TI A synthesis of light absorption properties of the Arctic Ocean: application to semianalytical estimates of dissolved organic carbon concentrations from space SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACIDS MAAS; AQUATIC PARTICLES; BEAUFORT SEA; SUSPENDED PARTICLES; MARINE ORGANISMS; MACKENZIE RIVER; CHLOROPHYLL-A; SARGASSO SEA; MATTER; WATERS AB In addition to scattering coefficients, the light absorption coefficients of particulate and dissolved materials are the main factors determining the light propagation of the visible part of the spectrum and are, thus, important for developing ocean color algorithms. While these absorption properties have recently been documented by a few studies for the Arctic Ocean (e. g., Matsuoka et al., 2007, 2011; Ben Mustapha et al., 2012), the data sets used in the literature were sparse and individually insufficient to draw a general view of the basin-wide spatial and temporal variations in absorption. To achieve such a task, we built a large absorption database of the Arctic Ocean by pooling the majority of published data sets and merging new data sets. Our results show that the total nonwater absorption coefficients measured in the eastern Arctic Ocean (EAO; Siberian side) are significantly higher than in the western Arctic Ocean (WAO; North American side). This higher absorption is explained by higher concentration of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in watersheds on the Siberian side, which contains a large amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compared to waters off North America. In contrast, the relationship between the phytoplankton absorption (a(phi) (lambda)) and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in the EAO was not significantly different from that in the WAO. Because our semianalytical CDOM absorption algorithm is based on chl a-specific a(phi)(lambda) values (Matsuoka et al., 2013), this result indirectly suggests that CDOM absorption can be appropriately derived not only for the WAO but also for the EAO using ocean color data. Based on statistics, derived CDOM absorption values were reasonable compared to in situ measurements. By combining this algorithm with empirical DOC versus CDOM relationships, a semianalytical algorithm for estimating DOC concentrations for river-influenced coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean is presented and applied to satellite ocean color data. C1 [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.] Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Takuvik Joint Int Lab, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada. [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.] CNRS, Takuvik Joint Int Lab, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada. [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.; Doxaran, D.; Bricaud, A.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, F-06238 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. [Hooker, S. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mitchell, B. G.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Belanger, S.] Univ Quebec, Dept Biol Chim & Geog, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. RP Matsuoka, A (reprint author), Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Takuvik Joint Int Lab, 1045 Ave Med, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada. EM atsushi.matsuoka@takuvik.ulaval.ca OI Mitchell, B. Greg/0000-0002-8550-4333 FU Arctic System Sciences program of the National Science Foundation [OPP-0125049, 0223375]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Studies (SIMBIOS) program [NAG5-10528]; NASA [NNX10AF42G]; ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche); INSU-CNRS (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales); ESA (European Space Agency) FX We are grateful to the captain and crews of the Canadian icebreaker CCGS Amundsen, USCGC Healy, Japanese R/V Mirai, and R/V Viktor Buynitsky. Data sets from SBI2002 cruises were provided by V. Hill on the basis of the applicable data policy (http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/). Sampling for these cruises was supported by the Arctic System Sciences program of the National Science Foundation OPP-0125049 and 0223375 and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Studies (SIMBIOS) program NAG5-10528. Sampling for the ICESCAPE cruises was supported by NASA grant NNX10AF42G to Kevin Arrigo. ICESCAPE data used here were supported by NASA as follows: PRR800 radiometer (NNX11AF64G to B. G. Mitchell) and particle absorption (NNX10AG05G to R. Reynolds and D. Stramski). Absorption data for ICESCAPE cruises were provided by R. Reynolds and D. Stramski. This study was conducted as part of the MALINA Scientific Program funded by ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche), INSU-CNRS (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) and the ESA (European Space Agency). We also thank a joint contribution to the research programs of UMI Takuvik, ArcticNet (Network Centres of Excellence of Canada) and the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada's New Arctic Frontier. NR 68 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 24 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 12 BP 3131 EP 3147 DI 10.5194/bg-11-3131-2014 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AK9QH UT WOS:000338761200004 ER PT J AU Brucker, L Dinnat, EP Koenig, LS AF Brucker, L. Dinnat, E. P. Koenig, L. S. TI Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions - Part 1: Product description SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID RADIOMETER OBSERVATIONS; SEA-ICE; ANTARCTICA; IMPACT AB Passive and active observations at L band (frequency similar to 1.4 GHz) from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission offer new capabilities to study the polar regions. Due to the lack of polar-gridded products, however, applications over the cryosphere have been limited. We present three weekly polar-gridded products of Aquarius data to improve our understanding of L-band observations of ice sheets, sea ice, permafrost, and the polar oceans. Additionally, these products intend to facilitate access to L-band data, and can be used to assist in algorithm developments. Aquarius data at latitudes higher than 50 degrees are averaged and gridded into weekly products of brightness temperature (TB), normalized radar cross section (NRCS), and sea surface salinity (SSS). Each grid cell also contains sea ice fraction, the standard deviation of TB, NRCS, and SSS, and the number of footprint observations collected during the seven-day cycle. The largest 3 dB footprint dimensions are 97 km x 156 km and 74 km x 122 km (along x across track) for the radiometers and scatterometer, respectively. The data is gridded to the Equal-Area Scalable Earth version 2.0 (EASE2.0) grid, with a grid cell resolution of 36 km. The data sets start in August 2011, with the first Aquarius observations and will be updated on a monthly basis following the release schedule of the Aquarius Level 2 data sets. The weekly gridded products are distributed by the US National Snow and Ice Data Center at http://nsidc.org/data/aquarius/index.html. C1 [Brucker, L.; Dinnat, E. P.; Koenig, L. S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Brucker, L.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res Studies & Invest, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Dinnat, E. P.] Chapman Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Orange, CA 92866 USA. RP Brucker, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Code 615, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ludovic.brucker@nasa.gov RI Dinnat, Emmanuel/D-7064-2012; Brucker, Ludovic/A-8029-2010 OI Dinnat, Emmanuel/0000-0001-9003-1182; Brucker, Ludovic/0000-0001-7102-8084 FU NASA Scientific Innovation Fund FX This research was funded by the NASA Scientific Innovation Fund. We acknowledge PO.DAAC for distributing the Level 2 Aquarius data (version 2.0) and NSIDC for archiving and distributing the weekly gridded products presented in this paper. We also acknowledge A. Decharon and L. Taylor (University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences) for hosting the visualization of the weekly gridded products of brightness temperature and sea surface salinity on the Aquarius Education & Public Outreach website (http://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/gal_latitudes_tbv.htm and http://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/gal_latitudes_sss.htm, respectively). Finally, we acknowledge the reviewers for their useful suggestions. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 3 BP 905 EP 913 DI 10.5194/tc-8-905-2014 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AK8CU UT WOS:000338655600008 ER PT J AU Brucker, L Dinnat, EP Koenig, LS AF Brucker, L. Dinnat, E. P. Koenig, L. S. TI Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions - Part 2: Initial product analysis SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; MODELING TIME-SERIES; SEA-ICE; DOME-C; THICKNESS RETRIEVAL; SNOW ACCUMULATION; ANTARCTICA; VARIABILITY; EMISSION AB Following the development and availability of Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products, this study presents the spatial and temporal radiometer and scatterometer observations at L band (frequency similar to 1.4 GHz) over the cryosphere including the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, sea ice in both hemispheres, and over sub-Arctic land for monitoring the soil freeze/thaw state. We provide multiple examples of scientific applications for the L-band data over the cryosphere. For example, we show that over the Greenland Ice Sheet, the unusual 2012 melt event lead to an L-band brightness temperature (TB) sustained decrease of similar to 5K at horizontal polarization. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, normalized radar cross section (NRCS) observations recorded during ascending and descending orbits are significantly different, highlighting the anisotropy of the ice cover. Over sub-Arctic land, both passive and active observations show distinct values depending on the soil physical state (freeze/thaw). Aquarius sea surface salinity (SSS) retrievals in the polar waters are also presented. SSS variations could serve as an indicator of fresh water input to the ocean from the cryosphere, however the presence of sea ice often contaminates the SSS retrievals, hindering the analysis. The weekly grided Aquarius L-band products used are distributed by the US Snow and Ice Data Center at http: //nsidc.org/data/aquarius/index.html,and show potential for cryospheric studies. C1 [Brucker, L.; Dinnat, E. P.; Koenig, L. S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Brucker, L.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res Studies & Invest, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Dinnat, E. P.] Chapman Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Orange, CA 92866 USA. RP Brucker, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Code 615, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ludovic.brucker@nasa.gov RI Dinnat, Emmanuel/D-7064-2012; Brucker, Ludovic/A-8029-2010 OI Dinnat, Emmanuel/0000-0001-9003-1182; Brucker, Ludovic/0000-0001-7102-8084 FU NASA Scientific Innovation Fund FX This research was funded by the NASA Scientific Innovation Fund. We acknowledge PO. DAAC for distributing the Level 2 Aquarius data (version 2.0) and NSIDC for archiving and distributing the weekly gridded products presented in this paper. We also acknowledge A. Decharon and L. Taylor (University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences) for hosting the visualization of the weekly gridded products of brightness temperature and sea surface salinity on the Aquarius Education & Public Outreach website (http://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/gal_latitudes_tbv.htm and http://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/gal_latitudes_sss.htm, respectively). Finally, we acknowledge the reviewers for their useful suggestions. NR 50 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 3 BP 915 EP 930 DI 10.5194/tc-8-915-2014 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AK8CU UT WOS:000338655600009 ER PT J AU Vikhlinin, AA Kravtsov, AV Markevich, ML Sunyaev, RA Churazov, EM AF Vikhlinin, A. A. Kravtsov, A. V. Markevich, M. L. Sunyaev, R. A. Churazov, E. M. TI Clusters of galaxies SO PHYSICS-USPEKHI LA English DT Review ID HALO MASS FUNCTION; LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE; DARK-MATTER HALOES; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; X-RAY OBSERVATIONS; INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE SCENARIO; INTERACTION CROSS-SECTION; EXCURSION SET-THEORY; WEAK-LENSING MASSES; COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATIONS AB Galaxy clusters are formed via nonlinear growth of primordial density fluctuations and are the most massive gravitationally bound objects in the present Universe. Their number density at different epochs and their properties depend strongly on the properties of dark matter and dark energy, making clusters a powerful tool for observational cosmology. Observations of the hot gas filling the gravitational potential well of a cluster allows studying gasdynamic and plasma effects and the effect of supermassive black holes on the heating and cooling of gas on cluster scales. The work of Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich has had a profound impact on virtually all cosmological and astrophysical studies of galaxy clusters, introducing concepts such as the Harrison Zeldovich spectrum, the Zeldovich approximation, baryon acoustic peaks, and the Sunyaev Zeldovich effect. Here, we review the most basic properties of clusters and their role in modern astrophysics and cosmology. C1 [Vikhlinin, A. A.; Sunyaev, R. A.; Churazov, E. M.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Moscow 117997, Russia. [Vikhlinin, A. A.] Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kravtsov, A. V.] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Markevich, M. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sunyaev, R. A.; Churazov, E. M.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. RP Vikhlinin, AA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Ul Profsoyuznaya 84-32, Moscow 117997, Russia. EM vikhlinin@iki.rssi.ru; churazov@iki.rssi.ru RI Churazov, Eugene/A-7783-2013 NR 251 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU TURPION LTD PI BRISTOL PA C/O TURPION LTD, IOP PUBLISHING, TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6HG, ENGLAND SN 1063-7869 EI 1468-4780 J9 PHYS-USP+ JI Phys. Usp. PY 2014 VL 57 IS 4 BP 317 EP 341 DI 10.3367/UFNr.0184.201404a.0339 PG 25 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA AK8XX UT WOS:000338713200001 ER PT J AU Adhikari, S Ivins, ER Larour, E Seroussi, H Morlighem, M Nowicki, S AF Adhikari, S. Ivins, E. R. Larour, E. Seroussi, H. Morlighem, M. Nowicki, S. TI Future Antarctic bed topography and its implications for ice sheet dynamics SO SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GLACIAL ISOSTATIC-ADJUSTMENT; SEA-LEVEL RISE; WEST ANTARCTICA; GROUNDING LINES; LATE HOLOCENE; MODEL; SHELF; EARTH; FLOW; SURFACE AB The Antarctic bedrock is evolving as the solid Earth responds to the past and ongoing evolution of the ice sheet. A recently improved ice loading history suggests that the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) has generally been losing its mass since the Last Glacial Maximum. In a sustained warming climate, the AIS is predicted to retreat at a greater pace, primarily via melting beneath the ice shelves. We employ the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) capability of the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) to combine these past and future ice loadings and provide the new solid Earth computations for the AIS. We find that past loading is relatively less important than future loading for the evolution of the future bed topography. Our computations predict that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) may uplift by a few meters and a few tens of meters at years AD 2100 and 2500, respectively, and that the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is likely to remain unchanged or subside minimally except around the Amery Ice Shelf. The Amundsen Sea Sector in particular is predicted to rise at the greatest rate; one hundred years of ice evolution in this region, for example, predicts that the coastline of Pine Island Bay will approach roughly 45mmyr(-1) in viscoelastic vertical motion. Of particular importance, we systematically demonstrate that the effect of a pervasive and large GIA uplift in the WAIS is generally associated with the flattening of reverse bed slope, reduction of local sea depth, and thus the extension of grounding line (GL) towards the continental shelf. Using the 3-D higher-order ice flow capability of ISSM, such a migration of GL is shown to inhibit the ice flow. This negative feedback between the ice sheet and the solid Earth may promote stability in marine portions of the ice sheet in the future. C1 [Adhikari, S.; Ivins, E. R.; Larour, E.; Seroussi, H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Adhikari, S.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Morlighem, M.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Nowicki, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Adhikari, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM surendra.adhikari@jpl.nasa.gov RI Morlighem, Mathieu/O-9942-2014 OI Morlighem, Mathieu/0000-0001-5219-1310 NR 61 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1869-9510 EI 1869-9529 J9 SOLID EARTH JI Solid Earth PY 2014 VL 5 IS 1 BP 569 EP 584 DI 10.5194/se-5-569-2014 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AK8CL UT WOS:000338654700005 ER PT J AU Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Chian, ACL Hada, T Morales, GJ Grimshaw, RHJ AF Lakhina, G. S. Tsurutani, B. T. Chian, A. C. -L. Hada, T. Morales, G. J. Grimshaw, R. H. J. TI Introduction to this Special Issue "Nonlinear waves and chaos in space plasmas" SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SPECTRUM C1 [Lakhina, G. S.] Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai, India. [Tsurutani, B. T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chian, A. C. -L.] Observ Paris, LESIA, Meudon, France. [Chian, A. C. -L.] Natl Inst Space Res INPE, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. [Hada, T.] Kyushu Univ, Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Engn Sci, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. [Morales, G. J.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Grimshaw, R. H. J.] Univ Loughborough, Dept Math Sci, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. RP Lakhina, GS (reprint author), Indian Inst Geomagnetism, New Panvel W, Navi Mumbai, India. EM gslakhina@gmail.com RI U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; OI Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2014 VL 21 IS 3 BP 583 EP 585 DI 10.5194/npg-21-583-2014 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AK8BB UT WOS:000338651000001 ER PT J AU Huttunen, J Arola, A Myhre, G Lindfors, AV Mielonen, T Mikkonen, S Schafer, JS Tripathi, SN Wild, M Komppula, M Lehtinen, KEJ AF Huttunen, J. Arola, A. Myhre, G. Lindfors, A. V. Mielonen, T. Mikkonen, S. Schafer, J. S. Tripathi, S. N. Wild, M. Komppula, M. Lehtinen, K. E. J. TI Effect of water vapor on the determination of aerosol direct radiative effect based on the AERONET fluxes SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SURFACE; URBAN; DUST; SUN; TRANSPORT; NETWORK; MODEL AB The aerosol direct radiative effect (ADRE) is defined as the change in the solar radiation flux, F, due to aerosol scattering and absorption. The difficulty in determining ADRE stems mainly from the need to estimate F without aerosols, F-0, with either radiative transfer modeling and knowledge of the atmospheric state, or regression analysis of radiation data down to zero aerosol optical depth (AOD), if only F and AOD are observed. This paper examines the regression analysis method by using modeled surface data products provided by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). We extrapolated F-0 by two functions: a straight linear line and an exponential nonlinear decay. The exponential decay regression is expected to give a better estimation of ADRE with a few percent larger extrapolated F-0 than the linear regression. We found that, contrary to the expectation, in most cases the linear regression gives better results than the nonlinear. In such cases the extrapolated F-0 represents an unrealistically low water vapor column (WVC), resulting in underestimation of attenuation caused by the water vapor, and hence too large F-0 and overestimation of the magnitude of ADRE. The nonlinear ADRE is generally 40-50% larger in magnitude than the linear ADRE due to the extrapolated F-0 difference. Since for a majority of locations, AOD and WVC have a positive correlation, the extrapolated F-0 with the nonlinear regression fit represents an unrealistically low WVC, and hence too large F-0. The systematic underestimation of F-0 with the linear regression is compensated by the positive correlation between AOD and water vapor, providing the better result. C1 [Huttunen, J.; Arola, A.; Lindfors, A. V.; Mielonen, T.; Komppula, M.; Lehtinen, K. E. J.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Kuopio, Finland. [Huttunen, J.; Mikkonen, S.; Lehtinen, K. E. J.] Univ Eastern Finland, Dept Appl Phys, Kuopio, Finland. [Myhre, G.] CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Schafer, J. S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Tripathi, S. N.] Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. [Wild, M.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Huttunen, J (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Kuopio, Finland. EM jani.huttunen@fmi.fi RI Lindfors, Anders/C-6727-2012; Mikkonen, Santtu/E-8568-2011; Mielonen, Tero/L-7067-2014; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Wild, Martin/J-8977-2012; Tripathi, Sachchida/J-4840-2016; OI Mikkonen, Santtu/0000-0003-0595-0657; Mielonen, Tero/0000-0003-1496-097X; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Arola, Antti/0000-0002-9220-0194 FU Academy of Finland Doctoral Programme ACCC; Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation FX We thank the AERONET team, principal investigators and other participants for theirs effort in establishing and maintaining the network. This study is supported by the Academy of Finland Doctoral Programme ACCC and the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation. We also thank Larry Oolman from Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, for providing radiosonde data of atmospheric water vapor column abundance. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 12 BP 6103 EP 6110 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6103-2014 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AK5BH UT WOS:000338438300016 ER PT J AU Massart, S Agusti-Panareda, A Aben, I Butz, A Chevallier, F Crevoisier, C Engelen, R Frankenberg, C Hasekamp, O AF Massart, S. Agusti-Panareda, A. Aben, I. Butz, A. Chevallier, F. Crevoisier, C. Engelen, R. Frankenberg, C. Hasekamp, O. TI Assimilation of atmospheric methane products into the MACC-II system: from SCIAMACHY to TANSO and IASI SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC METHANE; MODEL; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; EMISSIONS; SPECTRA; NETWORK; BIOMASS; ENVISAT; OZONE AB The Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate Interim Implementation (MACC-II) delayed-mode (DM) system has been producing an atmospheric methane (CH4) analysis 6 months behind real time since June 2009. This analysis used to rely on the assimilation of the CH4 product from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard Envisat. Recently the Laboratoire de M,t,orologie Dynamique (LMD) CH4 products from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research CH4 products from the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) were added to the DM system. With the loss of Envisat in April 2012, the DM system now has to rely on the assimilation of methane data from TANSO and IASI. This paper documents the impact of this change in the observing system on the methane tropospheric analysis. It is based on four experiments: one free run and three analyses from respectively the assimilation of SCIAMACHY, TANSO and a combination of TANSO and IASI CH4 products in the MACC-II system. The period between December 2010 and April 2012 is studied. The SCIAMACHY experiment globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 35 part per billion (ppb) compared to the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) data and by 28 ppb compared the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data, while the free run presents an underestimation of 5 ppb and 1 ppb against the same HIPPO and TCCON data, respectively. The assimilated TANSO product changed in October 2011 from version v.1 to version v.2.0. The analysis of version v.1 globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 18 ppb compared to the HIPPO data and by 15 ppb compared to the TCCON data. In contrast, the analysis of version v.2.0 globally overestimates the column by 3 ppb. When the high density IASI data are added in the tropical region between 30A degrees N and 30A degrees S, their impact is mainly positive but more pronounced and effective when combined with version v.2.0 of the TANSO products. The resulting analysis globally underestimates the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of methane (xCH(4)) just under 1 ppb on average compared to the TCCON data, whereas in the tropics it overestimates xCH(4) by about 3 ppb. The random error is estimated to be less than 7 ppb when compared to TCCON data. C1 [Massart, S.; Agusti-Panareda, A.; Engelen, R.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. [Aben, I.; Hasekamp, O.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Butz, A.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Chevallier, F.] CEA CNRS UVSQ, UMR8212, IPSL, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Crevoisier, C.] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, IPSL, Lab Meteorol Dynam, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Massart, S (reprint author), European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. EM sebastien.massart@ecmwf.int RI Butz, Andre/A-7024-2013; Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Butz, Andre/0000-0003-0593-1608; Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU European Commission under the EU [283576]; NSF [ATM-0628575, ATM-0628519, ATM-0628388]; University of California; University Corporation for Atmospheric Research; University of Colorado/CIRES; NCAR; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [BU2599/1-1] FX This study was funded by the European Commission under the EU Seventh Research Framework Programme (grant agreement no. 283576, MACC II). TCCON data were obtained from the TCCON Data Archive, operated by the California Institute of Technology from the website at http://tccon.ipac.caltech.edu/. The HIPPO program was supported by NSF grants ATM-0628575, ATM-0628519, and ATM-0628388 to Harvard University, University of California (San Diego), and by University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, University of Colorado/CIRES, by the NCAR and by the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. A. Butz is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Emmy-Noether programme, grant BU2599/1-1 (RemoteC). The authors are grateful to Marijana Crepulja and Martin Suttie for the processing of the satellite data used in this study. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 12 BP 6139 EP 6158 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6139-2014 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AK5BH UT WOS:000338438300018 ER PT J AU Hu, X Waller, LA Lyapustin, A Wang, Y Liu, Y AF Hu, X. Waller, L. A. Lyapustin, A. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. TI 10-year spatial and temporal trends of PM2.5 concentrations in the southeastern US estimated using high-resolution satellite data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; GROUND-LEVEL PM2.5; FINE PARTICULATE MATTER; AIR-POLLUTION; TIME-SERIES; MODIS; RETRIEVALS; EXPOSURE; IMPACT; CANADA AB Long-term PM2.5 exposure has been associated with various adverse health outcomes. However, most ground monitors are located in urban areas, leading to a potentially biased representation of true regional PM2.5 levels. To facilitate epidemiological studies, accurate estimates of the spatiotemporally continuous distribution of PM2.5 concentrations are important. Satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been increasingly used for PM2.5 concentration estimation due to its comprehensive spatial coverage. Nevertheless, previous studies indicated that an inherent disadvantage of many AOD products is their coarse spatial resolution. For instance, the available spatial resolutions of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) AOD products are 10 and 17.6 km, respectively. In this paper, a new AOD product with 1 km spatial resolution retrieved by the multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm based on MODIS measurements was used. A two-stage model was developed to account for both spatial and temporal variability in the PM2.5-AOD relationship by incorporating the MAIAC AOD, meteorological fields, and land use variables as predictors. Our study area is in the southeastern US centered at the Atlanta metro area, and data from 2001 to 2010 were collected from various sources. The model was fitted annually, and we obtained model fitting R-2 ranging from 0.71 to 0.85, mean prediction error (MPE) from 1.73 to 2.50 mu g m(-3), and root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE) from 2.75 to 4.10 mu g m(-3). In addition, we found cross-validation R-2 ranging from 0.62 to 0.78, MPE from 2.00 to 3.01 mu g m(-3), and RMSPE from 3.12 to 5.00 mu g m(-3), indicating a good agreement between the estimated and observed values. Spatial trends showed that high PM2.5 levels occurred in urban areas and along major highways, while low concentrations appeared in rural or mountainous areas. Our time-series analysis showed that, for the 10-year study period, the PM2.5 levels in the southeastern US have decreased by similar to 20%. The annual decrease has been relatively steady from 2001 to 2007 and from 2008 to 2010 while a significant drop occurred between 2007 and 2008. An observed increase in PM2.5 levels in year 2005 is attributed to elevated sulfate concentrations in the study area in warm months of 2005. C1 [Hu, X.; Liu, Y.] Emory Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. [Waller, L. A.] Emory Univ, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. [Lyapustin, A.; Wang, Y.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wang, Y.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Liu, Y (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM yang.liu@emory.edu FU NASA Applied Sciences Program [NNX09AT52G, NNX11AI53G]; USEPA [R834799] FX This work was partially supported by NASA Applied Sciences Program (grant no. NNX09AT52G and NNX11AI53G). In addition, this publication was made possible by USEPA grant R834799. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USEPA. Further, USEPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 37 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 12 BP 6301 EP 6314 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6301-2014 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AK5BH UT WOS:000338438300027 ER PT J AU Ortega, J Turnipseed, A Guenther, AB Karl, TG Day, DA Gochis, D Huffman, JA Prenni, AJ Levin, EJT Kreidenweis, SM DeMott, PJ Tobo, Y Patton, EG Hodzic, A Cui, YY Harley, PC Hornbrook, RS Apel, EC Monson, RK Eller, ASD Greenberg, JP Barth, MC Campuzano-Jost, P Palm, BB Jimenez, JL Aiken, AC Dubey, MK Geron, C Offenberg, J Ryan, MG Fornwalt, PJ Pryor, SC Keutsch, FN DiGangi, JP Chan, AWH Goldstein, AH Wolfe, GM Kim, S Kaser, L Schnitzhofer, R Hansel, A Cantrell, CA Mauldin, RL Smith, JN AF Ortega, J. Turnipseed, A. Guenther, A. B. Karl, T. G. Day, D. A. Gochis, D. Huffman, J. A. Prenni, A. J. Levin, E. J. T. Kreidenweis, S. M. DeMott, P. J. Tobo, Y. Patton, E. G. Hodzic, A. Cui, Y. Y. Harley, P. C. Hornbrook, R. S. Apel, E. C. Monson, R. K. Eller, A. S. D. Greenberg, J. P. Barth, M. C. Campuzano-Jost, P. Palm, B. B. Jimenez, J. L. Aiken, A. C. Dubey, M. K. Geron, C. Offenberg, J. Ryan, M. G. Fornwalt, P. J. Pryor, S. C. Keutsch, F. N. DiGangi, J. P. Chan, A. W. H. Goldstein, A. H. Wolfe, G. M. Kim, S. Kaser, L. Schnitzhofer, R. Hansel, A. Cantrell, C. A. Mauldin, R. L. Smith, J. N. TI Overview of the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory: site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE FOREST; BIOLOGICAL AEROSOL-PARTICLES; SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ICE NUCLEI POPULATIONS; MOVI-HRTOF-CIMS; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; FLAMMULATED OWLS; TROPOSPHERIC HO2 AB The Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics & Nitrogen (BEACHON) project seeks to understand the feedbacks and inter-relationships between hydrology, biogenic emissions, carbon assimilation, aerosol properties, clouds and associated feedbacks within water-limited ecosystems. The Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory (MEFO) was established in 2008 by the National Center for Atmospheric Research to address many of the BEACHON research objectives, and it now provides a fixed field site with significant infrastructure. MEFO is a mountainous, semi-arid ponderosa pine-dominated forest site that is normally dominated by clean continental air but is periodically influenced by anthropogenic sources from Colorado Front Range cities. This article summarizes the past and ongoing research activities at the site, and highlights some of the significant findings that have resulted from these measurements. These activities include - soil property measurements; - hydrological studies; - measurements of high-frequency turbulence parameters; - eddy covariance flux measurements of water, energy, aerosols and carbon dioxide through the canopy; - determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions and their influence on regional atmospheric chemistry; - aerosol number and mass distributions; - chemical speciation of aerosol particles; - characterization of ice and cloud condensation nuclei; - trace gas measurements; and - model simulations using coupled chemistry and meteorology. In addition to various long-term continuous measurements, three focused measurement campaigns with state-of-the-art instrumentation have taken place since the site was established, and two of these studies are the subjects of this special issue: BEACHON-ROCS (Rocky Mountain Organic Carbon Study, 2010) and BEACHON-RoMBAS (Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study, 2011). C1 [Ortega, J.; Turnipseed, A.; Guenther, A. B.; Karl, T. G.; Gochis, D.; Patton, E. G.; Hodzic, A.; Harley, P. C.; Hornbrook, R. S.; Apel, E. C.; Greenberg, J. P.; Barth, M. C.; Kim, S.; Cantrell, C. A.; Mauldin, R. L.; Smith, J. N.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Day, D. A.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Palm, B. B.; Jimenez, J. L.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Day, D. A.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Palm, B. B.; Jimenez, J. L.] CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Huffman, J. A.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. [Huffman, J. A.] Univ Denver, Dept Chem & Biochem, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Prenni, A. J.; Levin, E. J. T.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; DeMott, P. J.; Tobo, Y.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Cui, Y. Y.] St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. [Monson, R. K.] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Monson, R. K.] Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Eller, A. S. D.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Aiken, A. C.; Dubey, M. K.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Earth & Environm Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Geron, C.] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Offenberg, J.] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Ryan, M. G.] Colorado State Univ, Natl Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Ryan, M. G.; Fornwalt, P. J.] ARS, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Pryor, S. C.] Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Keutsch, F. N.; DiGangi, J. P.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Chan, A. W. H.; Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Wolfe, G. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wolfe, G. M.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Kaser, L.; Schnitzhofer, R.; Hansel, A.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys & Appl Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Smith, J. N.] Univ Eastern Finland, Dept Appl Phys, Kuopio 70211, Finland. RP Smith, JN (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM jimsmith@ucar.edu RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Wolfe, Glenn/D-5289-2011; Hansel, Armin/F-3915-2010; Aiken, Allison/B-9659-2009; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011; Chan, Arthur/I-2233-2013; Dubey, Manvendra/E-3949-2010; Offenberg, John/C-3787-2009; Hodzic, Alma/C-3629-2009; Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Smith, James/C-5614-2008; Kim, Saewung/E-4089-2012; Patton, Edward/K-3607-2012; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Levin, Ezra/F-5809-2010; Huffman, J. Alex/A-7449-2010; Karl, Thomas/D-1891-2009; Tobo, Yutaka/D-9158-2013; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008 OI Patton, Edward/0000-0001-5431-9541; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Hansel, Armin/0000-0002-1062-2394; Aiken, Allison/0000-0001-5749-7626; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914; Chan, Arthur/0000-0001-7392-4237; Hornbrook, Rebecca/0000-0002-6304-6554; Dubey, Manvendra/0000-0002-3492-790X; Offenberg, John/0000-0002-0213-4024; Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Smith, James/0000-0003-4677-8224; DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Huffman, J. Alex/0000-0002-5363-9516; Karl, Thomas/0000-0003-2869-9426; Tobo, Yutaka/0000-0003-0951-3315; Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847 FU NSF [ATM-0919042, ATM-0919189, ATM-0919317, ATM-1102309, ATM-0852406]; United States Department of Energy [DE-SC0006035, DE-SC00006861]; EC [334084]; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [L518-N20]; DOC-fFORTE fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Science; United States Department of Energy's Atmospheric System Research [F265, KP1701]; LANL - Laboratory Directed Research and Development; Max Planck Society (MPG); Geocycles Cluster Mainz (LEC Rheinland-Pfalz); National Science Foundation FX The authors would like to acknowledge generous field support from Richard Oakes (USDA Forest Service, Manitou Experimental Forest Site Manager). Authors from Colorado State University were supported through NSF grant ATM-0919042. Authors from the University of Colorado were supported by NSF grant ATM-0919189 and United States Department of Energy grant DE-SC0006035. Authors from the National Center for Atmospheric Research were supported by NSF grant ATM-0919317 and US Department of Energy grant DE-SC00006861. T. Karl was also supported by the EC Seventh Framework Programme (Marie Curie Reintegration program, "ALP-AIR", grant no. 334084). S. C. Pryor (Indiana University) was supported by NSF ATM-1102309. Authors from the University of Innsbruck were supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under project number L518-N20. L. Kaser was also supported by a DOC-fFORTE fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Science. Authors from the University of Wisconsin-Madison were supported by NSF grant ATM-0852406, the BEACHON project and NASA-SBIR Phase I & II funding. Contributions from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) were funded by the United States Department of Energy's Atmospheric System Research (project F265, KP1701, M. K. Dubey as principal investigator). A. C. Aiken also thanks LANL - Laboratory Directed Research and Development for a director's postdoctoral fellowship award. The authors would also like to acknowledge substantial participation and input from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC; Mainz, Germany), which was funded by the Max Planck Society (MPG) and the Geocycles Cluster Mainz (LEC Rheinland-Pfalz). J. A. Huffman acknowledges internal faculty support from the University of Denver. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development, collaborated in the research described here. The manuscript has been subjected to peer review and has been cleared for publication by the EPA. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the US Environmental Protection Agency. NR 99 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 6 U2 67 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 12 BP 6345 EP 6367 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AK5BH UT WOS:000338438300031 ER PT J AU Seo, J Youn, D Kim, JY Lee, H AF Seo, J. Youn, D. Kim, J. Y. Lee, H. TI Extensive spatiotemporal analyses of surface ozone and related meteorological variables in South Korea for the period 1999-2010 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM CHANGES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AIR-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; AMBIENT OZONE; EAST-ASIA; ADJUSTED TRENDS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CHINA; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Spatiotemporal characteristics of surface ozone (O-3) variations over South Korea are investigated with consideration of meteorological factors and timescales based on the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter (KZ filter), using measurement data at 124 air quality monitoring sites and 72 weather stations for the 12 yr period of 1999-2010. In general, O-3 levels at coastal cities are high due to dynamic effects of the sea breeze while those at the inland and Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) cities are low due to the NOx titration by local precursor emissions. We examine the meteorological influences on O-3 using a combined analysis of the KZ filter and linear regressions between O-3 and meteorological variables. We decomposed O-3 time series at each site into short-term, seasonal, and long-term components by the KZ filter and regressed on meteorological variables. Impact of temperature on the O-3 levels is significantly high in the highly populated SMA and inland region, but low in the coastal region. In particular, the probability of high O-3 occurrence doubles with 4 A degrees C of temperature increase in the SMA during high O-3 months (May-October). This implies that those regions will experience frequent high O-3 events in a future warming climate. In terms of short-term variation, the distribution of high O-3 probability classified by wind direction shows the effect of both local precursor emissions and long-range transport from China. In terms of long-term variation, the O-3 concentrations have increased by +0.26 ppbv yr(-1) (parts per billion by volume) on nationwide average, but their trends show large spatial variability. Singular value decomposition analyses further reveal that the long-term temporal evolution of O-3 is similar to that of nitrogen dioxide, although the spatial distribution of their trends is different. This study will be helpful as a reference for diagnostics and evaluation of regional- and local-scale O-3 and climate simulations, and as a guide to appropriate O-3 control policy in South Korea. C1 [Seo, J.; Kim, J. Y.] Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Green City Technol Inst, Seoul, South Korea. [Youn, D.] Chungbuk Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci Educ, Cheongju, South Korea. [Seo, J.] Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea. [Lee, H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Youn, D (reprint author), Chungbuk Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci Educ, Cheongju, South Korea. EM dyoun@chungbuk.ac.kr RI Seo, Jihoon/A-9499-2013; YOUN, DAEOK/D-1905-2009; OI Seo, Jihoon/0000-0002-2878-4551; YOUN, DAEOK/0000-0003-0770-9330; Lee, Huikyo/0000-0003-3754-3204 FU Green City Technology Flagship Program of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Chungbuk National University FX This study has been funded by the Green City Technology Flagship Program of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology. D. Youn was supported by Chungbuk National University. This work was done as H. Lee's private venture and not in the author's capacity as an employee of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. The authors also appreciate constructive comments from two anonymous referees. NR 66 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 24 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 12 BP 6395 EP 6415 DI 10.5194/acp-14-6395-2014 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AK5BH UT WOS:000338438300033 ER PT S AU Tan, FY Hee, WS Hwee, SL Abdullah, K Tiem, LY Matjafri, MZ Lolli, S Holben, B Welton, EJ AF Tan, F. Y. Hee, W. S. Hwee, S. L. Abdullah, K. Tiem, L. Y. Matjafri, M. Z. Lolli, S. Holben, B. Welton, E. J. BE Ratnavelu, K Chia, SP Wong, CS Ooi, RCH TI Variation In Daytime Troposphereic Aerosol Via LIDAR And Sunphotometer Measurements In Penang, Malaysia SO FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Meeting on Frontiers of Physics (IMFP) CY AUG 27-30, 2013 CL Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA SP Univ Malaya, Acad Sci Malaysia, Abdul Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Asia Pacific Ctr Theoret Phys, Malaysian Profess Sci Assoc Grp, Malaysian Inst Phys DE Aerosol; LIDAR; Sunphotometer; AERONET ID SAO-PAULO; BRAZIL AB Aerosol is one of the important factors that will influence the air quality, visibility, clouds, and precipitation processes in the troposphere. In this work, we investigated the variation of aerosol during daytime in Penang, Malaysia in certain days within July 2013. Vertical LIDAR scattering ratio and backscattering profiles, and columnar optical properties (optical depth, Angstrom exponent) of aerosols were measured using Raymetrics LIDAR and a CIMEL sunphotometer respectively. Specifically, we have determined the daytime variation of intensity and distribution level of aerosol, as well as the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and cloud classification. Subsequently, the data of columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) and size distribution in the atmospheric were used to quantify the properties of aerosol variation during daytime over Penang, Malaysia. C1 [Tan, F. Y.; Hee, W. S.; Hwee, S. L.; Abdullah, K.; Tiem, L. Y.; Matjafri, M. Z.] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Phys, George Town 11800, Malaysia. [Lolli, S.] JCET NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Holben, B.; Welton, E. J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tan, FY (reprint author), Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Phys, George Town 11800, Malaysia. RI Ratnavelu, Kurunathan/A-5463-2009; Lim, Hwee San/F-6580-2010; OI Ratnavelu, Kurunathan/0000-0002-0774-5086; Lim, Hwee San/0000-0002-4835-8015; Hee, Wan Shen/0000-0002-0871-8530 FU RU; RUT-PROS [1001/PFIZIK/811228, 1001/PFIZIK/846083]; Universiti Sains Malaysia [304/PFIZIK/6310057]; NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre FX I am gratefully acknowledging the financial support from the RU and RUT-PROS grant, account number: 1001/PFIZIK/811228 and 1001/PFIZIK/846083 respectively and Universiti Sains Malaysia - Short term grant 304/PFIZIK/6310057 used to carry out this project. I am also appreciating to all members from NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre who helps to setting up AERONET in Penang. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1220-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2014 VL 1588 BP 286 EP 292 DI 10.1063/1.4866962 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BA8IE UT WOS:000338131900045 ER PT S AU Forman, RG Zanganeh, M AF Forman, R. G. Zanganeh, M. BE Clark, G Wang, CH TI Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in the Threshold Region SO 11TH INTERNATIONAL FATIGUE CONGRESS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Advanced Materials Research LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Fatigue Congress CY MAR 02-07, 2014 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA SP RMIT Univ, Australian Calibrat Serv, MTS, Defence Mat Technol Ctr, Rosebank Engn Australia DE Fatigue crack growth thresholds; fatigue crack growth testing; fatigue crack bifurcations; fatigue crack roughness AB This paper describes the results of a research program conducted to improve the understanding of fatigue crack growth rate behavior in the threshold growth rate region and to answer a question on the validity of threshold region test data. The validity question relates to the view held by some experimentalists that using the ASTM load shedding test method does not produce valid threshold test results and material properties. The question involves the fanning behavior observed in threshold region of da/dN plots for some materials in which the low R-ratio data fans out from the high R-ratio data. This fanning behavior or elevation of threshold values in the low R-ratio tests is generally assumed to be caused by an increase in crack closure in the low R-ratio tests. Also, the increase in crack closure is assumed by some experimentalists to result from using the ASTM load shedding test procedure. The belief is that this procedure induces load history effects which cause remote closure from plasticity and/or roughness changes in the surface morphology. However, experimental studies performed by the authors have shown that the increase in crack closure is a result of extensive crack tip bifurcations that can occur in some materials, particularly in aluminum alloys, when the crack tip cyclic yield zone size becomes less than the grain size of the alloy. This behavior is related to the high stacking fault energy (SFE) property of aluminum alloys which results in easier slip characteristics. Therefore, the fanning behavior which occurs in aluminum alloys is a function of intrinsic dislocation property of the alloy, and therefore, the fanned data does represent the true threshold properties of the material. However, for the corrosion sensitive steel alloys tested in laboratory air, the occurrence of fanning results from fretting corrosion at the crack tips, and these results should not be considered to be representative of valid threshold properties because the fanning is eliminated when testing is performed in dry air. C1 [Forman, R. G.; Zanganeh, M.] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Forman, RG (reprint author), NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM royce.g.forman@nasa.gov; mohammad.zanganehgheshlaghi@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1022-6680 BN 978-3-03835-008-8 J9 ADV MATER RES-SWITZ PY 2014 VL 891-892 BP 327 EP 332 DI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.891-892.327 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BA7TX UT WOS:000337767700050 ER PT J AU King, RA Andino, MY Melton, L Eppink, J Kegerise, MA AF King, Rudolph A. Andino, Marlyn Y. Melton, Latunia Eppink, Jenna Kegerise, Michael A. TI Flow Disturbance Measurements in the National Transonic Facility SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SUPERSONIC FLOWS; TEMPERATURE; WIRES; HEAT AB Recent flow measurements have been acquired in the National Transonic Facility to assess the test-section unsteady flow environment. The primary purpose of the test is to determine the feasibility of the facility to conduct laminar-flow-control testing and boundary-layer transition-sensitive testing at flight-relevant operating conditions throughout the transonic Mach number range. The facility can operate in two modes, warm and cryogenic test conditions for testing full and semispan-scaled models. Data were acquired for Mach and unit Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.2 <= M <= 0.95 and 3.3 x 10(6) < Re/m < 220 x 10(6) collectively at air and cryogenic conditions. Measurements were made in the test section using a survey rake that was populated with 19 probes. Roll polar data at selected conditions were obtained to look at the uniformity of the flow disturbance field in the test section. Data acquired included mean total temperatures, mean and fluctuating static/total pressures, and mean and fluctuating hot-wire measurements. This paper focuses primarily on the unsteady pressure and hot-wire results. Based on the current measurements and previous data, an assessment was made that the facility may be a suitable facility for ground-based demonstrations of laminar-flow technologies at flight-relevant conditions in the cryogenic mode. C1 [King, Rudolph A.; Andino, Marlyn Y.; Melton, Latunia; Eppink, Jenna; Kegerise, Michael A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Flow Phys & Control Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP King, RA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Flow Phys & Control Branch, MS 170, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM rudolph.a.king@nasa.gov FU Airframe Technology Subproject in the Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project Office FX This work was supported by the Airframe Technology Subproject in the Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project Office, without which this study would not be possible. The authors thank the entire National Transonic Facility support staff for their work and long hours invested for the test program. Thanks to Andrew Tsoi, student trainee from the University of Colorado at Boulder, for the summer spent supporting this project. NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 EI 1533-385X J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 116 EP 130 DI 10.2514/1.J052429 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6KS UT WOS:000337803700011 ER PT J AU Marin, J Pilipenko, V Kozyreva, O Stepanova, M Engebretson, M Vega, P Zesta, E AF Marin, J. Pilipenko, V. Kozyreva, O. Stepanova, M. Engebretson, M. Vega, P. Zesta, E. TI Global Pc5 pulsations during strong magnetic storms: excitation mechanisms and equatorward expansion SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; MHD waves and instabilities; storms and substorms; space plasma physics; kinetic and MHD theory ID OUTER RADIATION BELT; HIGH-SPEED STREAMS; WAVE-GUIDE MODES; SOLAR-WIND; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; ULF WAVES; GEOMAGNETIC-PULSATIONS; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; HYDROMAGNETIC-WAVES; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE AB The dynamics of global Pc5 waves during the magnetic storms on 29-31 October 2003 are considered using data from the trans-American and trans-Scandinavian networks of magnetometers in the morning and post-noon magnetic local time (MLT) sectors. We study the latitudinal distribution of Pc5 wave spectral characteristics to determine how deep into the magnetosphere these Pc5 waves can extend at different flanks of the magnetosphere. The wave energy transmission mechanisms are different during 29-30 October and 31 October wave events. Further, we examine whether the self-excited Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is sufficient as an excitation mechanism for the global Pc5 waves. We suggest that on 31 October a magnetospheric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waveguide was excited, and the rigid regime of its excitation was triggered by enhancements of the solar wind density. The described features of Pc5 wave activity during recovery phase of strong magnetic storm are to be taken into account during the modeling of the relativistic electron energization by ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves. C1 [Marin, J.; Vega, P.] Univ La Serena, La Serena, Region De Coqui, Chile. [Pilipenko, V.] Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. [Kozyreva, O.] Inst Phys Earth, Moscow 123995, Russia. [Stepanova, M.] Univ Santiago Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile. [Engebretson, M.] Augsburg Coll, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. [Zesta, E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Pilipenko, V (reprint author), Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. EM space.soliton@gmail.com RI Stepanova, Marina/D-6329-2011 OI Stepanova, Marina/0000-0002-1053-3375 FU MEC-CONICYT [801-120-016]; Russian Fund for Basic Research [13-05-90436]; National Science Foundation [ATM-0827903] FX We acknowledge the IMAGE data from the Finnish Meteorological Institute, CARISMA data from University of Alberta, SAMNET data from Lancaster University, and INTER-MAGNET data. This study is supported by grants from MEC-CONICYT 801-120-016 (J. Marin, V. Pilipenko), Russian Fund for Basic Research 13-05-90436 (O. Kozyreva), and National Science Foundation ATM-0827903 (M. Engebretson). We appreciate the thorough reviewing of our manuscript by both referees. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 4 BP 319 EP 331 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-319-2014 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AJ8IO UT WOS:000337946900001 ER PT J AU Scarino, AJ Obland, MD Fast, JD Burton, SP Ferrare, RA Hostetler, CA Berg, LK Lefer, B Haman, C Hair, JW Rogers, RR Butler, C Cook, AL Harper, DB AF Scarino, A. J. Obland, M. D. Fast, J. D. Burton, S. P. Ferrare, R. A. Hostetler, C. A. Berg, L. K. Lefer, B. Haman, C. Hair, J. W. Rogers, R. R. Butler, C. Cook, A. L. Harper, D. B. TI Comparison of mixed layer heights from airborne high spectral resolution lidar, ground-based measurements, and the WRF-Chem model during CalNex and CARES SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MIXING HEIGHT; VALIDATION; PROFILES; WEATHER AB The California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) and Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) field campaigns during May and June 2010 provided a data set appropriate for studying the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (BL). The NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) airborne high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) was deployed to California onboard the NASA LaRC B-200 aircraft to aid in characterizing aerosol properties during these two field campaigns. Measurements of aerosol extinction (532 nm), backscatter (532 and 1064 nm), and depolarization (532 and 1064 nm) profiles during 31 flights, many in coordination with other research aircraft and ground sites, constitute a diverse data set for use in characterizing the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols, as well as the depth and variability of the daytime mixed layer (ML) height. The paper describes the modified Haar wavelet covariance transform method used to derive the ML heights from HSRL backscatter profiles. HSRL ML heights are validated using ML heights derived from two radiosonde profile sites during CARES. Comparisons between ML heights from HSRL and a Vaisala ceilometer operated during CalNex were used to evaluate the representativeness of a fixed measurement over a larger region. In the Los Angeles basin, comparisons of ML heights derived from HSRL measurements and ML heights derived from the ceilometer result in a very good agreement (mean bias difference of 10 m and correlation coefficient of 0.89) up to 30 km away from the ceilometer site, but are essentially uncorrelated for larger distances, indicating that the spatial variability of the ML height is significant over these distances and not necessarily well captured by limited ground stations. The HSRL ML heights are also used to evaluate the performance in simulating the temporal and spatial variability of ML heights from the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) community model. When compared to aerosol ML heights from HSRL, thermodynamic ML heights from WRF-Chem were underpredicted in the CalNex and CARES regions, shown by a bias difference value of -157 m and -29 m, respectively. Better agreement over the Central Valley than in mountainous regions suggests that some variability in the ML height is not well captured at the 4 km grid resolution of the model. A small but significant number of cases have poor agreement when WRF-Chem consistently overestimates the ML height in the late afternoon. Additional comparisons with WRF-Chem aerosol mixed layer heights show no significant improvement over thermodynamic ML heights, confirming that any differences between measurement and model are not due to the methodology of ML height determination. C1 [Scarino, A. J.; Butler, C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Obland, M. D.; Burton, S. P.; Ferrare, R. A.; Hostetler, C. A.; Hair, J. W.; Rogers, R. R.; Cook, A. L.; Harper, D. B.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Fast, J. D.; Berg, L. K.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Lefer, B.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX USA. [Haman, C.] Trinity Consultants, Baton Rouge, LA USA. RP Scarino, AJ (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM amy.jo.scarino@nasa.gov RI Berg, Larry/A-7468-2016; Scarino, Angela/F-3593-2013 OI Berg, Larry/0000-0002-3362-9492; Scarino, Angela/0000-0001-7389-3717 FU NASA Science Mission Directorate; Department of Energy Atmospheric Systems Research program [DE-AI02-05ER63985]; Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER); NASA CALIPSO project FX The funding for this research came from the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the Department of Energy Atmospheric Systems Research program (interagency agreement DE-AI02-05ER63985), the Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER), and the NASA CALIPSO project. DOE's ARM Climate Research Facility supported logistics and data collection during CARES. We would also like to thank Dave Turner for writing a significant amount of the code for the Haar Wavelet Covariance program that is applied to the HSRL aerosol backscatter. The authors would also like to thank the NASA Langley King Air B-200 flight crew for their outstanding work supporting these flights and measurements. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 11 BP 5547 EP 5560 DI 10.5194/acp-14-5547-2014 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AJ6KO UT WOS:000337803100016 ER PT J AU Liang, Q Atlas, E Blake, D Dorf, M Pfeilsticker, K Schauffler, S AF Liang, Q. Atlas, E. Blake, D. Dorf, M. Pfeilsticker, K. Schauffler, S. TI Convective transport of very short lived bromocarbons to the stratosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; DEEP CONVECTION; BR-Y; BROMINE; BROMOFORM; DEHYDRATION; CHEMISTRY; DIBROMOMETHANE AB We use the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Chemistry Climate Model (GEOSCCM) to quantify the contribution of the two most important brominated very short lived substances (VSLSs), bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), to stratospheric bromine and its sensitivity to convection strength. Model simulations suggest that the most active transport of VSLSs from the marine boundary layer through the tropopause occurs over the tropical Indian Ocean, the tropical western Pacific, and off the Pacific coast of Mexico. Together, convective lofting of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 and their degradation products supplies similar to 8 ppt total bromine to the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL, similar to 150 hPa), similar to the amount of VSLS organic bromine available in the marine boundary layer (similar to 7.8-8.4 ppt) in the active convective lofting regions mentioned above. Of the total similar to 8 ppt VSLS bromine that enters the base of the TTL at similar to 150 hPa, half is in the form of organic source gases and half in the form of inorganic product gases. Only a small portion (< 10%) of the VSLS-originated bromine is removed via wet scavenging in the TTL before reaching the lower stratosphere. On average, globally, CHBr3 and CH2Br2 together contribute similar to 7.7 pptv to the present-day inorganic bromine in the stratosphere. However, varying model deep-convection strength between maximum (strongest) and minimum (weakest) convection conditions can introduce a similar to 2.6 pptv uncertainty in the contribution of VSLSs to inorganic bromine in the stratosphere (Br-y(VSLS)). Contrary to conventional wisdom, the minimum convection condition leads to a larger Br-y(VSLS) as the reduced scavenging in soluble product gases, and thus a significant increase in product gas injection (2-3 ppt), greatly exceeds the relatively minor decrease in source gas injection (a few 10ths ppt). C1 [Liang, Q.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liang, Q.] Univ Space Res Assoc, GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. [Atlas, E.] Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Blake, D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Dorf, M.; Pfeilsticker, K.] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, Heidelberg, Germany. [Schauffler, S.] NCAR, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Liang, Q (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM qing.liang@nasa.gov RI Liang, Qing/B-1276-2011; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 FU NASA ACMAP program [NNX11AN71G]; German Ministry of Economy (BMWi) [50EE0840]; European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN) [RFQ/3-12092/07/I-OL]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG [PF-384/5-1, 384/5-1, PF384/9-1/2]; EU project Reconcile [FP7-ENV-2008-1-226365]; EU project SHIVA [FP7-ENV-2007-1-226224] FX Funding for this research comes from the NNX11AN71G project supported by the NASA ACMAP program. Funding for the DOAS team comes from the German Ministry of Economy (BMWi) (50EE0840), the European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN: no. RFQ/3-12092/07/I-OL), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG (grants PF-384/5-1 and 384/5-1 and PF384/9-1/2), as well from the EU projects Reconcile (FP7-ENV-2008-1-226365) and SHIVA (FP7-ENV-2007-1-226224). We thank Bjorn-Martin Sinnhuber and the other anonymous reviewer for their very good and constructive comments. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 11 BP 5781 EP 5792 DI 10.5194/acp-14-5781-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AJ6KO UT WOS:000337803100029 ER PT J AU Butzin, M Werner, M Masson-Delmotte, V Risi, C Frankenberg, C Gribanov, K Jouzel, J Zakharov, VI AF Butzin, M. Werner, M. Masson-Delmotte, V. Risi, C. Frankenberg, C. Gribanov, K. Jouzel, J. Zakharov, V. I. TI Variations of oxygen-18 in West Siberian precipitation during the last 50 years SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STABLE WATER ISOTOPES; ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE; CLIMATE; DEUTERIUM; SIMULATIONS; VARIABILITY; CYCLE; INFORMATION; RETRIEVALS AB Global warming is associated with large increases in surface air temperature in Siberia. Here, we apply the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso to explore the potential of water isotope measurements at a recently opened monitoring station in Kourovka (57.04A degrees N, 59.55A degrees E) in order to successfully trace climate change in western Siberia. Our model is constrained to atmospheric reanalysis fields for the period 1957-2013 to facilitate the comparison with observations of delta D in total column water vapour from the GOSAT satellite, and with precipitation delta O-18 measurements from 15 Russian stations of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. The model captures the observed Russian climate within reasonable error margins, and displays the observed isotopic gradients associated with increasing continentality and decreasing meridional temperatures. The model also reproduces the observed seasonal cycle of delta O-18, which parallels the seasonal cycle of temperature and ranges from -25 parts per thousand in winter to -5 parts per thousand in summer. Investigating West Siberian climate and precipitation delta O-18 variability during the last 50 years, we find long-term increasing trends in temperature and delta O-18, while precipitation trends are uncertain. During the last 50 years, winter temperatures have increased by 1.7 A degrees C. The simulated long-term increase of precipitation delta O-18 is at the detection limit (< 1 parts per thousand per 50 years) but significant. West Siberian climate is characterized by strong interannual variability, which in winter is strongly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. In winter, regional temperature is the predominant factor controlling delta O-18 variations on interannual to decadal timescales with a slope of about 0.5 aEuro degrees A degrees C-1. In summer, the interannual variability of delta O-18 can be attributed to short-term, regional-scale processes such as evaporation and convective precipitation. This finding suggests that precipitation delta O-18 has the potential to reveal hydrometeorological regime shifts in western Siberia which are otherwise difficult to identify. Focusing on Kourovka, the simulated evolution of temperature, delta O-18 and, to a smaller extent, precipitation during the last 50 years is synchronous with model results averaged over all of western Siberia, suggesting that this site will be representative to monitor future isotopic changes in the entire region. C1 [Butzin, M.; Werner, M.] Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Butzin, M.; Gribanov, K.; Zakharov, V. I.] Ural Fed Univ, Climate & Environm Phys Lab, Ekaterinburg, Russia. [Masson-Delmotte, V.; Jouzel, J.] UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm,IPSL, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Risi, C.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IPSL, Lab Meteorol Dynam, Paris, France. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Butzin, M (reprint author), Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. EM martin.butzin@awi.de RI Masson-Delmotte, Valerie/G-1995-2011; Werner, Martin/C-8067-2014; Gribanov, Konstantin/P-3479-2015; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Masson-Delmotte, Valerie/0000-0001-8296-381X; Werner, Martin/0000-0002-6473-0243; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU Russian government [11.G34.31.0064] FX This research was supported by a grant from the Russian government under the contract 11.G34.31.0064. The help of S. Rast, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, for providing model support regarding ECHAM5 nudging aspects is thankfully acknowledged. S. Terzer, IAEA Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna, provided valuable information regarding water isotope data from Russia. We thank C. Purcell, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, for language checking and two anonymous referees for constructive reviews. NR 70 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 11 BP 5853 EP 5869 DI 10.5194/acp-14-5853-2014 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AJ6KO UT WOS:000337803100034 ER PT J AU John, CS Macleod, TC Evans, J Ho, FD AF John, Caroline S. Macleod, Todd C. Evans, Joe Ho, Fat D. TI Temperature Effects on a Non-Volatile Memory Device with Ferroelectric Capacitor SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUL 28-31, 2013 CL Grapevine, TX DE Ferroelectric capacitor; non-volatile memory; thermal effects AB The temperature effects on a ferroelectric non-volatile memory latch were measured. The device is based on a design from Radiant Technologies Inc. utilizing a discrete ferroelectric capacitor. The effects measured include functionality, I-V characteristics and retention. The range of temperatures for which the device was tested is -107 degrees F to +302 degrees F. The results are compared with measurements made at room temperature for the device. Retention measurements of the device at elevated temperatures allow predictions of retention performance under normal operating conditions. Potential applications of this device in harsh environments which include aerospace, industrial and automotive are presented. C1 [John, Caroline S.; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Macleod, Todd C.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Evans, Joe] Radiant Technol Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87107 USA. RP John, CS (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM csj0005@uah.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2014 VL 157 IS 1 SI SI BP 23 EP 30 DI 10.1080/10584587.2014.911615 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA AJ8KL UT WOS:000337952600004 ER PT J AU Hunt, MR Sayyah, R Mitchell, C McCartney, CL Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Hunt, Mitchell R. Sayyah, Rana Mitchell, Cody McCartney, Crystal L. Macleod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Extended Characterization of the Common-Source and Common-Gate Amplifiers Using a Metal-Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUL 28-31, 2013 CL Grapevine, TX DE MFSFET; MFFET; metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor; FeFET; FFET; ferroelectric transistor; common-source amplifier; common-gate amplifier AB Collected data for both common-source and common-gate amplifiers is presented in this paper. Characterizations of the two amplifier circuits using metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistors (MFSFETs) are developed with wider input frequency ranges and additional device sizes compared to earlier characterizations. The effects of the ferroelectric layer's capacitance and variation of load, quiescent point, or input signal on each circuit are shown. Advantages and applications of the MFSFET and the circuit performance are discussed. C1 [Hunt, Mitchell R.; Sayyah, Rana; Mitchell, Cody; McCartney, Crystal L.; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Macleod, Todd C.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ho, FD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM ho@ece.uah.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2014 VL 157 IS 1 SI SI BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.1080/10584587.2014.912082 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA AJ8KL UT WOS:000337952600010 ER PT J AU Hunt, MR Sayyah, R Mitchell, C McCartney, CL Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Hunt, Mitchell R. Sayyah, Rana Mitchell, Cody McCartney, Crystal L. Macleod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Mathematical Models of the Common-Source and Common-Gate Amplifiers Using a Metal-Ferroelectric- Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUL 28-31, 2013 CL Grapevine, TX DE MFSFET; MFFET; metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor; FeFET; FFET; ferroelectric transistor; common-source amplifier; common-gate amplifier ID DRAIN AMPLIFIER AB Mathematical models of the common-source and common-gate amplifiers using metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistors (MFSFETs) are developed in this paper. The models are compared against data collected with MFSFETs of varying channel lengths and widths, and circuit parameters such as biasing conditions are varied as well. Considerations are made for the capacitance formed by the ferroelectric layer present between the gate and substrate of the transistors. Comparisons between the modeled and measured data are presented in depth. C1 [Hunt, Mitchell R.; Sayyah, Rana; Mitchell, Cody; McCartney, Crystal L.; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Macleod, Todd C.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ho, FD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM ho@ece.uah.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2014 VL 157 IS 1 SI SI BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1080/10584587.2014.912086 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA AJ8KL UT WOS:000337952600011 ER PT J AU Lucas, R Rebelo, LM Fatoyinbo, L Rosenqvist, A Itoh, T Shimada, M Simard, M Souza, PW Thomas, N Trettin, C Accad, A Carreiras, J Hilarides, L AF Lucas, Richard Rebelo, Lisa-Maria Fatoyinbo, Lola Rosenqvist, Ake Itoh, Takuya Shimada, Masanobu Simard, Marc Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir Thomas, Nathan Trettin, Carl Accad, Arnon Carreiras, Joao Hilarides, Lammert TI Contribution of L-band SAR to systematic global mangrove monitoring SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climate change; forest dynamics; international conventions; remote sensing ID SATELLITE IMAGERY; IKONOS IMAGERY; ELEVATION DATA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NATIONAL-PARK; BIOMASS; FORESTS; CARBON; RADAR; CLASSIFICATION AB Information on the status of and changes in mangroves is required for national and international policy development, implementation and evaluation. To support these requirements, a component of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA) Kyoto and Carbon (K&C) initiative has been to design and develop capability for a Global Mangrove Watch (GMW) that routinely monitors and reports on local to global changes in the extent of mangroves, primarily on the basis of observations by Japanese L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The GMW aims are as follows: (1) to map progression of change within or from existing (e.g. Landsat-derived) global baselines of the extent of mangroves by comparing advanced land-observing satellite 2 (ALOS-2) phased array L-band SAR 2 (PALSAR-2) data from 2014 with that acquired by the Japanese earth resources satellite (JERS-1) SAR(1992-1998) and ALOSPALSAR (2006-2011); (2) to quantify changes in the structure and associated losses and gains of carbon on the basis of canopy height and aboveground biomass (AGB) estimated from the shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM; acquired 2000), the ice, cloud and land-elevation satellite (ICESAT) geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS; 2003-2010) and L-band backscatter data; (3) to determine likely losses and gains of tree species diversity through reference to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) global thematic layers on the distribution of mangrove species; and (4) to validate maps of changes in the extent of mangroves, primarily through comparison with dense time-series of Landsat sensor data and to use these same data to describe the causes and consequences of change. The paper outlines and justifies the techniques being implemented and the role that the GMW might play in supporting national and international policies that relate specifically to the long-term conservation of mangrove ecosystems and the services they provide to society. C1 [Lucas, Richard; Thomas, Nathan] Univ New S Wales, Ctr Ecosyst Sci, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia. [Rebelo, Lisa-Maria] Int Water Management Inst, Reg Off Southeast Asia & Mekong, Viangchan, Laos. [Fatoyinbo, Lola] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rosenqvist, Ake] Solo Earth Observat SoloEO, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040054, Japan. [Itoh, Takuya] Remote Sensing Technol Ctr Japan RESTEC, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1060032, Japan. [Shimada, Masanobu] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058505, Japan. [Simard, Marc] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 90039 USA. [Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir] Fed Univ Para, Inst Geociencias, BR-66075110 Belem, Para, Brazil. [Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir] Vale Inst Tecnol, BR-66055090 Belem, Para, Brazil. [Trettin, Carl] US Forest Serv, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Southern Res Stn, Cordesville, SC 29434 USA. [Accad, Arnon] Brisbane Bot Gardens, Queensland Herbarium, Dept Sci Informat Technol Innovat & Arts, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia. [Carreiras, Joao] Trop Res Inst, P-1400142 Lisbon, Portugal. [Hilarides, Lammert] Wetlands Int, NL-6700 AL Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Lucas, R (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Ctr Ecosyst Sci, High St, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia. EM rml@aber.ac.uk RI Fatoyinbo, Temilola/G-6104-2012; Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir/J-4958-2012; Carreiras, Joao/B-4520-2008; Simard, Marc/H-3516-2013 OI Fatoyinbo, Temilola/0000-0002-1130-6748; Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir/0000-0003-0252-808X; Carreiras, Joao/0000-0003-2737-9420; Simard, Marc/0000-0002-9442-4562 NR 63 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 22 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 EI 1448-6059 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2014 VL 65 IS 7 BP 589 EP 603 DI 10.1071/MF13177 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA AJ8SR UT WOS:000337978300003 ER PT S AU Mackenzie, JI Murugan, GS Yu, AW Abshire, JB AF Mackenzie, J. I. Murugan, G. S. Yu, A. W. Abshire, J. B. BE Broquin, JE Conti, GN TI Er-doped tellurite waveguides for power amplifier applications SO INTEGRATED OPTICS: DEVICES, MATERIALS, AND TECHNOLOGIES XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Integrated Optics - Devices, Materials, and Technologies XVIII CY FEB 03-05, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical Materials; Tellurite; Erbium; Erbium/Ytterbium; Laser amplifier; CO2 ID GLASSES AB Tellurite waveguides are promising candidates for high gain with broad-bandwidth, especially with Er-doping, which covers the telecommunications band and important spectral absorption features of atmospheric CO2. This study aimed at developing new Er, Yb-doped tellurite waveguide power amplifier modules suited to LIDAR measurements from space that will enable improved mapping of the concentration and distribution of CO2 in our atmosphere. A comparison of the optical properties of bulk and waveguide samples has been made, with double-clad waveguide devices, suited for high power diode pumping, currently under test. C1 [Mackenzie, J. I.; Murugan, G. S.] Univ Southampton, Optoelect Res Ctr, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Yu, A. W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser & Electroopt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Abshire, J. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mackenzie, JI (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Optoelect Res Ctr, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. EM jim@orc.soton.ac.uk RI Senthil Murugan, Ganapathy/G-5271-2012; Chen, Ru/A-5105-2015; OI Senthil Murugan, Ganapathy/0000-0002-2733-3273; Mackenzie, Jacob/0000-0002-3355-6051 FU NASSA ESTO; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/J008052/1] FX The authors would like to thank NASSA ESTO and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant number EP/J008052/1,for their financial support of this effort. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9901-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8988 AR UNSP 898809 DI 10.1117/12.2046297 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BA7IV UT WOS:000337581400007 ER PT J AU Liu, AK He, SY Pan, YF Yang, JS AF Liu, Antony K. He, Shuangyan Pan, Yufang Yang, Jingsong TI Observations of typhoon eye using SAR and IR sensors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; INFRARED IMAGE DATA; AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE; SATELLITE IMAGERY; INNER-CORE; OCEAN; HURRICANES; EVOLUTION; TAIWAN AB In this review, recent studies on the observations of typhoon eyes by images acquired by multiple sensors, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and infrared (IR) radiometer, are first summarized. Large horizontal distances between typhoon eyes on the ocean surface by SAR and those on the cloud top by IR sensors have been demonstrated; these have previously been ignored but should not be ignored in typhoon forecasts and numerical simulations. Then, based on nine published typhoon cases, the horizontal shifts and vertical tilt angles from the cloud-top typhoon eye locations by IR sensors on board the Feng-Yun 2 (FY-2) and Multi Functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) to those at sea surface by SAR are further estimated. This shift difference between different sensors raises an issue on project distortion and navigation system errors for FY-2 and MTSAT satellites, which are of concern to both space agencies and data users. Finally, issues for current ongoing study and future research related to typhoon eyes are discussed, including rainband tracking between sensors for local wind speeds. C1 [Liu, Antony K.; He, Shuangyan; Pan, Yufang; Yang, Jingsong] State Ocean Adm, Inst Oceanog 2, State Key Lab Satellite Ocean Environm Dynam, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Liu, Antony K.; He, Shuangyan; Yang, Jingsong] Zhejiang Univ, Ocean Coll, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Liu, Antony K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP He, SY (reprint author), State Ocean Adm, Inst Oceanog 2, State Key Lab Satellite Ocean Environm Dynam, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. EM hesy103@gmail.com FU National Basic Research Programme of China [2013CB430300, 2011CB409803, 2011CB403503]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [41176021, 41276028, 41306035, 41206006]; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics [SOED1206] FX This work was supported by the National Basic Research Programme of China under grant nos 2013CB430300, 2011CB409803, and 2011CB403503; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant nos 41176021, 41276028, 41306035, and 41206006; and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics under contract no. SOED1206. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 6 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2014 VL 35 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 3966 EP 3977 DI 10.1080/01431161.2014.916450 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA AJ4EB UT WOS:000337623200004 ER PT J AU de Groh, HC AF de Groh, Henry C., III TI Response of Elastomer Seal Materials to Solid Rocket Exhaust Emissions SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB To explore the effects of solid rocket motor emissions on spacecraft docking seals, a set of elastomer seals and sheet material were placed in the plume during an open-air ground-based test firing of one of NASA's solid rocket jettison motors. The seal specimens were placed 86 ft (26.2 m) from the nozzle during an approximately 1.5 s firing outdoors. The conditions near the seals were generally hundreds of pounds per square foot of dynamic pressure and temperatures greater than 400 degrees F (204 degrees C) with high plume velocities. Worst-case flight conditions were imposed; however, high-altitude, near-vacuum conditions were not imposed. Thus, the chemistry, temperature, and pressures of the combustion products are expected to be slightly different compared to flight conditions. Because this was a ground-based test done outdoors, the specimens had the opportunity to be soiled by dusty winds, and it is possible contaminants on the seals may have come off after the firing and prior to examination and testing. The goal was to determine if exposure to the plume from the firing would physically damage the seals. Overall, the silicone-base elastomer seals were not measurably damaged by the emissions; leak rates were unaffected. C1 [de Groh, Henry C., III] NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP de Groh, HC (reprint author), Adv Met, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 DI 10.2514/1.A32488 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900004 ER PT J AU McQuigg, TD Kapania, RK Scotti, SJ Walker, SP AF McQuigg, Thomas D. Kapania, Rakesh K. Scotti, Stephen J. Walker, Sandra P. TI Compression After Impact Analysis on Thin Face Sheet Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference CY APR 22-26, 2012 CL Honolulu, HI SP AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC ID FAILURE ANALYSIS; PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS; MULTICONTINUUM THEORY; COMPOSITES AB A research study has been conducted on compression after impact of thin facesheet honeycomb core sandwich panels. This paper is focused on the modeling and analysis used to simulate the tests described in a companion paper. Of interest are composite sandwich panels with aerospace applications, which contain either a 3 or 6 lb/ft(3) honeycomb core. It was found that compression after impact testing of these coupons resulted in either an indentation propagation failure for the lower density core or a crack propagation failure mode for the higher density core. An analysis model is developed to account for both modes through the inclusion of progressive failure analysis of the facesheets and a homogenized, nonlinear material model for the honeycomb core. In addition, significant impact damage detail is included in the model based on experimental observation. Analysis results are compared with the experimental results for each of the 24 sandwich panel specimens tested. Good agreement of failure mode predictions with test results demonstrates the importance of considering both facesheet and core failure, as well as the initial damage severity. Finally, a parametric study highlights the strength benefits compared with mass penalty for various core densities. C1 [McQuigg, Thomas D.; Kapania, Rakesh K.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. [Scotti, Stephen J.; Walker, Sandra P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP McQuigg, TD (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, 215 Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 200 EP 212 DI 10.2514/1.A32428 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900021 ER PT J AU McQuigg, TD Kapania, RK Scotti, SJ Walker, SP AF McQuigg, Thomas D. Kapania, Rakesh K. Scotti, Stephen J. Walker, Sandra P. TI Compression After Impact Experiments on Thin Face Sheet Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference (SDM) CY APR 23-26, 2012 CL Honolulu, HI SP AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC ID DAMAGE AB Experiments have been used to study the compression after impact of thin face-sheet composite honeycomb core sandwich panels. The sandwich panels consist of very thin, woven S2-fiberglass face sheets adhered to a Nomex honeycomb core. Two sets of coupons were tested; they were identical, except one set contained a 3 lb/ft(3) density core, and the other contained a heavier 6 lb/ft3 density core. Static indentation and low-velocity impact using a drop tower were used to study damage formation in these materials with energy levels up to 9 ft-lb (foot-pounds). A series of highly instrumented compression after impact tests was then completed. New techniques for studying the response and failure include high-speed video photography as well as digital image correlation for the full-field deformation measurement. Two failure modes were observed. It is concluded that the failure mode of these materials depends solely on the honeycomb core density of the coupon, with the lighter density core experiencing an indentation propagation failure, while the heavier specimens experienced a crack propagation failure mode. C1 [McQuigg, Thomas D.; Kapania, Rakesh K.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. [Scotti, Stephen J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Res Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Walker, Sandra P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Struct Mech & Concepts Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP McQuigg, TD (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, 215 Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 253 EP 266 DI 10.2514/1.A32427 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900025 ER PT J AU von Eckroth, W Struchen, L Trovillion, T Perez, R Nerolich, S Parlier, C AF von Eckroth, Wulf Struchen, Leah Trovillion, Thomas Perez, Rafael Nerolich, Shaun Parlier, Chris TI Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor Plume Pressure and Heat Rate Measurements SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th Aerodynamic Measurement Technology, Ground Testing, and Flight Testing Conference CY JUN 25-28, 2012 CL New Orleans, LA AB The solid rocket booster main flame deflector at NASA Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A was instrumented to measure heat rates, pressures, and temperatures on the final three space shuttle launches. Because the solid rocket booster plume is hot and erosive, a robust tungsten piston calorimeter was developed to compliment measurements made by off-the-shelf sensors. Witness materials were installed, and their melting and erosion response to the Mach 2, 4000 degrees F, 4 s duration plume was observed. The data show that the specification used for the design of the main flame deflector thermal protection system overpredicts heat rates by a factor of three and underpredicts pressures by a factor of two. The discovery of short-duration heating spikes that occur when aluminum oxide slag solidifies on the main flame deflector explains this heat rate overprediction. This study allows improvement of solid rocket motor launch site and test stand computational fluid dynamics models and the concomitant slag deposition heat transfer models. C1 [von Eckroth, Wulf] United Space Alliance, USK 800, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32780 USA. [Struchen, Leah; Perez, Rafael] United Space Alliance, Strength & Thermal Anal Dept, USK 841, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32780 USA. [Trovillion, Thomas] United Space Alliance, Tech Anal Dept, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32780 USA. [Nerolich, Shaun] United Space Alliance, Loads & Dynam Anal Dept, USK 841, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32780 USA. [Parlier, Chris] NASA, Mech Support Syst Engn Branch, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP von Eckroth, W (reprint author), United Space Alliance, USK 800, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32780 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 281 EP 295 DI 10.2514/1.A32526 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900027 ER PT J AU West, TK Hosder, S Johnston, CO AF West, Thomas K. Hosder, Serhat Johnston, Christopher O. TI Multistep Uncertainty Quantification Approach Applied to Hypersonic Reentry Flows SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition CY JAN 06-10, 2013 CL Grapevine, TX SP AIAA ID LUNAR-RETURN CONDITIONS; SHOCK-LAYER RADIATION; POLYNOMIAL CHAOS; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; AIR AB The objective of this study was to introduce and demonstrate a computationally efficient, multistep uncertainty quantification approach for high-fidelity, hypersonic reentry flow simulations, which may include large numbers of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The multistep uncertainty quantification approach included several key components, including a sensitivity-based dimension reduction process that used a local sensitivity analysis at selected sample locations to approximate global sensitivities. Other components included a method to update existing deterministic samples after dimension reduction and a modified point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos method that incorporates existing local sensitivity information. The multistep uncertainty quantification approach was demonstrated on two model problems. The first was a model for stagnation point convective heat transfer in hypersonic flow. Mixed uncertainty quantification analysis results in reduced dimensions compared well with Monte Carlo simulations. The second problem was a high-fidelity, computational fluid dynamics model for stagnation point radiative heat flux on a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator during a Mars entry. The model consisted of 93 uncertain parameters, coming from both flowfield and radiation modeling. The model was reduced to ten and five uncertain variables, accounting for 95 and 90% of the total output variance, respectively. Pure aleatory, epistemic, and mixed uncertainty quantification analyses were in agreement with previous work, proving the potential and applicability of the multistep uncertainty quantification process for complex hypersonic reentry flow models. C1 [West, Thomas K.; Hosder, Serhat] Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Johnston, Christopher O.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerothermodynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP West, TK (reprint author), Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 296 EP 310 DI 10.2514/1.A32592 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900028 ER PT J AU Snyder, JS Brophy, JR Hofer, RR Goebel, DM Katz, I AF Snyder, John Steven Brophy, John R. Hofer, Richard R. Goebel, Dan M. Katz, Ira TI Experimental Investigation of a Direct-Drive Hall Thruster and Solar Array System SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit / 10th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference CY JUL 29-AUG 03, 2012 CL Atlanta, GA SP AIAA, ASME, SAE, ASEE AB Studies of high-power solar electric propulsion systems (i.e., tens to hundreds of kilowatts) suggest that significant mass savings may be realized by implementing direct-drive power systems. The National Direct-Drive Testbed was established to address issues associated with implementation of direct drive, and experimental results at power levels up to 10 kW are reported here. Hall thruster operation and control were shown to be simple and no different from that for operation on conventional power supplies. Thruster oscillations were the same as those for conventional power supplies, did not adversely affect solar array operation, and were independent of filter capacitance from 8 to 80 F. Solar array current and voltage oscillations were very small compared to their mean values and showed a modest dependence on capacitor size. Significantly, no instabilities or anomalous behavior were observed in the thruster or power system at any operating condition investigated, including near and at the array peak power point. Thruster startup using the anode propellant flow as the power "switch" was shown to be simple and reliable, with system transients mitigated by the proper selection of filter capacitance size. A simple electrical circuit model was developed and is shown to have good agreement with the experimental data. C1 [Snyder, John Steven; Hofer, Richard R.; Katz, Ira] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Elect Prop Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Brophy, John R.; Goebel, Dan M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Prop Thermal & Mat Engn Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Snyder, JS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Elect Prop Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 360 EP 373 DI 10.2514/1.A32479 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900032 ER PT J AU Anderson, MS AF Anderson, Mark S. TI Mass Spectrometry of Spacecraft Contamination Using Direct Analysis in Real-Time Ion Source SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB Spacecraft contamination was analyzed using mass spectrometry with the direct analysis in real-time ionization source. This source uses metastable helium for soft ionization and to mediate atmospheric desorption of samples into a mass spectrometer. The sampling methodology allows polymers to be assessed for the presence of vacuum labile components. Vacuum labile residues are significant sources of contamination on spacecraft optics, science instruments, and thermal control surfaces. The methodology also provides sensitive analysis of molecular contamination on spacecraft surfaces using existing spacecraft sampling procedures. This provides identification information for a wide range of molecular components including biomarker compounds. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Analyt Chem & Mat Res Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Anderson, MS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Analyt Chem & Mat Res Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mark.s.anderson@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA FX The research described in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the NASA. Thanks to Wayne Schubert for providing the spore samples. Thanks to Brian Blakkolb, Ned Ferraro, and Shirley Chung for providing materials and contamination samples. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 51 IS 1 BP 374 EP 378 DI 10.2514/1.A32613 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AJ6JY UT WOS:000337800900033 ER PT J AU Ruzmaikin, A AF Ruzmaikin, A. TI Climate as a game of chance SO PHYSICS-USPEKHI LA English DT Review ID FLUCTUATION-DISSIPATION THEOREM; SOLAR VARIABILITY; SPACE WEATHER; OSCILLATION; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; ATTRACTORS; PREDICTION; SIGNATURE; DYNAMICS AB We use general concepts and simple models to examine the role of randomness in chaotic systems, like Earth's climate, in response to external forcing. The response of a simple homogeneous system is determined by its correlation function in accordance with the fluctuation dissipation theorem. A structured (patterned) system responds in a more complicated way. Whereas its mean state (for example, Earth's global temperature) is changing only slightly, extreme events (such as floods and droughts) are increasing more dramatically in number. The statistics of extremes reveals remarkable properties, in particular, clustering (troubles never come alone, the saying goes) and are here illustrated by precipitation and space climate processes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ruzmaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM alexander.ruzmaikin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 84 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU TURPION LTD PI BRISTOL PA C/O TURPION LTD, IOP PUBLISHING, TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6HG, ENGLAND SN 1063-7869 EI 1468-4780 J9 PHYS-USP+ JI Phys. Usp. PY 2014 VL 57 IS 3 BP 280 EP 291 DI 10.3367/UFNe.0184.201403f.0297 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA AJ0QN UT WOS:000337360600006 ER PT J AU Hassler, B Petropavlovskikh, I Staehelin, J August, T Bhartia, PK Clerbaux, C Degenstein, D De Maziere, M Dinelli, BM Dudhia, A Dufour, G Frith, SM Froidevaux, L Godin-Beekmann, S Granville, J Harris, NRP Hoppel, K Hubert, D Kasai, Y Kurylo, MJ Kyrola, E Lambert, JC Levelt, PF McElroy, CT McPeters, RD Munro, R Nakajima, H Parrish, A Raspollini, P Remsberg, EE Rosenlof, KH Rozanov, A Sano, T Sasano, Y Shiotani, M Smit, HGJ Stiller, G Tamminen, J Tarasick, DW Urban, J van der A, RJ Veefkind, JP Vigouroux, C von Clarmann, T von Savigny, C Walker, KA Weber, M Wild, J Zawodny, JM AF Hassler, B. Petropavlovskikh, I. Staehelin, J. August, T. Bhartia, P. K. Clerbaux, C. Degenstein, D. De Maziere, M. Dinelli, B. M. Dudhia, A. Dufour, G. Frith, S. M. Froidevaux, L. Godin-Beekmann, S. Granville, J. Harris, N. R. P. Hoppel, K. Hubert, D. Kasai, Y. Kurylo, M. J. Kyroelae, E. Lambert, J. -C. Levelt, P. F. McElroy, C. T. McPeters, R. D. Munro, R. Nakajima, H. Parrish, A. Raspollini, P. Remsberg, E. E. Rosenlof, K. H. Rozanov, A. Sano, T. Sasano, Y. Shiotani, M. Smit, H. G. J. Stiller, G. Tamminen, J. Tarasick, D. W. Urban, J. van der A, R. J. Veefkind, J. P. Vigouroux, C. von Clarmann, T. von Savigny, C. Walker, K. A. Weber, M. Wild, J. Zawodny, J. M. TI Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone - Part 1: Measurement techniques, uncertainties and availability SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID EMISSION SOUNDER SMILES; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; LIMB ATMOSPHERIC SPECTROMETER; NORTHERN MIDLATITUDE STATION; INTERNATIONAL-SPACE-STATION; BALLOON SONDE MEASUREMENTS; CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT ACE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; PROFILE RETRIEVALS; POAM-III AB Peak stratospheric chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and other ozone depleting substance (ODS) concentrations were reached in the mid- to late 1990s. Detection and attribution of the expected recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer in an atmosphere with reduced ODSs as well as efforts to understand the evolution of stratospheric ozone in the presence of increasing greenhouse gases are key current research topics. These require a critical examination of the ozone changes with an accurate knowledge of the spatial (geographical and vertical) and temporal ozone response. For such an examination, it is vital that the quality of the measurements used be as high as possible and measurement uncertainties well quantified. In preparation for the 2014 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, the SPARC/IO3C/IGACO-O-3/NDACC ((SIN)-N-2) Initiative was designed to study and document changes in the global ozone profile distribution. This requires assessing long-term ozone profile data sets in regards to measurement stability and uncertainty characteristics. The ultimate goal is to establish suitability for estimating long-term ozone trends to contribute to ozone recovery studies. Some of the data sets have been improved as part of this initiative with updated versions now available. This summary presents an overview of stratospheric ozone profile measurement data sets (ground and satellite based) available for ozone recovery studies. Here we document measurement techniques, spatial and temporal coverage, vertical resolution, native units and measurement uncertainties. In addition, the latest data versions are briefly described (including data version updates as well as detailing multiple retrievals when available for a given satellite instrument). Archive location information for each data set is also given. C1 [Hassler, B.; Petropavlovskikh, I.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hassler, B.; Rosenlof, K. H.] NOAA, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Petropavlovskikh, I.] NOAA, ESRL, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Staehelin, J.] ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. [August, T.; Munro, R.] EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany. [Bhartia, P. K.; McPeters, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Clerbaux, C.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSU,LATMOS IPSL, Paris, France. [Degenstein, D.] Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [De Maziere, M.; Granville, J.; Hubert, D.; Lambert, J. -C.; Vigouroux, C.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron IASB BIRA, Brussels, Belgium. [Dinelli, B. M.] ISAC CNR, Bologna, Italy. [Dudhia, A.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, AOPP, Oxford, England. [Dufour, G.] Univ Paris Est Creteil, UMR CNRS 7583, LISA, Creteil 27, France. [Dufour, G.] Univ Paris Diderot, Creteil 27, France. [Frith, S. M.] NASA, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Godin-Beekmann, S.] Observ Versailles St Quentin en Yvelin, Guyancourt, France. [Harris, N. R. P.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. [Hoppel, K.] Naval Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC USA. [Kasai, Y.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. [Kurylo, M. J.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Kyroelae, E.; Tamminen, J.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Levelt, P. F.; van der A, R. J.; Veefkind, J. P.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. [McElroy, C. T.] York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Lassonde Sch Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Nakajima, H.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Parrish, A.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Raspollini, P.] CNR, Ist Fis Applicata N Carrara IFAC, Florence, Italy. [Remsberg, E. E.; Zawodny, J. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Rozanov, A.; Weber, M.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys Remote Sensing IUP IFE, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Sano, T.; Shiotani, M.] Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto, Japan. [Sasano, Y.] Assoc Int Res Initiat Environm Studies, Tokyo, Japan. [Smit, H. G. J.] Res Ctr Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res Troposphere IEK 8, Julich, Germany. [Stiller, G.; von Clarmann, T.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Tarasick, D. W.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Urban, J.] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [von Savigny, C.] Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Inst Phys, Greifswald, Germany. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Wild, J.] NOAA, Innovim LLC, NWS, NCEPClimate Predict Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. RP Hassler, B (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM birgit.hassler@noaa.gov RI clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013; Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Tamminen, Johanna/D-7959-2014; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; von Savigny, Christian/B-3910-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Dinelli, Bianca Maria/C-1212-2015; Hassler, Birgit/E-8987-2010; Weber, Mark/F-1409-2011; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Dinelli, Bianca Maria/0000-0002-1218-0008; Hubert, Daan/0000-0002-4365-865X; Harris, Neil/0000-0003-1256-3006; Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Tamminen, Johanna/0000-0003-3095-0069; Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Hassler, Birgit/0000-0003-2724-709X; Weber, Mark/0000-0001-8217-5450; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 FU Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; DLR [50 EE 0901]; University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Open Access Fund; SPARC-Office FX We would like to thank the different agencies that support missions with instruments that measure stratospheric ozone profiles (ESA, NASA, NOAA, JAXA, NICT, CSA, SNSB, CNES, NSO, NIES, MOE, Eumetsat). We also would like to thank the different national and international agencies that fund ground-based measurements and several databases where ground-based measurements are stored and made accessible (NDACC, WOUDC, SHADOZ). The atmospheric chemistry experiment (ACE) is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. SCIAMACHY is jointly funded by Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was performed under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The IMK data analysis was co-funded by DLR under contract 50 EE 0901. Publication of this article was funded by the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Open Access Fund and the SPARC-Office. NR 196 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 44 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1395 EP 1427 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1395-2014 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AI3DW UT WOS:000336740700016 ER PT J AU Milinevsky, G Danylevsky, V Bovchaliuk, V Bovchaliuk, A Goloub, P Dubovik, O Kabashnikov, V Chaikovsky, A Miatselskaya, N Mishchenko, M Sosonkin, M AF Milinevsky, G. Danylevsky, V. Bovchaliuk, V. Bovchaliuk, A. Goloub, Ph Dubovik, O. Kabashnikov, V. Chaikovsky, A. Miatselskaya, N. Mishchenko, M. Sosonkin, M. TI Aerosol seasonal variations over urban-industrial regions in Ukraine according to AERONET and POLDER measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ROTATING SHADOWBAND RADIOMETER; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL DEPTH RETRIEVALS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ANGSTROM EXPONENT; EASTERN-EUROPE; A-TRAIN; SUNPHOTOMETER MEASUREMENTS; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; INVERSION ALGORITHM AB The paper presents an investigation of aerosol seasonal variations in several urban-industrial regions in Ukraine. Our analysis of seasonal variations of optical and physical aerosol parameters is based on the sun-photometer 2008-2013 data from two urban ground-based AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sites in Ukraine (Kyiv, Lugansk) as well as on satellite POLDER instrument data for urban-industrial areas in Ukraine. We also analyzed the data from one AERONET site in Belarus (Minsk) in order to compare with the Ukrainian sites. Aerosol amount and optical depth (AOD) values in the atmosphere columns over the large urbanized areas like Kyiv and Minsk have maximum values in the spring (April-May) and late summer (August), whereas minimum values are observed in late autumn. The results show that fine-mode particles are most frequently detected during the spring and late summer seasons. The analysis of the seasonal AOD variations over the urban-industrial areas in the eastern and central parts of Ukraine according to both ground-based and POLDER data exhibits the similar traits. The seasonal variation similarity in the regions denotes the resemblance in basic aerosol sources that are closely related to properties of aerosol particles. The behavior of basic aerosol parameters in the western part of Ukraine is different from eastern and central regions and shows an earlier appearance of the spring and summer AOD maxima. Spectral single-scattering albedo, complex refractive index and size distribution of aerosol particles in the atmosphere column over Kyiv have different behavior for warm (April-October) and cold seasons. The seasonal features of fine and coarse aerosol particle behavior over the Kyiv site were analyzed. A prevailing influence of the fine-mode particles on the optical properties of the aerosol layer over the region has been established. The back-trajectory and cluster analysis techniques were applied to study the seasonal back trajectories and prevailing directions of the arrived air mass for the Kyiv and Minsk sites. C1 [Milinevsky, G.; Danylevsky, V.; Bovchaliuk, V.] Taras Shevchenko Natl Univ Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine. [Bovchaliuk, V.; Goloub, Ph; Dubovik, O.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, Lab Opt Atmospher, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Bovchaliuk, A.; Sosonkin, M.] Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Main Astron Observ, Kiev, Ukraine. [Kabashnikov, V.; Chaikovsky, A.; Miatselskaya, N.] Byelarussian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Lab Scattering Media, Minsk 220602, Byelarus. [Mishchenko, M.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Milinevsky, G (reprint author), Taras Shevchenko Natl Univ Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine. EM genmilinevsky@gmail.com RI Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; Danylevsky, Vassyl/F-5383-2017; OI Danylevsky, Vassyl/0000-0001-8311-0907; Bovchaliuk, Andrii/0000-0001-6987-7394 FU US Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) [UKG2-2969-KV-09]; CNRS [PICS 2013-2015]; NASU [PICS 2013-2015]; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv [11BF051-01-12]; Special Complex Program for Space Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; NASA Radiation Sciences Program; ACTRIS of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme [262254] FX The work was supported by award no. UKG2-2969-KV-09 from the US Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), by the project PICS 2013-2015 of CNRS and NASU, the project 11BF051-01-12 of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, by the Special Complex Program for Space Research 2012-2016 of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and the NASA Radiation Sciences Program managed by Hal Maring. We thank B. Holben (NASA/GSFC) for managing the AERONET program and its sites. We appreciate the effort in establishing and maintaining AERONET Lugansk site by V. Voytenko. The authors thank the ICARE Data and Services Center team for providing access to the PARASOL data and for general assistance and processing support. Authors thank T. Kucsera (GESTAR/USRA) at NASA/Goddard for back trajectories available at the aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov website. The high quality of AERONET/PHOTONS data was provided by CIMEL sun-photometer calibration performed at LOA using the AERONET-EUROPE calibration center, supported by ACTRIS of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 262254. NR 76 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1459 EP 1474 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1459-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AI3DW UT WOS:000336740700019 ER PT S AU Thejappa, G MacDowall, RJ AF Thejappa, G. MacDowall, R. J. BE Das, A Sharma, AS TI Wave-wave Interactions in Solar Type III Radio Bursts SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPLEX PROCESSES IN PLASMAS AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Complex Processes in Plasmas and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (ICCPPNDS) CY NOV 06-09, 2012 CL Inst Plasma Res, Gandhinagar, INDIA HO Inst Plasma Res DE Solar plasmas; solitons; Type III Radio Bursts ID LANGMUIR-WAVES; SOURCE REGIONS; PLASMA; TURBULENCE AB The high time resolution observations from the STEREO/WAVES experiment show that in type III radio bursts, the Langmuir waves often occur as localized magnetic field aligned coherent wave packets with durations of a few ms and with peak intensities well exceeding the strong turbulence thresholds. Some of these wave packets show spectral signatures of beam-resonant Langmuir waves, down- and up-shifted sidebands, and ion sound waves, with frequencies, wave numbers, and tricoherences satisfying the resonance conditions of the oscillating two stream instability (four wave interaction). The spectra of a few of these wave packets also contain peaks at f(pe), 2f(pe) and 3f(pe) (f(pe) is the electron plasma frequency), with frequencies, wave numbers and bicoherences (computed using the wavelet based bispectral analysis techniques) satisfying the resonance conditions of three wave interactions: (1) excitation of second harmonic electromagnetic waves as a result of coalescence of two oppositely propagating Langmuir waves, and (2) excitation of third harmonic electromagnetic waves as a result of coalescence of Langmuir waves with second harmonic electromagnetic waves. The implication of these findings is that the strong turbulence processes play major roles in beam stabilization as well as conversion of Langmuir waves into escaping radiation in type III radio bursts. C1 [Thejappa, G.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [MacDowall, R. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thejappa, G (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. FU NASA [NNX09AB19G, NNX12AH47G] FX The research of T. G. is supported by the NASA Grants NNX09AB19G and NNX12AH47G. The SWAVES instruments include contributions from the Observatoire of Paris, University of Minnesota, University of California, Berkeley, and NASA/GSFC. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1214-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2014 VL 1582 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1063/1.4865358 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BA6FL UT WOS:000337127400018 ER PT S AU Kuiper, R Klahr, H Beuther, H Henning, T AF Kuiper, Rolf Klahr, Hubert Beuther, Henrik Henning, Thomas BE Stamatellos, D Goodwin, S WardThompson, D TI A Solution to the Radiation Pressure Problem in the Formation of Massive Stars SO LABYRINTH OF STAR FORMATION SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Labyrinth of Star Formation CY JUN, 2012 CL GREECE ID DISK ACCRETION AB We review our recent studies demonstrating that the radiation pressure problem in the formation of massive stars can be circumvented via an anisotropy of the thermal radiation field. Such an anisotropy naturally establishes with the formation of a circumstellar disk. The required angular momentum transport within the disk can be provided by developing gravitational torques. Radiative Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in the cavity regions - as previously suggested in the literature - are not required and are shown to be unlikely in the context of massive star formation. C1 [Kuiper, Rolf] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Klahr, Hubert; Beuther, Henrik; Henning, Thomas] Max Planck Inst Astronomie, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Kuiper, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Rolf.Kuiper@jpl.nasa.gov FU German Academy of Science Leopoldina within the Leopoldina Fellowship programme [LPDS 2011- 5] FX Author R. K. is currently financially supported by the German Academy of Science Leopoldina within the Leopoldina Fellowship programme, grant no. LPDS 2011- 5. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1570-6591 BN 978-3-319-03041-8; 978-3-319-03040-1 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2014 VL 36 BP 379 EP 383 DI 10.1007/978-3-319-03041-8_74 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BA6YU UT WOS:000337314700076 ER PT J AU Gupta, RK Meyyappan, M Koehne, JE AF Gupta, Rakesh K. Meyyappan, M. Koehne, Jessica E. TI Vertically aligned carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays: electrochemical etching and electrode reusability SO RSC ADVANCES LA English DT Article ID LABEL-FREE DETECTION; FABRICATION; BIOSENSOR; SENSORS AB Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers in the form of nanoelectrode arrays were grown on nine individual electrodes, arranged in a 3 x 3 array geometry, in a 6.25 cm(2) chip. Electrochemical etching of the carbon nanofibers was employed for electrode activation and enhancing the electrode kinetics. Here, we report the effects of electrochemical etching on the fiber height and electrochemical properties. Electrode regeneration by amide hydrolysis and electrochemical etching is also investigated for electrode reusability. C1 [Gupta, Rakesh K.] GGM Sci Coll, Dept Elect, Jammu 180004, J&K, India. [Gupta, Rakesh K.; Meyyappan, M.; Koehne, Jessica E.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Koehne, JE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jessica.e.koehne@nasa.gov FU NIH [R01 Ns75013]; Nanotechnology Thematic Project in NASA's Game Changing Development Program; J&K Council for science and technology, Department of Higher Education, JK, India; University Grants Commission (UGC), New-Delhi, India; Presidential Early Career Award FX This work was supported in part by NIH (R01 Ns75013). Support by the Nanotechnology Thematic Project in NASA's Game Changing Development Program is acknowledged. J. E. K. acknowledges a Presidential Early Career Award and R. K. G. acknowledges the financial support of the J&K Council for science and technology, Department of Higher Education, J&K, India and University Grants Commission (UGC), New-Delhi, India. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 17 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2046-2069 J9 RSC ADV JI RSC Adv. PY 2014 VL 4 IS 43 BP 22642 EP 22650 DI 10.1039/c4ra01779j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA AI8AP UT WOS:000337124900049 PM 25089188 ER PT J AU Oswald, FB Zaretsky, EV Poplawski, JV AF Oswald, Fred B. Zaretsky, Erwin V. Poplawski, Joseph V. TI Relation between Residual and Hoop Stresses and Rolling Bearing Fatigue Life SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Residual Stress; Rolling Bearings; Fatigue Analysis; Life Prediction Methods; Interference Fit ID ELEMENT FATIGUE; CONTACT; M50NIL AB Rolling-element bearings operated at high speed or high vibration may require a tight interference fit between the bore of the bearing and shaft to prevent rotation of the bearing bore around the shaft and fretting damage at the interfaces. Previous work showed that the hoop stresses resulting from tight interference fits can reduce bearing lives by as much as 65%. Where tight interference fits are required, case-carburized steel such as AISI 9310 or M50 NiL is often used because the compressive residual stresses inhibit subsurface crack formation and the ductile core inhibits inner-ring fracture. The presence of compressive residual stress and its combination with hoop stress also modifies the Hertz stress life relation. This article analyzes the beneficial effect of residual stresses on rolling-element bearing fatigue life in the presence of high hoop stresses for three bearing steels. These additional stresses were superimposed on Hertzian principal stresses to calculate the inner race maximum shearing stress and the resulting fatigue life of the bearing. The load life exponent p and Hertz stress life exponent n increase in the presence of compressive residual stress, which yields increased life, particularly at lower stress levels. The Zaretsky life equation is described and is shown to predict longer bearing lives and greater load and stress life exponents, which better predicts observed life of bearings made from vacuum-processed steel. C1 [Oswald, Fred B.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Poplawski, Joseph V.] JV Poplawski & Associates, Bethlehem, PA 18018 USA. RP Oswald, FB (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 20 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-2004 EI 1547-397X J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PY 2014 VL 57 IS 4 BP 749 EP 765 DI 10.1080/10402004.2014.903325 PG 17 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA AJ3CV UT WOS:000337543900006 ER PT J AU Dutta, P Rathi, M Yao, Y Gao, Y Majkic, G Iliev, M Martinez, J Holzapfel, B Selvamanickam, V AF Dutta, Pavel Rathi, Monika Yao, Yao Gao, Ying Majkic, Goran Iliev, Milko Martinez, James Holzapfel, Bernhard Selvamanickam, Venkat TI Large grained single-crystalline-like germanium thin film on flexible Ni-W tape SO RSC ADVANCES LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; CUBE-TEXTURED NI; SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES; SOLAR-CELL; GE; SILICON; DEPOSITION; MOBILITY; GROWTH; BEAM AB Roll-to-roll processing of single-crystalline semiconductor thin films on low-cost flexible substrates is of high importance for flexible electronics and photovoltaic applications. In this paper we demonstrate roll-to-roll (R2R) heteroepitaxial deposition of single-crystalline-like Ge thin film on flexible cube-textured Ni-W metal substrates using an intermediate buffer layer of CeO2. Strongly biaxially-textured Ge thin film with large grain sizes in the range of 30-60 mu m was obtained. The Ge film exhibited (004) out-of-plane orientation and (111) in-plane orientation spread of 6.6 degrees. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns and Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) mapping confirmed the single-crystalline-like nature and highly-oriented grain structure with low angle grain boundaries. Raman measurement showed the presence of only crystalline Ge phase with TO peak width of 4.3 cm(-1), close to that of single-crystal Ge wafer (3.8 cm(-1)), confirming the high crystalline quality of the film. The Ge film was p-type and exhibited high carrier mobility of similar to 690 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). This alternative inexpensive, flexible and lightweight single-crystalline Ge thin film template, functionally nearly equivalent to single crystal Ge, may be a potential candidate for cost-effective R2R manufacturing of optoelectronic devices. C1 [Dutta, Pavel; Rathi, Monika; Yao, Yao; Gao, Ying; Majkic, Goran; Selvamanickam, Venkat] Univ Houston, Dept Mech Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Dutta, Pavel; Rathi, Monika; Yao, Yao; Gao, Ying; Majkic, Goran; Selvamanickam, Venkat] Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Iliev, Milko] Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Houston, TX 77004 USA. [Iliev, Milko] Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77004 USA. [Martinez, James] NASA, Mat Evaluat Lab, JSC Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77085 USA. [Holzapfel, Bernhard] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Dutta, P (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Mech Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM pdutta2@central.uh.edu RI ILIEV, MILKO/A-5941-2008 OI ILIEV, MILKO/0000-0002-9685-542X NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 26 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2046-2069 J9 RSC ADV JI RSC Adv. PY 2014 VL 4 IS 40 BP 21042 EP 21048 DI 10.1039/c4ra02664k PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA AI4KF UT WOS:000336833400053 ER PT S AU Park, J Bogard, DD Nyquist, LE Herzog, GF AF Park, Jisun Bogard, Donald D. Nyquist, Laurence E. Herzog, G. F. BE Jourdan, F Mark, DF Verati, C TI Issues in dating young rocks from another planet: Martian shergottites SO ADVANCES IN 40 AR/39 AR DATING: FROM ARCHAEOLOGY TO PLANETARY SCIENCES SE Geological Society Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IMPLANTED NOBLE-GASES; SM-ND; RB-SR; ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS; BASALTIC SHERGOTTITES; GOVERNADOR VALADARES; ATMOSPHERIC ARGON; AR-39-AR-40 AGE; THERMAL HISTORY; SNC METEORITES AB The Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of a group of Martian meteorites called shergottites are systematically older by about 25% or more than ages obtained using Sm-Nd and other radiometric dating methods. The older Ar-40/Ar-39 ages indicate the presence of(40)Ar not derived in situ from the radiogenic decay of K-40. The 'excess' argon can be associated with several different components, including the Martian atmosphere and mantle. We discuss the sources of Ar in shergottites, and the methods used to separate and identify them. C1 [Park, Jisun; Herzog, G. F.] Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Park, Jisun; Bogard, Donald D.] Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Nyquist, Laurence E.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Park, J (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM Jisun.Park@rutgers.edu NR 103 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBLISHING HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CTR, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0305-8719 BN 978-1-86239-360-8 J9 GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL JI Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. PY 2014 VL 378 BP 297 EP 316 DI 10.1144/SP378.10 D2 10.1144/SP378.12 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BA2YA UT WOS:000333984800022 ER PT J AU Mann, GW Carslaw, KS Reddington, CL Pringle, KJ Schulz, M Asmi, A Spracklen, DV Ridley, DA Woodhouse, MT Lee, LA Zhang, K Ghan, SJ Easter, RC Liu, X Stier, P Lee, YH Adams, PJ Tost, H Lelieveld, J Bauer, SE Tsigaridis, K van Noije, TPC Strunk, A Vignati, E Bellouin, N Dalvi, M Johnson, CE Bergman, T Kokkola, H von Salzen, K Yu, F Luo, G Petzold, A Heintzenberg, J Clarke, A Ogren, A Gras, J Baltensperger, U Kaminski, U Jennings, SG O'Dowd, CD Harrison, RM Beddows, DCS Kulmala, M Viisanen, Y Ulevicius, V Mihalopoulos, N Zdimal, V Fiebig, M Hansson, HC Swietlicki, E Henzing, JS AF Mann, G. W. Carslaw, K. S. Reddington, C. L. Pringle, K. J. Schulz, M. Asmi, A. Spracklen, D. V. Ridley, D. A. Woodhouse, M. T. Lee, L. A. Zhang, K. Ghan, S. J. Easter, R. C. Liu, X. Stier, P. Lee, Y. H. Adams, P. J. Tost, H. Lelieveld, J. Bauer, S. E. Tsigaridis, K. van Noije, T. P. C. Strunk, A. Vignati, E. Bellouin, N. Dalvi, M. Johnson, C. E. Bergman, T. Kokkola, H. von Salzen, K. Yu, F. Luo, G. Petzold, A. Heintzenberg, J. Clarke, A. Ogren, A. Gras, J. Baltensperger, U. Kaminski, U. Jennings, S. G. O'Dowd, C. D. Harrison, R. M. Beddows, D. C. S. Kulmala, M. Viisanen, Y. Ulevicius, V. Mihalopoulos, N. Zdimal, V. Fiebig, M. Hansson, H-C Swietlicki, E. Henzing, J. S. TI Intercomparison and evaluation of global aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom models of a range of complexity SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; OFF-LINE MODEL; CLIMATE MODEL; BLACK CARBON; PARTICLE FORMATION; MIXING STATE; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AB Many of the next generation of global climate models will include aerosol schemes which explicitly simulate the microphysical processes that determine the particle size distribution. These models enable aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations to be determined by fundamental aerosol processes, which should lead to a more physically based simulation of aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcings. This study examines the global variation in particle size distribution simulated by 12 global aerosol microphysics models to quantify model diversity and to identify any common biases against observations. Evaluation against size distribution measurements from a new European network of aerosol supersites shows that the mean model agrees quite well with the observations at many sites on the annual mean, but there are some seasonal biases common to many sites. In particular, at many of these European sites, the accumulation mode number concentration is biased low during winter and Aitken mode concentrations tend to be overestimated in winter and underestimated in summer. At high northern latitudes, the models strongly underpredict Aitken and accumulation particle concentrations compared to the measurements, consistent with previous studies that have highlighted the poor performance of global aerosol models in the Arctic. In the marine boundary layer, the models capture the observed meridional variation in the size distribution, which is dominated by the Aitken mode at high latitudes, with an increasing concentration of accumulation particles with decreasing latitude. Considering vertical profiles, the models reproduce the observed peak in total particle concentrations in the upper troposphere due to new particle formation, although modelled peak concentrations tend to be biased high over Europe. Overall, the multimodel-mean data set simulates the global variation of the particle size distribution with a good degree of skill, suggesting that most of the individual global aerosol microphysics models are performing well, although the large model diversity indicates that some models are in poor agreement with the observations. Further work is required to better constrain size-resolved primary and secondary particle number sources, and an improved understanding of nucleation and growth (e. g. the role of nitrate and secondary organics) will improve the fidelity of simulated particle size distributions. C1 [Mann, G. W.] Univ Leeds, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Mann, G. W.; Carslaw, K. S.; Reddington, C. L.; Pringle, K. J.; Spracklen, D. V.; Ridley, D. A.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Lee, L. A.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Schulz, M.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Asmi, A.; Viisanen, Y.] Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [Pringle, K. J.; Tost, H.; Lelieveld, J.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Ridley, D. A.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Zhang, K.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. [Zhang, K.; Ghan, S. J.; Easter, R. C.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Stier, P.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford, England. [Lee, Y. H.; Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Bauer, S. E.; Tsigaridis, K.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. [Lelieveld, J.] Cyprus Inst, Nicosia, Cyprus. [Lee, Y. H.; Bauer, S. E.; Tsigaridis, K.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [van Noije, T. P. C.; Strunk, A.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. [Vignati, E.] EU Joint Res Ctr JRC, Ispra, Italy. [Bellouin, N.] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. [Dalvi, M.; Johnson, C. E.] Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England. [Bergman, T.; Kokkola, H.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Kuopio Unit, Kuopio, Finland. [von Salzen, K.] Environm Canada, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Gatineau, PQ, Canada. [Yu, F.; Luo, G.] SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Petzold, A.] DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Heintzenberg, J.] Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. [Clarke, A.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Ogren, A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Woodhouse, M. T.; Gras, J.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. [Baltensperger, U.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Villigen, Switzerland. [Kaminski, U.] Deutsch Wetterdienst DWD, Offenbach, Germany. [Jennings, S. G.; O'Dowd, C. D.] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. [Harrison, R. M.; Beddows, D. C. S.] Univ Birmingham, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. [Kulmala, M.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland. [Ulevicius, V.] Ctr Phys Sci & Technol, Vilnius, Lithuania. [Tost, H.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphere, D-55122 Mainz, Germany. [Petzold, A.] Forschungszentrum Julich, IEK Troposphere 8, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Harrison, R. M.] King Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. [Mihalopoulos, N.] Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Iraklion, Greece. [Zdimal, V.] Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Chem Proc Fundamentals, CR-16502 Prague, Czech Republic. [Liu, X.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Fiebig, M.] Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Dept Atmospher & Climate Res, Oslo, Norway. [Hansson, H-C] Stockholm Univ, Dept Appl Environm Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. [Swietlicki, E.] Lund Univ, Dept Phys, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. [Henzing, J. S.] Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res TNO, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Mann, GW (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. EM gmann@env.leeds.ac.uk RI Reddington, Carly/I-3390-2015; Woodhouse, Matthew/E-4808-2013; Zhang, Kai/F-8415-2010; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; Zdimal, Vladimir/H-3434-2014; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos/H-5327-2016; Kulmala, Markku/I-7671-2016; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013; Tost, Holger/C-3812-2017; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Swietlicki, Erik/B-9426-2014; Harrison, Roy/A-2256-2008; Kokkola, Harri/J-5993-2014; Fiebig, Markus/I-4872-2012; Petzold, Andreas/J-2347-2012; Bergman, Tommi/C-2445-2009; Carslaw, Ken/C-8514-2009; O'Dowd , Colin/K-8904-2012; Spracklen, Dominick/B-4890-2014; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Yu, Fangqun/F-3708-2011; Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013 OI Lee, Yunha/0000-0001-7478-2672; Woodhouse, Matthew/0000-0002-9892-4492; Zhang, Kai/0000-0003-0457-6368; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos/0000-0002-1282-0896; Kulmala, Markku/0000-0003-3464-7825; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Tost, Holger/0000-0002-3105-4306; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Harrison, Roy/0000-0002-2684-5226; Fiebig, Markus/0000-0002-3380-3470; Petzold, Andreas/0000-0002-2504-1680; Bergman, Tommi/0000-0002-6133-2231; Carslaw, Ken/0000-0002-6800-154X; O'Dowd , Colin/0000-0002-3068-2212; Yu, Fangqun/0000-0003-0874-4883; Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X FU National Centre for Atmospheric Science, one of the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) research centres; NERC [NE/G015015/1, NE/G006172/1]; NERC Doctoral Training Grant; EU from the European Research Council (ERC) [218793, 283576, FP7-280025]; ERC [265148, 226144]; UK Integrated Climate Programme - Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC); Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs - DECC/Defra [GA01101]; US Department of Energy (DOE) Scientific Discoveries through Advanced Computing program; DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830]; NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction Program [NASA NNX09AK66G]; NERC project AEROS [NE/G006148/1]; Max Planck Society; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS); Environment Canada; Flemish agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT) through the Climate and Air Quality Modelling for Policy Support (CLIMAQS) project; NASA [NNX11AQ72G]; NSF [0942106]; EU [RII3-CT-2006-026140]; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency; UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; EPA; Met Eireann; Department of the Environment; European Union; German Ministry of Education and Science [AFO 2000]; European Commission FX G. W. Mann and K. S. Carslaw received funding from the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, one of the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) research centres. NERC research grants funded D. V. Spracklen (NE/G015015/1) and L. A. Lee (NE/G006172/1), while D. A. Ridley was funded via an NERC Doctoral Training Grant. M. T. Wood-house and G. W. Mann received EU funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) consortium projects MACC and MACC-II (grant agreements 218793 and 283576 respectively). C. L. Reddington, K. J. Pringle and K. S. Carslaw also received ERC FP7 funding under the PE-GASOS Integrated Project (grant agreement 265148). N. Bellouin, M. Dalvi, C. E. Johnson were supported as part the UK Integrated Climate Programme funded by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs - DECC/Defra (GA01101). S. J. Ghan, R. C. Easter and X. Liu were supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Scientific Discoveries through Advanced Computing program. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. S. E. Bauer and K. Tsigaridis were supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction Program (NASA NNX09AK66G) with supercomputing resourced via the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space Flight Center. P. Stier has been supported by the NERC project AEROS (NE/G006148/1) and received EU funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under FP7 grant agreement FP7-280025. K. J. Pringle, H. Tost and J. Lelieveld received funding from the ERC (grant agreement 226144). K. Zhang was supported by funding from the Max Planck Society. Simulations with ECHAM5-HAM2 were performed at the German Climate Computing Center (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum GmbH, DKRZ). K. von Salzen was supported by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS) and Environment Canada. A. Strunk acknowledges financial support from the Flemish agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT) through the Climate and Air Quality Modelling for Policy Support (CLIMAQS) project. F. Yu and G. Luo were supported by NASA under grant NNX11AQ72G and NSF under grant 0942106. The EUSAAR network of aerosol supersites were established with EU funding from the Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 Structuring the European Research Area Programme, Contract RII3-CT-2006-026140. Data for the Aspvreten and Zeppelin sites were provided by the Atmospheric Science Unit, Department of Applied Env. Sci, Stockholm University with financial support from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The Harwell station is operated with financial support from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The Mace Head station received support from several Irish Government Agencies including the EPA, Met Eireann, and Department of the Environment. S. G. Jennings and C. D. O'Dowd would like to acknowledge the support of the European Union, through various projects within the 5th, 6th and 7th Framework programmes. J. Heintzenberg gratefully acknowledges financial support from the German Ministry of Education and Science (AFO 2000 programme) and from the European Commission's DGXII Environment RTD 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th framework programmes. Airborne data provided by A.; Clarke, University of Hawaii, represent about 2 decades of approximately equal support from the NSF-Atmospheric Chemistry Program and the NASA-Earth Science Division. We are also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers whose comments have improved the paper considerably. NR 158 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 79 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 9 BP 4679 EP 4713 DI 10.5194/acp-14-4679-2014 PG 35 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AI3DN UT WOS:000336739700020 ER PT J AU Gurrola, LD Keller, EA Chen, JH Owen, LA Spencer, JQ AF Gurrola, Larry D. Keller, Edward A. Chen, James H. Owen, Lewis A. Spencer, Joel Q. TI Tectonic geomorphology of marine terraces: Santa Barbara fold belt, California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION CURVE; C-14 CALIBRATION; DEFORMATION; CHANNEL; RECORDS; DIEGO; AGE; KA AB Uplifted marine terraces are common landforms in coastal regions where active tectonics are an important component of landscape evolution, such as along the coastal stretches of southern California. The pattern and elevation of shoreline angles on active folds provide information about rates of uplift and fold growth, which is important for defining tectonic models. A particularly impressive succession of marine terraces are developed across the Santa Barbara fold belt (SBFB) in southern California, which comprises an east-west linear zone of active folds and (mostly) blind faults on the coastal piedmont and in the Santa Barbara Channel. The fold belt is characterized by several flights of emergent late Pleistocene marine terraces uplifted and preserved on the flanks of active anticlines. At several locations along the fold belt, the first emergent marine terrace is numerically dated by methods that include uranium-series dating on terrace corals, C-14 dating on terrace shells and detrital charcoal, optically stimulated luminescence of marine terrace sands, and oxygen isotopic signatures (delta O-18) of mollusks. Individual marine terraces have as many as four ages, using up to three different dating methods, providing confidence in terrace chronology. Ages of higher terraces are estimated assuming a constant rate of uplift for a particular flight. Of the 31 terraces, 22 formed during a time of falling sea level, with 9 forming at or near marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 or 5 highstands. Ages and rates of uplift of the first emergent terrace vary systematically from west (younger and higher) to east (older and lower). The first emergent marine terraces in the western-most SBFB are approximately 45 ka (MIS 3), and the rate of local surface uplift is similar to 2 m/k.y. In the central part of the belt, first emergent terraces date to 60-70 ka (MIS 5), and uplift rates decrease to similar to 1.2 m/k.y. First emergent marine terraces preserved in the easternmost fold belt range from 70 ka to 105 ka (MIS 5), with rates of local surface uplift of similar to 0.5 m/k.y. Lower rates of uplift in the eastern end of the fold belt result from the MIS 5 terrace being tilted down into the Carpinteria syncline. Rates of vertical uplift in the western end of the fold belt are about six times higher than previously reported, suggesting the seismic hazard is also greater. C1 [Keller, Edward A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Chen, James H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Sci Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Owen, Lewis A.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Spencer, Joel Q.] Kansas State Univ, Dept Geol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Gurrola, LD (reprint author), 308 Hayes Ave, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. EM keller@geol.ucsb.edu FU Southern California Earthquake Center [USC 572726]; U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program [143HQ97GA-02978, 99HQGR0081] FX Research on the Santa Barbara fold belt is funded by the Southern California Earthquake Center award no. USC 572726 and the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program awards nos. 143HQ97GA-02978 and 99HQGR0081. James Chen conducted uranium-series analyses of sampled terrace corals at the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology. We thank Dan Muhs for his detailed, constructive review of our paper and for providing us with his most recent sea level curve. Oxygen isotope analyses were conducted in James Kennett's lab with Karen Thompson's lab assistance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the uranium-series dated fossil corals were conducted by Sam Iyengar, and XRD analysis of the Olivella shells was conducted by Dave Pierce (UCSB). The Santa Barbara Parks Department permitted fossil sampling by sea cliff rappelling at Santa Barbara Point. Discussion with Tom Rockwell about the Gaviota Coast and reviews with suggestions for improvement by George Hilley, Eric Kirby, Mike Oskin, and Scott Minor are appreciated. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 126 IS 1-2 BP 219 EP 233 DI 10.1130/B30211.1 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA AH6RX UT WOS:000336259500016 ER PT J AU Kuncir, EJ Olson, CM Bailey, JA AF Kuncir, Eric J. Olson, Chris M. Bailey, Jeffrey A. TI Re: It is time to reassess critical care evacuation Reply SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND ACUTE CARE SURGERY LA English DT Letter ID AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION C1 [Kuncir, Eric J.] Naval Med Ctr, Dept Surg, San Diego, CA 92134 USA. [Olson, Chris M.] Stennis Space Ctr, Naval Res Lab, Gulfport, MS USA. [Bailey, Jeffrey A.] US Army Inst Surg Res, Ft Sam Houston, TX USA. RP Kuncir, EJ (reprint author), Naval Med Ctr, Dept Surg, San Diego, CA 92134 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 2163-0755 EI 2163-0763 J9 J TRAUMA ACUTE CARE JI J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 76 IS 1 BP 250 EP 251 PG 3 WC Critical Care Medicine; Surgery SC General & Internal Medicine; Surgery GA AH8JN UT WOS:000336384200051 PM 24368393 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Woike, MR Clem, M Baaklini, GY AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Woike, Mark R. Clem, Michelle Baaklini, George Y. BE Ecke, W Peters, KJ Meyendorf, NG Matikas, TE TI Turbine Engine Rotor Health Monitoring Evaluation by means of Finite Element Analyses and Spin Tests Data SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-11, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB Generally, rotating engine components undergo high centrifugal loading environment which subject them to various types of failure initiation mechanisms. Health monitoring of these components is a necessity and is often challenging to implement. This is primarily due to numerous factors including the presence of scattered loading conditions, flaw sizes, component geometry and materials properties, all which hinder the simplicity of applying health monitoring applications. This paper represents a summary work of combined experimental and analytical modeling that included data collection from a spin test experiment of a rotor disk addressing the aforementioned durability issues. It further covers presentation of results obtained from a finite element modeling study to characterize the structural durability of a cracked rotor as it relates to the experimental findings. The experimental data include blade tip clearance, blade tip timing and shaft displacement measurements. The tests were conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center's Rotordynamics Laboratory, a high precision spin rig. The results are evaluated and examined to determine their significance on the development of a health monitoring system to pre-predict cracks and other anomalies and to assist in initiating a supplemental physics based fault prediction analytical model. C1 [Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Woike, Mark R.; Clem, Michelle; Baaklini, George Y.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9988-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9062 AR 90620M DI 10.1117/12.2046373 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BA5EJ UT WOS:000336588800021 ER PT S AU Clem, MM Woike, MR Abdul-Aziz, A AF Clem, Michelle M. Woike, Mark R. Abdul-Aziz, Ali BE Ecke, W Peters, KJ Meyendorf, NG Matikas, TE TI Progress of a cross-correlation based optical strain measurement technique for detecting radial growth on a rotating disk SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-11, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers ID PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY AB The Aeronautical Sciences Project under NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program is interested in the development of novel measurement technologies, such as optical surface measurements for the in situ health monitoring of critical constituents of the internal flow path. In situ health monitoring has the potential to detect flaws, i.e. cracks in key components, such as engine turbine disks, before the flaws lead to catastrophic failure. The present study, aims to further validate and develop an optical strain measurement technique to measure the radial growth and strain field of an already cracked disk, mimicking the geometry of a sub-scale turbine engine disk, under loaded conditions in the NASA Glenn Research Center's High Precision Rotordynamics Laboratory. The technique offers potential fault detection by imaging an applied high-contrast random speckle pattern under unloaded and loaded conditions with a CCD camera. Spinning the cracked disk at high speeds (loaded conditions) induces an external load, resulting in a radial growth of the disk of approximately 50.0-mu m in the flawed region and hence, a localized strain field. When imaging the cracked disk under static conditions, the disk will be undistorted; however, during rotation the cracked region will grow radially, thus causing the applied particle pattern to be 'shifted'. The resulting particle displacements between the two images is measured using the two-dimensional cross-correlation algorithms implemented in standard Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) software to track the disk growth, which facilitates calculation of the localized strain field. A random particle distribution is adhered onto the surface of the cracked disk and two bench top experiments are carried out to evaluate the technique's ability to measure the induced particle displacements. The disk is shifted manually using a translation stage equipped with a fine micrometer and a hotplate is used to induce thermal growth of the disk, causing the particles to become shifted. For both experiments, reference and test images are acquired before and after the induced shifts, respectively, and then processed using PIV software. The controlled manual translation of the disk resulted in detection of the particle displacements accurate to similar to 1.75% of full scale and the thermal expansion experiment resulted in successful detection of the disk's thermal growth as compared to the calculated thermal expansion results. After validation of the technique through the induced shift experiments, the technique is implemented in the Rotordynamics Lab for preliminary assessment in a simulated engine environment. The discussion of the findings and plans for future work to improve upon the results are addressed in the paper. C1 [Clem, Michelle M.; Woike, Mark R.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Abdul-Aziz, Ali] Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. RP Clem, MM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. FU NASA FX This work was supported by the Aeronautical Sciences Project under NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program. In addition, the author would like to acknowledge Dr. Mark Wernet for use of his PIV software package. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9988-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9062 AR UNSP 90620N DI 10.1117/12.2044718 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BA5EJ UT WOS:000336588800022 ER PT S AU Woike, M Abdul-Aziz, A Clem, M AF Woike, Mark Abdul-Aziz, Ali Clem, Michelle BE Ecke, W Peters, KJ Meyendorf, NG Matikas, TE TI Structural Health Monitoring on Turbine Engines Using Microwave Blade Tip Clearance Sensors SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2014 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-11, 2014 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB The ability to monitor the structural health of the rotating components, especially in the hot sections of turbine engines, is of major interest to the aero community in improving engine safety and reliability. The use of instrumentation for these applications remains very challenging. It requires sensors and techniques that are highly accurate, are able to operate in a high temperature environment, and can detect minute changes and hidden flaws before catastrophic events occur. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has taken a lead role in the investigation of new sensor technologies and techniques for the in situ structural health monitoring of gas turbine engines. As part of this effort, microwave sensor technology has been investigated as a means of making high temperature non-contact blade tip clearance, blade tip timing, and blade vibration measurements for use in gas turbine engines. This paper presents a summary of key results and findings obtained from the evaluation of two different types of microwave sensors that have been investigated for possible use in structural health monitoring applications. The first is a microwave blade tip clearance sensor that has been evaluated on a large scale Axial Vane Fan, a subscale Turbofan, and more recently on sub-scale turbine engine like disks. The second is a novel microwave based blade vibration sensor that was also used in parallel with the microwave blade tip clearance sensors on the same experiments with the sub-scale turbine engine disks. C1 [Woike, Mark; Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Clem, Michelle] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Woike, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9988-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9062 AR 90620L DI 10.1117/12.2044967 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA BA5EJ UT WOS:000336588800020 ER PT J AU Barrett, JD Vessey, WB Griffith, JA Mracek, D Mumford, MD AF Barrett, Jamie D. Vessey, William B. Griffith, Jennifer A. Mracek, Derek Mumford, Michael D. TI Predicting Scientific Creativity: The Role of Adversity, Collaborations, and Work Strategies SO CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTIVITY; ACHIEVEMENT; INNOVATION; SCIENCE; PERFORMANCE; LEADERSHIP; TALENT; IMPACT; MODEL; LIFE AB There is little doubt that career experiences contribute to scientific achievement; however this relationship has yet to be thoroughly investigated in terms the effects on scientific creativity. In this study, a historiometric approach was used to examine 3 areas of adult career experiences common to scientific achievement. In doing so, prior theoretical work was used to identify career experiences relevant to scientific achievement, and 3 theoretical models were proposed to account for these experiences-adversity, collaborations, and work strategies. Biographies of eminent scientists were then content coded and analyzed. The results indicated that the adversity model did not predict scientific creativity. However, the work strategies model and, to some degree, the collaborations model showed some promise in understanding the development of creative potential in scientists. The nature of the significant relationships among the model components and scientific creativity are discussed in addition to their implications for the development of the creative potential of scientists. C1 [Barrett, Jamie D.; Vessey, William B.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. [Griffith, Jennifer A.] Alfred Univ, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. [Mracek, Derek] Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Mumford, Michael D.] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Appl Social Res, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Mumford, MD (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Psychol, 455 W Lindsey St,Date Hall Tower 705, Norman, OK 73014 USA. EM mmumford@ou.edu NR 79 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 16 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1040-0419 EI 1532-6934 J9 CREATIVITY RES J JI Creativ. Res. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 26 IS 1 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1080/10400419.2014.873660 PG 14 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA AB6WC UT WOS:000331929200005 ER PT S AU Biswas, A Kovalik, JM Wright, MW Roberts, WT Cheng, MK Quirk, KJ Srinivasan, M Shaw, MD Birnbaum, KM AF Biswas, Abhijit Kovalik, Joseph M. Wright, Malcolm W. Roberts, William T. Cheng, Michael K. Quirk, Kevin J. Srinivasan, Meera Shaw, Matthew D. Birnbaum, Kevin M. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI LLCD Operations Using the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE lunar; LADEE; LLCD; multi-beam beacon; photon-counting AB The Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) located on Table Mountain near Wrightwood, CA served as an alternate ground terminal to the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD), the first free-space laser communication demonstration from lunar distances. The Lunar Lasercom OCTL Terminal (LLOT) Project utilized the existing 1m diameter OCTL telescope by retrofitting: (i) a multi-beam 1568 nm laser beacon transmitter; (ii) a tungsten silicide (WSi) superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) receiver for 1550 nm downlink; (iii) a telescope control system with the functionality required for laser communication operations; and (iv) a secure network connection to the Lunar Lasercom Operations Center (LLOC) located at the Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (LL-MIT). The laser beacon transmitted from Table Mountain was acquired by the Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST) on-board the Lunar Atmospheric Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft and a 1550 nm downlink at 39 and 78 Mb/s was returned to LLOT. Link operations were coordinated by LLOC. During October and November of 2013, twenty successful links were accomplished under diverse conditions. In this paper, a brief system level description of LLOT along with the concept of operations and selected results are presented. C1 [Biswas, Abhijit; Kovalik, Joseph M.; Wright, Malcolm W.; Roberts, William T.; Cheng, Michael K.; Quirk, Kevin J.; Srinivasan, Meera; Shaw, Matthew D.; Birnbaum, Kevin M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Biswas, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM abiswas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR 89710X DI 10.1117/12.2044087 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300027 ER PT S AU Boroson, DM Robinson, BS Murphy, DV Burianek, DA Khatri, F Kovalik, JM Sodnik, Z Cornwell, DM AF Boroson, Don M. Robinson, Bryan S. Murphy, Daniel V. Burianek, Dennis A. Khatri, Farzana Kovalik, Joseph M. Sodnik, Zoran Cornwell, Donald M. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Overview and Results of the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Free-space optical communications; laser communications; lasercom; photon counting receiver; lunar laser communications demonstration; moon; lunar AB From mid-October through mid-November 2013, NASA's Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) successfully demonstrated for the first time duplex laser communications between a satellite in lunar orbit, the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), and ground stations on the Earth. It constituted the longest-range laser communication link ever built and demonstrated the highest communication data rates ever achieved to or from the Moon. The system included the development of a novel space terminal, a novel ground terminal, two major upgrades of existing ground terminals, and a capable and flexible ground operations infrastructure. This presentation will give an overview of the system architecture and the several terminals, basic operations of both the link and the whole system, and some typical results. C1 [Boroson, Don M.; Robinson, Bryan S.; Murphy, Daniel V.; Burianek, Dennis A.; Khatri, Farzana] MIT Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. European Space Agcy, European Space Res & Technol Ctr, Noordwijk, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Boroson, DM (reprint author), MIT Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. EM boroson@ll.mit.edu; brobinson@ll.mit.edu; dmurphy@ll.mit.edu; burianek@ll.mit.edu; farzana@ll.mit.edu; joseph.m.kovalik@jpl.nasa.gov; zoran.sodnik@esa.int; donald.m.cornwell@nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Air Force [# FA8721- 05- C- 0002] FX This work is sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Air Force Contract # FA8721- 05- C- 0002. Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 5 U2 23 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR UNSP 89710S DI 10.1117/12.2045508 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300022 ER PT S AU Hemmati, H Biswas, A AF Hemmati, H. Biswas, A. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Improving the Efficiency of Undersea Laser Communications SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE undersea optical communications; underwater optical communications ID UNDERWATER AB A preliminary evaluation of under-water data-rates achievable assuming near Poisson channel capacity achieving codes with pulse-position modulation and photon counting shows that to achieve 10's to 100's bits per second at a distance of 1 km requires 1-2m diameter collection areas with conventional blue laser transmitters and photomultiplier tubes. At distance of 200 m the data-rates increase to 6 Mb/s. A simple model is presented to show the rapid decrease in irradiance as a function of range in different types of deep-sea water where additive background noise can be neglected. C1 [Hemmati, H.; Biswas, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hemmati, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM hhemmati@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR 89710I DI 10.1117/12.2042254 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300013 ER PT S AU Mohan, S Alvarez-Salazar, O Birnbaum, K Biswas, A Farr, W Hemmati, H Johnson, S Ortiz, G Quirk, K Rahman, Z Regehr, M Rizvi, F Shields, J Srinivasan, M AF Mohan, Swati Alvarez-Salazar, Oscar Birnbaum, Kevin Biswas, Abhijit Farr, William Hemmati, Hamid Johnson, Shawn Ortiz, Geraldo Quirk, Kevin Rahman, Zahidul Regehr, Martin Rizvi, Farheen Shields, Joel Srinivasan, Meera BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking architecture tools for Deep-Space Optical Communications SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Deep space optical communications; pointing acquisition and tracking AB Deep-Space Optical Communications is a key emerging technology that is being pursued for high data-rate communications, which may enable rates up to ten times more than current Ka-band technology. Increasing the frequency of communication, from Ka-band to optical, allows for a higher data rate transfers. However, as the frequency of communication increases, the beam divergence decreases. Less beam divergence requires more accurate and precise pointing to make contact with the receiver. This would require a three-order-of-magnitude improvement from Ka-Band (similar to 1 mrad) to optical (similar to 1 urad) in the required pointing. Finding an architecture that can provide the necessary pointing capability is driven by many factors, such as allocated signal loss due to pointing, range to Earth, spacecraft disturbance profile, spacecraft base pointing capability, isolation scheme, and detector characteristics. We have developed a suite of tools to 1) flow down a set of pointing requirements (Error Budget Tool), 2) determine a set of architectures capable of meeting the requirements (Pointing Architecture Tool), and 3) assess the performance of possible architecture over the mission trajectory (Systems Engineering Tool). This paper describes the three tools and details their use through the case study of the Asteroid Retrieval Mission. Finally, this paper details which aspects of the pointing, acquisition, and tracking subsystem still require technology infusion, and the future steps needed to implement these pointing architectures. C1 [Mohan, Swati; Alvarez-Salazar, Oscar; Birnbaum, Kevin; Biswas, Abhijit; Farr, William; Hemmati, Hamid; Johnson, Shawn; Ortiz, Geraldo; Quirk, Kevin; Rahman, Zahidul; Regehr, Martin; Rizvi, Farheen; Shields, Joel; Srinivasan, Meera] CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mohan, S (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR 89710H DI 10.1117/12.2042704 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300012 ER PT S AU Murphy, DV Kansky, JE Grein, ME Schulein, RT Willis, MM Lafon, RE AF Murphy, Daniel V. Kansky, Jan E. Grein, Matthew E. Schulein, Robert T. Willis, Matthew M. Lafon, Robert E. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI LLCD operations using the Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Free-space optical communications; lasercom; photon counting receiver; lunar laser communications demonstration; moon; atmospheric turbulence; telescope ID RESOLUTION AB The Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal (LLGT) is the primary ground terminal for NASA's Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD), which demonstrated for the first time high-rate duplex laser communication between Earth and satellite in orbit around the Moon. The LLGT employed a novel architecture featuring an array of telescopes and employed several novel technologies including a custom PM multimode fiber and high-performance cryogenic photon-counting detector arrays. An overview of the LLGT is presented along with selected results from the recently concluded LLCD. C1 [Murphy, Daniel V.; Kansky, Jan E.; Grein, Matthew E.; Schulein, Robert T.; Willis, Matthew M.] MIT Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. [Lafon, Robert E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Murphy, DV (reprint author), MIT Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Air Force [# FA8721- 050002] FX This work is sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Air Force Contract # FA8721- 050002. Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR UNSP 89710V DI 10.1117/12.2045509 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300025 ER PT S AU Oaida, BV Wu, W Erkmen, BI Biswas, A Andrews, KS Kokorowski, M Wilkerson, M AF Oaida, Bogdan V. Wu, William Erkmen, Baris I. Biswas, Abhijit Andrews, Kenneth S. Kokorowski, Michael Wilkerson, Marcus BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Optical link design and validation testing of the Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) system SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE OPALS; optical communications; lasercomm; ISS; OCTL AB The Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, will be used for optical telecommunications link experiments from the International Space Station (ISS) to a ground telescope located at Table Mountain, CA. The launch of the flight terminal is scheduled for late February 2014 with an initially planned 90-day operations period following deployment on the exterior of the ISS. The simple, low-cost OPALS system will downlink a pre-encoded video file at 50 Mb/s on a 1550 nm laser carrier using on-off key (OOK) modulation and Reed-Solomon forward error correction. A continuous wave (cw) 976 nm multi-beam laser beacon transmitted from the ground to the ISS will initiate link acquisition and tracking by the flight sub-system. Link analysis along with pre-flight results of the end-to-end free-space testing of the OPALS link are presented. C1 [Oaida, Bogdan V.; Wu, William; Erkmen, Baris I.; Biswas, Abhijit; Andrews, Kenneth S.; Kokorowski, Michael; Wilkerson, Marcus] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Oaida, BV (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 321-520, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bogdan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR 89710U DI 10.1117/12.2045351 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300024 ER PT S AU Roberts, WT AF Roberts, W. Thomas BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Monolithic telescopes for free-space optical communications SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Monolithic telescope; afocal telescope; compact telescope; afocal beam expander AB Free-space optical communications terminals frequently rely on optical telescopes to enhance the transmitted and received efficiency of the communication system. We have designed and patented a suite of monolithic optical telescope systems, fabricated from a single piece of transparent material. In small sizes (5 to 15 cm apertures) these designs hold promise for reducing flight terminal mass and volume, reducing risks associated with telescope alignment, and reducing costs of flight optical terminals when produced in volume. This paper presents variations of optical designs and compares their characteristics, and fabrication tolerances. Results of a prototyping effort demonstrate the feasibility of producing these elements using modern fabrication techniques. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Roberts, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tom.roberts@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR 89710N DI 10.1117/12.2045109 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300017 ER PT S AU Wright, MW Hemmati, H AF Wright, Malcolm W. Hemmati, Hamid BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Pulsed fiber amplifiers in simulated space environmental tests SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXVI CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Free space optical communications; laser; fiber amplifier; space qualification AB JPL has a continuing program to environmentally test suitable fiber-based laser transmitters as reliable sources for optical communications from space. In lieu of the availability of fully space qualified systems, commercial pulsed fiber amplifiers either upgraded to meet the necessary environmental requirements or off-the-shelf have been tested under a variety of conditions. Three amplifiers that support high peak powers at 1550 nm have been subjected to vibration, mechanical shock, and thermal cycling tests as well as lifetime vacuum operation. The test results point to the robustness of the commercial technology and the readiness for full space qualification. C1 [Wright, Malcolm W.; Hemmati, Hamid] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wright, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9884-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8971 AR 89710B DI 10.1117/12.2045102 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA4QB UT WOS:000336122300009 ER PT S AU Thomas, SJ Macintosh, B Belikov, R AF Thomas, Sandrine J. Macintosh, Bruce Belikov, Ruslan BE Bifano, TG Kubby, J Gigan, S TI MEMS and the direct detection of exoplanets SO MEMS ADAPTIVE OPTICS VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Adaptive Optics VIII CY FEB 02, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE, Samsung Adv Inst Technol DE MEMS; High-Contrast imaging; Extreme Adaptive Optics; Extrasolar planets ID EXTREME ADAPTIVE OPTICS; DEFORMABLE MIRROR; CORONAGRAPH; APERTURES; STAR AB Deformable mirrors, and particularly MEMS, are crucial components for the direct imaging of exoplanets for both ground-based and space-based instruments. Without deformable mirrors, coronagraphs are incapable of reaching contrasts required to image Jupiter-like planets. The system performance is limited by image quality degradation resulting from wavefront error introduced from multiple effects including: atmospheric turbulence, static aberrations in the system, non-common-path aberrations, all of which vary with time. Correcting for these effects requires a deformable mirror with fast response and numerous actuators having moderate stroke. Not only do MEMS devices fulfill this requirement but their compactness permits their application in numerous space- and ground-based instruments, which are often volume- and mass-limited. In this paper, I will briefly explain how coronagraphs work and their requirements. I then will discuss the Extreme Adaptive Optics needed to compensate for the introduced wavefront error and how MEMS devices are a good choice to achieve the performance needed to produce the contrasts necessary to detect exoplanets. As examples, I will discuss a facility instrument for the Gemini Observatory, called the Gemini Planet Imager, that will detect Jupiter-like planets and present recent results from the NASA Ames Coronagraph Experiment laboratory, in the context of a proposed space-based mission called EXCEDE. EXCEDE is planned to focus on protoplanetary disks. C1 [Thomas, Sandrine J.] UARC NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Macintosh, Bruce] LLNL, Livermore, CA USA. [Belikov, Ruslan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Thomas, SJ (reprint author), UARC NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM sandrie.thomas77@nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Prime [NAS2-03144]; University of California, Santa Cruz; University Affiliated Research Center; National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ames Research Center; NASA; Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) [NNH10ZDA001N-SAT]; NASA's Science Mission Directorate; NASA Ames Research Center FX The material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Prime Contract Number NAS2-03144 awarded to the University of California, Santa Cruz, University Affiliated Research Center. This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ames Research Center, as well as the NASA Explorer program and the Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) program through solicitation NNH10ZDA001N-SAT at NASA's Science Mission Directorate. It was carried out at the NASA Ames Research Center. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We also acknowledge all the GPI team members and ACE/EXCEDE team members. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9891-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8978 AR UNSP 897806 DI 10.1117/12.2044134 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BA4PD UT WOS:000336081700005 ER PT S AU Ramesham, R AF Ramesham, Rajeshuni BE Shea, HR Ramesham, R TI HALT to Qualify Electronic Packages - A Proof of Concept SO RELIABILITY, PACKAGING, TESTING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MOEMS/MEMS, NANODEVICES, AND NANOMATERIALS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Reliability, Packaging, Testing, and Characterization of MOEMS/MEMS, Nanodevices, and Nanomaterials XIII CY FEB 03-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE, Samsung Adv Inst Technol DE Extreme temperatures solder-joint failures; optical inspection; SMT packages; advanced electronic packages; HALT; workmanship; and x-ray inspection AB A proof of concept of the Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) technique was explored to assess and optimize electronic packaging designs for long duration deep space missions in a wide temperature range (150 degrees C to +125 degrees C). HALT is a custom hybrid package suite of testing techniques using environments such as extreme temperatures and dynamic shock step processing from 0g up to 50g of acceleration. HALT testing used in this study implemented repetitive shock on the test vehicle components at various temperatures to precipitate workmanship and/or manufacturing defects to show the weak links of the designs. The purpose is to reduce the product development cycle time for improvements to the packaging design qualification. A test article was built using advanced electronic package designs and surface mount technology processes, which are considered useful for a variety of JPL and NASA projects, i.e. (surface mount packages such as ball grid arrays (BGA), plastic ball grid arrays (PBGA), very thin chip array ball grid array (CVBGA), quad flat-pack (QFP), micro-lead-frame (MLF) packages, several passive components, etc.). These packages were daisy-chained and independently monitored during the HALT test. The HALT technique was then implemented to predict reliability and assess survivability of these advanced packaging techniques for long duration deep space missions in much shorter test durations. Test articles were built using advanced electronic package designs that are considered useful in various NASA projects. All the advanced electronic packages were daisychained independently to monitor the continuity of the individual electronic packages. Continuity of the daisy chain packages was monitored during the HALT testing using a data logging system. We were able to test the boards up to 40g to 50g shock levels at temperatures ranging from +125 degrees C to -150 degrees C. The HALT system can deliver 50g shock levels at room temperature. Several tests were performed by subjecting the test boards to various g levels ranging from 5g to 50g, test durations of 10 minutes to 60 minutes, hot temperatures of up to +125 degrees C and cold temperatures down to -150 degrees C. During the HALT test, electrical continuity measurements of the PBGA package showed an open-circuit, whereas the BGA, MLF, and QFPs showed signs of small variations of electrical continuity measurements. The electrical continuity anomaly of the PBGA occurred in the test board within 12 hours of commencing the accelerated test. Similar test boards were assembled, thermal cycled independently from -150 degrees C to +125 degrees C and monitored for electrical continuity through each package design. The PBGA package on the test board showed an anomalous electrical continuity behavior after 959 thermal cycles. Each thermal cycle took around 2.33 hours, so that a total test time to failure of the PBGA was 2,237 hours (or similar to 3.1 months) due to thermal cycling alone. The accelerated technique (thermal cycling + shock) required only 12 hours to cause a failure in the PBGA electronic package. Compared to the thermal cycle only test, this was an acceleration of similar to 186 times (more than 2 orders of magnitude). This acceleration process can save significant time and resources for predicting the life of a package component in a given environment, assuming the failure mechanisms are similar in both the tests. Further studies are in progress to make systematic evaluations of the HALT technique on various other advanced electronic packaging components on the test board. With this information one will be able to estimate the number of mission thermal cycles to failure with a much shorter test program. Further studies are in progress to make systematic study of various components, constant temperature range for both the tests. Therefore, one can estimate the number of hours to fail in a given thermal and shock levels for a given test board physical properties. C1 CALTECH, Reliabil Engn & Mission Environm Off, OSMS, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ramesham, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Reliabil Engn & Mission Environm Off, OSMS, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Rajeshuni.Ramesham@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9888-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8975 AR 89750J DI 10.1117/12.2038319 PG 28 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA BA4NQ UT WOS:000336038300015 ER PT J AU Rousseaux, CS Gregg, WW AF Rousseaux, Cecile S. Gregg, Watson W. TI Interannual Variation in Phytoplankton Primary Production at A Global Scale SO REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE primary production; phytoplankton composition; Chl-a; remote sensing; MODIS; seaWiFS; biogeochemical models ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE; OCEAN CHLOROPHYLL DATA; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SPRING BLOOM; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; FUNCTIONAL TYPES; VARIABILITY AB We used the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) combined with remote sensing data via assimilation to evaluate the contribution of four phytoplankton groups to the total primary production. First, we assessed the contribution of each phytoplankton groups to the total primary production at a global scale for the period 1998-2011. Globally, diatoms contributed the most to the total phytoplankton production (approximate to 50%, the equivalent of approximate to 20 PgCy(-1)). Coccolithophores and chlorophytes each contributed approximate to 20% (approximate to 7 PgCy(-1)) of the total primary production and cyanobacteria represented about 10% (approximate to 4 PgCy(-1)) of the total primary production. Primary production by diatoms was highest in the high latitudes (>40 degrees) and in major upwelling systems (Equatorial Pacific and Benguela system). We then assessed interannual variability of this group-specific primary production over the period 1998-2011. Globally the annual relative contribution of each phytoplankton groups to the total primary production varied by maximum 4% (1-2 PgCy(-1)). We assessed the effects of climate variability on group-specific primary production using global (i.e., Multivariate El Nino Index, MEI) and regional climate indices (e.g., Southern Annular Mode (SAM), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)). Most interannual variability occurred in the Equatorial Pacific and was associated with climate variability as indicated by significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the MEI and the group-specific primary production from all groups except coccolithophores. In the Atlantic, climate variability as indicated by NAO was significantly correlated to the primary production of 2 out of the 4 groups in the North Central Atlantic (diatoms/cyanobacteria) and in the North Atlantic (chlorophytes and coccolithophores). We found that climate variability as indicated by SAM had only a limited effect on group-specific primary production in the Southern Ocean. These results provide a modeling and data assimilation perspective to phytoplankton partitioning of primary production and contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of the carbon cycle in the oceans at a global scale. C1 [Rousseaux, Cecile S.; Gregg, Watson W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rousseaux, Cecile S.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. RP Rousseaux, CS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Cecile.S.Rousseaux@nasa.gov; Watson.Gregg@nasa.gov RI Rousseaux, Cecile/E-8811-2012 OI Rousseaux, Cecile/0000-0002-3022-2988 FU NASA EOS Program; MAP Program; CMS Program FX We thank the NASA Ocean Color project for providing the satellite chlorophyll data and the NASA Center for Climate Simulation for computational support. We also thank the Ocean Productivity website for providing the VGPM data (www.science.oregonstate.edu). This paper was funded by the NASA EOS, MAP, and CMS Programs. NR 71 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 56 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2072-4292 J9 REMOTE SENS-BASEL JI Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.3390/rs6010001 PG 19 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA AG6VF UT WOS:000335555900001 ER PT J AU Abshire, JB Ramanathan, A Riris, H Mao, JP Allan, GR Hasselbrack, WE Weaver, CJ Browell, EV AF Abshire, James B. Ramanathan, Anand Riris, Haris Mao, Jianping Allan, Graham R. Hasselbrack, William E. Weaver, Clark J. Browell, Edward V. TI Airborne Measurements of CO2 Column Concentration and Range Using a Pulsed Direct- Detection IPDA Lidar SO REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric CO2; IPDA lidar; CO2 DIAL lidar ID DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR; GASES OBSERVING SATELLITE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; REFLECTED SUNLIGHT; COHERENT DETECTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SENSITIVITY; BAND; SPECTROMETER; DATABASE AB We have previously demonstrated a pulsed direct detection IPDA lidar to measure range and the column concentration of atmospheric CO2. The lidar measures the atmospheric backscatter profiles and samples the shape of the 1,572.33 nm CO2 absorption line. We participated in the ASCENDS science flights on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during August 2011 and report here lidar measurements made on four flights over a variety of surface and cloud conditions near the US. These included over a stratus cloud deck over the Pacific Ocean, to a dry lake bed surrounded by mountains in Nevada, to a desert area with a coal-fired power plant, and from the Rocky Mountains to Iowa, with segments with both cumulus and cirrus clouds. Most flights were to altitudes >12 km and had 5-6 altitude steps. Analyses show the retrievals of lidar range, CO2 column absorption, and CO2 mixing ratio worked well when measuring over topography with rapidly changing height and reflectivity, through thin clouds, between cumulus clouds, and to stratus cloud tops. The retrievals shows the decrease in column CO2 due to growing vegetation when flying over Iowa cropland as well as a sudden increase in CO2 concentration near a coal-fired power plant. For regions where the CO2 concentration was relatively constant, the measured CO2 absorption lineshape (averaged for 50 s) matched the predicted shapes to better than 1% RMS error. For 10 s averaging, the scatter in the retrievals was typically 2-3 ppm and was limited by the received signal photon count. Retrievals were made using atmospheric parameters from both an atmospheric model and from in situ temperature and pressure from the aircraft. The retrievals had no free parameters and did not use empirical adjustments, and >70% of the measurements passed screening and were used in analysis. The differences between the lidar-measured retrievals and in situ measured average CO2 column concentrations were <1.4 ppm for flight measurement altitudes >6 km. C1 [Abshire, James B.; Riris, Haris] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ramanathan, Anand; Mao, Jianping; Weaver, Clark J.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Allan, Graham R.; Hasselbrack, William E.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Browell, Edward V.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Abshire, JB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM james.b.abshire@nasa.gov; anand.ramanathan@nasa.gov; haris.riris-1@nasa.gov; jianping.mao@nasa.gov; graham.r.allan@nasa.gov; william.e.hasselbrack@nasa.gov; clark.j.weaver@nasa.gov; edward.v.browell@nasa.gov OI Ramanathan, Anand/0000-0002-1865-0904 FU NASA Earth Science Technology Office's Instrument Incubator Programs; NASA ASCENDS Mission definition activity; NASA Goddard IRAD program FX We are grateful for the support of the NASA Earth Science Technology Office's Instrument Incubator Programs, the NASA ASCENDS Mission definition activity, and the NASA Goddard IRAD program. We also are grateful for the work of other members of the Goddard CO2 Sounder team, the data from the NASA LaRC's AVOCET team, the collaborations with the NASA LaRC and JPL ASCENDS participants, and those with the DC-8 aircraft's team members at NASA Dryden's Airborne Operations Facility. We also appreciate the many helpful comments and suggestions from the reviewers. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 34 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2072-4292 J9 REMOTE SENS-BASEL JI Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 6 IS 1 BP 443 EP 469 DI 10.3390/rs6010443 PG 27 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA AG6VF UT WOS:000335555900020 ER PT J AU Tobiska, WK Gersey, B Wilkins, R Mertens, C Atwell, W Bailey, J AF Tobiska, W. Kent Gersey, Brad Wilkins, Richard Mertens, Chris Atwell, William Bailey, Justin TI U. S. Government shutdown degrades aviation radiation monitoring during solar radiation storm SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Shut down; radiation storm; aviation radiation AB The U.S. Government shutdown from 1 to 17 October 2013 significantly affected U.S. and global aviation radiation monitoring. The closure occurred just as a S2 radiation storm was in progress with an average dose rate of 20 Sv h(-1). We estimate that during the radiation event period, one-half million passengers were flying in the affected zone and, of this population, four would have received sufficient dose to contract fatal cancer in their lifetimes. The radiation environment can be treated like any other risk-prone weather event, e.g., rain, snow, icing, clear air turbulence, convective weather, or volcanic ash, and should be made available to flight crews in a timely way across the entire air traffic management system. The shutdown highlighted the need for active operational monitoring of the global radiation environment. Aviation radiation risk mitigation steps are simple and straightforward, i.e., fly at a lower altitude and/or use a more equatorward route. Public tools and media methods are also needed from the space weather scientific and operational communities to provide this information in a timely and accessible manner to the flying public. C1 [Tobiska, W. Kent; Bailey, Justin] Space Environm Technol, Pacific Palisades, CA USA. [Gersey, Brad; Wilkins, Richard] Prairie View A&M Univ, Prairie View, TX USA. [Mertens, Chris] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Atwell, William] Boeing Co, Houston, TX USA. RP Tobiska, WK (reprint author), Space Environm Technol, Pacific Palisades, CA USA. EM ktobiska@spacenvironment.net NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD JAN PY 2014 VL 12 IS 1 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1002/2013SW001015 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AB1KU UT WOS:000331551300005 ER PT S AU Smith, DD Chang, H Myneni, K Rosenberger, AT AF Smith, David D. Chang, H. Myneni, Krishna Rosenberger, A. T. BE Shahriar, SM Narducci, FA TI Fast Light Enhancement by Polarization Mode Coupling in a Single Optical Cavity Fast Light Enhancement by Polarization Mode Coupling in a Single Optical Cavity SO ADVANCES IN SLOW AND FAST LIGHT VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Slow and Fast Light VII CY FEB 02-05, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical Resonators; Laser Gyroscopes; Coherent Optical Effects; Anomalous Dispersion; Fast Light ID INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; RESONATOR; SYSTEM AB We present an entirely linear all-optical method of dispersion enhancement that relies on mode coupling between the orthogonal polarization modes of a single optical cavity, eliminating the necessity of using an atomic medium to produce the required anomalous dispersion, which decreases the dependence of the scale factor on temperature and increases signal-to-noise by reducing absorption and nonlinear effects. The use of a single cavity results in common mode rejection of the noise and drift that would be present in a system of two coupled cavities. We show that the scale-factor-to-mode-width ratio is increased above unity for this system and demonstrate tuning of the scale factor by (i) directly varying the mode coupling via rotation of an intracavity half wave plate, and (ii) coherent control of the cavity reflectance which is achieved simply by varying the incident polarization superposition. These tuning methods allow us to achieve unprecedented enhancements in the scale factor and in the scale-factor-to-mode-width ratio by closely approaching the critical anomalous dispersion condition. C1 [Smith, David D.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Syst Dept, ES31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Chang, H.] Ducommun Miltec, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. [Myneni, Krishna] US Army, RDECOM, RDMR WDS WO, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 USA. [Rosenberger, A. T.] Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Phys, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Smith, DD (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Syst Dept, ES31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. FU NASA Office of Chief Technologist Game Changing Development Program; U. S. Army Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center ( AMRDEC) Missile S T Program; Summer Research and Travel Program of the Oklahoma State University College of Arts and Sciences FX This work was sponsored by the NASA Office of Chief Technologist Game Changing Development Program and the U. S. Army Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center ( AMRDEC) Missile S& T Program. The participation of ATR was sponsored by the Summer Research and Travel Program of the Oklahoma State University College of Arts and Sciences. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9911-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8998 AR UNSP 89980T DI 10.1117/12.2047568 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BA4KM UT WOS:000335905800008 ER PT J AU Wen, JH Huang, L Wang, WL Jacka, TH Damm, V Liu, Y AF Wen, Jiahong Huang, Long Wang, Weili Jacka, T. H. Damm, V. Liu, Yan TI Ice thickness over the southern limit of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, and reassessment of the mass balance of the central portion of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic glaciology; ice-sheet mass balance ID SHEET; SURFACE; ACCUMULATION; BUDGETS; FLUXES AB We combine radio-echo sounding ice thickness data from the BEDMAP Project database and the PCMEGA (Prince Charles Mountains Expedition of Germany and Australia) dataset to generate a new ice thickness grid for the southern limit region of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. We then reassess the mass balance of the central portion of the Lambert-Amery system, incorporating flow information derived from synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and a modeled surface mass-balance dataset based on regional atmospheric modeling. Our analysis reveals that Mellor and Fisher Glaciers are approximately in balance to the level of our measurement uncertainty, while Lambert Glacier has a positive imbalance of 4.2 +/- 2.3 Gt a(-1). The mass budget for the whole Lambert Glacier basin is approximately in balance, and the average basal melt rate in the downstream section of the ice shelf is 5.1 +/- 3.0 m a(-1). Our results differ substantially from other recent estimates using hydrostatically derived ice thickness data. C1 [Wen, Jiahong; Huang, Long] Shanghai Normal Univ, Dept Geog, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Wang, Weili] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jacka, T. H.] Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Damm, V.] Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, Hannover, Germany. [Liu, Yan] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Liu, Yan] Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Remote Sensing Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Wen, JH (reprint author), Shanghai Normal Univ, Dept Geog, Shanghai, Peoples R China. EM jhwen@shnu.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [41276188]; National Basic Research Program of China [2012CB957704] FX This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 41276188) and National Basic Research Program of China (grant No. 2012CB957704). We thank J.T.M. Lenaerts for providing SMB data, Jaehyung Yu and Hongxing Liu for providing the interpolated ice thickness grid and T.A. Scambos for valuable comments. Constructive comments and suggestions from two anonymous reviewers have been very helpful in improving this paper. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2014 VL 55 IS 66 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.3189/2014AoG66A154 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AH3FX UT WOS:000336010200011 ER PT J AU Riedel, TP Wolfe, GM Danas, KT Gilman, JB Kuster, WC Bon, DM Vlasenko, A Li, SM Williams, EJ Lerner, BM Veres, PR Roberts, JM Holloway, JS Lefer, B Brown, SS Thornton, JA AF Riedel, T. P. Wolfe, G. M. Danas, K. T. Gilman, J. B. Kuster, W. C. Bon, D. M. Vlasenko, A. Li, S. -M. Williams, E. J. Lerner, B. M. Veres, P. R. Roberts, J. M. Holloway, J. S. Lefer, B. Brown, S. S. Thornton, J. A. TI An MCM modeling study of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) impacts on oxidation, ozone production and nitrogen oxide partitioning in polluted continental outflow SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MASTER CHEMICAL MECHANISM; TROPOSPHERIC DEGRADATION; REACTIVE UPTAKE; POLAR SUNRISE; AIR-QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; N2O5 REACTIVITY; RADICAL BUDGET; SULFURIC-ACID AB Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is produced at night by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride containing surfaces. ClNO2 is photolyzed during the morning hours after sunrise to liberate highly reactive chlorine atoms (Cl center dot). This chemistry takes place primarily in polluted environments where the concentrations of N2O5 precursors (nitrogen oxide radicals and ozone) are high, though it likely occurs in remote regions at lower intensities. Recent field measurements have illustrated the potential importance of ClNO2 as a daytime Cl center dot source and a nighttime NOx reservoir. However, the fate of the Cl center dot and the overall impact of ClNO2 on regional photochemistry remain poorly constrained by measurements and models. To this end, we have incorporated ClNO2 production, photolysis, and subsequent Cl center dot reactions into an existing master chemical mechanism (MCM version 3.2) box model framework using observational constraints from the CalNex 2010 field study. Cl center dot reactions with a set of alkenes and alcohols, and the simplified multiphase chemistry of N2O5, ClNO2, HOCl, ClONO2, and Cl-2, none of which are currently part of the MCM, have been added to the mechanism. The presence of ClNO2 produces significant changes to oxidants, ozone, and nitrogen oxide partitioning, relative to model runs excluding ClNO2 formation. From a nighttime maximum of 1.5 ppbv ClNO2, the daytime maximum Cl center dot concentration reaches 1x10(5) atoms cm(-3) at 07:00 model time, reacting mostly with a large suite of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to produce 2.2 times more organic peroxy radicals in the morning than in the absence of ClNO2. In the presence of several ppbv of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO+NO2), these perturbations lead to similar enhancements in hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx = OH+HO2). Neglecting contributions from HONO, the total integrated daytime radical source is 17% larger when including ClNO2, which leads to a similar enhancement in integrated ozone production of 15 %. Detectable levels (tens of pptv) of chlorine containing organic compounds are predicted to form as a result of Cl center dot addition to alkenes, which may be useful in identifying times of active Cl center dot chemistry. C1 [Riedel, T. P.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Riedel, T. P.; Danas, K. T.; Thornton, J. A.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Wolfe, G. M.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Wolfe, G. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Bon, D. M.; Williams, E. J.; Lerner, B. M.; Veres, P. R.; Roberts, J. M.; Holloway, J. S.; Brown, S. S.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Bon, D. M.; Williams, E. J.; Lerner, B. M.; Veres, P. R.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Vlasenko, A.; Li, S. -M.] Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Air Qual Res Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Lefer, B.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX USA. RP Thornton, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM thornton@atmos.washington.edu RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Gilman, Jessica/E-7751-2010; Thornton, Joel/C-1142-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Veres, Patrick/E-7441-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Wolfe, Glenn/D-5289-2011; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Gilman, Jessica/0000-0002-7899-9948; Thornton, Joel/0000-0002-5098-4867; Veres, Patrick/0000-0001-7539-353X; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; FU National Science Foundation [NSF CAREER ATM-0846183]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA NESSF NNX10AN48H]; NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship; NOAA Health of the Atmosphere Program FX This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF CAREER ATM-0846183 to J. A. Thornton). T. P. Riedel is grateful for an Earth System Science graduate fellowship from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA NESSF NNX10AN48H). G. M. Wolfe acknowledges support from a NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. This research was support in part by the NOAA Health of the Atmosphere Program. We also thank the crew of the R/V Atlantis and the Pasadena ground site science team for their tireless efforts and continual support throughout the CalNex study. NR 64 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 10 U2 60 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 8 BP 3789 EP 3800 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3789-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AH2AO UT WOS:000335923300001 ER PT J AU Miyagawa, K Petropavlovskikh, I Evans, RD Long, C Wild, J Manney, GL Daffer, WH AF Miyagawa, K. Petropavlovskikh, I. Evans, R. D. Long, C. Wild, J. Manney, G. L. Daffer, W. H. TI Long-term changes in the upper stratospheric ozone at Syowa, Antarctica SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; POLAR VORTEX; ANNULAR MODE; DYNAMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS; HEMISPHERIC WINTER; TEMPERATURE TRENDS; GREENHOUSE GASES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; COLUMN OZONE AB Analyses of stratospheric ozone data determined from Dobson-Umkehr measurements since 1977 at the Syowa (69.0 degrees S, 39.6 degrees E), Antarctica, station show a significant decrease in ozone at altitudes higher than that of the 4 hPa pressure level during the 1980s and 1990s. Ozone values over Syowa have remained low since 2001. The time series of upper stratospheric ozone from the homogenized NOAA SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument)(/2) 8.6 overpass data (+/- 4 degrees, 24 h) are in qualitative agreement with those from the Syowa station data. Ozone recovery during the austral spring over the Syowa station appears to be slower than predicted by the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) curve. The long-term changes in the station's equivalent latitude (indicative of vortex size/position in winter and spring) are derived from MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications) reanalyses at similar to 2 and similar to 50 hPa. These data are used to attribute some of the upper and middle stratospheric ozone changes to the changes in vortex position relative to the station's location. In addition, high correlation of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) with polar upper stratospheric ozone during years of maximum solar activity points toward a strong relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the polar stratospheric ozone recovery. In the lower stratosphere, ozone recovery attributable to CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) is still not definitive, whereas the recovery of the upper stratosphere is slower than predicted. Further research indicates that dynamical and other chemical changes in the atmosphere are delaying detection of recovery over this station. C1 [Miyagawa, K.] Japan Meteorol Agcy, Aerol Observ, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. [Petropavlovskikh, I.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Evans, R. D.] NOAA, OAR, ESRL Climate Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Long, C.; Wild, J.] NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. [Wild, J.] Wyle ST&E, Houston, TX USA. [Manney, G. L.] NorthWest Res Associates, Socorro, NM USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Daffer, W. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Miyagawa, K (reprint author), Japan Meteorol Agcy, Aerol Observ, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. EM koji.miyagawa@gmail.com RI Evans, Robert/D-4731-2016 OI Evans, Robert/0000-0002-8693-9769 NR 113 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 8 BP 3945 EP 3968 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3945-2014 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AH2AO UT WOS:000335923300012 ER PT J AU Houweling, S Krol, M Bergamaschi, P Frankenberg, C Dlugokencky, EJ Morino, I Notholt, J Sherlock, V Wunch, D Beck, V Gerbig, C Chen, H Kort, EA Rockmann, T Aben, I AF Houweling, S. Krol, M. Bergamaschi, P. Frankenberg, C. Dlugokencky, E. J. Morino, I. Notholt, J. Sherlock, V. Wunch, D. Beck, V. Gerbig, C. Chen, H. Kort, E. A. Rockmann, T. Aben, I. TI A multi-year methane inversion using SCIAMACHY, accounting for systematic errors using TCCON measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TROPOSPHERIC METHANE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; DATA ASSIMILATION; TRANSPORT MODEL; EMISSIONS; CH4; GOSAT AB This study investigates the use of total column CH4 (XCH4) retrievals from the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument for quantifying large-scale emissions of methane. A unique data set from SCIAMACHY is available spanning almost a decade of measurements, covering a period when the global CH4 growth rate showed a marked transition from stable to increasing mixing ratios. The TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system has been used to infer CH4 emissions from a combination of satellite and surface measurements for the period 2003-2010. In contrast to earlier inverse modelling studies, the SCIAMACHY retrievals have been corrected for systematic errors using the TCCON network of ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers. The aim is to further investigate the role of bias correction of satellite data in inversions. Methods for bias correction are discussed, and the sensitivity of the optimized emissions to alternative bias correction functions is quantified. It is found that the use of SCIAMACHY retrievals in TM5 4DVAR increases the estimated inter-annual variability of large-scale fluxes by 22% compared with the use of only surface observations. The difference in global methane emissions between 2-year periods before and after July 2006 is estimated at 27-35 Tg yr(-1). The use of SCIAMACHY retrievals causes a shift in the emissions from the extra-tropics to the tropics of 50 +/- 25 Tg yr(-1). The large uncertainty in this value arises from the uncertainty in the bias correction functions. Using measurements from the HIPPO and BARCA aircraft campaigns, we show that systematic errors in the SCIAMACHY measurements are a main factor limiting the performance of the inversions. To further constrain tropical emissions of methane using current and future satellite missions, extended validation capabilities in the tropics are of critical importance. C1 [Houweling, S.; Krol, M.; Aben, I.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Houweling, S.; Krol, M.; Rockmann, T.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res IMAU, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Krol, M.] Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Meteorol & Air Qual MAQ, Wageningen, Netherlands. [Bergamaschi, P.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Dlugokencky, E. J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Morino, I.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Global Environm Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. [Notholt, J.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Sherlock, V.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand. [Wunch, D.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Beck, V.; Gerbig, C.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Chen, H.] Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res CIO, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands. [Chen, H.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kort, E. A.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Houweling, S (reprint author), SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. EM s.houweling@sron.nl RI Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013; Rockmann, Thomas/F-4479-2015; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016; Chen, Huilin/J-9479-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Kort, Eric/F-9942-2012; Morino, Isamu/K-1033-2014 OI Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603; Rockmann, Thomas/0000-0002-6688-8968; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X; Chen, Huilin/0000-0002-1573-6673; Kort, Eric/0000-0003-4940-7541; Morino, Isamu/0000-0003-2720-1569 FU EU; SURFsara FX We would like to thank the TTCON PIs for making their measurements available, notably P. Wennberg (CalTech, USA), D. Griffith (Uni. Wollongong, Australia), R. Sussman (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany) and T. Warnecke (Uni. Bremen, Germany). We thank Remco Scheepmaker (SRON, the Netherlands) for his support making SCIAMACHY data available. We thank Guiseppe Etiope (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy) for support and the use of the GLOGOS database, and R. Spahni (University of Bern) for providing recent years of LPJ output. This work was supported by the EU FP7 project GeoCarbon. Computer calculations were performed using the Huygens super computer of the Dutch high-performance computing centre SARA, and we thank SURFsara for support (www.surfsara.nl). NR 73 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 24 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 8 BP 3991 EP 4012 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3991-2014 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AH2AO UT WOS:000335923300015 ER PT J AU Huang, L Fu, R Jiang, JH AF Huang, L. Fu, R. Jiang, J. H. TI Impacts of fire emissions and transport pathways on the interannual variation of CO in the tropical upper troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; DEEP CONVECTION; EL-NINO; AURA SATELLITE; BURNED AREA; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; CLOUDS; MODEL; PRECIPITATION AB This study investigates the impacts of fire emission, convection, various climate conditions and transport pathways on the interannual variation of carbon monoxide (CO) in the tropical upper troposphere (UT), by evaluating the field correlation between these fields using multi-satellite observations and principle component analysis, and the transport pathway auto-identification method developed in our previous study. The rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD) methods are used to identify the dominant modes of CO interannual variation in the tropical UT and to study the coupled relationship between UT CO and its governing factors. Both REOF and SVD results confirm that Indonesia is the most significant land region that affects the interannual variation of CO in the tropical UT, and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant climate condition that affects the relationships between surface CO emission, convection and UT CO. In addition, our results also show that the impact of El Nino on the anomalous CO pattern in the tropical UT varies strongly, primarily due to different anomalous emission and convection patterns associated with different El Nino events. In contrast, the anomalous CO pattern in the tropical UT during La Nina period appears to be less variable among different events. Transport pathway analysis suggests that the average CO transported by the "local convection" pathway (Delta COlocal) accounts for the differences of UT CO between different ENSO phases over the tropical continents during biomass burning season. Delta COlocal is generally higher over Indonesia-Australia and lower over South America during El Nino years than during La Nina years. The other pathway ("advection within the lower troposphere followed by convective vertical transport") occurs more frequently over the west-central Pacific during El Nino years than during La Nina years, which may account for the UT CO differences over this region between different ENSO phases. C1 [Huang, L.; Fu, R.] Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Huang, L.; Jiang, J. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Huang, L (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM leih@utexas.edu RI Huang, Lei/P-1848-2014; Fu, Rong/B-4922-2011 FU NASA Aura Science Team (AST) program [NNX09AD85G]; Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA FX This research is supported by the NASA Aura Science Team (AST) program (NNX09AD85G), the Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. We acknowledge the NASA CloudSat project for the CloudSat data. We also appreciate the comments from three reviewers and editor B. N. Duncan that led to significant improvements of the manuscript. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 8 BP 4087 EP 4099 DI 10.5194/acp-14-4087-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AH2AO UT WOS:000335923300021 ER PT J AU Susca, S Agharkar, P Martinez, S Bullo, F AF Susca, Sara Agharkar, Pushkarini Martinez, Sonia Bullo, Francesco TI SYNCHRONIZATION OF BEADS ON A RING BY FEEDBACK CONTROL SO SIAM JOURNAL ON CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Article DE synchronization; consensus algorithms; distributed algorithms; stochastic matrices ID MULTIROBOT PERIMETER PATROL; MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS; CONSENSUS; COORDINATION; BOUNDARIES; ALGORITHMS; TRACKING; TEAM AB This paper analyzes a discrete-time algorithm to synchronize a group of agents moving back and forth on a ring. Each agent or "bead" changes direction upon encountering another bead moving in the opposite direction. Communication is sporadic: two beads are able to exchange information only when they come sufficiently close. This allows agents to update their state including their velocity and desired sweeping arc on the boundary. Our analysis makes use of consensus algorithms tools and guarantees that for a given set of initial conditions, synchrony is asymptotically reached. C1 [Susca, Sara] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Agharkar, Pushkarini; Bullo, Francesco] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Control Dynam Syst & Computat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Martinez, Sonia] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Susca, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sara.susca@jpl.nasa.gov; agharkar@umail.ucsb.edu; soniamd@ucsd.edu; bullo@engineering.ucsb.edu RI Bullo, Francesco/B-8146-2013 FU ARO [W911NF-11-1-0092]; NSF [CPS 1035917] FX This material is based upon work supported in part by ARO award W911NF-11-1-0092 and NSF award CPS 1035917. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 0363-0129 EI 1095-7138 J9 SIAM J CONTROL OPTIM JI SIAM J. Control Optim. PY 2014 VL 52 IS 2 BP 914 EP 938 DI 10.1137/120903208 PG 25 WC Automation & Control Systems; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Mathematics GA AH0OR UT WOS:000335820200006 ER PT S AU Krainak, MA Yu, AW Janches, D Jones, SL Blagojevic, B Chen, J AF Krainak, Michael A. Yu, Anthony W. Janches, Diego Jones, Sarah L. Blagojevic, Branimir Chen, Jeffrey BE Clarkson, WA Shori, RK TI Self-Raman Nd:YVO4 laser and electro-optic technology for space-based sodium lidar instrument SO SOLID STATE LASERS XXIII: TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solid State Lasers XXIII - Technology and Devices CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Sodium lidar; Nd:YVO4 laser; space-based science instruments; optical filters AB We are developing a laser and electro-optic technology to remotely measure Sodium (Na) by adapting existing lidar technology with space flight heritage. The developed instrumentation will serve as the core for the planning of an Heliophysics mission targeted to study the composition and dynamics of Earth's mesosphere based on a spaceborne lidar that will measure the mesospheric Na layer. We present performance results from our diode-pumped tunable Q-switched self-Raman c-cut Nd:YVO4 laser with intra-cavity frequency doubling that produces multi-watt 589 nm wavelength output. The c-cut Nd:YVO4 laser has a fundamental wavelength that is tunable from 1063-1067 nm. A CW External Cavity diode laser is used as a injection seeder to provide single-frequency grating tunable output around 1066 nm. The injection-seeded self-Raman shifted Nd:VO4 laser is tuned across the sodium vapor D2 line at 589 nm. We will review technologies that provide strong leverage for the sodium lidar laser system with strong heritage from the Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS). These include a space-qualified frequency-doubled 9W @ 532 nm wavelength Nd:YVO4 laser, a tandem interference filter temperature-stabilized fused-silica-etalon receiver and high-bandwidth photon-counting detectors. C1 [Krainak, Michael A.; Yu, Anthony W.; Janches, Diego; Jones, Sarah L.; Blagojevic, Branimir; Chen, Jeffrey] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Janches, Diego/D-4674-2012; Jones, Sarah/D-5293-2012 OI Janches, Diego/0000-0001-8615-5166; Jones, Sarah/0000-0002-3816-4954 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9872-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8959 AR 89590I DI 10.1117/12.2041453 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BA4KK UT WOS:000335902300014 ER PT S AU Mu, XD Meissner, S Meissner, H Yu, AW AF Mu, Xiaodong Meissner, Stephanie Meissner, Helmuth Yu, Anthony W. BE Clarkson, WA Shori, RK TI Double Clad YAG Crystalline Fiber Waveguides for Diode Pumped High Power Lasing SO SOLID STATE LASERS XXIII: TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solid State Lasers XXIII - Technology and Devices CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Crystalline fiber; waveguide; laser; master oscillator power amplifier; adhesive-free bond ID SINGLE-MODE OPERATION; LASER; AMPLIFIER AB Double-clade crystalline fiber waveguide (CFW) has been produced by using adhesive-free bond (AFB r) technology. The waveguide consists of a 1 at.% Yb:YAG core, un-doped YAG inner cladding and ceramic spinel outer cladding. It is a direct analog of the conventional double-clad glass fiber laser in the crystal domain. Signal gain of 45 or 16.5 dB has been measured in a preliminary master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) experiment. Due to the high laser gain and the weak Fresnel reflection at the uncoated waveguide ends, the CFW even starts self-lasing above a certain pump power. Laser output power of 4 W in the backward propagation direction has been measured for input pump power of 44 W. After considering the same amount of forward propagated laser power, the laser efficiency to the absorbed pump power is estimated to be about 44%. In principle, CFW can have extremely large single mode area for high efficiency and high power laser applications. So far, Single mode area > 6700 mu m(2) has been demonstrated in Er:YAG CFWs. C1 [Mu, Xiaodong; Meissner, Stephanie; Meissner, Helmuth] Onyx Opt Inc, 6551 Sierra Lane, Dublin, CA 94568 USA. [Yu, Anthony W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mu, XD (reprint author), Onyx Opt Inc, 6551 Sierra Lane, Dublin, CA 94568 USA. EM xmu@onyxoptics.com RI Chen, Ru/A-5105-2015 FU NASA SBIR [NNX13CG12P] FX This work has been supported by NASA SBIR contract NNX13CG12P. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9872-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8959 AR UNSP 895906 DI 10.1117/12.2048223 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BA4KK UT WOS:000335902300004 ER PT S AU Yu, AW Sun, XL Li, SX Cavanaugh, JF Neumann, GA AF Yu, Anthony W. Sun, Xiaoli Li, Steven X. Cavanaugh, John F. Neumann, Gregory A. BE Clarkson, WA Shori, RK TI In-Flight Performance of the Mercury Laser Altimeter Laser Transmitter SO SOLID STATE LASERS XXIII: TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solid State Lasers XXIII - Technology and Devices CY FEB 02-04, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Lidar Instrument; Space Laser Instrument; Topography; Altimeter ID MESSENGER MISSION AB The Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) is one of the payload instruments on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, which was launched on August 3, 2004. MLA maps Mercury's shape and topographic landforms and other surface characteristics using a diode-pumped solid-state laser transmitter and a silicon avalanche photodiode receiver that measures the round-trip time of individual laser pulses. The laser transmitter has been operating nominally during planetary flyby measurements and in orbit about Mercury since March 2011. In this paper, we review the MLA laser transmitter telemetry data and evaluate the performance of solid-state lasers under extended operation in a space environment. C1 [Yu, Anthony W.; Sun, Xiaoli; Li, Steven X.; Cavanaugh, John F.; Neumann, Gregory A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yu, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM anthony.w.yu@nasa.gov RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; Neumann, Gregory/I-5591-2013 OI Neumann, Gregory/0000-0003-0644-9944 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9872-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8959 AR UNSP 89590H DI 10.1117/12.2041452 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BA4KK UT WOS:000335902300013 ER PT J AU Liu, JJ Bowman, KW Lee, M Henze, DK Bousserez, N Brix, H Collatz, GJ Menemenlis, D Ott, L Pawson, S Jones, D Nassar, R AF Liu, Junjie Bowman, Kevin W. Lee, Meemong Henze, Daven K. Bousserez, Nicolas Brix, Holger Collatz, G. James Menemenlis, Dimitris Ott, Lesley Pawson, Steven Jones, Dylan Nassar, Ray TI Carbon monitoring system flux estimation and attribution: impact of ACOS-GOSAT X-CO2 sampling on the inference of terrestrial biospheric sources and sinks SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE NASA CMS-Flux; GOSAT; OCO-2; variational inversion; biased sampling; Monte Carlo ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; DATA ASSIMILATION; FIRE EMISSIONS; COLUMN CO2; GEOS-CHEM; SURFACE; OCEAN; CYCLE; ADJOINT AB Using an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE), we investigate the impact of JAXA Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite 'IBUKI' (GOSAT) sampling on the estimation of terrestrial biospheric flux with the NASA Carbon Monitoring System Flux (CMS-Flux) estimation and attribution strategy. The simulated observations in the OSSE use the actual column carbon dioxide (X-CO2) b2.9 retrieval sensitivity and quality control for the year 2010 processed through the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space algorithm. CMSFlux is a variational inversion system that uses the GEOS-Chem forward and adjoint model forced by a suite of observationally constrained fluxes from ocean, land and anthropogenic models. We investigate the impact of GOSAT sampling on flux estimation in two aspects: 1) random error uncertainty reduction and 2) the global and regional bias in posterior flux resulted from the spatiotemporally biased GOSAT sampling. Based on Monte Carlo calculations, we find that global average flux uncertainty reduction ranges from 25% in September to 60% in July. When aggregated to the 11 land regions designated by the phase 3 of the Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project, the annual mean uncertainty reduction ranges from 10% over North American boreal to 38% over South American temperate, which is driven by observational coverage and the magnitude of prior flux uncertainty. The uncertainty reduction over the South American tropical region is 30%, even with sparse observation coverage. We show that this reduction results from the large prior flux uncertainty and the impact of non-local observations. Given the assumed prior error statistics, the degree of freedom for signal is similar to 1132 for 1-yr of the 74 055 GOSAT X-CO2 observations, which indicates that GOSAT provides similar to 1132 independent pieces of information about surface fluxes. We quantify the impact of GOSAT's spatiotemporally sampling on the posterior flux, and find that a 0.7 gigatons of carbon bias in the global annual posterior flux resulted from the seasonally and diurnally biased sampling when using a diagonal prior flux error covariance. C1 [Liu, Junjie; Bowman, Kevin W.; Lee, Meemong; Menemenlis, Dimitris] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Henze, Daven K.; Bousserez, Nicolas] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Brix, Holger] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Collatz, G. James; Ott, Lesley; Pawson, Steven] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jones, Dylan] Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Nassar, Ray] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Liu, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM junjie.liu@jpl.nasa.gov RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; collatz, george/D-5381-2012; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Ott, Lesley/E-2250-2012 OI Nassar, Ray/0000-0001-6282-1611; Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; FU NASA Carbon Monitoring System program, NASA ACOS CO2 project; OCO-2 science team grant [11-OCO211-24] FX We acknowledge the funding support from NASA Carbon Monitoring System program, NASA ACOS CO2 project (D. K. Henze) and OCO-2 science team grant (11-OCO211-24). We thank four anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. The GOSAT-ACOS XCO2 data were produced by the ACOS/OCO-2 project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and obtained from the ACOS/OCO-2 data archive maintained at the NASA Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center. The GOSAT spectra were provided to the ACOS Team through a GOSAT Research Announcement (RA) agreement between the California Institute of Technology and the three parties, JAXA, NIES and the MOE. A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 69 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 26 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PY 2014 VL 66 AR 22486 DI 10.3402/tellusb.v66.22486 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AH2BQ UT WOS:000335926100001 ER PT J AU Grundgeiger, T Sanderson, PM Dismukes, RK AF Grundgeiger, Tobias Sanderson, Penelope M. Dismukes, R. Key TI Prospective Memory in Complex Sociotechnical Systems SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prospective memory; distributed cognition; distributed prospective memory; sociotechnical systems; human factors ID AIR-TRAFFIC-CONTROL; SPONTANEOUS RETRIEVAL; TASK COMPLEXITY; INTENSIVE-CARE; INTERRUPTIONS; INTENTIONS; ERRORS; EXECUTION; COSTS; PERFORMANCE AB An important cognitive function is the ability to remember to execute future tasks, a capability known as prospective memory (PM). Workers in complex sociotechnical systems such as healthcare and aviation face many PM challenges and forgetting tasks can have severe consequences. Although researchers have made progress in understanding how individuals remember future tasks, system-level support for PM has seldom been addressed. In the present paper, we briefly review PM research in healthcare and aviation, focusing on naturalistic studies using expert workers, and we present the concept of distributed prospective memory, which incorporates the interaction between the environment and the individual when future tasks must be remembered. PM in sociotechnical settings is a complex process involving human and nonhuman agents. Therefore, a systems approach is needed to fully understand PM processes, thus supporting workers and eventually minimizing errors and increasing safety. C1 [Grundgeiger, Tobias] Univ Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. [Sanderson, Penelope M.] Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. [Dismukes, R. Key] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA USA. RP Grundgeiger, T (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Human Comp Media, Oswald Kulpe Weg 82, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. EM tobias.grundgeiger@uni-wuerzburg.de NR 64 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 9 PU HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS PI GOTTINGEN PA ROHNSWEG 25, D-37085 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SN 2190-8370 EI 2151-2604 J9 Z PSYCHOL JI Z. Psychol.-J. Psychol. PY 2014 VL 222 IS 2 BP 100 EP 109 DI 10.1027/2151-2604/a000171 PG 10 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA AH3JJ UT WOS:000336019200005 ER PT S AU Mitin, V Pogrebnyak, V Shur, M Gaska, R Karasik, B Sergeev, A AF Mitin, Vladimir Pogrebnyak, Victor Shur, Michael Gaska, Remis Karasik, Boris Sergeev, Andrei GP IOP TI Hot-electron micro&nanobolometers based on low-mobility 2DEG for high resolution THz spectroscopy SO 2ND RUSSIA-JAPAN-USA SYMPOSIUM ON THE FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS OF TERAHERTZ DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES (RJUS TERATECH - 2013) SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Russia-Japan-USA Symposium on the Fundamental and Applied Problems of Terahertz Devices and Technologies (RJUS TeraTech) CY JUN 03-06, 2013 CL Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ, Moscow, RUSSIA SP Tohoku Univ, Univ Buffalo, State Univ New York, Rensselaer HO Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ AB The results on design, fabrication, and characterization of a hot-electron bolometer (HEB) based on the low-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a AlGaN/GaN heterostructures show that our HEBs have high coupling to incident THz radiation due to the Drude absorption. Significant heating by THz radiation is realized due to the small value of the electron heat capacity. A low contact resistance achieved in our devices ensures that the THz radiation couples primarily to the 2DEG. Due to the small electron momentum relaxation time, the real part of the 2DEG sensor impedance is similar to 50-100 Omega, which provides a good impedance match between the sensor and antenna. Currently the room temperature responsivity of our devices reaches similar to 0.04 A/W at 2.55 THz along with a noise equivalent power similar to 5 nW/Hz(1/2)at room temperature. C1 [Mitin, Vladimir; Pogrebnyak, Victor; Sergeev, Andrei] SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Shur, Michael] Rensselaer Polytechn Inst, ECSE Dept, Rensselaer, NY USA. [Gaska, Remis] Sensor Elect Technol Inc, Columbia, SC USA. [Karasik, Boris] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Mitin, V (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM asergeev@buffalo.edu RI Shur, Michael/A-4374-2016 OI Shur, Michael/0000-0003-0976-6232 NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2014 VL 486 AR UNSP 012028 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/486/1/012028 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BA4DU UT WOS:000335439800028 ER PT S AU Sergeev, A Mitin, V Karasik, B Vitkalov, S AF Sergeev, Andrei Mitin, Vladimir Karasik, Boris Vitkalov, Sergey GP IOP TI Ultrasensitive superconducting terahertz detectors: novel approaches and emerging materials SO 2ND RUSSIA-JAPAN-USA SYMPOSIUM ON THE FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS OF TERAHERTZ DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES (RJUS TERATECH - 2013) SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Russia-Japan-USA Symposium on the Fundamental and Applied Problems of Terahertz Devices and Technologies (RJUS TeraTech) CY JUN 03-06, 2013 CL Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ, Moscow, RUSSIA SP Tohoku Univ, Univ Buffalo, State Univ New York, Rensselaer HO Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ ID NANOBOLOMETERS AB Novel approaches to THz sensing based superconductor detectors and emerging superconducting nanomaterials have a strong potential to boost development of advanced optoelectronic devices, such as THz detectors, THz mixers, single photon counters and quantum calorimeters with outstanding sensitivity. Such devices have a number of applications in THZ environmental and industrial monitoring, astrophysics, homeland security, and medicine. Single photon counters have potential as key elements for optical communication and networking, quantum imaging and metrology, quantum optical computing and bio-photonics, and single-molecule spectroscopy. C1 [Sergeev, Andrei; Mitin, Vladimir] SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Karasik, Boris] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Vitkalov, Sergey] City Univ New York, City Coll, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Sergeev, A (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM asergeev@buffalo.edu NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2014 VL 486 AR UNSP 012021 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/486/1/012021 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BA4DU UT WOS:000335439800021 ER PT S AU Bulyshev, A Amzajerdian, F Roback, E Reisse, R AF Bulyshev, Alexander Amzajerdian, Farzin Roback, Eric Reisse, Robert BE Bouman, CA Sauer, KD TI A Super-resolution Algorithm for Enhancement of FLASH LIDAR Data: Flight Test Results SO COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Imaging XII CY FEB 05-06, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE ID IMAGE-RECONSTRUCTION AB This paper describes the results of a 3D super-resolution algorithm applied to the range data obtained from a recent Flash Lidar helicopter flight test. The flight test was conducted by the NASA's Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) project over a simulated lunar terrain facility at NASA Kennedy Space Center. ALHAT is developing the technology for safe autonomous landing on the surface of celestial bodies: Moon, Mars, asteroids. One of the test objectives was to verify the ability of 3D super-resolution technique to generate high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and to determine time resolved relative positions and orientations of the vehicle. 3D super-resolution algorithm was developed earlier and tested in computational modeling, and laboratory experiments, and in a few dynamic experiments using a moving truck. Prior to the helicopter flight test campaign, a 100mX100m hazard field was constructed having most of the relevant extraterrestrial hazard: slopes, rocks, and craters with different sizes. Data were collected during the flight and then processed by the super-resolution code. The detailed DEM of the hazard field was constructed using independent measurement to be used for comparison. ALHAT navigation system data were used to verify abilities of super-resolution method to provide accurate relative navigation information. Namely, the 6 degree of freedom state vector of the instrument as a function of time was restored from super-resolution data. The results of comparisons show that the super-resolution method can construct high quality DEMs and allows for identifying hazards like rocks and craters within the accordance of ALHAT requirements. C1 [Bulyshev, Alexander] Analyt Mech Associates Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Amzajerdian, Farzin; Roback, Eric; Reisse, Robert] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Bulyshev, A (reprint author), Analyt Mech Associates Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9937-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 9020 AR UNSP 90200B DI 10.1117/12.2035251 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BA4EF UT WOS:000335494800009 ER PT S AU Lupisella, ML AF Lupisella, Mark L. BE Vakoch, DA TI Caring Capacity and Cosmocultural Evolution: Potential Mechanisms for Advanced Altruism SO EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALTRUISM: EVOLUTION AND ETHICS IN THE COSMOS SE Frontiers Collection LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Altruism; Biological altruism; Biocultural altruism; Advanced altruism; Extraterrestrial intelligence; SETI; Caring capacity; Cosmocultural evolution; Collective intelligence ID COVARIANCE; SELECTION AB This chapter proposes a model for "advanced altruism,'' building from what are fairly well understood biological-genetic dynamics ("biological altruism'') leading to more complex social and cultural forms of altruism ("biocultural altruism''), which can act as a springboard for "advanced altruism'' that sufficiently transcends biological self-interest. Two mechanisms are emphasized: increasing caring capacity and cosmocultural evolution, both of which can lead to advanced forms of altruism. Increasing caring capacity involves making cost-benefit ratios of altruistic acts increasingly favorable to all actors-especially by reducing the cost of caring. Cosmocultural evolution emphasizes the coevolution of culture and cosmos and suggests the universe can be a common objective framework. Cosmocultural evolution appeals to the more "subjective'' power and value of cultural evolution, which can result in a broad-based respect for the universe and all beings in it. The model may have general applicability to beings that have evolved via natural selection, including possibly single "collective'' biological or machine intelligences. However, the model appears to be only marginally applicable to a single being that never evolved through phases of social evolution, requiring additional speculation, some of which is provided to address, for example, how a notion of self and others could develop in such an extreme example. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lupisella, ML (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mark.l.lupisella@nasa.gov NR 58 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1612-3018 BN 978-3-642-37749-5 J9 FRONT COLLECT PY 2014 BP 93 EP 109 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-37750-1_7 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-37750-1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Ethics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BA1NH UT WOS:000332728100008 ER PT J AU Siegler, MA Smrekar, SE AF Siegler, M. A. Smrekar, S. E. TI Lunar heat flow: Regional prospective of the Apollo landing sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE lunar; heat flow; Apollo; KREEP; heat flux; radiogenic ID MEGAREGOLITH INSULATION; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; MOON; ORIGIN; EVOLUTION; GRAIL; CONSTRAINTS; EXPANSION; HISTORY; SURFACE AB We reexamine the Apollo Heat Flow Experiment in light of new orbital data. Using three-dimensional thermal conduction models, we examine effects of crustal thickness, density, and radiogenic abundance on measured heat flow values at the Apollo 15 and 17 sites. These models show the importance of regional context on heat flux measurements. We find that measured heat flux can be greatly altered by deep subsurface radiogenic content and crustal density. However, total crustal thickness and the presence of a near-surface radiogenic-rich ejecta provide less leverage, representing only minor (<1.5 mW m(-2)) perturbations on surface heat flux. Using models of the crust implied by Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory results, we found that a roughly 9-13 mW m(-2) mantle heat flux best approximate the observed heat flux. This equates to a total mantle heat production of 2.8-4.1x10(11) W. These heat flow values could imply that the lunar interior is slightly less radiogenic than the Earth's mantle, perhaps implying that a considerable fraction of terrestrial mantle material was incorporated at the time of formation. These results may also imply that heat flux at the crust-mantle boundary beneath the Procellarum potassium, rare earth element, and phosphorus (KREEP) Terrane (PKT) is anomalously elevated compared to the rest of the Moon. These results also suggest that a limited KREEP-rich layer exists beneath the PKT crust. If a subcrustal KREEP-rich layer extends below the Apollo 17 landing site, required mantle heat flux can drop to roughly 7 mW m(-2), underlining the need for future heat flux measurements outside of the radiogenic-rich PKT region. C1 [Siegler, M. A.; Smrekar, S. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Siegler, MA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM matthew.a.siegler@jpl.nasa.gov FU Brown/MIT node of the NASA Lunar Science Institute; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Thank you to Mark Wieczorek for providing quick access to GRAIL crustal thickness models, which greatly enhanced this paper's relevance. Thank you to Mark Wieczorek, Jonathan Besserer, and Walter Kiefer for their detailed and extremely helpful reviews. Thank you to Pierre Williams, Paul Warren, David Paige, and Christophe Sotin for their useful discussion and aid. This work was supported in part by the Brown/MIT node of the NASA Lunar Science Institute. The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Copyright 2013 California Institute of Technology). Government sponsorship is acknowledged. NR 60 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 47 EP 63 DI 10.1002/2013JE004453 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400004 ER PT J AU Schmidt, ME Campbell, JL Gellert, R Perrett, GM Treiman, AH Blaney, DL Olilla, A Calef, FJ Edgar, L Elliott, BE Grotzinger, J Hurowitz, J King, PL Minitti, ME Sautter, V Stack, K Berger, JA Bridges, JC Ehlmann, BL Forni, O Leshin, LA Lewis, KW McLennan, SM Ming, DW Newsom, H Pradler, I Squyres, SW Stolper, EM Thompson, L VanBommel, S Wiens, RC AF Schmidt, M. E. Campbell, J. L. Gellert, R. Perrett, G. M. Treiman, A. H. Blaney, D. L. Olilla, A. Calef, F. J., III Edgar, L. Elliott, B. E. Grotzinger, J. Hurowitz, J. King, P. L. Minitti, M. E. Sautter, V. Stack, K. Berger, J. A. Bridges, J. C. Ehlmann, B. L. Forni, O. Leshin, L. A. Lewis, K. W. McLennan, S. M. Ming, D. W. Newsom, H. Pradler, I. Squyres, S. W. Stolper, E. M. Thompson, L. VanBommel, S. Wiens, R. C. TI Geochemical diversity in first rocks examined by the Curiosity Rover in Gale Crater: Evidence for and significance of an alkali and volatile-rich igneous source SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars geochemistry; Mars Science Laboratory; APXS; Gale Crater ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; CHEMCAM INSTRUMENT SUITE; MEDUSAE FOSSAE FORMATION; MARTIAN MANTLE; MERIDIANI-PLANUM; GUSEV CRATER; ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS; PETROGENETIC MODEL; LANDING SITE; MARS AB The first four rocks examined by the Mars Science Laboratory Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer indicate that Curiosity landed in a lithologically diverse region of Mars. These rocks, collectively dubbed the Bradbury assemblage, were studied along an eastward traverse (sols 46-102). Compositions range from Na- and Al-rich mugearite Jake_Matijevic to Fe-, Mg-, and Zn-rich alkali-rich basalt/hawaiite Bathurst_Inlet and span nearly the entire range in FeO* and MnO of the data sets from previous Martian missions and Martian meteorites. The Bradbury assemblage is also enriched in K and moderately volatile metals (Zn and Ge). These elements do not correlate with Cl or S, suggesting that they are associated with the rocks themselves and not with salt-rich coatings. Three out of the four Bradbury rocks plot along a line in elemental variation diagrams, suggesting mixing between Al-rich and Fe-rich components. ChemCam analyses give insight to their degree of chemical heterogeneity and grain size. Variations in trace elements detected by ChemCam suggest chemical weathering (Li) and concentration in mineral phases (e.g., Rb and Sr in feldspars). We interpret the Bradbury assemblage to be broadly volcanic and/or volcaniclastic, derived either from near the Gale crater rim and transported by the Peace Vallis fan network, or from a local volcanic source within Gale Crater. High Fe and Fe/Mn in Et_Then likely reflect secondary precipitation of Fe3+ oxides as a cement or rind. The K-rich signature of the Bradbury assemblage, if igneous in origin, may have formed by small degrees of partial melting of metasomatized mantle. . C1 [Schmidt, M. E.] Brock Univ, Dept Earth Sci, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. [Campbell, J. L.; Gellert, R.; Perrett, G. M.; Pradler, I.; VanBommel, S.] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Treiman, A. H.] Lunar Planetary Sci Inst, Houston, TX USA. [Blaney, D. L.; Calef, F. J., III; Grotzinger, J.; Ehlmann, B. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Olilla, A.] Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Edgar, L.] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. [Elliott, B. E.; Thompson, L.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Earth Sci, Fredericton, NB, Canada. [Grotzinger, J.; Stack, K.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Stolper, E. M.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hurowitz, J.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [King, P. L.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. [Minitti, M. E.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. [Sautter, V.] Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-75231 Paris, France. [Berger, J. A.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON, Canada. [Bridges, J. C.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Space Res Ctr, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Forni, O.] Univ Toulouse 3, UPS OMP, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Leshin, L. A.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Sch Sci, Troy, NY USA. [Lewis, K. W.; McLennan, S. M.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Ming, D. W.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Squyres, S. W.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Wiens, R. C.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Schmidt, ME (reprint author), Brock Univ, Dept Earth Sci, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. EM mschmidt2@brocku.ca RI King, Penelope/A-1791-2011 OI King, Penelope/0000-0002-8364-9168 FU Canadian Space Agency (CSA); NASA MSL mission FX This work was funded by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) support for the APXS instrument and Participating Scientist grant to Schmidt, and by the NASA MSL mission. Thoughtful reviews by Brian Balta, Cerena Goodrich, and Christian Schrader improved the manuscript. We sincerely thank the many engineers and scientists who have contributed to the great success of the MSL mission. NR 96 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 6 U2 48 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 64 EP 81 DI 10.1002/2013JE004481 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400005 ER PT J AU Harri, AM Genzer, M Kemppinen, O Kahanpaa, H Gomez-Elvira, J Rodriguez-Manfredi, JA Haberle, R Polkko, J Schmidt, W Savijarvi, H Kauhanen, J Atlaskin, E Richardson, M Siili, T Paton, M Juarez, MD Newman, C Rafkin, S Lemmon, MT Mischna, M Merikallio, S Haukka, H Martin-Torres, J Zorzano, MP Peinado, V Urqui, R Lapinette, A Scodary, A Makinen, T Vazquez, L Renno, N AF Harri, A. -M. Genzer, M. Kemppinen, O. Kahanpaa, H. Gomez-Elvira, J. Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A. Haberle, R. Polkko, J. Schmidt, W. Savijarvi, H. Kauhanen, J. Atlaskin, E. Richardson, M. Siili, T. Paton, M. Juarez, M. de laTorre Newman, C. Rafkin, S. Lemmon, M. T. Mischna, M. Merikallio, S. Haukka, H. Martin-Torres, J. Zorzano, M. -P. Peinado, V. Urqui, R. Lapinette, A. Scodary, A. Makinen, T. Vazquez, L. Renno, N. CA REMS MSL Sci Team TI Pressure observations by the Curiosity rover: Initial results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; atmosphere; surface pressure; diurnal tide; sensor ID MARS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GREAT DUST STORMS; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; SIMULATIONS; INSTRUMENT; PATHFINDER; SURFACE; LANDER; SITE AB REMS-P, the pressure measurement subsystem of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover Environmental Measurement Station (REMS), is performing accurate observations of the Martian atmospheric surface pressure. It has demonstrated high data quality and good temporal coverage, carrying out the first in situ pressure observations in the Martian equatorial regions. We describe the REMS-P initial results by MSL mission sol 100 including the instrument performance and data quality and illustrate some initial interpretations of the observed features. The observations show both expected and new phenomena at various spatial and temporal scales, e.g., the gradually increasing pressure due to the advancing Martian season signals from the diurnal tides as well as various local atmospheric phenomena and thermal vortices. Among the unexpected new phenomena discovered in the pressure data are a small regular pressure drop at every sol and pressure oscillations occurring in the early evening. We look forward to continued high-quality observations by REMS-P, extending the data set to reveal characteristics of seasonal variations and improved insights into regional and local phenomena. C1 [Harri, A. -M.; Genzer, M.; Kemppinen, O.; Kahanpaa, H.; Polkko, J.; Schmidt, W.; Savijarvi, H.; Kauhanen, J.; Atlaskin, E.; Siili, T.; Paton, M.; Merikallio, S.; Haukka, H.; Makinen, T.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Gomez-Elvira, J.; Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A.; Martin-Torres, J.; Zorzano, M. -P.; Peinado, V.; Urqui, R.; Lapinette, A.] Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid, Spain. [Haberle, R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. [Richardson, M.; Newman, C.; Scodary, A.] Ashima Res Inc, Pasadena, CA USA. [Juarez, M. de laTorre; Mischna, M.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Rafkin, S.] SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO USA. [Lemmon, M. T.] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. [Vazquez, L.] Univ Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain. [Renno, N.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Harri, AM (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Div Earth Observat, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM Ari-Matti.Harri@fmi.fi RI Martin-Torres, Francisco Javier/G-6329-2015; Harri, Ari-Matti/C-7142-2012; Ramos, Miguel/K-2230-2014; Merikallio, Sini/C-7812-2014; Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Gomez-Elvira, Javier/K-5829-2014; Urqui, Roser/L-4862-2014; Rodriguez-Manfredi, Jose/L-8001-2014; Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009; Zorzano, Maria-Paz/C-5784-2015; Zorzano, Maria-Paz/F-2184-2015; OI Martin-Torres, Francisco Javier/0000-0001-6479-2236; Harri, Ari-Matti/0000-0001-8541-2802; Ramos, Miguel/0000-0003-3648-6818; Merikallio, Sini/0000-0001-7120-6127; Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Gomez-Elvira, Javier/0000-0002-9068-9846; Urqui, Roser/0000-0001-6090-8502; Rodriguez-Manfredi, Jose/0000-0003-0461-9815; Zorzano, Maria-Paz/0000-0002-4492-9650; Zorzano, Maria-Paz/0000-0002-4492-9650; Kahanpaa, Henrik/0000-0001-9108-186X; Vazquez, Luis/0000-0003-4054-1197 FU Finnish Academy [132825, 131723] FX The authors would like to express their gratitude to the MSL and REMS instrument teams in making this wonderful Mars mission come true. Ari-Matti Harri and Hannu Savijarvi are thankful for the Finnish Academy grants 132825 and 131723. NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 82 EP 92 DI 10.1002/2013JE004423 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400006 ER PT J AU Hobley, DEJ Howard, AD Moore, JM AF Hobley, Daniel E. J. Howard, Alan D. Moore, Jeffrey M. TI Fresh shallow valleys in the Martian midlatitudes as features formed by meltwater flow beneath ice SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; fluvial; subglacial flow; fresh shallow valleys; Amazonian hydrology ID LOBATE DEBRIS APRONS; SURFACE GROUND ICE; EARLY MARS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TENSILE-STRENGTH; FLUVIAL ACTIVITY; SUMMIT SNOWPACK; FOSSAE REGION; LIQUID WATER; CRATER AB Significant numbers of valleys have been identified in the Martian midlatitudes (30-60 degrees N/S), spatially associated with extant or recent ice accumulations. Many of these valleys date to the Amazonian, but their formation during these cold, dry epochs is problematic. In this study, we look in detail at the form, distribution, and quantitative geomorphology of two suites of these valleys and their associated landforms in order to better constrain the processes of their formation. Since the valleys themselves are so young and thus well preserved, uniquely, we can constrain valley widths and courses and link these to the topography from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter and High-Resolution Stereo Camera data. We show that the valleys are both qualitatively and quantitatively very similar, despite their being >5000km apart in different hemispheres and around 7km apart in elevation. Buffered crater counting indicates that the ages of these networks are statistically identical, probably forming during the Late Amazonian, similar to 100Ma. In both localities, at least tens of valleys cross local drainage divides, apparently flowing uphill. We interpret these uphill reaches to be characteristic of flow occurring beneath a now absent, relatively thin (order 10(1)-10(2)m), regionally extensive ice cover. Ridges and mounds occasionally found at the foot of these valley systems are analogous to eskers and aufeis-like refreezing features. On the basis of their interaction with these aufeis-like mounds, we suggest that this suite of landforms may have formed in a single, short episode (perhaps order of days), probably forced by global climate change. C1 [Hobley, Daniel E. J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hobley, Daniel E. J.; Howard, Alan D.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Moore, Jeffrey M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hobley, DEJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM daniel.hobley@colorado.edu OI Howard, Alan/0000-0002-5423-1600; Hobley, Daniel/0000-0003-2371-0534 FU NASA [NNX08AE47A] FX The authors wish to thank David Sugden, Caleb Fassett, and Reid Parsons for insightful discussions on the material presented in this paper, and in particular Edwin Kite for both sharing thoughts on young Martian glaciofluvial environments and providing the HiRISE DTM seen in the paper. Thoughtful reviews from Olivier Bourgeois and David Crown greatly improved the presentation of the ideas in this manuscript. This work was funded by NASA grant NNX08AE47A. NR 102 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 128 EP 153 DI 10.1002/2013JE004396 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400009 ER PT J AU Bruinsma, S Forbes, JM Marty, JC Zhang, XL Smith, MD AF Bruinsma, Sean Forbes, Jeffrey M. Marty, Jean-Charles Zhang, Xiaoli Smith, Michael D. TI Long-term variability ofMars' exosphere based on precise orbital analysis ofMars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars exosphere density; Comparison of Mars and Earth thermospheres; MGS and Mars Odyssey ID ATMOSPHERE AB A long-term perspective on Mars' exosphere variability at 405 km is provided by merging together density data derived from precise orbit determination of the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey (MO) satellites extending from 2001 to 2010. These data are heavily weighted toward afternoon local times at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Clear long-term solar and annual variations are well captured by empirical formulas. Residuals from the empirical fit show evidence for relative depletions in exosphere density around Mars' closest approach to Earth, which would be consistent with a scavenging mechanism that is dependent on solar wind dynamic pressure. Superimposed on this variation with Mars-Sun distance are positive density residuals during Mars year (MY)25, MY27, and MY29 that are apparently due to elevated dust levels in Mars' middle atmosphere. However, during MY24, MY26, and MY28 there are dust level increases without any corresponding increase in exosphere density. We suspect that this inconsistency is related to a variable ability to sense the response to dust-related effects, imposed by the high-latitude limitations of our measurements combined with interference between the mechanisms that translate middle atmosphere heating to an exosphere response. Evidence also supports the hypothesis that winter helium bulge effects contributed to the inferred interannual density variability during the 2007-2009 solar minimum period, when the O-He transition height likely resided near the similar to 405 km orbit of MO. C1 [Bruinsma, Sean; Marty, Jean-Charles] Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Dept Terr & Planetary Geodesy, F-31055 Toulouse, France. [Forbes, Jeffrey M.; Zhang, Xiaoli] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Smith, Michael D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bruinsma, S (reprint author), Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Dept Terr & Planetary Geodesy, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse, France. EM sean.bruinsma@cnes.fr OI FORBES, JEFFREY/0000-0001-6937-0796 FU NASA [NNX12AQ20G]; CNES/TOSCA FX This work was supported in part from NASA grant NNX12AQ20G under the Mars Data Analysis Program to the University of Colorado, and CNES/TOSCA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 210 EP 218 DI 10.1002/2013JE004491 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400014 ER PT J AU Archer, PD Franz, HB Sutter, B Arevalo, RD Coll, P Eigenbrode, JL Glavin, DP Jones, JJ Leshin, LA Mahaffy, PR McAdam, AC McKay, CP Ming, DW Morris, RV Navarro-Gonzalez, R Niles, PB Pavlov, A Squyres, SW Stern, JC Steele, A Wray, JJ AF Archer, Paul Douglas, Jr. Franz, Heather B. Sutter, Brad Arevalo, Ricardo D., Jr. Coll, Patrice Eigenbrode, Jennifer L. Glavin, Daniel P. Jones, John J. Leshin, Laurie A. Mahaffy, Paul R. McAdam, Amy C. McKay, Christopher P. Ming, Douglas W. Morris, Richard V. Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael Niles, Paul B. Pavlov, Alex Squyres, Steven W. Stern, Jennifer C. Steele, Andrew Wray, James J. TI Abundances and implications of volatile-bearing species from evolved gas analysis of the Rocknest aeolian deposit, Gale Crater, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE MSL; Mars; Soil Mineralogy; Evolved Gas Analysis; SAM; volatiles ID TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED DESORPTION; DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL-ANALYSIS; PHOENIX LANDING SITE; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; ELECTRON-IMPACT; CROSS-SECTIONS; GUSEV CRATER; PART I; DECOMPOSITION AB The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity detected evolved gases during thermal analysis of soil samples from the Rocknest aeolian deposit in Gale Crater. Major species detected (in order of decreasing molar abundance) were H2O, SO2, CO2, and O-2, all at the mu mol level, with HCl, H2S, NH3, NO, and HCN present at the tens to hundreds of nmol level. We compute weight % numbers for the major gases evolved by assuming a likely source and calculate abundances between 0.5 and 3 wt.%. The evolution of these gases implies the presence of both oxidized (perchlorates) and reduced (sulfides or H-bearing) species as well as minerals formed under alkaline (carbonates) and possibly acidic (sulfates) conditions. Possible source phases in the Rocknest material are hydrated amorphous material, minor clay minerals, and hydrated perchlorate salts (all potential H2O sources), carbonates (CO2), perchlorates (O-2 and HCl), and potential N-bearing materials (e.g., Martian nitrates, terrestrial or Martian nitrogenated organics, ammonium salts) that evolve NH3, NO, and/or HCN. We conclude that Rocknest materials are a physical mixture in chemical disequilibrium, consistent with aeolian mixing, and that although weathering is not extensive, it may be ongoing even under current Martian surface conditions. C1 [Archer, Paul Douglas, Jr.; Sutter, Brad; Jones, John J.; Ming, Douglas W.; Morris, Richard V.; Niles, Paul B.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Franz, Heather B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ctr Res & Explorat Space Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Arevalo, Ricardo D., Jr.; Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; Glavin, Daniel P.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; McAdam, Amy C.; Pavlov, Alex; Stern, Jennifer C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Coll, Patrice] Univ Paris 07, Univ Paris Est Creteil, LISA, Creteil, France. [Coll, Patrice] Hop Henri Mondor, CNRS, F-94010 Creteil, France. [Leshin, Laurie A.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY USA. [Leshin, Laurie A.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Sch Sci, Troy, NY USA. [McKay, Christopher P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estudios Planetarios, Inst Ciencias Nucl, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [Squyres, Steven W.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. [Steele, Andrew] Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Wray, James J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Archer, PD (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM doug.archer@gmail.com RI Wray, James/B-8457-2008; Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009; Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012 OI Wray, James/0000-0001-5559-2179; Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765 FU NASA; NASA ROSES MSL Participating Scientist Program FX NASA provided support for the development of SAM. Data from these SAM experiments will be archived in the Planetary Data System (pds.nasa.gov) in 2013. Essential contributions to the successful operation of SAM on Mars and the acquisition of this data were provided by the SAM development, operations, and test bed teams. P.D.A. acknowledges support from the NASA Postdoctoral Program, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. D.P.G. acknowledges funding support from the NASA ROSES MSL Participating Scientist Program. NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 6 U2 47 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 237 EP 254 DI 10.1002/2013JE004493 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400016 ER PT J AU Ollila, AM Newsom, HE Clark, B Wiens, RC Cousin, A Blank, JG Mangold, N Sautter, V Maurice, S Clegg, SM Gasnault, O Forni, O Tokar, R Lewin, E Dyar, MD Lasue, J Anderson, R McLennan, SM Bridges, J Vaniman, D Lanza, N Fabre, C Melikechi, N Perrett, GM Campbell, JL King, PL Barraclough, B Delapp, D Johnstone, S Meslin, PY Rosen-Gooding, A Williams, J AF Ollila, Ann M. Newsom, Horton E. Clark, Benton, III Wiens, Roger C. Cousin, Agnes Blank, Jen G. Mangold, Nicolas Sautter, Violaine Maurice, Sylvestre Clegg, Samuel M. Gasnault, Olivier Forni, Olivier Tokar, Robert Lewin, Eric Dyar, M. Darby Lasue, Jeremie Anderson, Ryan McLennan, Scott M. Bridges, John Vaniman, Dave Lanza, Nina Fabre, Cecile Melikechi, Noureddine Perrett, Glynis M. Campbell, John L. King, Penelope L. Barraclough, Bruce Delapp, Dorothea Johnstone, Stephen Meslin, Pierre-Yves Rosen-Gooding, Anya Williams, Josh CA MSL Sci Team TI Trace element geochemistry ( Li, Ba, Sr, and Rb) using Curiosity's ChemCam: Early results for Gale crater from Bradbury Landing Site to Rocknest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Mars; Gale crater; trace elements; ChemCam; Mars Science Laboratory ID INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; X-RAY SPECTROMETER; LIGHT LITHOPHILE ELEMENTS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MARTIAN SOIL; SM-ND; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; INSTRUMENT SUITE; SELF-ABSORPTION; SOUTH-AFRICA AB The ChemCam instrument package on the Mars rover, Curiosity, provides new capabilities to probe the abundances of certain trace elements in the rocks and soils on Mars using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. We focus on detecting and quantifying Li, Ba, Rb, and Sr in targets analyzed during the first 100 sols, from Bradbury Landing Site to Rocknest. Univariate peak area models and multivariate partial least squares models are presented. Li, detected for the first time directly on Mars, is generally low (<15 ppm). The lack of soil enrichment in Li, which is highly fluid mobile, is consistent with limited influx of subsurface waters contributing to the upper soils. Localized enrichments of up to similar to 60 ppm Li have been observed in several rocks but the host mineral for Li is unclear. Bathurst_Inlet is a fine-grained bedrock unit in which several analysis locations show a decrease in Li and other alkalis with depth, which may imply that the unit has undergone low-level aqueous alteration that has preferentially drawn the alkalis to the surface. Ba (similar to 1000 ppm) was detected in a buried pebble in the Akaitcho sand ripple and it appears to correlate with Si, Al, Na, and K, indicating a possible feldspathic composition. Rb and Sr are in the conglomerate Link at abundances >100 ppm and >1000 ppm, respectively. These analysis locations tend to have high Si and alkali abundances, consistent with a feldspar composition. Together, these trace element observations provide possible evidence of magma differentiation and aqueous alteration. C1 [Ollila, Ann M.; Newsom, Horton E.; Williams, Josh] Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Clark, Benton, III] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO USA. [Wiens, Roger C.; Cousin, Agnes; Clegg, Samuel M.; Lanza, Nina; Delapp, Dorothea; Johnstone, Stephen] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Blank, Jen G.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Mangold, Nicolas] Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR6112, LPGN, Nantes, France. [Sautter, Violaine] Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Mineral & Cosmochim Museum, F-75231 Paris, France. [Maurice, Sylvestre; Gasnault, Olivier; Forni, Olivier; Lasue, Jeremie; Meslin, Pierre-Yves] Univ Toulouse 3, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Tokar, Robert; Vaniman, Dave; Barraclough, Bruce] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ USA. [Lewin, Eric] ISTerre, Grenoble, France. [Dyar, M. Darby] Mt Holyoke Coll, Dept Astron, S Hadley, MA 01075 USA. [Anderson, Ryan] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [McLennan, Scott M.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Bridges, John] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Space Res Ctr, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Fabre, Cecile] Univ Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7356, GeoResources, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. [Melikechi, Noureddine] Delaware State Univ, Opt Sci Ctr Appl Res, Dover, DE USA. [Perrett, Glynis M.; Campbell, John L.; King, Penelope L.] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [King, Penelope L.] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia. [Rosen-Gooding, Anya] Albuquerque Acad, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Ollila, AM (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Inst Meteorit, 1 Univ New Mexico,MSC03-2050, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM aollila@unm.edu RI Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009; Rodriguez-Manfredi, Jose/L-8001-2014; King, Penelope/A-1791-2011; Ramos, Miguel/K-2230-2014; LEWIN, Eric/F-1451-2017; OI Rodriguez-Manfredi, Jose/0000-0003-0461-9815; King, Penelope/0000-0002-8364-9168; Ramos, Miguel/0000-0003-3648-6818; Gasnault, Olivier/0000-0002-6979-9012; Clegg, Sam/0000-0002-0338-0948 FU Zonta International Foundation; New Mexico Space Grant Consortium; Chateaubriand Fellowship; Canadian Space Agency FX A. Ollila would like to thank the Zonta International Foundation, the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, and the Chateaubriand Fellowship for their support. P. King acknowledges support from the Canadian Space Agency. We would also like to thank NASA and the numerous scientists and engineers that have worked on MSL throughout the years. NR 127 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 6 U2 35 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 255 EP 285 DI 10.1002/2013JE004517 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AD1YA UT WOS:000333028400017 ER PT J AU Mulyukin, AL Demkina, EV Manucharova, NA Akimov, VN Andersen, D McKay, C Gal'chenko, VF AF Mulyukin, A. L. Demkina, E. V. Manucharova, N. A. Akimov, V. N. Andersen, D. McKay, C. Gal'chenko, V. F. TI The prokaryotic community of subglacial bottom sediments of Antarctic Lake Untersee: Detection by cultural and direct microscopic techniques SO MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE subglacial sediments; Antarctics; prokaryotes; cell numbers; cell resuscitation; FISH ID BACTERIAL COMMUNITY; ICE-SHEET; DIVERSITY; MICROBIOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTS; BENEATH; CELLS; SOIL AB The heterotrophic mesophilic microbial component was studied in microbial communities of the samples of frozen regolith collected from the glacier near Lake Untersee collected in 2011 during the joint Russian-American expedition to central Dronning Maud Land (Eastern Antarctica). Cultural techniques revealed high bacterial numbers in the samples. For enumeration of viable cells, the most probable numbers (MPN) method proved more efficient than plating on agar media. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with the relevant oligonucleotide probes revealed members of the groups Eubacteria (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes) and Archaea. The application of the methods of cell resuscitation, such as the use of diluted media and prevention of oxidative stress, did not result in a significant increase in the numbers of viable cells retrieved from subglacial sediment samples. Our previous investigations demonstrated the necessity for special procedures for efficient reactivation of the cells from microbial communities of replace with buried soil and permafrost samples collected in the Arctic zone. The differing responses to the special resuscitation procedures may reflect the differences in the physiological and morphological state of bacterial cells in microbial communities subject to continuous or periodic low temperatures and dehydration. C1 [Mulyukin, A. L.; Demkina, E. V.; Gal'chenko, V. F.] Russian Acad Sci, Winogradsky Inst Microbiol, Moscow 117312, Russia. [Manucharova, N. A.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Soil Sci, Dept Soil Biol, Moscow, Russia. [Akimov, V. N.] Russian Acad Sci, Skryabin Inst Biochem & Physiol Microorganisms, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Oblast, Russia. [Andersen, D.] SETI Inst, Carl Sagan Ctr Study Life Universe, Mountain View, CA USA. [McKay, C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mulyukin, AL (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Winogradsky Inst Microbiol, Pr 60 Letiya Oktyabrya 7,K 2, Moscow 117312, Russia. EM andlm@mail.ru FU Russian Foundation for Basic Research [11-05-00961] FX This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 11-05-00961. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 25 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0026-2617 EI 1608-3237 J9 MICROBIOLOGY+ JI Microbiology PD JAN PY 2014 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1134/S0026261714020143 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA AG8OR UT WOS:000335678500009 ER PT J AU Malhi, Y Amezquita, FF Doughty, CE Silva-Espejo, JE Girardin, CAJ Metcalfe, DB Aragao, LEOC Huaraca-Quispe, LP Alzamora-Taype, I Eguiluz-Mora, L Marthews, TR Halladay, K Quesada, CA Robertson, AL Fisher, JB Zaragoza-Castells, J Rojas-Villagra, CM Pelaez-Tapia, Y Salinas, N Meir, P Phillips, OL AF Malhi, Yadvinder Farfan Amezquita, Filio Doughty, Christopher E. Silva-Espejo, Javier E. Girardin, Cecile A. J. Metcalfe, Daniel B. Aragao, Luiz E. O. C. Huaraca-Quispe, Lidia P. Alzamora-Taype, Ivonne Eguiluz-Mora, Luzmilla Marthews, Toby R. Halladay, Kate Quesada, Carlos A. Robertson, Amanda L. Fisher, Joshua B. Zaragoza-Castells, Joana Rojas-Villagra, Clara M. Pelaez-Tapia, Yulina Salinas, Norma Meir, Patrick Phillips, Oliver L. TI The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of two lowland tropical forest plots in south-western Amazonia, Peru SO PLANT ECOLOGY & DIVERSITY LA English DT Article DE allocation; GPP; herbivory; NPP; phenology; seasonality; soil respiration; stem respiration; tropical forests; western Amazonia ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; USE EFFICIENCY; FLORISTIC COMPOSITION; ELEVATIONAL TRANSECT; WOOD PRODUCTIVITY; SPATIAL-PATTERNS; RAIN-FOREST; BIOMASS; RESPIRATION; SOILS AB Background: The forests of western Amazonia are known to be more dynamic that the better-studied forests of eastern Amazonia, but there has been no comprehensive description of the carbon cycle of a western Amazonian forest. Aims: We present the carbon budget of two forest plots in Tambopata in south-eastern Peru, western Amazonia. In particular, we present, for the first time, the seasonal variation in the detailed carbon budget of a tropical forest. Methods: We measured the major components of net primary production (NPP) and total autotrophic respiration over 3-6 years. Results: The NPP for the two plots was 15.1 +/- 0.8 and 14.2 +/- 1.0 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1), the gross primary productivity (GPP) was 35.5 +/- 3.6 and 34.5 +/- 3.5 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1), and the carbon use efficiency (CUE) was 0.42 +/- 0.05 and 0.41 +/- 0.05. NPP and CUE showed a large degree of seasonality. Conclusions: The two plots were similar in carbon cycling characteristics despite the different soils, the most notable difference being high allocation of NPP to canopy and low allocation to fine roots in the Holocene floodplain plot. The timing of the minima in the wet-dry transition suggests they are driven by phenological rhythms rather than being driven directly by water stress. When compared with results from forests on infertile forests in humid lowland eastern Amazonia, the plots have slightly higher GPP, but similar patterns of CUE and carbon allocation. C1 [Malhi, Yadvinder; Doughty, Christopher E.; Girardin, Cecile A. J.; Marthews, Toby R.; Halladay, Kate; Salinas, Norma] Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford, England. [Farfan Amezquita, Filio; Silva-Espejo, Javier E.; Huaraca-Quispe, Lidia P.; Alzamora-Taype, Ivonne; Eguiluz-Mora, Luzmilla; Rojas-Villagra, Clara M.; Pelaez-Tapia, Yulina; Salinas, Norma] Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Cuzco, Peru. [Metcalfe, Daniel B.] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. [Aragao, Luiz E. O. C.] Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter, Devon, England. [Quesada, Carlos A.] INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. [Robertson, Amanda L.] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Fisher, Joshua B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Zaragoza-Castells, Joana; Meir, Patrick] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Meir, Patrick] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol, Canberra, ACT, Australia. [Phillips, Oliver L.] Univ Leeds, Dept Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. RP Malhi, Y (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford, England. EM yadvinder.malhi@ouce.ox.ac.uk RI MARTHEWS, TOBY/H-6264-2014; Phillips, Oliver/A-1523-2011; Salinas, Norma/K-8960-2015; OI MARTHEWS, TOBY/0000-0003-3727-6468; Phillips, Oliver/0000-0002-8993-6168; Salinas, Norma/0000-0001-9941-2109; Doughty, Christopher/0000-0003-3985-7960; Fisher, Joshua/0000-0003-4734-9085 FU Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; UK Natural Environment Research Council [NE/D01025X/1, NE/D014174/1, NE/F002149/1]; NERC AMAZONICA consortium grant; Jackson Foundation; Oxford Martin School; European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant FX This work is a product of the RAINFOR, ABERG and GEM research consortia, and was funded by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR) and the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystems Research Group (ABERG), and two grants to YM from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (Grants NE/D01025X/1, NE/D014174/1), one to PM (NE/F002149/1), and the NERC AMAZONICA consortium grant. YM is supported by the Jackson Foundation, the Oxford Martin School and a European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant. We thank the Explorer's Inn (Tambopata) for the hosting of the project and the continuous logistical support provided, and INRENA for permits to work in the Tambopata Reserve. We also thank Eric Cosio, Eliana Esparza and Joana Ricardo for facilitating research permits and equipment shipment in Peru. NR 58 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 5 U2 44 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1755-0874 EI 1755-1668 J9 PLANT ECOL DIVERS JI Plant Ecol. Divers. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 85 EP 105 DI 10.1080/17550874.2013.820805 PG 21 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA AH4FN UT WOS:000336082900007 ER PT J AU Girardin, CAJ Espejob, JES Doughty, CE Huasco, WH Metcalfe, DB Durand-Baca, L Marthews, TR Aragao, LEOC Farfan-Rios, W Garcia-Cabrera, K Halladay, K Fisher, JB Galiano-Cabrera, DF Huaraca-Quispe, LP Alzamora-Taype, I Eguiluz-Mora, L Salinas-Revilla, N Silman, MR Meir, P Malhi, Y AF Girardin, Cecile A. J. Silva Espejob, Javier E. Doughty, Christopher E. Huaraca Huasco, Walter Metcalfe, Dan B. Durand-Baca, Liliana Marthews, Toby R. Aragao, Luiz E. O. C. Farfan-Rios, William Garcia-Cabrera, Karina Halladay, Katherine Fisher, Joshua B. Galiano-Cabrera, Darcy F. Huaraca-Quispe, Lidia P. Alzamora-Taype, Ivonne Eguiluz-Mora, Luzmila Salinas-Revilla, Norma Silman, Miles R. Meir, Patrick Malhi, Yadvinder TI Productivity and carbon allocation in a tropical montane cloud forest in the Peruvian Andes SO PLANT ECOLOGY & DIVERSITY LA English DT Article DE Andes; ecophysiology; net primary productivity; carbon use efficiency; respiration; elevation gradient; tropical montane forest; solar radiation ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; AMAZONIAN RAIN-FOREST; USE EFFICIENCY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ELEVATIONAL TRANSECT; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; MOUNTAIN FORESTS; ROOT BIOMASS; LEAF-AREA; RESPIRATION AB Background: The slopes of the eastern Andes harbour some of the highest biodiversity on Earth and a high proportion of endemic species. However, there have been only a few and limited descriptions of carbon budgets in tropical montane forest regions. Aims: We present the first comprehensive data on the production, allocation and cycling of carbon for two high elevation (ca. 3000 m) tropical montane cloud forest plots in the Kosnipata Valley, Peruvian Andes. Methods: We measured the main components and seasonal variation of net primary productivity (NPP), autotrophic (R-a) and heterotrophic (R-h) respiration to estimate gross primary productivity (GPP) and carbon use efficiency (CUE) in two 1-ha plots. Results: NPP for the two plots was estimated to be 7.05 +/- 0.39 and 8.04 +/- 0.47 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1), GPP to be 22.33 +/- 2.23 and 26.82 +/- 2.97 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) and CUE was 0.32 +/- 0.04 and 0.30 +/- 0.04. Conclusions: We found strong seasonality in NPP and moderate seasonality of R-a, suggesting that forest NPP is driven by changes in photosynthesis and highlighting the importance of variation in solar radiation. Our findings imply that trees invest more in biomass production in the cooler season with lower solar radiation and more in maintenance during the warmer and high solar radiation period. C1 [Girardin, Cecile A. J.; Marthews, Toby R.; Halladay, Katherine; Salinas-Revilla, Norma] Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford, England. [Silva Espejob, Javier E.; Huaraca Huasco, Walter; Durand-Baca, Liliana; Galiano-Cabrera, Darcy F.; Huaraca-Quispe, Lidia P.; Alzamora-Taype, Ivonne; Eguiluz-Mora, Luzmila] Univ Nacl San Antonio de Abad, Herbario Vargas, Cuzco, Peru. [Doughty, Christopher E.] Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, Oxford, England. [Metcalfe, Dan B.] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. [Aragao, Luiz E. O. C.] Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter, Devon, England. [Farfan-Rios, William; Garcia-Cabrera, Karina; Silman, Miles R.] Wake Forest Univ, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. [Fisher, Joshua B.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Meir, Patrick] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Malhi, Yadvinder] Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford, England. RP Girardin, CAJ (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Oxford, England. EM cecile.girardin@ouce.ox.ac.uk; yadvinder.malhi@ouce.ox.ac.uk RI MARTHEWS, TOBY/H-6264-2014; Farfan-Rios, William/J-9881-2015; Salinas, Norma/K-8960-2015; OI MARTHEWS, TOBY/0000-0003-3727-6468; Farfan-Rios, William/0000-0002-3196-0317; Salinas, Norma/0000-0001-9941-2109; Doughty, Christopher/0000-0003-3985-7960; Fisher, Joshua/0000-0003-4734-9085 FU Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; UK Natural Environment Research Council [725, NE/D014174/1]; Jackson Foundation; Oxford Martin School FX This work is a product of the RAINFOR and ABERG research consortia, and embedded within the GEM (Global Ecosystems 720 Monitoring) network of research sites. It was funded by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to the Amazon Forest Inventory Work (RAINFOR) and the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystems Research Group (ABERG), and a grant to YM and PM from the UK Natural Environment Research Council 725 (Grant NE/D014174/1). YM is supported by the Jackson Foundation and the Oxford Martin School. We thank the Cock of the Rock Lodge at San Pedro, and Sr. Demetrio, for logistical support with this work, and INRENA for permits to conduct research in Peru. NR 90 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 7 U2 44 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1755-0874 EI 1755-1668 J9 PLANT ECOL DIVERS JI Plant Ecol. Divers. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 107 EP 123 DI 10.1080/17550874.2013.820222 PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA AH4FN UT WOS:000336082900008 ER PT J AU Espirito-Santo, FDB Keller, MM Linder, E Oliveira, RC Pereira, C Oliveira, CG AF Espirito-Santo, Fernando D. B. Keller, Michael M. Linder, Ernst Oliveira Junior, Raimundo C. Pereira, Cleuton Oliveira, Cleber G. TI Gap formation and carbon cycling in the Brazilian Amazon: measurement using high-resolution optical remote sensing and studies in large forest plots SO PLANT ECOLOGY & DIVERSITY LA English DT Article DE Amazon; canopy opening; coarse wood debris gaps; leaf area index natural disturbances; remote sensing; tropical forest; IKONOS ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; IKONOS SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; CANOPY GAPS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; NEOTROPICAL FOREST; LARGE BLOWDOWNS; LOGGED FORESTS; UNITED-STATES; TREEFALL GAPS AB Background: The dynamics of gaps plays a role in the regimes of tree mortality, production of coarse woody debris (CWD) and the variability of light in the forest understory. Aims: To quantify the area affected by, and the carbon fluxes associated with, natural gap-phase disturbances in a tropical lowland evergreen rain forest by use of ground measurements and high-resolution satellite images. Methods: We surveyed two large forest inventory plots of 114 and 53 ha of the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) in the Brazilian Amazon during 2008 and 2009, respectively. We mapped all gaps and collected data on light availability, CWD stocks and tree mortality in the field. Gap location, canopy openness (CO) and leaf area index (LAI) estimated in the field were compared with two IKONOS-2 high-resolution satellite images acquired at approximately the time of the field measurements. Results: In the two large plots (167 ha total area) we found 96 gaps. The gaps represented 1.42% of the total area and gaps <1-year-old accounted for 0.81% of the plot area. In TNF, the production of CWD in recent gaps was 0.76 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) and the mean tree mortality was 2.38 stems ha(-1) year(-1). The area of gaps estimated using thresholds of light intensity measured by remote sensing optical instruments was twice as large as the gap areas measured on the ground. We found no significant correlation between spectral remote sensing images and CO or LAI, probably due to the high degree of shadow in the high-resolution satellite images. Conclusions: We present the first statistics of CWD production based on gap size in the tropical forest literature. Tree mortality and CWD flux and the forest floor light environment were closely related to gap area. However, less than 30% of the annual tree mortality and CWD flux was associated with gaps, and gaps were difficult to detect using remote sensing methods because of the high proportion of shadow in the images. These results highlight the need for permanent plots in long-term carbon studies. C1 [Espirito-Santo, Fernando D. B.; Keller, Michael M.] Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Espirito-Santo, Fernando D. B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, Pasadena, CA USA. [Keller, Michael M.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, San Juan, PR USA. [Keller, Michael M.] Embrapa Monitoramento Satelite, Campinas, SP, Brazil. [Linder, Ernst] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Math & Stat, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Oliveira Junior, Raimundo C.; Pereira, Cleuton] EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Brazil. [Oliveira, Cleber G.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. RP Espirito-Santo, FDB (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM f.delbon@gmail.com RI Espirito-Santo, Fernando/O-4371-2014; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Espirito-Santo, Fernando/0000-0001-7497-3639; Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 FU NASA Earth System Science Fellowship (NESSF) [NNX07AN84N]; Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology FX This research was supported by the NASA Earth System Science Fellowship (NESSF) (Grant # NNX07AN84N) and the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program contribution to the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon (LBA).; We thank the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology for its support of the LBA programme and the National Institute for Amazon Research for the implementation of this programme. NR 69 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 5 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1755-0874 EI 1755-1668 J9 PLANT ECOL DIVERS JI Plant Ecol. Divers. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 305 EP 318 DI 10.1080/17550874.2013.795629 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA AH4FN UT WOS:000336082900022 ER PT J AU Lee, YR Yoo, JM Jeong, MJ Won, YI Hearty, T Shin, DB AF Lee, Y-R Yoo, J-M Jeong, M-J Won, Y-I Hearty, T. Shin, D-B TI Comparison between MODIS and AIRS/AMSU satellite-derived surface skin temperatures (vol 6, pg 445, 2013) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Correction C1 [Lee, Y-R; Yoo, J-M] Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Sci Educ, Seoul, South Korea. [Lee, Y-R; Shin, D-B] Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Jeong, M-J] Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher & Environm Sci, Kangnung, South Korea. [Won, Y-I; Hearty, T.] NASA, Wyle ST&E, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yoo, JM (reprint author), Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Sci Educ, Seoul, South Korea. EM yjm@ewha.ac.kr NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1151 EP 1152 DI 10.5194/amt-7-1151-2014 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AG4FB UT WOS:000335373600020 ER PT J AU Gasson, E Lunt, DJ DeConto, R Goldner, A Heinemann, M Huber, M LeGrande, AN Pollard, D Sagoo, N Siddall, M Winguth, A Valdes, PJ AF Gasson, E. Lunt, D. J. DeConto, R. Goldner, A. Heinemann, M. Huber, M. LeGrande, A. N. Pollard, D. Sagoo, N. Siddall, M. Winguth, A. Valdes, P. J. TI Uncertainties in the modelled CO2 threshold for Antarctic glaciation SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; HYDRATE DESTABILIZATION; BIPOLAR GLACIATION; OCEAN CIRCULATION; SEA TEMPERATURES; CLIMATE RESPONSE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PACIFIC-OCEAN AB A frequently cited atmospheric CO2 threshold for the onset of Antarctic glaciation of similar to 780 ppmv is based on the study of DeConto and Pollard (2003) using an ice sheet model and the GENESIS climate model. Proxy records suggest that atmospheric CO2 concentrations passed through this threshold across the Eocene-Oligocene transition similar to 34 Ma. However, atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have been close to this threshold earlier than this transition, which is used by some to suggest the possibility of Antarctic ice sheets during the Eocene. Here we investigate the climate model dependency of the threshold for Antarctic glaciation by performing offline ice sheet model simulations using the climate from 7 different climate models with Eocene boundary conditions (HadCM3L, CCSM3, CESM1.0, GENESIS, FAMOUS, ECHAM5 and GISS_ER). These climate simulations are sourced from a number of independent studies, and as such the boundary conditions, which are poorly constrained during the Eocene, are not identical between simulations. The results of this study suggest that the atmospheric CO2 threshold for Antarctic glaciation is highly dependent on the climate model used and the climate model configuration. A large discrepancy between the climate model and ice sheet model grids for some simulations leads to a strong sensitivity to the lapse rate parameter. C1 [Gasson, E.; Siddall, M.] Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. [Gasson, E.; DeConto, R.] Univ Massachusetts, Climate Syst Res Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Lunt, D. J.; Sagoo, N.; Valdes, P. J.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. [Goldner, A.; Huber, M.] Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Heinemann, M.] Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [LeGrande, A. N.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Pollard, D.] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, State Coll, PA USA. [Winguth, A.] Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Arlington, TX USA. RP Gasson, E (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. EM egw.gasson@gmail.com RI Valdes, Paul/C-4129-2013; Lunt, Daniel/G-9451-2011; Huber, Matthew/A-7677-2008; OI Lunt, Daniel/0000-0003-3585-6928; Huber, Matthew/0000-0002-2771-9977; Gasson, Edward/0000-0003-4653-6217 FU NERC FX This work was carried out in part using the computational facilities of the Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol. E. Gasson was supported by NERC. This is a contribution to the PALSEA working group. NR 73 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 41 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2014 VL 10 IS 2 BP 451 EP 466 DI 10.5194/cp-10-451-2014 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AG4FL UT WOS:000335374600003 ER PT J AU Ullman, DJ LeGrande, AN Carlson, AE Anslow, FS Licciardi, JM AF Ullman, D. J. LeGrande, A. N. Carlson, A. E. Anslow, F. S. Licciardi, J. M. TI Assessing the impact of Laurentide Ice Sheet topography on glacial climate SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; PMIP2 COUPLED SIMULATIONS; GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL; 42 DEGREES N; LAST DEGLACIATION; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; SEA-LEVEL; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AB Simulations of past climates require altered boundary conditions to account for known shifts in the Earth system. For the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation, the existence of large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets caused profound changes in surface topography and albedo. While ice-sheet extent is fairly well known, numerous conflicting reconstructions of ice-sheet topography suggest that precision in this boundary condition is lacking. Here we use a high-resolution and oxygen-isotope-enabled fully coupled global circulation model (GCM) (GISS ModelE2-R), along with two different reconstructions of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) that provide maximum and minimum estimates of LIS elevation, to assess the range of climate variability in response to uncertainty in this boundary condition. We present this comparison at two equilibrium time slices: the LGM, when differences in ice-sheet topography are maximized, and 14 ka, when differences in maximum ice-sheet height are smaller but still exist. Overall, we find significant differences in the climate response to LIS topography, with the larger LIS resulting in enhanced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and warmer surface air temperatures, particularly over northeastern Asia and the North Pacific. These up-and downstream effects are associated with differences in the development of planetary waves in the upper atmosphere, with the larger LIS resulting in a weaker trough over northeastern Asia that leads to the warmer temperatures and decreased albedo from snow and sea-ice cover. Differences between the 14 ka simulations are similar in spatial extent but smaller in magnitude, suggesting that climate is responding primarily to the larger difference in maximum LIS elevation in the LGM simulations. These results suggest that such uncertainty in ice-sheet boundary conditions alone may significantly impact the results of paleoclimate simulations and their ability to successfully simulate past climates, with implications for estimating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas forcing utilizing past climate states. C1 [Ullman, D. J.; Carlson, A. E.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [LeGrande, A. N.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [LeGrande, A. N.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Ullman, D. J.; Carlson, A. E.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Anslow, F. S.] Univ Victoria, Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, Victoria, BC, Canada. [Licciardi, J. M.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Ullman, DJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM dullman@coas.oregonstate.edu FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [AGS-0753868, AGS-0753660] FX We thank NASA GISS for institutional support. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space Flight Center. In addition, we thank the National Science Foundation (NSF) for their support through the awards AGS-0753868 (A.N.L.) and AGS-0753660 (A.E.C.). Finally, we thank M. Siddall and one other anonymous referee for their helpful comments and suggestions in their reviews of the discussion paper. NR 152 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2014 VL 10 IS 2 BP 487 EP 507 DI 10.5194/cp-10-487-2014 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AG4FL UT WOS:000335374600005 ER PT J AU Borsa, AA Moholdt, G Fricker, HA Brunt, KM AF Borsa, A. A. Moholdt, G. Fricker, H. A. Brunt, K. M. TI A range correction for ICESat and its potential impact on ice-sheet mass balance studies SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID LASER ALTIMETRY; RECONCILED ESTIMATE; EAST ANTARCTICA; KINEMATIC GPS; PRECISION; GREENLAND; ACCURACY; BOLIVIA; SHELVES; RADAR AB We report on a previously undocumented range error in NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICE-Sat) that degrades elevation precision and introduces a small but significant elevation trend over the ICESat mission period. This range error (the Gaussian-Centroid or "G-C" offset) varies on a shot-to-shot basis and exhibits increasing scatter when laser transmit energies fall below 20 mJ. Although the G-C offset is uncorrelated over periods <= 1 day, it evolves over the life of each of ICESat's three lasers in a series of ramps and jumps that give rise to spurious elevation trends of -0.92 to -1.90 cm yr(-1), depending on the time period considered. Using ICESat data over the Ross and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves we show that (1) the G-C offset introduces significant biases in ice-shelf mass balance estimates, and (2) the mass balance bias can vary between regions because of different temporal samplings of ICESat. We can reproduce the effect of the G-C offset over these two ice shelves by fitting trends to sample-weighted mean G-C offsets for each campaign, suggesting that it may not be necessary to fully repeat earlier ICESat studies to determine the impact of the G-C offset on ice-sheet mass balance estimates. C1 [Borsa, A. A.; Moholdt, G.; Fricker, H. A.] Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA USA. [Brunt, K. M.] Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Brunt, K. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GESTAR, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Borsa, AA (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA USA. EM aborsa@ucsd.edu FU NASA's Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences program [NNX12AG67G] FX The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable critique and feedback provided by J. Zwally and his group at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center on an earlier version of this manuscript. We would also like to thank M. Siegfried of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography for an early internal review of the manuscript, and B. Csatho and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful review comments. This work was supported by NASA's Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences program under grant number NNX12AG67G. NR 37 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 2 BP 345 EP 357 DI 10.5194/tc-8-345-2014 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AG4GK UT WOS:000335377200002 ER PT J AU Thompson, DR Burke-Spolaor, S Deller, AT Majid, WA Palaniswamy, D Tingay, SJ Wagstaff, KL Wayth, RB AF Thompson, David R. Burke-Spolaor, Sarah Deller, Adam T. Majid, Walid A. Palaniswamy, Divya Tingay, Steven J. Wagstaff, Kiri L. Wayth, Randall B. TI Real-Time Adaptive Event Detection in Astronomical Data Streams SO IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 [Thompson, David R.; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Majid, Walid A.; Wagstaff, Kiri L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Palaniswamy, Divya; Tingay, Steven J.] Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, Australia. [Wayth, Randall B.] Curtin Univ, ICRAR, Bentley, WA, Australia. RP Thompson, DR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM david.r.thompson@jpl.nasa.gov; Sarah.Burke-Spolaor@jpl.nasa.gov; deller@astron.nl; walid.a.majid@jpl.nasa.gov; divya.palaniswamy@postgrad.curtin.edu.au; steven.tingay@icrar.org; kiri.l.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov; r.wayth@curtin.edu.au RI Wayth, Randall/B-2444-2013; OI Wayth, Randall/0000-0002-6995-4131; Deller, Adam/0000-0001-9434-3837 FU Government of Western Australia; Western Australian Center of Excellence in Radio Astronomy Science and Engineering; Keck Institute for Space Studies; US government FX We thank Peter Hall and J-P Macquart (Curtin University/International Center for Radio Astronomy Research), as well as Dayton Jones, Robert Preston, and Joseph Lazio (Jet Propulsion Laboratory). The International Center for Radio Astronomy Research is a joint venture between Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, funded by the State Government of Western Australia and the joint venture partners. Steven J. Tingay is a Western Australian Premiers Research Fellow. Randall B. Wayth is supported via the Western Australian Center of Excellence in Radio Astronomy Science and Engineering. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Incorporated. Part of this research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under the Research and Technology Development Strategic Initiative Program, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The research was also supported in part by the Keck Institute for Space Studies. Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. US government support acknowledged. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1541-1672 EI 1941-1294 J9 IEEE INTELL SYST JI IEEE Intell. Syst. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 29 IS 1 BP 48 EP 55 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA AG2DM UT WOS:000335226200007 ER PT J AU Ohno, S Zevalkink, A Takagiwa, Y Bux, SK Snyder, GJ AF Ohno, Saneyuki Zevalkink, Alexandra Takagiwa, Yoshiki Bux, Sabah K. Snyder, G. Jeffrey TI Thermoelectric properties of the Yb9Mn4.2-xZnxSb9 solid solutions SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID LATTICE THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ZINTL PHASES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; POWER-GENERATION; RARE-EARTH; EFFICIENCY; ENHANCEMENT; CLATHRATE; COMPOUND; DISORDER AB Yb9Mn4.2Sb9 has been shown to have extremely low thermal conductivity and a high thermoelectric figure of merit attributed to its complex crystal structure and disordered interstitial sites. Motivated by previous work which shows that isoelectronic substitution of Mn by Zn leads to higher mobility by reducing spin disorder scattering, this study investigates the thermoelectric properties of the solid solution, Yb9Mn4.2-xZnxSb9 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.2). Measurements of the Hall mobility at high temperatures (up to 1000 K) show that the mobility can be increased by more than a factor of 3 by substituting Zn into Mn sites. This increase is explained by the reduction of the valence band effective mass with increasing Zn, leading to a slightly improved thermoelectric quality factor relative to Yb9Mn4.2Sb9. However, increasing the Zn-content also increases the p-type carrier concentration, leading to metallic behavior with low Seebeck coefficients and high electrical conductivity. Varying the filling of the interstitial site in Yb9Zn4+ySb9 (y = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) was attempted, but the carrier concentration (similar to 10(21) cm(-3) at 300 K) and Seebeck coefficients remained constant, suggesting that the phase width of Yb9Zn4+ySb9 is quite narrow. C1 [Ohno, Saneyuki; Zevalkink, Alexandra; Snyder, G. Jeffrey] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Takagiwa, Yoshiki] Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778561, Japan. [Zevalkink, Alexandra; Bux, Sabah K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Thermal Energy Convers Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ohno, S (reprint author), CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM sohno@caltech.edu RI Snyder, G/I-2263-2015; Snyder, G. Jeffrey/E-4453-2011 OI Snyder, G. Jeffrey/0000-0003-1414-8682 FU NASA Science Mission Directorate's Radioisotope Power Systems Technology Advancement Program; Japan Student Service Organization; Sumitomo Foundation [120567]; Murata Science Foundation FX This work was supported by the NASA Science Mission Directorate's Radioisotope Power Systems Technology Advancement Program and Japan Student Service Organization. Y. T. acknowledges support from the Sumitomo Foundation (grant no. 120567) and the Murata Science Foundation. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 25 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2050-7488 EI 2050-7496 J9 J MATER CHEM A JI J. Mater. Chem. A PY 2014 VL 2 IS 20 BP 7478 EP 7483 DI 10.1039/c4ta00539b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA AF8XH UT WOS:000334998400046 ER PT S AU Clark, RN Swayze, GA Carlson, R Grundy, W Noll, K AF Clark, Roger N. Swayze, Gregg A. Carlson, Robert Grundy, Will Noll, Keith BE Henderson, GS Neuville, DR Downs, RT TI Spectroscopy from Space SO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN MINERALOLOGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCES SE Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry LA English DT Review; Book Chapter ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; KUIPER-BELT OBJECTS; ICY GALILEAN SATELLITES; HYDRATED SALT MINERALS; SULFURIC-ACID HYDRATE; HUYGENS LANDING SITE; TRANS-NEPTUNIAN BELT; OUTER SOLAR-SYSTEM; 0.65-2.5 MU-M AB This chapter reviews detection of materials on solid and liquid (lakes and ocean) surfaces in the solar system using ultraviolet to infrared spectroscopy from space, or near space (high altitude aircraft on the Earth), or in the case of remote objects, earth-based and earth-orbiting telescopes. Point spectrometers and imaging spectrometers have been probing the surfaces of our solar system for decades. Spacecraft carrying imaging spectrometers are currently in orbit around Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Saturn, and systems have recently visited Jupiter, comets, asteroids, and one spectrometer-carrying spacecraft is on its way to Pluto. Together these systems are providing a wealth of data that will enable a better understanding of the composition of condensed matter bodies in the solar system. Minerals, ices, liquids, and other materials have been detected and mapped on the Earth and all planets and/or their satellites where the surface can be observed from space, with the exception of Venus whose thick atmosphere limits surface observation. Basaltic minerals (e.g., pyroxene and olivine) have been detected with spectroscopy on the Earth, Moon, Mars and some asteroids. The greatest mineralogic diversity seen from space is observed on the Earth and Mars. The Earth, with oceans, active tectonic and hydrologic cycles, and biological processes, displays the greatest material diversity including the detection of amorphous and crystalline inorganic materials, organic compounds, water and water ice. Water ice is a very common mineral throughout the Solar System and has been unambiguously detected or inferred in every planet and/or their moon(s) where good spectroscopic data has been obtained. In addition to water ice, other molecular solids have been observed in the solar system using spectroscopic methods. Solid carbon dioxide is found on all systems beyond the Earth except Pluto, although CO2 sometimes appears to be trapped in other solids rather than as an ice on some objects. The largest deposits of carbon dioxide ice are found on Mars. Sulfur dioxide ice is found in the Jupiter system. Nitrogen and methane ices are common beyond the Uranian system. Saturn's moon Titan probably has the most complex active extra-terrestrial surface chemistry involving organic compounds. Some of the observed or inferred compounds include ices of benzene (C6H6), cyanoacetylene (HC3N), toluene (C-7-H-8), cyanogen (C2N2), acetonitrile (CH3CN), water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3). Confirming compounds on Titan is hampered by its thick smoggy atmosphere, where in relative terms the atmospheric interferences that hamper surface characterization lie between that of Venus and Earth. In this chapter we exclude discussion of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune because their thick atmospheres preclude observing the surface, even if surfaces exist. However, we do discuss spectroscopic observations on a number of the extra-terrestrial satellite bodies. Ammonia was predicted on many icy moons but is notably absent among the definitively detected ices with possible exceptions on Charon and possible trace amounts on some of the Saturnian satellites. Comets, storehouses of many compounds that could exist as ices in their nuclei, have only had small amounts of water ice definitively detected on their surfaces from spectroscopy. Only two asteroids have had a direct detection of surface water ice, although its presence can be inferred in others. C1 [Clark, Roger N.; Swayze, Gregg A.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Carlson, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Grundy, Will] Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Noll, Keith] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Clark, RN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS964,Box 25046 Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rclark@usgs.gov; gswayze@usgs.gov; Robert.W.Carlson@jpl.nasa.gov; W.Grundy@lowell.edu; keith.s.noll@nasa.gov NR 334 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 6 U2 39 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1529-6466 BN 978-0-939950-93-5 J9 REV MINERAL GEOCHEM JI Rev. Mineral. Geochem. PY 2014 VL 78 BP 399 EP 446 DI 10.2138/rmg.2014.78.10 PG 48 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA BA3NO UT WOS:000334387700010 ER PT J AU Fan, J Leung, LR DeMott, PJ Comstock, JM Singh, B Rosenfeld, D Tomlinson, JM White, A Prather, KA Minnis, P Ayers, JK Min, Q AF Fan, J. Leung, L. R. DeMott, P. J. Comstock, J. M. Singh, B. Rosenfeld, D. Tomlinson, J. M. White, A. Prather, K. A. Minnis, P. Ayers, J. K. Min, Q. TI Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during CalWater 2011: local pollution versus long-range transported dust (vol 14, pg 81, 2014) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 [Fan, J.; Leung, L. R.; Comstock, J. M.; Singh, B.; Tomlinson, J. M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [DeMott, P. J.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Rosenfeld, D.] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [White, A.] NOAA ESRL, R PSD2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Prather, K. A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Minnis, P.] NASA Langley Res Ctr LaRC, Hampton, VA USA. [Ayers, J. K.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Min, Q.] SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Fan, J (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jiwen.fan@pnnl.gov RI Fan, Jiwen/E-9138-2011; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016 OI DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 6 BP 3063 EP 3064 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3063-2014 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LP UT WOS:000334104700018 ER PT J AU Engel, I Luo, BP Khaykin, SM Wienhold, FG Vomel, H Kivi, R Hoyle, CR Grooss, JU Pitts, MC Peter, T AF Engel, I. Luo, B. P. Khaykin, S. M. Wienhold, F. G. Voemel, H. Kivi, R. Hoyle, C. R. Grooss, J. -U. Pitts, M. C. Peter, T. TI Arctic stratospheric dehydration - Part 2: Microphysical modeling SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATIONS; ACID TRIHYDRATE NAT; NITRIC-ACID; OZONE DEPLETION; CLOUD FORMATION; HETEROGENEOUS FORMATION; ICE NUCLEATION; CIRRUS CLOUDS; WATER-VAPOR; FROST-POINT AB Large areas of synoptic-scale ice PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) distinguished the Arctic winter 2009/2010 from other years and revealed unprecedented evidence of water redistribution in the stratosphere. A unique snapshot of water vapor repartitioning into ice particles was obtained under extremely cold Arctic conditions with temperatures around 183K. Balloon-borne, aircraft and satellite-based measurements suggest that synoptic-scale ice PSCs and concurrent reductions and enhancements in water vapor are tightly linked with the observed de-and rehydration signatures, respectively. In a companion paper (Part 1), water vapor and aerosol backscatter measurements from the RECONCILE (Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions) and LAPBIAT-II (Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility) field campaigns have been analyzed in detail. This paper uses a column version of the Zurich Optical and Microphysical box Model (ZOMM) including newly developed NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) and ice nucleation parameterizations. Particle sedimentation is calculated in order to simulate the vertical redistribution of chemical species such as water and nitric acid. Despite limitations given by wind shear and uncertainties in the initial water vapor profile, the column modeling unequivocally shows that (1) accounting for small-scale temperature fluctuations along the trajectories is essential in order to reach agreement between simulated optical cloud properties and observations, and (2) the use of recently developed heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations allows the reproduction of the observed signatures of de- and rehydration. Conversely, the vertical redistribution of water measured cannot be explained in terms of homogeneous nucleation of ice clouds, whose particle radii remain too small to cause significant dehydration. C1 [Engel, I.; Luo, B. P.; Wienhold, F. G.; Peter, T.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Khaykin, S. M.] Cent Aerol Observ, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia. [Khaykin, S. M.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, LATMOS IPSL, CNRS, INSU, Guyancourt, France. [Voemel, H.] Richard Assmann Observ, Meteorol Observ Lindenberg, Lindenberg, Germany. [Kivi, R.] Arctic Res, Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. [Hoyle, C. R.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospher Chem, Villigen, Switzerland. [Hoyle, C. R.] Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Inst Snow & Avalanche Res SLF, Davos, Switzerland. [Engel, I.; Grooss, J. -U.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Engel, I (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM ines.engel@alumni.ethz.ch RI GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Tritscher, Ines/O-2271-2014 OI GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Tritscher, Ines/0000-0001-5285-7952 FU European Commission [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [200021_120175/1, 200021_140663]; Russian Foundation for Basic Research [12-05-31384, 11-05-00475]; Finnish Academy [140408] FX This work was supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under the grant number RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1. Support for C. R. Hoyle was obtained from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under the grant numbers 200021_120175/1 (Modelling Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Ice Nucleation and Growth at Cirrus Cloud Levels) and 200021_140663 (Modelling of aerosol effects in mixed-phase clouds). Partial support for S. M. Khaykin received by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant numbers 12-05-31384 and 11-05-00475). Water vapor and aerosol soundings in Sodankyl were partially supported by the Finnish Academy under grant number 140408. Aura MLS gas species data were provided courtesy of the MLS team and obtained through the Aura MLS website (http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/index-eos-mls.php). Particular gratitude to Alexey Lykov (CAO) who carried out FLASH-B flight on 17 January 2010. NR 62 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3231 EP 3246 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3231-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF3JO UT WOS:000334608400005 ER PT J AU Sioris, CE McLinden, CA Fioletov, VE Adams, C Zawodny, JM Bourassa, AE Roth, CZ Degenstein, DA AF Sioris, C. E. McLinden, C. A. Fioletov, V. E. Adams, C. Zawodny, J. M. Bourassa, A. E. Roth, C. Z. Degenstein, D. A. TI Trend and variability in ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere over 2.5 solar cycles observed by SAGE II and OSIRIS SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; EQUATORIAL LOWER STRATOSPHERE; BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION; PROFILES; SATELLITE; TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; IMPACT; MODEL; OZONESONDES AB We have extended the satellite-based ozone anomaly time series to the present (December 2012) by merging SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II) with OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System) and correcting for the small bias (similar to 0.5%) between them, determined using their temporal overlap of 4 years. Analysis of the merged data set (1984-2012) shows a statistically significant negative trend at all altitudes in the 18-25 km range, including a trend of (-4.6+/-2.6)% decade(-1) at 19.5 km where the relative standard error is a minimum. We are also able to replicate previously reported decadal trends in the tropical lower-stratospheric ozone anomaly based on SAGE II observations. Uncertainties are smaller on the merged trend than the SAGE II trend at all altitudes. Underlying strong fluctuations in ozone anomaly due to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the altitude-dependent quasi-biennial oscillation, and tropopause pressure need to be taken into account to reduce trend uncertainties and, in the case of ENSO, to accurately determine the linear trend just above the tropopause. We also compare the observed ozone trend with a calculated trend that uses information on tropical upwelling and its temporal trend from model simulations, tropopause pressure trend information derived from reanalysis data, and vertical profiles from SAGE II and OSIRIS to determine the vertical gradient of ozone and its trend. We show that the observed trend agrees with the calculated trend and that the magnitude of the calculated trend is dominated by increased tropical upwelling, with minor but increasing contribution from the vertical ozone gradient trend as the tropical tropopause is approached. Improvements are suggested for future regression modelling efforts which could reduce trend uncertainties and biases in trend magnitudes, thereby allowing accurate trend detection to extend below 18 km. C1 [Sioris, C. E.; Adams, C.; Bourassa, A. E.; Roth, C. Z.; Degenstein, D. A.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [McLinden, C. A.; Fioletov, V. E.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Zawodny, J. M.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Sioris, CE (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. EM csioris@cfa.harvard.edu OI Fioletov, Vitali/0000-0002-2731-5956; Sioris, Christopher/0000-0003-1168-8755 FU Canadian Space Agency FX We thank L. Rieger (University of Saskatchewan) for help with the SAGE II data and F. Wu (National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR) for providing us with empirical orthogonal functions for modelling the quasibiennial oscillation and the observed trend profile from Randel and Thompson (2011). We acknowledge B. Randel (NCAR) for suggesting the idea of sensor-specific deseasonalization. We thank N. Lloyd for comments regarding OSIRIS data and acknowledge his effort in processing OSIRIS level 0 and 1 data. We acknowledge funding from the Canadian Space Agency. NR 62 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3479 EP 3496 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3479-2014 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF3JO UT WOS:000334608400017 ER PT J AU Schreier, MM Kahn, BH Suselj, K Karlsson, J Ou, SC Yue, Q Nasiri, SL AF Schreier, M. M. Kahn, B. H. Suselj, K. Karlsson, J. Ou, S. C. Yue, Q. Nasiri, S. L. TI Atmospheric parameters in a subtropical cloud regime transition derived by AIRS and MODIS: observed statistical variability compared to ERA-Interim SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY DENSITY-FUNCTIONS; RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; WATER-VAPOR; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; INFRARED SOUNDER; AIRCRAFT DATA; PART I; TEMPERATURE AB Cloud occurrence, microphysical and optical properties, and atmospheric profiles within a subtropical cloud regime transition in the northeastern Pacific Ocean are obtained from a synergistic combination of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The observed cloud parameters and atmospheric thermodynamic profile retrievals are binned by cloud type and analyzed based on their probability density functions (PDFs). Comparison of the PDFs to data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting reanalysis (ERA-Interim) shows a strong difference in the occurrence of the different cloud types compared to clear sky. An increasing non-Gaussian behavior is observed in cloud optical thickness (tau(c)), effective radius (r(e)) and cloud-top temperature (T-c) distributions from stratocumulus to trade cumulus, while decreasing values of lowertropospheric stability are seen. However, variations in the mean, width and shape of the distributions are found. The AIRS potential temperature (theta) and water vapor (q) profiles in the presence of varying marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud types show overall similarities to the ERA-Interim in the mean profiles, but differences arise in the higher moments at some altitudes. The differences between the PDFs from AIRS+MODIS and ERA-Interim make it possible to pinpoint systematic errors in both systems and help to understand joint PDFs of cloud properties and coincident thermodynamic profiles from satellite observations. C1 [Schreier, M. M.; Suselj, K.; Ou, S. C.; Yue, Q.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Schreier, M. M.; Kahn, B. H.; Suselj, K.; Karlsson, J.; Yue, Q.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Karlsson, J.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, Stockholm, Sweden. [Karlsson, J.] Stockholm Univ, Bolin Ctr Climate Res, Stockholm, Sweden. [Nasiri, S. L.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. RP Schreier, MM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. EM mathias.schreier@jpl.nasa.gov RI Nasiri, Shaima/C-8044-2011; Yue, Qing/F-4619-2017 OI Yue, Qing/0000-0002-3559-6508 FU NASA [NNX08AI09G]; AIRS project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory FX Funding for this project was provided by NASA award NNX08AI09G. The authors would like to thank J. Teixeira and the AIRS project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for encouragement and support. MODIS data were obtained through the Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS; http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/). AIRS data were obtained through the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov). A portion of this work was performed within the Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science & Engineering (JIFRESSE) of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. We also would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments, which considerably helped in improving the quality of the manuscript.; The JPL author's copyright for this publication is held by the California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship is also acknowledged. NR 71 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3573 EP 3587 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3573-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF3JO UT WOS:000334608400024 ER PT J AU McLinden, CA Fioletov, V Boersma, KF Kharol, SK Krotkov, N Lamsal, L Makar, PA Martin, RV Veefkind, JP Yang, K AF McLinden, C. A. Fioletov, V. Boersma, K. F. Kharol, S. K. Krotkov, N. Lamsal, L. Makar, P. A. Martin, R. V. Veefkind, J. P. Yang, K. TI Improved satellite retrievals of NO2 and SO2 over the Canadian oil sands and comparisons with surface measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; TROPOSPHERIC NO2; NORTH-AMERICA; AIR-QUALITY; OMI; EMISSIONS; MODEL; PRODUCTS; SNOW; REFLECTANCE AB Satellite remote sensing is increasingly being used to monitor air quality over localized sources such as the Canadian oil sands. Following an initial study, significantly low biases have been identified in current NO2 and SO2 retrieval products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite sensor over this location resulting from a combination of its rapid development and small spatial scale. Air mass factors (AMFs) used to convert line-of-sight "slant" columns to vertical columns were re-calculated for this region based on updated and higher resolution input information including absorber profiles from a regional-scale (15 km x 15 km resolution) air quality model, higher spatial and temporal resolution surface reflectivity, and an improved treatment of snow. The overall impact of these new Environment Canada (EC) AMFs led to substantial increases in the peak NO2 and SO2 average vertical column density (VCD), occurring over an area of intensive surface mining, by factors of 2 and 1.4, respectively, relative to estimates made with previous AMFs. Comparisons are made with long-term averages of NO2 and SO2 (2005-2011) from in situ surface monitors by using the air quality model to map the OMI VCDs to surface concentrations. This new OMI-EC product is able to capture the spatial distribution of the in situ instruments (slopes of 0.65 to 1.0, correlation coefficients of >0.9). The concentration absolute values from surface network observations were in reasonable agreement, with OMI-EC NO2 and SO2 biased low by roughly 30 %. Several complications were addressed including correction for the interference effect in the surface NO2 instruments and smoothing and clear-sky biases in the OMI measurements. Overall these results highlight the importance of using input information that accounts for the spatial and temporal variability of the location of interest when performing retrievals. C1 [McLinden, C. A.; Fioletov, V.; Makar, P. A.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Boersma, K. F.; Veefkind, J. P.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. [Boersma, K. F.] Eindhoven Univ Technol, Fluid Dynam Lab, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. [Kharol, S. K.; Martin, R. V.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Krotkov, N.; Lamsal, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospher Chem & Dynam, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Martin, R. V.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Veefkind, J. P.] Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands. [Yang, K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP McLinden, CA (reprint author), Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM chris.mclinden@ec.gc.ca RI Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; OI Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Fioletov, Vitali/0000-0002-2731-5956 FU NASA Earth Science Division FX The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their efforts and the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA) for the provision of their in situ data. We acknowledge the free use of tropospheric NO2 column data from the OMI sensor from www.temis.nl. We also acknowledge the NASA Earth Science Division for funding of OMI NO2 and SO2 product development and analysis. NR 67 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 32 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3637 EP 3656 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3637-2014 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF3JO UT WOS:000334608400027 ER PT J AU Chin, M Diehl, T Tan, Q Prospero, JM Kahn, RA Remer, LA Yu, H Sayer, AM Bian, H Geogdzhayev, IV Holben, BN Howell, SG Huebert, BJ Hsu, NC Kim, D Kucsera, TL Levy, RC Mishchenko, MI Pan, X Quinn, PK Schuster, GL Streets, DG Strode, SA Torres, O Zhao, XP AF Chin, Mian Diehl, T. Tan, Q. Prospero, J. M. Kahn, R. A. Remer, L. A. Yu, H. Sayer, A. M. Bian, H. Geogdzhayev, I. V. Holben, B. N. Howell, S. G. Huebert, B. J. Hsu, N. C. Kim, D. Kucsera, T. L. Levy, R. C. Mishchenko, M. I. Pan, X. Quinn, P. K. Schuster, G. L. Streets, D. G. Strode, S. A. Torres, O. Zhao, X. -P. TI Multi-decadal aerosol variations from 1980 to 2009: a perspective from observations and a global model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; LONG-TERM RECORD; OPTICAL DEPTH; AFRICAN DUST; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; GOCART MODEL; INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT; AERONET MEASUREMENTS; TOMS OBSERVATIONS AB Aerosol variations and trends over different land and ocean regions from 1980 to 2009 are analyzed with the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model and observations from multiple satellite sensors and available ground-based networks. Excluding time periods with large volcanic influence, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface concentration over polluted land regions generally vary with anthropogenic emissions, but the magnitude of this association can be dampened by the presence of natural aerosols, especially dust. Over the 30-year period in this study, the largest reduction in aerosol levels occurs over Europe, where AOD has decreased by 40-60% on average and surface sulfate concentrations have declined by a factor of up to 3-4. In contrast, East Asia and South Asia show AOD increases, but the relatively high level of dust aerosols in Asia reduces the correlation between AOD and pollutant emission trends. Over major dust source regions, model analysis indicates that the change of dust emissions over the Sahara and Sahel has been predominantly driven by the change of near-surface wind speed, but over Central Asia it has been largely influenced by the change of the surface wetness. The decreasing dust trend in the North African dust outflow region of the tropical North Atlantic and the receptor sites of Barbados and Miami is closely associated with an increase of the sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic. This temperature increase may drive the decrease of the wind velocity over North Africa, which reduces the dust emission, and the increase of precipitation over the tropical North Atlantic, which enhances dust removal during transport. Despite significant trends over some major continental source regions, the model-calculated global annual average AOD shows little change over land and ocean in the past three decades, because opposite trends in different land regions cancel each other out in the global average, and changes over large open oceans are negligible. This highlights the necessity for regional-scale assessment of aerosols and their climate impacts, as global-scale average values can obscure important regional changes. C1 [Chin, Mian; Diehl, T.; Tan, Q.; Kahn, R. A.; Yu, H.; Sayer, A. M.; Bian, H.; Holben, B. N.; Hsu, N. C.; Kim, D.; Kucsera, T. L.; Levy, R. C.; Pan, X.; Strode, S. A.; Torres, O.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Diehl, T.; Tan, Q.; Sayer, A. M.; Kim, D.; Kucsera, T. L.; Strode, S. A.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Prospero, J. M.] Univ Miami, Miami, FL USA. [Remer, L. A.; Bian, H.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Yu, H.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Geogdzhayev, I. V.; Mishchenko, M. I.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Geogdzhayev, I. V.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Howell, S. G.; Huebert, B. J.] Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Quinn, P. K.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Schuster, G. L.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Streets, D. G.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Zhao, X. -P.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Chin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mian.chin@nasa.gov RI Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Strode, Sarah/H-2248-2012; Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; Kim, Dongchul/H-2256-2012; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012 OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Strode, Sarah/0000-0002-8103-1663; Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; Kim, Dongchul/0000-0002-5659-1394; Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; FU NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) program; Atmospheric Composition, Modeling, and Analysis Program (ACMAP); NASA Postdoctoral Program FX We thank the IMPROVE, EMEP, and AERONET networks for making their data available on line. Site PIs and data managers of these networks are gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center for providing gridded satellite products of SeaWiFS, MISR, and MODIS through their Giovanni website. We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for their very constructive, helpful comments. This work is supported by NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) program and the Atmospheric Composition, Modeling, and Analysis Program (ACMAP). X. Pan is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program, administrated by the Oak Ridge Associated University (ORAU). NR 109 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 5 U2 67 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3657 EP 3690 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3657-2014 PG 34 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF3JO UT WOS:000334608400028 ER PT J AU Deng, F Jones, DBA Henze, DK Bousserez, N Bowman, KW Fisher, JB Nassar, R O'Dell, C Wunch, D Wennberg, PO Kort, EA Wofsy, SC Blumenstock, T Deutscher, NM Griffith, DWT Hase, F Heikkinen, P Sherlock, V Strong, K Sussmann, R Warneke, T AF Deng, F. Jones, D. B. A. Henze, D. K. Bousserez, N. Bowman, K. W. Fisher, J. B. Nassar, R. O'Dell, C. Wunch, D. Wennberg, P. O. Kort, E. A. Wofsy, S. C. Blumenstock, T. Deutscher, N. M. Griffith, D. W. T. Hase, F. Heikkinen, P. Sherlock, V. Strong, K. Sussmann, R. Warneke, T. TI Inferring regional sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2 from GOSAT XCO2 data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; UPDATED EMISSIONS; GEOS-CHEM; PART 1; INVERSION; MODEL; TRANSPORT; SATELLITE; SCALE AB We have examined the utility of retrieved column-averaged, dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) for quantifying monthly, regional flux estimates of CO2, using the GEOS-Chem four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system. We focused on assessing the potential impact of biases in the GOSAT CO2 data on the regional flux estimates. Using different screening and bias correction approaches, we selected three different subsets of the GOSAT XCO2 data for the 4D-Var inversion analyses, and found that the inferred global fluxes were consistent across the three XCO2 inversions. However, the GOSAT observational coverage was a challenge for the regional flux estimates. In the northern extratropics, the inversions were more sensitive to North American fluxes than to European and Asian fluxes due to the lack of observations over Eurasia in winter and over eastern and southern Asia in summer. The regional flux estimates were also sensitive to the treatment of the residual bias in the GOSAT XCO2 data. The largest differences obtained were for temperate North America and temperate South America, for which the largest spread between the inversions was 1.02 and 0.96 Pg C, respectively. In the case of temperate North America, one inversion suggested a strong source, whereas the second and third XCO2 inversions produced a weak and strong sink, respectively. Despite the discrepancies in the regional flux estimates between the three XCO2 inversions, the a posteriori CO2 distributions were in good agreement (with a mean difference between the three inversions of typically less than 0.5 ppm) with independent data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the surface flask network, and from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft campaign. The discrepancy in the regional flux estimates from the different inversions, despite the agreement of the global flux estimates suggests the need for additional work to determine the minimum spatial scales at which we can reliably quantify the fluxes using GOSAT XCO2. The fact that the a posteriori CO2 from the different inversions were in good agreement with the independent data although the regional flux estimates differed significantly, suggests that innovative ways of exploiting existing data sets, and possibly additional observations, are needed to better evaluate the inferred regional flux estimates. C1 [Deng, F.; Jones, D. B. A.; Strong, K.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Jones, D. B. A.; Bowman, K. W.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Henze, D. K.; Bousserez, N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bowman, K. W.; Fisher, J. B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Nassar, R.] Environm Canada, Climate Res Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. [O'Dell, C.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Wunch, D.; Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Kort, E. A.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Wofsy, S. C.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Blumenstock, T.; Hase, F.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK ASF, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Deutscher, N. M.; Warneke, T.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Griffith, D. W. T.] Univ Wollongong, Sch Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. [Heikkinen, P.] FMI Arctic Res Ctr, Sodankyla, Finland. [Sherlock, V.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Sussmann, R.] IMK IFU, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. RP Deng, F (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM dengf@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca RI Kort, Eric/F-9942-2012; Heikkinen, Pauli/G-3478-2014; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Deutscher, Nicholas/E-3683-2015; Strong, Kimberly/D-2563-2012; Sussmann, Ralf/K-3999-2012; OI Kort, Eric/0000-0003-4940-7541; Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; Deutscher, Nicholas/0000-0002-2906-2577; Deng, Feng/0000-0002-1381-0243; Nassar, Ray/0000-0001-6282-1611 FU NASA Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) program [NNX10AT42G]; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) flux plot project; NASA's Carbon Cycle Program [NNX11AG01G]; Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program; DOE/ARM Program; EU infrastructure project InGOS; Senate of Bremen; EU projects IMECC; GEOmon; InGOS; National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, Japan) FX This work was funded by the NASA Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) program (grant number NNX10AT42G), the Canadian Space Agency, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under contract to NASA. D. Henze and N. Bousserez were also supported by the NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) flux plot project. US funding for TCCON comes from NASA's Carbon Cycle Program, grant number NNX11AG01G, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program, and the DOE/ARM Program. The European TCCON groups involved in this study acknowledge financial support by the EU infrastructure project InGOS. The University of Bremen acknowledges financial support of the Bialystok and Orleans TCCON sites from the Senate of Bremen and EU projects IMECC, GEOmon and InGOS, as well as maintenance and logistical work provided by AeroMeteo Service (Bialystok) and the RAMCES team at LSCE (Gif-sur-Yvette, France) and additional operational funding from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, Japan). TCCON measurements at Eureka were made by the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (CANDAC) with additional support from the Canadian Space Agency. We thank NOAA-ESRL for making their CO2 surface measurements publicly available. Anonymous referees provided constructive comments that greatly improved this paper. NR 78 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 46 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3703 EP 3727 DI 10.5194/acp-14-3703-2014 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF3JO UT WOS:000334608400030 ER PT J AU Yasunari, TJ Lau, KM Mahanama, SPP Colarco, PR da Silva, AM Aoki, T Aoki, K Murao, N Yamagata, S Kodama, Y AF Yasunari, Teppei J. Lau, K. -M. Mahanama, Sarith P. P. Colarco, Peter R. da Silva, Arlindo M. Aoki, Teruo Aoki, Kazuma Murao, Naoto Yamagata, Sadamu Kodama, Yuji TI The GOddard SnoW Impurity Module (GOSWIM) for the NASA GEOS-5 Earth System Model: Preliminary Comparisons with Observations in Sapporo, Japan SO SOLA LA English DT Article ID CATCHMENT-BASED APPROACH; LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES; BLACK CARBON; GOCART MODEL; CLIMATE; COVER; ALBEDO; DUST; VARIABILITY; SIMULATION AB The snow darkening module evaluating dust, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) depositions on the mass of snow impurities and albedo has been developed for the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5) Earth System Model, as the GOddard SnoW Impurity Module (GOSWIM). GOSWIM consists of the updated snow albedo scheme from a previous study (Yasunari et al. 2011) and a newly developed mass concentration calculation scheme, directly using aerosol depositions from the chemical transport model (GOCART) in GEOS-5. Compared to observations at Sapporo, the off-line simulations, forced by observation-based meteorology and aerosol depositions from GOES-5, reasonably simulated the seasonal migration of snow depth, albedos, and impurities of dust, BC, and OC in the snow surface. However, the simulated dust and BC mass concentrations in snow were especially underestimated except for the BC in the early winter, compared to the observations. Increasing the deposition rates of dust and BC could explain the observations. Removing BC deposition could possibly lead to an extension of snow cover duration in Sapporo of four days. Comparing the offline GOSWIM and the GEOS-5 global simulations, we found that determining better local precipitation and deposition rates of the aerosols are key factors in generating better GOSWIM snow darkening simulation in NASA GEOS-5. C1 [Yasunari, Teppei J.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol & Res, Columbia, MD USA. [Yasunari, Teppei J.; Lau, K. -M.; Mahanama, Sarith P. P.; Colarco, Peter R.; da Silva, Arlindo M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mahanama, Sarith P. P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Aoki, Teruo] Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. [Aoki, Kazuma] Toyama Univ, Fac Sci, Toyama 930, Japan. [Murao, Naoto; Yamagata, Sadamu] Hokkaido Univ, Fac Engn, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. [Kodama, Yuji] Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo, Japan. RP Yasunari, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GESTAR USRA, Code 613,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM teppei.j.yasunari@nasa.gov RI Yasunari, Teppei/E-5374-2010; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012 OI Yasunari, Teppei/0000-0002-9896-9404; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662 FU Aqua Terra Science Program; Interdisciplinary Science Program, Earth Science Division, Science Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters; Experimental Research Fund for Global Environment Conservation, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan; Grant for Joint Research Program, the Institute of Low Temperature Science of Hokkaido University FX The Aqua Terra Science Program, and the Interdisciplinary Science Program, Earth Science Division, Science Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters supported this study. The observations at Sapporo by JMA, Google Earth, and Gnuplot were used. Data set at ILTS used in this study was made with the research funds of (1) the Experimental Research Fund for Global Environment Conservation, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan and (2) the Grant for Joint Research Program, the Institute of Low Temperature Science of Hokkaido University. We appreciate the useful comments (two anonymous reviewers), abundant supports on the GOSWIM development (Randal Koster: NASA; Max Suarez: NASA; Lawrence Takacs: SSAI; other NASA/GSFC colleagues), naming suggestion for GOSWIM (Kyu-Myong Kim: NASA), English proofreading (Janice Angevine: ARTS), the atmospheric EC measurement (Tomonari Inada: Former student in Hokkaido University), and solving the issue on the copyright agreement form (the SOLA Chief Editor, Takehiko Satomura; we wish his soul rest in peace). NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 1349-6476 J9 SOLA JI SOLA PY 2014 VL 10 BP 50 EP 56 DI 10.2151/sola.2014-011 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AF7SX UT WOS:000334916100001 ER PT J AU Aryan, H Balikhin, MA Taktakishvili, A Zhang, TL AF Aryan, H. Balikhin, M. A. Taktakishvili, A. Zhang, T. L. TI Observation of shocks associated with CMEs in 2007 SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics; solar wind plasma; ionosphere; modeling and forecasting, particle acceleration AB The interaction of CMEs with the solar wind can lead to the formation of interplanetary shocks. Ions accelerated at these shocks contribute to the solar energetic protons observed in the vicinity of the Earth. Recently a joint analysis of Venus Express (VEX) and STEREO data by Russell et al. (2009) have shown that the formation of strong shocks associated with Co-rotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) takes place between the orbits of Venus and the Earth as a result of coalescence of weaker shocks formed earlier. The present study uses VEX and Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) data in order to analyse shocks associated with CMEs that erupted on 29 and 30 July 2007 during the solar wind conjunction period between Venus and the Earth. For these particular cases it is shown that the above scenario of shock formation proposed for CIRs also takes place for CMEs. Contradiction with shock formation resulting from MHD modelling is explained by inability of classical MHD to account for the role of wave dispersion in the formation of the shock. C1 [Aryan, H.; Balikhin, M. A.] Univ Sheffield, Dept Automat Control & Syst Engn, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. [Taktakishvili, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zhang, T. L.] Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Aryan, H (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Automat Control & Syst Engn, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. EM aryan.homayon@gmail.com NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 3 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-223-2014 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6JW UT WOS:000334098900003 ER PT J AU Yizengaw, E Moldwin, MB Zesta, E Biouele, CM Damtie, B Mebrahtu, A Rabiu, B Valladares, CF Stoneback, R AF Yizengaw, E. Moldwin, M. B. Zesta, E. Biouele, C. M. Damtie, B. Mebrahtu, A. Rabiu, B. Valladares, C. F. Stoneback, R. TI The longitudinal variability of equatorial electrojet and vertical drift velocity in the African and American sectors SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; electric fields and currents; equatorial-ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities ID SATELLITE AB While the formation of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and its temporal variation is believed to be fairly well understood, the longitudinal variability at all local times is still unknown. This paper presents a case and statistical study of the longitudinal variability of dayside EEJ for all local times using ground-based observations. We found EEJ is stronger in the west American sector and decreases from west to east longitudinal sectors. We also confirm the presence of significant longitudinal difference in the dusk sector pre-reversal drift, using the ion velocity meter (IVM) instrument on-board the C/NOFS satellite, with stronger pre-reversal drift in the west American sector compared to the African sector. Previous satellite observations have shown that the African sector is home to stronger and year-round ionospheric bubbles/irregularities compared to the American and Asian sectors. This study's results raises the question if the vertical drift, which is believed to be the main cause for the enhancement of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability growth rate, is stronger in the American sector and weaker in the African sector - why are the occurrence and amplitude of equatorial irregularities stronger in the African sector? C1 [Yizengaw, E.; Valladares, C. F.] Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Boston, MA USA. [Moldwin, M. B.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Zesta, E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Biouele, C. M.] Univ Yaounde I, Dept Phys, Yaounde, Cameroon. [Damtie, B.] Bahir Dar Univ, Washera Geospace & Radar Sci Lab, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. [Mebrahtu, A.] Adigrat Univ, Dept Phys, Adigrat, Ethiopia. [Rabiu, B.] Natl Space Res & Dev Agcy, Abuja, Nigeria. [Stoneback, R.] Univ Texas Dallas, Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. RP Yizengaw, E (reprint author), Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Boston, MA USA. EM kassie@bc.edu RI Moldwin, Mark/F-8785-2011; Yizengaw, Endawoke/I-3471-2015; OI Moldwin, Mark/0000-0003-0954-1770; Yizengaw, Endawoke/0000-0001-5772-3355; Stoneback, Russell/0000-0001-7216-4336 NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 3 BP 231 EP 238 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-231-2014 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6JW UT WOS:000334098900004 ER PT J AU Shume, EB Mannucci, AJ Caton, R AF Shume, E. B. Mannucci, A. J. Caton, R. TI Phase and coherence analysis of VHF scintillation over Christmas Island SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities ID EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION; IRREGULARITIES; SYSTEMS AB This short paper presents phase and coherence data from the cross-wavelet transform applied on longitudinally separated very high frequency (VHF) equatorial ionospheric scintillation observations over Christmas Island. The phase and coherence analyses were employed on a pair of scintillation observations, namely, the east-looking and west-looking VHF scintillation monitors at Christmas Island. Our analysis includes 3 years of peak season scintillation data from 2008, 2009 (low solar activity), and 2011 (moderate solar activity). In statistically significant and high spectral coherence regions of the cross-wavelet transform, scintillation observations from the east-looking monitor lead those from the west-looking monitor by about 20 to 60 (40 +/- 20) min (most frequent lead times). Using several years (seasons and solar cycle) of lead (or lag) and coherence information of the cross-wavelet transform, we envisage construction of a probability model for forecasting scintillation in the night-time equatorial ionosphere. C1 [Shume, E. B.; Mannucci, A. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Caton, R.] Air Force Res Lab, Kirtland, NM USA. RP Shume, EB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM esayas.b.shume@jpl.nasa.gov OI Shume, Esayas/0000-0002-4696-1283 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2014 VL 32 IS 3 BP 293 EP 300 DI 10.5194/angeo-32-293-2014 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6JW UT WOS:000334098900009 ER PT J AU Kramarova, NA Nash, ER Newman, PA Bhartia, PK McPeters, RD Rault, DF Seftor, CJ Xu, PQ Labow, GJ AF Kramarova, N. A. Nash, E. R. Newman, P. A. Bhartia, P. K. McPeters, R. D. Rault, D. F. Seftor, C. J. Xu, P. Q. Labow, G. J. TI Measuring the Antarctic ozone hole with the new Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIMB SCATTER MEASUREMENTS; O-3 PROFILES; STRATOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL AB The new Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), which launched on the Suomi National Polarorbiting Partnership satellite in October 2011, gives a detailed view of the development of the Antarctic ozone hole and extends the long series of satellite ozone measurements that go back to the early 1970s. OMPS includes two modules - nadir and limb - to measure profile and total ozone concentrations. The new limb module is designed to measure the vertical profile of ozone between the lowermost stratosphere and the mesosphere. The OMPS observations over Antarctica show excellent agreement with the measurements obtained from independent satellite and ground-based instruments. This validation demonstrates that OMPS data can ably extend the ozone time series over Antarctica in the future. The OMPS observations are used to monitor and characterize the evolution of the 2012 Antarctic ozone hole. While large ozone losses were observed in September 2012, a strong ozone rebound occurred in October and November 2012. This ozone rebound is characterized by rapid increases of ozone at mid-stratospheric levels and a splitting of the ozone hole in early November. The 2012 Antarctic ozone hole was the second smallest on record since 1988. C1 [Kramarova, N. A.; Nash, E. R.; Seftor, C. J.; Labow, G. J.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Newman, P. A.; Bhartia, P. K.; McPeters, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rault, D. F.] Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Xu, P. Q.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Kramarova, NA (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM natalya.a.kramarova@nasa.gov RI McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Kramarova, Natalya/D-2270-2014; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Kramarova, Natalya/0000-0002-6083-8548; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 FU NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program; Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program FX This work was supported under the NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program and the Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program. The Aura MLS science teams provided the high quality satellite ozone data set. The World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Center (WOUDC) provided ozonesonde data. OMPS data are available at http://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/omps. The MERRA data have been provided by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center through the NASA GES DISC online archive (http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/daac-bin/DataHoldings.pl). Ozone maps, as well as statistical and climatological plots and data related to ozone, can be found at http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The authors wish to thank M. Weber and two anonymous referees for their constructive comments that helped to improve the paper. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 5 BP 2353 EP 2361 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2353-2014 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LK UT WOS:000334104200010 ER PT J AU Jiao, C Flanner, MG Balkanski, Y Bauer, SE Bellouin, N Berntsen, TK Bian, H Carslaw, KS Chin, M De Luca, N Diehl, T Ghan, SJ Iversen, T Kirkevag, A Koch, D Liu, X Mann, GW Penner, JE Pitari, G Schulz, M Seland, O Skeie, RB Steenrod, SD Stier, P Takemura, T Tsigaridis, K van Noije, T Yun, Y Zhang, K AF Jiao, C. Flanner, M. G. Balkanski, Y. Bauer, S. E. Bellouin, N. Berntsen, T. K. Bian, H. Carslaw, K. S. Chin, M. De Luca, N. Diehl, T. Ghan, S. J. Iversen, T. Kirkevag, A. Koch, D. Liu, X. Mann, G. W. Penner, J. E. Pitari, G. Schulz, M. Seland, O. Skeie, R. B. Steenrod, S. D. Stier, P. Takemura, T. Tsigaridis, K. van Noije, T. Yun, Y. Zhang, K. TI An AeroCom assessment of black carbon in Arctic snow and sea ice SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; GLOBAL-MODELS; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; FUTURE CLIMATE; ECHAM-HAM; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; SENSITIVITY; PREINDUSTRIAL AB Though many global aerosols models prognose surface deposition, only a few models have been used to directly simulate the radiative effect from black carbon (BC) deposition to snow and sea ice. Here, we apply aerosol deposition fields from 25 models contributing to two phases of the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) project to simulate and evaluate within-snow BC concentrations and radiative effect in the Arctic. We accomplish this by driving the offline land and sea ice components of the Community Earth System Model with different deposition fields and meteorological conditions from 2004 to 2009, during which an extensive field campaign of BC measurements in Arctic snow occurred. We find that models generally underestimate BC concentrations in snow in northern Russia and Norway, while overestimating BC amounts elsewhere in the Arctic. Although simulated BC distributions in snow are poorly correlated with measurements, mean values are reasonable. The multi-model mean (range) bias in BC concentrations, sampled over the same grid cells, snow depths, and months of measurements, are -4.4 (-13.2 to + 10.7) ng g(-1) for an earlier phase of AeroCom models (phase I), and + 4.1 (-13.0 to + 21.4) ng g(-1) for a more recent phase of AeroCom models (phase II), compared to the observational mean of 19.2 ng g(-1). Factors determining model BC concentrations in Arctic snow include Arctic BC emissions, transport of extra-Arctic aerosols, precipitation, deposition efficiency of aerosols within the Arctic, and meltwater removal of particles in snow. Sensitivity studies show that the model-measurement evaluation is only weakly affected by meltwater scavenging efficiency because most measurements were conducted in non-melting snow. The Arctic (60-90 degrees N) atmospheric residence time for BC in phase II models ranges from 3.7 to 23.2 days, implying large inter-model variation in local BC deposition efficiency. Combined with the fact that most Arctic BC deposition originates from extra-Arctic emissions, these results suggest that aerosol removal processes are a leading source of variation in model performance. The multi-model mean (full range) of Arctic radiative effect from BC in snow is 0.15 (0.07-0.25) W m(-2) and 0.18 (0.06-0.28) W m(-2) in phase I and phase II models, respectively. After correcting for model biases relative to observed BC concentrations in different regions of the Arctic, we obtain a multi-model mean Arctic radiative effect of 0.17W m(-2) for the combined AeroCom ensembles. Finally, there is a high correlation between modeled BC concentrations sampled over the observational sites and the Arctic as a whole, indicating that the field campaign provided a reasonable sample of the Arctic. C1 [Jiao, C.; Flanner, M. G.; Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Balkanski, Y.] CEA CNRS UVSQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Bauer, S. E.; Tsigaridis, K.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. [Bauer, S. E.; Tsigaridis, K.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Bellouin, N.] Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England. [Berntsen, T. K.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Bian, H.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Carslaw, K. S.; Mann, G. W.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Chin, M.; Diehl, T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [De Luca, N.; Pitari, G.] Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Sci Fis & Chim, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Ghan, S. J.; Liu, X.; Zhang, K.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Iversen, T.; Kirkevag, A.; Schulz, M.; Seland, O.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Liu, X.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Skeie, R. B.] Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Steenrod, S. D.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Stier, P.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford, England. [Takemura, T.] Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. [van Noije, T.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Yun, Y.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Zhang, K.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. RP Jiao, C (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM chaoyij@umich.edu RI Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Flanner, Mark/C-6139-2011; Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Carslaw, Ken/C-8514-2009; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Jiao, Chaoyi/F-9065-2015; Zhang, Kai/F-8415-2010; Skeie, Ragnhild/K-1173-2015; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016 OI Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Flanner, Mark/0000-0003-4012-174X; Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Carslaw, Ken/0000-0002-6800-154X; Zhang, Kai/0000-0003-0457-6368; Skeie, Ragnhild/0000-0003-1246-4446; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; FU NSF [ATM-0852775, ARC-1023387]; Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme [GA01101]; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Scientific Discoveries through Advanced Computing program; DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830]; Research Council of Norway through the RegClim project; Research Council of Norway through NorClim project; Research Council of Norway through EarthClim project [207711/E10]; Research Council of Norway through NOTUR/NorStore project; Norwegian Space Centre through PM-VRAE; EU project PEGASOS; EU project ACCESS; Norwegian Research Council through the project SLAC (Short Lived Atmospheric Components); EU project ECLIPSE; UK Natural Environment Research Council project AEROS [NE/G006148/1]; Max Planck Society FX This research was partially supported by NSF ATM-0852775 and ARC-1023387. N. Bellouin was supported by the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). S. Ghan and X. Liu were supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Scientific Discoveries through Advanced Computing program. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. T. Iversen, A. Kirkevag and O. Seland have been funded by the Research Council of Norway through the RegClim, NorClim, EarthClim (207711/E10) and NOTUR/NorStore projects, by the Norwegian Space Centre through PM-VRAE, and by the EU projects PEGASOS and ACCESS. R. B. Skeie has been funded by the Norwegian Research Council through the project SLAC (Short Lived Atmospheric Components) and the EU project ECLIPSE. P. Stier acknowledges support from the UK Natural Environment Research Council project AEROS [NE/G006148/1]. K. Zhang was supported by funding from the Max Planck Society. NR 91 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 42 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 5 BP 2399 EP 2417 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2399-2014 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LK UT WOS:000334104200013 ER PT J AU Wells, KC Millet, DB Cady-Pereira, KE Shephard, MW Henze, DK Bousserez, N Apel, EC de Gouw, J Warneke, C Singh, HB AF Wells, K. C. Millet, D. B. Cady-Pereira, K. E. Shephard, M. W. Henze, D. K. Bousserez, N. Apel, E. C. de Gouw, J. Warneke, C. Singh, H. B. TI Quantifying global terrestrial methanol emissions using observations from the TES satellite sensor SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; ATMOSPHERIC METHANOL; TRACE GASES; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; NORTH-ATLANTIC; AIR-QUALITY; GEOS-CHEM AB We employ new global space-based measurements of atmospheric methanol from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) with the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to quantify terrestrial emissions of methanol to the atmosphere. Biogenic methanol emissions in the model are based on version 2.1 of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1), using leaf area data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GEOS-5 assimilated meteorological fields. We first carry out a pseudo observation test to validate the overall approach, and find that the TES sampling density is sufficient to accurately quantify regional-to continental-scale methanol emissions using this method. A global inversion of two years of TES data yields an optimized annual global surface flux of 122 Tg yr(-1) (including biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic sources), an increase of 60% from the a priori global flux of 76 Tg yr(-1). Global terrestrial methanol emissions are thus nearly 25% those of isoprene (similar to 540 Tg yr(-1)), and are comparable to the combined emissions of all anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (similar to 100-200 Tg yr(-1)). Our a posteriori terrestrial methanol source leads to a strong improvement of the simulation relative to an ensemble of airborne observations, and corroborates two other recent top-down estimates (114-120 Tg yr(-1)) derived using in situ and space-based measurements. Inversions testing the sensitivity of optimized fluxes to model errors in OH, dry deposition, and oceanic uptake of methanol, as well as to the assumed a priori constraint, lead to global fluxes ranging from 118 to 126 Tg yr(-1). The TES data imply a relatively modest revision of model emissions over most of the tropics, but a significant upward revision in midlatitudes, particularly over Europe and North America. We interpret the inversion results in terms of specific source types using the methanol : CO correlations measured by TES, and find that biogenic emissions are overestimated relative to biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions in central Africa and southeastern China, while they are underestimated in regions such as Brazil and the US. Based on our optimized emissions, methanol accounts for > 25% of the photochemical source of CO and HCHO over many parts of the northern extratropics during springtime, and contributes similar to 6% of the global secondary source of those compounds annually. C1 [Wells, K. C.; Millet, D. B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Cady-Pereira, K. E.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. [Shephard, M. W.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Henze, D. K.; Bousserez, N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Apel, E. C.] NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO USA. [de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Millet, DB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dbm@umn.edu RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; FU NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program [NNX10AG65G]; University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute; EPA Science To Achieve Results program [RD83455901] FX This work was supported by NASA through the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (grant no. NNX10AG65G), the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and by the EPA Science To Achieve Results program (grant no. RD83455901). We gratefully thank J. Worden and M. Luo for their role in developing the TES methanol retrieval. NR 76 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 5 BP 2555 EP 2570 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2555-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LK UT WOS:000334104200023 ER PT J AU Eckert, E von Clarmann, T Kiefer, M Stiller, GP Lossow, S Glatthor, N Degenstein, DA Froidevaux, L Godin-Beekmann, S Leblanc, T McDermid, S Pastel, M Steinbrecht, W Swart, DPJ Walker, KA Bernath, PF AF Eckert, E. von Clarmann, T. Kiefer, M. Stiller, G. P. Lossow, S. Glatthor, N. Degenstein, D. A. Froidevaux, L. Godin-Beekmann, S. Leblanc, T. McDermid, S. Pastel, M. Steinbrecht, W. Swart, D. P. J. Walker, K. A. Bernath, P. F. TI Drift-corrected trends and periodic variations in MIPAS IMK/IAA ozone measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; TEMPERATURE; LIDAR; VALIDATION; SATELLITE; PROFILES; VARIABILITY; INSTRUMENT; RETRIEVAL; STATIONS AB Drifts, trends and periodic variations were calculated from monthly zonally averaged ozone profiles. The ozone profiles were derived from level-1b data of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) by means of the scientific level-2 processor run by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK). All trend and drift analyses were performed using a multilinear parametric trend model which includes a linear term, several harmonics with period lengths from 3 to 24 months and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Drifts at 2-sigma significance level were mainly negative for ozone relative to Aura MLS and Odin OSIRIS and negative or near zero for most of the comparisons to lidar measurements. Lidar stations used here include those at Hohenpeissenberg (47.8 degrees N, 11.0 degrees E), Lauder (45.0 degrees S, 169.7 degrees E), Mauna Loa (19.5 degrees N, 155.6 degrees W), Observatoire Haute Provence (43.9 degrees N, 5.7 degrees E) and Table Mountain (34.4 degrees N, 117.7 degrees W). Drifts against the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) were found to be mostly insignificant. The assessed MIPAS ozone trends cover the time period of July 2002 to April 2012 and range from -0.56 ppmv decade(-1) to +0.48 ppmv decade(-1) (-0.52 ppmv decade(-1) to +0.47 ppmv decade(-1) when displayed on pressure coordinates) depending on altitude/ pressure and latitude. From the empirical drift analyses we conclude that the real ozone trends might be slightly more positive/ less negative than those calculated from the MIPAS data, by conceding the possibility of MIPAS having a very small (approximately within -0.3 ppmv decade(-1)) negative drift for ozone. This leads to drift-corrected trends of -0.41 ppmv decade(-1) to +0.55 ppmv decade(-1) (-0.38 ppmv decade(-1) to +0.53 ppmv decade(-1) when displayed on pressure coordinates) for the time period covered by MIPAS Envisat measurements, with very few negative and large areas of positive trends at mid-latitudes for both hemispheres around and above 30 km (similar to 10 hPa). Negative trends are found in the tropics around 25 and 35 km (similar to 25 and 5 hPa), while an area of positive trends is located right above the tropical tropopause. These findings are in good agreement with the recent literature. Differences of the trends compared with the recent literature could be explained by a possible shift of the subtropical mixing barriers. Results for the altitude-latitude distribution of amplitudes of the quasi-biennial, annual and the semi-annual oscillation are overall in very good agreement with recent findings. C1 [Eckert, E.; von Clarmann, T.; Kiefer, M.; Stiller, G. P.; Lossow, S.; Glatthor, N.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Degenstein, D. A.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Godin-Beekmann, S.; Pastel, M.] Univ Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, Univ Paris 06, Lab Atmosphere Milieux Observat Spatiales LATMOS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace,CNRS, Paris, France. [Leblanc, T.; McDermid, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Wrightwood, CA USA. [Steinbrecht, W.] Deutsch Wetterdienst, Meteorol Observ, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. [Swart, D. P. J.] Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Protect, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Eckert, E (reprint author), Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM ellen.eckert@kit.edu RI Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/G-6113-2010; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012 OI Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/0000-0003-0680-6729; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X FU Scientific Supercomputing Center (SSC) Karlsruhe under project grant MIPAS; DLR [50EE0901]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The retrievals of IMK/IAA were partly performed on the HP XC4000 of the Scientific Supercomputing Center (SSC) Karlsruhe under project grant MIPAS. IMK data analysis was supported by DLR under contract number 50EE0901. MIPAS level-1b data were provided by ESA. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 5 BP 2571 EP 2589 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2571-2014 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LK UT WOS:000334104200024 ER PT J AU Weaver, C Kiemle, C Kawa, SR Aalto, T Necki, J Steinbacher, M Arduini, J Apadula, F Berkhout, H Hatakka, J AF Weaver, C. Kiemle, C. Kawa, S. R. Aalto, T. Necki, J. Steinbacher, M. Arduini, J. Apadula, F. Berkhout, H. Hatakka, J. TI Retrieval of methane source strengths in Europe using a simple modeling approach to assess the potential of spaceborne lidar observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR; CO2 COLUMN ABSORPTION; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; MISSION; SITE AB We investigate the sensitivity of future spaceborne lidar measurements to changes in surface methane emissions. We use surface methane observations from nine European ground stations and a Lagrangian transport model to infer surface methane emissions for 2010. Our inversion shows the strongest emissions from the Netherlands, the coal mines in Upper Silesia, Poland, and wetlands in southern Finland. The simulated methane surface concentrations capture at least half of the daily variability in the observations, suggesting that the transport model is correctly simulating the regional transport pathways over Europe. With this tool we can test whether proposed methane lidar instruments will be sensitive to changes in surface emissions. We show that future lidar instruments should be able to detect a 50% reduction in methane emissions from the Netherlands and Germany, at least during summer. C1 [Weaver, C.; Kawa, S. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Weaver, C.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Weaver, C.; Kiemle, C.] Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Aalto, T.; Hatakka, J.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Necki, J.] AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Krakow, Poland. [Steinbacher, M.] Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Air Pollut Environm Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland. [Arduini, J.] Univ Urbino, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. [Apadula, F.] Res Energy Syst, Environm & Sustainable Dev Dept, Milan, Italy. [Berkhout, H.] RIVM, Ctr Environm Monitoring, Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Weaver, C (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM clark.j.weaver@nasa.gov RI Aalto, Tuula/P-6183-2014; Steinbacher, Martin/B-7424-2009; arduini, jgor/N-2798-2016 OI Aalto, Tuula/0000-0002-3264-7947; Steinbacher, Martin/0000-0002-7195-8115; arduini, jgor/0000-0002-5199-3853 FU Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); NASA ASCENDS Flight Projects development FX This research was funded by Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) and the NASA ASCENDS Flight Projects development. The authors thank the scientists, research technicians and graduate students that monitor the worldwide ground-based surface observational network that measure trace gases. We appreciate the patience and comments of the two anonymous reviewers. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 5 BP 2625 EP 2637 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2625-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LK UT WOS:000334104200027 ER PT J AU Fischer, EV Jacob, DJ Yantosca, RM Sulprizio, MP Millet, DB Mao, J Paulot, F Singh, HB Roiger, A Ries, L Talbot, RW Dzepina, K Deolal, SP AF Fischer, E. V. Jacob, D. J. Yantosca, R. M. Sulprizio, M. P. Millet, D. B. Mao, J. Paulot, F. Singh, H. B. Roiger, A. Ries, L. Talbot, R. W. Dzepina, K. Deolal, S. Pandey TI Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; OZONE PRODUCTION EFFICIENCIES; BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; DIFFERENT SOURCE REGIONS; NITRIC ANHYDRIDES PANS; LOWER FREE TROPOSPHERE; TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; METHYL VINYL KETONE; PEARL RIVER DELTA AB Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO+ NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30%), acetone (7%), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19%). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37%) and alkanes (14%). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic. C1 [Fischer, E. V.; Paulot, F.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Jacob, D. J.; Yantosca, R. M.; Sulprizio, M. P.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Millet, D. B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Mao, J.] Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Roiger, A.] Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Ries, L.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX USA. [Talbot, R. W.] GAW Global Stn Zugspitze Hohenpeissenberg, Fed Environm Agcy, Zugspitze, Germany. [Dzepina, K.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Deolal, S. Pandey] Bluesign Technol AG, St Gallen, Switzerland. RP Fischer, EV (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM evf@atmos.colostate.edu RI Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Dzepina, Katja/A-1372-2014; Fischer, Emily/K-7330-2015; Yantosca, Robert/F-7920-2014; Mao, Jingqiu/F-2511-2010 OI Fischer, Emily/0000-0001-8298-3669; Yantosca, Robert/0000-0003-3781-1870; Mao, Jingqiu/0000-0002-4774-9751 FU NASA; NOAA; Harvard University Center for the Environment; National Science Foundation [ATM-0720955, AGS-1110059] FX This work was supported by the NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program. Support for E. V. Fischer was provided by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, administered by UCAR, and by a Harvard University Center for the Environment Postdoctoral Fellowship. The contribution of PAN data from the GAW Global Station Hohenbeissenberg by Stefan Gilge, German Meteorological Service, is greatly acknowledged. The contribution of PAN data from the Jungfraujoch Mountain Site by Christoph Zellweger (EMPA) is greatly acknowledged. We thank Hiroshi Tanimoto for providing the data from Rishiri, Japan. Pico PAN data were collected under the leadership of Richard Honrath with funding from the National Science Foundation grant ATM-0720955. Funding for the analysis of the Pico PAN measurements by Katja Dzepina, Jim Roberts and Lynn Mazzoleni was provided by the National Science Foundation through grant AGS-1110059. We also appreciate the contribution of unpublished PAN data from the Thompson Farm AIRMAP Site by Ryan Chartier. Finally, we thank Martin Steinbacher and Jim Roberts for helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 167 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 79 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 5 BP 2679 EP 2698 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LK UT WOS:000334104200031 ER PT J AU Fu, D Pongetti, TJ Blavier, JFL Crawford, TJ Manatt, KS Toon, GC Wong, KW Sander, SP AF Fu, D. Pongetti, T. J. Blavier, J. -F. L. Crawford, T. J. Manatt, K. S. Toon, G. C. Wong, K. W. Sander, S. P. TI Near-infrared remote sensing of Los Angeles trace gas distributions from a mountaintop site SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK; LINE PARAMETERS; SOLAR ABSORPTION; SPECTROMETER; CM(-1); BAND; O-2; RETRIEVALS; VALIDATION AB The Los Angeles basin is a significant anthropogenic source of major greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and the pollutant CO, contributing significantly to regional and global climate change. We present a novel approach for monitoring the spatial and temporal distributions of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles basin using a high-resolution spectroscopic remote sensing technique. A new Fourier transform spectrometer called CLARS-FTS has been deployed since May, 2010, at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)'s California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) on Mt. Wilson, California, for automated long-term measurements of greenhouse gases. The instrument design and performance of CLARS-FTS are presented. From its mountaintop location at an altitude of 1673 m, the instrument points at a programmed sequence of ground target locations in the Los Angeles basin, recording spectra of reflected near-IR solar radiation. Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of greenhouse gases (XGHG) including XCO2, XCH4, and XCO are retrieved several times per day for each target. Spectra from a local Spectralon (R) scattering plate are also recorded to determine background (free tropospheric) column abundances above the site. Comparisons between measurements from LA basin targets and the Spectralon (R) plate provide estimates of the boundary layer partial column abundances of the measured species. Algorithms are described for transforming the measured interferograms into spectra, and for deriving column abundances from the spectra along with estimates of the measurement precision and accuracy. The CLARS GHG measurements provide a means to infer relative, and possibly absolute, GHG emissions. C1 [Fu, D.; Pongetti, T. J.; Blavier, J. -F. L.; Crawford, T. J.; Manatt, K. S.; Toon, G. C.; Wong, K. W.; Sander, S. P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Fu, D.; Sander, S. P.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Fu, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dejian.fu@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Instrument Incubator Program; NOAA Climate Program; NIST; California Air Resources Board; JPL Earth Science and Technology Directorate FX We are grateful to K. Bowman, A. Butz, R. Duren, A. Eldering, C. Frankenberg, F. Hase, E. Kort, K. F. Li, C. Miller, D. Natzic, S. Newman, C. Roehl, R. L. Shia, J. Stutz, P. Wennberg, J. Worden, D. Wunch and Y. L. Yung for many helpful discussions. Support from the NASA Instrument Incubator Program, NOAA Climate Program, NIST, California Air Resources Board and the JPL Earth Science and Technology Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. Copyright 2013, California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. NR 54 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 24 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 3 BP 713 EP 729 DI 10.5194/amt-7-713-2014 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE6LX UT WOS:000334105700003 ER PT J AU Vanderhoof, M Williams, CA Shuai, Y Jarvis, D Kulakowski, D Masek, J AF Vanderhoof, M. yyy Williams, C. A. Shuai, Y. Jarvis, D. Kulakowski, D. Masek, J. TI Albedo-induced radiative forcing from mountain pine beetle outbreaks in forests, south-central Rocky Mountains: magnitude, persistence, and relation to outbreak severity SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LODGEPOLE PINE; CLIMATE FEEDBACKS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; BOREAL FORESTS; SCALE; COLORADO; REGENERATION; EPIDEMIC; DYNAMICS; IMPACTS AB Mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks in North America are widespread and have potentially persistent impacts on forest albedo and associated radiative forcing. This study utilized multiple data sets, both current and historical, within lodgepole pine stands in the south- central Rocky Mountains to quantify the full radiative forcing impact of outbreak events for decades after outbreak (0-60 yr) and the role of outbreak severity in determining that impact. Change in annual albedo and radiative forcing peaked at 1420 yr post-outbreak(0.06 +/- 0.006 and -0.8 +/- 0.1Wm(-2), respectively) and recovered to pre- outbreak levels by 30-40 yr post- outbreak. Change in albedo was significant in all four seasons, but strongest in winter with the increased visibility of snow (radiative cooling of -1.6 +/- 0.2Wm(-2), -3.0 +/- 0.4Wm(-2), and -1.6 +/- 0.2Wm(-2) for 2-13, 14-20 and 20-30 yr post-outbreak, respectively). Change in winter albedo and radiative forcing also increased with outbreak severity (percent tree mortality). Persistence of albedo effects are seen as a function of the growth rate and species composition of surviving trees, and the establishment and growth of both understory herbaceous vegetation and tree species, all of which may vary with outbreak severity. The establishment and persistence of deciduous trees was found to increase the temporal persistence of albedo effects. MPBinduced changes to radiative forcing may have feedbacks for regional temperature and the hydrological cycle, which could impact future MPB outbreaks dynamics. C1 [Vanderhoof, M. yyy; Williams, C. A.; Jarvis, D.; Kulakowski, D.] Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. [Shuai, Y.] NASA GSFC, Earth Resources Technol Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Masek, J.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Vanderhoof, M (reprint author), Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. EM mevanderhoof@clarku.edu RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012 FU NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (NESSF) [12-Earth12R-59, 13-Earth13R-8]; NASA [NNX11AG53G]; National Science Foundation [1262691] FX This work was funded by the 2011-2013 NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (NESSF) (12-Earth12R-59 and 13-Earth13R-8). Additional financial support was received from the NASA ROSES09 Science of Terra and Aqua program (grant #: NNX11AG53G) as well as the National Science Foundation (grant #: 1262691). We thank Rocky Mountain National Park for their field support and Marcus Pasay for his assistance with field work. We also thank Brian Howell and Justin Backsen of the USFS Region 2 for their assistance with the historical ADS surveys, as well as the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous versions of this paper. NR 62 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 3 BP 563 EP 575 DI 10.5194/bg-11-563-2014 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AE6KB UT WOS:000334099700003 ER PT J AU Romanou, A Romanski, J Gregg, WW AF Romanou, A. Romanski, J. Gregg, W. W. TI Natural ocean carbon cycle sensitivity to parameterizations of the recycling in a climate model SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SEA; FLUX; REMINERALIZATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; TEMPERATURE; CIRCULATION; ATLANTIC; PACIFIC AB Sensitivities of the oceanic biological pump within the GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) climate modeling system are explored here. Results are presented from twin control simulations of the air-sea CO2 gas exchange using two different ocean models coupled to the same atmosphere. The two ocean models (Russell ocean model and Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM) use different vertical coordinate systems, and therefore different representations of column physics. Both variants of the GISS climate model are coupled to the same ocean biogeochemistry module (the NASA Ocean Biogeochemistry Model, NOBM), which computes prognostic distributions for biotic and abiotic fields that influence the air-sea flux of CO2 and the deep ocean carbon transport and storage. In particular, the model differences due to remineralization rate changes are compared to differences attributed to physical processes modeled differently in the two ocean models such as ventilation, mixing, eddy stirring and vertical advection. GISSEH(GISSER) is found to underestimate mixed layer depth compared to observations by about 55% (10%) in the Southern Ocean and overestimate it by about 17% (underestimate by 2%) in the northern high latitudes. Everywhere else in the global ocean, the two models underestimate the surface mixing by about 12-34%, which prevents deep nutrients from reaching the surface and promoting primary production there. Consequently, carbon export is reduced because of reduced production at the surface. Furthermore, carbon export is particularly sensitive to remineralization rate changes in the frontal regions of the subtropical gyres and at the Equator and this sensitivity in the model is much higher than the sensitivity to physical processes such as vertical mixing, vertical advection and mesoscale eddy transport. At depth, GISSER, which has a significant warm bias, remineralizes nutrients and carbon faster thereby producing more nutrients and carbon at depth, which eventually resurfaces with the global thermohaline circulation especially in the Southern Ocean. Because of the reduced primary production and carbon export in GISSEH compared to GISSER, the biological pump efficiency, i.e., the ratio of primary production and carbon export at 75 m, is half in the GISSEH of that in GISSER, The Southern Ocean emerges as a key region where the CO2 flux is as sensitive to biological parameterizations as it is to physical parameterizations. The fidelity of ocean mixing in the Southern Ocean compared to observations is shown to be a good indicator of the magnitude of the biological pump efficiency regardless of physical model choice. C1 [Romanou, A.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Romanski, J.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Clim Syst Res, New York, NY USA. [Gregg, W. W.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Romanou, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM ar2235@columbia.edu FU NASA-ROSES Modeling, Analysis and Prediction [2008 NNH08ZDA001N-MAP] FX Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space Flight Center. Funding was provided by NASA-ROSES Modeling, Analysis and Prediction 2008 NNH08ZDA001N-MAP. NR 54 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2014 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1137 EP 1154 DI 10.5194/bg-11-1137-2014 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA AE6KG UT WOS:000334100300017 ER PT S AU Mansour, K Rury, AS Grudinin, IS Yu, N AF Mansour, Kamjou Rury, Aaron S. Grudinin, Ivan S. Yu, Nan BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Aschke, L Washio, K TI Progress towards Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator based Spectroscopy in Mid-Infrared SO LASER RESONATORS, MICRORESONATORS, AND BEAM CONTROL XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XVI CY FEB 03-06, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators; Mid-IR spectroscopy ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FREQUENCY COMBS; OPTICAL MICROCAVITIES; CAVITY; MICRORESONATOR; MICROSPHERE; REFERENCES; SPECTRUM; SHIFT AB We present studies of using high Q whispering gallery mode resonators in Mid-IR laser spectroscopy. Several crystalline materials have high transparency in Mid-IR wavelength region and can be made into high Q optical resonators. We report recent measurements of Q values of greater than 1 x 10(8) in the wavelength region longer than 3 mu m using one of these materials, Magnesium Fluoride (MgF2). These resonators are being used for cavity ring-down measurements, optical frequency comb generation, and their applications in Mid-IR spectroscopy. C1 [Mansour, Kamjou; Rury, Aaron S.; Grudinin, Ivan S.; Yu, Nan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Nan.Yu@jpl.nasa.gov OI Rury, Aaron/0000-0002-1836-1424 NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9873-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8960 AR 89600Y DI 10.1117/12.2042218 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA2ZT UT WOS:000334026300021 ER PT J AU Hill, DJ Haywood, AM Lunt, DJ Hunter, SJ Bragg, FJ Contoux, C Stepanek, C Sohl, L Rosenbloom, NA Chan, WL Kamae, Y Zhang, Z Abe-Ouchi, A Chandler, MA Jost, A Lohmann, G Otto-Bliesner, BL Ramstein, G Ueda, H AF Hill, D. J. Haywood, A. M. Lunt, D. J. Hunter, S. J. Bragg, F. J. Contoux, C. Stepanek, C. Sohl, L. Rosenbloom, N. A. Chan, W. -L. Kamae, Y. Zhang, Z. Abe-Ouchi, A. Chandler, M. A. Jost, A. Lohmann, G. Otto-Bliesner, B. L. Ramstein, G. Ueda, H. TI Evaluating the dominant components of warming in Pliocene climate simulations SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; MODEL INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; PLIOMIP EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; MID-PLIOCENE; COUPLED MODEL; LATE NEOGENE; PERIOD; RECONSTRUCTION AB The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) is the first coordinated climate model comparison for a warmer palaeoclimate with atmospheric CO2 significantly higher than pre-industrial concentrations. The simulations of the mid-Pliocene warm period show global warming of between 1.8 and 3.6 degrees C above pre-industrial surface air temperatures, with significant polar amplification. Here we perform energy balance calculations on all eight of the coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations within PlioMIP Experiment 2 to evaluate the causes of the increased temperatures and differences between the models. In the tropics simulated warming is dominated by greenhouse gas increases, with the cloud component of planetary albedo enhancing the warming in most of the models, but by widely varying amounts. The responses to mid-Pliocene climate forcing in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes are substantially different between the climate models, with the only consistent response being a warming due to increased greenhouse gases. In the high latitudes all the energy balance components become important, but the dominant warming influence comes from the clear sky albedo, only partially offset by the increases in the cooling impact of cloud albedo. This demonstrates the importance of specified ice sheet and high latitude vegetation boundary conditions and simulated sea ice and snow albedo feedbacks. The largest components in the overall uncertainty are associated with clouds in the tropics and polar clear sky albedo, particularly in sea ice regions. These simulations show that albedo feedbacks, particularly those of sea ice and ice sheets, provide the most significant enhancements to high latitude warming in the Pliocene. C1 [Hill, D. J.; Haywood, A. M.; Hunter, S. J.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. [Hill, D. J.] British Geol Survey, Nottingham NG12 5GG, England. [Lunt, D. J.; Bragg, F. J.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. [Contoux, C.; Ramstein, G.] Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Saclay, France. [Contoux, C.; Jost, A.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Sisyphe, Paris, France. [Stepanek, C.; Lohmann, G.] Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Sohl, L.; Chandler, M. A.] Columbia Univ, NASA GISS, New York, NY USA. [Rosenbloom, N. A.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Chan, W. -L.; Abe-Ouchi, A.] Univ Tokyo, Atmosphere & Ocean Res Inst, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. [Kamae, Y.; Ueda, H.] Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Zhang, Z.] UniRes & Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. [Zhang, Z.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Nansen Zhu Int Res Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Abe-Ouchi, A.] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Hill, DJ (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. EM eardjh@leeds.ac.uk RI Lunt, Daniel/G-9451-2011; Ramstein, Gilles/L-3328-2014; Kamae, Youichi/L-6694-2013; Zhang, Zhongshi/L-2891-2013; Bragg, Fran/C-6198-2015; OI Lohmann, Gerrit/0000-0003-2089-733X; Lunt, Daniel/0000-0003-3585-6928; Ramstein, Gilles/0000-0002-1522-917X; Kamae, Youichi/0000-0003-0461-5718; Zhang, Zhongshi/0000-0002-2354-1622; Bragg, Fran/0000-0002-8179-4214; Hill, Daniel/0000-0001-5492-3925; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako/0000-0003-1745-5952 FU Leverhulme Trust; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; British Geological Survey; European Research Council under the European Union/ERC [278636]; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [NE/I016287/1, NE/G009112/1]; NERC [NE/H006273/1]; Research Councils UK for the award of an RCUK fellowship; Leverhulme Trust for the award of a Phillip Leverhulme Prize; Helmholtz research programme PACES; Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM; Helmholtz Graduate School for Polar and Marine Research; REKLIM; NSF (National Science Foundation) [ATM0323516]; NASA [NNX10AU63A]; US NSF; NSF; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Earth System Modelling (ESM) project; Statoil, Norway FX D. J. Hill acknowledges the Leverhulme Trust for the award of an Early Career Fellowship and the National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the British Geological Survey for financial support. A. M. Haywood and S. J. Hunter acknowledge that the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 278636. A. M. Haywood acknowledges funding received from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC Grant NE/I016287/1, and NE/G009112/1 along with D. J. Lunt). D. J. Lunt and F. J. Bragg acknowledge NERC grant NE/H006273/1. D. J. Lunt acknowledges Research Councils UK for the award of an RCUK fellowship and the Leverhulme Trust for the award of a Phillip Leverhulme Prize. The HadCM3 simulations were carried out using the computational facilities of the Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol - http://www.bris.ac.uk/acrc/. G. Lohmann received funding through the Helmholtz research programme PACES and the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. C. Stepanek acknowledges financial support from the Helmholtz Graduate School for Polar and Marine Research and from REKLIM. Funding for L. Sohl and M. A. Chandler provided by NSF (National Science Foundation) Grant ATM0323516 and NASA Grant NNX10AU63A. B. L. Otto-Bliesner and N. A. Rosenbloom recognize that NCAR is sponsored by the US NSF and computing resources were provided by the Climate Simulation Laboratory at NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL), sponsored by the NSF and other agencies. W.-L. Chan and A. Abe-Ouchi would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for financial support and R. Ohgaito for advice on setting up the MIROC4m experiments on the Earth Simulator, JAMSTEC. The source code of the MRI model is provided by S. Yukimoto, O. Arakawa, and A. Kitoh of the Meteorological Research Institute, Japan. Z. Zhang acknowledges that the development of NorESM-L was supported by the Earth System Modelling (ESM) project funded by Statoil, Norway. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for the improvements to the manuscript they inspired. Aisling Dolan is acknowledged for a beautiful title for this paper. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 5 U2 46 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2014 VL 10 IS 1 BP 79 EP 90 DI 10.5194/cp-10-79-2014 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE2XV UT WOS:000333837600006 ER PT J AU Schmidt, GA Annan, JD Bartlein, PJ Cook, BI Guilyardi, E Hargreaves, JC Harrison, SP Kageyama, M LeGrande, AN Konecky, B Lovejoy, S Mann, ME Masson-Delmotte, V Risi, C Thompson, D Timmermann, A Tremblay, LB Yiou, P AF Schmidt, G. A. Annan, J. D. Bartlein, P. J. Cook, B. I. Guilyardi, E. Hargreaves, J. C. Harrison, S. P. Kageyama, M. LeGrande, A. N. Konecky, B. Lovejoy, S. Mann, M. E. Masson-Delmotte, V. Risi, C. Thompson, D. Timmermann, A. Tremblay, L. -B. Yiou, P. TI Using palaeo-climate comparisons to constrain future projections in CMIP5 SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LARGE-SCALE FEATURES; ARCTIC SEA-ICE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; FORCING RECONSTRUCTIONS; PRECIPITATION EXTREMES; PMIP SIMULATIONS; PAST CLIMATES AB We present a selection of methodologies for using the palaeo-climate model component of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (Phase 5) (CMIP5) to attempt to constrain future climate projections using the same models. The constraints arise from measures of skill in hindcasting palaeo-climate changes from the present over three periods: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (21 000 yr before present, ka), the mid-Holocene (MH) (6 ka) and the Last Millennium (LM) (850-1850 CE). The skill measures may be used to validate robust patterns of climate change across scenarios or to distinguish between models that have differing outcomes in future scenarios. We find that the multi-model ensemble of palaeo-simulations is adequate for addressing at least some of these issues. For example, selected benchmarks for the LGM and MH are correlated to the rank of future projections of precipitation/temperature or sea ice extent to indicate that models that produce the best agreement with palaeo-climate information give demonstrably different future results than the rest of the models. We also explore cases where comparisons are strongly dependent on uncertain forcing time series or show important non-stationarity, making direct inferences for the future problematic. Overall, we demonstrate that there is a strong potential for the palaeo-climate simulations to help inform the future projections and urge all the modelling groups to complete this subset of the CMIP5 runs. C1 [Schmidt, G. A.; Cook, B. I.; LeGrande, A. N.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Annan, J. D.; Hargreaves, J. C.] JAMSTEC, Yokohama Inst Earth Sci, Res Inst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. [Bartlein, P. J.] Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Guilyardi, E.] Univ Reading, NCAS Climate, Reading RG6 6AH, Berks, England. [Guilyardi, E.] Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS,IRD,UMR7617, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Harrison, S. P.] Univ Reading, Ctr Climate Change, Reading RG6 6AH, Berks, England. [Harrison, S. P.] Univ Reading, SAGES, Reading RG6 6AH, Berks, England. [Harrison, S. P.] Macquarie Univ, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. [Kageyama, M.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Yiou, P.] CE Saclay Orme Merisiers, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CEA,CNRS,UVSQ,UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Konecky, B.] Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Lovejoy, S.; Tremblay, L. -B.] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 0B9, Canada. [Mann, M. E.] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Risi, C.] Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Meteorol Dynam, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Thompson, D.] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Timmermann, A.] Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Schmidt, GA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM gavin.a.schmidt@nasa.gov RI Masson-Delmotte, Valerie/G-1995-2011; Guilyardi, Eric/D-4868-2011; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; KAGEYAMA, Masa/F-2389-2010; Timmermann, Axel /F-4977-2011; Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011; Cook, Benjamin/H-2265-2012; Lovejoy, Shaun/E-8019-2011; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017; OI Masson-Delmotte, Valerie/0000-0001-8296-381X; Guilyardi, Eric/0000-0002-2255-8625; Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; KAGEYAMA, Masa/0000-0003-0822-5880; Timmermann, Axel /0000-0003-0657-2969; Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685; Lovejoy, Shaun/0000-0002-9367-3137; Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X; Harrison, Sandy/0000-0001-5687-1903 FU NASA Modeling and Analysis Program; NOAA; NSF; AORI; PAGES; CLIVAR; French ANR ISOTROPIC; CHEDAR projects; NSF [ATM-0902133]; Japanese Ministry of Environment S-5 fund; NOAA [NA10OAR4310115]; Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network FX This paper arose from a workshop at the Bishop Museum, Honolulu in March 2012 organised by the PAGES-CLIVAR Intersection Panel. Funding from the NASA Modeling and Analysis Program, NOAA, NSF, AORI, PAGES and CLIVAR is gratefully acknowledged. We acknowledge the WCRP WGCM, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups (listed in Table 1 of this paper) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the US Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. Individual researchers were funded from the French ANR ISOTROPIC and CHEDAR projects, NSF grant ATM-0902133, the Japanese Ministry of Environment S-5 fund, NOAA grant NA10OAR4310115, and the Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network. We thank Rumi Ohgaito and Tetsuo Sueyoshi (JAMSTEC) for help in some of the analysis, Richard Healy for model support, and Francoise Vimeux and Sandrine Bony for discussions. Comments from Tamsin Edwards and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the clarity of the paper. NR 157 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 6 U2 74 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2014 VL 10 IS 1 BP 221 EP 250 DI 10.5194/cp-10-221-2014 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AE2XV UT WOS:000333837600016 ER PT J AU Keller, AA Wakefield, WW Whitmire, CE Horness, BH Bellman, MA Bosley, KL AF Keller, Aimee A. Wakefield, W. Waldo Whitmire, Curt E. Horness, Beth H. Bellman, Marlene A. Bosley, Keith L. TI Distribution of demersal fishes along the US west coast (Canada to Mexico) in relation to spatial fishing closures (2003-2011) SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE California Current System; Demersal fishes; Spatial fisheries management; Rockfish Conservation Area ID MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; SNAPPER PAGRUS-AURATUS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; EXPLOITED FISH; PACIFIC COAST; LONG-TERM; RESERVES; MANAGEMENT AB A temporally and spatially variable Rockfish Conservation Area (RCA) was established as a marine protected area along the US west coast in 2002 to protect stocks of rockfishes Sebastes spp. Since the RCA falls within the region sampled annually by the West Coast Groundfish Bottom Trawl Survey, we utilized data collected from 2003 to 2011 to evaluate whether establishment of the RCA influenced catch per unit effort (CPUE), species richness, and size distribution of demersal fishes. We compared CPUE and species richness among 3 management areas (continuously closed, periodically closed, and open to commercial bottom trawling) using analysis of covariance models that account for variability due to area, year, and depth. The most appropriate models for CPUE (35 species treated individually and aggregated into 6 subgroups) and species richness were selected using Akaike's information criterion. All of the best-fit models were highly significant (p < 0.0001), explaining 3 to 76% of the variation in catch. For 27 species and 5 subgroups, mean CPUE was significantly greater within the area continuously closed to commercial bottom trawling relative to areas periodically closed or open. The most appropriate model for richness included area and year, and mean richness was greatest in the area continuously closed to trawling. Species-specific length composition distributions were calculated from subsampled individual lengths for 31 species. Significant differences in length frequency distributions were observed, with a higher proportion (similar to 65%) of larger fish most often present in areas continuously closed to commercial bottom trawling (20 of 31 species) relative to other areas. Our data suggest that the RCA is an effective management tool for conserving not only rockfishes, but also other demersal fish species. C1 [Keller, Aimee A.; Horness, Beth H.; Bellman, Marlene A.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Wakefield, W. Waldo; Whitmire, Curt E.; Bosley, Keith L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Keller, AA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd East, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM aimee.keller@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 19 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2014 VL 501 BP 169 EP 190 DI 10.3354/meps10674 PG 22 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA AE4NI UT WOS:000333958800013 ER PT S AU Hoglund, L Ting, DZ Khoshakhlagh, A Soibel, A Hill, CJ Fisher, A Keo, S Gunapala, SD AF Hoeglund, Linda Ting, David Z. Khoshakhlagh, Arezou Soibel, Alexander Hill, Cory J. Fisher, Anita Keo, Sam Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Razeghi, M Tournie, E Brown, GJ TI Minority carrier lifetime studies of narrow bandgap antimonide superlattices SO QUANTUM SENSING AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES XI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices XI CY FEB 02-06, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE photoluminescence; heterostructure; infrared; superlattice; minority carrier lifetime AB In this study optical modulation response and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to study mid-wave Ga-free InAs/InAsSb superlattices. The minority carrier lifetimes in the different samples varied from 480 ns to 4700 ns, partly due to different background doping concentrations. It was shown that the photoluminescence intensity can be used as a fast non-destructive tool to predict the material quality. It was also demonstrated that it is crucial to use a low excitation power in the photoluminescence measurements in order to get a good correlation between the photoluminescence intensity and the minority carrier lifetime. C1 [Hoeglund, Linda; Ting, David Z.; Khoshakhlagh, Arezou; Soibel, Alexander; Hill, Cory J.; Fisher, Anita; Keo, Sam; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoglund, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9906-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2014 VL 8993 AR 89930Y DI 10.1117/12.2031864 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BA2ZQ UT WOS:000334025500020 ER PT J AU Ng, HK Sridhar, B Grabbe, S AF Ng, Hok K. Sridhar, Banavar Grabbe, Shon TI Optimizing Aircraft Trajectories with Multiple Cruise Altitudes in the Presence of Winds SO JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article AB This study develops a trajectory-optimization algorithm for approximately minimizing aircraft travel time and fuel burn by combining a method for computing minimum-time routes in winds on multiple horizontal planes and an aircraft fuel burn model for generating fuel-optimal vertical profiles. It is applied to assess the potential benefits of flying user-preferred routes for commercial cargo flights operating between Anchorage, Alaska and major airports in Asia and the contiguous United States. Flying wind-optimal trajectories with a fuel-optimal vertical profile reduces average fuel burn of international flights cruising at a single altitude by 1-3%. The potential fuel savings of performing en route step climbs are not significant for many shorter domestic cargo flights that have only one step climb. Wind-optimal trajectories reduce fuel burn and travel time relative to the flight-plan route by up to 3% for the domestic cargo flights. However, for transoceanic traffic, the fuel burn savings could be as much as 10%. The actual savings in operations will vary from the simulation results due to differences in the aircraft models and user-defined cost indices. In general, the savings are proportional to trip length, and depend on the en route wind conditions and aircraft types. C1 [Ng, Hok K.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Sridhar, Banavar] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Aviat Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Grabbe, Shon] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Syst Modeling & Optimizat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ng, HK (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Mail Stop 210-8, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 1940-3151 EI 2327-3097 J9 J AEROSP INFORM SYST JI J. Aerosp. Inf. Syst. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 11 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.2514/1.I010084 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AE1VE UT WOS:000333758200003 ER PT J AU Xue, M Zelinski, S AF Xue, Min Zelinski, Shannon TI Optimal Integration of Departures and Arrivals in Terminal Airspace SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article AB Coordination of operations with spatially and temporally shared resources, such as route segments, fixes, and runways, improves the efficiency of terminal airspace management. Problems in this category are, in general, computationally difficult compared with conventional scheduling problems. This paper presents a fast time algorithm formulation using a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm. It was first applied to a test problem introduced in existing literature. An experiment with a test problem showed that new methods can solve the 20 aircraft problem in fast time with a 65% or 440s delay reduction using shared departure fixes. To test its application in a more realistic and complicated problem, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm was applied to a problem in Los Angeles terminal airspace, where interactions between 28% of Los Angeles arrivals and 10% of Los Angeles departures are resolved by spatial separation in current operations, which may introduce unnecessary delays. In this work, three types of separations (spatial, temporal, and hybrid separations) were formulated using the new algorithm. The hybrid separation combines both temporal and spatial separations. Results showed that, although temporal separation achieved less delay than spatial separation with a small uncertainty buffer, spatial separation outperformed temporal separation when the uncertainty buffer was increased. Hybrid separation introduced much less delay than both spatial and temporal approaches. For a total of 15 interacting departures and arrivals, when compared with spatial separation, the delay reduction of hybrid separation varied between 16% or 4.4min and 73% or 12.1min, corresponding to an uncertainty buffer from 0 to 60s. Furthermore, as a comparison with the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm, a first-come/first-serve-based heuristic method was implemented for the hybrid separation. Experiments showed that the results from the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm have 14-55% less delay than the heuristic method with varied uncertainty buffer sizes. C1 [Xue, Min] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Zelinski, Shannon] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Aerosp High Dens Operat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Xue, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Mail Stop 210-8, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 EI 1533-3884 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 37 IS 1 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.2514/1.60489 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA AD9UG UT WOS:000333609400022 ER PT J AU Joshi, SM Patre, P AF Joshi, Suresh M. Patre, Parag TI Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control with Actuator Failures and Sensor Bias SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article C1 [Joshi, Suresh M.; Patre, Parag] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Patre, Parag] Siemens Corp, Corp Technol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Joshi, SM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 308, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM suresh.m.joshi@nasa.gov; parag.patre@gmail.com NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 EI 1533-3884 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 37 IS 1 BP 312 EP U14 DI 10.2514/1.61446 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA AD9UG UT WOS:000333609400033 ER PT J AU Grauer, J Morelli, E AF Grauer, Jared Morelli, Eugene TI Method for Real-Time Frequency Response and Uncertainty Estimation SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID FLIGHT; DOMAIN C1 [Grauer, Jared; Morelli, Eugene] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Dynam Syst & Control Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Grauer, J (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Dynam Syst & Control Branch, MS 308, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. FU NASA Aviation Safety Program, Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies project; NASA Subsonic Fixed Wing Project FX Research in aircraft system identification is funded by the NASA Aviation Safety Program, Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies project, and the NASA Subsonic Fixed Wing Project. The efforts of the AirSTAR flight-test team at NASA Langley Research Center in building and testing the T-2 aircraft and associated systems, carefully calibrating the instrumentation, and carrying out the flight operations to collect the high-quality flight data used in this study are gratefully acknowledged. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 EI 1533-3884 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 37 IS 1 DI 10.2514/1.60795 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA AD9UG UT WOS:000333609400038 ER PT J AU Goebel, DM Chu, E AF Goebel, Dan M. Chu, Emily TI High- Current Lanthanum Hexaboride Hollow Cathode for High- Power Hall Thrusters SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID WORK FUNCTION; ION AB NASA is continuing to develop high-power Hall thrusters in the range of 20 to 100kW for future cargo and manned missions. The cathodes for these thrusters will be required to produce discharge currents in the 50 to 300A range with lifetimes in excess of 10kh. A prototype high-current hollow cathode with a 2-cm-diam lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) insert was previously developed for these applications. The original design featured a graphite cathode tube to interface with the LaB6 insert and an AL2O3 insulated sheath heater capable of heating the higher temperature emitter to ignition temperatures. A new version of this cathode has been designed and built that uses a refractory metal cathode tube and features a robust design similar to the small LaB6 cathode used for the H6 Hall thruster. The new cathode has been successfully tested at steady-state discharge currents from 25 to 300A. This cathode is intended to be used in an 80kW nested Hall thruster being built at the University of Michigan at discharge currents of over 250A. C1 [Goebel, Dan M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Prop Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Chu, Emily] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goebel, DM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Prop Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dan.m.goebel@jpl.nasa.gov; emc2hu@gmail.com FU NASA FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the JPL, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. The author would like to acknowledge the technical contributions of Ray Swindlehurst and Ron Watkins in the design and fabrication of this cathode. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 EI 1533-3876 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 30 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.2514/1.B34870 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AD9SK UT WOS:000333604600005 ER PT J AU Szabo, J Warner, N Martinez-Sanchez, M Batishchev, O AF Szabo, James Warner, Noah Martinez-Sanchez, Manuel Batishchev, Oleg TI Full Particle-In-Cell Simulation Methodology for Axisymmetric Hall Effect Thrusters SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON EMISSION; PLASMA; ACCELERATION; FLOW AB A fully kinetic plasma simulation based upon the particle-in-cell and MonteCarlo collision methodologies was developed to model axisymmetric closed-drift Hall effect thruster discharges. The simulation captures two dimensions in space and three in velocity. All species are modeled as particles. The electric field is solved by Gauss's law. Electron transport mechanisms include anomalous diffusion, classical diffusion, and wall effects including secondary electron emission. To accelerate the simulation, an artificial ion to electron mass ratio is assumed. An artificial vacuum permittivity is also assumed. The simulation captures many physical features of the discharge, including wall effects and breathing mode oscillations. Thrust is predicted to within 5% and current is predicted to within 16%. A two-temperature electron energy distribution with non-Maxwellian features is also predicted. Axial profiles of plasma density, potential, and temperature compare well with measurements taken with probes embedded in the discharge channel wall. C1 [Szabo, James] Busek Co Inc, Hall Thrusters, Natick, MA 01760 USA. [Warner, Noah] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Martinez-Sanchez, Manuel] MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Batishchev, Oleg] Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res Complex Syst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Szabo, J (reprint author), Busek Co Inc, Hall Thrusters, Natick, MA 01760 USA. FU Air Force Office of Scientific Research; NASA GRC FX The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and NASA GRC for sponsoring portions of this research. This research was conducted entirely at Busek and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 EI 1533-3876 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 30 IS 1 BP 197 EP 208 DI 10.2514/1.B34774 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AD9SK UT WOS:000333604600023 ER PT J AU Mandavifar, A Aguilar, R Peng, ZC Hesketh, PJ Findlay, M Stetter, JR Hunter, GW AF Mandavifar, Alireza Aguilar, Ricardo Peng, Zhengchun Hesketh, Peter J. Findlay, Melvin Stetter, Joseph R. Hunter, Gary W. TI Simulation and Fabrication of an Ultra-Low Power Miniature Microbridge Thermal Conductivity Gas Sensor SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SENSITIVITY; DETECTOR AB A miniature, ultra-low power, sensitive, microbridge-based thermal conductivity gas sensor has been developed. The batch fabrication of the sensors was realized by CMOS compatible processes and surface micromachining techniques. Doped polysilicon was used as the structural material of the bridge with critical dimension of 500 nm. A model of the microbridge was simulated in COMSOL that couples electrical and thermal physics together and includes minimal. simplifications. Modeling results shows that the majority of heat is transferred via conduction through the gas gap under the bridge. Heat loss from constant voltage application was observed to be a function of the thermal conductivity of the gas ambient, resulting in different magnitude of resistance change. Maximum temperature occurs at the center of the bridge and could be as high as 800 K. Modeling results coincide with experimental data in predicting resistance changes. The sensor was tested with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium. The response of the sensor to the mixtures of helium fractions in nitrogen was tested. We demonstrated that the sensitivity for helium in nitrogen was 0.34 m Omega/ppm when operated at 3.6 V supplies (at power level of 4.3 mW). With a Wheatstone bridge with ac excitation and a lock-in amplifier the sensor limit of detection was similar to 700 ppm helium in nitrogen. The stability of the sensor was excellent achieving over 30 billion measurements before failure. (C) 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 [Mandavifar, Alireza; Aguilar, Ricardo; Peng, Zhengchun; Hesketh, Peter J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Findlay, Melvin; Stetter, Joseph R.] KWJ Engn Inc, Newark, CA 94560 USA. [Hunter, Gary W.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Mandavifar, A (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM peter.hesketh@me.gatech.edu FU NASA; KWJ Engineering Inc. FX Many thanks to NASA and KWJ Engineering Inc. for both financial support and technical assistance during the course of the work. The use of US Patents 7,911,010 B2 Mar 22, 2011, J. R. Stetter, "Apparatus and Method for multi-dimensional sensors and sensing systems," 8,426,932 B2, April 23, 2013, J. R. Stetter, "Apparatus and Method for Microfabricated Multidimensional Sensors and Sensing Systems," and US Patents 8,310,016 [Nov 9, 2009] and 7,911,010 [July 17, 2007] is acknowledged. The technical assistance of Gary Spinner and use of the Microelectronics Clean Room at Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology at Georgia Tech during the fabrication of the sensors is greatly acknowledged. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2014 VL 161 IS 4 BP B55 EP B61 DI 10.1149/2.032404jes PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA AD8XR UT WOS:000333549500031 ER PT J AU Wang, H Harrison, KW AF Wang, Hui Harrison, Kenneth W. TI Improving Efficiency of the Bayesian Approach to Water Distribution Contaminant Source Characterization with Support Vector Regression SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Water distribution systems; Bayesian analysis; Pollutants; Water-distribution systems; Bayesian analysis; Support vector regression; Contaminant source characterization ID DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; NETWORKS; UNCERTAINTY; SECURITY; MODEL AB There are multiple sources of uncertainties in urban water-distribution systems, e.g.,nodal water demand and sensor measurement error. All of these uncertainties increase the complexity of contaminant source identification in a sparse sensor network. The large number of attributes (e.g.,contaminant source location, magnitude, injection starting time, and duration) of a contaminant event profile cannot be identified given limited sensor data. Instead, the uncertainties in the contaminant event profile need to be characterized. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods for Bayesian analyses allow for the characterization of the uncertainty in the contamination event profile. To account for stochastic water demands, which has been shown in some circumstances to be necessary if the contaminant event is to be properly characterized, the evaluation of the likelihood function is the most computationally expensive part of the MCMC implementation. Previous work applied Monte Carlo methods for error propagation (MCEP). The research reported in this paper investigates the application of support vector regression (SVR) to speed the likelihood evaluation. This coupled MCMC-SVR approach enables probabilistic inference of the contaminant event. An SVR model, which maps from the contaminant event space to the likelihood space, is built for each node in the network to evaluate the likelihood function during the MCMC chain evolution. For the case study investigated, MCMC-SVR is computationally feasible and robust in inferring the contaminant event. A comparison between MCMC-SVR and MCMC-MCEP reveals that there is no substantial difference between the inferences provided by the two models, whereas the former is more computationally efficient. C1 [Wang, Hui] Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Harrison, Kenneth W.] Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Harrison, Kenneth W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. EM hui.wang@beg.utexas.edu NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 EI 1943-5452 J9 J WATER RES PLAN MAN JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 140 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000323 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA AD7OM UT WOS:000333453500002 ER PT J AU Khazanov, GV Glocer, A Himwich, EW AF Khazanov, G. V. Glocer, A. Himwich, E. W. TI Magnetosphere-ionosphere energy interchange in the electron diffuse aurora SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE diffuse aurora; magnetosphere; precipitation ID WHISTLER-MODE WAVES; PRECIPITATION PATTERNS; TRANSPORT-EQUATION; CROSS-SECTIONS; PITCH-ANGLE; MLT SECTOR; FLUXES; PLASMASPHERE; FIELD; MORPHOLOGY AB The diffuse aurora has recently been shown to be a major contributor of energy flux into the Earth's ionosphere. Therefore, a comprehensive theoretical analysis is required to understand its role in energy redistribution in the coupled ionosphere-magnetosphere system. In previous theoretical descriptions of precipitated magnetospheric electrons (E approximate to 1 keV), the major focus has been the ionization and excitation rates of the neutral atmosphere and the energy deposition rate to thermal ionospheric electrons. However, these precipitating electrons will also produce secondary electrons via impact ionization of the neutral atmosphere. This paper presents the solution of the Boltzman-Landau kinetic equation that uniformly describes the entire electron distribution function in the diffuse aurora, including the affiliated production of secondary electrons (E< 600 eV) and their ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling processes. In this article, we discuss for the first time how diffuse electron precipitation into the atmosphere and the associated secondary electron production participate in ionosphere-magnetosphere energy redistribution. C1 [Khazanov, G. V.; Glocer, A.; Himwich, E. W.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Himwich, E. W.] Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM george.v.khazanov@nasa.gov RI Glocer, Alex/C-9512-2012; feggans, john/F-5370-2012 OI Glocer, Alex/0000-0001-9843-9094; FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration SMD/Heliophysics Supporting Research and Living With a Star programs for Geospace SRT FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration SMD/Heliophysics Supporting Research and Living With a Star programs for Geospace SR&T. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 171 EP 184 DI 10.1002/2013JA019325 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AD1YC UT WOS:000333028600017 ER PT J AU Klimas, A Hwang, KJ -Vinas, AF Goldstein, ML AF Klimas, Alex Hwang, Kyoung-Joo -Vinas, Adolfo F. Goldstein, Melvyn L. TI Open boundary particle-in-cell simulation of dipolarization front propagation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE magnetotail; plasma sheet; dipolarization front; pic simulation ID BOW SHOCK; UPSTREAM; RECONNECTION; REGION; SHEET; FIELD AB First results are presented from an ongoing open boundary 21/2D particle-in-cell simulation study of dipolarization front (DF) propagation in Earth's magnetotail. At this stage, this study is focused on the compression, or pileup, region preceding the DF current sheet. We find that the earthward acceleration of the plasma in this region is in general agreement with a recent DF force balance model. A gyrophase bunched reflected ion population at the leading edge of the pileup region is reflected by a normal electric field in the pileup region itself, rather than through an interaction with the current sheet. We discuss plasma wave activity at the leading edge of the pileup region that may be driven by gradients, or by reflected ions, or both; the mode has not been identified. The waves oscillate near but above the ion cyclotron frequency with wavelength several ion inertial lengths. We show that the waves oscillate primarily in the perpendicular magnetic field components, do not propagate along the background magnetic field, are right handed elliptically (close to circularly) polarized, exist in a region of high electron and ion beta, and are stationary in the plasma frame moving earthward. We discuss the possibility that the waves are present in plasma sheet data, but have not, thus far, been discovered. Key Points Leading pileup region accelerated earthward by plasma pressure gradient Ions reflected and accelerated by normal electric field, not current sheet Unidentified plasma wave activity at leading edge of pileup region C1 [Klimas, Alex; Hwang, Kyoung-Joo] Univ Maryland, GPHI, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Klimas, Alex; -Vinas, Adolfo F.; Goldstein, Melvyn L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Klimas, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM alex.klimas@nasa.gov FU NASA's MMS IDS grant [NCC5-494] FX We thank Don Fairfield for many helpful discussions. This research was supported by NASA's MMS IDS grant NCC5-494 (MOST). NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 185 EP 201 DI 10.1002/2013JA019282 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AD1YC UT WOS:000333028600018 ER PT J AU Birn, J Hesse, M AF Birn, J. Hesse, M. TI Forced reconnection in the near magnetotail: Onset and energy conversion in PIC and MHD simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE entropy conservation; energy transfer; magnetotail reconnection ID THIN CURRENT SHEETS; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; CURRENT DISRUPTION; NEUTRAL SHEETS; PLASMA SHEET; SMALL-SCALE; SUBSTORM; RESISTIVITY; FIELD; CONFIGURATIONS AB Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) together with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of magnetotail dynamics, we investigate the evolution toward onset of reconnection and the subsequent energy transfer and conversion. In either case, reconnection onset is preceded by a driven phase, during which magnetic flux is added to the tail at the high-latitude boundaries, followed by a relaxation phase, during which the configuration continues to respond to the driving. The boundary deformation leads to the formation of thin embedded current sheets, which are bifurcated in the near tail, converging to a single sheet farther out in the MHD simulations. The thin current sheets in the PIC simulation are carried by electrons and are associated with a strong perpendicular electrostatic field, which may provide a connection to parallel potentials and auroral arcs and an ionospheric signal even prior to the onset of reconnection. The PIC simulation very well satisfies integral entropy conservation (intrinsic to ideal MHD) during this phase, supporting ideal ballooning stability. Eventually, the current intensification leads to the onset of reconnection, the formation and ejection of a plasmoid, and a collapse of the inner tail. The earthward flow shows the characteristics of a dipolarization front: enhancement of B-z, associated with a thin vertical electron current sheet in the PIC simulation. Both MHD and PIC simulations show a dominance of energy conversion from incoming Poynting flux to outgoing enthalpy flux, resulting in heating of the inner tail. Localized Joule dissipation plays only a minor role. C1 [Birn, J.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Birn, J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Hesse, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Birn, J (reprint author), Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM jbirn@spacescience.org RI feggans, john/F-5370-2012; NASA MMS, Science Team/J-5393-2013 OI NASA MMS, Science Team/0000-0002-9504-5214 FU US Department of Energy; NSF grant [GEM1203711]; NASA grants [NNX13AD10G, NNX13AD21G, NNX12AO98G] FX Part of this work was performed at Los Alamos under the auspices of the US Department of Energy, supported by NSF grant GEM1203711 and NASA grants NNX13AD10G, NNX13AD21G, and NNX12AO98G. NR 56 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 290 EP 309 DI 10.1002/2013JA019354 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AD1YC UT WOS:000333028600026 ER PT J AU Toth, G Meng, X Gombosi, TI Rastatter, L AF Toth, Gabor Meng, Xing Gombosi, Tamas I. Rastaetter, Lutz TI Predicting the time derivative of local magnetic perturbations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE space weather; magnetic perturbation; magnetic storm; physics-based model; empirical model; prediction ID SPACE WEATHER; MODEL; COMMUNITY; SYSTEMS AB Some of the potentially most destructive effects of severe space weather storms are caused by the geomagnetically induced currents. Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can cause failures of electric transformers and result in widespread blackouts. GICs are induced by the time variability of the magnetic field and are closely related to the time derivative of the local magnetic field perturbation. Predicting dB/dt is rather challenging, since the local magnetic perturbations and their time derivatives are both highly fluctuating quantities, especially during geomagnetic storms. The currently available first principles-based and empirical models cannot predict the detailed minute-scale or even faster time variation of the local magnetic field. On the other hand, Pulkkinen et al. (2013) demonstrated recently that several models can predict with positive skill scores whether the horizontal component of dB/dt at a given magnetometer station will exceed some threshold value in a 20 min time interval. In this paper we investigate if one can improve the efficiency of the prediction further. We find that the Space Weather Modeling Framework, the best performing among the five models compared by Pulkkinen et al. (2013), shows significantly better skill scores in predicting the magnetic perturbation than predicting its time derivative, especially for large deviations. We also find that there is a strong correlation between the magnitude of dB/dt and the magnitude of the horizontal magnetic perturbation itself. Combining these two results one can devise an algorithm that gives better skill scores for predicting dB/dt exceeding various thresholds in 20 min time intervals than the direct approach. Key Points Predicting local magnetic perturbation dB is easier than predicting dB/dtThe local dB/dt is highly correlated with dB itself The dB/dt can be better predicted indirectly from dB and the correlation C1 [Toth, Gabor; Meng, Xing; Gombosi, Tamas I.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Rastaetter, Lutz] NASA, Space Weather Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Toth, G (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM gtoth@umich.edu RI Rastaetter, Lutz/D-4715-2012; Toth, Gabor/B-7977-2013; Meng, Xing/A-1929-2016; Gombosi, Tamas/G-4238-2011 OI Rastaetter, Lutz/0000-0002-7343-4147; Toth, Gabor/0000-0002-5654-9823; Gombosi, Tamas/0000-0001-9360-4951 NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 310 EP 321 DI 10.1002/2013JA019456 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AD1YC UT WOS:000333028600027 ER PT J AU Shume, EB Rodrigues, FS Mannucci, AJ de Paula, ER AF Shume, E. B. Rodrigues, F. S. Mannucci, A. J. de Paula, E. R. TI Modulation of equatorial electrojet irregularities by atmospheric gravity waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE equatorial electrojet; plasma irregularities; atmospheric gravity waves ID SPREAD-F; BACKSCATTER RADAR; SAO-LUIS; CONVECTION; VELOCITIES; REGION; BRAZIL AB On 9 January 2002 and 14 November 2001, the SAo Luis 30 MHz coherent backscatter radar observed unusual daytime echoes scattered from the equatorial electrojet. The electrojet echoing layers on these days, as seen in the range time intensity maps, exhibited quasiperiodic oscillations. Time-frequency decomposition of the magnetic field perturbations H, measured simultaneously by the ground-based magnetometers, also showed evidence of short-period waves. The ground-based observations were aided by measurements of the brightness temperature in the water vapor and infrared bands made by the GOES 8 satellite. The GOES 8 satellite measurements indicated evidence of deep tropospheric convection activities, which are favorable for the launch of atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) near SAo Luis. Our multitechnique investigation, combined with an analysis of the equatorial electric field and current density, indicates that AGW forcing could have been responsible, via coupling with E region electric fields, for the short-period electrojet oscillations observed over SAo Luis. C1 [Shume, E. B.; Mannucci, A. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Rodrigues, F. S.] Univ Texas Dallas, WB Hanson Ctr Space Sci, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. [de Paula, E. R.] Natl Inst Space Res, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. RP Shume, EB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Esayas.B.Shume@jpl.nasa.gov OI Shume, Esayas/0000-0002-4696-1283 FU NASA; FAPESP [2007/08185-9]; FAPESP grants [99/00026-0, 04/01065-0]; NSF [AGS-1261107] FX This research was carried out at JPL, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. E.B. Shume thanks the NPP administered by ORAU under a contract with NASA, and FAPESP project 2007/08185-9. The Sao Luis radar is partially funded by FAPESP grants 99/00026-0 and 04/01065-0. F.S. Rodrigues was partially funded by NSF AGS-1261107. We thank Jeison Santiago for providing the GOES data. E.B. Shume thanks David Fritts for useful discussions. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 366 EP 374 DI 10.1002/2013JA019300 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AD1YC UT WOS:000333028600032 ER PT J AU Norman, RB Gronoff, G Mertens, CJ AF Norman, Ryan B. Gronoff, Guillaume Mertens, Christopher J. TI Influence of dust loading on atmospheric ionizing radiation on Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ionization; Mars; atmospheric radiation; galactic cosmic rays; solar energetic particles; dust storm ID MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; OXIDANT ENHANCEMENT; PARTICLE RADIATION; CARRINGTON EVENT; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; SURFACE; SPACE; ENVIRONMENT; IONOSPHERE; TRANSPORT AB Measuring the radiation environment at the surface of Mars is the primary goal of the Radiation Assessment Detector on the NASA Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover. One of the conditions that Curiosity will likely encounter is a dust storm. The objective of this paper is to compute the cosmic ray ionization in different conditions, including dust storms, as these various conditions are likely to be encountered by Curiosity at some point. In the present work, the Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety model, recently modified for Mars, was used along with the Badhwar & O'Neill 2010 galactic cosmic ray model. In addition to galactic cosmic rays, five different solar energetic particle event spectra were considered. For all input radiation environments, radiation dose throughout the atmosphere and at the surface was investigated as a function of atmospheric dust loading. It is demonstrated that for galactic cosmic rays, the ionization depends strongly on the atmosphere profile. Moreover, it is shown that solar energetic particle events strongly increase the ionization throughout the atmosphere, including ground level, and can account for the radio blackout conditions observed by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument on the Mars Express spacecraft. These results demonstrate that the cosmic rays' influence on the Martian surface chemistry is strongly dependent on solar and atmospheric conditions that should be taken into account for future studies. C1 [Norman, Ryan B.; Gronoff, Guillaume; Mertens, Christopher J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Gronoff, Guillaume] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. RP Norman, RB (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 2 West Reid St,MS 188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ryan.b.norman@nasa.gov RI Norman, Ryan/D-5095-2017; OI Norman, Ryan/0000-0002-9103-7225; Gronoff, Guillaume/0000-0002-0331-7076 FU Human Research Program in the Advanced Capabilities Division under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate of NASA FX This work was supported by the Human Research Program in the Advanced Capabilities Division under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate of NASA. Thanks to Roland Thissen (IPAG, Grenoble, France), Veronique Vuitton (IPAG, Grenoble, France), and Pascal Pernot (LCP, Orsay, France) for helpful discussions concerning Martian ion chemistry. NR 68 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 452 EP 461 DI 10.1002/2013JA019351 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AD1YC UT WOS:000333028600040 ER PT J AU Burton, SP Vaughan, MA Ferrare, RA Hostetler, CA AF Burton, S. P. Vaughan, M. A. Ferrare, R. A. Hostetler, C. A. TI Separating mixtures of aerosol types in airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar data SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; GLOBAL-MODELS; DUST; DEPOLARIZATION; CLASSIFICATION; AEROCOM; RETRIEVALS; EXTINCTION; PARAMETERS; TRANSPORT AB Knowledge of aerosol type is important for determining the magnitude and assessing the consequences of aerosol radiative forcing, and can provide useful information for source attribution studies. However, atmospheric aerosol is frequently not a single pure type, but instead occurs as a mixture of types, and this mixing affects the optical and radiative properties of the aerosol. This paper extends the work of earlier researchers by using the aerosol intensive parameters measured by the NASA Langley Research Center airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-1) to develop a comprehensive and unified set of rules for characterizing the external mixing of several key aerosol intensive parameters: extinction-to-backscatter ratio (i.e., lidar ratio), backscatter color ratio, and depolarization ratio. We present the mixing rules in a particularly simple form that leads easily to mixing rules for the covariance matrices that describe aerosol distributions, rather than just single values of measured parameters. These rules can be applied to infer mixing ratios from the lidar-observed aerosol parameters, even for cases without significant depolarization. We demonstrate our technique with measurement curtains from three HSRL-1 flights which exhibit mixing between two aerosol types, urban pollution plus dust, marine plus dust, and smoke plus marine. For these cases, we infer a time-height cross-section of extinction mixing ratio along the flight track, and partition aerosol extinction into portions attributed to the two pure types. C1 [Burton, S. P.; Vaughan, M. A.; Ferrare, R. A.; Hostetler, C. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Burton, SP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 475, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM sharon.p.burton@nasa.gov FU NASA HQ Science Mission Directorate Radiation Sciences Program; NASA CALIPSO project FX Funding for this research came from the NASA HQ Science Mission Directorate Radiation Sciences Program and the NASA CALIPSO project. The authors also acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.php) used for some of the analysis described in this presentation, and we thank Brent Holben for establishing and maintaining the AERONET stations at the MILAGRO ground sites. Credit is owed to Cindy Brewer for the red-yellow-blue color set used in the mixing ratio plots. The authors are also very grateful to the NASA Langley B200 King Air flight crew for their outstanding work in support of HSRL measurements, and our HSRL engineering and analysis teams, in particular, Tony Cook, David Harper, Rich Hare, John Hair, Ray Rogers, Amy Jo Scarino, and Mike Obland, for building these excellent instruments, operating them in flight, and processing the measurements. Finally, we would like to thank Brian Cairns (NASA GISS) and Larry Thomason (NASA LaRC) for helpful discussions about the derivations presented in this paper. NR 56 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 2 BP 419 EP 436 DI 10.5194/amt-7-419-2014 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC3AF UT WOS:000332386700006 ER PT J AU Hall, BD Engel, A Muhle, J Elkins, JW Artuso, F Atlas, E Aydin, M Blake, D Brunke, EG Chiavarini, S Fraser, PJ Happell, J Krummel, PB Levin, I Loewenstein, M Maione, M Montzka, SA O'Doherty, S Reimann, S Rhoderick, G Saltzman, ES Scheel, HE Steele, LP Vollmer, MK Weiss, RF Worthy, D Yokouchi, Y AF Hall, B. D. Engel, A. Muehle, J. Elkins, J. W. Artuso, F. Atlas, E. Aydin, M. Blake, D. Brunke, E. -G. Chiavarini, S. Fraser, P. J. Happell, J. Krummel, P. B. Levin, I. Loewenstein, M. Maione, M. Montzka, S. A. O'Doherty, S. Reimann, S. Rhoderick, G. Saltzman, E. S. Scheel, H. E. Steele, L. P. Vollmer, M. K. Weiss, R. F. Worthy, D. Yokouchi, Y. TI Results from the International Halocarbons in Air Comparison Experiment (IHALACE) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID INTERCOMPARISON EXPERIMENT NOMHICE; NITROUS-OXIDE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; AMBIENT AIR; DRY AIR; GASES; CH4; STRATOSPHERE; CALIBRATION; TROPOSPHERE AB The International Halocarbons in Air Comparison Experiment (IHALACE) was conducted to document relationships between calibration scales among various laboratories that measure atmospheric greenhouse and ozone depleting gases. This study included trace gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), as well as nitrous oxide, methane, sulfur hexafluoride, very short-lived halocompounds, and carbonyl sulfide. Many of these gases are present in the unpolluted atmosphere at pmol mol(-1) (parts per trillion) or nmol mol(-1) (parts per billion) levels. Six stainless steel cylinders containing natural and modified natural air samples were circulated among 19 laboratories. Results from this experiment reveal relatively good agreement (within a few percent) among commonly used calibration scales. Scale relationships for some gases, such as CFC-12 and CCl4, were found to be consistent with those derived from estimates of global mean mole fractions, while others, such as halon-1211 and CH3Br, revealed discrepancies. The transfer of calibration scales among laboratories was problematic in many cases, meaning that measurements tied to a particular scale may not, in fact, be compatible. Large scale transfer errors were observed for CH3CCl3 (10-100 %) and CCl4 (2-30 %), while much smaller scale transfer errors (< 1 %) were observed for halon-1211, HCFC-22, and HCFC-142b. These results reveal substantial improvements in calibration over previous comparisons. However, there is room for improvement in communication and coordination of calibration activities with respect to the measurement of halogenated and related trace gases. C1 [Hall, B. D.; Elkins, J. W.; Montzka, S. A.] NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Engel, A.] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. [Muehle, J.; Weiss, R. F.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Artuso, F.; Chiavarini, S.] ENEA, Rome, Italy. [Atlas, E.; Happell, J.] Univ Miami, Miami, FL USA. [Aydin, M.; Blake, D.; Saltzman, E. S.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. [Brunke, E. -G.] South African Weather Serv, Stellenbosch, South Africa. [Fraser, P. J.; Krummel, P. B.; Steele, L. P.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. [Levin, I.] Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany. [Loewenstein, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Maione, M.] Univ Urbino, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. [O'Doherty, S.] Univ Bristol, Bristol, Avon, England. [Reimann, S.; Vollmer, M. K.] Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Air Pollut & Environm Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland. [Rhoderick, G.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Worthy, D.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Yokouchi, Y.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Scheel, H. E.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. RP Hall, BD (reprint author), NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bradley.hall@noaa.gov RI Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Reimann, Stefan/A-2327-2009; Krummel, Paul/A-4293-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Engel, Andreas/E-3100-2014 OI Reimann, Stefan/0000-0002-9885-7138; Krummel, Paul/0000-0002-4884-3678; Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Engel, Andreas/0000-0003-0557-3935 FU NASA; NOAA; WMO/GAW; Australian Bureau of Meteorology; CSIRO is thanked for its long-term support of the Global Atmospheric Sampling LABoratory (GASLAB) FX Funding for this experiment was provided by NASA (Upper Atmospheric Research Program, Mike Kurylo), NOAA (Atmospheric Chemistry, Carbon Cycle, and Climate program (AC4)), and the WMO. Len Barrie and Oksana Tarasova (WMO/GAW) provided administrative support. Adrian Tuck (formerly with NOAA) served as a data referee. The late Laurie Porter is thanked for performing all of the IHALACE analyses at Cape Grim on the AGAGE instruments and for the initial data analysis. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology is thanked for its long-term funding and management of the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution station, and CSIRO is thanked for its long-term support of the Global Atmospheric Sampling LABoratory (GASLAB). We also thank Carolina Siso (NOAA) for performing the analysis. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 2 BP 469 EP 490 DI 10.5194/amt-7-469-2014 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC3AF UT WOS:000332386700009 ER PT J AU Thorpe, AK Frankenberg, C Roberts, DA AF Thorpe, A. K. Frankenberg, C. Roberts, D. A. TI Retrieval techniques for airborne imaging of methane concentrations using high spatial and moderate spectral resolution: application to AVIRIS SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE OBSERVATIONS; SCIAMACHY ONBOARD ENVISAT; COLUMN-AVERAGED METHANE; COAL OIL POINT; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; SPECTROMETER SYSTEM; EMISSION RATES; NATURAL-GAS; MARINE; CO2 AB Two quantitative retrieval techniques were evaluated to estimate methane (CH4) enhancement in concentrated plumes using high spatial and moderate spectral resolution data from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). An iterative maximum a posteriori differential optical absorption spectroscopy (IMAP-DOAS) algorithm performed well for an ocean scene containing natural CH4 emissions from the Coal Oil Point (COP) seep field near Santa Barbara, California. IMAP-DOAS retrieval precision errors are expected to equal between 0.31 to 0.61 ppm CH4 over the lowest atmospheric layer (height up to 1.04 km), corresponding to about a 30 to 60 ppm error for a 10m thick plume. However, IMAP-DOAS results for a terrestrial scene were adversely influenced by the underlying land cover. A hybrid approach using singular value decomposition (SVD) was particularly effective for terrestrial surfaces because it could better account for spectral variability in surface reflectance. Using this approach, a CH4 plume was observed extending 0.1 km downwind of two hydrocarbon storage tanks at the Inglewood Oil Field in Los Angeles, California (USA) with a maximum near surface enhancement of 8.45 ppm above background. At COP, the distinct plume had a maximum enhancement of 2.85 ppm CH4 above background, and extended more than 1 km downwind of known seep locations. A sensitivity analysis also indicates CH4 sensitivity should be more than doubled for the next generation AVIRIS sensor (AVIRISng) due to improved spectral resolution and sampling. AVIRIS-like sensors offer the potential to better constrain emissions on local and regional scales, including sources of increasing concern like industrial point source emissions and fugitive CH4 from the oil and gas industry. C1 [Thorpe, A. K.; Frankenberg, C.; Roberts, D. A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Thorpe, A. K.; Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Thorpe, AK (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM akthorpe@geog.ucsb.edu RI Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU NASA Headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program [NNX13AM95H]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; NASA; University of California, Santa Barbara FX NCEP Reanalysis data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their web site at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. The authors would like to thank Debra Wunch for aiding in generating NCEP atmospheric profiles and for the continued support of Robert Green and the rest of the AVIRIS/AVIRISng team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In addition, we thank Joseph McFadden for his insightful comments. This work was supported by NASA Headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program grant NNX13AM95H. This work was undertaken in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA as well as at the University of California, Santa Barbara. NR 57 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 2 BP 491 EP 506 DI 10.5194/amt-7-491-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC3AF UT WOS:000332386700010 ER PT J AU Miller, K Huettmann, F Norcross, B Lorenz, M AF Miller, Katharine Huettmann, Falk Norcross, Brenda Lorenz, Mitch TI Multivariate random forest models of estuarine-associated fish and invertebrate communities SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Estuaries; Multivariate models; Random forest ID SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS; BIOTIC INTERACTIONS; SEASCAPE STRUCTURE; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; CANCER-MAGISTER; DUNGENESS CRAB; KODIAK ISLAND; REEF FISHES; CLASSIFICATION; REGRESSION AB Models that evaluate species-habitat relationships at the community level have been gaining attention with increasing interest in ecosystem management. Developing models that can incorporate both a large number of predictor variables and a multivariate response (a vector of individual species occurrences or abundances) is challenging. One promising new approach is multivariate random forests (MRF), a method that combines multivariate regression trees with bootstrap resampling and predictor subsampling from traditional random forests. Random forest models have been shown to be highly accurate and powerful in their predictive ability in a wide variety of applications. They can effectively model nonlinear and interacting variables. Our research evaluated change in estuarine assemblage composition along habitat gradients in Southeast Alaska using landscape-scale habitat variables and MRF. For 541 estuaries, we identified 24 predictor variables describing the geomorphic and habitat environment on land and in the estuary. MRF models were constructed in R software for combined fish and invertebrate assemblages. Cluster analysis of model proximities revealed strong spatial variation in community composition in relation to differences in tidal range, precipitation, percent of eelgrass, and amount of intertidal habitat. This research presents a new science-based management template that can be used to inform and assess species management and protection strategies, as well as to guide future research on species distributions. C1 [Miller, Katharine; Lorenz, Mitch] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Huettmann, Falk] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Norcross, Brenda] Univ Alaska, Sch Fishery & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Miller, K (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM katharine.miller@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2014 VL 500 BP 159 EP 174 DI 10.3354/meps10659 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA AD0CA UT WOS:000332900300012 ER PT J AU Miller, TW Bosley, KL Shibata, J Brodeur, RD Omori, K Emmett, R AF Miller, Todd W. Bosley, Keith L. Shibata, Junya Brodeur, Richard D. Omori, Koji Emmett, Robert TI Use of mixing models for Humboldt squid diet analysis: Reply to Field et al. (2014) REPLY SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Editorial Material DE Dosidicus gigas; Stable isotopes; Trophic level; Source production ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CURRENT; EUPHAUSIID EUPHAUSIA-PACIFICA; STABLE-ISOTOPES; DOSIDICUS-GIGAS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; DELTA-C-13; CARBON; OREGON; SHELF; OCEAN AB Field et al. (2014; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 500: 281-285) comment on our application of a Bayesian isotope-mixing model (SIAR) to examine the relative contribution of prey from different regions to Dosidicus gigas diet, and point out that our model violated assumptions of D. gigas feeding. We agree in part with their position that the use of SIAR for assessing contributions of sources from different regions for an omnivorous species may be unreliable. However, the results from our study and from the prevailing literature and data indicate that the D. gigas we collected in the Northern California Current (NCC) isotopically matched the NCC baseline and were isotopically distinct from prey resources in the Southern California Current. Field et al.'s (2014) comments on the distribution and abundance of D. gigas in the NCC missed results from the primary literature which show that D. gigas and their purported prey are predominantly distributed along the shelf-slope waters of the NCC, well within the offshore extent of our study. The discrepancy of not finding myctophids as significant sources to D. gigas diet in our study may lie in the fact that our isotope values of myctophids came from adults only, and that smaller conspecifics with lower relative delta N-15 values would have shown a greater contribution from this trophic group. The conclusion we reached of lower trophic level feeding by D. gigas in our study relative to previous diet studies remains valid. C1 [Miller, Todd W.; Shibata, Junya; Omori, Koji] Ehime Univ, Global Ctr Excellence, Ctr Marine Environm Studies, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan. [Bosley, Keith L.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Emmett, Robert] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fish Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Miller, TW (reprint author), Commonwealth Northern Mariana Isl, Fisheries Res Sect, Div Fish & Wildlife, Saipan, CM 96950 USA. EM toddomiller@gmail.com NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2014 VL 500 BP 287 EP 290 DI 10.3354/meps10759 PG 4 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA AD0CA UT WOS:000332900300021 ER PT J AU Khazanov, GV Tel'nikhin, AA Kronberg, TK AF Khazanov, G. V. Tel'nikhin, A. A. Kronberg, T. K. TI Stochastic electron motion driven by space plasma waves SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; RADIATION BELT; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; SUPERNOVA-REMNANTS; CHAOTIC MOTION; WHISTLER WAVES; STANDARD MAP; HYBRID WAVES; FIELD; PACKET AB Stochastic motion of relativistic electrons under conditions of the nonlinear resonance interaction of particles with space plasma waves is studied. Particular attention is given to the problem of the stability and variability of the Earth's radiation belts. It is found that the interaction between whistler-mode waves and radiation-belt electrons is likely to involve the same mechanism that is responsible for the dynamical balance between the accelerating process and relativistic electron precipitation events. We have also considered the efficiency of the mechanism of stochastic surfing acceleration of cosmic electrons at the supernova remnant shock front, and the accelerating process driven by a Langmuir wave packet in producing cosmic ray electrons. The dynamics of cosmic electrons is formulated in terms of a dissipative map involving the effect of synchrotron emission. We present analytical and numerical methods for studying Hamiltonian chaos and dissipative strange attractors, and for determining the heating extent and energy spectra. C1 [Khazanov, G. V.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Tel'nikhin, A. A.; Kronberg, T. K.] Altai State Univ, Dept Phys & Technol, Barnaul 656099, Russia. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM george.v.khazanov@nasa.gov FU NASA grant [UPN 370-16-10]; NASA HQ POLAR project; NASA LWS program FX Funding in support of this study was provided by NASA grant UPN 370-16-10, the NASA HQ POLAR project, and the NASA LWS program. NR 67 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2014 VL 21 IS 1 BP 61 EP 85 DI 10.5194/npg-21-61-2014 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2NI UT WOS:000332337700006 ER PT J AU Munoz, V Asenjo, FA Dominguez, M Lopez, RA Valdivia, JA Vinas, A Hada, T AF Munoz, V. Asenjo, F. A. Dominguez, M. Lopez, R. A. Valdivia, J. A. Vinas, A. Hada, T. TI Large-amplitude electromagnetic waves in magnetized relativistic plasmas with temperature SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-POSITRON PLASMA; HOT ACCRETION DISKS; GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; PARAMETRIC DECAYS; PAIR PLASMAS; ALFVEN WAVES; INSTABILITY; EMISSION; MODEL AB Propagation of large-amplitude waves in plasmas is subject to several sources of nonlinearity due to relativistic effects, either when particle quiver velocities in the wave field are large, or when thermal velocities are large due to relativistic temperatures. Wave propagation in these conditions has been studied for decades, due to its interest in several contexts such as pulsar emission models, laser-plasma interaction, and extragalactic jets. For large-amplitude circularly polarized waves propagating along a constant magnetic field, an exact solution of the fluid equations can be found for relativistic temperatures. Relativistic thermal effects produce: (a) a decrease in the effective plasma frequency (thus, waves in the electromagnetic branch can propagate for lower frequencies than in the cold case); and (b) a decrease in the upper frequency cutoff for the Alfven branch (thus, Alfven waves are confined to a frequency range that is narrower than in the cold case). It is also found that the Alfven speed decreases with temperature, being zero for infinite temperature. We have also studied the same system, but based on the relativistic Vlasov equation, to include thermal effects along the direction of propagation. It turns out that kinetic and fluid results are qualitatively consistent, with several quantitative differences. Regarding the electromagnetic branch, the effective plasma frequency is always larger in the kinetic model. Thus, kinetic effects reduce the transparency of the plasma. As to the Alfven branch, there is a critical, nonzero value of the temperature at which the Alfven speed is zero. For temperatures above this critical value, the Alfven branch is suppressed; however, if the background magnetic field increases, then Alfven waves can propagate for larger temperatures. There are at least two ways in which the above results can be improved. First, nonlinear decays of the electromagnetic wave have been neglected; second, the kinetic treatment considers thermal effects only along the direction of propagation. We have approached the first subject by studying the parametric decays of the exact wave solution found in the context of fluid theory. The dispersion relation of the decays has been solved, showing several resonant and nonresonant instabilities whose dependence on the wave amplitude and plasma temperature has been studied systematically. Regarding the second subject, we are currently performing numerical 1-D particle in cell simulations, a work that is still in progress, although preliminary results are consistent with the analytical ones. C1 [Munoz, V.; Dominguez, M.; Lopez, R. A.; Valdivia, J. A.] Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile. [Asenjo, F. A.] Univ Adolfo Ibanez, Fac Ingn & Ciencias, Fac Artes Liberales, Dept Ciencias, Santiago, Chile. [Vinas, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Geospace Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hada, T.] Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci & Technol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP Munoz, V (reprint author), Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. EM vmunoz@fisica.ciencias.uchile.cl RI Lopez, Rodrigo/H-7576-2013; Valdivia, Juan/A-3631-2008; Munoz, Victor/A-2255-2008; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016 OI Valdivia, Juan/0000-0003-3381-9904; FU FONDECyT [1121144, 1110135]; Conicyt through a doctoral fellowship [21100406]; Conicyt [21100839]; Becas Chile fellowship [75120086] FX This work has been financially supported by FONDECyT under contract nos. 1121144 (V. Mu oz) and 1110135 (J. A. Valdivia). F. A. Asenjo is grateful to the Programa MECE EducaciOn Superior for a doctoral scholarship, and Conicyt for a Becas Chile postdoctoral fellowship. M. Dom nguez acknowledges financial support from Conicyt through a doctoral fellowship, contract no. 21100406. R. A. Lopez thanks a doctoral fellowship from Conicyt, contract no. 21100839, and a Becas Chile fellowship, contract no. 75120086, for a doctoral internship at NASA/GSFC. NR 57 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2014 VL 21 IS 1 BP 217 EP 236 DI 10.5194/npg-21-217-2014 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2NI UT WOS:000332337700017 ER PT J AU Buchard, V da Silva, AM Colarco, P Krotkov, N Dickerson, RR Stehr, JW Mount, G Spinei, E Arkinson, HL He, H AF Buchard, V. da Silva, A. M. Colarco, P. Krotkov, N. Dickerson, R. R. Stehr, J. W. Mount, G. Spinei, E. Arkinson, H. L. He, H. TI Evaluation of GEOS-5 sulfur dioxide simulations during the Frostburg, MD 2010 field campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; OZONE UV SPECTROSCOPY; GLOBAL-MODEL GOCART; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; 000 CM(-1); AEROSOL; CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION AB Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major atmospheric pollutant with a strong anthropogenic component mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuel and other industrial activities. As a precursor of sulfate aerosols that affect climate, air quality, and human health, this gas needs to be monitored on a global scale. Global climate and chemistry models including aerosol processes along with their radiative effects are important tools for climate and air quality research. Validation of these models against in-situ and satellite measurements is essential to ascertain the credibility of these models and to guide model improvements. In this study, the Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport (GO-CART) module running on-line inside the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) model is used to simulate aerosol and SO2 concentrations. Data taken in November 2010 over Frostburg, Maryland during an SO2 field campaign involving ground instrumentation and aircraft are used to evaluate GEOS-5 simulated SO2 concentrations. Preliminary data analysis indicated the model overestimated surface SO2 concentration, which motivated the examination of the specification of SO2 anthropogenic emission rates. As a result of this analysis, a revision of anthropogenic emission inventories in GEOS-5 was implemented, and the vertical placement of SO2 sources was updated. Results show that these revisions improve the model agreement with observations locally and in regions outside the area of this field campaign. In particular, we use the ground-based measurements collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for the year 2010 to evaluate the revised model simulations over North America. C1 [Buchard, V.; da Silva, A. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Buchard, V.] GESTAR, Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Colarco, P.; Krotkov, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Dickerson, R. R.; Stehr, J. W.; Arkinson, H. L.; He, H.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Dickerson, R. R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Mount, G.; Spinei, E.] Washington State Univ, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Buchard, V (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM virginie.j.buchard-marchant@nasa.gov RI He, Hao/E-4771-2015; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Dickerson, Russell/F-2857-2010; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012 OI Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Dickerson, Russell/0000-0003-0206-3083; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662 FU NASA [NNX09AJ28G] FX The campaign participants want to acknowledge significant logistical support from J. Hoffman (dean of Sciences) and the operations staff at Frostburg State University. WSU acknowledges NASA grant NNX09AJ28G for instrument development and deployment. The authors would like to thank L. Brent, flight scientist, for collecting the aircraft data. NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1929 EP 1941 DI 10.5194/acp-14-1929-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2ZZ UT WOS:000332386100011 ER PT J AU Livingston, JM Redemann, J Shinozuka, Y Johnson, R Russell, PB Zhang, Q Mattoo, S Remer, L Levy, R Munchak, L Ramachandran, S AF Livingston, J. M. Redemann, J. Shinozuka, Y. Johnson, R. Russell, P. B. Zhang, Q. Mattoo, S. Remer, L. Levy, R. Munchak, L. Ramachandran, S. TI Comparison of MODIS 3 km and 10 km resolution aerosol optical depth retrievals over land with airborne sunphotometer measurements during ARCTAS summer 2008 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLUMNAR WATER-VAPOR; SUN PHOTOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SOLVE-II; PRODUCTS; VALIDATION; SOLAR; NEPHELOMETER; VARIABILITY; AIRCRAFT AB Airborne sunphotometer measurements acquired by the NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14) aboard the NASA P-3 research aircraft are used to evaluate dark-target over-land retrievals of extinction aerosol optical depth (AOD) from spatially and temporally near-coincident measurements by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the summer 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) field campaign. The new MODIS Collection 6 aerosol data set includes retrievals of AOD at both 10 km x 10 km and 3 km x 3 km (at nadir) resolution. In this paper we compare MODIS and AATS AOD at 553 nm in 58 10 km and 134 3 km retrieval grid cells. These AOD values were derived from data collected over Canada on four days during short time segments of five (four Aqua and one Terra) satellite overpasses of the P-3 during low-altitude P-3 flight tracks. Three of the five MODIS-AATS coincidence events were dominated by smoke: one included a P-3 transect of a well-defined smoke plume in clear sky, but two were confounded by the presence of scattered clouds above smoke. The clouds limited the number of MODIS retrievals available for comparison, and led to MODIS AOD retrievals that underestimated the corresponding AATS values. This happened because the MODIS aerosol cloud mask selectively removed 0.5 km pixels containing smoke and clouds before the aerosol retrieval. The other two coincidences (one Terra and one Aqua) occurred during one P-3 flight on the same day and in the same general area, in an atmosphere characterized by a relatively low AOD (< 0.3), spatially homogeneous regional haze from smoke outflow with no distinguishable plume. For the ensemble data set for MODIS AOD retrievals with the highest-quality flag, MODIS AOD agrees with AATS AOD within the expected MODIS over-land AOD uncertainty in 60% of the retrieval grid cells at 10 km resolution and 69% at 3 km resolution. These values improve to 65% and 74 %, respectively, when the cloud-affected case with the strongest plume is excluded. We find that the standard MODIS dark-target over-land retrieval algorithm fails to retrieve AOD for thick smoke, not only in cloud-contaminated regions but also in clear sky. We attribute this to deselection, by the cloud and/or bright surface masks, of 0.5 km resolution pixels that contain smoke. C1 [Livingston, J. M.] SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Redemann, J.; Johnson, R.; Zhang, Q.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Shinozuka, Y.; Zhang, Q.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, CREST, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Shinozuka, Y.; Zhang, Q.] Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. [Mattoo, S.; Levy, R.; Munchak, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mattoo, S.; Munchak, L.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Remer, L.] UMBC, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol JCET, Baltimore, MD USA. [Ramachandran, S.] Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. RP Livingston, JM (reprint author), SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA USA. EM john.livingston@sri.com RI Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013 OI Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303 FU NASA FX The ARCTAS campaign was a collaborative effort of a large number of participants with the support of multinational agencies. Funding for the AATS measurements, and for the MODIS-AATS comparisons presented here, was provided by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 4 BP 2015 EP 2038 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2015-2014 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2ZZ UT WOS:000332386100017 ER PT J AU Che, H Xia, X Zhu, J Li, Z Dubovik, O Holben, B Goloub, P Chen, H Estelles, V Cuevas-Agullo, E Blarel, L Wang, H Zhao, H Zhang, X Wang, Y Sun, J Tao, R Zhang, X Shi, G AF Che, H. Xia, X. Zhu, J. Li, Z. Dubovik, O. Holben, B. Goloub, P. Chen, H. Estelles, V. Cuevas-Agullo, E. Blarel, L. Wang, H. Zhao, H. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Sun, J. Tao, R. Zhang, X. Shi, G. TI Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on ground-based sunphotometer measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TEMPORAL VARIATIONS; DELTA REGION; AERONET; DEPTH; DUST; CLIMATOLOGY; VARIABILITY; ALGORITHMS; ABSORPTION; VISIBILITY AB In January 2013, North China Plain experienced several serious haze events. Cimel sunphotometer measurements at seven sites over rural, suburban and urban regions of North China Plain from 1 to 30 January 2013 were used to further our understanding of spatial-temporal variation of aerosol optical parameters and aerosol radiative forcing (ARF). It was found that Aerosol Optical Depth at 500 nm (AOD(500nm)) during non-pollution periods at all stations was lower than 0.30 and increased significantly to greater than 1.00 as pollution events developed. The Angstrom exponent (Alpha) was larger than 0.80 for all stations most of the time. AOD(500nm) averages increased from north to south during both polluted and non-polluted periods on the three urban sites in Beijing. The fine mode AOD during pollution periods is about a factor of 2.5 times larger than that during the non-pollution period at urban sites but a factor of 5.0 at suburban and rural sites. The fine mode fraction of AOD(675nm) was higher than 80% for all sites during January 2013. The absorption AOD(675nm) at rural sites was only about 0.01 during pollution periods, while similar to 0.03-0.07 and 0.01-0.03 during pollution and non-pollution periods at other sites, respectively. Single scattering albedo varied between 0.87 and 0.95 during January 2013 over North China Plain. The size distribution showed an obvious tri-peak pattern during the most serious period. The fine mode effective radius in the pollution period was about 0.01-0.08 mu m larger than during non-pollution periods, while the coarse mode radius in pollution periods was about 0.06-0.38 mu m less than that during non-pollution periods. The total, fine and coarse mode particle volumes varied by about 0.06-0.34 mu m(3), 0.03-0.23 mu m(3), and 0.03-0.10 mu m(3), respectively, throughout January 2013. During the most intense period (1-16 January), ARF at the surface exceeded -50 W m(-2), -180 W m(-2), and -200 W m(-2) at rural, suburban, and urban sites, respectively. The ARF readings at the top of the atmosphere were approximately -30 W m(-2) in rural and -40-60 W m(-2) in urban areas. Positive ARF at the top of the atmosphere at the Huimin suburban site was found to be different from others as a result of the high surface albedo due to snow cover. C1 [Che, H.; Wang, H.; Zhao, H.; Wang, Y.; Sun, J.; Tao, R.; Zhang, X.] CAMS, CMA, Inst Atmospher Composit, Key Lab Atmospher Chem LAC, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Xia, X.; Zhu, J.; Chen, H.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Middle Atmosphere & Global Environm Observat, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Li, Z.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Remote Sensing & Digital Earth RADI, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. [Dubovik, O.; Goloub, P.; Blarel, L.] Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Holben, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Estelles, V.] Univ Valencia, Dept Fis Terra & Termodinam, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain. [Cuevas-Agullo, E.] AEMET, Ctr Invest Atmosfer Izana, Tenerife 38001, Spain. [Zhang, X.] CMA, Inst Urban Meteorol, Beijing 100089, Peoples R China. [Tao, R.] Chengdu Univ Informat Technol, Coll Atmospher Sci, Chengdu 610225, Peoples R China. [Shi, G.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, State Key Lab Numer Modeling Atmospher Sci & Geop, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. RP Che, H (reprint author), CAMS, CMA, Inst Atmospher Composit, Key Lab Atmospher Chem LAC, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM chehz@cams.cma.gov.cn; xxa@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Xia, Xiangao/G-5545-2011; Estelles, Victor/I-4673-2014; li, zhengqiang/C-5678-2013; che, Huizheng/B-1354-2014; Cuevas, Emilio/L-2109-2013 OI Xia, Xiangao/0000-0002-4187-6311; Estelles, Victor/0000-0001-5013-2173; li, zhengqiang/0000-0002-7795-3630; che, Huizheng/0000-0002-9458-3387; Cuevas, Emilio/0000-0003-1843-8302 FU National Key Project of Basic Research [2011CB403401, 2014CB441201]; NSFC [41005086, 41275167, 41130104]; Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA05100301]; CAMS Basis Research Project [2012Y02, 2013Z007]; ACTRIS (European Union ) [262254] FX This work is financially supported by grants from the National Key Project of Basic Research (2011CB403401 and 2014CB441201), the Project (41005086, 41275167 and 41130104) supported by NSFC, the Strategic Priority Research Programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant no. XDA05100301), CAMS Basis Research Project (2012Y02 and 2013Z007). Cimel master calibration of CARSNET was performed at the AERONET-EUROPE calibration center (LOA and AEMET-Tenerife), supported by ACTRIS (European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 262254. NR 59 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 13 U2 110 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 4 BP 2125 EP 2138 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2125-2014 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2ZZ UT WOS:000332386100022 ER PT J AU Crumeyrolle, S Chen, G Ziemba, L Beyersdorf, A Thornhill, L Winstead, E Moore, RH Shook, MA Hudgins, C Anderson, BE AF Crumeyrolle, S. Chen, G. Ziemba, L. Beyersdorf, A. Thornhill, L. Winstead, E. Moore, R. H. Shook, M. A. Hudgins, C. Anderson, B. E. TI Factors that influence surface PM2.5 values inferred from satellite observations: perspective gained for the US Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area during DISCOVER-AQ SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; PARTICULATE MATTER; LIGHT-SCATTERING; AIR-QUALITY; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; UNITED-STATES; IN-SITU; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; RESEARCH AIRCRAFT; ACE 1 AB During the NASA DISCOVER-AQ campaign over the US Baltimore, MD-Washington, D. C., metropolitan area in July 2011, the NASA P-3B aircraft performed extensive profiling of aerosol optical, chemical, and microphysical properties. These in situ profiles were coincident with ground-based remote sensing (AERONET) and in situ (PM2.5) measurements. Here, we use this data set to study the correlation between the PM2.5 observations at the surface and the column integrated measurements. Aerosol optical depth (AOD(550) (nm)) calculated with the extinction (550 nm) measured during the in situ profiles was found to be strongly correlated with the volume of aerosols present in the boundary layer (BL). Despite the strong correlation, some variability remains, and we find that the presence of aerosol layers above the BL (in the buffer layer - BuL) introduces significant uncertainties in PM2.5 estimates based on column-integrated measurements (overestimation of PM2.5 by a factor of 5). This suggests that the use of active remote sensing techniques would dramatically improve air quality retrievals. Indeed, the relationship between the AOD(550 nm) and the PM2.5 is strongly improved by accounting for the aerosol present in and above the BL (i.e., integrating the aerosol loading from the surface to the top of the BuL). Since more than 15% of the AOD values observed during DISCOVER-AQ are dominated by aerosol water uptake, the f(RH)(amb) (ratio of scattering coefficient at ambient relative humidity (RH) to scattering coefficient at low RH; see Sect. 3.2) is used to study the impact of the aerosol hygroscopicity on the PM2.5 retrievals. The results indicate that PM2.5 can be predicted within a factor up to 2 even when the vertical variability of the f(RH)(amb) is assumed to be negligible. Moreover, f(RH = 80 %) and RH measurements performed at the ground may be used to estimate the f(RH)(amb) during dry conditions (RHBL < 55 %). C1 [Crumeyrolle, S.; Moore, R. H.] Oak Ridge Associated Univ, NASA, Postdoctoral program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Crumeyrolle, S.; Chen, G.; Ziemba, L.; Beyersdorf, A.; Thornhill, L.; Winstead, E.; Moore, R. H.; Shook, M. A.; Hudgins, C.; Anderson, B. E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Crumeyrolle, S.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, LOA, UMR8518, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Thornhill, L.; Winstead, E.; Shook, M. A.] Sci Syst & Applicat SSAI, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Crumeyrolle, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Associated Univ, NASA, Postdoctoral program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM suzanne.crumeyrolle@gmail.com FU NASA through the Earth System Science Pathfinder Program Office; ESSP Program Office; NASA Postdoctoral Program fellowship FX This research was funded by NASA's Earth Venture-1 Program through the Earth System Science Pathfinder Program Office. The authors wish to thank the ESSP Program Office for their support throughout the first DISCOVER-AQ deployment. We would also like to express our deep appreciation to Mary Kleb as well as the pilots and flight crews of NASA's P-3B and UC-12 for their important contributions. We thank B. Holben (NASA-GSFC) for providing the Sun photometer within the framework of the AERONET program. Finally, we would like to thank the Maryland Department of Environment and EPA for making the PM2.5 and the ozone measurements available and sharing their data with DISCOVER-AQ. Suzanne Crumeyrolle and Richard H. Moore have been supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program fellowship. NR 68 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 36 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 4 BP 2139 EP 2153 DI 10.5194/acp-14-2139-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2ZZ UT WOS:000332386100023 ER PT J AU Simon, JI Weis, D DePaolo, DJ Renne, PR Mundil, R Schmitt, AK AF Simon, Justin I. Weis, Dominique DePaolo, Donald J. Renne, Paul R. Mundil, Roland Schmitt, Axel K. TI Assimilation of preexisting Pleistocene intrusions at Long Valley by periodic magma recharge accelerates rhyolite generation: rethinking the remelting model SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Long Valley; Timescales; Silicic magma processes; Isotopes; Geochronology; Supervolcano ID FISH CANYON SANIDINE; U-PB AGES; K-40 DECAY CONSTANTS; BISHOP-TUFF; SILICIC MAGMA; RESIDENCE TIMES; GLASS MOUNTAIN; AR-40/AR-39 GEOCHRONOLOGY; MELT INCLUSIONS; VOLCANIC FIELD AB Rhyolite flows and tuffs from the Long Valley area of California, which were erupted over a two-million-year time period, exhibit systematic trends in Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopes, trace element composition, erupted volume, and inferred magma residence time that provide evidence for a new model for the production of large volumes of silica-rich magma. Key constraints come from geochronology of zircon crystal populations combined with a refined eruption chronology from Ar-Ar geochronology; together these data give better estimates of magma residence time that can be evaluated in the context of changing magma compositions. Here, we report Hf, Nd, and Sr isotopes, major and trace element compositions, Ar-40/Ar-39 ages, and U-Pb zircon ages that combined with existing data suggest that the chronology and geochemistry of Long Valley rhyolites can be explained by a dynamic interaction of crustal and mantle-derived magma. The large volume Bishop Tuff represents the culmination of a period of increased mantle-derived magma input to the Long Valley volcanic system; the effect of this input continued into earliest postcaldera time. As the postcaldera evolution of the system continued, new and less primitive crustal-derived magmas dominated the system. A mixture of varying amounts of more mafic mantle-derived and felsic crustal-derived magmas with recently crystallized granitic plutonic materials offers the best explanation for the observed chronology, secular shifts in Hf and Nd isotopes, and the apparently low zircon crystallization and saturation temperatures as compared to Fe-Ti oxide eruption temperatures. This scenario in which transient crustal magma bodies remained molten for varying time periods, fed eruptions before solidification, and were then remelted by fresh recharge provides a realistic conceptual framework that can explain the isotopic and geochemical evidence. General relationships between crustal residence times and magma sources are that: (1) precaldera rhyolites had long crustal magma residence times and high crustal affinity, (2) the caldera-related Bishop Tuff and early postcaldera rhyolites have lower crustal affinity and short magma residence times, and (3) later postcaldera rhyolites again have stronger crustal signatures and longer magma residence times. C1 [Simon, Justin I.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Ctr Isotope Cosmochem & Geochronol, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Weis, Dominique] Univ British Columbia, Pacific Ctr Isotope & Geochem Res, Dept Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [DePaolo, Donald J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Isotope Geochem, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [DePaolo, Donald J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Renne, Paul R.; Mundil, Roland] Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA. [Renne, Paul R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Schmitt, Axel K.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Simon, JI (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Ctr Isotope Cosmochem & Geochronol, Astromat Res Off KR111, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Justin.I.Simon@NASA.gov RI Weis, Dominique/Q-7658-2016; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011; OI Weis, Dominique/0000-0002-6638-5543; Schmitt, Axel/0000-0002-9029-4211 FU Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation FX We value the technical assistance of J. Barling, T. Becker, S. Brown, R. Friedman, B. Kieffer, and T. Owens. Informal reviews by R. Mills and M. Tappa are greatly appreciated. This contribution benefits from two anonymous reviewers and the efforts of AE T. Grove. The ion microprobe facility at UCLA is partly supported by a grant from the Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation. NR 109 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 30 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 EI 1432-0967 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 167 IS 1 AR 955 DI 10.1007/s00410-013-0955-5 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA AC5TI UT WOS:000332583200004 ER PT J AU Ortiz-Quiles, EO Soler, J Gobet, M Nosach, T Garcia-Ricard, OJ Resto, O Hernandez-Maldonado, AJ Greenbaum, S West, WC Cabrera, CR AF Ortiz-Quiles, Edwin O. Soler, Jess Gobet, Mallory Nosach, Tetiana Garcia-Ricard, Omar J. Resto, Oscar Hernandez-Maldonado, Arturo J. Greenbaum, Steve West, William C. Cabrera, Carlos R. TI Lithium chloride molten flux approach to Li2MnO3:LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) "composite" synthesis for lithium-ion battery cathode applications SO RSC ADVANCES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-CAPACITY; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES; MANGANESE OXIDES; LI2MNO3-LIMO2 M; ELECTRODES; PERFORMANCE; NMR; MORPHOLOGY; DIFFUSION AB In this scientific report, a scalable method for the fabrication of cathodes based on firing pristine compounds Li2MnO3 and LiMn0.33Ni0.33Co0.33O2 with lithium chloride molten flux is explored. This approach offers flexibility in synthesis temperature since the process does not require precursor decomposition. Moreover, the synthesis technique allows for the study of the development from the pristine compounds to the final product (Li1.2Mn0.53Ni0.13Co0.13O2). This could help us to understand if the Li2MnO3:LiMO2 material system is a true solid solution or a phase-separated composite. Cathode materials were prepared and characterized by electrochemical charge and discharge studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and different characterization techniques, including lithium magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance. Stability studies were conducted to investigate the effects of synthesis duration and temperature on the cathode material. Optimal performance was achieved by firing the pristine compounds for 6 hours at 1000 degrees C and for 48 hours at 800 degrees C, both in the LiCl molten flux, resulting in a powder with a solid solution behaviour and specific discharge capacity near 240 mA h g(-1). C1 [Ortiz-Quiles, Edwin O.; Cabrera, Carlos R.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Chem, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. [Soler, Jess; West, William C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gobet, Mallory; Nosach, Tetiana] CUNY Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10065 USA. [Greenbaum, Steve] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Chem Engn, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. [Garcia-Ricard, Omar J.; Resto, Oscar; Hernandez-Maldonado, Arturo J.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP West, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM william.c.west@jpl.nasa.gov; carlos.cabrera2@upr.edu RI Gobet, Mallory/I-2498-2013; OI Gobet, Mallory/0000-0001-9735-0741; Cabrera, Carlos/0000-0002-3342-8666 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration within the NASA Office of Chief Technologist; NASA-URC [NNX10AQ17A]; Basic Energy Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-SC0005029] FX This work was carried out at the University of Puerto Rico and at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration within the NASA Office of Chief Technologist. The project was partially funded by NASA-URC Grant Number NNX10AQ17A. NMR measurements at Hunter College were supported by Grant # DE-SC0005029 from the Basic Energy Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy. NR 45 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 32 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2046-2069 J9 RSC ADV JI RSC Adv. PY 2014 VL 4 IS 23 BP 12018 EP 12027 DI 10.1039/c3ra47344a PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA AC4DE UT WOS:000332470000066 ER PT J AU Cristo, A Fisher, K Perez, RM Martinez, P Gualtieri, AJ AF Cristo, Alejandro Fisher, Kevin Perez, Rosa M. Martinez, Pablo Gualtieri, Anthony J. TI Optimization of the Multi-Spectral Euclidean Distance calculation for FPGA-based spaceborne systems SO AEROSPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Satellite engineering; Multi-dimensional signal and image processing; Satellite Earth observation; Spaceborne processing; FPGA-based reconfigurable systems; SpaceCube AB Due to the high quantity of operations that spacebome processing systems must carry out in space, new methodologies and techniques are being presented as good alternatives in order to free the main processor from work and improve the overall performance. These include the development of ancillary dedicated hardware circuits that carry out the more redundant and computationally-expensive operations in a faster way, leaving the main processor free to carry out other tasks while waiting for the result. One of these devices is SpaceCube, an FPGA-based system designed by NASA. The opportunity to use FPGA reconfigurable architectures in space allows not only the optimization of the mission operations with hardware-level solutions, but also the ability to create new and improved versions of the circuits, including error corrections, once the satellite is already in orbit. In this work, we propose the optimization of a common operation in remote sensing: the Multi-Spectral Euclidean Distance calculation. For that, two different hardware architectures have been designed and implemented in a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA, the same model of FPGAs used by SpaceCube. Previous results have shown that the communications between the embedded processor and the circuit create a bottleneck that affects the overall performance in a negative way. In order to avoid this, advanced methods including memory sharing, Native Port Interface (NPI) connections and Data Burst Transfers have been used. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. C1 [Cristo, Alejandro; Perez, Rosa M.; Martinez, Pablo] Univ Extremadura, Escuela Politecn, Dept Tecnol Comp & Comunicac, Caceres 10005, Spain. [Fisher, Kevin; Gualtieri, Anthony J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gualtieri, Anthony J.] LuxAnalytica, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP Cristo, A (reprint author), Univ Extremadura, Escuela Politecn, Dept Tecnol Comp & Comunicac, Av Univ S-N, Caceres 10005, Spain. EM acristo@unex.es FU NASA Goddard Space Flight Center SpaceCube team FX The authors would like to thank David Petrick and Jacqueline LeMoigne for their help by reviewing the paper; and Gary Crum, Daniel Espinosa, and the rest of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center SpaceCube team for their support when developing this work. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1270-9638 EI 1626-3219 J9 AEROSP SCI TECHNOL JI Aerosp. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 32 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/j.ast.2013.12.013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AB6TH UT WOS:000331921900001 ER PT J AU Liu, C Beirle, S Butler, T Hoor, P Frankenberg, C Jockel, P de Vries, MP Platt, U Pozzer, A Lawrence, MG Lelieveld, J Tost, H Wagner, T AF Liu, C. Beirle, S. Butler, T. Hoor, P. Frankenberg, C. Joeckel, P. de Vries, M. Penning Platt, U. Pozzer, A. Lawrence, M. G. Lelieveld, J. Tost, H. Wagner, T. TI Profile information on CO from SCIAMACHY observations using cloud slicing and comparison with model simulations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SUBMODEL SYSTEM MESSY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TECHNICAL NOTE; CONVECTION PARAMETERISATIONS; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; MOPITT INSTRUMENT; ONBOARD ENVISAT; GEOS-CHEM AB We apply a cloud slicing technique (CST), originally developed for Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) ozone observations, to CO vertical column densities retrieved from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). CST makes use of the shielding effect of clouds and combines trace gas column measurements of cloudy pixels with different cloud heights to retrieve fractional columns aloft. Here we determine seasonal mean tropospheric CO profiles at a vertical resolution of about 1 km, which is much finer than what can be obtained from thermal infrared (IR) instruments. However, since both the atmospheric CO profiles and the effective cloud heights depend systematically on meteorology, and in addition part of the retrieved signal originates from the clear part of the satellite ground pixel, the profiles retrieved from the CST have to be interpreted with care. We compare the seasonal mean SCIAMACHY CO profiles with the output from two atmospheric models sampled in the same way as the satellite observations. We find in general good agreement of the spatial patterns, but systematic differences in the absolute values are observed in both hemispheres (more strongly in the Northern Hemisphere), indicating that the source strengths in the emission inventories are probably underestimated. C1 [Liu, C.; Beirle, S.; Butler, T.; Hoor, P.; Joeckel, P.; de Vries, M. Penning; Pozzer, A.; Lawrence, M. G.; Lelieveld, J.; Tost, H.; Wagner, T.] Max Planck Inst Chem, Mainz, Germany. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Platt, U.] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. [Pozzer, A.; Lelieveld, J.] Cyprus Inst, Nicosia, Cyprus. RP Wagner, T (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Mainz, Germany. EM thomas.wagner@mpic.de RI Jockel, Patrick/C-3687-2009; Pozzer, Andrea/L-4872-2013; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; hoor, peter/G-5421-2010; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; Tost, Holger/C-3812-2017 OI Jockel, Patrick/0000-0002-8964-1394; Pozzer, Andrea/0000-0003-2440-6104; hoor, peter/0000-0001-6582-6864; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; Tost, Holger/0000-0002-3105-4306 FU National Natural Science Funds of China [41105011] FX We like to thank the European Space Agency (ESA) operation center in Frascati (Italy) for making the SCIAMACHY spectral data available. FRESCO+ cloud data were obtained from Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service, http://www.temis.nl/fresco/. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Funds of China (grant no. 41105011). TCCON data were obtained from the TCCON Data Archive, operated by the California Institute of Technology from the website at http://tccon.ipac.caltech.edu/ (Wunch et al., 2011). Additional FTIR data used in this publication were obtained as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and are publicly available (see http://www.ndacc.org). MODIS albedo data were obtained from NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/ALBEDO/. We thank J. de Laat for his help in getting access to additional FTIR data. NR 63 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 3 BP 1717 EP 1732 DI 10.5194/acp-14-1717-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AC2ZN UT WOS:000332384900035 ER PT J AU Ho, SP Yue, XA Zeng, Z Ao, CO Huang, CY Kursinski, ER Kuo, YH AF Ho, Shu-peng Yue, Xinan Zeng, Zhen Ao, Chi O. Huang, Ching-Yuang Kursinski, Emil R. Kuo, Ying-Hwa TI Applications of COSMIC Radio Occultation Data from the Troposphere to Ionosphere and Potential Impacts of COSMIC-2 Data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 [Ho, Shu-peng; Yue, Xinan; Zeng, Zhen; Kuo, Ying-Hwa] Univ Corp Atmospheric Res, COSMIC Project Off, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Ao, Chi O.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Huang, Ching-Yuang] Natl Cent Univ, GPS Sci & Applicat Res Ctr, Jhongli, Taiwan. [Kursinski, Emil R.] Moog Broad Reach, Golden, CO USA. RP Ho, SP (reprint author), Univ Corp Atmospheric Res, COSMIC Project Off, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM spho@ucar.edu RI Yue, Xinan/C-7113-2013; Zeng, Zhen/J-5183-2014; OI Yue, Xinan/0000-0003-3379-9392 FU National Science Foundation (NSF); National Space Organization (NSPO) Taiwan; National Science Council (NSC) Taiwan; Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston, Texas (TECO-Houston); National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The Sixth FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data Users' Workshop was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Space Organization (NSPO) Taiwan, the National Science Council (NSC) Taiwan, and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston, Texas (TECO-Houston). Contribution from C. Ao was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 95 IS 1 BP ES18 EP ES22 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00035.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AB8NL UT WOS:000332047200006 ER PT J AU Legleiter, CJ Tedesco, M Smith, LC Behar, AE Overstreet, BT AF Legleiter, C. J. Tedesco, M. Smith, L. C. Behar, A. E. Overstreet, B. T. TI Mapping the bathymetry of supraglacial lakes and streams on the Greenland ice sheet using field measurements and high-resolution satellite images SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID WATER DEPTH; MORPHOLOGY; MARGIN AB Recent melt events on the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) accentuate the need to constrain estimates of sea level rise through improved characterization of meltwater pathways. This effort will require more precise estimates of the volume of water stored on the surface of the GrIS. We assessed the potential to obtain such information by mapping the bathymetry of supraglacial lakes and streams from WorldView2 (WV2) satellite images. Simultaneous in situ observations of depth and reflectance from two streams and a lake with measured depths up to 10.45m were used to test a spectrally based depth retrieval algorithm. We performed optimal band ratio analysis (OBRA) of continuous field spectra and spectra convolved to the bands of the WV2, Landsat 7 (ETM+), MODIS, and ASTER sensors. The field spectra yielded a strong relationship with depth (R-2 = 0.94), and OBRA R-2 values were nearly as high (0.87-0.92) for convolved spectra, suggesting that these sensors' broader bands would be sufficient for depth retrieval. Our field measurements thus indicated that remote sensing of supraglacial bathymetry is not only feasible but potentially highly accurate. OBRA of spectra from 2 m-pixel WV2 images acquired within 3-72 h of our field observations produced an optimal R-2 value of 0.92 and unbiased, precise depth estimates, with mean and root mean square errors < 1% and 10-25% of the mean depth. Bathymetric maps produced by applying OBRA relations revealed subtle features of lake and channel morphology. In addition to providing refined storage volume estimates for lakes of various sizes, this approach can help provide estimates of the transient flux of meltwater through streams. C1 [Legleiter, C. J.; Overstreet, B. T.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Tedesco, M.] CUNY City Coll, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Smith, L. C.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Behar, A. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Legleiter, CJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, Dept 3371,1000 E Univ Ave, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM carl.legleiter@uwyo.edu RI Tedesco, Marco/F-7986-2015; Smith, Laurence/E-7785-2012; OI Smith, Laurence/0000-0001-6866-5904; Legleiter, Carl/0000-0003-0940-8013 FU NASA Cryosphere Program [NNX11AQ38G]; Office of Naval Research Littoral Geosciences and Optics Program [N000141010873]; NSF [ARC0909388] FX This investigation was supported by the NASA Cryosphere Program (grant NNX11AQ38G managed by T. Wagner). C. Legleiter and B. Overstreet received additional support through a grant from the Office of Naval Research Littoral Geosciences and Optics Program (N000141010873 managed by T. Drake). M. Tedesco was supported by the NSF grant ARC0909388. Logistical support was provided by CH2M Hill Polar Field Services, the Kangerlussuaq International Science Station, and Air Greenland pilot T. Olsen. Asa Rennermalm loaned the ASD HandHeld2 spectroradiometer. The Polar Geospatial Center of the University of Minnesota assisted with image acquisition and processing. Field assistance was provided by V. Chu, R. Forster, C. Gleason, S. Moustafa, T. Olsen, L. Pitcher, and A. Rennermalm. A. Pope, G. Hamilton, and an anonymous reviewer provided useful comments that helped to improve our original manuscript. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2014 VL 8 IS 1 BP 215 EP 228 DI 10.5194/tc-8-215-2014 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA AC2GH UT WOS:000332317000016 ER PT J AU Sutterley, TC Velicogna, I Csatho, B van den Broeke, M Rezvan-Behbahani, S Babonis, G AF Sutterley, Tyler C. Velicogna, Isabella Csatho, Beata van den Broeke, Michiel Rezvan-Behbahani, Soroush Babonis, Greg TI Evaluating Greenland glacial isostatic adjustment corrections using GRACE, altimetry and surface mass balance data SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Greenland; glaciology; Geodesy; glacial isostatic adjustment ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS; ELEVATION CHANGES; SATELLITE DATA; POLAR ICE; EARTH; MODEL; VARIABILITY; PERSPECTIVE; CLIMATE AB Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) represents a source of uncertainty for ice sheet mass balance estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) time-variable gravity measurements. We evaluate Greenland GIA corrections from Simpson et al (2009 Quat. Sci. Rev. 28 1631-57), A et al (2013 Geophys. J. Int. 192 557-72) and Wu et al (2010 Nature Geosci. 3 642-6) by comparing the spatial patterns of GRACE-derived ice mass trends calculated using the three corrections with volume changes from ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) and OIB (Operation IceBridge) altimetry missions, and surface mass balance products from the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO). During the period September 2003-August 2011, GRACE ice mass changes obtained using the Simpson et al (2009 Quat. Sci. Rev. 28 1631-57) and A et al (2013 Geophys. J. Int. 192 557-72) GIA corrections yield similar spatial patterns and amplitudes, and are consistent with altimetry observations and surface mass balance data. The two GRACE estimates agree within 2% on average over the entire ice sheet, and better than 15% in four subdivisions of Greenland. The third GRACE estimate corrected using the (Wu et al 2010 Nature Geosci. 3 642-6)) GIA shows similar spatial patterns, but produces an average ice mass loss for the entire ice sheet that is 64 67 Gt yr(-1) smaller. In the Northeast the recovered ice mass change is 46-49 Gt yr(-1) (245-270%) more positive than that deduced from the other two corrections. By comparing the spatial and temporal variability of the GRACE estimates with trends of volume changes from altimetry and surface mass balance from RACMO, we show that the Wu et al (2010 Nature Geosci. 3 642-6) correction leads to a large mass increase in the Northeast that is inconsistent with independent observations. C1 [Sutterley, Tyler C.; Velicogna, Isabella] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Velicogna, Isabella] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Csatho, Beata; Rezvan-Behbahani, Soroush; Babonis, Greg] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [van den Broeke, Michiel] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Sutterley, TC (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. EM tsutterl@uci.edu RI Van den Broeke, Michiel/F-7867-2011; Sutterley, Tyler/Q-8325-2016 OI Van den Broeke, Michiel/0000-0003-4662-7565; Sutterley, Tyler/0000-0002-6964-1194 FU NASA FX We thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their advice. This work was performed at the University of California Irvine, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and was supported by grants from NASA's Cryospheric Science Program, Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program, Terrestrial Hydrology Program, IDS Program, and MEaSUREs Program. Maps have been drawn using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) (Wessel and Smith 1998). Computations were performed with Python for Scientific Computing (Oliphant 2007). Time series plots were drawn using the matplotlib graphics environment (Hunter 2007). NR 63 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 29 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 9 IS 1 AR 014004 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014004 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AB8WS UT WOS:000332071300005 ER PT J AU Randolph, RO McKay, CP AF Randolph, Richard O. McKay, Christopher P. TI Protecting and expanding the richness and diversity of life, an ethic for astrobiology research and space exploration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE contamination; space exploration; planetary protection policies; extraterrestrial ID PLANETARY PROTECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; REFUTATION AB The ongoing search for life on other worlds and the prospects of eventual human exploration of the Moon and Mars indicate the need for new ethical guidelines to direct our actions as we search and how we respond if we discover microbial life on other worlds. Here we review how life on other worlds presents a novel question in environmental ethics. We propose a principle of protecting and expanding the richness and diversity of life as the basis of an ethic for astrobiology research and space exploration. There are immediate implications for the operational policies governing how we conduct the search for life on Mars and how we plan for human exploration throughout the Solar System. C1 [Randolph, Richard O.] St Paul Sch Theol, Overland Pk, KS 66211 USA. [McKay, Christopher P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Randolph, RO (reprint author), St Paul Sch Theol, Overland Pk, KS 66211 USA. EM chris.mckay@nasa.gov NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 6 U2 23 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 1473-5504 EI 1475-3006 J9 INT J ASTROBIOL JI Int. J. Astrobiol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 13 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 DI 10.1017/S1473550413000311 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA AC2DX UT WOS:000332309400003 ER PT J AU Kilmer, BR Eberl, TC Cunderla, B Chen, F Clark, BC Schneegurt, MA AF Kilmer, Brian R. Eberl, Timothy C. Cunderla, Brent Chen, Fei Clark, Benton C. Schneegurt, Mark A. TI Molecular and phenetic characterization of the bacterial assemblage of Hot Lake, WA, an environment with high concentrations of magnesium sulphate, and its relevance to Mars SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT SALT PLAINS; CLEAN ROOMS; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; VIKING SPACECRAFT; BACILLUS-PUMILUS; SALINE LAKES; FACILITY; WATER; LIFE; SOIL AB Hot Lake (Oroville, WA) is an athalassohaline epsomite lake that can have precipitating concentrations of MgSO4 salts, mainly epsomite. Little biotic study has been done on epsomite lakes and it was unclear whether microbes isolated from epsomite lakes and their margins would fall within recognized halotolerant genera, common soil genera or novel phyla. Our initial study cultivated and characterized epsotolerant bacteria from the lake and its margins. Approximately 100 aerobic heterotrophic microbial isolates were obtained by repetitive streak-plating in high-salt media including either 10% NaCl or 2M MgSO4. The collected isolates were all bacteria, nearly evenly divided between Gram-positive and Gram-negative clades, the most abundant genera being Halomonas, Idiomarina, Marinobacter, Marinococcus, Nesterenkonia, Nocardiopsis and Planococcus. Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Exiguobacterium, Kocuria and Staphylococcus also were cultured. This initial study included culture-independent community analysis of direct DNA extracts of lake margin soil using PCR-based clone libraries and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. Clones assigned to Gram-positive bacterial clades (70% of total clones) were dominated by sequences related to uncultured actinobacteria. There were abundant Deltaproteobacteria clones related to bacterial sulphur metabolisms and clones of Legionella and Coxiella. These epsomite lake microbial communities seem to be divided between bacteria primarily associated with hyperhaline environments rich in NaCl and salinotolerant relatives of common soil organisms. Archaea appear to be in low abundance and none were isolated, despite near-saturated salinities. Growth of microbes at very high concentrations of magnesium and other sulphates has relevance to planetary protection and life-detection missions to Mars, where scant liquid water may form as deliquescent brines and appear as eutectic liquids. C1 [Kilmer, Brian R.; Eberl, Timothy C.; Schneegurt, Mark A.] Wichita State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Wichita, KS 67208 USA. [Cunderla, Brent] USDI Bur Land Management, Wenatchee, WA USA. [Chen, Fei] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA USA. [Clark, Benton C.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kilmer, BR (reprint author), Wichita State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Wichita, KS 67208 USA. EM mark.schneegurt@wichita.edu FU NASA ROSES Planetary Protection (PPR); Kansas NASA EPSCoR; NIH NCRR NIGMS KINBRE FX This work was supported by awards from NASA ROSES Planetary Protection (PPR) and Kansas NASA EPSCoR. Additional support was provided by awards from NIH NCRR NIGMS KINBRE. NR 74 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 22 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 1473-5504 EI 1475-3006 J9 INT J ASTROBIOL JI Int. J. Astrobiol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 13 IS 1 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1017/S1473550413000268 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA AC2DX UT WOS:000332309400008 PM 24748851 ER PT J AU Qu, TD Song, YT Maes, C AF Qu, Tangdong Song, Y. Tony Maes, Christophe TI Sea surface salinity and barrier layer variability in the equatorial Pacific as seen from Aquarius and Argo SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE sea surface salinity; barrier layer; western equatorial Pacific; ENSO ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; WESTERLY WIND BURSTS; WARM POOL; TROPICAL PACIFIC; MIXED-LAYER; EL-NINO; EASTERN EDGE; OCEAN; TEMPERATURE; WATER AB This study investigates the sea surface salinity (SSS) and barrier layer variability in the equatorial Pacific using recently available Aquarius and Argo data. Comparison between the two data sets indicates that Aquarius is able to capture most of the SSS features identified by Argo. Despite some discrepancies in the mean value, the SSS from the two data sets shows essentially the same seasonal cycle in both magnitude and phase. For the period of observation between August 2011 and July 2013 Aquarius nicely resolved the zonal displacement of the SSS front along the equator, showing its observing capacity of the western Pacific warm pool. Analysis of the Argo data provides further information on surface stratification. A thick barrier layer is present on the western side of the SSS front during all the period of observation, moving back and forth along the equator with its correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index exceeding 0.80. Generally, the thick barrier layer moves eastward during El Nino and westward during La Nina. The mechanisms responsible for this zonal displacement are discussed. Key Points Aquarius nicely resolved the SSS front along the equator in the western Pacific A thick barrier layer is always present on the western side of the SSS front Both the SSS front and thick barrier layer are highly correlated with ENSO C1 [Qu, Tangdong] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Song, Y. Tony] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Maes, Christophe] Inst Rech Dev, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, Toulouse, France. RP Qu, TD (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, SOEST, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM tangdong@hawaii.edu RI maes, christophe/L-4049-2015 OI maes, christophe/0000-0001-6532-7141 FU NSF [OCE11-30050]; NASA [NNX12AG02G]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA; IRD FX T. Qu was supported by NSF through grant OCE11-30050 and by NASA as part of the Aquarius Science Team investigation through grant NNX12AG02G. Y. T. Song was supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contracts with NASA. C. Maes is supported by IRD. The authors are grateful to N. Schneider and I. Fukumori for useful discussion on the topic, to K. Yu for assistance in processing the Aquarius data, and to two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on this manuscript. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology contribution number 9054 and International Pacific Research Center contribution IPRC-1033. NR 52 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN PY 2014 VL 119 IS 1 BP 15 EP 29 DI 10.1002/2013JC009375 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA AB6DZ UT WOS:000331879100002 ER PT J AU Takeuchi, Y Tamagawa, T Kitaguchi, T Yamada, S Iwakiri, W Asami, F Yoshikawa, A Kaneko, K Enoto, T Hayato, A Kohmura, T AF Takeuchi, Y. Tamagawa, T. Kitaguchi, T. Yamada, S. Iwakiri, W. Asami, F. Yoshikawa, A. Kaneko, K. Enoto, T. Hayato, A. Kohmura, T. CA GEMS XACT Team TI Property of LCP-GEM in pure dimethyl ether at low pressure SO JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors CY JUL 01-06, 2013 CL Zaragoza, SPAIN DE X-ray detectors; Gaseous detectors; Micropattern gaseous detectors (MSGC, GEM, THGEM; RETHGEM, MHSP, MICROPIC, MICROMEGAS, InGrid, etc); Electron multipliers (gas) ID LASER ETCHING TECHNIQUE; ELECTRON; FIELDS AB We present a systematic investigation of the gain properties of a gas electron multiplier (GEM) foil in pure dimethyl ether (DME) at low pressures. The GEM is made from copper-clad liquid crystal polymer insulator (LCP-GEM) designed for space use, and is applied to a time projection chamber filled with low-pressure DME gas to observe the linear polarization of cosmic X-rays. We have measured gains of a 100 m m-thick LCP-GEMas a function of the voltage between GEM electrodes at various gas pressures ranging from 10 to 190 Torr with 6.4 keV X-rays. The highest gain at 190 Torr is about 2x10(4), while that at 20 Torr is about 500. We find that the pressure and electric-field dependence of the GEM gain is described by the first Townsend coefficient. The energy scale from 4.5 to 8.0 keV is linear with non-linearity of less than 1.4% above 30 Torr. C1 [Takeuchi, Y.; Tamagawa, T.; Kitaguchi, T.; Yamada, S.; Iwakiri, W.; Asami, F.; Yoshikawa, A.; Kaneko, K.; Enoto, T.; Hayato, A.] RIKEN Nishina Ctr, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. [Takeuchi, Y.; Tamagawa, T.; Asami, F.; Yoshikawa, A.; Kaneko, K.] Tokyo Univ Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. [Enoto, T.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kohmura, T.] Kogakuin Univ, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920015, Japan. RP Takeuchi, Y (reprint author), RIKEN Nishina Ctr, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. EM takeuhchi@crab.riken.jp RI Chen, Ru/A-5105-2015 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-0221 J9 J INSTRUM JI J. Instrum. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 9 AR C01002 DI 10.1088/1748-0221/9/01/C01002 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA AC2DD UT WOS:000332307000002 ER PT J AU Kilgour, MJ Auster, PJ Packer, D Purcell, M Packard, G Dessner, M Sherrell, A Rissolo, D AF Kilgour, Morgan J. Auster, Peter J. Packer, David Purcell, Michael Packard, Gregory Dessner, Michael Sherrell, Andrew Rissolo, Dominique TI Use of AUVs to Inform Management of Deep-Sea Corals SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE imaging; sonar vulnerable species; seamount; assessment ID PREDICTING SUITABLE HABITAT; WATER CORAL; CONTINENTAL MARGINS; ATLANTIC; SUITABILITY; SHELF; FLOOR AB National and international obligation to protect vulnerable species, communities, habitats, and ecosystems (VSCHEs) require greater attention as human uses extent to deeper water. These obligations increase the need for improved understanding of the distribution and abundance of VSCHEs to develop management actions. Data from low speed vehicles that operate at the seafloor (e.g. remotely operated vehicles camera sleds) predominate, These "low and slow approaches while providing high-resolution data do not operate at the scale required for management. We suggest autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) flown at relatively high altitude and high speed over the seafloor as a high and fast approach to survey areas at the scale fisheries and other activities operate. We used REMUS 6000 AUVs to collect presence data for VSCHEs in a rapid assessment on Physalia Seamount AUVs were programmed to collect digital images side-scan sonar (120.410 kHz); and environmental parameters and could navigate a 40 degrees slope. Our preliminary results of this approach predicated on the assumption that coarse taxonomic resolution is adequate for management needs indicates AUVs can be effective tools for large area surveys in short time periods. C1 [Kilgour, Morgan J.; Auster, Peter J.] Univ Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [Packer, David] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Northeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highlands, NJ USA. [Purcell, Michael; Packard, Gregory] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA. [Dessner, Michael; Rissolo, Dominique] Waitt Inst, La Jolla, CA USA. [Sherrell, Andrew] Sherrell Ocean Serv, Indian Harbor Beach, FL USA. RP Kilgour, MJ (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340 USA. EM Morgan.Kilgour@gmail.com FU Waitt Institute FX We thank the Waitt Institute for funding this project. The authors are grateful to the captains and crew of the MV Scarlett Isabella and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Waitt Institute REMUS 6000 team, N. McPhee, W. Sellers, M. Dennett, and T. Smith. We appreciate the efforts of the National Resource Defense Council for spear-heading this collaboration. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Waitt Institute or of any of the associated organizations. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 EI 1948-1209 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 48 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA AB6SH UT WOS:000331919300003 ER PT J AU Tennyson, J Bernath, PF Brown, LR Campargue, A Csaszar, AG Daumont, L Gamache, RR Hodges, JT Naumenko, OV Polyansky, OL Rothman, LS Vandaele, AC Zobov, NF AF Tennyson, Jonathan Bernath, Peter F. Brown, Linda R. Campargue, Alain Csaszar, Attila G. Daumont, Ludovic Gamache, Robert R. Hodges, Joseph T. Naumenko, Olga V. Polyansky, Oleg L. Rothman, Laurence S. Vandaele, Ann Carine Zobov, Nikolai F. TI A database of water transitions from experiment and theory (IUPAC Technical Report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chemical physics; high-resolution spectroscopy; IUPAC Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division; line profiles; microwaves; rotation-vibration energy levels; transition intensities; water vapor ID ROTATIONAL-VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; HIGH-SENSITIVITY ICLAS; M TRANSPARENCY WINDOW; LINE LIST; RAMAN-SPECTRA; WAVE-NUMBERS; ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM; CROSS-SECTIONS; MU-M AB The report and results of an IUPAC Task Group (TG) formed in 2004 on "A Database of Water Transitions from Experiment and Theory" (Project No. 2004-035-1-100) are presented. Energy levels and recommended labels involving exact and approximate quantum numbers for the main isotopologues of water in the gas phase, (H2O)-O-16, (H2O)-O-18, (H2O)-O-17, (HDO)-O-16, (HDO)-O-18, (HDO)-O-17, (D2O)-O-16, (D2O)-O-18, and (D2O)-O-17, are determined from measured transition frequencies. The transition frequencies and energy levels are validated using first-principles nuclear motion computations and the MARVEL (measured active rotational-vibrational energy levels) approach. The extensive data including lines and levels are required for analysis and synthesis of spectra, thermochemical applications, the construction of theoretical models, and the removal of spectral contamination by ubiquitous water lines. These datasets can also be used to assess where measurements are lacking for each isotopologue and to provide accurate frequencies for many yet-to-be measured transitions. The lack of high-quality frequency calibration standards in the near infrared is identified as an issue that has hindered the determination of high-accuracy energy levels at higher frequencies. The generation of spectra using the MARVEL energy levels combined with transition intensities computed using high accuracy ab initio dipole moment surfaces are discussed. A recommendation of the TG is for further work to identify a single, suitable model to represent pressure-(and temperature-) dependent line profiles more accurately than Voigt profiles. C1 [Tennyson, Jonathan; Polyansky, Oleg L.] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. [Bernath, Peter F.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. [Brown, Linda R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Campargue, Alain] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Grenoble, France. [Csaszar, Attila G.] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Chem, Budapest, Hungary. [Csaszar, Attila G.] MTA ELTE Res Grp Complex Chem Syst, Budapest, Hungary. [Daumont, Ludovic] Univ Reims, Reims, France. [Gamache, Robert R.] Univ Massachusetts, Lowell, MA USA. [Hodges, Joseph T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Naumenko, Olga V.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Opt, Tomsk, Russia. [Polyansky, Oleg L.; Zobov, Nikolai F.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia. [Rothman, Laurence S.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Vandaele, Ann Carine] Inst Aeron Spatiale Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. RP Tennyson, J (reprint author), UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England. EM j.tennyson@ucl.ac.uk RI Csaszar, Attila/A-5241-2009; Tennyson, Jonathan/I-2222-2012; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; OI Tennyson, Jonathan/0000-0002-4994-5238; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Rothman, Laurence/0000-0002-3837-4847 FU International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [2004-035-1-100]; UK Natural Environment Research Council; Royal Society; European Research Council [267219]; Scientific Research Fund of Hungary [OTKA NK83583]; NATO; National Science Foundation of the U.S.A. [AGS1156862]; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office [EV/35/3A, SD/AT/01A, PRODEX 1514901NLSFe(IC)]; Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRFC contracts); Communautede Belgique (Action de Recherche Concertees); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) [NAG5-13534]; Programme National LEFE (CHAT) of CNRS (INSU); Laboratoire International Associe SAMIA (Spectroscopie d'Absorption des Molecules d'Interet Atmospherique) FX This work was supported by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for funding under project 2004-035-1-100 (A database of water transitions from experiment and theory). In addition, this work has received partial support from the UK Natural Environment Research Council, the Royal Society, the European Research Council under Advanced Investigator Project 267219, the Scientific Research Fund of Hungary (grant OTKA NK83583), NATO, the National Science Foundation of the U.S.A. through Grant No. AGS1156862, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (contracts EV/35/3A, SD/AT/01A, PRODEX 1514901NLSFe(IC)), the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRFC contracts), the Communautede Belgique (Action de Recherche Concertees), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS), under grant NAG5-13534, and the Programme National LEFE (CHAT) of CNRS (INSU). This work is partly supported by the Laboratoire International Associe SAMIA (Spectroscopie d'Absorption des Molecules d'Interet Atmospherique) between CNRS (France) and RAS (Russia). Part of the research described in this paper was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contracts and grants with NASA. NR 126 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 5 U2 66 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0033-4545 EI 1365-3075 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 86 IS 1 BP 71 EP 83 DI 10.1515/pac-2014-5012 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA AB8IY UT WOS:000332034800007 ER PT J AU Rim, T Baek, CK Kim, K Jeong, YH Lee, JS Meyyappan, M AF Rim, Taiuk Baek, Chang-Ki Kim, Kihyun Jeong, Yoon-Ha Lee, Jeong-Soo Meyyappan, M. TI Silicon Nanowire Biologically Sensitive Field Effect Transistors: Electrical Characteristics and Applications SO JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Silicon Nanowire; BioFETs; ISFETs; Biosensors; Electrical Characteristics ID LABEL-FREE; REFERENCE ELECTRODES; CARBON NANOTUBE; EFFECT SENSORS; BIOMARKER DETECTION; 1/F NOISE; ARRAYS; BIOSENSORS; INTERFACES; DNA AB The interest in biologically sensitive field effect transistors (BioFETs) is growing explosively due to their potential as biosensors in biomedical, environmental monitoring and security applications. Recently, adoption of silicon nanowires in BioFETs has enabled enhancement of sensitivity, device miniaturization, decreasing power consumption and emerging applications such as the 3D cell probe. In this review, we describe the device physics and operation of the silicon nanowire BioFETs along with recent advances in the field. The silicon nanowire BioFETs are basically the same as the conventional field-effect transistors (FETs) with the exceptions of nanowire channel instead of thin film and a liquid gate instead of the conventional gate. Therefore, the silicon device physics is important to understand the operation of the BioFETs. Herein, physical characteristics of the silicon nanowire FETs are described and the operational principles of the BioFETs are classified according to the number of gates and the analysis domain of the measured signal. Even the bottom-up process has merits on low-cost fabrication; the top-down process technique is highlighted here due to its reliability and reproducibility. Finally, recent advances in the silicon nanowire BioFETs in the literature are described and key features for commercialization are discussed. C1 [Rim, Taiuk; Baek, Chang-Ki] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH, Future IT Innovat Lab, Pohang 790784, South Korea. [Rim, Taiuk; Baek, Chang-Ki] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH, Dept Creat IT Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. [Kim, Kihyun; Jeong, Yoon-Ha; Lee, Jeong-Soo] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. [Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lee, JS (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. FU NIPA [NIPA-2013-H0203-13-1001] FX Authors are appreciating to Sungho Kim, Nanki Hong, and Chanoh Park for their participation of this article. This work was supported by the "IT Consilience Creative Program" of the NIPA (NIPA-2013-H0203-13-1001). NR 106 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 52 PU AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS PI VALENCIA PA 26650 THE OLD RD, STE 208, VALENCIA, CA 91381-0751 USA SN 1533-4880 EI 1533-4899 J9 J NANOSCI NANOTECHNO JI J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 273 EP 287 DI 10.1166/jnn.2014.8760 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA AB5BM UT WOS:000331803900015 PM 24730263 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, MJ Leishman, JG AF Bhagwat, Mahendra J. Leishman, J. Gordon TI Self-Induced Velocity of a Vortex Ring Using Straight-Line Segmentation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HELICAL VORTEX; ACCURACY; VORTICES AB The accuracy of discretized induced velocity calculations that can be obtained using straight-line vortex elements has been reexamined, primarily using the velocity field induced by a vortex ring as a reference. The induced velocity of a potential (inviscid) vortex ring is singular at the vortex ring itself. Analytical results were found by using a small azimuthal cutoff in the Biot-Savart integral over the vortex ring and showed that the singularity is logarithmic in the cutoff. Discrete numerical calculations showed the same behavior, with the self-induced velocity exhibiting a logarithmic singularity with respect to the discretization, which introduces an inherent cutoff in the Biot-Savart integral. Core regularization or desingularization can also eliminate the singularity by using an assumed "viscous" core model. Analytical approximations to the self-induced velocity of a thin-cored vortex ring have shown that the self-induced velocity has a logarithmic singularity in the core radius. It is further shown that the numerical calculations require special treatment of the self-induced velocity caused by curvature, which is lost by the inherent cutoff in the straight-line discretization, to correctly recover this logarithmic singularity in the core radius. Numerical solution using straight-line vortex segmentation, augmented with curved vortex elements only for the self-induced velocity calculation, is shown to be second-order accurate in the discretization. C1 [Bhagwat, Mahendra J.] NASA, US Army Aviat Dev Directorate AFDD, Aviat & Missile Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Res Dev & Engn Command,Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Leishman, J. Gordon] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bhagwat, MJ (reprint author), NASA, US Army Aviat Dev Directorate AFDD, Aviat & Missile Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Res Dev & Engn Command,Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mahendra.j.bhagwat.civ@mail.mil NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 EI 2161-6027 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 59 IS 1 AR 012004 DI 10.4050/JAHS.59.012004 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AB5NM UT WOS:000331835400004 ER PT J AU Raffel, M Heineck, JT Schairer, E Leopold, F Kindler, K AF Raffel, Markus Heineck, James T. Schairer, Edward Leopold, Friedrich Kindler, Kolja TI Background-Oriented Schlieren Imaging for Full-Scale and In-Flight Testing SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPHY; INDEX MEDIA; VISUALIZATION; FIELDS AB Background-oriented schlieren (BOS) methods suited for large-scale and in-flight testing are presented with special emphasis on the detection and tracing of blade tip vortices in situ. Retroreflective recording and photogrammetric epipolar analysis for the computation of the vortices' spatial coordinates in the wind tunnel are described. Feasibility and fidelity of reference-free BOS in conjunction with natural formation backgrounds and related evaluation methods are discussed, additionally, illustrating their simplicity and robustness. Results of successful image acquisition from a chaser aircraft are presented allowing vortex wakes to be identified at a wide range of flight attitudes, including complex maneuvers. C1 [Raffel, Markus] Germen Aerosp Ctr DLR, Gottingen, Germany. [Heineck, James T.; Schairer, Edward] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Leopold, Friedrich] German French Res Inst St Louis, St Louis, France. [Kindler, Kolja] Germen Aerosp Ctr DLR, Cologne, Germany. RP Raffel, M (reprint author), Germen Aerosp Ctr DLR, Gottingen, Germany. EM markus.raffel@dlr.de FU US/German Memorandum of Understanding on Helicopter Aerodynamics, Task VIII "Rotor Wake Measurement Techniques" FX The authors are indebted to A. Bauknecht, G. Ertz, M. Krebs, and P. Munier for their contributions to the color RBOS measurements as well as to A. Dillmann, T. Wilmes, A. Muller, U. Gohmann, M. Gerber, and F. Wojton for their commitment during the flight tests. The authors also gratefully acknowledge Laura Kushner from NASA Ames for her support during the acquisition and evaluation of the UH-60 BOS data. This work was partly supported by the US/German Memorandum of Understanding on Helicopter Aerodynamics, Task VIII "Rotor Wake Measurement Techniques." NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 EI 2161-6027 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 59 IS 1 AR 012002 DI 10.4050/JAHS.59.012002 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AB5NM UT WOS:000331835400002 ER PT J AU Yeo, H Johnson, W AF Yeo, Hyeonsoo Johnson, Wayne TI Investigation of Maximum Blade Loading Capability of Lift-Offset Rotors SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS; HELICOPTER AB The maximum blade loading capability of a coaxial, lift-offset rotor is investigated using a rotorcraft configuration designed in the context of short-haul, medium-size civil and military missions. The aircraft was sized for a 6600-lb payload and a range of 300 nm. The rotor planform and twist were optimized for hover and cruise performance. For the present rotor performance calculations, the collective pitch angle is progressively increased up to and through stall with the shaft angle set to zero. The effects of lift offset on rotor lift, power, controls, and blade airloads and structural loads are examined. The maximum lift capability of the coaxial rotor increases as lift offset increases and extends well beyond the McHugh lift boundary as the lift potential of the advancing blades are fully realized. A parametric study is conducted to examine the differences between the present coaxial rotor and the McHugh rotor in terms of maximum lift capabilities and to identify important design parameters that define the maximum lift capability of the rotor. The effects of lift offset on rotor blade airloads and structural loads are also investigated. Flap bending moment increases substantially as lift offset increases to carry the hub roll moment even at low collective values. The magnitude of flap bending moment is dictated by the lift-offset value (hub roll moment) but is less sensitive to collective and speed. C1 [Yeo, Hyeonsoo] NASA, US Army Aviat Dev Directorate AFDD, Aviat & Missile Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Res Dev & Engn Command,Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Johnson, Wayne] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Yeo, H (reprint author), NASA, US Army Aviat Dev Directorate AFDD, Aviat & Missile Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Res Dev & Engn Command,Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM hyeonsoo.yeo.civ@mail.mil NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 EI 2161-6027 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 59 IS 1 AR 012005 DI 10.4050/JAHS.59.012005 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AB5NM UT WOS:000331835400005 ER PT J AU Vinas, AF Moya, PS Navarro, R Araneda, JA AF Vinas, Adolfo F. Moya, Pablo S. Navarro, Roberto Araneda, Jaime A. TI The role of higher-order modes on the electromagnetic whistler-cyclotron wave fluctuations of thermal and non-thermal plasmas SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-WIND; DISPERSION FUNCTION; GAUSS LAW; SIMULATION; CODES AB Two fundamental challenging problems of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas are the understanding of the relaxation of a collisionless plasmas with nearly isotropic velocity distribution functions and the resultant state of nearly equipartition energy density with electromagnetic plasma turbulence. Here, we present the results of a study which shows the role that higher-order-modes play in limiting the electromagnetic whistler-like fluctuations in a thermal and non-thermal plasma. Our main results show that for a thermal plasma the magnetic fluctuations are confined by regions that are bounded by the least-damped higher order modes. We further show that the zone where the whistler-cyclotron normal modes merges the electromagnetic fluctuations shifts to longer wavelengths as the beta(e) increases. This merging zone has been interpreted as the beginning of the region where the whistler-cyclotron waves losses their identity and become heavily damped while merging with the fluctuations. Our results further indicate that in the case of nonthermal plasmas, the higher-order modes do not confine the fluctuations due to the effective higher-temperature effects and the excess of suprathermal plasma particles. The analysis presented here considers the second-order theory of fluctuations and the dispersion relation of weakly transverse fluctuations, with wave vectors parallel to the uniform background magnetic field, in a finite temperature isotropic bi-Maxwellian and Tsallis-kappa-like magnetized electron-proton plasma. Our results indicate that the spontaneously emitted electromagnetic fluctuations are in fact enhanced over these quasi modes suggesting that such modes play an important role in the emission and absorption of electromagnetic fluctuations in thermal or quasi-thermal plasmas. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. C1 [Vinas, Adolfo F.; Moya, Pablo S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Geospace Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Moya, Pablo S.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington Dc, DC 20064 USA. [Navarro, Roberto] Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile. [Araneda, Jaime A.] Univ Concepcion, Fac Ciencias Fis & Matemat, Dept Fis, Concepcion, Chile. RP Vinas, AF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Geospace Phys Lab, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Moya, Pablo/C-3163-2011; Navarro, Roberto/F-7045-2014; Araneda, Jaime/J-9245-2015 OI Moya, Pablo/0000-0002-9161-0888; Navarro, Roberto/0000-0003-0782-1904; FU NASA's Wind/SWE program [NNX10AC56G]; Comision Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONICyT, Chile); FONDECYT [1110880] FX We would like to thank Dr. Robert Benson for providing critical suggestions and comments of this paper. We also like to thank the NASA's Wind/SWE program under the Grant No. NNX10AC56G for the support of this research. We also thank the Comision Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONICyT, Chile) by providing financial support for postdoctoral (P.S.M.) and doctoral (R.N.) fellows. J.A.A. would like to thank FONDECYT (Nro 1110880) for providing financial support. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X EI 1089-7674 J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD JAN PY 2014 VL 21 IS 1 AR 012902 DI 10.1063/1.4861865 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA AB2RA UT WOS:000331638600053 ER PT J AU Stubbs, TJ Farrell, WM Halekas, JS Burchill, JK Collier, MR Zimmerman, MI Vondrak, RR Delory, GT Pfaff, RE AF Stubbs, T. J. Farrell, W. M. Halekas, J. S. Burchill, J. K. Collier, M. R. Zimmerman, M. I. Vondrak, R. R. Delory, G. T. Pfaff, R. E. TI Dependence of lunar surface charging on solar wind plasma conditions and solar irradiation SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Moon; Surface charging; Solar wind; Plasma; Photoemission; Numerical model ID DYNAMIC FOUNTAIN MODEL; PHOTOELECTRON SHEATH; DUST TRANSPORT; POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; MOON; PHOTOEMISSION; PROSPECTOR; SPACE; EXPLORATION AB The surface of the Moon is electrically charged by exposure to solar radiation on its dayside, as well as by the continuous flux of charged particles from the various plasma environments that surround it. An electric potential develops between the lunar surface and ambient plasma, which manifests itself in a near-surface plasma sheath with a scale height of order the Debye length. This study investigates surface charging on the lunar dayside and near-terminator regions in the solar wind, for which the dominant current sources are usually from the photoemission of electrons J(p), and the collection of plasma electrons J(e), and ions J(i). These currents are dependent on the following six parameters: plasma concentration no, electron temperature T-e, ion temperature T-i, bulk flow velocity V, photoemission current at normal incidence J(po), and photoelectron temperature T-p. Using a numerical model, derived from a set of eleven basic assumptions, the influence of these six parameters on surface charging - characterized by the equilibrium surface potential, Debye length, and surface electric field - is investigated as a function of solar zenith angle. Overall, T-e is the most important parameter, especially near the terminator, while J(po) and T-p dominate over most of the dayside. In contrast, V and Ti are found to be the least effective parameters. Typically, lunar surface charging in the solar wind can be reduced to a two-current problem: on the dayside in sunlight, Jp+Je=0, since vertical bar J(p)vertical bar >> vertical bar J(e)vertical bar >> vertical bar J(i)vertical bar, while near the terminator in shadow, J(e)+J(i)=0. However, situations can arise that result in a truly three-current problem with some important consequences; e.g., very cold T-e and/or very fast V can result in vertical bar J(p)vertical bar >> vertical bar J(e)vertical bar approximate to vertical bar J(i)vertical bar on the dayside. The influence of surface charging pervades the environments of the Moon and other airless bodies, and the investigation presented here provides insights into the physical processes involved, as well as being useful for interpreting and understanding more complicated simulations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Stubbs, T. J.; Farrell, W. M.; Collier, M. R.; Zimmerman, M. I.; Vondrak, R. R.; Pfaff, R. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Halekas, J. S.; Delory, G. T.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Burchill, J. K.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1NA, Canada. [Stubbs, T. J.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Ctr Res & Explorat Space Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Stubbs, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM timothy.j.stubbs@nasa.gov RI Stubbs, Timothy/I-5139-2013; Farrell, William/I-4865-2013; Collier, Michael/I-4864-2013; OI Stubbs, Timothy/0000-0002-5524-645X; Collier, Michael/0000-0001-9658-6605; Halekas, Jasper/0000-0001-5258-6128 FU internal research and development (IRAD) at NASA/GSFC; NASA [NNG06GJ23G, NNX08AM76G, NNX08BA32G]; NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Lunar Dust Assessment FX This work was supported by internal research and development (IRAD) at NASA/GSFC, NASA Grants NNGO6GJ23G, NNX08AM76G, NNX08BA32G and the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Lunar Dust Assessment. We would like to thank the reviewers and our colleagues for their constructive feedback and helpful comments. NR 83 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 90 BP 10 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2013.07.008 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AB3HX UT WOS:000331683000002 ER PT J AU Davis, S Marshall, J Richard, D Adler, D Adler, B AF Davis, Sanford Marshall, John Richard, Denis Adler, David Adler, Benjamin TI Scattering properties of lunar dust analogs SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lunar dust; Mie scattering; Lunar exosphere; Lunar missions; Exospheric dust ID CLOUDS; SIMULANTS; LIGHT AB The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft is designed to characterize the exospheric dust environment using an on-board suite of specialized sensors. The objective of this paper is to present results from scattering experiments using an aqueous suspension of lunar simulants that contains a population of dust grains ranging in size from similar to 0.1 pm to 10 pm. The intensity of scattered light is measured with a commercial version of the ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UVS) used in the LADEE mission. We show that our data is consistent with the fact that micron-sized particles tend to form agglomerates rather than remaining isolated entities and that certain characteristics of the target particles can be predicted from intensity measurements alone. These results can be used directly to assess general features of the lunar exosphere. Further analysis of particle properties from such remote sensing data will require more refined measurements such as polarization features or other components of the Stokes vector. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Davis, Sanford; Richard, Denis] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Marshall, John; Adler, David; Adler, Benjamin] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Richard, Denis] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Davis, S (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM sanford.s.davis@mail.nasa.gov FU NASA Ames LASER Grant; NASA "DREAM" Grant from the NASA Lunar Science Institute FX The authors acknowledge support under a NASA Ames LASER Grant and a NASA "DREAM" Grant from the NASA Lunar Science Institute. We also would like to recognize an excellent and thorough review by an unknown referee that significantly enhanced this paper. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 90 BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2013.11.005 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AB3HX UT WOS:000331683000003 ER PT J AU Heinis, S Buat, V Bethermin, M Bock, J Burgarella, D Conley, A Cooray, A Farrah, D Ilbert, O Magdis, G Marsden, G Oliver, SJ Rigopoulou, D Roehlly, Y Schulz, B Symeonidis, M Viero, M Xu, CK Zemcov, M AF Heinis, S. Buat, V. Bethermin, M. Bock, J. Burgarella, D. Conley, A. Cooray, A. Farrah, D. Ilbert, O. Magdis, G. Marsden, G. Oliver, S. J. Rigopoulou, D. Roehlly, Y. Schulz, B. Symeonidis, M. Viero, M. Xu, C. K. Zemcov, M. TI HerMES: dust attenuation and star formation activity in ultraviolet-selected samples from z similar to 4 to similar to 1.5 SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE methods: statistical; galaxies: star formation; infrared: galaxies; ultraviolet: galaxies ID INITIAL MASS FUNCTION; LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES; CHEMO-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EVOLUTION; FAR-INFRARED PROPERTIES; HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES; FORMATION RATE DENSITY; UV-SELECTED GALAXIES; LESS-THAN 2; FORMING GALAXIES; STELLAR MASS AB We study the link between observed ultraviolet (UV) luminosity, stellar mass and dust attenuation within rest-frame UV-selected samples at z similar to 4, similar to 3 and similar to 1.5. We measure by stacking at 250, 350 and 500 mu m in the Herschel/Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver images from the Herschel Multi-Tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) program the average infrared luminosity as a function of stellar mass and UV luminosity. We find that dust attenuation is mostly correlated with stellar mass. There is also a secondary dependence with UV luminosity: at a given UV luminosity, dust attenuation increases with stellar mass, while at a given stellar mass it decreases with UV luminosity. We provide new empirical recipes to correct for dust attenuation given the observed UV luminosity and the stellar mass. Our results also enable us to put new constraints on the average relation between star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass at z similar to 4, similar to 3 and similar to 1.5. The SFR-stellar mass relations are well described by power laws (SFR proportional to M-*(0.7)), with the amplitudes being similar at z similar to 4 and similar to 3, and decreasing by a factor of 4 at z similar to 1.5 at a given stellar mass. We further investigate the evolution with redshift of the specific SFR. Our results are in the upper range of previous measurements, in particular at z similar to 3, and are consistent with a plateau at 3 < z < 4. Current model predictions (either analytic, semi-analytic or hydrodynamic) are inconsistent with these values, as they yield lower predictions than the observations in the redshift range we explore. We use these results to discuss the star formation histories of galaxies in the framework of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies. Our results suggest that galaxies at high redshift (2.5 < z < 4) stay around 1 Gyr on the main sequence. With decreasing redshift, this time increases such that z = 1 main-sequence galaxies with 10(8) < M-*/M-circle dot < 10(10) stay on the main sequence until z = 0. C1 [Heinis, S.; Buat, V.; Burgarella, D.; Farrah, D.; Roehlly, Y.] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, UMR 7326, F-13388 Marseille, France. [Heinis, S.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Bethermin, M.; Magdis, G.] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, CEA DSM Irfu, Lab AIM Paris Saclay,CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Bethermin, M.] Univ Paris 11, IAS, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Bethermin, M.] CNRS, UMR 8617, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Bock, J.; Cooray, A.; Schulz, B.; Viero, M.; Xu, C. K.; Zemcov, M.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bock, J.; Zemcov, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Conley, A.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cooray, A.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Farrah, D.] Virginia Tech, Dept Phys, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Marsden, G.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. [Oliver, S. J.; Symeonidis, M.] Univ Sussex, Dept Phys & Astron, Astron Ctr, Brighton BN1 9QH, E Sussex, England. [Rigopoulou, D.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, RAL Space, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Rigopoulou, D.] Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. [Schulz, B.; Xu, C. K.] CALTECH, JPL, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Symeonidis, M.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. RP Heinis, S (reprint author), Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, UMR 7326, F-13388 Marseille, France. EM sheinis@astro.umd.edu RI Magdis, Georgios/C-7295-2014; OI Magdis, Georgios/0000-0002-4872-2294; Bethermin, Matthieu/0000-0002-3915-2015 FU Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales; CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA (France); CNES (France); CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); UKSA (UK); NASA (USA) FX We thank the referee for useful comments and suggestions. SH and VB acknowledge support from the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. We thank the COSMOS team for sharing data essential to this study. SPIRE has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by Cardiff Univ. (UK) and including Univ. Lethbridge (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, LAM (France); IFSI, Univ. Padua (Italy); IAC (Spain); Stockholm Observatory (Sweden); Imperial College London, RAL, UCL-MSSL, UKATC, Univ. Sussex (UK) and Caltech, JPL, NHSC, Univ. Colorado (USA). This development has been supported by national funding agencies: CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, CNES, CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC, UKSA (UK) and NASA (USA). The data presented in this paper will be released through the Herschel Database in Marseille HeDaM (http://hedam.oamp.fr/HerMES). NR 103 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 2 BP 1268 EP 1283 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt1960 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AB2IS UT WOS:000331617000019 ER PT J AU Mineo, S Gilfanov, M Lehmer, BD Morrison, GE Sunyaev, R AF Mineo, S. Gilfanov, M. Lehmer, B. D. Morrison, G. E. Sunyaev, R. TI X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - III. Calibration of the L-X-SFR relation up to redshift z approximate to 1.3 SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE galaxies: evolution; galaxies: starburst; galaxies: star formation; X-rays: binaries; X-rays: galaxies; X-rays: ISM ID DEEP FIELD-SOUTH; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; FORMATION RATE INDICATOR; POINT-SOURCE CATALOGS; LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES; MS SOURCE CATALOGS; INFRARED PROPERTIES; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; STELLAR CONTENT; FORMATION RATES AB We investigate the relation between total X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies and their star formation activity. Using nearby late-type galaxies and ultraluminous infrared galaxies from Paper I and star-forming galaxies from Chandra Deep Fields (CDFs), we construct a sample of 66 galaxies spanning the redshift range z approximate to 0-1.3 and the star formation rate (SFR) range similar to 0.1-10(3) M-circle dot yr(-1). In agreement with previous results, we find that the L-X-SFR relation is consistent with a linear law both at z = 0 and for the z = 0.1-1.3 CDF galaxies, within the statistical accuracy of similar to 0.1 in the slope of the L-X-SFR relation. For the total sample, we find a linear scaling relation L-X/SFR approximate to (4.0 +/- 0.4) x 10(39)(erg s(-1))/(M-circle dot yr(-1)), with a scatter of approximate to 0.4 dex. About similar to 2/3 of the 0.5-8 keV luminosity generated per unit SFR is expected to be due to high-mass X-ray binaries. We find no statistically significant trends in the mean L-X/SFR ratio with the redshift or SFR and constrain the amplitude of its variations by less than or similar to 0.1-0.2 dex. These properties make X-ray observations a powerful tool to measure the SFR in normal star-forming galaxies that dominate the source counts at faint fluxes. C1 [Mineo, S.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Mineo, S.; Gilfanov, M.; Sunyaev, R.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Mineo, S.] Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England. [Gilfanov, M.; Sunyaev, R.] Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. [Lehmer, B. D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Lehmer, B. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Morrison, G. E.] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Manoa, HI 96822 USA. [Morrison, G. E.] Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corp, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA. RP Mineo, S (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM smineo@head.cfa.harvard.edu FU NASA [AR1-12008X]; STFC [664 ST/K000861/1]; NASA; National Science Foundation FX SM gratefully acknowledges financial support through the NASA grant AR1-12008X and funding from the STFC grant 664 ST/K000861/1. The authors are grateful to Ken Kellermann for providing them with both radio rms map and the source list of the second data release of the VLA 1.4 GHz Survey of the E-CDF-S, prior to publication. The authors thank William Forman for his valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this paper. This research made use of Chandra archival data and software provided by the Chandra X-ray Center in the application package CIAO. This research has made use of SAOIMAGE DS9, developed by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The Spitzer space telescope is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the NASA. GALEX is a NASA Small Explorer, launched in 2003 April. This publication makes use of data products from Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the NASA and the National Science Foundation. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 47 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 2 BP 1698 EP 1707 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt1999 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AB2IS UT WOS:000331617000050 ER PT J AU Simate, GS Moothi, K Meyyappan, M Iyuke, SE Ndlovu, S Falcon, R Heydenrych, M AF Simate, Geoffrey S. Moothi, Kapil Meyyappan, M. Iyuke, Sunny E. Ndlovu, Sehliselo Falcon, Rosemary Heydenrych, Mike TI Kinetic model of carbon nanotube production from carbon dioxide in a floating catalytic chemical vapour deposition reactor SO RSC ADVANCES LA English DT Article ID RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; IRON CATALYSTS; HIPCO PROCESS; AB-INITIO; COAL-GAS; SINGLE; GROWTH; CVD; DECOMPOSITION; MONOXIDE AB The production of carbon nanostructures, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) occurs by thermally induced decomposition of carbon-containing precursors. The decomposition of the feedstock leading to intermediate reaction products is an important step, but rarely incorporated in rate equations, since it is generally assumed that carbon diffusion through or over the catalyst nanoparticles is the rate-limiting step in the production of CNTs. Furthermore, there is no kinetic model to date for the production of CNTs from carbon dioxide. These aspects are addressed in this study with the aid of a series of experiments conducted in a floating catalytic CVD reactor in which the effects of reactor temperature, concentration and flow rate of CO2 were investigated. A simple rate equation for the reductive adsorption of CO2 onto the catalyst surface followed by carbon diffusion leading to the production of CNTs is proposed as follows: d[CNT]/dt = K[CO2], where K is proportional to the diffusion coefficient of carbon. The derived kinetic model is used to calculate the amount of CNTs for a given concentration of CO2, and the experimentally measured data fits the simple rate equation very well at low carbon dioxide concentration. C1 [Simate, Geoffrey S.; Moothi, Kapil; Iyuke, Sunny E.; Ndlovu, Sehliselo; Falcon, Rosemary] Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Chem & Met Engn, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. [Moothi, Kapil; Iyuke, Sunny E.] DST NRF Ctr Excellence Strong Mat, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. [Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Heydenrych, Mike] Univ Pretoria, Dept Chem Engn, ZA-0028 Hatfield, South Africa. RP Iyuke, SE (reprint author), Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Chem & Met Engn, P-Bag 3, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. EM sunny.iyuke@wits.ac.za OI Heydenrych, Mike/0000-0003-3313-3953; Moothi, Kapil/0000-0001-7755-5125 FU National Research Foundation (NRF) under South Africa NRF Focus Area; NRF Nanotechnology flagship programme; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence; University of the Witwatersrand Staff Bursary FX The authors wish to thank Dr Lubinda F. Walubita of TTI - The Texas A&M University System (USA) for his insightful technical comments on the paper. The financial support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) under South Africa NRF Focus Area, NRF Nanotechnology flagship programme, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence and University of the Witwatersrand Staff Bursary is gratefully acknowledged. NR 80 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 31 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2046-2069 J9 RSC ADV JI RSC Adv. PY 2014 VL 4 IS 19 BP 9564 EP 9572 DI 10.1039/c3ra47163b PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA AA6EI UT WOS:000331191200023 ER PT J AU Hamill, L Roberts, S Davidson, M Johnson, WL Nutt, S Hofmann, DC AF Hamill, Lee Roberts, Scott Davidson, Marc Johnson, William L. Nutt, Steven Hofmann, Douglas C. TI Hypervelocity Impact Phenomenon in Bulk Metallic Glasses and Composites SO ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SHOCK-WAVE RESPONSE; MATRIX COMPOSITES; TENSILE DUCTILITY; ALLOYS C1 [Hamill, Lee; Davidson, Marc; Nutt, Steven] Univ So Calif, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Roberts, Scott; Johnson, William L.; Hofmann, Douglas C.] CALTECH, Keck Lab Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hofmann, Douglas C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Engn & Sci Directorate, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hamill, L (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM dch@jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 40 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1438-1656 EI 1527-2648 J9 ADV ENG MATER JI Adv. Eng. Mater. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 16 IS 1 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1002/adem.201300252 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA AA2YW UT WOS:000330961100014 ER PT J AU Cressot, C Chevallier, F Bousquet, P Crevoisier, C Dlugokencky, EJ Fortems-Cheiney, A Frankenberg, C Parker, R Pison, I Scheepmaker, RA Montzka, SA Krummel, PB Steele, LP Langenfelds, RL AF Cressot, C. Chevallier, F. Bousquet, P. Crevoisier, C. Dlugokencky, E. J. Fortems-Cheiney, A. Frankenberg, C. Parker, R. Pison, I. Scheepmaker, R. A. Montzka, S. A. Krummel, P. B. Steele, L. P. Langenfelds, R. L. TI On the consistency between global and regional methane emissions inferred from SCIAMACHY, TANSO-FTS, IASI and surface measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; DATA ASSIMILATION; CO2 SOURCES; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; MODEL; SINKS; INVERSION; HYDROXYL; SPACE AB Satellite retrievals of methane weighted atmospheric columns are assimilated within a Bayesian inversion system to infer the global and regional methane emissions and sinks for the period August 2009 to July 2010. Inversions are independently computed from three different space-borne observing systems and one surface observing system under several hypotheses for prior-flux and observation errors. Posterior methane emissions are compared and evaluated against surface mole fraction observations via a chemistry-transport model. Apart from SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY), the simulations agree fairly well with the surface mole fractions. The most consistent configurations of this study using TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation - Fourier Transform Spectrometer), IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) or surface measurements induce posterior methane global emissions of, respectively, 565 +/- 21 Tg yr(-1), 549 +/- 36 Tg yr(-1) and 538 +/- 15 Tg yr(-1) over the one-year period August 2009-July 2010. This consistency between the satellite retrievals (apart from SCIAMACHY) and independent surface measurements is promising for future improvement of CH4 emission estimates by atmospheric inversions. C1 [Cressot, C.; Chevallier, F.; Bousquet, P.; Fortems-Cheiney, A.; Pison, I.] Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Crevoisier, C.] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Meteorol Dynam, IPSL, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. [Dlugokencky, E. J.; Montzka, S. A.] NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Parker, R.] Univ Leicester, Space Res Ctr, Leicester, Leics, England. [Scheepmaker, R. A.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Krummel, P. B.; Steele, L. P.; Langenfelds, R. L.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. RP Cressot, C (reprint author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR8212, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM cindy.cressot@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Krummel, Paul/A-4293-2013; Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; OI Krummel, Paul/0000-0002-4884-3678; Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 FU CNES; CEA; Atmospheric Chemistry, Carbon Cycle, and Climate (AC4) Program FX The first author is funded by CNES and CEA. This work was performed using HPC resources from DSM-CCRT and [CCRT/CINES/IDRIS] under the allocation 2012-t2012012201 made by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif). We also thank the computing support team of the LSCE led by F. Marabelle. We aknowledge the contributors to the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases for providing their data of methane and methyl-chloroform atmospheric mole fractions. The authors thank in particular S. Piacentino (ENEA), T. Kawasato (JMA) and S. Nichol (NIWA). NOAA authors receive partial funding for their measurements and research from the Atmospheric Chemistry, Carbon Cycle, and Climate (AC4) Program. NR 47 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 577 EP 592 DI 10.5194/acp-14-577-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800005 ER PT J AU Park, ME Song, CH Park, RS Lee, J Kim, J Lee, S Woo, JH Carmichael, GR Eck, TF Holben, BN Lee, SS Song, CK Hong, YD AF Park, M. E. Song, C. H. Park, R. S. Lee, J. Kim, J. Lee, S. Woo, J. -H. Carmichael, G. R. Eck, T. F. Holben, B. N. Lee, S. -S. Song, C. K. Hong, Y. D. TI New approach to monitor transboundary particulate pollution over Northeast Asia SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; SUN PHOTOMETER MEASUREMENTS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; GROUND-LEVEL PM2.5; UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY; DATA ASSIMILATION; EAST-ASIA; ACE-ASIA; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER AB A new approach to more accurately monitor and evaluate transboundary particulate matter (PM) pollution is introduced based on aerosol optical products from Korea's Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). The area studied is Northeast Asia (including eastern parts of China, the Korean peninsula and Japan), where GOCI has been monitoring since June 2010. The hourly multi-spectral aerosol optical data that were retrieved from GOCI sensor onboard geostationary satellite COMS (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite) through the Yonsei aerosol retrieval algorithm were first presented and used in this study. The GOCI-retrieved aerosol optical data are integrated with estimated aerosol distributions from US EPA Models-3/CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality) v4.5.1 model simulations via data assimilation technique, thereby making the aerosol data spatially continuous and available even for cloud contamination cells. The assimilated aerosol optical data are utilized to provide quantitative estimates of transboundary PM pollution from China to the Korean peninsula and Japan. For the period of 1 April to 31 May, 2011 this analysis yields estimates that AOD as a proxy for PM2.5 or PM10 during long-range transport events increased by 117-265% compared to background average AOD (aerosol optical depth) at the four AERONET sites in Korea, and average AOD increases of 121% were found when averaged over the entire Korean peninsula. This paper demonstrates that the use of multi-spectral AOD retrievals from geostationary satellites can improve estimates of transboundary PM pollution. Such data will become more widely available later this decade when new sensors such as the GEMS (Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer) and GOCI-2 are scheduled to be launched. C1 [Park, M. E.; Song, C. H.; Park, R. S.; Lee, S.] GIST, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. [Lee, J.; Kim, J.] Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Lee, J.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lee, J.; Eck, T. F.; Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Woo, J. -H.] Konkuk Univ, Dept Adv Technol Fus, Seoul 143701, South Korea. [Carmichael, G. R.] Univ Iowa, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Eck, T. F.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Lee, S. -S.] Natl Inst Meteorol Res, Seoul 156720, South Korea. [Song, C. K.; Hong, Y. D.] NIER, Air Qual Res Dept, Inchon 404170, South Korea. RP Song, CH (reprint author), GIST, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. EM chsong@gist.ac.kr RI Song, Chang-Keun/S-2255-2016 OI Song, Chang-Keun/0000-0002-8811-2626 FU Korean Ministry of Environment [2012000160004]; Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program [CATER 2012-7110] FX This work was funded by the Eco-Innovation project 2012000160004 from the Korean Ministry of Environment, and the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant CATER 2012-7110. The authors express special thanks to the GOCI science team at Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) for their innovative contributions to implement the mission successfully. NR 64 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 659 EP 674 DI 10.5194/acp-14-659-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800010 ER PT J AU Moody, JL Keene, WC Cooper, OR Voss, KJ Aryal, R Eckhardt, S Holben, B Maben, JR Izaguirre, MA Galloway, JN AF Moody, J. L. Keene, W. C. Cooper, O. R. Voss, K. J. Aryal, R. Eckhardt, S. Holben, B. Maben, J. R. Izaguirre, M. A. Galloway, J. N. TI Flow climatology for physicochemical properties of dichotomous aerosol over the western North Atlantic Ocean at Bermuda SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; OPTICAL DEPTH; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; ELEMENTAL CARBON; LIGHT-SCATTERING; UNITED-STATES; SULFATE; ATMOSPHERE; TRANSPORT AB Dichotomous aerosols (nominal super- and sub-mu m-diameter size fractions) in sectored on-shore flow were sampled daily from July 2006 through June 2009, at the Tudor Hill Atmospheric Observatory (THAO) on the western coast of Bermuda (32.27 degrees N, 64.87 degrees W) and analyzed for major chemical and physical properties. FLEXPART retroplumes were calculated for each sampling period and aerosol properties were stratified accordingly based on transport from different regions. Transport from the northeastern United States (NEUS) was associated with significantly higher (factors of 2 to 3 based on median values) concentrations of bulk particulate non-sea-salt (nss) SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ and associated scattering and absorption at 530 nm, relative to transport from Africa (AFR) and the oceanic background. These differences were driven primarily by higher values associated with the sub-mu m size fraction under NEUS flow. We estimate that 75(+/- 3)% of the NEUS nss SO42- was anthropogenic in origin, while only 25(+/- 9)% of the AFR nss SO42- was anthropogenic. Integrating over all transport patterns, the contribution of anthropogenic sulfate has dropped 14.6% from the early 1990s. Bulk scattering was highly correlated with bulk nss SO42- in all flow regimes but the corresponding regression slopes varied significantly reflecting differential contributions to total scattering by associated aerosol components. Absorption by super-mu m aerosol in transport from the NEUS versus AFR was similar although the super-mu m aerosol size fraction accounted for a relatively greater contribution to total absorption in AFR flow. Significantly greater absorption Angstrom exponents (AAEs) for AFR flow reflects the wavelength dependence of absorption by mineral aerosols; lower AAEs for NEUS flow is consistent with the dominance of absorption by combustion-derived aerosols. Higher AOD associated with transport from both the NEUS and AFR relative to oceanic background flow results in a top of atmosphere direct radiative forcing on the order of -1.6 to -2.5W m(-2), respectively, showing these aerosols drive cooling. The dominance of transport from the NEUS on an annual basis coupled with the corresponding decreases in anthropogenic nss SO42- aerosols since the early 1990s implies that emission reductions in the US account for a decline in atmospheric cooling over the western North Atlantic Ocean during this period. C1 [Moody, J. L.; Keene, W. C.; Maben, J. R.; Galloway, J. N.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Cooper, O. R.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cooper, O. R.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Voss, K. J.; Aryal, R.] Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Miami, FL USA. [Eckhardt, S.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. [Holben, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Izaguirre, M. A.] Univ Miami, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL USA. RP Moody, JL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM moody@virginia.edu RI Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Voss, Kenneth /A-5328-2013; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Voss, Kenneth /0000-0002-7860-5080; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375; FU National Science Foundation [AGS 0541570, AGS 0541566]; NASA through the AERONET and MPLNET programs FX We thank Kim Zeeh and Chris Marsay for assisting in field operations and dataprocessing. Peter Sedwick and Andrew Peters supervised operations at the observatory and the Bermuda Institute for Ocean Sciences provided outstanding logistical support. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through awards to the University of Virginia (AGS 0541570) and the University of Miami (AGS 0541566). Additional support was provided by NASA through the AERONET and MPLNET programs. NR 70 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 691 EP 717 DI 10.5194/acp-14-691-2014 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800012 ER PT J AU Lei, H Wuebbles, DJ Liang, XZ Tao, Z Olsen, S Artz, R Ren, X Cohen, M AF Lei, H. Wuebbles, D. J. Liang, X. -Z. Tao, Z. Olsen, S. Artz, R. Ren, X. Cohen, M. TI Projections of atmospheric mercury levels and their effect on air quality in the United States SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GASEOUS ELEMENTAL MERCURY; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; AIR/SURFACE EXCHANGE; VOLCANIC EMISSIONS; GREAT-LAKES; EAST-ASIA; MODEL; TRANSPORT; OXIDATION; OZONE AB The individual and combined effects of global climate change and emissions changes from 2000 to 2050 on atmospheric mercury levels in the United States are investigated by using the global climate-chemistry model, CAM-Chem, coupled with a mercury chemistry-physics mechanism (CAM-Chem/Hg). Three future pathways from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) are considered, with the A1FI, A1B and B1 scenarios representing the upper, middle and lower bounds of potential climate warming, respectively. The anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of mercury are projected from the energy use assumptions in the IPCC SRES report. Natural emissions from both land and ocean sources are projected by using dynamic schemes. TGM concentration increases are greater in the low latitudes than they are in the high latitudes, indicative of a larger meridional gradient than in the present day. In the A1FI scenario, TGM concentrations in 2050 are projected to increase by 2.1-4.0 ng m(-3) for the eastern US and 1.4-3.0 ng m(-3) for the western US. This spatial difference corresponds to potential increases in wet deposition of 10-14 mu g m(-2) for the eastern US and 2-4 mu g m(-2) for the western US. The increase in Hg(II) emissions tends to enhance wet deposition and hence increase the risk of higher mercury entering the hydrological cycle and ecosystem. In the B1 scenario, mercury concentrations in 2050 are similar to present level concentrations; this finding indicates that the domestic reduction in mercury emissions is essentially counteracted by the effects of climate warming and emissions increases in other regions. The sensitivity analyses show that changes in anthropogenic emissions contribute 32-53% of projected changes in mercury air concentration, while the independent contribution by climate change and its induced natural emissions change accounts for 47-68%. C1 [Lei, H.; Artz, R.; Ren, X.; Cohen, M.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Lei, H.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Olsen, S.] Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Lei, H.] George Mason Univ, Ctr Spatial Informat Sci & Syst, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Liang, X. -Z.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Liang, X. -Z.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tao, Z.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lei, H (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM hang.lei@noaa.gov RI Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015 OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666 FU US Environmental Protection Agency Science [EPA RD-83337301]; National Research Council (NRC) FX The research was supported in part by the US Environmental Protection Agency Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Program under award number EPA RD-83337301. The research was also supported by the National Research Council (NRC) Associateship Awards. The authors acknowledge DOE/NERSC and NCSA/UIUC for the supercomputing support. We appreciate D. Streets' work on Hg emissions projections and W. Luke's comments during the manuscript preparation. We also appreciate help from the editor and reviewers of this article. Their works significantly improve the quality of this article. NR 53 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 783 EP 795 DI 10.5194/acp-14-783-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800017 ER PT J AU Gebhardt, C Rozanov, A Hommel, R Weber, M Bovensmann, H Burrows, JP Degenstein, D Froidevaux, L Thompson, AM AF Gebhardt, C. Rozanov, A. Hommel, R. Weber, M. Bovensmann, H. Burrows, J. P. Degenstein, D. Froidevaux, L. Thompson, A. M. TI Stratospheric ozone trends and variability as seen by SCIAMACHY from 2002 to 2012 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; EVOLUTION; MISSION; MODEL AB Vertical profiles of the rate of linear change (trend) in the altitude range 15-50 km are determined from decadal O-3 time series obtained from SCIAMACHY(1)/ENVISAT(2) measurements in limb-viewing geometry. The trends are calculated by using a multivariate linear regression. Seasonal variations, the quasi-biennial oscillation, signatures of the solar cycle and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation are accounted for in the regression. The time range of trend calculation is August 2002-April 2012. A focus for analysis are the zonal bands of 20 degrees N-20 degrees S (tropics), 60-50 degrees N, and 50-60 degrees S (midlatitudes). In the tropics, positive trends of up to 5% per decade between 20 and 30 km and negative trends of up to 10% per decade between 30 and 38 km are identified. Positive O-3 trends of around 5% per decade are found in the upper stratosphere in the tropics and at midlatitudes. Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and EOS MLS3 show reasonable agreement both in the tropics and at midlatitudes for most altitudes. In the tropics, measurements from OSIRIS4/Odin and SHADOZ(5) are also analysed. These yield rates of linear change of O-3 similar to those from SCIAMACHY. However, the trends from SCIAMACHY near 34 km in the tropics are larger than MLS and OSIRIS by a factor of around two. C1 [Gebhardt, C.; Rozanov, A.; Hommel, R.; Weber, M.; Bovensmann, H.; Burrows, J. P.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys IUP, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Degenstein, D.] Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Thompson, A. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gebhardt, C (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys IUP, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM gebhardt@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Weber, Mark/F-1409-2011; Bovensmann, Heinrich/P-4135-2016; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Weber, Mark/0000-0001-8217-5450; Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 FU German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Freie Universitat Berlin within the Research Unit SHARP [FOR 1095]; German Research Foundation (DFG) through subproject OCF; State and University of Bremen; DLR within the project SADOS [50EE1105]; ESA within the project CCI Ozone; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was funded in part by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Freie Universitat Berlin within the Research Unit SHARP (FOR 1095), subproject OCF, the State and University of Bremen, the DLR within the project SADOS (50EE1105), and the ESA within the project CCI Ozone. The retrieval of the O3 data uses pressure and temperature information from the operational analysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We also would like to acknowledge the local support of H. Schroter in setting up and running the retrieval scripts. We are grateful to the processing teams of EOS-MLS, OSIRIS, and SHADOZ for providing us with their data products. We thank N. V. Balashov (Pennsylvania State University) for communications about SHADOZ details. Research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 46 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 831 EP 846 DI 10.5194/acp-14-831-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800020 ER PT J AU Jackman, CH Randall, CE Harvey, VL Wang, S Fleming, EL Lopez-Puertas, M Funke, B Bernath, PF AF Jackman, C. H. Randall, C. E. Harvey, V. L. Wang, S. Fleming, E. L. Lopez-Puertas, M. Funke, B. Bernath, P. F. TI Middle atmospheric changes caused by the January and March 2012 solar proton events SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD PARAMETERIZATION; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; ODD NITROGEN; PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; OZONE DEPLETION; JULY 2000; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT; IMPACT AB The recent 23-30 January and 7-11 March 2012 solar proton event (SPE) periods were substantial and caused significant impacts on the middle atmosphere. These were the two largest SPE periods of solar cycle 24 so far. The highly energetic solar protons produced considerable ionization of the neutral atmosphere as well as HOx (H, OH, HO2) and NOx (N, NO, NO2). We compute a NOx production of 1.9 and 2.1 Gigamoles due to these SPE periods in January and March 2012, respectively, which places these SPE periods among the 12 largest in the past 50 yr. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of the peroxy radical, HO2, show significant enhancements of > 0.9 ppbv in the northern polar mesosphere as a result of these SPE periods. Both MLS measurements and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) two-dimensional (2-D) model predictions indicated middle mesospheric ozone decreases of > 20% for several days in the northern polar region with maximum depletions > 60% over 1-2 days as a result of the HOx produced in both the January and March 2012 SPE periods. The SCISAT-1 Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE) and the Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instruments measured NO and NO2 (similar to NOx), which indicated enhancements of over 20 ppbv in most of the northern polar mesosphere for several days as a result of these SPE periods. The GSFC 2-D model and the Global Modeling Initiative three-dimensional chemistry and transport model were used to predict the medium-term (similar to months) influence and showed that the polar middle atmospheric ozone was most affected by these solar events in the Southern Hemisphere due to the increased downward motion in the fall and early winter. The downward transport moved the SPE-produced NOy to lower altitudes and led to predicted modest destruction of ozone (5-13 %) in the upper stratosphere days to weeks after the March 2012 event. Polar total ozone reductions were predicted to be a maximum of 1.5% in 2012 due to these SPEs. C1 [Jackman, C. H.; Fleming, E. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Randall, C. E.; Harvey, V. L.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Randall, C. E.; Harvey, V. L.] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wang, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Fleming, E. L.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Lopez-Puertas, M.; Funke, B.] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. RP Jackman, CH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM charles.h.jackman@nasa.gov RI Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Randall, Cora/L-8760-2014 OI Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Randall, Cora/0000-0002-4313-4397 FU NASA Headquarters Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology Program (LWS TRT); NASA Headquarters Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program; LWS TRT grants [NNX10AQ54G, NNX08AU44G]; NSF Frontiers in Earth System Dynamics "Sun to Ice" grant [NSF AGS 1135432]; Spanish MINECO [AYA2011-23552]; EC FEDER; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada FX We thank the two reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions that have led to an improved manuscript. C. H. Jackman and E. L. Fleming thank the NASA Headquarters Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology Program (LWS TR&T) for support during the time that this manuscript was written. C. H. Jackman and E. L. Fleming were also supported by the NASA Headquarters Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program. C. E. Randall and V. L. Harvey were supported by LWS TR&T grants NNX10AQ54G and NNX08AU44G as well as the NSF Frontiers in Earth System Dynamics "Sun to Ice" grant: NSF AGS 1135432. The Instituto de-Astrofisica de Andalucia team (MLP and BF) was supported by the Spanish MINECO under grant AYA2011-23552 and EC FEDER funds. We thank S. Strahan of the Global Modeling Initiative project for providing access to the GMI 3-D CTM, which was used in this work. We thank S. Steenrod for running the GMI 3-D CTM simulations. We thank J. Bordeaux for some editorial assistance. We thank the NOAA GOES team for providing the solar proton flux data over the Internet. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. NR 50 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 1025 EP 1038 DI 10.5194/acp-14-1025-2014 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800031 ER PT J AU Remsberg, EE AF Remsberg, E. E. TI Decadal-scale responses in middle and upper stratospheric ozone from SAGE II version 7 data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; SOLAR-CYCLE; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; TEMPERATURE TRENDS; TRACER TRANSPORT; TECHNICAL NOTE; DATA SET; CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERE; QBO AB Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) version 7 (v7) ozone profiles are analyzed for their decadal-scale responses in the middle and upper stratosphere for 1991 and 1992-2005 and compared with those from its previous version 6.2 (v6.2). Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is applied to time series of its ozone number density vs. altitude data for a range of latitudes and altitudes. The MLR models that are fit to the time series data include a periodic 11 yr term, and it is in-phase with that of the 11 yr, solar UV (Ultraviolet)-flux throughout most of the latitude/altitude domain of the middle and upper stratosphere. Several regions that have a response that is not quite in-phase are interpreted as being affected by decadal-scale, dynamical forcings. The maximum minus minimum, solar cycle (SC-like) responses for the ozone at the low latitudes are similar from the two SAGE II data versions and vary from about 5 to 2.5% from 35 to 50 km, although they are resolved better with v7. SAGE II v7 ozone is also analyzed for 1984-1998, in order to mitigate effects of end-point anomalies that bias its ozone in 1991 and the analyzed results for 1991-2005 or following the Pinatubo eruption. Its SC-like ozone response in the upper stratosphere is of the order of 4% for 1984-1998 vs. 2.5 to 3% for 1991-2005. The SAGE II v7 results are also recompared with the responses in ozone from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) that are in terms of mixing ratio vs. pressure for 1991-2005 and then for late 1992-2005 to avoid any effects following Pinatubo. Shapes of their respective response profiles agree very well for 1992-2005. The associated linear trends of the ozone are not as negative in 1992-2005 as in 1984-1998, in accord with a leveling off of the effects of reactive chlorine on ozone. It is concluded that the SAGE II v7 ozone yields SC-like ozone responses and trends that are of better quality than those from v6.2. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Remsberg, EE (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 21 Langley Blvd,Mail Stop 401B, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ellis.e.remsberg@nasa.gov FU SAGE III Project; Malcolm Ko. FX The author (EER) has benefited from the constructive comments of the two reviewers and from the recommendations of Editor, N. Harris. E. E. Remsberg also appreciates discussions with R. Damadeo, L. Thomason, and J. Zawodny of NASA Langley, regarding the quality of the SAGE II v7 ozone. Publication of the manuscript was supported with funds from the SAGE III Project. EER carried out this work while serving as a Distinguished Research Associate under the sponsorship of Malcolm Ko. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 1039 EP 1053 DI 10.5194/acp-14-1039-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800032 ER PT J AU Grooss, JU Engel, I Borrmann, S Frey, W Gunther, G Hoyle, CR Kivi, R Luo, BP Molleker, S Peter, T Pitts, MC Schlager, H Stiller, G Vomel, H Walker, KA Muller, R AF Grooss, J. -U. Engel, I. Borrmann, S. Frey, W. Guenther, G. Hoyle, C. R. Kivi, R. Luo, B. P. Molleker, S. Peter, T. Pitts, M. C. Schlager, H. Stiller, G. Voemel, H. Walker, K. A. Mueller, R. TI Nitric acid trihydrate nucleation and denitrification in the Arctic stratosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS CHLORINE ACTIVATION; CHEMICAL LAGRANGIAN MODEL; OZONE DEPLETION; REFRACTIVE-INDEXES; PARTICLE MICROPHYSICS; OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS; POLAR STRATOSPHERE; NAT FORMATION; WINTER; CLOUDS AB Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles in the polar stratosphere have been shown to be responsible for vertical redistribution of reactive nitrogen (NOy). Recent observations by Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the CALIPSO satellite have been explained in terms of heterogeneous nucleation of NAT on foreign nuclei, revealing this to be an important formation pathway for the NAT particles. In state of the art global-or regional-scale models, heterogeneous NAT nucleation is currently simulated in a very coarse manner using a constant, saturation-independent nucleation rate. Here we present first simulations for the Arctic winter 2009/2010 applying a new saturation-dependent parametrisation of heterogeneous NAT nucleation rates within the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The simulation shows good agreement of chemical trace species with in situ and remote sensing observations. The simulated polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) optical properties agree much better with CALIOP observations than those simulated with a constant nucleation rate model. A comparison of the simulated particle size distributions with observations made using the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) aboard the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica, shows that the model reproduces the observed size distribution, except for the very largest particles above 15 mu m diameter. The vertical NOy redistribution caused by the sedimentation of the NAT particles, in particular the denitrification and nitrification signals observed by the ACE-FTS satellite instrument and the in situ SIOUX instrument aboard the Geophysica, are reproduced by the improved model, and a small improvement with respect to the constant nucleation rate model is found. C1 [Grooss, J. -U.; Engel, I.; Guenther, G.; Mueller, R.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Engel, I.; Hoyle, C. R.; Luo, B. P.; Peter, T.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Borrmann, S.; Molleker, S.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Mainz, Germany. [Borrmann, S.; Frey, W.] Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Partikelchem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Hoyle, C. R.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Villigen, Switzerland. [Kivi, R.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Schlager, H.] Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Stiller, G.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Voemel, H.] Deutsch Wetterdienst, Meteorol Observ Lindenberg, Offenbach, Germany. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. RP Grooss, JU (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM j.-u.grooss@fz-juelich.de RI Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Tritscher, Ines/O-2271-2014; Borrmann, Stephan/E-3868-2010; Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; Guenther, Gebhard/K-7583-2012; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Frey, Wiebke/G-2058-2014; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013 OI Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; Tritscher, Ines/0000-0001-5285-7952; Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; Guenther, Gebhard/0000-0003-4111-6221; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Frey, Wiebke/0000-0003-4282-1264; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X FU European Commission [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; Canadian Space Agency; Finnish Academy [140408]; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [200021_140663] FX This work was supported by the RECONCILE project of the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under the Grant number RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1. We thank S. Fueglistaler and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive remarks. We acknowlege F. Ploeger and P. Konopka for providing the data of the multi-annual CLaMS simulation. We thank L. Poole for providing and explaining the uncertainty estimates of the CALIOP signals. We thank the European Centre of Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing the meteorological data. The ACE mission was funded by the Canadian Space Agency. The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted on the supercomputer JUROPA at Julich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) under the VSR project ID JICG11. The balloon-borne measurements of water vapour were obtained within the LAPBIAT2 atmospheric sounding campaign that was supported by EU under the IHP Access to Research Infrastructures and the Finnish Academy under grant number 140408. CRH was funded via Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) grant number 200021_140663. NR 66 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 1055 EP 1073 DI 10.5194/acp-14-1055-2014 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800033 ER PT J AU Andersson, ME Verronen, PT Rodger, CJ Clilverd, MA Wang, S AF Andersson, M. E. Verronen, P. T. Rodger, C. J. Clilverd, M. A. Wang, S. TI Longitudinal hotspots in the mesospheric OH variations due to energetic electron precipitation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR PROTON EVENTS; PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; JANUARY 2005; ATMOSPHERE; SATELLITE; HYDROXYL AB Using Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS/Aura) and Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED/POES) observations between 2005-2009, we study the longitudinal response of nighttime mesospheric OH to radiation belt electron precipitation. Our analysis concentrates on geomagnetic latitudes from 55-72 degrees N/S and altitudes between 70 and 78 km. The aim of this study is to better assess the spatial distribution of electron forcing, which is important for more accurate modelling of its atmospheric and climate effects. In the Southern Hemisphere, OH data show a hotspot, i.e. area of higher values, at longitudes between 150 degrees W-30 degrees E, i.e. poleward of the Southern Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region. In the Northern Hemisphere, energetic electron precipitation-induced OH variations are more equally distributed with longitude. This longitudinal behaviour of OH can also be identified using Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis, and is found to be similar to that of MEPED-measured electron fluxes. The main difference is in the SAMA region, where MEPED appears to measure very large electron fluxes while MLS observations show no enhancement of OH. This indicates that in the SAMA region the MEPED observations are not related to precipitating electrons, at least not at energies > 100 keV, but rather to instrument contamination. Analysis of selected OH data sets for periods of different geomagnetic activity levels shows that the longitudinal OH hotspot south of the SAMA (the Antarctic Peninsula region) is partly caused by strong, regional electron forcing, although atmospheric conditions also seem to play a role. Also, a weak signature of this OH hotspot is seen during periods of generally low geomagnetic activity, which suggests that there is a steady drizzle of high-energy electrons affecting the atmosphere, due to the Earth's magnetic field being weaker in this region. C1 [Andersson, M. E.; Verronen, P. T.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Rodger, C. J.] Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Clilverd, M. A.] British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Clilverd, M. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Andersson, ME (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM monika.andersson@fmi.fi RI Verronen, Pekka/G-6658-2014; Rodger, Craig/A-1501-2011 OI Verronen, Pekka/0000-0002-3479-9071; Rodger, Craig/0000-0002-6770-2707 FU Academy of Finland [136225, 140888, 272782]; New Zealand Marsden fund; NASA Aura Science Team program FX M. E. Andersson would like to thank Marko Laine for helpful comments. The work of M. E. Andersson and P. T. Verronen was supported by the Academy of Finland through the projects #136225, #140888, and #272782 (SPOC: Significance of Energetic Electron Precipitation to Odd Hydrogen, Ozone, and Climate). The work of C. J. Rodger was supported by the New Zealand Marsden fund. The work of S. Wang was supported by the NASA Aura Science Team program. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 2 BP 1095 EP 1105 DI 10.5194/acp-14-1095-2014 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1JZ UT WOS:000330853800036 ER PT J AU Adams, C Bourassa, AE Sofieva, V Froidevaux, L McLinden, CA Hubert, D Lambert, JC Sioris, CE Degenstein, DA AF Adams, C. Bourassa, A. E. Sofieva, V. Froidevaux, L. McLinden, C. A. Hubert, D. Lambert, J-C Sioris, C. E. Degenstein, D. A. TI Assessment of Odin-OSIRIS ozone measurements from 2001 to the present using MLS, GOMOS, and ozonesondes SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ALGEBRAIC RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE; LIMB SCATTERED SUNLIGHT; VERTICAL PROFILES; RETRIEVAL; AEROSOL; ENVISAT; TRENDS; INFORMATION; OCCULTATION AB The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) was launched aboard the Odin satellite in 2001 and is continuing to take limb-scattered sunlight measurements of the atmosphere. This work aims to characterize and assess the stability of the OSIRIS 11 yr v5.0x ozone data set. Three validation data sets were used: the v2.2 Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and v6 Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) satellite data records, and ozonesonde measurements. Global mean percent differences between coincident OSIRIS and validation measurements are within 5% at all altitudes above 18.5 km for MLS, above 21.5 km for GOMOS, and above 17.5 km for ozonesondes. Below 17.5 km, OSIRIS measurements agree with ozonesondes within 5% and are well-correlated (R > 0.75) with them. For low OSIRIS optics temperatures (< 16 degrees C), OSIRIS ozone measurements have a negative bias of 1-6% compared with the validation data sets for 25.5-40.5 km. Biases between OSIRIS ascending and descending node measurements were investigated and found to be related to aerosol retrievals below 27.5 km. Above 30 km, agreement between OSIRIS and the validation data sets was related to the OSIRIS retrieved albedo, which measures apparent up-welling, with a positive bias in OSIRIS data with large albedos. In order to assess the long-term stability of OSIRIS measurements, global average drifts relative to the validation data sets were calculated and were found to be < 3% per decade for comparisons with MLS for 19.5-36.5 km, GOMOS for 18.5-54.5 km, and ozonesondes for 12.5-22.5 km. Above 36.5 km, the relative drift for OSIRIS versus MLS ranged from similar to 0 to 6% per decade, depending on the data set used to convert MLS data to the OSIRIS altitude versus number density grid. Overall, this work demonstrates that the OSIRIS 11 yr ozone data set from 2001 to the present is suitable for trend studies. C1 [Adams, C.; Bourassa, A. E.; McLinden, C. A.; Sioris, C. E.; Degenstein, D. A.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [Sofieva, V.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [McLinden, C. A.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Hubert, D.; Lambert, J-C] Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Brussels, Belgium. RP Adams, C (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. EM cristenlfadams@gmail.com RI Sofieva, Viktoria/E-1958-2014; OI Sofieva, Viktoria/0000-0002-9192-2208; Sioris, Christopher/0000-0003-1168-8755; Hubert, Daan/0000-0002-4365-865X FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada); Canadian Space Agency; Sweden (SNSB); Canada (CSA); France (CNES); Finland (Tekes); ESA Ozone_cci project; Academy of Finland; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We thank Nick Lloyd, Chris Roth, and Landon Rieger for answering many questions about the OSIRIS data set. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) and the Canadian Space Agency. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), Canada (CSA), France (CNES), and Finland (Tekes). The work at the Finnish Meteorological Institute was supported by the ESA Ozone_cci project and the Academy of Finland (projects MIDAT and ASTREX). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was performed under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The correlative data from balloon-based ozonesonde used in this publication were obtained from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) archives (see http://www.woudc.org). We thank warmly several members of the NDACC community and ozonesonde working group for fruitful discussions. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 49 EP 64 DI 10.5194/amt-7-49-2014 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA2SW UT WOS:000330945400004 ER PT J AU Stauffer, RM Morris, GA Thompson, AM Joseph, E Coetzee, GJR Nalli, NR AF Stauffer, R. M. Morris, G. A. Thompson, A. M. Joseph, E. Coetzee, G. J. R. Nalli, N. R. TI Propagation of radiosonde pressure sensor errors to ozonesonde measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID RADIATION DRY BIAS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; STOIC 1989; TEMPERATURE; TRENDS; STRATOSPHERE; SENSITIVITY; VALIDATION; UMKEHR AB Several previous studies highlight pressure (or equivalently, pressure altitude) discrepancies between the radiosonde pressure sensor and that derived from a GPS flown with the radiosonde. The offsets vary during the ascent both in absolute and percent pressure differences. To investigate this problem further, a total of 731 radiosonde/ozonesonde launches from the Southern Hemisphere subtropics to northern mid-latitudes are considered, with launches between 2005 and 2013 from both longer term and campaign-based intensive stations. Five series of radiosondes from two manufacturers (International Met Systems: iMet, iMet-P, iMet-S, and Vaisala: RS80-15N and RS92-SGP) are analyzed to determine the magnitude of the pressure offset. Additionally, electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes from three manufacturers (Science Pump Corporation; SPC and ENSCI/Droplet Measurement Technologies; DMT) are analyzed to quantify the effects these offsets have on the calculation of ECC ozone (O-3) mixing ratio profiles (O-3MR) from the ozonesonde-measured partial pressure. Approximately half of all offsets are > +/- 0.6 hPa in the free troposphere, with nearly a third >+/- 1.0 hPa at 26 km, where the 1.0 hPa error represents similar to 5% of the total atmospheric pressure. Pressure offsets have negligible effects on O-3MR below 20 km (96% of launches lie within +/- 5% O-3MR error at 20 km). Ozone mixing ratio errors above 10 hPa (similar to 30 km), can approach greater than +/- 10% (> 25% of launches that reach 30 km exceed this threshold). These errors cause disagreement between the integrated ozonesonde-only column O-3 from the GPS and radiosonde pressure profile by an average of + 6.5 DU. Comparisons of total column O-3 between the GPS and radiosonde pressure profiles yield average differences of + 1.1 DU when the O-3 is integrated to burst with addition of the McPeters and Labow (2012) above-burst O3 column climatology. Total column differences are reduced to an average of -0.5DU when the O-3 profile is integrated to 10 hPa with subsequent addition of the O-3 climatology above 10 hPa. The RS92 radiosondes are superior in performance compared to other radiosondes, with average 26 km errors of -0.12 hPa or + 0.61% O-3MR error. iMet-P radiosondes had average 26 km errors of -1.95 hPa or + 8.75% O-3MR error. Based on our analysis, we suggest that ozonesondes always be coupled with a GPS-enabled radiosonde and that pressure-dependent variables, such as O-3MR, be recalculated/ reprocessed using the GPS-measured altitude, especially when 26 km pressure offsets exceed +/- 1.0 hPa/+/- 5 %. C1 [Stauffer, R. M.; Thompson, A. M.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Morris, G. A.] Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. [Thompson, A. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Joseph, E.] Howard Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Washington, DC 20059 USA. [Coetzee, G. J. R.] South African Weather Serv, Pretoria, South Africa. [Nalli, N. R.] NOAA, IM Syst Grp Inc, NESDIS, STAR, College Pk, MD USA. RP Stauffer, RM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM rms5539@psu.edu RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Stauffer, Ryan/0000-0002-8583-7795 FU US-South Africa Fulbright Scholar Program [NNX09AJ236, NNX10AR39G, NNX12AF056]; Japan-US. Educational Commission; NASA's Division of Earth Science Aura Data Validation Program; INTEX-B Mission; TC4 Mission; Texas Commission for Environmental Quality FX This work was supported by grants NNX09AJ236 (SHADOZ), NNX10AR39G (DISCOVERAQ), and NNX12AF056 to Penn State University with additional support to Anne Thompson from the US-South Africa Fulbright Scholar Program (2010-2011). Funding for Gary Morris was provided by a Fulbright Scholar Grant from the Japan-US. Educational Commission, NASA's Division of Earth Science Aura Data Validation Program (D. Considine and E. Hilsenrath, program managers), INTEX-B Mission, and TC4 Mission, and the Texas Commission for Environmental Quality. Original identification and analysis work for this problem began with Elizabeth Thompson at Valparaiso. Special thanks to hosts in Japan during Gary Morris' Fulbright: Jun Hirokawa and Fumio Hasebe (Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan) and Hajime Akimoto (Frontier Research Center for Global Change, Yokohama, Japan). Thanks also to Barry Lefer at University of Houston (Houston, TX) and Bob Heinemann at the Oklahoma State University Kiamichi Forestry Research Station (Idabel, OK) and to the many students who have been involved in the ozonesonde launches from the various sites over the years. Access to Beltsville data was facilitated by Cassie Stearns at the Howard University Beltsville Center for Climate Studies and Observation. Thanks to Frederick Clowney and Joe Barnes at International Met Systems for additional information and assistance. The authors would also like to thank three anonymous reviewers as well as M. Shiotani, Y. Inai, M. Fujiwara and F. Hasebe for comments which greatly improved this manuscript. NR 46 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 65 EP 79 DI 10.5194/amt-7-65-2014 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA2SW UT WOS:000330945400005 ER PT J AU Kuai, L Worden, J Kulawik, SS Montzka, SA Liu, J AF Kuai, L. Worden, J. Kulawik, S. S. Montzka, S. A. Liu, J. TI Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; AEROSOL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; IMPACT; WINDOW; CYCLE; COS AB We present a description of the NASA Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) carbonyl sulfide (OCS) retrieval algorithm for oceanic observations, along with evaluation of the biases and uncertainties using aircraft profiles from the HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) campaign and data from the NOAA Mauna Loa site. In general, the OCS retrievals (1) have less than 1.0 degree of freedom for signals (DOFs), (2) are sensitive in the mid-troposphere with a peak sensitivity typically between 300 and 500 hPa, (3) but have much smaller systematic errors from temperature, CO2 and H2O calibrations relative to random errors from measurement noise. We estimate the monthly means from TES measurements averaged over multiple years so that random errors are reduced and useful information about OCS seasonal and latitudinal variability can be derived. With this averaging, TES OCS data are found to be consistent (within the calculated uncertainties) with NOAA ground observations and HIPPO aircraft measurements. TES OCS data also captures the seasonal and latitudinal variations observed by these in situ data. C1 [Kuai, L.; Liu, J.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Worden, J.; Kulawik, S. S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Montzka, S. A.] NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kuai, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM lkuai@jpl.nasa.gov FU NSF [ATM-0628575, ATM-0628519, ATM-0628388]; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank and acknowledge Steve Wofsy, Elliot Atlas, Benjamin R. Miller, Fred Moore, James Elkins, and all other HIPPO team members (the pilots, mechanics, technicians, and scientific crew) for making the HIPPO data available. HIPPO was supported by NSF grants ATM-0628575, ATM-0628519, and ATM-0628388, and by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). NCAR is supported by the NSF. The authors also wish to thank Yuk Yung, Elliott Campbell, Joe Berry, and Ian Baker for helpful discussions. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 163 EP 172 DI 10.5194/amt-7-163-2014 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA2SW UT WOS:000330945400012 ER PT J AU Mahieu, E Zander, R Toon, GC Vollmer, MK Reimann, S Muhle, J Bader, W Bovy, B Lejeune, B Servais, C Demoulin, P Roland, G Bernath, PF Boone, CD Walker, KA Duchatelet, P AF Mahieu, E. Zander, R. Toon, G. C. Vollmer, M. K. Reimann, S. Muehle, J. Bader, W. Bovy, B. Lejeune, B. Servais, C. Demoulin, P. Roland, G. Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. D. Walker, K. A. Duchatelet, P. TI Spectrometric monitoring of atmospheric carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) above the Jungfraujoch station since 1989: evidence of continued increase but at a slowing rate SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; STRATOSPHERIC AIR; HIGH-RESOLUTION; ATMOS OBSERVATIONS; SOLAR SPECTRA; SPACE; SF6; PERFLUOROCARBONS; CHLORINE AB The long-term evolution of the vertical column abundance of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) above the high-altitude Jungfraujoch station (Swiss Alps, 46.5 degrees N, 8.0 degrees E, 3580 ma.s.l.) has been derived from the spectrometric analysis of Fourier transform infrared solar spectra recorded at that site between 1989 and 2012. The investigation is based on a multi-microwindow approach, two encompassing pairs of absorption lines belonging to the R-branch of the strong nu(3) band of CF4 centered at 1283 cm(-1), and two additional ones to optimally account for weak but overlapping HNO3 interferences. The analysis reveals a steady accumulation of the very long-lived CF4 above the Jungfraujoch at mean rates of (1.38 +/- 0.11) x 10(13) molec cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1989 to 1997, and (0.98 +/- 0.02) x 10(13) molec cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1998 to 2012, which correspond to linear growth rates of 1.71 +/- 0.14 and 1.04 +/- 0.02% yr(-1) respectively referenced to 1989 and 1998. Related global CF4 anthropogenic emissions required to sustain these mean increases correspond to 15.8 +/- 1.3 and 11.1 +/- 0.2 Gg yr(-1) over the above specified time intervals. Findings reported here are compared and discussed with respect to relevant northern mid-latitude results obtained remotely from space and balloons as well as in situ at the ground, including new gas chromatography mass spectrometry measurements performed at the Jungfraujoch since 2010. C1 [Mahieu, E.; Zander, R.; Bader, W.; Bovy, B.; Lejeune, B.; Servais, C.; Demoulin, P.; Roland, G.; Duchatelet, P.] Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. [Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Vollmer, M. K.; Reimann, S.] Empa, Lab Air Pollut Environm Technol, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland. [Muehle, J.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Boone, C. D.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Mahieu, E (reprint author), Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. EM emmanuel.mahieu@ulg.ac.be RI Reimann, Stefan/A-2327-2009; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; OI Reimann, Stefan/0000-0002-9885-7138; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Mahieu, Emmanuel/0000-0002-5251-0286 FU Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; MeteoSwiss; Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN); Canadian Space Agency FX This work was funded primarily by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (SSD AGACC-II and PRODEX A3C projects). The financial support of MeteoSwiss (Global Atmosphere Watch, GAW) is further acknowledged. We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG, Bern) and the University of Liege for supporting the facilities needed to perform the observations and their analyses. We are also grateful to the Federation Wallonie-Bruxelles and the F. R. S. - FNRS for supporting mission expenses and laboratory developments, respectively. E. Mahieu is Research Associate with the F. R. S. - FNRS. The Liege team wishes to thank Olivier Flock for his excellent technical support. Thanks are also extended to all people having contributed to FTIR data acquisition at the Jungfraujoch, including colleagues from the Royal Observatory of Belgium and from the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels. The GCMS Medusa measurements are conducted under the auspices of the Swiss national research project HALCLIM with financial support from the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN). Collaboration within AGAGE is also acknowledged. The ACE mission is supported primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. NR 58 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 333 EP 344 DI 10.5194/amt-7-333-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA2SW UT WOS:000330945400023 ER PT J AU Cooper, G Horz, F Spees, A Chang, S AF Cooper, George Horz, Friedrich Spees, Alanna Chang, Sherwood TI Highly stable meteoritic organic compounds as markers of asteroidal delivery SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE meteorites; impact experiments; oxidation; phosphonic; sulfonic; amino acids ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; EXTRATERRESTRIAL AMINO-ACIDS; SULFONIC-ACIDS; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; PLANETARY ACCRETION; MURCHISON METEORITE; SHOCK METAMORPHISM; PHOSPHONIC-ACIDS; PYRUVIC-ACID AB Multiple missions to search for water-soluble organic compounds on the surfaces of Solar System bodies are either current or planned and, if such compounds were found, it would be desirable to determine their origin(s). Asteroid or comet material is likely to have been components of all surface environments throughout Solar System history. To simulate the survival of meteoritic compounds both during impacts with planetary surfaces and under subsequent (possibly) harsh ambient conditions, we subjected known meteoritic compounds to comparatively high impact-shock pressures (>30 GPa) and/or to extremely oxidizing/corrosive acid solution. Consistent with past impact experiments, alpha-amino acids survived only at trace levels above similar to 18 GPa. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) survived at levels of 4-8% at a shock pressure of 36 GPa. Lower molecular weight sulfonic and phosphonic acids (S&P) had the highest degree of impact survival of all tested compounds at higher pressures. Oxidation of compounds was done with a 3:1 mixture of HCl:HNO3, a solution that generates additional strong oxidants such as Cl-2 and NOCl. Upon oxidation, keto acids and alpha-amino acids were the most labile compounds with proline as a significant exception. Some fraction of the other compounds, including non-alpha amino acids and dicarboxylic acids, were stable during 16-18 hours of oxidation. However, S&P quantitatively survived several months (at least) under the same conditions. Such results begin to build a profile of the more robust meteoritic compounds: those that may have survived, i.e., may be found in, the more hostile Solar System environments. In the search for organic compounds, one current mission, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), will use analytical procedures similar to those of this study and those employed previously on Earth to identify many of the compounds described in this work. The current results may thus prove to be directly relevant to potential findings of MSL and other missions designed for extraterrestrial organic analysis. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Cooper, George; Chang, Sherwood] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Horz, Friedrich] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Spees, Alanna] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cooper, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM george.cooper@nasa.gov NR 61 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 385 BP 206 EP 215 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.021 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AA3WD UT WOS:000331025000022 ER PT J AU Wu, DL Lambert, A Read, WG Eriksson, P Gong, J AF Wu, Dong L. Lambert, Alyn Read, William G. Eriksson, Patrick Gong, Jie TI MLS and CALIOP Cloud Ice Measurements in the Upper Troposphere: A Constraint from Microwave on Cloud Microphysics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Clouds ID A-TRAIN; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; WATER-CONTENT; ODIN-SMR; RETRIEVAL; DISTRIBUTIONS; EXTINCTION; CALIPSO; MODEL AB This study examines the consistency and microphysics assumptions among satellite ice water content (IWC) retrievals in the upper troposphere with collocated A-Train radiances from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and lidar backscatters from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). For the cases in which IWC values are small (<10 mg m(-3)), the cloud ice retrievals are constrained by both MLS 240- and 640-GHz radiances and CALIOP 532-nm backscatter (532). From the observed relationships between MLS cloud-induced radiance T-cir and the CALIOP backscatter integrated (532) along the MLS line of sight, an empirical linear relation between cloud ice and the lidar backscatter is found: IWC/(532) = 0.58 +/- 0.11. This lidar cloud ice relation is required to satisfy the cloud ice emission signals simultaneously observed at microwave frequencies, in which ice permittivity is relatively well known. This empirical relationship also produces IWC values that agree well with the CALIOP, version 3.0, retrieval at values <10 mg m(-3). Because the microphysics assumption is critical in satellite cloud ice retrievals, the agreement found in the IWC-(532) relationships increase fidelity of the assumptions used by the lidar and microwave techniques for upper-tropospheric clouds. C1 [Wu, Dong L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lambert, Alyn; Read, William G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Eriksson, Patrick] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Gong, Jie] NASA, Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wu, DL (reprint author), NASA, Climate & Radiat Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, M-S 33-C313,Code 613,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dong.l.wu@nasa.gov RI Eriksson, Patrick/A-5321-2009; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Eriksson, Patrick/0000-0002-8475-0479; FU NASA's Aura; NASA's CloudSat; NASA's Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis (ESDRERR) project; NASA FX Supports from NASA's Aura, CloudSat, and Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis (ESDRERR) projects, as well as the data processing by the Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center and by CloudSat Data Processing Center, are gratefully acknowledged. The work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was performed under contract with NASA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 53 IS 1 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-041.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA0FD UT WOS:000330770000010 ER PT J AU Cordiner, MA Charnley, SB AF Cordiner, M. A. Charnley, S. B. TI Negative ion chemistry in the coma of comet 1P/Halley SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTIONS; INNER COMA; MOLECULES; ANIONS; INTERSTELLAR; RATES; HALLEY; C6H; GAS; IONIZATION AB Negative ions (anions) were identified in the coma of comet 1P/Halley during in situ Electron Electrostatic Analyzer measurements performed by the Giotto spacecraft in 1986. These anions were detected with masses in the range 7-110amu, but with insufficient mass resolution to permit unambiguous identification. We present details of a new chemical-hydrodynamic model for the coma of comet Halley that includesfor the first timeatomic and molecular anions, in addition to a comprehensive hydrocarbon chemistry. Anion number densities are calculated as a function of radius in the coma, and compared with the Giotto results. Important anion production mechanisms are found to include radiative electron attachment, polar photodissociation, dissociative electron attachment, and proton transfer. The polyyne anions C4H- and C6H- are found to be likely candidates to explain the Giotto anion mass spectrum in the range 49-73amu. The CN- anion probably makes a significant contribution to the mass spectrum at 26amu. Larger carbon-chain anions such as C8H- can explain the peak near 100amu provided there is a source of large carbon-chain-bearing molecules from the cometary nucleus. C1 [Cordiner, M. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Ctr Astrobiol, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Cordiner, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM martin.cordiner@nasa.gov FU NASA's Planetary Atmospheres Program; NASA Astrobiology Institute through the Goddard Center for Astrobiology FX This research was supported by NASA's Planetary Atmospheres Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute through the Goddard Center for Astrobiology. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1086-9379 EI 1945-5100 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 49 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1111/maps.12082 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AA4KY UT WOS:000331065700003 ER PT J AU Blaauw, RC Suggs, RM Cooke, WJ AF Blaauw, Rhiannon C. Suggs, Robert M. Cooke, William J. TI Dust production of comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner using broadband photometry SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GIACOBINI-ZINNER; OUTBURST; EPOXI AB Presented here are results from photometric analysis on broadband images taken of comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner from May 24, 2011 to October 24, 2011. As the parent body of the Draconids, a meteor shower known for outbursting, 21P was studied for its dust production activity, Af, focusing on how it changes with heliocentric distance. An expected increase in dust production with a decrease in heliocentric distance was observed. The comet went from heliocentric distance of 3.05-1.77AU during the observed time that corresponded to an apparent magnitude of 19.61 to 15.72 and Af of 16.48cm to 284.17cm. These values can be extrapolated to estimate a peak Af value at perihelion of 3824cm. The images were obtained using a 0.5-meter f/8.1 Ritchey-Chretien telescope located in Mayhill, New Mexico. C1 [Blaauw, Rhiannon C.] Dynet Tech Serv MITS Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Suggs, Robert M.; Cooke, William J.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Meteoroid Environm Off, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Blaauw, RC (reprint author), Dynet Tech Serv MITS Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM rhiannon.c.blaauw@nasa.gov FU NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office FX The authors thank NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office for support of this project, and D. Schleicher and M. A'Hearn for their helpful correspondence. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1086-9379 EI 1945-5100 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 49 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1111/maps.12115 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA AA4KY UT WOS:000331065700006 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Zhang, RY Saravanan, R AF Wang, Yuan Zhang, Renyi Saravanan, R. TI Asian pollution climatically modulates mid-latitude cyclones following hierarchical modelling and observational analysis SO NATURE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM IMPACTS; AEROSOLS; PRECIPITATION; CLOUDS; NANOPARTICLES; MICROPHYSICS; CHINA AB Increasing levels of anthropogenic aerosols in Asia have raised considerable concern regarding its potential impact on the global atmosphere, but the magnitude of the associated climate forcing remains to be quantified. Here, using a novel hierarchical modelling approach and observational analysis, we demonstrate modulated mid-latitude cyclones by Asian pollution over the past three decades. Regional and seasonal simulations using a cloud-resolving model show that Asian pollution invigorates winter cyclones over the northwest Pacific, increasing precipitation by 7% and net cloud radiative forcing by 1.0 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere and by 1.7 W m(-2) at the Earth's surface. A global climate model incorporating the diabatic heating anomalies from Asian pollution produces a 9% enhanced transient eddy meridional heat flux and reconciles a decadal variation of mid-latitude cyclones derived from the Reanalysis data. Our results unambiguously reveal a large impact of the Asian pollutant outflows on the global general circulation and climate. C1 [Wang, Yuan; Zhang, Renyi; Saravanan, R.] Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Atmospher Chem & Environm, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Wang, Yuan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Zhang, Renyi] Peking Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. RP Wang, Y (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Atmospher Chem & Environm, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM Yuan.Wang@jpl.nasa.gov; renyi-zhang@geos.tamu.edu RI Saravanan, Ramalingam/G-8879-2012; Zhang, Renyi/A-2942-2011 OI Saravanan, Ramalingam/0000-0002-0005-6907; FU NASA graduate fellowship in Earth Sciences; Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2013CB955800]; NASA ROSES COUND programme at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA FX Y.W. was supported by a NASA graduate fellowship in Earth Sciences. R.Z. acknowledged support by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China with the award number 2013CB955800. Y.W. acknowledged additional support by the NASA ROSES COUND programme at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. C. Schumacher, C.-L. Lappen, G. Li and J. Hsieh provided helpful discussions. Supercomputing computational Facilities at the Texas A&M University were employed in this research. NR 47 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 8 U2 42 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 2041-1723 J9 NAT COMMUN JI Nat. Commun. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 5 AR 3098 DI 10.1038/ncomms4098 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA AA4RS UT WOS:000331084400007 PM 24448316 ER PT J AU Sydeman, WJ Thompson, SA Garcia-Reyes, M Kahru, M Peterson, WT Largier, JL AF Sydeman, William J. Thompson, Sarah Ann Garcia-Reyes, Marisol Kahru, Mati Peterson, William T. Largier, John L. TI Multivariate ocean-climate indicators (MOCI) for the central California Current: Environmental change, 1990-2010 SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID EL-NINO; LA-NINA; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; ROCKFISH SEBASTES; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; CURRENT SYSTEM; COOP-WEST; VARIABILITY AB Temporal environmental variability may confound interpretations of management actions, such as reduced fisheries mortality when Marine Protected Areas are implemented. To aid in the evaluation of recent ecosystem protection decisions in central-northern California, we designed and implemented multivariate ocean-climate indicators (MOCI) of environmental variability. To assess the validity of the MOCI, we evaluated interannual and longer-term variability in relation to previously recognized environmental variability in the region, and correlated MOCI to a suite of biological indicators including proxies for lower- (phytoplankton, copepods, krill), and upper-level (seabirds) taxa. To develop the MOCI, we selected, compiled, and synthesized 14 well-known atmospheric and oceanographic indicators of large-scale and regional processes (transport and upwelling), as well as local atmospheric and oceanic response variables such as wind stress, sea surface temperature, and salinity. We derived seasonally-stratified MOCI using principal component analysis. Over the 21-year study period (1990-2010), the ENSO cycle weakened while extra-tropical influences increased with a strengthening of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and cooling of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Correspondingly, the Northern Oscillation Index (NOI) strengthened, leading to enhanced upwelling-favorable wind stress and cooling of air and ocean surface temperatures. The seasonal MOCI related well to subarctic copepod biomass and seabird productivity, but poorly to chlorophyll-a concentration and krill abundance. Our results support a hypothesis of enhanced sub-arctic influence (transport from the north) and upwelling intensification in north-central California over the past two decades. Such environmental conditions may favor population growth for species with sub-arctic zoogeographic affinities within the central-northern California Current coastal ecosystem. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sydeman, William J.; Thompson, Sarah Ann; Garcia-Reyes, Marisol] Farallon Inst Adv Ecosyst Res, Petaluma, CA 94952 USA. [Sydeman, William J.; Kahru, Mati] Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 95060 USA. [Sydeman, William J.; Largier, John L.] Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. [Thompson, Sarah Ann] Univ Washington, Coll Environm, Climate Impacts Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Peterson, William T.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sydeman, WJ (reprint author), Farallon Inst Adv Ecosyst Res, Petaluma, CA 94952 USA. EM wsydeman@comcast.net FU State of California's MPA Monitoring Enterprise; Ocean Science Trust, California Sea Grant; Central and Northern California Ocean Observing System (CeNCOOS); National Science Foundation (California Current Ecosystem Long-term Ecological Research program) FX For data contributions to this project, we thank Marcel Losekoot for providing data from the Bodega Marine Lab and Jim Johnstone (JISAO, University of Washington) for providing data on air temperature and precipitation. We thank the State of California's MPA Monitoring Enterprise, the Ocean Science Trust, California Sea Grant, Central and Northern California Ocean Observing System (CeNCOOS), and the National Science Foundation (California Current Ecosystem Long-term Ecological Research program) for financial support. NR 68 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 45 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 120 BP 352 EP 369 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.10.017 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA AA3UH UT WOS:000331019300022 ER PT J AU Plavchan, P Bilinski, C Currie, T AF Plavchan, Peter Bilinski, Christopher Currie, Thayne TI Investigation of Kepler Objects of Interest Stellar Parameters from Observed Transit Durations SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article DE Extrasolar planets ID PLANET CANDIDATES; ECCENTRICITY DISTRIBUTION; ORBITAL ECCENTRICITIES; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; HABITABLE-ZONE; INPUT CATALOG; STARS; SYSTEMS AB The Kepler mission discovery of candidate transiting exoplanets (KOIs) enables a plethora of ensemble analyses of the architecture and properties of exoplanetary systems. We compare the observed transit durations of KOIs to a synthetic distribution generated from the known eccentricities of radial velocity (RV) discovered exoplanets. We find that the Kepler and RV distributions differ at a statistically significant level. We identify three related systematic trends that are likely due to errors in stellar radii, which in turn affect the inferred exoplanet radii and the distribution thereof, and prevent a valid analysis of the underlying ensemble eccentricity distribution. First, 15% of KOIs have transit durations >20% longer than the transit duration expected for an edge-on circular orbit, including 92 KOIs with transit durations >50% longer, when only a handful of such systems are expected. Second, the median transit duration is too long by up to approximate to approximate to 25%. Random errors of <50% in the stellar radius are not adequate to account for these two trends. We identify that incorrect estimates of stellar metallicity and extinction could account for these anomalies, rather than astrophysical effects such as eccentric exoplanets improbably transiting near apastron. Third, we find that the median transit duration is correlated with stellar radius, when no such trend is expected. All three effects are still present, although less pronounced, when considering only multiple transiting KOI systems which are thought to have a low false-positive rate. Improved stellar parameters for KOIs are necessary for the validity of future ensemble tests of exoplanetary systems found by Kepler. C1 [Plavchan, Peter] CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bilinski, Christopher] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Currie, Thayne] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada. RP Plavchan, P (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, M-C 100-22,770 South Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM plavchan@ipac.caltech.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program FX We thank the anonymous referee for their constructive input on improving the clarity, presentation and content of this paper. This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6280 EI 1538-3873 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 126 IS 935 BP 34 EP 47 DI 10.1086/674819 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AA5MH UT WOS:000331142900004 ER PT J AU Stumpe, MC Smith, JC Catanzarite, JH Van Cleve, JE Jenkins, JM Twicken, JD Girouard, FR AF Stumpe, Martin C. Smith, Jeffrey C. Catanzarite, Joseph H. Van Cleve, Jeffrey E. Jenkins, Jon M. Twicken, Joseph D. Girouard, Forrest R. TI Multiscale Systematic Error Correction via Wavelet-Based Bandsplitting in Kepler Data SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article DE Data Analysis and Techniques ID PHOTOMETRY AB The previous presearch data conditioning algorithm, PDC-MAP, for the Kepler data processing pipeline performs very well for the majority of targets in the Kepler field of view. However, for an appreciable minority, PDC-MAP has its limitations. To further minimize the number of targets for which PDC-MAP fails to perform admirably, we have developed a new method, called multiscale MAP, or msMAP. Utilizing an overcomplete discrete wavelet transform, the new method divides each light curve into multiple channels, or bands. The light curves in each band are then corrected separately, thereby allowing for a better separation of characteristic signals and improved removal of the systematics. C1 [Stumpe, Martin C.; Smith, Jeffrey C.; Catanzarite, Joseph H.; Van Cleve, Jeffrey E.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Twicken, Joseph D.; Girouard, Forrest R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Stumpe, Martin C.; Smith, Jeffrey C.; Catanzarite, Joseph H.; Van Cleve, Jeffrey E.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Twicken, Joseph D.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Stumpe, Martin C.] Google Inc, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Girouard, Forrest R.] Orbital Sci Corp, Dulles, VA 20166 USA. RP Stumpe, MC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jeffrey.smith@nasa.gov FU NASA's Science Mission Directorate FX Funding for this Discovery Mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. We thank the thousands of people whose efforts made Kepler's grand voyage of discovery possible. We especially want to thank the Kepler Science Operation Center and Science Office staff who design, build, and operate the Kepler Data Analysis Pipeline and for putting their hearts into this endeavor. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6280 EI 1538-3873 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 126 IS 935 BP 100 EP 114 DI 10.1086/674989 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA AA5MH UT WOS:000331142900009 ER PT J AU Werneth, CM Maung, KM Blattnig, SR Clowdsley, MS Townsend, LW AF Werneth, Charles M. Maung, Khin M. Blattnig, Steve R. Clowdsley, Martha S. Townsend, Lawrence W. TI Radiation shielding effectiveness with correlated uncertainties SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article DE Effective dose; REID; Quality factor ID RELATIVE RISK; SOLID CANCER; MORTALITY; EXPOSURES; DOSIMETRY; HZETRN AB The space radiation environment is composed of energetic particles which can deliver harmful doses of radiation that may lead to acute radiation sickness, cancer, and even death for insufficiently shielded crew members. Spacecraft shielding must provide structural integrity and minimize the risk associated with radiation exposure. The risk of radiation exposure induced death (REID) is a measure of the risk of dying from cancer induced by radiation exposure. Uncertainties in the risk projection model, quality factor, and spectral fluence are folded into the calculation of the REID by sampling from probability distribution functions. Consequently, determining optimal shielding materials that reduce the REID in a statistically significant manner has been found to be difficult. In this work, the difference of the REID distributions for different materials is used to study the effect of composition on shielding effectiveness. It is shown that the use of correlated uncertainties allows for the determination of statistically significant differences between materials despite the large uncertainties in the quality factor. This is in contrast to previous methods where uncertainties have been generally treated as uncorrelated. It is concluded that the use of correlated quality factor uncertainties greatly reduces the uncertainty in the assessment of shielding effectiveness for the mitigation of radiation exposure. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Werneth, Charles M.; Blattnig, Steve R.; Clowdsley, Martha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Maung, Khin M.] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Phys & Astron, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. [Townsend, Lawrence W.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Nucl Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Werneth, CM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 2 West Reid St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Charles.M.Werneth@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX10AD18A, NNX08AI53A] FX This work was supported in part by NASA grants NNX10AD18A and NNX08AI53A. The authors would like to thank Drs. Robert Singleterry and Francis Badavi for their useful suggestions during the course of this research. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank Drs. Tony Slaba, Ryan Norman, Francis Badavi, John Norbury, and Jonathan Ransom for reviewing this manuscript. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 60 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.11.008 PG 12 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA AA5TJ UT WOS:000331162200006 ER PT J AU Ade, PAR Aghanim, N Arnaud, M Ashdown, M Aumont, J Baccigalupi, C Balbi, A Banday, AJ Barreiro, RB Battaner, E Benabed, K Benoit-Levy, A Bernard, JP Bersanelli, M Bielewicz, P Bikmaev, I Bobin, J Bock, JJ Bonaldi, A Bond, JR Borrill, J Bouchet, FR Burigana, C Butler, RC Cabella, P Cardoso, JF Catalano, A Chamballu, A Chiang, LY Chon, G Christensen, PR Clements, DL Colombi, S Colombo, LPL Crill, BP Cuttaia, F Da Silva, A Dahle, H Davies, RD Davis, RJ de Bernardis, P de Gasperis, G de Zotti, G Delabrouille, J Democles, J Diego, JM Dolag, K Dole, H Donzelli, S Dore, O Dorl, U Douspis, M Dupac, X Ensslin, TA Finelli, F Flores-Cacho, I Forni, O Frailis, M Frommert, M Galeotta, S Ganga, K Genova-Santos, RT Giard, M Giardino, G Gonzalez-Nuevo, J Gregorio, A Gruppuso, A Hansen, FK Harrison, D Hernandez-Monteagudo, C Herranz, D Hildebrandt, SR Hivon, E Holmes, WA Hovest, W Huffenberger, KM Hurier, G Jaffe, TR Jaffe, AH Jasche, J Jones, WC Juvela, M Keihanen, E Keskitalo, R Khamitov, I Kisner, TS Knoche, J Kunz, M Kurki-Suonio, H Lagache, G Lahteenmaki, A Lamarre, JM Lasenby, A Lawrence, CR Le Jeune, M Leonardi, R Lilje, PB Linden-Vornle, M Lopez-Caniego, M Macias-Perez, JF Maino, D Mak, DSY Mandolesi, N Maris, M Marleau, F Martinez-Gonzalez, E Masi, S Matarrese, S Mazzotta, P Melchiorri, A Melin, JB Mendes, L Mennella, A Migliaccio, M Mitra, S Miville-Deschenes, MA Moneti, A Montier, L Morgante, G Mortlock, D Moss, A Munshi, D Murphy, JA Naselsky, P Nati, F Natoli, P Netterfield, CB Norgaard-Nielsen, HU Noviello, F Novikov, D Novikov, I Osborne, S Pagano, L Paoletti, D Perdereau, O Perrotta, F Piacentini, F Piat, M Pierpaoli, E Pietrobon, D Plaszczynski, S Pointecouteau, E Polenta, G Popa, L Poutanen, T Pratt, GW Prunet, S Puisieux, S Rachen, JP Rebolo, R Reinecke, M Remazeilles, M Renault, C Ricciardi, S Roman, M Rubino-Martin, JA Rusholme, B Sandri, M Savini, G Scott, D Spencer, L Sunyaev, R Sutton, D Suur-Uski, AS Sygnet, JF Tauber, JA Terenzi, L Toffolatti, L Tomasi, M Tristram, M Tucci, M Valenziano, L Valiviita, J Van Tent, B Vielva, P Villa, F Vittorio, N Wade, LA Welikala, N Yvon, D Zacchei, A Zibin, JP Zonca, A AF Ade, P. A. R. Aghanim, N. Arnaud, M. Ashdown, M. Aumont, J. Baccigalupi, C. Balbi, A. Banday, A. J. Barreiro, R. B. Battaner, E. Benabed, K. Benoit-Levy, A. Bernard, J. -P. Bersanelli, M. Bielewicz, P. Bikmaev, I. Bobin, J. Bock, J. J. Bonaldi, A. Bond, J. R. Borrill, J. Bouchet, F. R. Burigana, C. Butler, R. C. Cabella, P. Cardoso, J. -F. Catalano, A. Chamballu, A. Chiang, L. -Y Chon, G. Christensen, P. R. Clements, D. L. Colombi, S. Colombo, L. P. L. Crill, B. P. Cuttaia, F. Da Silva, A. Dahle, H. Davies, R. D. Davis, R. J. de Bernardis, P. de Gasperis, G. de Zotti, G. Delabrouille, J. Democles, J. Diego, J. M. Dolag, K. Dole, H. Donzelli, S. Dore, O. Doerl, U. Douspis, M. Dupac, X. Ensslin, T. A. Finelli, F. Flores-Cacho, I. Forni, O. Frailis, M. Frommert, M. Galeotta, S. Ganga, K. Genova-Santos, R. T. Giard, M. Giardino, G. Gonzalez-Nuevo, J. Gregorio, A. Gruppuso, A. Hansen, F. K. Harrison, D. Hernandez-Monteagudo, C. Herranz, D. Hildebrandt, S. R. Hivon, E. Holmes, W. A. Hovest, W. Huffenberger, K. M. Hurier, G. Jaffe, T. R. Jaffe, A. H. Jasche, J. Jones, W. C. Juvela, M. Keihanen, E. Keskitalo, R. Khamitov, I. Kisner, T. S. Knoche, J. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Lagache, G. Lahteenmaki, A. Lamarre, J. -M. Lasenby, A. Lawrence, C. R. Le Jeune, M. Leonardi, R. Lilje, P. B. Linden-Vornle, M. Lopez-Caniego, M. Macias-Perez, J. F. Maino, D. Mak, D. S. Y. Mandolesi, N. Maris, M. Marleau, F. Martinez-Gonzalez, E. Masi, S. Matarrese, S. Mazzotta, P. Melchiorri, A. Melin, J. -B. Mendes, L. Mennella, A. Migliaccio, M. Mitra, S. Miville-Deschenes, M. -A. Moneti, A. Montier, L. Morgante, G. Mortlock, D. Moss, A. Munshi, D. Murphy, J. A. Naselsky, P. Nati, F. Natoli, P. Netterfield, C. B. Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U. Noviello, F. Novikov, D. Novikov, I. Osborne, S. Pagano, L. Paoletti, D. Perdereau, O. Perrotta, F. Piacentini, F. Piat, M. Pierpaoli, E. Pietrobon, D. Plaszczynski, S. Pointecouteau, E. Polenta, G. Popa, L. Poutanen, T. Pratt, G. W. Puget, J. -L. Puisieux, S. Rachen, J. P. Rebolo, R. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, M. Renault, C. Ricciardi, S. Roman, M. Rubino-Martin, J. A. Rusholme, B. Sandri, M. Savini, G. Scott, D. Spencer, L. Sunyaev, R. Sutton, D. Suur-Uski, A. -S. Sygnet, J. -F. Tauber, J. A. Terenzi, L. Toffolatti, L. Tomasi, M. Tristram, M. Tucci, M. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Van Tent, B. Vielva, P. Villa, F. Vittorio, N. Wade, L. A. Welikala, N. Yvon, D. Zacchei, A. Zibin, J. P. Zonca, A. CA Planck Collaboration TI Planck intermediate results XIII. Constraints on peculiar velocities SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cosmology: observations; cosmic background radiation; large-scale structure of Universe; galaxies: clusters: general ID GALAXY CLUSTER SURVEY; PRE-LAUNCH STATUS; INTERNAL LINEAR COMBINATION; SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH CLUSTERS; 2MASS REDSHIFT SURVEY; H(-1) MPC SCALES; BULK FLOW; DARK ENERGY; COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS; COMPONENT SEPARATION AB Using Planck data combined with the Meta Catalogue of X-ray detected Clusters of galaxies (MCXC), we address the study of peculiar motions by searching for evidence of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (kSZ). By implementing various filters designed to extract the kSZ generated at the positions of the clusters, we obtain consistent constraints on the radial peculiar velocity average, root mean square (rms), and local bulk flow amplitude at different depths. For the whole cluster sample of average redshift 0.18, the measured average radial peculiar velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation at that redshift, i.e., the kSZ monopole, amounts to 72 +/- 60 km s(-1). This constitutes less than 1% of the relative Hubble velocity of the cluster sample with respect to our local CMB frame. While the linear Lambda CDM prediction for the typical cluster radial velocity rms at z = 0.15 is close to 230 km s(-1), the upper limit imposed by Planck data on the cluster subsample corresponds to 800 km s(-1) at 95% confidence level, i.e., about three times higher. Planck data also set strong constraints on the local bulk flow in volumes centred on the Local Group. There is no detection of bulk flow as measured in any comoving sphere extending to the maximum redshift covered by the cluster sample. A blind search for bulk flows in this sample has an upper limit of 254 km s(-1) (95% confidence level) dominated by CMB confusion and instrumental noise, indicating that the Universe is largely homogeneous on Gpc scales. In this context, in conjunction with supernova observations, Planck is able to rule out a large class of inhomogeneous void models as alternatives to dark energy or modified gravity. The Planck constraints on peculiar velocities and bulk flows are thus consistent with the Lambda CDM scenario. C1 [Cardoso, J. -F.; Delabrouille, J.; Ganga, K.; Le Jeune, M.; Piat, M.; Remazeilles, M.; Roman, M.] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, IN2P3, CEA,Irfu,Observ Paris,Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-75205 Paris, France. [Lahteenmaki, A.; Poutanen, T.] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland. [Bikmaev, I.] Acad Sci Tatarstan, Kazan 420111, Russia. [Kunz, M.] African Inst Math Sci, ZA-7950 Cape Town, South Africa. [Natoli, P.; Polenta, G.] ESRIN, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. [Mandolesi, N.] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy. [Ashdown, M.; Lasenby, A.] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. [Bond, J. R.; Miville-Deschenes, M. -A.] Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada. [Banday, A. J.; Bernard, J. -P.; Bielewicz, P.; Flores-Cacho, I.; Forni, O.; Giard, M.; Jaffe, T. R.; Montier, L.; Pointecouteau, E.] CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. [Bock, J. J.; Dore, O.; Hildebrandt, S. R.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Da Silva, A.] Univ Porto, Ctr Astrofis, P-4150762 Oporto, Portugal. [Hernandez-Monteagudo, C.] CEFCA, Teruel 44001, Spain. [Borrill, J.; Keskitalo, R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Computat Cosmol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Rebolo, R.] CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. [Chamballu, A.; Melin, J. -B.; Puisieux, S.; Yvon, D.] CEA Saclay, SPP, Irfu, DSM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Linden-Vornle, M.; Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U.] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. [Frommert, M.; Kunz, M.; Tucci, M.] Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Theor, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. [Toffolatti, L.] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain. [Netterfield, C. B.] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Bikmaev, I.; Khamitov, I.] Kazan Fed Univ, Dept Astron & Geodesy, Kazan 420008, Russia. [Rachen, J. P.] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. [Keskitalo, R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Scott, D.; Zibin, J. P.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC, Canada. [Colombo, L. P. L.; Mak, D. S. Y.; Pierpaoli, E.] Univ So Calif, Dana & David Dornsife Coll Letters Arts & Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Juvela, M.; Keihanen, E.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Poutanen, T.; Suur-Uski, A. -S.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki 00014, Finland. [Jones, W. C.] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Zonca, A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Matarrese, S.] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy. [Burigana, C.; Mandolesi, N.; Natoli, P.] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis & Sci Terra, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy. [de Bernardis, P.; Masi, S.; Melchiorri, A.; Nati, F.; Piacentini, F.] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartmento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Bersanelli, M.; Maino, D.; Mennella, A.] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Gregorio, A.] Univ Trieste, Dipartmento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. [Balbi, A.; de Gasperis, G.; Mazzotta, P.; Vittorio, N.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartmento Fis, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Cabella, P.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Matemat, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Christensen, P. R.; Naselsky, P.] Niels Bohr Inst, Discovery Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Rebolo, R.; Rubino-Martin, J. A.] Univ La Laguna, Dpto Astrofis, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain. [Dupac, X.; Leonardi, R.; Mendes, L.] European Space Agcy, ESAC, Planck Sci Off, Madrid 28692, Spain. [Giardino, G.; Tauber, J. A.] European Space Agcy, ESTEC, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Kurki-Suonio, H.; Lahteenmaki, A.; Poutanen, T.; Suur-Uski, A. -S.] Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, Helsinki, Finland. [de Zotti, G.] Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, I-35122 Padua, Italy. [Polenta, G.] Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy. [Frailis, M.; Galeotta, S.; Gregorio, A.; Maris, M.; Zacchei, A.] Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34143 Trieste, Italy. [Burigana, C.; Butler, R. C.; Cuttaia, F.; Finelli, F.; Gruppuso, A.; Mandolesi, N.; Morgante, G.; Natoli, P.; Paoletti, D.; Ricciardi, S.; Sandri, M.; Terenzi, L.; Valenziano, L.; Villa, F.] IASF Bologna, INAF, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Bersanelli, M.; Donzelli, S.; Maino, D.; Mennella, A.; Tomasi, M.] IASF Milano, INAF, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Finelli, F.; Paoletti, D.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. [Melchiorri, A.] Univ Roma Sapienza, INFN, Sez Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Mitra, S.] IUCAA, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India. [Clements, D. L.; Jaffe, A. H.; Mortlock, D.; Novikov, D.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Rusholme, B.] CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Dole, H.] Inst Univ France, F-75005 Paris, France. [Aghanim, N.; Aumont, J.; Chamballu, A.; Dole, H.; Douspis, M.; Kunz, M.; Lagache, G.; Miville-Deschenes, M. -A.; Puget, J. -L.; Remazeilles, M.; Welikala, N.] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, UMR8617, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Benabed, K.; Benoit-Levy, A.; Bouchet, F. R.; Cardoso, J. -F.; Colombi, S.; Hivon, E.; Jasche, J.; Moneti, A.; Sygnet, J. -F.] Inst Astrophys, CNRS, UMR7095, F-75014 Paris, France. [Popa, L.] Inst Space Sci, Bucharest 077125, Romania. [Marleau, F.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Astro & Particle Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Chiang, L. -Y] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 96720, Taiwan. [Harrison, D.; Migliaccio, M.; Sutton, D.] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Dahle, H.; Hansen, F. K.; Lilje, P. B.; Valiviita, J.] Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. [Genova-Santos, R. T.; Rebolo, R.; Rubino-Martin, J. A.] Inst Astrofis Canarias, Tenerife 38205, Spain. [Barreiro, R. B.; Diego, J. M.; Gonzalez-Nuevo, J.; Herranz, D.; Lopez-Caniego, M.; Martinez-Gonzalez, E.; Toffolatti, L.; Vielva, P.] Univ Cantabria, CSIC, Inst Fis Cantabria, E-39005 Santander, Spain. [Bock, J. J.; Colombo, L. P. L.; Crill, B. P.; Dore, O.; Holmes, W. A.; Lawrence, C. R.; Mitra, S.; Pagano, L.; Pietrobon, D.; Wade, L. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bonaldi, A.; Davies, R. D.; Davis, R. J.; Noviello, F.] Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. [Ashdown, M.; Harrison, D.; Lasenby, A.; Migliaccio, M.; Sutton, D.] Kavli Inst Cosmol Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Perdereau, O.; Plaszczynski, S.; Tristram, M.; Tucci, M.] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, LAL, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Catalano, A.; Lamarre, J. -M.] Observ Paris, CNRS, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France. [Arnaud, M.; Bobin, J.; Chamballu, A.; Democles, J.; Pratt, G. W.] Univ Paris Diderot, CEA Saclay, CNRS, CEA,DSM,IRFU,Serv Astrophys,Lab AIM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Cardoso, J. -F.] CNRS, Lab Traitement & Commun Informat, UMR 5141, F-75634 Paris 13, France. [Cardoso, J. -F.] Telecom ParisTech, F-75634 Paris 13, France. [Catalano, A.; Hurier, G.; Macias-Perez, J. F.; Renault, C.] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Inst Natl Polytech Grenoble, IN2P3,Lab Phys Subatom & Cosmol, F-38026 Grenoble, France. [Van Tent, B.] Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Van Tent, B.] CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Dolag, K.; Doerl, U.; Ensslin, T. A.; Hernandez-Monteagudo, C.; Hovest, W.; Knoche, J.; Rachen, J. P.; Reinecke, M.; Sunyaev, R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Dolag, K.; Doerl, U.; Ensslin, T. A.; Hernandez-Monteagudo, C.; Hovest, W.; Knoche, J.; Rachen, J. P.; Reinecke, M.; Sunyaev, R.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Chon, G.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Murphy, J. A.] Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Expt Phys, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland. [Christensen, P. R.; Naselsky, P.; Novikov, I.] Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Crill, B. P.] CALTECH, Observat Cosmol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Savini, G.] UCL, Opt Sci Lab, London, England. [Baccigalupi, C.; Bielewicz, P.; de Zotti, G.; Gonzalez-Nuevo, J.; Perrotta, F.] SISSA, Astrophys Sect, I-34136 Trieste, Italy. [Ade, P. A. R.; Munshi, D.; Spencer, L.] Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3AA, S Glam, Wales. [Moss, A.] Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. [Sunyaev, R.] Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IKI, Moscow 117997, Russia. [Borrill, J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Osborne, S.] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Khamitov, I.] TUBITAK Natl Observ, TR-07058 Antalya, Turkey. [Benabed, K.; Benoit-Levy, A.; Bouchet, F. R.; Colombi, S.; Hivon, E.] UPMC, UMR7095, F-75014 Paris, France. [Banday, A. J.; Bielewicz, P.; Flores-Cacho, I.; Forni, O.; Giard, M.; Jaffe, T. R.; Montier, L.; Pointecouteau, E.] Univ Toulouse, UPS, OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. [Dolag, K.] Univ Munich, Univ Observ, D-81679 Munich, Germany. [Battaner, E.] Univ Granada, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis Teor & Cosmos, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Huffenberger, K. M.] Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Hernandez-Monteagudo, C (reprint author), CEFCA, Plaza San Juan,1,Planta 2, Teruel 44001, Spain. EM chm@cefca.es RI da Silva, Antonio/A-2693-2010; Butler, Reginald/N-4647-2015; Remazeilles, Mathieu/N-1793-2015; Novikov, Dmitry/P-1807-2015; Valiviita, Jussi/A-9058-2016; Mazzotta, Pasquale/B-1225-2016; Kurki-Suonio, Hannu/B-8502-2016; Tomasi, Maurizio/I-1234-2016; Novikov, Igor/N-5098-2015; Colombo, Loris/J-2415-2016; Nati, Federico/I-4469-2016; popa, lucia/B-4718-2012; Piacentini, Francesco/E-7234-2010; de Gasperis, Giancarlo/C-8534-2012; Gonzalez-Nuevo, Joaquin/I-3562-2014; Lahteenmaki, Anne/L-5987-2013; Gruppuso, Alessandro/N-5592-2015; Vielva, Patricio/F-6745-2014; Toffolatti, Luigi/K-5070-2014; Herranz, Diego/K-9143-2014; Lopez-Caniego, Marcos/M-4695-2013; Bobin, Jerome/P-3729-2014; Battaner, Eduardo/P-7019-2014; Barreiro, Rita Belen/N-5442-2014; Yvon, Dominique/D-2280-2015; Martinez-Gonzalez, Enrique/E-9534-2015; OI Maris, Michele/0000-0001-9442-2754; Matarrese, Sabino/0000-0002-2573-1243; Galeotta, Samuele/0000-0002-3748-5115; da Silva, Antonio/0000-0002-6385-1609; Scott, Douglas/0000-0002-6878-9840; Frailis, Marco/0000-0002-7400-2135; Lopez-Caniego, Marcos/0000-0003-1016-9283; Gregorio, Anna/0000-0003-4028-8785; Polenta, Gianluca/0000-0003-4067-9196; Finelli, Fabio/0000-0002-6694-3269; De Zotti, Gianfranco/0000-0003-2868-2595; Butler, Reginald/0000-0003-4366-5996; Sandri, Maura/0000-0003-4806-5375; Valenziano, Luca/0000-0002-1170-0104; Morgante, Gianluca/0000-0001-9234-7412; Masi, Silvia/0000-0001-5105-1439; de Bernardis, Paolo/0000-0001-6547-6446; Remazeilles, Mathieu/0000-0001-9126-6266; Valiviita, Jussi/0000-0001-6225-3693; Mazzotta, Pasquale/0000-0002-5411-1748; Kurki-Suonio, Hannu/0000-0002-4618-3063; Tomasi, Maurizio/0000-0002-1448-6131; Colombo, Loris/0000-0003-4572-7732; Nati, Federico/0000-0002-8307-5088; Piacentini, Francesco/0000-0002-5444-9327; Rubino-Martin, Jose Alberto/0000-0001-5289-3021; de Gasperis, Giancarlo/0000-0003-2899-2171; Gonzalez-Nuevo, Joaquin/0000-0003-1354-6822; Gruppuso, Alessandro/0000-0001-9272-5292; Vielva, Patricio/0000-0003-0051-272X; Toffolatti, Luigi/0000-0003-2645-7386; Herranz, Diego/0000-0003-4540-1417; Bobin, Jerome/0000-0003-1457-7890; Barreiro, Rita Belen/0000-0002-6139-4272; Martinez-Gonzalez, Enrique/0000-0002-0179-8590; Savini, Giorgio/0000-0003-4449-9416; Pierpaoli, Elena/0000-0002-7957-8993; TERENZI, LUCA/0000-0001-9915-6379; Hurier, Guillaume/0000-0002-1215-0706; Zacchei, Andrea/0000-0003-0396-1192; Hivon, Eric/0000-0003-1880-2733; Lilje, Per/0000-0003-4324-7794; Paoletti, Daniela/0000-0003-4761-6147; Cuttaia, Francesco/0000-0001-6608-5017; Huffenberger, Kevin/0000-0001-7109-0099; Burigana, Carlo/0000-0002-3005-5796; Bouchet, Francois/0000-0002-8051-2924; Ricciardi, Sara/0000-0002-3807-4043; Villa, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1798-861X FU ESA; CNES (France); CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France); ASI (Italy); CNR (Italy); INAF (Italy); NASA (USA); DoE (USA); STFC (UK); UKSA (UK); CSIC (Spain); MICINN (Spain); JA (Spain); RES (Spain); Tekes (Finland); AoF (Finland); CSC (Finland); DLR (Germany); MPG (Germany); CSA (Canada); DTU Space (Denmark); SER/SSO (Switzerland); RCN (Norway); SFI (Ireland); FCT/MCTES (Portugal); PRACE (EU); CNES; CNRS; ASI; NASA; Danish Natural Research Council FX The development of Planck has been supported by: ESA; CNES and CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France); ASI, CNR, and INAF (Italy); NASA and DoE (USA); STFC and UKSA (UK); CSIC, MICINN, JA and RES (Spain); Tekes, AoF and CSC (Finland); DLR and MPG (Germany); CSA (Canada); DTU Space (Denmark); SER/SSO (Switzerland); RCN (Norway); SFI (Ireland); FCT/MCTES (Portugal); and PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, including the technical or scientific activities in which they have been involved, can be found at http://www.rssd.esa.int/Planck. The authors from the consortia funded principally by CNES, CNRS, ASI, NASA, and Danish Natural Research Council acknowledge the use of the pipeline running infrastructures Magique3 at Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (France), CPAC at Cambridge (UK), and USPDC at IPAC (USA). We acknowledge the use of the HEALPix package, WMAP data and the LAMBDA archive (http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov). NR 134 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 30 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 EI 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 561 AR A97 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201321299 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 302EG UT WOS:000330584000097 ER PT J AU Ertel, S Marshall, JP Augereau, JC Krivov, AV Lohne, T Eiroa, C Mora, A del Burgo, C Montesinos, B Bryden, G Danchi, W Kirchschlager, F Liseau, R Maldonado, J Pilbratt, GL Schuppler, C Thebault, P White, GJ Wolf, S AF Ertel, S. Marshall, J. P. Augereau, J-C Krivov, A. V. Loehne, T. Eiroa, C. Mora, A. del Burgo, C. Montesinos, B. Bryden, G. Danchi, W. Kirchschlager, F. Liseau, R. Maldonado, J. Pilbratt, G. L. Schueppler, Ch. Thebault, Ph. White, G. J. Wolf, S. TI Potential multi-component structure of the debris disk around HIP 17439 revealed by Herschel/DUNES SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE infrared: stars; circumstellar matter; stars: individual: HIP 17439 ID MULTIBAND IMAGING PHOTOMETER; SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; ICY PLANET FORMATION; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; SOLAR-TYPE STARS; KUIPER-BELT; BETA-PICTORIS; NEARBY STARS; CIRCUMSTELLAR MATERIAL; ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION AB Context. The dust observed in debris disks is produced through collisions of larger bodies left over from the planet/planetesimal formation process. Spatially resolving these disks permits to constrain their architecture and thus that of the underlying planetary/planetesimal system. Aims. Our Herschel open time key program DUNES aims at detecting and characterizing debris disks around nearby, sun-like stars. In addition to the statistical analysis of the data, the detailed study of single objects through spatially resolving the disk and detailed modeling of the data is a main goal of the project. Methods. We obtained the first observations spatially resolving the debris disk around the sun-like star HIP 17439 (HD23484) using the instruments PACS and SPIRE on board the Herschel Space Observatory. Simultaneous multi-wavelength modeling of these data together with ancillary data from the literature is presented. Results. A standard single component disk model fails to reproduce the major axis radial profiles at 70 mu m, 100 mu m, and 160 mu m simultaneously. Moreover, the best-fit parameters derived from such a model suggest a very broad disk extending from few au up to few hundreds of au from the star with a nearly constant surface density which seems physically unlikely. However, the constraints from both the data and our limited theoretical investigation are not strong enough to completely rule out this model. An alternative, more plausible, and better fitting model of the system consists of two rings of dust at approx. 30 au and 90 au, respectively, while the constraints on the parameters of this model are weak due to its complexity and intrinsic degeneracies. Conclusions. The disk is probably composed of at least two components with different spatial locations (but not necessarily detached), while a single, broad disk is possible, but less likely. The two spatially well-separated rings of dust in our best-fit model suggest the presence of at least one high mass planet or several low-mass planets clearing the region between the two rings from planetesimals and dust. C1 [Ertel, S.; Augereau, J-C] UJF Grenoble 1, CNRS INSU, IPAG, UMR 5274, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Marshall, J. P.; Eiroa, C.; Maldonado, J.] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Fac Ciencias, Dpt Fis Teor, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. [Krivov, A. V.; Loehne, T.; Schueppler, Ch.] Univ Jena, Astrophys Inst, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Krivov, A. V.; Loehne, T.; Schueppler, Ch.] Univ Jena, Univ Sternwarte, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Mora, A.] ESA ESAC Gaia SOC, Madrid 28691, Spain. [del Burgo, C.] Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Puebla, Mexico. [Montesinos, B.] European Space Observ, Santiago 19, Chile. [Bryden, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Danchi, W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kirchschlager, F.; Wolf, S.] Univ Kiel, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. [Liseau, R.] Chalmers, Onsala Space Observ, S-43992 Onsala, Sweden. [Pilbratt, G. L.] ESTEC SRE SA, ESA Astrophys & Fundamental Phys Missions Div, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Thebault, Ph.] Observ Paris, Sect Meudon, Lab Etud Spatiales & Instrumentat Astrophys, F-92195 Meudon, France. [White, G. J.] Open Univ, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [White, G. J.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Chilton OX11 0QX, England. RP Ertel, S (reprint author), European So Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Santiago 19001, Chile. EM steve.ertel@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr RI Montesinos, Benjamin/C-3493-2017; OI Montesinos, Benjamin/0000-0002-7982-2095; Marshall, Jonathan/0000-0001-6208-1801 FU French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-2010 BLAN-0505-01, EXOZODI]; PNP-CNES; Spanish grant [AYA 2011-26202]; DFG [Kr 2164/10-1, Lo 1715/1-1] FX S. Ertel and J.-C. Augereau thank the French National Research Agency (ANR, contract ANR-2010 BLAN-0505-01, EXOZODI) and PNP-CNES for financial support. C. Eiroa, J. Maldonado, J. P. Marshall, and B. Montesinos are partially supported by Spanish grant AYA 2011-26202. A. V. Krivov acknowledges support from the DFG, grant Kr 2164/10-1. T. Lohne acknowledges support from the DFG, grant Lo 1715/1-1. R. Liseau acknowledges the continued support by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB). We thank the anonymous referee for valuable comments. S. Ertel thanks K. Ertel for general support. NR 89 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 EI 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 561 AR A114 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201219945 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 302EG UT WOS:000330584000114 ER PT J AU Langer, WD Velusamy, T Pineda, JL Willacy, K Goldsmith, PF AF Langer, W. D. Velusamy, T. Pineda, J. L. Willacy, K. Goldsmith, P. F. TI A Herschel [C II] Galactic plane survey II. CO-dark H-2 in clouds SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ISM: clouds; Galaxy: disk; evolution ID CO-TO-H-2 CONVERSION FACTOR; FINE-STRUCTURE EXCITATION; MILKY-WAY; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; THERMAL PRESSURES; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; LOCAL GROUP; H I; GAS AB Context. H I and CO large scale surveys of the Milky Way trace the diffuse atomic clouds and the dense shielded regions of molecular hydrogen clouds, respectively. However, until recently, we have not had spectrally resolved C+ surveys in sufficient lines of sight to characterize the ionized and photon dominated components of the interstellar medium, in particular, the H-2 gas without CO, referred to as CO-dark H-2, in a large sample of interstellar clouds. Aims. We use a sparse Galactic plane survey of the 1.9 THz (158 mu m) [C II] spectral line from the Herschel open time key programme, Galactic Observations of Terahertz C+ (GOT C+), to characterize the H-2 gas without CO in a statistically significant sample of interstellar clouds. Methods. We identify individual clouds in the inner Galaxy by fitting the [C II] and CO isotopologue spectra along each line of sight. We then combine these spectra with those of Hi and use them along with excitation models and cloud models of C+ to determine the column densities and fractional mass of CO-dark H-2 clouds. Results. We identify 1804 narrow velocity [C II] components corresponding to interstellar clouds in different categories and evolutionary states. About 840 are diffuse molecular clouds with no CO, similar to 510 are transition clouds containing [C II] and (CO)-C-12, but no (CO)-C-13, and the remainder are dense molecular clouds containing (CO)-C-13 emission. The CO-dark H-2 clouds are concentrated between Galactic radii of similar to 3.5 to 7.5 kpc and the column density of the CO-dark H-2 layer varies significantly from cloud to cloud with a global average of 9 x 10(20) cm(-2). These clouds contain a significant fraction by mass of CO-dark H-2, that varies from similar to 75% for diffuse molecular clouds to similar to 20% for dense molecular clouds. Conclusions. We find a significant fraction of the warm molecular ISM gas is invisible in Hi and CO, but is detected in [C II]. The fraction of CO-dark H-2 is greatest in the diffuse clouds and decreases with increasing total column density, and is lowest in the massive clouds. The column densities and mass fraction of CO-dark H-2 are less than predicted by models of diffuse molecular clouds using solar metallicity, which is not surprising as most of our detections are in Galactic regions where the metallicity is larger and shielding more effective. There is an overall trend towards a higher fraction of CO-dark H-2 in clouds with increasing Galactic radius, consistent with lower metallicity there. C1 [Langer, W. D.; Velusamy, T.; Pineda, J. L.; Willacy, K.; Goldsmith, P. F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Langer, WD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM William.Langer@jpl.nasa.gov RI Goldsmith, Paul/H-3159-2016; OI Pineda, Jorge/0000-0001-8898-2800 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We thank the referee for a very careful reading of the manuscript and numerous suggestions for improving the presentation and clarifying the analysis and results. We would also like to thank the staffs of the ESA Herschel Science Centre, NASA Herschel Science Center, and the HIFI Instrument Control Centre (ICC) for their invaluable help with the data reduction routines. These included the standard HIPE routine, which is a joint development by the Herschel Science Ground Segment Consortium, consisting of ESA, the NASA Herschel Science Center, and the HIFI, PACS and SPIRE consortia, and a special purpose standing wave removal process developed at the HIFI ICC. This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 59 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 EI 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 561 AR A122 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201322406 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 302EG UT WOS:000330584000122 ER PT J AU Magnelli, B Lutz, D Saintonge, A Berta, S Santini, P Symeonidis, M Altieri, B Andreani, P Aussel, H Bethermin, M Bock, J Bongiovanni, A Cepa, J Cimatti, A Conley, A Daddi, E Elbaz, D Schreiber, NMF Genzel, R Ivison, RJ Le Floc'h, E Magdis, G Maiolino, R Nordon, R Oliver, SJ Page, M Garcia, AP Poglitsch, A Popesso, P Pozzi, F Riguccini, L Rodighiero, G Rosario, D Roseboom, I Sanchez-Portal, M Scott, D Sturm, L Tacconi, LJ Valtchanov, I Wang, L Wuyts, S AF Magnelli, B. Lutz, D. Saintonge, A. Berta, S. Santini, P. Symeonidis, M. Altieri, B. Andreani, P. Aussel, H. Bethermin, M. Bock, J. Bongiovanni, A. Cepa, J. Cimatti, A. Conley, A. Daddi, E. Elbaz, D. Schreiber, N. M. Foerster Genzel, R. Ivison, R. J. Le Floc'h, E. Magdis, G. Maiolino, R. Nordon, R. Oliver, S. J. Page, M. Perez Garcia, A. Poglitsch, A. Popesso, P. Pozzi, F. Riguccini, L. Rodighiero, G. Rosario, D. Roseboom, I. Sanchez-Portal, M. Scott, D. Sturm, L. Tacconi, L. J. Valtchanov, I. Wang, L. Wuyts, S. TI The evolution of the dust temperatures of galaxies in the SFR-M-* plane up to z similar to 2 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE galaxies: evolution; infrared: galaxies; galaxies: starburst ID STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; FAR-INFRARED PROPERTIES; DEEP FIELD-SOUTH; SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; H-2 CONVERSION FACTOR; FAINT RADIO GALAXIES; IRAM LEGACY SURVEY; GOODS-NORTH FIELD; LESS-THAN 2; MASSIVE GALAXIES AB We study the evolution of the dust temperature of galaxies in the SFR-M-* plane up to z similar to 2 using far-infrared and submillimetre observations from the Herschel Space Observatory taken as part of the PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP) and Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) guaranteed time key programmes. Starting from a sample of galaxies with reliable star-formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses (M-*) and redshift estimates, we grid the SFR-M-* parameter space in several redshift ranges and estimate the mean dust temperature (T-dust) of each SFR-M-*-z bin. Dust temperatures are inferred using the stacked far-infrared flux densities (100-500 mu m) of our SFR-M-*-z bins. At all redshifts, the dust temperature of galaxies smoothly increases with rest-frame infrared luminosities (L-IR), specific SFRs (SSFR; i.e., SFR/M-*), and distances with respect to the main sequence (MS) of the SFR-M-* plane (i.e., Delta log (SSFR)(MS) = log [SSFR(galaxy)/SSFRMS(M-*,z)]). The T-dust-SSFR and T-dust-Delta log (SSFR)(MS) correlations are statistically much more significant than the T-dust-L-IR one. While the slopes of these three correlations are redshift-independent, their normalisations evolve smoothly from z = 0 and z similar to 2. We convert these results into a recipe to derive T-dust from SFR, M-* and z, valid out to z similar to 2 and for the stellar mass and SFR range covered by our stacking analysis. The existence of a strong T-dust-Delta log (SSFR)(MS) correlation provides us with several pieces of information on the dust and gas content of galaxies. Firstly, the slope of the T-dust-Delta log (SSFR)(MS) correlation can be explained by the increase in the star-formation efficiency (SFE; SFR/M-gas) with Delta log (SSFR)(MS) as found locally by molecular gas studies. Secondly, at fixed Delta log (SSFR)(MS), the constant dust temperature observed in galaxies probing wide ranges in SFR and M-* can be explained by an increase or decrease in the number of star-forming regions with comparable SFE enclosed in them. And thirdly, at high redshift, the normalisation towards hotter dust temperature of the T-dust-Delta log (SSFR)(MS) correlation can be explained by the decrease in the metallicities of galaxies or by the increase in the SFE of MS galaxies. All these results support the hypothesis that the conditions prevailing in the star-forming regions of MS and far-above-MS galaxies are different. MS galaxies have star-forming regions with low SFEs and thus cold dust, while galaxies situated far above the MS seem to be in a starbursting phase characterised by star-forming regions with high SFEs and thus hot dust. C1 [Magnelli, B.; Lutz, D.; Saintonge, A.; Berta, S.; Schreiber, N. M. Foerster; Genzel, R.; Poglitsch, A.; Popesso, P.; Rosario, D.; Sturm, L.; Tacconi, L. J.; Wuyts, S.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Magnelli, B.] Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Saintonge, A.] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. [Santini, P.; Maiolino, R.] INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy. [Symeonidis, M.; Oliver, S. J.; Wang, L.] Univ Sussex, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Astron, Brighton BN1 9QH, E Sussex, England. [Symeonidis, M.; Page, M.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Altieri, B.; Sanchez-Portal, M.; Valtchanov, I.] ESAC, Herschel Sci Ctr, Madrid 28691, Spain. [Andreani, P.] ESO, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Andreani, P.] INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34143 Trieste, Italy. [Aussel, H.; Bethermin, M.; Daddi, E.; Elbaz, D.; Le Floc'h, E.] Univ Paris Diderot, CEA DSM, IRFU Serv Astrophys, Lab AIM,CNRS,CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Bock, J.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bock, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bongiovanni, A.; Cepa, J.; Perez Garcia, A.] Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain. [Bongiovanni, A.; Cepa, J.; Perez Garcia, A.] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, San Cristobal la Laguna 38206, Spain. [Cimatti, A.; Pozzi, F.] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. [Conley, A.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ivison, R. J.; Roseboom, I.] Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. [Magdis, G.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. [Nordon, R.] Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Riguccini, L.] NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Rodighiero, G.] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy. [Scott, D.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. RP Magnelli, B (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Postfach 1312,Giessenbachstr 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany. EM magnelli@astro.uni-bonn.de RI Magdis, Georgios/C-7295-2014; Daddi, Emanuele/D-1649-2012; Ivison, R./G-4450-2011 OI Magdis, Georgios/0000-0002-4872-2294; Daddi, Emanuele/0000-0002-3331-9590; Ivison, R./0000-0001-5118-1313 FU BMVIT (Austria); ESA-PRODEX (Belgium); CEA/CNES (France); DLR (Germany); ASI/INAF (Italy); CICYT/MCYT (Spain); CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA (France); CNES (France); CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); UKSA (UK); NASA (USA); European Community [312725] FX PACS has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by MPE (Germany) and including UVIE (Austria); KU Leuven, CSL, IMEC (Belgium); CEA, LAM (France); MPIA (Germany); INAF-IFSI/OAA/OAP/OAT, LENS, SISSA (Italy); IAC (Spain). This development has been supported by funding agencies BMVIT (Austria) ESA-PRODEX (Belgium); CEA/CNES (France); DLR (Germany); ASI/INAF (Italy); and CICYT/MCYT (Spain). SPIRE has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by Cardiff University (UK) and including University of Lethbridge (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, LAM (France); IFSI, University of Padua (Italy); IAC (Spain); Stockholm Observatory (Sweden); Imperial College London, RAL, UCL-MSSL, UKATC, University of Sussex (UK), Caltech, JPL, NHSC, University of Colorado (USA). This development has been supported by national funding agencies: CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, CNES, CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC, UKSA (UK); and NASA (USA). D.E. received support of the European Community Framework Programme 7, FP7-SPACE Astrodeep, grant agreement No. 312725 NR 93 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 4 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 EI 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 561 AR A86 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201322217 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 302EG UT WOS:000330584000086 ER PT J AU Matter, A Labadie, L Kreplin, A Lopez, B Wolf, S Weigelt, G Ertel, S Pott, JU Danchi, WC AF Matter, A. Labadie, L. Kreplin, A. Lopez, B. Wolf, S. Weigelt, G. Ertel, S. Pott, J. -U. Danchi, W. C. TI Evidence of a discontinuous disk structure around the Herbig Ae star HD 139614 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE instrumentation: high angular resolution; instrumentation: interferometers; techniques: interferometric; stars: pre-main sequence; protoplanetary disks; stars: individual: HD 139614 ID MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS; BASE-LINE INTERFEROMETRY; VIRTUAL OBSERVATORY TOOL; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; VEGA-LIKE STARS; T-TAURI STARS; AE/BE STARS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; MIDINFRARED OBSERVATIONS AB The formation and evolution of a planetary system are intrinsically linked to the evolution of the primordial accretion disk and its dust and gas content. A new class of pre-main sequence objects has been recently identified as pre-transitional disks. They present near-infrared excess coupled to a flux deficit at about 10 microns and a rising mid-infrared and far-infrared spectrum. These features suggest a disk structure with inner and outer dust components, separated by a dust-depleted region (or gap). This could be the result of particular planet formation mechanisms that occur during the disk evolution. We here report on the first interferometric observations of the disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 139614. Its infrared spectrum suggests a flared disk, and presents pre-transitional features, namely a substantial near-infrared excess accompanied by a dip around 6 microns and a rising mid-infrared part. In this framework, we performed a study of the spectral energy distribution (SED) and the mid-infrared VLTI/MIDI interferometric data to constrain the spatial structure of the inner dust disk region and assess its possibly multi-component structure. We based our work on a temperature-gradient disk model that includes dust opacity. While we could not reproduce the SED and interferometric visibilities with a one-component disk, a better agreement was obtained with a two-component disk model composed of an optically thin inner disk extending from 0.22 to 2.3 AU, a gap, and an outer temperature-gradient disk starting at 5.6 AU. Therefore, our modeling favors an extended and optically thin inner dust component and in principle rules out the possibility that the near-infrared excess originates only from a spatially confined region. Moreover, the outer disk is characterized by a very steep temperature profile and a temperature higher than 300 K at its inner edge. This suggests the existence of a warm component corresponding to a scenario where the inner edge of the outer disk is directly illuminated by the central star. This is an expected consequence of the presence of a gap, thus indicative of a "pre-transitional" structure. C1 [Matter, A.; Kreplin, A.; Weigelt, G.] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Labadie, L.] Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. [Lopez, B.] UNS Observ Cote Azur, Lab Lagrange, CNRS UMR 7293, F-06304 Nice 4, France. [Wolf, S.] Univ Kiel, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. [Matter, A.; Ertel, S.] UJF Grenoble 1, IPAG UMR 5274, CNRS INSU, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Pott, J. -U.] Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Danchi, W. C.] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Matter, A (reprint author), Inst Planetol & Astrophys Grenoble, 414 Rue Piscine,Domaine Univ, F-38400 St Martin Dheres, France. EM alexis.matter@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr FU National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); French National Research agency (ANR) [ANR-2010 BLAN-0505-01] FX We would like to thank the anonymous referee for her/his comments that helped to improve this manuscript significantly. A. Matter acknowledges financial support from the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). S. Ertel acknowledges financial support from the French National Research agency (ANR) through contract ANR-2010 BLAN-0505-01 (EXOZODI). NR 79 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 561 AR A26 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201322042 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 302EG UT WOS:000330584000026 ER PT J AU Thi, WF Pinte, C Pantin, E Augereau, JC Meeus, G Menard, F Martin-Zaidi, C Woitke, P Riviere-Marichalar, P Kamp, I Carmona, A Sandell, G Eiroa, C Dent, W Montesinos, B Aresu, G Meijerink, R Spaans, M White, G Ardila, D Lebreton, J Mendigutia, I Brittain, S AF Thi, W. -F. Pinte, C. Pantin, E. Augereau, J. C. Meeus, G. Menard, F. Martin-Zaidi, C. Woitke, P. Riviere-Marichalar, P. Kamp, I. Carmona, A. Sandell, G. Eiroa, C. Dent, W. Montesinos, B. Aresu, G. Meijerink, R. Spaans, M. White, G. Ardila, D. Lebreton, J. Mendigutia, I. Brittain, S. TI Gas lines from the 5-Myr old optically thin disk around HD 141569A Herschel observations and modeling SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE stars: pre-main sequence; astrochemistry; protoplanetary disks ID HERBIG-AE/BE STARS; RADIATION THERMOCHEMICAL MODELS; FINE-STRUCTURE EXCITATION; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; IRRADIATED PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; IMPACT ROTATIONAL-EXCITATION; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS PAHS; LATITUDE MOLECULAR CLOUDS; INFRARED-EMISSION AB Context. The gas-and dust dissipation processes in disks around young stars remain uncertain despite numerous studies. At the distance of similar to 99-116 pc, HD 141569A is one of the nearest HerbigAe stars that is surrounded by a tenuous disk, probably in transition between a massive primordial disk and a debris disk. Atomic and molecular gases have been found in the structured 5-Myr old HD 141569A disk, making HD 141569A the perfect object within which to directly study the gaseous atomic and molecular component. Aims. We wish to constrain the gas and dust mass in the disk around HD 141569A. Methods. We observed the fine-structure lines of O I at 63 and 145 mu m and the C II line at 157 mu m with the PACS instrument onboard the Herschel Space Telescope as part of the open-time large program GASPS. We complemented the atomic line observations with archival Spitzer spectroscopic and photometric continuum data, a ground-based VLT-VISIR image at 8.6 mu m, and (CO)-C-12 fundamental ro-vibrational and pure rotational J = 3-2 observations. We simultaneously modeled the continuum emission and the line fluxes with the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code MCFOST and the thermo-chemical code PRODIMO to derive the disk gas-and dust properties assuming no dust settling. Results. The models suggest that the oxygen lines are emitted from the inner disk around HD 141569A, whereas the [C II] line emission is more extended. The CO submillimeter flux is emitted mostly by the outer disk. Simultaneous modeling of the photometric and line data using a realistic disk structure suggests a dust mass derived from grains with a radius smaller than 1 mm of similar to 2.1 x 10(-7) M-circle dot and from grains with a radius of up to 1 cm of 4.9 x 10(-6) M-circle dot. We constrained the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mass to be between 2 x 10(-11) and 1.4 x 10(-10) M-circle dot assuming circumcircumcoronene (C150H30) as the representative PAH. The associated PAH abundance relative to hydrogen is lower than those found in the interstellar medium (3 x 10(-7)) by two to three orders of magnitude. The disk around HD 141569A is less massive in gas (2.5 to 4.9 x 10-4 M-circle dot or 67 to 164 M.) and has a flat opening angle (<10%). Conclusions. We constrained simultaneously the silicate dust grain, PAH, and gas mass in a similar to 5-Myr old Herbig Ae disk. The disk-averaged gas-to-dust-mass is most likely around 100, which is the assumed value at the disk formation despite the uncertainties due to disagreements between the different gas tracers. If the disk was originally massive, the gas and the dust would have dissipated at the same rate. C1 [Thi, W. -F.; Pinte, C.; Augereau, J. C.; Menard, F.; Martin-Zaidi, C.; Carmona, A.; Lebreton, J.] UJF Grenoble 1, CNRS, INSU, IPAG UMR 5274, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Pantin, E.] Univ Paris Diderot, Lab AIM, CEA, DSM,CNRS,IRFU,SAP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Meeus, G.; Eiroa, C.; Montesinos, B.] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Fac Ciencias, Dep Fis Teor, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. [Menard, F.] CNRS, UMI, LFCA, INSU France, F-75700 Paris, France. [Menard, F.] Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago, Chile. [Menard, F.] Univ Chile, Obs Astron Nacl, Santiago, Chile. [Menard, F.] UMI 3386, Grenoble, France. [Woitke, P.] Univ St Andrews, SUPA, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. [Riviere-Marichalar, P.; Kamp, I.; Aresu, G.; Meijerink, R.; Spaans, M.] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. [Sandell, G.] NASA, SOFIA, USRA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Dent, W.] ALMA, Santiago, Chile. [White, G.] Open Univ, Astrophys Grp, Dept Phys & Astron, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. [White, G.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, RAL Space, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Ardila, D.] CALTECH, NASA, Herschel Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Mendigutia, I.; Brittain, S.] Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Kinard Lab 118, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Thi, WF (reprint author), UJF Grenoble 1, CNRS, INSU, IPAG UMR 5274, F-38041 Grenoble, France. EM Wing-Fai.Thi@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr RI Montesinos, Benjamin/C-3493-2017; OI Montesinos, Benjamin/0000-0002-7982-2095; Mendigutia, Ignacio/0000-0002-0233-5328 FU ANR [ANR-07-BLAN-0221, ANR-2010-JCJC-0504-01]; PNPS of CNRS/INSU, France; EU [284405 (PERG06-GA-2009-256513)]; Millenium Science Initiative (Chilean Ministry of Economy) [Nucleus P10-022-F]; Agence Nationale pour la Recherche [ANR-07-BLAN-0221, ANR-2010-JCJC-0504-01, ANR-2010-JCJC-0501-01]; Spanish grant [AYA 2011-26202] FX We thank ANR (contracts ANR-07-BLAN-0221 and ANR-2010-JCJC-0504-01) and PNPS of CNRS/INSU, France for support. W.F.T., I.K., and P.W. acknowledge funding from the EU FP7-2011 under Grant Agreement No. 284405 (PERG06-GA-2009-256513). F.M. acknowledges support from the Millenium Science Initiative (Chilean Ministry of Economy), through grant "Nucleus P10-022-F". Computations presented in this paper were performed at the Service Commun de Calcul Intensif de l'Observatoire de Grenoble (SCCI) on the super-computer Fostino funded by Agence Nationale pour la Recherche under contracts ANR-07-BLAN-0221, ANR-2010-JCJC-0504-01 and ANR-2010-JCJC-0501-01. C. Eiroa, G. Meeus, and B. Montesinos are partly supported by Spanish grant AYA 2011-26202. We thank the referee for the useful comments. NR 108 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 EI 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 561 AR A50 DI 10.1051/0004-6361/201322150 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 302EG UT WOS:000330584000050 ER PT J AU Glassmeier, KH Tsurutani, BT AF Glassmeier, K. -H. Tsurutani, B. T. TI Carl Friedrich Gauss - General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism - a revised translation of the German text SO HISTORY OF GEO- AND SPACE SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FIELD MEASUREMENTS; FLYBY AB This is a translation of the Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus published by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1839 in the Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des Magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1838. The current translation is based on an earlier translation by Elizabeth Juliana Sabine published in 1841. This earlier translation has been revised, corrected, and extended. Numerous biographical comments on the scientists named in the original text have been added as well as further information on the observational material used by Carl Friedrich Gauss. An attempt is made to provide a readable text to a wider scientific community, a text laying the foundation of today's understanding of planetary magnetic fields. C1 [Glassmeier, K. -H.] Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. [Tsurutani, B. T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Glassmeier, KH (reprint author), Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. EM kh.glassmeier@tu-bs.de FU NASA FX We, the translators, gratefully acknowledge the support from various colleagues: Kristian Schlegel for carefully reading the manuscript, Axel Wittmann (Gauss Gesellschaft Gottingen) for many important comments and hints, Natalia G. Ptitsyna (St. Petersburg) for biographical information about J. M. Reinke, Alexander Erdmann (Humboldt-Schule, Kiel), Hartmut Kunkel (Kieler Gelehrtenschule, Kiel), and Michael Trobs (Stadtarchiv Coburg) for providing important information about Heinrich Petersen. Special thanks are to Alison E. Martin (University of Reading) for providing us with extensive information about Elizabeth Sabine and her role as a translator of Carl Friedrich Gauss' and Alexander von Humboldt's work. Fruitful discussions with Bettina Wahrig (TU Braunschweig) and Elena Roussanova (University of Leipzig) are gratefully acknowledged. Linda Bolte, Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium in Wolfenbuttel, carefully checked for typographical errors. We are most grateful to the library of the Technical University Carolo Wilhemina in Braunschweig, the library of the University of Gottingen, as well as the Internet Archive in San Francisco. Part of the research done at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was under contract with NASA. B. T. Tsurutani would like to thank the Institute of Geophysics and extraterrestrial Physics, Technical University of Braunschweig, for hospitality during his stay during part of 2012. Last but not least we are most grateful to Olaf Amm (Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki) and Gregory A. Good (Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, College Park) for carefully reviewing our revised translation and innumerous constructive comments. NR 75 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 2190-5010 EI 2190-5029 J9 HIST GEO- SPACE SCI JI Hist. Geo-Space Sci. PY 2014 VL 5 IS 1 BP 11 EP 62 DI 10.5194/hgss-5-11-2014 PG 52 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Geology; History & Philosophy of Science GA AA0ED UT WOS:000330767200002 ER PT J AU Lee, SS Tao, WK Jung, CH AF Lee, Seoung-Soo Tao, Wei-Kuo Jung, Chang-Hoon TI Aerosol Effects on Instability, Circulations, Clouds, and Precipitation SO ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY LA English DT Review ID DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; RESOLVING MODEL; IMPACTS; STORMS; MICROPHYSICS; SIMULATIONS; SYSTEM AB It is well known that increasing aerosol and associated changes in aerosol-cloud interactions and precipitation since industrialization have been playing an important role in climate change, but this role has not been well understood. This prevents us from predicting future climate with a good confidence. This review paper presents recent studies on the changes in the aerosol-cloud interactions and precipitation particularly in deep convective clouds. In addition, this review paper discusses how to improve our understanding of these changes by considering feedbacks among aerosol, cloud dynamics, cloud and its embedded circulations, and microphysics. Environmental instability basically determines the dynamic intensity of clouds and thus acts as one of the most important controls on these feedbacks. As a first step to the improvement of the understanding, this paper specifically elaborates on how to link the instability to the feedbacks. C1 [Lee, Seoung-Soo] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Tao, Wei-Kuo] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jung, Chang-Hoon] KyunginWomens Univ, Dept Hlth Management, Inchon 5484, South Korea. RP Lee, SS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cumulss@gmail.com FU Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Ministry of Education [2012R1A1A2001133]; Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under CATER [2012-7070] FX This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (no. 2012R1A1A2001133) and by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under CATER 2012-7070. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 27 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1687-9309 EI 1687-9317 J9 ADV METEOROL JI Adv. Meteorol. PY 2014 AR 683950 DI 10.1155/2014/683950 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 303JX UT WOS:000330671400001 ER PT J AU Washburn, SA Blattnig, SR Singleterry, RC Westover, SC AF Washburn, S. A. Blattnig, S. R. Singleterry, R. C. Westover, S. C. TI Analytical-HZETRN model for rapid assessment of active magnetic radiation shielding SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Space radiation; Radiation exposure; Dose equivalent; Active shielding; Magnetic shielding; GCR ID SPACE RADIATION; PROTECTION; EXPOSURE AB The use of active radiation shielding designs has the potential to reduce the radiation exposure received by astronauts on deep-space missions at a significantly lower mass penalty than designs utilizing only passive shielding. Unfortunately, the determination of the radiation exposure inside these shielded environments often involves lengthy and computationally intensive Monte Carlo analysis. In order to evaluate the large trade space of design parameters associated with a magnetic radiation shield design, an analytical model was developed for the determination of flux inside a solenoid magnetic field due to the Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) radiation environment. This analytical model was then coupled with NASA's radiation transport code, HZETRN, to account for the effects of passive/structural shielding mass. The resulting model can rapidly obtain results for a given configuration and can therefore be used to analyze an entire trade space of potential variables in less time than is required for even a single Monte Carlo run. Analyzing this trade space for a solenoid magnetic shield design indicates that active shield bending powers greater than 15 Tm and passive/structural shielding thicknesses greater than 40 g/cm(2) have a limited impact on reducing dose equivalent values. Also, it is shown that higher magnetic field strengths are more effective than thicker magnetic fields at reducing dose equivalent. (C) 2013 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Washburn, S. A.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Blattnig, S. R.; Singleterry, R. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Westover, S. C.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Washburn, SA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM scott.a.washburn@colorado.edu NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 53 IS 1 BP 8 EP 17 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2013.09.038 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 298PD UT WOS:000330335800002 ER PT J AU Blakeslee, RJ Mach, DM Bateman, MG Bailey, JC AF Blakeslee, Richard J. Mach, Douglas M. Bateman, Monte G. Bailey, Jeffrey C. TI Seasonal variations in the lightning diurnal cycle global electric circuit SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Global electric circuit; Global lighming; Lightning; Carnegie curve; Storm current; Lightning climatology ID OPTICAL TRANSIENT DETECTOR; MEASURING MISSION TRMM; IMAGING SENSOR; THUNDERSTORMS; EARTH; FIELD; ELECTRIFICATION; PRECIPITATION; FREQUENCY AB Data obtained from the Optical Transient Detector and the Lightning Imaging Sensor satellites (70 degrees and 35 degrees inclination low earth orbits, respectively) are used to statistically determine the number of flashes in the seasonal diurnal cycle as a function of local and universal time. These data include corrections for detection efficiency and instrument view time. They are further subdivided by season, land versus ocean, and other spatial (e.g., continents) and temporal (e.g., time of peak diurnal amplitude) categories. These statistics are then combined with analyses of high altitude aircraft observations of electrified clouds to produce the seasonal diurnal variation in the global electric circuit. Continental results display strong diurnal variation, with a lightning peak in the late afternoon and a minimum in late morning. In geographical regions dominated by large mesoscale convective systems, the peak in the diurnal curve shifts toward late evening or early morning hours. The maximum seasonal diurnal flash rate occurs in June-August, corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere summer, while the minimum occurs in December-February. Summer lightning dominates over winter activity and springtime lightning dominates over fall activity at most continental locations. Oceanic lightning exhibits minimal diurnal variation, but morning hours are slightly enhanced over afternoon. As was found earlier, for the annual diurnal variation, using basic assumptions about the mean storm currents as a function of flash rate and location (i.e., land/ocean), our seasonal estimates of the current in the global electric circuit provide an excellent match with independent measurements of the seasonal Carnegie curve diurnal variations. The maximum (minimum) total mean current of 2.4 kA (1.7 kA) is found during Northern Hemisphere summer (winter). Land thunderstorms supply about one half (52%) of the total global current. Ocean thunderstorms contribute about one third (31%) and the non-lightning producing ocean electrified shower clouds (ESCs) supply one sixth (15%) of the total global current. Land ESCs make only a small contribution (2%). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Blakeslee, Richard J.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Mach, Douglas M.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Bateman, Monte G.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35803 USA. [Bailey, Jeffrey C.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Blakeslee, RJ (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM rich.blakeslee@nasa.gov; dmach@nasa.gov; monte.bateman@nasa.gov; jeffrey.c.bailey@nasa.gov FU NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE); NASA's Research and Technology Operating Plan (RTOP) and Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science (ROSES) awards; Earth Observing System (EOS); Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Science Demonstration Project; NASA ESE EOS project FX The authors gratefully thank NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) and program managers Ramesh Kakar (ER-2, GH, OTD/LIS, and general data analysis) and Cheryl Yuhas (Altus) for support of this research. The aircraft data used in this study were acquired during flight campaigns supported by NASA's Research and Technology Operating Plan (RTOP) and Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science (ROSES) awards, Earth Observing System (EOS) support (for general data analysis), and the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Science Demonstration Project. We would like to thank Charles Croskey for providing the conductivity data during the ACES project. Satellite lightning data used in this study were obtained from the LIS-OTD gridded climatologies, available for order from the Global Hydrology Resource Center (http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov). The LIS-OTD instrument team was funded by the NASA ESE EOS project. The thoughtful comments and suggestions from Dr. Earle Williams and two anonymous reviewers were greatly appreciated by the authors. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 EI 1873-2895 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 135 BP 228 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.023 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 296RR UT WOS:000330203600019 ER PT J AU Koshak, W Peterson, H Biazar, A Khan, M Wang, LH AF Koshak, William Peterson, Harold Biazar, Arastoo Khan, Maudood Wang, Lihua TI The NASA Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM): Application to air quality modeling SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lightning; Nitrogen oxide; Lightning physics; Lightning mapping; Lightning climatology ID TO-GROUND FLASHES; NOX PRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; CLOUD; IMPACT; OZONE AB Recent improvements to the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) and its application to the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system are discussed. The LNOM analyzes Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and National Lightning Detection Network(TM) (NLDN) data to estimate the raw (i.e., unmixed and otherwise environmentally unmodified) vertical profile of lightning NOX (= NO + NO2) production. The latest LNOM estimates of mean lightning channel length, the lightning 10-m segment altitude distribution, and the vertical profile of lightning NOX production are obtained. The primary improvement to the LNOM is the inclusion of non-return stroke lightning NOX production due to: hot core stepped and dart leaders, stepped leader corona sheath, K-changes, continuing currents, and M-components. The impact of including LNOM-estimates of lightning NOX for an August 2006 run of CMAQ is discussed. An estimate of global annual lightning NOX production is also provided using the NASA satellite global lightning climatology. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Koshak, William] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Peterson, Harold; Khan, Maudood] Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Biazar, Arastoo; Wang, Lihua] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Peterson, H (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM harold.peterson@nasa.gov FU NASA [ROSES-NNHO8ZDA001N-FEASIBIUTY, ROSES-NNHO8ZDA001N-DECISIONS] FX The authors would like to thank Doreen Neil and Lawrence Friedl of NASA Headquarters for their support of the initial phase of this work through the NASA ROSES-NNHO8ZDA001N-FEASIBIUTY study and subsequently through NASA ROSES-NNHO8ZDA001N-DECISIONS. We would also like to thank Ramesh Kakar [NASA Headquarters Program Manager for the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) project], the NASA Postdoctoral Program, and Yun-Hee Park of the University of Alabama in Huntsville for supporting CIVIAQ runs. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 EI 1873-2895 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 135 BP 363 EP 369 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.015 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 296RR UT WOS:000330203600030 ER PT J AU Buechler, DE Koshak, WJ Christian, HJ Goodman, SJ AF Buechler, Dennis E. Koshak, William J. Christian, Hugh J. Goodman, Steven J. TI Assessing the performance of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) using Deep Convective Clouds SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lightning; LIS; Vicarious satellite calibration; Deep convective clouds; TRMM; GLM ID OPTICAL TRANSIENT DETECTOR; PART I; GOES-R; CALIBRATION; SATELLITE; ATMOSPHERE; SYSTEM; SPACE AB The stability of the LIS instrument is examined during a 13 year period (1998-2010) by examining LIS background radiance observations of Deep Convective Clouds (DCCs) which are identified by their cold IR brightness temperature. Pixels in the LIS background image associated with DCCs are identified and analyzed during July and August of each year in the 13 year period. The resulting LIS DCC radiances are found to be stable throughout the period, varying at most by 0.8% from the 13 year mean July August value of 358.1 W sr(-1) m(-2) mu m(-1). The DCC method in this study provides a good approach for evaluating the stability of the future GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Buechler, Dennis E.; Christian, Hugh J.] Univ Alabama Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Koshak, William J.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Goodman, Steven J.] NOAA, NESDIS, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Buechler, DE (reprint author), Univ Alabama Huntsville, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM buechld@uah.edu FU NOAA GOES-R Calibration Working Group Program [SAA8-061359]; Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) project, NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) Earth Observing system (EOS) project FX This research has been supported by the NOAA GOES-R Calibration Working Group Program (managed by Changyong Cao) under Space Act Agreement # SAA8-061359, and by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) project (Program Manager, Ramesh Kakar, NASA Headquarters) as part of the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) Earth Observing system (EOS) project. We would also like to acknowledge the lightning team at NASA/MSFC who have supported LIS throughout the years. Thanks also to the reviewers of the paper (Themis Chronis, Earle Williams and an anonymous reviewer) for their comments and suggestions. LIS data is available from the NASA EOSDIS Global Hydrology Resource Center DAAC, Huntsville, AL, USA, http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov. The VIRS data was obtained from the GES DISC at: http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.shtml. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 EI 1873-2895 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 135 BP 397 EP 403 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.008 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 296RR UT WOS:000330203600035 ER PT J AU Cecil, DJ Buechler, DE Blakeslee, RJ AF Cecil, Daniel J. Buechler, Dennis E. Blakeslee, Richard J. TI Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lightning; Thunderstorm; Atmospheric electricity; TRMM ID OPTICAL TRANSIENT DETECTOR; FREQUENCY AB Gridded climatologies of total lightning flash rates observed by the spaceborne Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) instruments have been updated. OTD collected data from May 1995 to March 2000. US data (equatorward of about 38 degrees) adds the years 1998-2010. Flash counts from each instrument are scaled by the best available estimates of detection efficiency. The long LIS record makes the merged climatology most robust in the tropics and subtropics, while the high latitude data is entirely from OTD. The gridded climatologies include annual mean flash rate on a 0.5 degrees grid, mean diurnal cycle of flash rate on a 2.5 degrees grid with 24 hour resolution, mean annual cycle of flash rate on a 0.5 degrees or 2.5 degrees grid with daily, monthly, or seasonal resolution, mean annual cycle of the diurnal cycle on a 2.5 grid with two hour resolution for each day, and time series of flash rate over the sixteen year record with roughly three-month smoothing. For some of these (e.g., annual cycle of the diurnal cycle), more smoothing is necessary for results to be robust. The mean global flash rate from the merged climatology is 46 flashes s(-1). This varies from around 35 flashes s(-1) in February (austral summer) to 60 flashes s(-1) in August (boreal summer). The peak annual flash rate at 0.5 degrees scale is 160 fl km(-2) yr(-1) in eastern Congo. The peak monthly average flash rate at 2.5 degrees scale is 18 fl km(-2) mo(-1) from early April to early May in the Brahmaputra Valley of far eastern India. Lightning decreases in this region during the monsoon season, but increases further north and west. An August peak in northern Pakistan also exceeds any monthly averages from Africa, despite central Africa having the greatest yearly average. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Cecil, Daniel J.; Buechler, Dennis E.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Blakeslee, Richard J.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Cecil, DJ (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, 320 Sparkman Dr NW, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM cecild@uah.edu FU NASA Earth Observing System; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission FX This research benefits from over two decades of work by past and present members of the lightning team associated with NASA MSFC. In particular, the gridded climatologies were updated using source code developed by Dennis Boccippio. Sponsorship and support for the OTD and LIS data is from the NASA Earth Observing System and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. LIS and OTD data, including the gridded climatologies produced here, are distributed by the NASA EOSDIS Global Hydrology Resource Center DAAC, Huntsville, AL, USA, http://thunder.nsstc.nasa. gov. NR 12 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 EI 1873-2895 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 135 BP 404 EP 414 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.028 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 296RR UT WOS:000330203600036 ER PT J AU Rios, JL Ross, K AF Rios, Joseph L. Ross, Kevin TI Converging upon basic feasible solutions through Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition SO OPTIMIZATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Integer programming; Parallel algorithms ID ALGORITHM; PROGRAMS AB We derive an important property for solving large-scale integer programs by examining the master problem in Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition. In particular, we prove that if a linear program can be divided into subproblems with affinely independent corner points, then there is a direct mapping between basic feasible solutions in the master and original problems. This has implications for integer programs where the feasible region has integer corner points, ensuring that integer solutions to the original problem will be found even through the decomposition approach. An application to air traffic flow scheduling, which motivated this result, is highlighted. C1 [Rios, Joseph L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Ross, Kevin] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Rios, JL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 210-15, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Joseph.L.Rios@nasa.gov; kross@soe.ucsc.edu NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1862-4472 EI 1862-4480 J9 OPTIM LETT JI Optim. Lett. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 8 IS 1 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1007/s11590-012-0546-9 PG 10 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 299ZQ UT WOS:000330434600014 ER PT J AU Marks, WL Iiames, JS Lunetta, RS Khorram, S Mace, TH AF Marks, William L. Iiames, John S. Lunetta, Ross S. Khorram, Siamak Mace, Thomas H. TI Basal Area and Biomass Estimates of Loblolly Pine Stands Using L-band UAVSAR SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA; FOREST BIOMASS; SLASH PINE; MULTIPOLARIZATION SAR; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; BACKSCATTER; SATURATION; MODEL AB Fully polarimetric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (BAR) backscatter was collected using NASA's Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) SAR and regressed with in situ measurements of basal area (BA) and above ground biomass (AGB) of mature loblolly pine stands in North Carolina. Results found HH polarization consistently displayed the lowest correlations where Hv and vv exhibited the highest correlations in all groups for both BA and AGB. When plantation stands were analyzed separately (plantation versus natural), correlation improved significantly for both BA (R-2 = 0.65, Hy) and AGB (R-2 = 0.66, vv). Similarly, results improved when natural stands were analyzed separately resulting in the highest correlation for AGB (R-2 = 0.63, HV and vv). Data decomposition using the Freeman 3-component model indicated that the relative low correlations were due to the saturation of the L-band backscatter across the majority of the study area. C1 [Iiames, John S.; Lunetta, Ross S.] US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Marks, William L.; Khorram, Siamak] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry & Environm Resources, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Mace, Thomas H.] NASA, Off Associate Director Operat, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Marks, WL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry & Environm Resources, Box 7106, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM iiames.john@epa.gov FU US Environmental Protection Agency FX The authors would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their input into this work. Also, the authors would like to thank Dr. Elijah Ramsey for his feedback at various points along this process. The US Environmental Protection Agency funded and conducted the research described in this paper. It has been subject to the Agency's programmatic review and has been approved for publication. Mention of any trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 80 IS 1 BP 33 EP 42 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 301ST UT WOS:000330553100006 ER PT J AU Fabrizio, MC Manderson, JP Pessutti, JP AF Fabrizio, Mary C. Manderson, John P. Pessutti, Jeffrey P. TI Home range and seasonal movements of Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata) during their inshore residency at a reef in the mid-Atlantic Bight SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TAKE MARINE RESERVE; HABITAT USE; SITE FIDELITY; PATTERNS; FISH; BEHAVIOR; SPACE; LABRIDAE; HISTORY; TOOL AB Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata) in the mid-Atlantic Bight undertake seasonal cross-shelf movements to occupy inshore rocky reefs and hardbottom habitats between spring and fall. Shelf-wide migrations of this stock are well documented, but movements and home ranges of fish during their inshore residency period have not been described. We tagged 122 Black Sea Bass with acoustic transmitters at a mid-Atlantic reef to estimate home-range size and factors that influence movements (>400 m) at a 46.1-km(2) study site between May and November 2003. Activity of Black Sea Bass was greatest and most consistent during summer but declined rapidly in September as water temperatures at the bottom of the seafloor increased on the inner shelf. Black Sea Bass maintained relatively large home ranges that were fish-size invariant but highly variable (13.7-736.4 ha), underscoring the importance of large sample sizes in examination of population-level characteristics of mobile species with complex social interactions. On the basis of observed variations in movement patterns and the size of home ranges, we postulate the existence of groups of conspecifics that exhibit similar space-use behaviors. The group of males released earlier in the tagging period used larger home ranges than the group of males released later in our study. In addition, mean activity levels and the probability of movement among acoustic stations varied among groups of fish in a complex manner that depended on sex. These differences in movement behaviors may increase the vulnerability of male fish to passive fishing gears, further exacerbating variation in exploitation rates for this species among reefs. C1 [Fabrizio, Mary C.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Manderson, John P.; Pessutti, Jeffrey P.] NOAA, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Noertheast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Fabrizio, MC (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM mfabrizio@vims.edu OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Moses D. Nunnally fund FX We thank D. Mountain and M. Taylor (NOAA Fisheries, Woods Hole, MA) for loaning us the conductivity, temperature, and depth sensors and providing technical assistance and the NOAA scientists and volunteers who assisted with at-sea operations. Vessel support was provided by S. Sirois (RV Gloria Michelle), R. Haner (RV Gloria Michelle), W. Ihde (MV Samantha Miller), E. Christman (NOAA vessel Thomas Jefferson), C. Brown (RV Nauvoo), J. Hughes (RV Walford), and R. Alix (RV Loosanoff). We thank 2 anonymous reviewers whose suggestions helped clarify the presentation of this work. This study was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and was conducted in accordance with guidelines concerning the use of animals in research published by the American Fisheries Society and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. M. Fabrizio was partially supported by the Moses D. Nunnally fund. This article is contribution number 3333 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 112 IS 1 BP 82 EP 97 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 296RK UT WOS:000330202900006 ER PT J AU Gobush, KS Booth, RK Wasser, SK AF Gobush, K. S. Booth, R. K. Wasser, S. K. TI Validation and application of noninvasive glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone measures in free-ranging Hawaiian monk seals SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; Fecal hormone metabolites; Glucocorticoids; Thyroid hormone ID LIONS EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; FECAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS; NUTRITIONAL STRESS; ADRENAL-FUNCTION; PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR SEALS; METABOLITES; SURVIVAL AB We validate fecal glucocorticoid (GC) and thyroid (T3) hormone metabolite measures in the Critically Endangered Hawaiian monk seal for the first time, and examine variation in the concentrations of these hormones in individuals across the species' range. We test hypotheses that monk seals from declining subpopulations have relatively high GCs and low T3 on average suggesting impacts of food limitation, and that this hormone pattern is more apparent in immature animals compared to adults, as food limitation is specifically indicated as a principal cause of poor body condition and survival of juvenile monk seals. We opportunistically sampled scat from 84 individually identifiable monk seals during the 2010 breeding season from two geographic regions, the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). The MHI subpopulation of monk seals is growing, whereas subpopulations at many sites in the NWHI are in decline. Best fit general linear models predicting variation in GCs and T3 (examined separately) were similar (after accounting for significantly elevated hormone concentrations associated with molt and possibly lactation); both included sample date, region, and monk seal age as predictors. GC concentrations were significantly lower in MHI versus NWHI monk seals and decreased as the breeding season progressed. T3 concentrations were significantly lower in immature monk seals compared to adults. GC and T3 concentrations were positively correlated at 4 NWHI sites; prey may be adequate for physiological growth or maintenance at these sites but relatively stressful to acquire. GCs were highest at French Frigate Shoals, (a NWHI site) while T3 was relatively low here, indicating a possible signal of food limitation. GCs were lowest in the MHI. Disturbance associated with living near a high human population in the MHI appears to impact monk seal physiology less than other stressors encountered in the remote and highly protected NWHI where human presence is extremely low. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Gobush, K. S.] NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. [Gobush, K. S.] Save Elephants, Nairobi 00200, Kenya. [Booth, R. K.; Wasser, S. K.] Univ Washington, Ctr Conservat Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Gobush, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1601 Kapiolani Blvd,Suite 1000, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM kathleen.gobush@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 8 U2 43 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 EI 1095-6840 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 195 BP 174 EP 182 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.10.020 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 297LO UT WOS:000330257100020 PM 24239792 ER PT J AU Siegel, PH AF Siegel, Peter H. TI Untitled SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Siegel, Peter H.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Siegel, Peter H.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Siegel, PH (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM phs@caltech.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 2156-342X J9 IEEE T THZ SCI TECHN JI IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2294747 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 296FR UT WOS:000330171100001 ER PT J AU Reck, TJ Jung-Kubiak, C Gill, J Chattopadhyay, G AF Reck, Theodore J. Jung-Kubiak, Cecile Gill, John Chattopadhyay, Goutam TI Measurement of Silicon Micromachined Waveguide Components at 500-750 GHz SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rectangular waveguide; silicon micromachining; submillimeter-wave; terahertz (THz) frequencies AB This paper presents techniques used to assemble and measure micromachined submillimeter-wave waveguide circuits operating from 500 to 750 GHz. A novel micromechanical compression pin is developed to improve wafer-to-wafer alignment to less than 1 mu m. Connection between the silicon waveguide and the VNA is aligned through a silicon boss that inserts into the custom waveguide flange. Waveguide loss is characterized for both E- and H-plane split waveguides and is found to be similar to standard metal waveguides. Finally, measurement of a 3 dB hybrid coupler operating from 500 to 600 GHz is presented. C1 [Reck, Theodore J.; Jung-Kubiak, Cecile; Gill, John; Chattopadhyay, Goutam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Reck, TJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM theodorereck@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 2156-342X J9 IEEE T THZ SCI TECHN JI IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 4 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 DI 10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2282534 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 296FR UT WOS:000330171100006 ER PT J AU Kilpua, EKJ Luhmann, JG Jian, LK Russell, CT Li, Y AF Kilpua, E. K. J. Luhmann, J. G. Jian, L. K. Russell, C. T. Li, Y. TI Why have geomagnetic storms been so weak during the recent solar minimum and the rising phase of cycle 24? SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Geomagnetic storms; Interplanetary coronal mass ejections; Solar wind; Solar cycle ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; WIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; INTERPLANETARY CONDITIONS; RING CURRENT; PARAMETERS; INJECTION; POLARITY; INDEXES; CLOUDS AB The minimum following solar cycle 23 was the deepest and longest since the dawn of the space age. In this paper we examine geomagnetic activity using Dst and AE indices, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and plasma conditions, and the properties and occurrence rate of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) during two periods around the last two solar minima and rising phases (Period 1: 1995-1999 and Period 2: 2006-2012). The data is obtained from the 1-h OMNI database. Geomagnetic activity was considerably weaker during Period 2 than during Period 1, in particular in terms of Dst. We show that the responses of AE and Dst depend on whether it is solar wind speed or the southward IMF component (B-S) that controls the variations in solar wind driving electric field (E-gamma). We conclude that weak Dst activity during Period 2 was primarily a consequence of weak B-S and presumably further weakened due to low solar wind densities. In contrast, solar wind speed did not show significant differences between our two study periods and the high-speed solar wind during Period 2 maintained AE activity despite of weak B-S. The weakness of B-S during Period 2 was attributed in particular to the lack of strong and long-duration ICMEs. We show that for our study periods there was a clear annual north-south IMF asymmetry, which affected in particular the intense Dst activity. This implies that the annual amount of intense Dst activity may rather be determined by the coincidence of what magnetic structure the strong ICMEs encountering the Earth have than by the solar cycle size. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kilpua, E. K. J.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Luhmann, J. G.; Li, Y.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jian, L. K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jian, L. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Russell, C. T.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Kilpua, EKJ (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. EM emilia.kilpua@helsinki.fi RI Kilpua, Emilia/G-8994-2012; Jian, Lan/B-4053-2010 OI Jian, Lan/0000-0002-6849-5527 FU Academy of Finland [130298]; NASAs STEREO Grant [NAS5-03131] FX The sunspot dates were archived through SIDC-team, World Data Center for the Sunspot Index, Royal Observatory of Belgium. We acknowledge Space Physics Data Facility at Goddard Space Flight Center for providing the OMNI data. E. Kilpua acknowledges Academy of Finland (project 130298) for financial support. NASAs STEREO Grant NAS5-03131 is thanked for financial support. NR 50 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 107 BP 12 EP 19 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.11.001 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 295XC UT WOS:000330148700003 ER PT J AU Smirnov, IA Alekseev, EA Ilyushin, VV Margules, L Motiyenko, RA Drouin, BJ AF Smirnov, I. A. Alekseev, E. A. Ilyushin, V. V. Margules, L. Motiyenko, R. A. Drouin, B. J. TI Spectroscopy of the ground, first and second excited torsional states of acetaldehyde from 0.05 to 1.6 THz SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Acetaldehyde; Submillimeter wave spectrum; THz frequency range; Methyl top internal rotation; Rho axis method ID MOLECULES; SPECTRUM; METHANOL; CLOUDS; BAND AB We present a new global study of the millimeter wave, submillimeter wave and THz spectra of the lowest three torsional states of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). New measurements have been carried out between 0.05 and 1.62 THz using three different spectrometers in IRA NASU (Ukraine), PhLAM Lille (France), and JPL (USA). The new data involving torsion-rotation transitions with] up to 66 and K-a up to 22 were combined with previously published measurements and fitted using the rho-axis-method torsion-rotation Hamiltonian. The final fit used 109 parameters to give an overall weighted root-mean-square deviation of 0.69 for the dataset consisting of 8748, 6959, and 4524 transitions belonging, respectively, to the ground, first, and second excited torsional states and 1481 Delta v(t) not equal 0 FIR transitions belonging to the torsional v(t) = 0 -> 1 and 1 -> 2 bands of the molecule. This investigation presents more than a twofold expansion in the J quantum number and almost fourfold expansion in the frequency range coverage for the acetaldehyde rotational spectrum. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Smirnov, I. A.; Alekseev, E. A.; Ilyushin, V. V.] NASU, Inst Radio Astron, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. [Margules, L.; Motiyenko, R. A.] Univ Lille 1, Lab Phys Lasers Atomes & Mol, CNRS, UMR 8523, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Drouin, B. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ilyushin, VV (reprint author), NASU, Inst Radio Astron, Chervonopraporna St 4, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. EM ilyushin@rian.kharkov.ua FU Ukrainian-French [CNRS-PICS 6051] FX Part of this work was done within the Ukrainian-French CNRS-PICS 6051 Project. Portions of this research were carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. R.M. and L.M. acknowledge the Programme National "Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire" and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 EI 1096-083X J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 295 BP 44 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2013.11.006 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 297MU UT WOS:000330260400008 ER PT J AU Wang, ZS Schaaf, CB Strahler, AH Chopping, MJ Roman, MO Shuai, YM Woodcock, CE Hollinger, DY Fitzjarrald, DR AF Wang, Zhuosen Schaaf, Crystal B. Strahler, Alan H. Chopping, Mark J. Roman, Miguel O. Shuai, Yanmin Woodcock, Curtis E. Hollinger, David Y. Fitzjarrald, David R. TI Evaluation of MODIS albedo product (MCD43A) over grassland, agriculture and forest surface types during dormant and snow-covered periods SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE MODIS standard and daily albedo product; Snow albedo; Forest; Grassland; Spatial representativeness ID REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; BROAD-BAND ALBEDO; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; EOS-MODIS; GROUND MEASUREMENTS; BOREAL FORESTS; LAND SURFACES; VALIDATION AB This study assesses the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) BRDF/albedo 8 day standard product and products from the daily Direct Broadcast BRDF/albedo algorithm, and shows that these products agree well with ground-based albedo measurements during the more difficult periods of vegetation dormancy and snow cover. Cropland, grassland, deciduous and coniferous forests are considered. Using an integrated validation strategy, analyses of the representativeness of the surface heterogeneity under both dormant and snow-covered situations are performed to decide whether direct comparisons between ground measurements and 500-m satellite observations can be made or whether finer spatial resolution airborne or spaceborne data are required to scale the results at each location. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data are used to generate finer scale representations of albedo at each location to fully link ground data with satellite data. In general, results indicate the root mean square errors (RMSEs) are less than 0.030 over spatially representative sites of agriculture/grassland during the dormant periods and less than 0.050 during the snow-covered periods for MCD43A albedo products. For forest, the RMSEs are less than 0.020 during the dormant period and 0.025 during the snow-covered periods. However, a daily retrieval strategy is necessary to capture ephemeral snow events or rapidly changing situations such as the spring snow melt. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Zhuosen; Schaaf, Crystal B.] Univ Massachusetts, Environm Earth & Ocean Sci Dept, Boston, MA 02125 USA. [Strahler, Alan H.; Woodcock, Curtis E.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Chopping, Mark J.] Montclair State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Studies, Montclair, NJ USA. [Roman, Miguel O.] NASA, Terr Informat Syst Lab Code 619, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Shuai, Yanmin] Earth Resources Technol Inc, Laurel, MD USA. [Shuai, Yanmin] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hollinger, David Y.] US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Durham, NH USA. [Fitzjarrald, David R.] SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Wang, ZS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Environm Earth & Ocean Sci Dept, Harbor Campusv, Boston, MA 02125 USA. EM wangzhuosen@gmail.com RI Roman, Miguel/D-4764-2012; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012 OI Roman, Miguel/0000-0003-3953-319X; FU NASA [NNX09AL03G, NNX08AE94A, NNX11AD58G] FX This research was supported by NASA awards NNX09AL03G, NNX08AE94A, and NNX11AD58G. The MODIS data were obtained from the NASA Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs). The Landsat data were obtained from the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. NR 89 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 60 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.025 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200006 ER PT J AU Hu, XF Waller, LA Lyapustin, A Wang, YJ Al-Hamdan, MZ Crosson, WL Estes, MG Estes, SM Quattrochi, DA Puttaswamy, SJ Liu, Y AF Hu, Xuefei Waller, Lance A. Lyapustin, Alexei Wang, Yujie Al-Hamdan, Mohammad Z. Crosson, William L. Estes, Maurice G., Jr. Estes, Sue M. Quattrochi, Dale A. Puttaswamy, Sweta Jinnagara Liu, Yang TI Estimating ground-level PM2.5 concentrations in the Southeastern United States using MAIAC AOD retrievals and a two-stage model SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Aerosol optical depth; MAIAC; MODIS; PM2.5; Two-stage model ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; MATTER COMPONENT CONCENTRATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; MODIS; QUALITY; LAND; THICKNESS; REGRESSION; MORTALITY AB Previous studies showed that fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particles smaller than 2.5 mu m in aerodynamic diameter) is associated with various health outcomes. Ground in situ measurements of PM2.5 concentrations are considered to be the gold standard, but are time-consuming and costly. Satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) products have the potential to supplement the ground monitoring networks to provide spatiotemporally-resolved PM2.5 exposure estimates. However, the coarse resolutions (e.g., 10 km) of the satellite AOD products used in previous studies make it very difficult to estimate urban-scale PM2.5 characteristics that are crucial to population-based PM2.5 health effects research. In this paper, a new aerosol product with 1 km spatial resolution derived by the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm was examined using a two-stage spatial statistical model with meteorological fields (e.g., wind speed) and land use parameters (e.g., forest cover, road length, elevation, and point emissions) as ancillary variables to estimate daily mean PM2.5 concentrations. The study area is the southeastern U.S., and data for 2003 were collected from various sources. A cross validation approach was implemented for model validation. We obtained R-2 of 0.83, mean prediction error (MPE) of 1.89 mu g/m(3), and square root of the mean squared prediction errors (RMSPE) of 2.73 mu g/m(3) in model fitting, and R-2 of 0.67, MPE of 2.54 mu g/m(3), and RMSPE of 3.88 mu g/m(3) in cross validation. Both model fitting and cross validation indicate a good fit between the dependent variable and predictor variables. The results showed that 1 km spatial resolution MAIAC AOD can be used to estimate PM2.5 concentrations. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Hu, Xuefei; Puttaswamy, Sweta Jinnagara; Liu, Yang] Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. [Waller, Lance A.] Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat & Bioinforrnat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. [Lyapustin, Alexei; Wang, Yujie] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wang, Yujie] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Al-Hamdan, Mohammad Z.; Crosson, William L.; Estes, Maurice G., Jr.; Estes, Sue M.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Quattrochi, Dale A.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Liu, Y (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM yang.liu@emory.edu RI Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014 OI Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739 FU NASA Applied Sciences Program [NNX09AT52G]; USEPA [R834799] FX This work was partially supported by NASA Applied Sciences Program (grant no. NNX09AT52G). In addition, this publication was made possible by USEPA grant . Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USEPA. Further, USEPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. NR 43 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 71 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 220 EP 232 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.032 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200019 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Xia, JZ Liang, SL Feng, JM Fisher, JB Li, X Li, XL Liu, SG Ma, ZG Miyata, A Mu, QZ Sun, L Tang, JW Wang, KC Wen, J Xue, YJ Yu, GR Zha, TG Zhang, L Zhang, Q Zhao, TB Zhao, L Yuan, WP AF Chen, Yang Xia, Jiangzhou Liang, Shunlin Feng, Jinming Fisher, Joshua B. Li, Xin Li, Xianglan Liu, Shuguang Ma, Zhuguo Miyata, Akira Mu, Qiaozhen Sun, Liang Tang, Jianwei Wang, Kaicun Wen, Jun Xue, Yueju Yu, Guirui Zha, Tonggang Zhang, Li Zhang, Qiang Zhao, Tianbao Zhao, Liang Yuan, Wenping TI Comparison of satellite-based evapotranspiration models over terrestrial ecosystems in China SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Evapotranspiration; Eddy covariance; Priestley-Taylor; Penman-Monteith ID SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ATMOSPHERE WATER FLUX; ENERGY-BALANCE; EDDY COVARIANCE; NORTHWEST CHINA; COMBINING MODIS; AMERIFLUX DATA; LAND SURFACES; SOIL-MOISTURE AB Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of terrestrial ecosystems because it links the hydrological, energy, and carbon cycles. Several satellite-based ET models have been developed for extrapolating local observations to regional and global scales, but recent studies have shown large model uncertainties in ET simulations. In this study, we compared eight ET models, including five empirical and three process-based models, with the objective of providing a reference for choosing and improving methods. The results showed that the eight models explained between 61 and 80% of the variability in ET at 23 eddy covariance towers in China and adjacent regions. The mean annual ET for all of China varied from 535 to 852 mm yr(-1) among the models. The interannual variability of yearly ET varied significantly between models during 1982-2009 because of different model structures and the dominant environmental factors employed. Our evaluation results showed that the parameters of the empirical methods may have different combination because the environmental factors of ET are not independent. Although the three process-based models showed high model performance across the validation Sites, there were substantial differences among them in the temporal and spatial patterns of ET, the dominant environment factors and the energy partitioning schemes. The disagreement among current ET models highlights the need for further improvements and validation, which can be achieved by investigating model structures and examining the ET component estimates and the critical model parameters. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Chen, Yang; Xia, Jiangzhou; Feng, Jinming; Wang, Kaicun; Yuan, Wenping] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Chen, Yang; Xia, Jiangzhou; Liang, Shunlin; Li, Xianglan; Wang, Kaicun] Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Remote Sensing Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Chen, Yang; Xia, Jiangzhou; Liang, Shunlin; Li, Xianglan; Wang, Kaicun] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Remote Sensing Applicat, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Liang, Shunlin] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Feng, Jinming; Ma, Zhuguo; Zhao, Tianbao] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Key Lab Reg Climate Environm Res Temperate East A, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Fisher, Joshua B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Li, Xin; Wen, Jun] Chinese Acad Sci, Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. [Liu, Shuguang] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, State Engn Lab Southern Forestry Appl Ecol & Tech, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Miyata, Akira] Natl Inst Agroenvironm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058604, Japan. [Mu, Qiaozhen] Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Sun, Liang] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Agr Resources & Reg Planning, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Tang, Jianwei; Zhang, Qiang] Meteorol Bur Gansu Prov, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. [Xue, Yueju] South China Agr Univ, Coll Informat, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Yu, Guirui] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Synth Res Ctr Chinese Ecosyst Res Network, Key Lab Ecosyst Network Observat & Modeling, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Zha, Tonggang] Beijing Forestry Univ, Sch Resources & Environm, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Li] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. [Zhao, Liang] Chinese Acad Sci, Northwest Inst Plateau Biol, Key Lab Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Biol Evolut & Ada, Xining 810008, Qinghai, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Wenping] Chinese Acad Sci, Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, State Key Lab Cryosphere Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. RP Yuan, WP (reprint author), Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. EM wenpingyuancn@yahoo.com RI 于, 贵瑞/C-1768-2014; Li, Xin/F-7473-2011; Wang, Kaicun/F-7813-2012; westgis.CAREERI, SCI paper/O-2255-2013; Mu, Qiaozhen/G-5695-2010; liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015; rslab, water/O-7043-2015; OI Li, Xin/0000-0003-2999-9818; Wang, Kaicun/0000-0002-7414-5400; westgis.CAREERI, SCI paper/0000-0001-5298-1494; Fisher, Joshua/0000-0003-4734-9085 FU National Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of China [41322005]; National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) [2013AA122003]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [41201078, 40830957]; Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University [NCET-12-0060]; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Basic Research Program of China [2010CB833504, 2012CB955302]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This study was supported by the National Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of China (41322005), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2013AA122003), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41201078), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0060), One Hundred People Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB833504 and 2012CB955302), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40830957) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. We thank the Coordinated Observations and Integrated Research over Arid and Semi-arid China (COIRAS) for providing the eddy covariance flux data. We also acknowledge all the principal investigators, AsiaFlux and ChinaFlux for their volunteer contribution for data distribution. JBF contributed to this paper at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge Jun Asanuma, Shiping Chen, Minoru Gamo, Jianping Huang, Shijie Han, Huizhi Liu, Shaomin Liu, Takahisa Maeda, Takeshi Ohta, Runyuan Wang, Guoyi Zhou and Xinquan Zhao for using their monitoring data. NR 80 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 78 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 279 EP 293 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.045 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200024 ER PT J AU Dardel, C Kergoat, L Hiernaux, P Mougin, E Grippa, M Tucker, CJ AF Dardel, C. Kergoat, L. Hiernaux, P. Mougin, E. Grippa, M. Tucker, C. J. TI Re-greening Sahel: 30 years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger) SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Sahel; Desertification; Re-greening; Trend analysis; Herbaceous production; NDVI; AVHHR; Field measurements; Mali; Niger ID WEST-AFRICAN COLONIES; AVHRR-NDVI DATA; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; HAPEX-SAHEL; SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT; SAHARA DESERT; DATA SETS; DESERTIFICATION; MODIS; TRENDS AB Desertification of the Sahel region has been debated for decades, while the concept of a "re-greening" Sahel appeared with satellite remote sensing data that allowed vegetation monitoring across wide regions and over increasingly long series of years (nowadays 30 years with the GIMMS-3g dataset). However, the scarcity of long-term field observations of vegetation in the Sahel prevents ground validation and deeper analysis of such trends. After assessing the consistency of the new GIMMS-3g NDVI product by comparison to three other AVHRR-NDVI datasets and MODIS NDVI, regional GIMMS-3g NDVI trends over 1981-2011 are analyzed. Trends are found positive and statistically significant almost everywhere in Sahel over the 1981-2011 period. Long-term field observations of the aboveground herbaceous layer mass have been collected within the Gourma region in Mali (1984-2011) and within the Fakara region in western Niger (1994-2011). These observations sample ecosystem and soil diversity, thus enabling estimation of averaged values representative of the Gourma and Fakara. NDVI measurements are found in good agreement with field observations, both over the Gourma and Fakara regions where re-greening and negative trends are observed respectively. A linear regression analysis performed between spatially averaged seasonal NDVI and a weighted average of field measurements explains 59% of the variability for the Gourma region over 1984-2011, and 38% for the Fakara region over 1994-2011. In the Gourma, which is a pastoral region, the re-greening trend is mainly observed over sandy soils, and attests for the ecosystem's resilience to the 1980s' drought, able to react to the more favorable rainfall of the 1990s and 2000s. However, contrasted changes in the landscape's functioning have occurred locally. An increase in erosion and run-off processes in association with decreasing or stable vegetation cover was observed over shallow soils, which occupy 30% of the area. In the agro-pastoral Fakara, the decreasing trends observed both from satellite NDVI and field assessments of herbaceous mass are hardly explained by rainfall. These results give confidence in the dominant positive trends in Sahelian greenness, but indicate that degradation trends can also be observed, both in situ and from satellite time series. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Dardel, C.; Kergoat, L.; Hiernaux, P.; Mougin, E.; Grippa, M.] Observ Midi Pyrenees, UMR CNRS UPS IRD CNES 5563, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Tucker, C. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dardel, C (reprint author), Observ Midi Pyrenees, UMR CNRS UPS IRD CNES 5563, 14 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM cecile.dardel@get.obs-mip.fr FU CNES; AMMA-Catch; ANR ESCAPE [ANR-10-CEPL-005]; AMMA-IP FX We are thankful to the two reviewers for their helpful comments which contributed to improve this manuscript. Dardel C. is supported by CNES. Support from AMMA-Catch, ANR ESCAPE (ANR-10-CEPL-005) and AMMA-IP are also acknowledged. Precipitation data are kindly provided by DNM Mali and Niger. We are grateful to the GIMMS group for their ongoing efforts and for sharing their NDVI3g data. Finally, we thank all the people who participated to the field surveys over this 28-year long period! NR 85 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 13 U2 124 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 350 EP 364 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.011 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200030 ER PT J AU Roy, DP Qin, Y Kovalskyy, V Vermote, EF Ju, J Egorov, A Hansen, MC Kommareddy, I Yan, L AF Roy, D. P. Qin, Y. Kovalskyy, V. Vermote, E. F. Ju, J. Egorov, A. Hansen, M. C. Kommareddy, I. Yan, L. TI Conterminous United States demonstration and characterization of MODIS-based Landsat ETM plus atmospheric correction SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Landsat; MODIS; Atmospheric correction; Web-enabled Landsat Data (WELD) ID VEGETATION INDEXES; SATELLITE DATA; AVHRR DATA; REFLECTANCE; COVER; AEROSOL; FOREST; AVAILABILITY; VARIABILITY; PERFORMANCE AB The potential of Landsat data processing to provide continental scale 30 m products has been demonstrated by the NASA Web-enabled Landsat Data (WELD) project. The integration of a recent MODIS based Landsat atmospheric correction algorithm into the WELD processing is described and demonstrated by application to 12 months of conterminous United States (CONUS) Landsat 7 ETM + data. A large volume assessment of the atmospheric correction is presented considering approximately 53 million 30 m pixel locations sampled systematically across the CONUS for December 2009 to November 2010. Monthly 30 m reflectance and derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data are assessed comparing the top of atmosphere (TOA) and the MODIS-based atmospherically corrected surface reflectance values with respect to spectral, temporal, land cover, and a per-pixel atmospheric correction quality storage scheme. The mean CONUS absolute difference between surface and TOA NDVI expressed as a percentage of the surface NDVI was 28% and the surface NDVI was on average 0.1 greater than the TOA NDVI for "vegetated" surfaces. The mean difference between surface and TOA reflectance (surface minus TOA) increased monotonically with increasing surface reflectance. On average the change from a negative to a positive mean difference occurred when the surface reflectance was 036, 0.22, 0.17, 0.14, 0.07, and 0.02 for Landsat ETM + reflective bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 respectively. These values are of interest as they depict the average CONUS Landsat ETM + surface reflectance values where the atmosphere has on average no impact and provide the average boundary values for positive and negative atmospheric contributions to ETM + TOA reflectance. The CONUS mean absolute differences between surface and TOA reflectance expressed as percentages of the surface reflectance were 45%, 22%, 12%, 6%, 5%, and 13% for Landsat ETM + bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 respectively. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Roy, D. P.; Qin, Y.; Kovalskyy, V.; Egorov, A.; Kommareddy, I.; Yan, L.] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Vermote, E. F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ju, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ju, J.] Earth Resources Technol Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hansen, M. C.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Roy, DP (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM dayid.roy@sdstate.edu FU NASA [NNX08AL93A] FX This research was funded by NASA grant number NNX08AL93A. The U.S. Landsat project management and staff at USGS EROS, Sioux Falls, South Dakota are thanked for provision of the Landsat ETM + data. The anonymous reviewers are thanked for their comments that improved this paper. NR 59 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 433 EP 449 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.012 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200036 ER PT J AU Hansen, MC Egorov, A Potapov, PV Stehman, SV Tyukavina, A Turubanova, SA Roy, DP Goetz, SJ Loveland, TR Ju, J Kommareddy, A Kovalskyy, V Forsyth, C Bents, T AF Hansen, M. C. Egorov, A. Potapov, P. V. Stehman, S. V. Tyukavina, A. Turubanova, S. A. Roy, D. P. Goetz, S. J. Loveland, T. R. Ju, J. Kommareddy, A. Kovalskyy, V. Forsyth, C. Bents, T. TI Monitoring conterminous United States (CONUS) land cover change with Web-Enabled Landsat Data (WELD) SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Change detection; Land cover; Landsat; Large area mapping; Validation ID ETM PLUS DATA; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; FOREST-COVER; TREE-COVER; AVHRR DATA; IMAGERY; CLASSIFICATION; DISTURBANCE; RESOLUTION; SATELLITE AB Forest cover loss and bare ground gain from 2006 to 2010 for the conterminous United States (CONUS) were quantified at a 30 m spatial resolution using Web-Enabled Landsat Data available from the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) (http://landsatusgs.gov/WELD.php). The approach related multi-temporal WELD metrics and expert-derived training data for forest cover loss and bare ground gain through a decision tree classification algorithm. Forest cover loss was reported at state and ecoregional scales, and the identification of core forests' absent of change was made and verified using LiDAR data from the GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimetry System) instrument. Bare ground gain correlated with population change for large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) outside of desert or semi-desert environments. GoogleEarth (TM) time-series images were used to validate the products. Mapped forest cover loss totaled 53,084 km(2) and was found to be depicted conservatively, with a user's accuracy of 78% and a producer's accuracy of 68%. Excluding errors of adjacency, user's and producer's accuracies rose to 93% and 89%, respectively. Mapped bare ground gain equaled 5974 km(2) and nearly matched the estimated area from the reference (GoogleEarth (TM)) classification; however, user's (42%) and producer's (49%) accuracies were much less than those of the forest cover loss product. Excluding errors of adjacency, user's and producer's accuracies rose to 62% and 75%, respectively. Compared to recent 2001-2006 USGS National land Cover Database validation data for forest loss (82% and 30% for respective user's and producer's accuracies) and urban gain (72% and 18% for respective user's and producer's accuracies), results using a single CONUS-scale model with WELD data are promising and point to the potential for national-scale operational mapping of key land cover transitions. However, validation results highlighted limitations, some of which can be addressed by improving training data, creating a more robust image feature space, adding contemporaneous Landsat 5 data to the inputs, and modifying definition sets to account for differences in temporal and spatial observational scales. The presented land cover extent and change data are available via the official WELD website (ftp://weldftp.cr.usgs.gov/CONUS_5Y_LandCover/ftp://weldftp.cr.usgs.gov/CONUS_5Y_LandCover/). (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Hansen, M. C.; Potapov, P. V.; Tyukavina, A.; Turubanova, S. A.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Egorov, A.; Roy, D. P.; Kommareddy, A.; Kovalskyy, V.; Forsyth, C.] S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Stehman, S. V.] SUNY Syracuse, Syracuse, NY USA. [Goetz, S. J.] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA USA. [Loveland, T. R.] USGS EROS, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Ju, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Bents, T.] Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Hansen, MC (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mhansen@umd.edu RI Goetz, Scott/A-3393-2015 OI Goetz, Scott/0000-0002-6326-4308 NR 66 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 5 U2 86 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 466 EP 484 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.014 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200038 ER PT J AU Barnes, BB Hu, CM Holekamp, KL Blonski, S Spiering, BA Palandro, D Lapointe, B AF Barnes, Brian B. Hu, Chuanmin Holekamp, Kara L. Blonski, Slawomir Spiering, Bruce A. Palandro, David Lapointe, Brian TI Use of Landsat data to track historical water quality changes in Florida Keys marine environments SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Water quality; Remote sensing; Atmospheric correction; Seagrass ID LONG-TERM TRENDS; SEAGRASS DIE-OFF; CORAL-REEFS; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; THEMATIC MAPPER; MASS MORTALITY; CHLOROPHYLL-A; TURTLE GRASS AB Satellite remote sensing has shown the advantage of water quality assessment at synoptic scales in coastal regions, yet modern sensors such as SeaWiFS or MODIS did not start until the late 1990s. For non-interrupted observations, only the Landsat series have the potential to detect major water quality events since the 1980s. However, such ability is hindered by the unknown data quality or consistency through time. Here, using the Florida Keys as a case study, we demonstrate an approach to identify historical water quality events through improved atmospheric correction of Landsat data and cross-validation with concurrent MODIS data. After aggregation of the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) 30-m pixels to 240-m pixels (to increase the signal-to-noise ratio), a MODIS-like atmospheric correction approach using the Landsat shortwave-infrared (SWIR) bands was developed and applied to the entire Landsat-5 TM data series between 1985 and 2010. Remote sensing reflectance (Res) anomalies from Landsat (2 standard deviations from a pixel-specific monthly climatology) were found to detect MODIS Res anomalies with over 90% accuracy for all three bands for the same period of 2002-2010. Extending this analysis for the entire Landsat-5 time-series revealed Res anomaly events in the 1980s and 1990s, some of which are corroborated by known ecosystem changes due in part to changes in local freshwater flow. Indeed, TM Res anomalies were shown to be useful in detecting shifts in seagrass density, turbidity increases, black water events, and phytoplankton blooms. These findings have large implications for ongoing and future water quality assessment in the Florida Keys as well as in many other coastal regions. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Barnes, Brian B.; Hu, Chuanmin] Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Holekamp, Kara L.; Blonski, Slawomir] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. [Blonski, Slawomir] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Spiering, Bruce A.] NASA, Appl Sci & Technol Project Off, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. [Palandro, David] ExxonMobil Upstream Res Co, Houston, TX USA. [Lapointe, Brian] Florida Atlantic Univ, Oceanog Inst, Harbor Branch, Ft Pierce, FL USA. RP Barnes, BB (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave South, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM bbarnes4@mail.usf.edu FU U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was supported by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration through its Decision Support program, Gulf of Mexico program, Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program, and Water and Energy Cycle program. Relative spectral response functions of Landsat TM and MODIS were provided by NASA. Shapefiles for seagrass and coral reef locations were provided by Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. Landsat data and raster bathymetry were provided by the USGS. The authors wish to thank two anonymous reviewers whose critiques greatly improved this manuscript. NR 62 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 60 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 485 EP 496 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.020 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200039 ER PT J AU Schroeder, W Ellicott, E Ichoku, C Ellison, L Dickinson, MB Ottmar, RD Clements, C Hall, D Ambrosia, V Kremens, R AF Schroeder, Wilfrid Ellicott, Evan Ichoku, Charles Ellison, Luke Dickinson, Matthew B. Ottmar, Roger D. Clements, Craig Hall, Dianne Ambrosia, Vincent Kremens, Robert TI Integrated active fire retrievals and biomass burning emissions using complementary near-coincident ground, airborne and spaceborne sensor data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Biomass burning; Remote sensing; Airborne scanner; MODIS; GOES; Fire radiative-power; Fire emissions ID RADIATIVE ENERGY; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; MODIS OBSERVATIONS; EOS-MODIS; SATELLITE; FOREST; ALGORITHM; PRODUCTS; WILDFIRE; AMERICA AB Ground, airborne and spaceborne data were collected for a 450 ha prescribed fire implemented on 18 October 2011 at the Henry W. Coe State Park in California. The integration of various data elements allowed near-coincident active fire retrievals to be estimated. The Autonomous Modular Sensor-Wildfire CAMS) airborne multispectral imaging system was used as a bridge between ground and spaceborne data sets providing high-quality reference information to support satellite fire retrieval error analyses and fire emissions estimates. We found excellent agreement between peak fire radiant heat flux data (<1% error) derived from near-coincident ground radiometers and AMS. Both MODIS and GOES imager active fire products were negatively influenced by the presence of thick smoke, which was misclassified as cloud by their algorithms, leading to the omission of fire pixels beneath the smoke, and resulting in the underestimation of their retrieved fire radiative power (FRP) values for the burn plot, compared to the reference airborne data. Agreement between airborne and spaceborne FRP data improved significantly after correction for omission errors and atmospheric attenuation, resulting in as low as 5% difference between Aqua/MODIS and AMS. Use of in situ fuel and fire energy estimates in combination with a collection of AMS, MODIS, and GOES FRP retrievals provided a fuel consumption factor of 0.261 kg MJ(-1), total energy release of 14.5e + 06 MJ, and total fuel consumption of 3.8e + 06 kg. Fire emissions were calculated using two separate techniques, resulting in as low as 15% difference for various species. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved. C1 [Schroeder, Wilfrid; Ellicott, Evan] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Ichoku, Charles; Ellison, Luke] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Dickinson, Matthew B.] USDA, No Res Stn, Delaware, OH USA. [Ottmar, Roger D.] USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA USA. [Clements, Craig; Hall, Dianne] San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Ambrosia, Vincent] Calif State Univ, Monterey, CA USA. [Kremens, Robert] Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. [Ellison, Luke] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Schroeder, W (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM wilfrid.schroeder@noaa.gov RI Schroeder, Wilfrid/F-6738-2010; Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012; OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549; Dickinson, Matthew/0000-0003-3635-1219 FU NASA's Terrestrial Ecology program office; NASA [NNX11AM26G] FX We are grateful for all the support provided by the CAL FIRE Santa Clara Unit personnel and California State Parks Park staff, who implemented the prescribed fire at HCSP and supported in situ science data collection, the NASA/Dryden and NASA/Ames aircrew and system engineers responsible for the AMS system operation. Funding support for the airborne operations was provided by Dr. Diane Wickland through NASA's Terrestrial Ecology program office and additional funding support for science data analyses was provided by NASA's Earth Science grant NNX11AM26G. We also thank Shana Matto at NASA/Goddard for providing customized MODIS aerosol product files for improved emissions calculations. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 719 EP 730 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.10.010 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200059 ER PT J AU Hulley, G Veraverbeke, S Hook, S AF Hulley, Glynn Veraverbeke, Sander Hook, Simon TI Thermal-based techniques for land cover change detection using a new dynamic MODIS multispectral emissivity product (MOD21) SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Emissivity; MODIS; Land cover change; MOD21; ASTER; Temperature emissivity separation; Multispectral ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; JORNADA EXPERIMENTAL RANGE; SPLIT-WINDOW ALGORITHM; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION INDEX; INFRARED IMAGERY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ASTER; VALIDATION AB Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) data determine the amount of net longwave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface and are therefore critical variables for studying a variety of surface-atmosphere processes over land such as evapotranspiration, land cover change, and surface composition. Because emissivity is an intrinsic property of the surface, multispectral thermal infrared emissivity data have the potential for enhancing our ability to monitor landscape changes in environmentally sensitive zones beyond what is currently possible from standard practices used today. The most common of these practices is the use of visible to short-wave infrared data, in particular the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Two algorithms are currently used to generate the LST&E products from MODIS data, but studies have identified several issues with both these algorithms that limit their usefulness for land cover change detection. These issues have been recently addressed by applying the ASTER Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm to MODIS thermal infrared data to generate LST and a dynamically varying multispectral emissivity product for bands 29, 31, and 32 at 1-km resolution. The new product (MOD21) will be released with MODIS Collection 6 during fall 2013. This study demonstrates the utility of the dynamic MOD21 multispectral emissivity product to detect land cover changes over a broad range of different Earth surface domains including land degradation in dryland regions, snow melt characteristics on glaciers and ice sheets, extreme ecosystem disturbances, and agricultural activities. The MOD21 spectral emissivity provided increased sensitivity to land cover change in a more consistent manner than is currently possible with other emissivity products and, depending on the application, standard visible to near infrared (VNIR) data. The results suggest that synergistic use of thermal and VNIR data will help us to better identify and understand changes in the Earth surface system, and reduce uncertainties in estimating their magnitudes and trends. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved. C1 [Hulley, Glynn; Veraverbeke, Sander; Hook, Simon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hulley, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-501,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM glynn.hulley@jpl.nasa.gov RI Veraverbeke, Sander/H-2301-2012 OI Veraverbeke, Sander/0000-0003-1362-5125 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under the contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ASTER data were provided by NASA, GSFC, METI, ERSDAC, JAROS, and U.S.-Japan ASTER Science Team. We kindly thank Brandon Bestelmeyer from the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range in Las Cruces, NM, for the images provided in Fig. 3 of the two study sites. NR 72 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 140 BP 755 EP 765 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2013.10.014 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290NS UT WOS:000329766200062 ER PT J AU La Duc, MT Venkateswaran, K Conley, CA AF La Duc, Myron T. Venkateswaran, Kasthuri Conley, Catharine A. TI A Genetic Inventory of Spacecraft and Associated Surfaces SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT News Item DE Planetary protection; Genetic inventory; Microbial diversity; PhyloChip; 454 tag-encoded pyrosequencing; 16S rRNA gene; Microbial monitoring; Environmental monitoring ID BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS SPORES; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; SWAB PROTOCOL; CLEAN ROOMS; NONPOROUS SURFACES; QUANTITATIVE PCR; SAMPLING METHODS; RECOVERY; BACTERIAL; CONTAMINATION AB Terrestrial organisms or other contaminants that are transported to Mars could interfere with efforts to study the potential for indigenous martian life. Similarly, contaminants that make the round-trip to Mars and back to Earth could compromise the ability to discriminate an authentic martian biosignature from a terrestrial organism. For this reason, it is important to develop a comprehensive inventory of microbes that are present on spacecraft to avoid interpreting their traces as authentic extraterrestrial biosignatures. Culture-based methods are currently used by NASA to assess spacecraft cleanliness but deliberately detect only a very small subset of total organisms present. The National Research Council has recommended that molecular (DNA)-based identification techniques should be developed as one aspect of managing the risk that terrestrial contamination could interfere with detection of life on (or returned from) Mars. The current understanding of the microbial diversity associated with spacecraft and clean room surfaces is expanding, but the capability to generate a comprehensive inventory of the microbial populations present on spacecraft outbound from Earth would address multiple considerations in planetary protection, relevant to both robotic and human missions. To this end, a 6-year genetic inventory study was undertaken by a NASA/JPL team. It was completed in 2012 and included delivery of a publicly available comprehensive final report. The genetic inventory study team evaluated the utility of three analytical technologies (conventional cloning techniques, PhyloChip DNA microarrays, and 454 tag-pyrosequencing) and combined them with a systematic methodology to collect, process, and archive nucleic acids as the first steps in assessing the phylogenetic breadth of microorganisms on spacecraft and associated surfaces. C1 [La Duc, Myron T.; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA USA. [Conley, Catharine A.] NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC USA. RP Venkateswaran, K (reprint author), M-S 89 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kjvenkat@jpl.nasa.gov NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 EI 1557-8070 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1089/ast.2013.0966 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 290LJ UT WOS:000329758500002 PM 24432775 ER PT J AU Venkateswaran, K Vaishampayan, P Benardini, JN Rooney, AP Spry, JA AF Venkateswaran, Kasthuri Vaishampayan, Parag Benardini, James N., III Rooney, Alejandro P. Spry, J. Andy TI Deposition of Extreme-Tolerant Bacterial Strains Isolated during Different Phases of Phoenix Spacecraft Assembly in a Public Culture Collection SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT News Item DE Acidophile; Alkaliphile; Extremophiles; Planetary protection; Mission ID CLEAN ROOM ENVIRONMENTS; MICROORGANISMS; SURVIVAL; NOV. AB Extreme-tolerant bacteria (82 strains; 67 species) isolated during various assembly phases of the Phoenix spacecraft were permanently archived within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection in Peoria, Illinois. This represents the first microbial collection of spacecraft-associated surfaces within the United States to be deposited into a freely available, government-funded culture collection. Archiving extreme-tolerant microorganisms from NASA mission(s) will provide opportunities for scientists who are involved in exploring microbes that can tolerate extreme conditions. C1 [Venkateswaran, Kasthuri; Vaishampayan, Parag; Benardini, James N., III; Spry, J. Andy] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Rooney, Alejandro P.] ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL USA. RP Venkateswaran, K (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kjvenkat@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 EI 1557-8070 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 24 EP 26 DI 10.1089/ast.2013.0978 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 290LJ UT WOS:000329758500003 PM 24392704 ER PT J AU Benardini, JN La Duc, MT Beaudet, RA Koukol, R AF Benardini, James N., III La Duc, Myron T. Beaudet, Robert A. Koukol, Robert TI Implementing Planetary Protection Measures on the Mars Science Laboratory SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Planetary protection; Spore; Bioburden; MSL; Curiosity; Contamination; Mars AB The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), comprising a cruise stage; an aeroshell; an entry, descent, and landing system; and the radioisotope thermoelectric generator-powered Curiosity rover, made history with its unprecedented sky crane landing on Mars on August 6, 2012. The mission's primary science objective has been to explore the area surrounding Gale Crater and assess its habitability for past life. Because microbial contamination could profoundly impact the integrity of the mission and compliance with international treaty was required, planetary protection measures were implemented on MSL hardware to verify that bioburden levels complied with NASA regulations. By applying the proper antimicrobial countermeasures throughout all phases of assembly, the total bacterial endospore burden of MSL at the time of launch was kept to 2.78x10(5) spores, well within the required specification of less than 5.0x10(5) spores. The total spore burden of the exposed surfaces of the landed MSL hardware was 5.64x10(4), well below the allowed limit of 3.0x10(5) spores. At the time of launch, the MSL spacecraft was burdened with an average of 22 spores/m(2), which included both planned landed and planned impacted hardware. Here, we report the results of a campaign to implement and verify planetary protection measures on the MSL flight system. C1 [Benardini, James N., III; La Duc, Myron T.; Beaudet, Robert A.; Koukol, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Benardini, JN (reprint author), M-S 303-202 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nickb@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA FX Part of the research described in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. The authors acknowledge the contributions of C. Conley and P. Stabekis of the NASA planetary protection office. A significant amount of sample collection, processing, and analysis was carried out by F. Morales and G. Kazarians. The authors are indebted to W. Schubert for assistance in sample collection and processing, as well as the initial setup of the PP laboratory at Kennedy Space Center. Finally, we extend thanks to S. Bergstrom for logistical support at Kennedy Space Center and J.A. Spry and K. Buxbaum for managerial oversight. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 9 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 EI 1557-8070 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1089/ast.2013.0989 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 290LJ UT WOS:000329758500004 PM 24432776 ER PT J AU Benardini, JN La Duc, MT Ballou, D Koukol, R AF Benardini, James N., III La Duc, Myron T. Ballou, David Koukol, Robert TI Implementing Planetary Protection on the Atlas V Fairing and Ground Systems Used to Launch the Mars Science Laboratory SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlas V; Payload fairing; PLF; Planetary protection; Spore; Bioburden; MSL; Curiosity; Mars AB On November 26, 2011, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) launched from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station aboard an Atlas V 541 rocket, taking its first step toward exploring the past habitability of Mars' Gale Crater. Because microbial contamination could profoundly impact the integrity of the mission, and compliance with international treaty was a necessity, planetary protection measures were implemented on all MSL hardware to verify that bioburden levels complied with NASA regulations. The cleanliness of the Atlas V payload fairing (PLF) and associated ground support systems used to launch MSL were also evaluated. By applying proper recontamination countermeasures early and often in the encapsulation process, the PLF was kept extremely clean and was shown to pose little threat of recontaminating the enclosed MSL flight system upon launch. Contrary to prelaunch estimates that assumed that the interior PLF spore burden ranged from 500 to 1000 spores/m(2), the interior surfaces of the Atlas V PLF were extremely clean, housing a mere 4.65 spores/m(2). Reported here are the practices and results of the campaign to implement and verify planetary protection measures on the Atlas V launch vehicle and associated ground support systems used to launch MSL. All these facilities and systems were very well kept and exceeded the levels of cleanliness and rigor required in launching the MSL payload. C1 [Benardini, James N., III; La Duc, Myron T.; Koukol, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA USA. [Ballou, David] Cape Canaveral Air Force Stn, United Launch Alliance, Cape Canaveral, FL USA. RP Benardini, JN (reprint author), M-S 303-202 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nickb@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA FX Part of the research described in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. The authors acknowledge the contributions of Catharine Conley and Pericles Stabekis, NASA Planetary Protection Office. A significant amount of sample collection and processing was carried out by Fabian Morales and Gayane Kazarians. The authors thank Wayne Schubert for technical assistance in setting up the Kennedy Space Center PP laboratory, Sheryl Bergstrom for logistical support at Kennedy Space Center, Robert Beaudet for raw data management, and K. Buxbaum and J. Andy Spry for managerial oversight. Finally, we appreciate the support and contributions of Joan Wenaas, Richard Lundstrom, and especially the ULA technicians. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 EI 1557-8070 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1089/ast.2013.1011 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 290LJ UT WOS:000329758500005 PM 24432777 ER PT J AU Beyersdorf, AJ Timko, MT Ziemba, LD Bulzan, D Corporan, E Herndon, SC Howard, R Miake-Lye, R Thornhill, KL Winstead, E Wey, C Yu, Z Anderson, BE AF Beyersdorf, A. J. Timko, M. T. Ziemba, L. D. Bulzan, D. Corporan, E. Herndon, S. C. Howard, R. Miake-Lye, R. Thornhill, K. L. Winstead, E. Wey, C. Yu, Z. Anderson, B. E. TI Reductions in aircraft particulate emissions due to the use of Fischer-Tropsch fuels SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTORS; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT; ENGINE; EXHAUST; SOOT; DEPENDENCE; DENSITY AB The use of alternative fuels for aviation is likely to increase due to concerns over fuel security, price stability, and the sustainability of fuel sources. Concurrent reductions in particulate emissions from these alternative fuels are expected because of changes in fuel composition including reduced sulfur and aromatic content. The NASA Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX) was conducted in January-February 2009 to investigate the effects of synthetic fuels on gas-phase and particulate emissions. Standard petroleum JP-8 fuel, pure synthetic fuels produced from natural gas and coal feedstocks using the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, and 50% blends of both fuels were tested in the CFM-56 engines on a DC-8 aircraft. To examine plume chemistry and particle evolution with time, samples were drawn from inlet probes positioned 1, 30, and 145 m downstream of the aircraft engines. No significant alteration to engine performance was measured when burning the alternative fuels. However, leaks in the aircraft fuel system were detected when operated with the pure FT fuels as a result of the absence of aromatic compounds in the fuel. Dramatic reductions in soot emissions were measured for both the pure FT fuels (reductions in mass of 86 % averaged over all powers) and blended fuels (66 %) relative to the JP-8 baseline with the largest reductions at idle conditions. At 7 % power, this corresponds to a reduction from 7.6 mg kg(-1) for JP-8 to 1.2 mg kg(-1) for the natural gas FT fuel. At full power, soot emissions were reduced from 103 to 24 mg kg(-1) (JP-8 and natural gas FT, respectively). The alternative fuels also produced smaller soot (e. g., at 85 % power, volume mean diameters were reduced from 78 nm for JP-8 to 51 nm for the natural gas FT fuel), which may reduce their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The reductions in particulate emissions are expected for all alternative fuels with similar reductions in fuel sulfur and aromatic content regardless of the feedstock. As the plume cools downwind of the engine, nucleation-mode aerosols form. For the pure FT fuels, reductions (94 % averaged over all powers) in downwind particle number emissions were similar to those measured at the exhaust plane (84 %). However, the blended fuels had less of a reduction (reductions of 30-44 %) than initially measured (64 %). The likely explanation is that the reduced soot emissions in the blended fuel exhaust plume results in promotion of new particle formation microphysics, rather than coating on pre-existing soot particles, which is dominant in the JP-8 exhaust plume. Downwind particle volume emissions were reduced for both the pure (79 and 86 % reductions) and blended FT fuels (36 and 46 %) due to the large reductions in soot emissions. In addition, the alternative fuels had reduced particulate sulfate production (near zero for FT fuels) due to decreased fuel sulfur content. To study the formation of volatile aerosols (defined as any aerosol formed as the plume ages) in more detail, tests were performed at varying ambient temperatures (-4 to 20 degrees C). At idle, particle number and volume emissions were reduced linearly with increasing ambient temperature, with best fit slopes corresponding to -8 x 10(14) particles (kg fuel)(-1) degrees C-1 for particle number emissions and -10 mm(3) (kg fuel)(-1) degrees C-1 for particle volume emissions. The temperature dependency of aerosol formation can have large effects on local air quality surrounding airports in cold regions. Aircraft-produced aerosols in these regions will be much larger than levels expected based solely on measurements made directly at the engine exit plane. The majority (90 % at idle) of the volatile aerosol mass formed as nucleation-mode aerosols, with a smaller fraction as a soot coating. Conversion efficiencies of up to 2.8 % were measured for the partitioning of gas-phase precursors (unburned hydrocarbons and SO2) to form volatile aerosols. Highest conversion efficiencies were measured at 45 % power. C1 [Beyersdorf, A. J.; Ziemba, L. D.; Thornhill, K. L.; Winstead, E.; Anderson, B. E.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. [Timko, M. T.; Herndon, S. C.; Miake-Lye, R.; Yu, Z.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA USA. [Bulzan, D.; Wey, C.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. [Corporan, E.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. [Howard, R.] Arnold Engn Dev Ctr, Arnold AFB, TN USA. [Thornhill, K. L.; Winstead, E.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. RP Beyersdorf, AJ (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. EM andreas.j.beyersdorf@nasa.gov FU NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program and Subsonic Fixed Wing Project; NASA Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility; entire AAFEX science team FX We would like to thank the sponsorship of the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program and Subsonic Fixed Wing Project, the support of the NASA Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility, and the entire AAFEX science team. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 11 EP 23 DI 10.5194/acp-14-11-2014 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VL UT WOS:000329930600002 ER PT J AU Fan, J Leung, LR DeMott, PJ Comstock, JM Singh, B Rosenfeld, D Tomlinson, JM White, A Prather, KA Minnis, P Ayers, JK Min, Q AF Fan, J. Leung, L. R. DeMott, P. J. Comstock, J. M. Singh, B. Rosenfeld, D. Tomlinson, J. M. White, A. Prather, K. A. Minnis, P. Ayers, J. K. Min, Q. TI Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during CalWater 2011: local pollution versus long-range transported dust SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; AIR-POLLUTION; MINERAL DUST; SNOW GROWTH; PART I; MODEL AB Mineral dust aerosols often observed over California in winter and spring, associated with long-range transport from Asia and the Sahara, have been linked to enhanced precipitation based on observations. Local anthropogenic pollution, on the other hand, was shown in previous observational and modeling studies to reduce precipitation. Here we incorporate recent developments in ice nucleation parameterizations to link aerosols with ice crystal formation in a spectralbin cloud microphysical model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in order to examine the relative and combined impacts of dust and local pollution particles on cloud properties and precipitation type and intensity. Simulations are carried out for two cloud cases (from the CalWater 2011 field campaign) with contrasting meteorology and cloud dynamics that occurred on 16 February (FEB16) and 2 March (MAR02). In both cases, observations show the presence of dust and biological particles in a relative pristine environment. The simulated cloud microphysical properties and precipitation show reasonable agreement with aircraft and surface measurements. Model sensitivity experiments indicate that in the pristine environment, the dust and biological aerosol layers increase the accumulated precipitation by 10-20 % from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada for both FEB16 and MAR02 due to a similar to 40% increase in snow formation, validating the observational hypothesis. Model results show that local pollution increases precipitation over the windward slope of the mountains by a few percent due to increased snow formation when dust is present, but reduces precipitation by 5-8% if dust is removed on FEB16. The effects of local pollution on cloud microphysics and precipitation strongly depend on meteorology, including cloud dynamics and the strength of the Sierra Barrier Jet. This study further underscores the importance of the interactions between local pollution, dust, and environmental conditions for assessing aerosol effects on cold-season precipitation in California. C1 [Fan, J.; Leung, L. R.; Comstock, J. M.; Singh, B.; Tomlinson, J. M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [DeMott, P. J.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Rosenfeld, D.] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [White, A.] NOAA ESRL, R PSD2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Prather, K. A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Minnis, P.] NASA Langley Res Ctr LaRC, Hampton, VA USA. [Ayers, J. K.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Min, Q.] SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Fan, J (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jiwen.fan@pnnl.gov RI Fan, Jiwen/E-9138-2011; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Prather, Kimberly/A-3892-2008 OI DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Prather, Kimberly/0000-0003-3048-9890 FU California Energy Commission (CEC); Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC06-76RLO1830]; DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program; CEC; National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM-0841602]; Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Division [SC00002354]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); DOE [SC0000991] FX This study was supported by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy as part of the Regional and Global Climate Modeling program. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated for Department of Energy (DOE) by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO1830. The G-1 is base funded by the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and the deployment of the G-1 during Calwater was supported by CEC. P. J. DeMott acknowledges partial support from National Science Foundation (NSF) via grant ATM-0841602 and the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Division contract SC00002354. P. Minnis and J. K. Ayers were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Program Program and DOE Interagency Agreement SC0000991. Chun Zhao at PNNL is thanked for the help with the use of the NARR and NAM data. We also thank Jessie Creamean at University of California, San Diego for help in obtaining some of the observational data. NR 65 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 6 U2 54 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 81 EP 101 DI 10.5194/acp-14-81-2014 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VL UT WOS:000329930600006 ER PT J AU Warner, JX Yang, R Wei, Z Carminati, F Tangborn, A Sun, Z Lahoz, W Attie, JL El Amraoui, L Duncan, B AF Warner, J. X. Yang, R. Wei, Z. Carminati, F. Tangborn, A. Sun, Z. Lahoz, W. Attie, J. -L. El Amraoui, L. Duncan, B. TI Global carbon monoxide products from combined AIRS, TES and MLS measurements on A-train satellites SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; CO; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; OBJECTIVES; RETRIEVAL; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT AB This study tests a novel methodology to add value to satellite data sets. This methodology, data fusion, is similar to data assimilation, except that the background model-based field is replaced by a satellite data set, in this case AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) carbon monoxide (CO) measurements. The observational information comes from CO measurements with lower spatial coverage than AIRS, namely, from TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) and MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder). We show that combining these data sets with data fusion uses the higher spectral resolution of TES to extend AIRS CO observational sensitivity to the lower troposphere, a region especially important for air quality studies. We also show that combined CO measurements from AIRS and MLS provide enhanced information in the UTLS (upper troposphere/lower stratosphere) region compared to each product individually. The combined AIRS-TES and AIRS-MLS CO products are validated against DACOM (differential absorption mid-IR diode laser spectrometer) in situ CO measurements from the INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment: MILAGRO and Pacific phases) field campaign and in situ data from HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) flights. The data fusion results show improved sensitivities in the lower and upper troposphere (20-30 % and above 20 %, respectively) as compared with AIRS-only version 5 CO retrievals, and improved daily coverage compared with TES and MLS CO data. C1 [Warner, J. X.; Yang, R.; Wei, Z.; Carminati, F.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tangborn, A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Sun, Z.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Lahoz, W.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. [Carminati, F.; Lahoz, W.; Attie, J. -L.; El Amraoui, L.] Meteo France, CNRM GAME, Toulouse, France. [Carminati, F.; Lahoz, W.; Attie, J. -L.; El Amraoui, L.] CNRS, UMR3589, Toulouse, France. [Carminati, F.; Attie, J. -L.] Univ Toulouse, Lab Aerol, CNRS, UMR5560, Toulouse, France. [Duncan, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Warner, JX (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 3433 Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM juying@atmos.umd.edu RI Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011 FU NASA [NNX07AM45G, NNX11AL22A]; RTRA/STAE foundation from Toulouse, France FX This study was partially supported by the NASA Atmospheric Composition Program (NNX07AM45G), Climate Data Record Uncertainty Analysis (NNX11AL22A), and Modeling, Analysis and Prediction Program. We have also been partially supported by the RTRA/STAE foundation from Toulouse, France. We acknowledge the AIRS, TES, and MLS science teams for the satellite products used in this study. We also thank the NASA INTEX-B and NSF and NOAA HIPPO science teams for providing high-quality in situ measurements. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 103 EP 114 DI 10.5194/acp-14-103-2014 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VL UT WOS:000329930600007 ER PT J AU Kahn, BH Irion, FW Dang, VT Manning, EM Nasiri, SL Naud, CM Blaisdell, JM Schreier, MM Yue, Q Bowman, KW Fetzer, EJ Hulley, GC Liou, KN Lubin, D Ou, SC Susskind, J Takano, Y Tian, B Worden, JR AF Kahn, B. H. Irion, F. W. Dang, V. T. Manning, E. M. Nasiri, S. L. Naud, C. M. Blaisdell, J. M. Schreier, M. M. Yue, Q. Bowman, K. W. Fetzer, E. J. Hulley, G. C. Liou, K. N. Lubin, D. Ou, S. C. Susskind, J. Takano, Y. Tian, B. Worden, J. R. TI The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder version 6 cloud products SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MIXED-PHASE CLOUDS; DIURNAL CYCLE; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; CIRRUS CLOUDS; CLIMATE MODEL; SEMITRANSPARENT CIRRUS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; INSTRUMENT SIMULATORS; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES AB The version 6 cloud products of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instrument suite are described. The cloud top temperature, pressure, and height and effective cloud fraction are now reported at the AIRS field-of-view (FOV) resolution. Significant improvements in cloud height assignment over version 5 are shown with FOV-scale comparisons to cloud vertical structure observed by the CloudSat 94 GHz radar and the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Cloud thermodynamic phase (ice, liquid, and unknown phase), ice cloud effective diameter (D-e), and ice cloud optical thickness (tau) are derived using an optimal estimation methodology for AIRS FOVs, and global distributions for 2007 are presented. The largest values of tau are found in the storm tracks and near convection in the tropics, while D-e is largest on the equatorial side of the midlatitude storm tracks in both hemispheres, and lowest in tropical thin cirrus and the winter polar atmosphere. Over the Maritime Continent the diurnal variability of tau is significantly larger than for the total cloud fraction, ice cloud frequency, and D-e, and is anchored to the island archipelago morphology. Important differences are described between northern and southern hemispheric midlatitude cyclones using storm center composites. The infrared-based cloud retrievals of AIRS provide unique, decadal-scale and global observations of clouds over portions of the diurnal and annual cycles, and capture variability within the mesoscale and synoptic scales at all latitudes. C1 [Kahn, B. H.; Irion, F. W.; Dang, V. T.; Manning, E. M.; Schreier, M. M.; Yue, Q.; Bowman, K. W.; Fetzer, E. J.; Hulley, G. C.; Tian, B.; Worden, J. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Nasiri, S. L.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. [Naud, C. M.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Blaisdell, J. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Schreier, M. M.; Yue, Q.; Liou, K. N.; Ou, S. C.; Takano, Y.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Liou, K. N.; Ou, S. C.; Takano, Y.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Lubin, D.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Susskind, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kahn, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM brian.h.kahn@jpl.nasa.gov RI Tian, Baijun/A-1141-2007; Nasiri, Shaima/C-8044-2011; Yue, Qing/F-4619-2017 OI Tian, Baijun/0000-0001-9369-2373; Yue, Qing/0000-0002-3559-6508 FU AIRS Project at JPL; NASA [NNX08AI09G, NNX11AH22G, NNX08AF79G] FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors are especially grateful to H. Jin for his work on cloud thermodynamic phase while pursuing his Ph.D at Texas A&M University. B. H. Kahn, F. W. Irion, V. T. Dang, and E. M. Manning were supported by the AIRS Project at JPL. B. H. Kahn and F. W. Irion were partially supported by NASA award NNX08AI09G at the outset of this effort. C. M. Naud was supported by NASA award NNX11AH22G. D. Lubin was supported by NASA award NNX08AF79G. The AIRS v5 and v6 data sets were processed by and obtained from the Goddard Earth Services Data and Information Services Center (http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and the AIRS Project Science and Computing Facility at JPL. CloudSat data were obtained through the CloudSat Data Processing Center (http://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/). CALIPSO data were obtained through the Atmospheric Sciences Data Center (ASDC) at the NASA Langley Research Center (http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/). The JPL author's copyright for this publication is held by the California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship acknowledged. NR 118 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 399 EP 426 DI 10.5194/acp-14-399-2014 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VL UT WOS:000329930600023 ER PT J AU de Boer, G Shupe, MD Caldwell, PM Bauer, SE Persson, O Boyle, JS Kelley, M Klein, SA Tjernstrom, M AF de Boer, G. Shupe, M. D. Caldwell, P. M. Bauer, S. E. Persson, O. Boyle, J. S. Kelley, M. Klein, S. A. Tjernstrom, M. TI Near-surface meteorology during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): evaluation of reanalyses and global climate models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEA-ICE; GISS MODELE; AMPLIFICATION; SIMULATIONS; ATMOSPHERE; RADIATION; PROJECT; CONFIGURATION; AEROSOLS; FEEDBACK AB Atmospheric measurements from the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) are used to evaluate the performance of three atmospheric reanalyses (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF)-Interim reanalysis, National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis, and NCEP-DOE (Department of Energy) reanalysis) and two global climate models (CAM5 (Community Atmosphere Model 5) and NASA GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) ModelE2) in simulation of the high Arctic environment. Quantities analyzed include near surface meteorological variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity and winds, surface-based estimates of cloud and precipitation properties, the surface energy budget, and lower atmospheric temperature structure. In general, the models perform well in simulating large-scale dynamical quantities such as pressure and winds. Near-surface temperature and lower atmospheric stability, along with surface energy budget terms, are not as well represented due largely to errors in simulation of cloud occurrence, phase and altitude. Additionally, a development version of CAMS, which features improved handling of cloud macro physics, has demonstrated to improve simulation of cloud properties and liquid water amount. The ASCOS period additionally provides an excellent example of the benefits gained by evaluating individual budget terms, rather than simply evaluating the net end product, with large compensating errors between individual surface energy budget terms that result in the best net energy budget. C1 [de Boer, G.; Shupe, M. D.; Persson, O.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [de Boer, G.; Shupe, M. D.; Persson, O.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Caldwell, P. M.; Boyle, J. S.; Klein, S. A.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Bauer, S. E.] Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. [Bauer, S. E.; Kelley, M.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Tjernstrom, M.] Univ Stockholm, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP de Boer, G (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gijs.deboer@colorado.edu RI Caldwell, Peter/K-1899-2014; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016; OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X; Tjernstrom, Michael/0000-0002-6908-7410 FU Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; DAMOCLES European Union 6th Framework Program; Swedish National Research Council (VR); US National Science Foundation (NSF); National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA); UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); National Science Foundation; Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce [NA17RJ1229]; Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; National Science Foundation [ARC-1023366, ARC1203902]; US Department of Energy [DE-SC0008794]; United States Department of Energy's Office of Science; United States Department of Energy by L. Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX The authors wish to thank ECMWF for making YOTC analysis data available for research purposes. ASCOS was made possible by funding from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the DAMOCLES European Union 6th Framework Program, the Swedish National Research Council (VR), the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). CAM5 and the CESM project are supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy. NCEP Reanalysis data are provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. This work was prepared in part at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) with support in part from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, under cooperative agreement NA17RJ1229 and other grants. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or the Department of Commerce. This research was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Additionally, this work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers ARC-1023366 and ARC1203902 as well as the US Department of Energy under grant DE-SC0008794. Resources supporting this work were additionally provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space Flight Center. The efforts of PMC, JSB, and SAK were supported by the Earth System Modeling program of the United States Department of Energy's Office of Science and were performed under the auspices of the United States Department of Energy by L. Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2014 VL 14 IS 1 BP 427 EP 445 DI 10.5194/acp-14-427-2014 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VL UT WOS:000329930600024 ER PT J AU Yoo, JM Lee, YR Kim, D Jeong, MJ Stockwell, WR Kundu, PK Oh, SM Shin, DB Lee, SJ AF Yoo, Jung-Moon Lee, Yu-Ri Kim, Dongchul Jeong, Myeong-Jae Stockwell, William R. Kundu, Praun K. Oh, Soo-Min Shin, Dong-Bin Lee, Suk-Jo TI New indices for wet scavenging of air pollutants (O-3, CO, NO2, SO2, and PM10) by summertime rain SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Air pollutants; Washout; Rainfall; Surface measurement over South Korea; Statistical significance ID PRECIPITATION; COEFFICIENTS; QUALITY; AEROSOL; OZONE AB The washout effect of summertime rain on surface air pollutants (O-3, CO, NO2, SO2, and PM10) has been investigated over South Korea during 2002-2012 using routinely available air-monitored and meteorological data. Three new washout indices for PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO are developed to express the effect of precipitation scavenging on these pollutants. All of these pollutants show statistically significant negative correlations between their concentrations and rain intensity due to washout or convection. The washout effect is estimated for precipitation episodes classified by rain intensity (one set included all episodes and another included a subset of moderate intensity episodes that exclude Changma and typhoons), based on the log-transformed hourly data. The most sensitive air pollutant to the rain onset among these five air pollutants is PM10. The relative effect of the rainfall washout on the air pollutant concentrations is estimated to be: PM10 > SO2 > NO2 > CO > O-3, indicating that PINAio is most effectively scavenged by rainfall. The analysis suggests that the O-3 concentrations may increase due to vertical mixing leading to its downward transport from the lower stratospherelupper troposphere. The concentrations of CO are reduced, probably due to both the washout and convection. The concentrations of NO2 are affected by the opposing influences of lightning-generation and washout and this are discussed as well. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Yoo, Jung-Moon; Oh, Soo-Min] Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Sci Educ, Seoul, South Korea. [Lee, Yu-Ri; Shin, Dong-Bin] Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Kim, Dongchul] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Jeong, Myeong-Jae] Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher & Environm Sci, Kangnung, South Korea. [Stockwell, William R.] Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. [Kundu, Praun K.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Kim, Dongchul; Kundu, Praun K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lee, Suk-Jo] Natl Inst Environm Res, Inchon, South Korea. RP Kim, D (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. EM Dongchul.kim@nasa.gov RI Kim, Dongchul/H-2256-2012; OI Kim, Dongchul/0000-0002-5659-1394; Stockwell, William/0000-0002-7509-6575 FU National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) [2009-0083527]; Korean Ministry of Environment [201200016003]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIP) (NO. 2009-0083527) and the Korean Ministry of Environment as the Eco-technopia 21 project (NO. 201200016003). We would like to thank the Ministry of Environment of Korea (MEK), and the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for providing air pollution and precipitation data, respectively. WRS thanks the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for a grant to Howard University's NOAA Center for Atmospheric Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for a grant to "Howard University Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation". NR 27 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 82 BP 226 EP 237 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.022 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292EY UT WOS:000329886200024 ER PT J AU Kuwata, Y Wolf, MT Zarzhitsky, D Huntsberger, TL AF Kuwata, Yoshiaki Wolf, Michael T. Zarzhitsky, Dimitri Huntsberger, Terrance L. TI Safe Maritime Autonomous Navigation With COLREGS, Using Velocity Obstacles SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE COLREGS; unmanned surface vehicle (USV); velocity obstacles (VOs) ID MARINE VEHICLES; AVOIDANCE; BEHAVIORS AB This paper presents an autonomous motion planning algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to navigate safely in dynamic, cluttered environments. The algorithm not only addresses hazard avoidance (HA) for stationary and moving hazards, but also applies the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (known as COLREGS, for COLlision REGulationS). The COLREGS rules specify, for example, which vessel is responsible for giving way to the other and to which side of the "stand-on" vessel to maneuver. Three primary COLREGS rules are considered in this paper: crossing, overtaking, and head-on situations. For autonomous USVs to be safely deployed in environments with other traffic boats, it is imperative that the USV's navigation algorithm obeys COLREGS. Furthermore, when other boats disregard their responsibility under COLREGS, the USV must fall back to its HA algorithms to prevent a collision. The proposed approach is based on velocity obstacles (VO) method, which generates a cone-shaped obstacle in the velocity space. Because VOs also specify on which side of the obstacle the vehicle will pass during the avoidance maneuver, COLREGS are encoded in the velocity space in a natural way. Results from several experiments involving up to four vessels are presented, in what we believe is the first on-water demonstration of autonomous COLREGS maneuvers without explicit intervehicle communication. We also show an application of this motion planner to a target trailing task, where a strategic planner commands USV waypoints based on high-level objectives, and the local motion planner ensures hazard avoidance and compliance with COLREGS during a traverse. C1 [Kuwata, Yoshiaki; Wolf, Michael T.; Zarzhitsky, Dimitri; Huntsberger, Terrance L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kuwata, Y (reprint author), Space Explorat Technol, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA. EM kuwata@alum.mit.edu; Michael.T.Wolf@jpl.nasa.gov; dimzar@cs.uwyo.edu; Ter-rance.L.Huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov FU U.S. Office of Naval Research [N00014-09-IP-2-0008, 33]; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [NAS7-03001, 82-15473]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency FX This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-09-IP-2-0008 and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Contract NAS7-03001, Task #82-15473. The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Code 33 (Dr. R. Brizzolara) and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (R. McHenry and S. Littlefield). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 8 U2 29 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0364-9059 EI 1558-1691 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 39 IS 1 BP 110 EP 119 DI 10.1109/JOE.2013.2254214 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 293PX UT WOS:000329986700011 ER PT J AU Cortez, D Sharma, N Devers, C Devers, E Schlegel, TT AF Cortez, Daniel Sharma, Nandita Devers, Christopher Devers, Erin Schlegel, Todd T. TI Visual transform applications for estimating the spatial QRS-T angle from the conventional 12-lead ECG: Kors is still most Frank SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reconstruction; Transform; Vectorcardiography; Frank; Orthogonal ID CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE; PREDICTS CARDIAC DEATH; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; HEART-DISEASE; MORTALITY; POPULATION; HEALTH; VECTORCARDIOGRAM; ABNORMALITIES AB Background: The 12-lead ECG-derived spatial QRS-T angle has prognostic and diagnostic utility, but most ECG machines currently fail to report it. The primary goal was to determine if reasonably accurate methods exist for rapid visual estimations of the spatial peaks QRS-T angle from conventional 12-lead ECG tracings. Methods and Results: Simultaneous 12-lead and Frank XYZ-lead recordings were obtained from a publicly available database for 100 post-myocardial infarction patients and 50 controls. ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and concordance plots were used to evaluate agreement for spatial peaks QRS-T angle results from the true Frank leads versus from several visually applied 12-to- Frank XYZ-lead transforms. The latter included Kors et al.'s regression and quasi-orthogonal, Bjerle and Arvedson's quasi-orthogonal, Dower's inverse, and Hyttinen et al.'s, Dawson et al.'s and Guillem et al.'s transforms. Spatial peaks QRS-T angles derived from the true Frank leads were not statistically significantly different from those derived from any visually applied transform. Of the visually applied transforms, the Kors' regression and Kors' quasi-orthogonal yielded the highest Pearson correlation coefficients against the gold-standard true Frank lead results [0.84 and 0.77, respectively, when individuals with bundle branch blocks were included (N = 150), and 0.88 and 0.80, respectively, when individuals with bundle branch blocks were excluded (N = 137)]. Bland-Altman 95% confidence intervals showed similar results, with the two Kors'-related methods also having the narrowest confidence intervals. Conclusions: When visually applied, the Kors' regression-related and quasi-orthogonal transforms allow for reasonably precise spatial peaks QRS-T estimates and thus a potentially practical way to visually estimate spatial peaks QRS-T angles from conventional 12-lead ECGs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Cortez, Daniel] CHOC Childrens, Orange, CA USA. [Cortez, Daniel] Childrens Hosp Colorado, Aurora, CA USA. [Sharma, Nandita] Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. [Devers, Christopher; Devers, Erin] Indiana Wesleyan Univ, Marion, IN USA. [Schlegel, Todd T.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cortez, D (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Colorado, CHOC Childrens, 455 South Main St, Orange, CA 92868 USA. EM dr.danielcortez@gmail.com NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI PHILADELPHIA PA CURTIS CENTER, INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-0736 EI 1532-8430 J9 J ELECTROCARDIOL JI J. Electrocardiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 47 IS 1 BP 12 EP 19 DI 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2013.09.003 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 293CL UT WOS:000329948900003 PM 24099887 ER PT J AU Goldbogen, JA Meir, JU AF Goldbogen, Jeremy A. Meir, Jessica U. TI The device that revolutionized marine organismal biology SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID WEDDELL SEAL; PREDATOR; CALIFORNIA; BEHAVIOR; HYPOXIA; MAMMALS; OCEAN; SOUND C1 [Goldbogen, Jeremy A.] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Meir, Jessica U.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. [Meir, Jessica U.] Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Goldbogen, JA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM jergold@stanford.edu; jmeir@mgh.harvard.edu OI Goldbogen, Jeremy/0000-0002-4170-7294 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 EI 1477-9145 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 217 IS 2 BP 167 EP 168 DI 10.1242/jeb.092189 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 291VX UT WOS:000329860800011 PM 24431140 ER PT J AU Hou, TH Miller, SG Williams, TS Sutter, JK AF Hou, Tan-Hung Miller, Sandi G. Williams, Tiffany S. Sutter, James K. TI Out-of-autoclave processing and properties of bismaleimide composites SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE Bismaleimide composites; out-of-autoclave process; sandwich structure AB The emergence of bismaleimide composites has fulfilled some of the increasing demand for higher temperature performance aeronautics and space exploration vehicles. This study examines and evaluates three bismaleimide matrix resins and two bismaleimide adhesives and reports on the processing properties of these resins and composites by out-of-autoclave-vacuum-bag-only oven processing. Measurements were conducted under various cure cycles to characterize and correlate thermal and viscoelastic properties of the materials. Specimens of all three aged matrix resins exhibited an out-time life up to 30 days when stored at room temperature. Solid and sandwich panels were fabricated with the out-of-autoclave-vacuum-bag-only process. Because of tooling limitations in industry practices, composite fabrication of these bismaleimides was restricted to a maximum 177? curing, followed by a free-standing postcuring at elevated temperatures in an oven. The adhesive foaming characteristics, composite resin/void content, flat wise tensile strength, and fracture surface features were evaluated. Due to the unique temperature limitations of this work, the resulting panel properties were not necessarily representative of manufacturer specifications or recommendations. C1 [Hou, Tan-Hung] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Miller, Sandi G.; Williams, Tiffany S.; Sutter, James K.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Hou, TH (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS 226, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM tan-hung.hou-1@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 32 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 EI 1530-7964 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 33 IS 2 BP 137 EP 149 DI 10.1177/0731684413503050 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 293HH UT WOS:000329961500003 ER PT J AU Wang, L Novikova, I Klopf, JM Madaras, S Williams, GP Madaras, E Lu, JW Wolf, SA Lukaszew, RA AF Wang, Lei Novikova, Irina Klopf, John M. Madaras, Scott Williams, Gwyn P. Madaras, Eric Lu, Jiwei Wolf, Stuart A. Lukaszew, Rosa A. TI Distinct Length Scales in the VO2 Metal-Insulator Transition Revealed by Bi-chromatic Optical Probing SO ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; VANADIUM DIOXIDE; PHASE-TRANSITION; CONDUCTIVITY; GROWTH C1 [Wang, Lei; Novikova, Irina; Lukaszew, Rosa A.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. [Klopf, John M.; Madaras, Scott; Williams, Gwyn P.] FEL Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Madaras, Eric] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Lu, Jiwei; Wolf, Stuart A.] Univ Virginia, NanoSTAR Inst, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Lukaszew, RA (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM ralukaszew@wm.edu OI Wang, Lei/0000-0002-1767-5202 FU NSF-DMR [1006013]; Commonwealth of Virginia; US DOE [DE-AC05-84-ER40150] FX The reported work was supported by NSF-DMR grant 1006013. JMK and GPW acknowledge support from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Jefferson Lab is supported by the US DOE under Contract No. DE-AC05-84-ER40150. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 26 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 2195-1071 J9 ADV OPT MATER JI Adv. Opt. Mater. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 2 IS 1 BP 30 EP 33 DI 10.1002/adom.201300333 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA 287UY UT WOS:000329569000003 ER PT J AU Ben Amor, H Saxena, A Hudson, N Peters, J AF Ben Amor, Heni Saxena, Ashutosh Hudson, Nicolas Peters, Jan TI Special issue on autonomous grasping and manipulation SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Ben Amor, Heni] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Saxena, Ashutosh] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Hudson, Nicolas] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Peters, Jan] Tech Univ Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. RP Ben Amor, H (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, 801 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM hbenamor@cc.gatech.edu; asaxena@cs.cornell.edu; nicolas.h.hudson@jpl.nasa.gov; mail@jan-peters.net OI Peters, Jan/0000-0002-5266-8091 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-5593 EI 1573-7527 J9 AUTON ROBOT JI Auton. Robot. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 36 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1007/s10514-013-9379-3 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 284CX UT WOS:000329294800001 ER PT J AU Hudson, N Ma, J Hebert, P Jain, A Bajracharya, M Allen, T Sharan, R Horowitz, M Kuo, C Howard, T Matthies, L Backes, P Burdick, J AF Hudson, Nicolas Ma, Jeremy Hebert, Paul Jain, Abhinandan Bajracharya, Max Allen, Thomas Sharan, Rangoli Horowitz, Matanya Kuo, Calvin Howard, Thomas Matthies, Larry Backes, Paul Burdick, Joel TI Model-based autonomous system for performing dexterous, human-level manipulation tasks SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS LA English DT Article DE Autonomous; Manipulation; Estimation; Dual arm; Tool use; Task sequencing ID ENVIRONMENTS AB This article presents a model based approach to autonomous dexterous manipulation, developed as part of the DARPA Autonomous Robotic Manipulation Software (ARM-S) program. Performing human-level manipulation tasks is achieved through a novel combination of perception in uncertain environments, precise tool use, forceful dual-arm planning and control, persistent environmental tracking, and task level verification. Deliberate interaction with the environment is incorporated into planning and control strategies, which, when coupled with world estimation, allows for refinement of models and precise manipulation. The system takes advantage of sensory feedback immediately with little open-loop execution, attempting true autonomous reasoning and multi-step sequencing that adapts in the face of changing and uncertain environments. A tire change scenario utilizing human tools, discussed throughout the article, is used to described the system approach. A second scenario of cutting a wire is also presented, and is used to illustrate system component reuse and generality. C1 [Hudson, Nicolas; Ma, Jeremy; Hebert, Paul; Jain, Abhinandan; Bajracharya, Max; Kuo, Calvin; Howard, Thomas; Matthies, Larry; Backes, Paul] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Allen, Thomas; Sharan, Rangoli; Horowitz, Matanya; Burdick, Joel] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hudson, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nhudson@jpl.nasa.gov; jwb@robotics.caltech.edu FU DARPA Autonomous Robotic Manipulation Software Track (ARM-S) program through NASA FX The research described in this publication was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, with funding from the DARPA Autonomous Robotic Manipulation Software Track (ARM-S) program through an agreement with NASA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-5593 EI 1573-7527 J9 AUTON ROBOT JI Auton. Robot. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 36 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 31 EP 49 DI 10.1007/s10514-013-9371-y PG 19 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 284CX UT WOS:000329294800004 ER PT J AU Irwin, PGJ Lellouch, E de Bergh, C Courtin, R Bezard, B Fletcher, LN Orton, GS Teanby, NA Calcutt, SB Tice, D Hurley, J Davis, GR AF Irwin, P. G. J. Lellouch, E. de Bergh, C. Courtin, R. Bezard, B. Fletcher, L. N. Orton, G. S. Teanby, N. A. Calcutt, S. B. Tice, D. Hurley, J. Davis, G. R. TI Line-by-line analysis of Neptune's near-IR spectrum observed with Gemini/NIFS and VLT/CRIRES SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Neptune; atmosphere; Radiative transfer; Atmospheres; composition ID INFRARED-ABSORPTION SPECTRA; OUTER SOLAR-SYSTEM; MONODEUTERATED METHANE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; CLOUD STRUCTURE; D/H RATIO; URANUS; TEMPERATURES; PAIRS; ATMOSPHERE AB New line data describing the absorption of CH4 and CH3D from 1.26 to 1.71 pm (WKMC-80K, Campargue, A., Wang, L., Mondelain, D., Kassi, S., Bezard, B., Lellouch, E., Coustenis, A., de Bergh, C., Hirtzig, M., Drossart, P. [2012]. Icarus 219, 110-128) have been applied to the analysis of Gemini-N/NIFS observations of Neptune made in 2009 and VLT/CRIRES observations made in 2010. The new line data are found to greatly improve the fit to the observed spectra and present a considerable advance over previous methane datasets. The improved fits lead to an empirically derived wavelength-dependent correction to the scattering properties of the main observable cloud deck at 2-3 bars that is very similar to the correction determined for Uranus' lower cloud using the same line dataset by Irwin et al. (Irwin, P.G.J., de Bergh, C., Courtin, R., Bezard, B., Teanby, N.A., Davis, G.R., Fletcher, L.N., Orton, G.S., Calcutt, S.B., Tice, D., Hurley, J. [2012]. Icarus 220,369-382). By varying the abundance of CH3D in our simulations, analysis of the Gemini/NIPS observations leads to a new determination of the CH3D1CH4 ratio for Neptune of 3.01(-0.9)(+1.0) x 10(-4), which is smaller than previous determinations, but is identical (to within error) with the CH3D/CH4 ratio of 2.9(-0.5)(+0.9) x 10(-4) derived by a similar analysis of Gemini/NIFS observations of Uranus made in the same year. Thus it appears that the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune have an almost identical D/H ratio, which suggests that the icy planetisimals forming these planets came from the same source reservoir, or a reservoir that was well-mixed at the locations of ice giant formation, assuming complete mixing between the atmosphere and interior of both these planets. VLT/CRIRES observations of Neptune have also been analysed with the WKMC-80K methane line database, yielding very good fits, with little evidence for missing absorption features. The CRIRES spectra indicate that the mole fraction of CO at the 2-3 bar level must be substantially less than its estimated stratospheric value of 1 x 10(-6), which suggests that the predominant source of CO in Neptune's atmosphere is external, through the influx of micrometeorites and comets, although these data cannot rule out an additional internal source. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Irwin, P. G. J.; Fletcher, L. N.; Calcutt, S. B.; Tice, D.; Hurley, J.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. [Lellouch, E.; de Bergh, C.; Courtin, R.; Bezard, B.] Univ Paris 07, Univ Paris 06, Observ Paris, CNRS,UMR 8109,Lab Etud Spatiales & Instrumentat A, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Teanby, N. A.] Univ Bristol, Sch Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. [Davis, G. R.] Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Orton, G. S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Irwin, PGJ (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. EM irwin@atm.ox.ac.uk RI Fletcher, Leigh/D-6093-2011; OI Fletcher, Leigh/0000-0001-5834-9588; Calcutt, Simon/0000-0002-0102-3170; Teanby, Nicholas/0000-0003-3108-5775; Irwin, Patrick/0000-0002-6772-384X FU Leverhulme Trust; Royal Society Research Fellowship at the University of Oxford; NASA; French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR) FX We are grateful to our support astronomers: Richard McDermid (2009, 2010) and Chad Trujillo (2009, 2010) and also to Ilona Soechting and Andrew Gosling in the UK Gemini Office. We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers, who provided very detailed reviews of this paper, which greatly improved it. Nicholas Teanby acknowledges the support of the Leverhulme Trust. Leigh Fletcher was supported by a Royal Society Research Fellowship at the University of Oxford. Glenn Orton was supported by a grant from NASA to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Catherine de Bergh, Regis Courtin, Emmanuel Lellouch and Bruno Bezard acknowledge the financial support from the French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR Project: CH4@Titan). The VLT/CRIRES observations were performed at the European Southern Observatory (ES0), Proposal 085.C-0113. The Gemini Observatory is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the Science and Technology Facilities Council (United Kingdom), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the Australian Research Council (Australia), Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia (Brazil) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Productiva (Argentina). NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 227 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.003 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 287HF UT WOS:000329532000004 ER PT J AU Leroux, DJ Kerr, YH Wood, EF Sahoo, AK Bindlish, R Jackson, TJ AF Leroux, Delphine J. Kerr, Yann H. Wood, Eric F. Sahoo, Alok K. Bindlish, Rajat Jackson, Thomas J. TI An Approach to Constructing a Homogeneous Time Series of Soil Moisture Using SMOS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E); cumulative density function (CDF) matching; copulas; Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS); soil moisture; time series ID OF-FIT TESTS; AMSR-E; COPULA; RETRIEVAL; HYDROLOGY; MODELS; PRECIPITATION; VALIDATION; PRODUCTS; MISSION AB Overlapping soil moisture time series derived from two satellite microwave radiometers (the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) are used to generate a soil moisture time series from 2003 to 2010. Two statistical methodologies for generating long homogeneous time series of soil moisture are considered. Generated soil moisture time series using only morning satellite overpasses are compared to ground measurements from four watersheds in the U. S. with different climatologies. The two methods, cumulative density function (CDF) matching and copulas, are based on the same statistical theory, but the first makes the assumption that the two data sets are ordered the same way, which is not needed by the second. Both methods are calibrated in 2010, and the calibrated parameters are applied to the soil moisture data from 2003 to 2009. Results from these two methods compare well with ground measurements. However, CDF matching improves the correlation, whereas copulas improve the root-mean-square error. C1 [Leroux, Delphine J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Kerr, Yann H.] Ctr Etud Spati Biosphere, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Wood, Eric F.; Sahoo, Alok K.] Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Bindlish, Rajat; Jackson, Thomas J.] ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Leroux, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM delphine.j.leroux@gmail.com; yann.kerr@cesbio.cnes.fr; efwood@princeton.edu; aksahoo2004@gmail.com; rajat.bindlish@ars.usda.gov; tom.jackson@ars.usda.gov OI Leroux, Delphine/0000-0003-1688-021X FU Telespazio France; TOSCA FX This work was supported in part by Telespazio France and in part by TOSCA. NR 55 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 393 EP 405 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2240691 PN 2 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279DE UT WOS:000328939500001 ER PT J AU Whelley, PL Glaze, LS Calder, ES Harding, DJ AF Whelley, Patrick L. Glaze, Lori S. Calder, Eliza S. Harding, David J. TI LiDAR-Derived Surface Roughness Texture Mapping: Application to Mount St. Helens Pumice Plain Deposit Analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR); Mount St. Helens (MSH); surface roughness; texture; volcanology ID VOLCANO; CLASSIFICATION; MORPHOLOGY; EVOLUTION; FEATURES AB Statistical measures of patterns (textures) in surface roughness are used to quantitatively differentiate volcanic deposit facies on the Pumice Plain, on the northern flank of Mount St. Helens (MSH). Surface roughness values are derived from a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud collected in 2004 from a fixed-wing airborne platform. Patterns in surface roughness are characterized using co-occurrence texture statistics. Pristine-pyroclastic, reworked-pyroclastic, mudflow, boulder beds, eroded lava flows, braided streams, and other units within the Pumice Plain are all found to have significantly distinct roughness textures. The MSH deposits are reasonably accessible, and the textural variations have been verified in the field. Results of this work indicate that by affecting the distribution of large clasts and tens-of-meter scale landforms, modification of pyroclastic deposits by lahars alters the morphology of the surface in detectable quantifiable ways. When a lahar erodes a pyroclastic deposit, surface roughness increases, as does the randomness in the deposit surface. Conversely, when a lahar deposits material, the resulting landforms are less rough but more random than pristine pumice-rich pyroclastic deposits. By mapping these relationships and others, volcanic deposit facies can be differentiated. This new method of mapping, based on roughness texture, has the potential to aid mapping efforts in more remote regions, both on this planet and elsewhere in the solar system. C1 [Whelley, Patrick L.; Calder, Eliza S.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Glaze, Lori S.; Harding, David J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Whelley, PL (reprint author), Nanyang Technol Univ, Earth Observ Singapore, Singapore 639798, Singapore. EM pwhelley@ntu.edu.sg; lori.s.glaze@nasa.gov; ecalder@buffalo.edu; David.J.Harding@nasa.gov RI Glaze, Lori/D-1314-2012; Harding, David/F-5913-2012; OI Whelley, Patrick/0000-0003-3266-9772 FU NASA; NASA Graduate Student Research Program [NNX08AT55H] FX LiDAR data of the MSH Pumice Plain were acquired by Terrapoint, under contract to NASA, in collaboration with the Puget Sound LiDAR Consortium, with funding from the NASA Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program. A NASA Graduate Student Research Program Fellowship Grant:NNX08AT55H generously supported P. L. Whelley. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 24 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 426 EP 438 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2241443 PN 2 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279DE UT WOS:000328939500004 ER PT J AU Das, NN Colliander, A Chan, SK Njoku, EG Li, L AF Das, Narendra Narayan Colliander, Andreas Chan, Steven K. Njoku, Eni G. Li, Li TI Intercomparisons of Brightness Temperature Observations Over Land From AMSR-E and WindSat SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Passive microwave remote sensing; radiometers; soil moisture ID SOIL-MOISTURE RETRIEVAL; RADIOFREQUENCY INTERFERENCE; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; ICE-SHEET; INSTRUMENT; PERFORMANCE; SIGNATURES; EMISSION; SYSTEM; OCEAN AB The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) on Aqua and WindSat on Coriolis instruments have collected multichannel passive microwave data over the global land and oceans since 2002 and 2003, respectively. AMSR-E on Aqua ceased operation in October 2011 due to a malfunction in the antenna scanning mechanism. AMSR-E and WindSat have similar frequencies, bandwidths, polarizations, incidence angles and instantaneous fields of view (IFOVs), but there are some differences in their configurations. The altitudes and local overpass times also differ between the AMSR-E and WindSat sensors. The time series of data from the two instruments have a long period of overlap, which can be used to intercompare and cross-calibrate the instrument data sets taking into account the instrument differences. This would allow retrieval of geophysical parameters using common algorithms that could take advantage of the increased time duration and sampling coverage afforded by combining data from the two sensors. In this paper, we focus on land applications and compare the multichannel data from these two sensors over land. Channels useful primarily for soil moisture and vegetation water content studies (i.e., similar to 6, similar to 10, similar to 18, and similar to 37 GHz at H- and V-pol) are used in the comparisons. To minimize differences caused by surface temperature effects related to local overpass times, only descending passes (with Equator crossing times for AMSR-E of 1: 30 A. M. and WindSat 6: 00 A. M.) are considered. Homogeneous and temporally stable sites such as Dome-C, Antarctica and the Amazon forest, and a flat and bare region in the Sahara desert are chosen to evaluate similarities and differences among comparable channel observations. Taking into consideration the sensor configurations and geophysical conditions during the descending overpasses, reasonably good agreement is observed between AMSR-E and WindSat measurements over the globe. C1 [Das, Narendra Narayan; Colliander, Andreas; Chan, Steven K.; Njoku, Eni G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Li, Li] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Das, NN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nndas@jpl.nasa.gov; andreas.colliander@jpl.nasa.gov; steven.k.chan@jpl.nasa.gov; eni.g.njoku@jpl.nasa.gov; li.li@nrl.navy.mil FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation [ANT-0636873, ARC-0713483, ANT-0838834, ANT-0944018] FX This work was supported in part by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was supported also by the National Science Foundation under Grants ANT-0636873, ARC-0713483, ANT-0838834, and ANT-0944018. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 452 EP 464 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2241445 PN 2 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279DE UT WOS:000328939500006 ER PT J AU Piepmeier, JR Johnson, JT Mohammed, PN Bradley, D Ruf, C Aksoy, M Garcia, R Hudson, D Miles, L Wong, M AF Piepmeier, Jeffrey R. Johnson, Joel T. Mohammed, Priscilla N. Bradley, Damon Ruf, Christopher Aksoy, Mustafa Garcia, Rafael Hudson, Derek Miles, Lynn Wong, Mark TI Radio-Frequency Interference Mitigation for the Soil Moisture Active Passive Microwave Radiometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Microwave radiometry; radio frequency interference ID PULSED SINUSOIDAL RFI; AQUARIUS RADIOMETER; SMOS DATA; PERFORMANCE; POLARIMETRY; DETECTOR; MISSION; IDENTIFICATION; INSTRUMENT; ALGORITHMS AB The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer operates in the L-band protected spectrum (1400-1427 MHz) that is known to be vulnerable to radio-frequency interference (RFI). Although transmissions are forbidden at these frequencies by international regulations, ground-based, airborne, and spaceborne radiometric observations show substantial evidence of out-of-band emissions from neighboring transmitters and possibly illegally operating emitters. The spectral environment that SMAP faces includes not only occasional large levels of RFI but also significant amounts of low-level RFI equivalent to a brightness temperature of 0.1-10 K at the radiometer output. This low-level interference would be enough to jeopardize the success of a mission without an aggressive mitigation solution, including special flight hardware and ground software with capabilities of RFI detection and removal. SMAP takes a multidomain approach to RFI mitigation by utilizing an innovative onboard digital detector back end with digital signal processing algorithms to characterize the time, frequency, polarization, and statistical properties of the received signals. Almost 1000 times more measurements than what is conventionally necessary are collected to enable the ground processing algorithm to detect and remove harmful interference. Multiple RFI detectors are run on the ground, and their outputs are combined for maximum likelihood of detection to remove the RFI within a footprint. The capabilities of the hardware and software systems are successfully demonstrated using test data collected with a SMAP radiometer engineering test unit. C1 [Piepmeier, Jeffrey R.; Mohammed, Priscilla N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Johnson, Joel T.; Ruf, Christopher] Ohio State Univ, Coll Engn, ElectroSci Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Johnson, Joel T.] Ohio State Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Mohammed, Priscilla N.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Bradley, Damon] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Bradley, Damon; Miles, Lynn] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Digital Signal Proc Technol Grp, Instrument Elect Dev Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ruf, Christopher] Univ Michigan, Coll Engn, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Garcia, Rafael; Hudson, Derek; Wong, Mark] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Piepmeier, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 NR 47 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 19 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 761 EP 775 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2281266 PN 2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279DE UT WOS:000328939500027 ER PT J AU Ponchak, GE AF Ponchak, George E. TI Untitled SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ponchak, GE (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9480 EI 1557-9670 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 62 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2013.2293069 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 286VX UT WOS:000329498500001 ER PT J AU Wong, S L'Ecuyer, TS Olson, WS Jiang, XN Fetzer, EJ AF Wong, Sun L'Ecuyer, Tristan S. Olson, William S. Jiang, Xianan Fetzer, Eric J. TI Local Balance and Variability of Atmospheric Heat Budget over Oceans: Observation and Reanalysis-Based Estimates SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE Diabatic heating; Energy budget; balance; Heat budgets; fluxes ID SURFACE TURBULENT FLUXES; ENERGY BUDGET; WATER-VAPOR; TRMM PERSPECTIVE; INFRARED SOUNDER; GLOBAL ENERGY; RETRIEVALS; PRECIPITATION; RADIOMETER; PROFILES AB The authors quantify systematic differences between modern observation- and reanalysis-based estimates of atmospheric heating rates and identify dominant variability modes over tropical oceans. Convergence of heat fluxes between the top of the atmosphere and the surface are calculated over the oceans using satellite-based radiative and sensible heat fluxes and latent heating from precipitation estimates. The convergence is then compared with column-integrated atmospheric heating based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data as well as the heating calculated using temperatures from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and wind fields from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). Corresponding calculations using MERRA and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis heating rates and heat fluxes are also performed. The geographical patterns of atmospheric heating rates show heating regimes over the intertropical convergence zone and summertime monsoons and cooling regimes over subsidence areas in the subtropical oceans. Compared to observation-based datasets, the reanalyses have larger atmospheric heating rates in heating regimes and smaller cooling rates in cooling regimes. For the averaged heating rates over the oceans in 40 degrees S-40 degrees N, the observation-based datasets have net atmospheric cooling rates (from -15 to -22 W m(-2)) compared to the reanalyses net warming rates (5.0-5.2 W m(-2)). This discrepancy implies different pictures of atmospheric heat transport. Wavelet spectra of atmospheric heating rates show distinct maxima of variability in annual, semiannual, and/or intraseasonal time scales. In regimes where deep convection frequently occurs, variability is mainly driven by latent heating. In the subtropical subsidence areas, variability in radiative heating is comparable to that in latent heating. C1 [Wong, Sun; Fetzer, Eric J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [L'Ecuyer, Tristan S.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. [Olson, William S.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Olson, William S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jiang, Xianan] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Wong, S (reprint author), MS 233-304,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sun.wong@jpl.nasa.gov RI L'Ecuyer, Tristan/E-5607-2012 OI L'Ecuyer, Tristan/0000-0002-7584-4836 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; JPL AIRS project; NASA Earth System Data Record Uncertainty Analysis; NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction FX We thank Andrew Dessler at Texas A&M University; Yuk Yung at California Institute of Technology, Mike Bosilovich at GSFC; and Graeme Stephens, Frank Li, Ali Behrangi, Jonathan Jiang, Hui Su, and Baijun Tian at JPL for comments. The SRB data products are obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center NASA GEWEX SRB Project. The AIRS, MERRA, and GSSTF2c datasets used in this work can be downloaded from GES DISC. The GPCP 1DD data can be downloaded from the webpage (http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov). The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work is supported by the JPL AIRS project; NASA Earth System Data Record Uncertainty Analysis; and NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction. NR 49 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 27 IS 2 BP 893 EP 913 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00143.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 290QJ UT WOS:000329773100025 ER PT J AU Revesz, KM Lollar, BS Kirshtein, JD Tiedeman, CR Imbrigiotta, TE Goode, DJ Shapiro, AM Voytek, MA Lacombe, PJ Busenberg, E AF Revesz, Kinga M. Lollar, Barbara Sherwood Kirshtein, Julie D. Tiedeman, Claire R. Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. Goode, Daniel J. Shapiro, Allen M. Voytek, Mary A. Lacombe, Pierre J. Busenberg, Eurybiades TI Integration of stable carbon isotope, microbial community, dissolved hydrogen gas, and H-2(H2O) tracer data to assess bioaugmentation for chlorinated ethene degradation in fractured rocks SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ICE Bioaugmentation; Microbial population; delta C-13; H-2 electron donor; delta H-2(H2O) tracer ID ENHANCED REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; DEHALOGENASE GENES; VINYL-CHLORIDE; BIODEGRADATION; BIOREMEDIATION; FIELD; TETRACHLOROETHENE; DEHALOCOCCOIDES AB An in situ bioaugmentation (BA) experiment was conducted to understand processes controlling microbial dechlorination of trichloroethene (ICE) in groundwater at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC), West Trenton, NJ. In the BA experiment, an electron donor (emulsified vegetable oil and sodium lactate) and a chloro-respiring microbial consortium were injected into a well in fractured mudstone of Triassic age. Water enriched in H-2 was also injected as a tracer of the BA solution, to monitor advective transport processes. The changes in concentration and the PC of TCE, cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC); the delta H-2 of water; changes in the abundance of the microbial communities; and the concentration of dissolved H-2 gas compared to pre- test conditions, provided multiple lines of evidence that enhanced biodegradation occurred in the injection well and in two downgradient wells. For those wells where the biodegradation was stimulated intensively, the sum of the molar chlorinated ethene (CE) concentrations in post-BA water was higher than that of the sum of the pre-BA background molar CE concentrations. The concentration ratios of TCE/(cis-DCE + VC) indicated that the increase in molar CE concentration may result from additional TCE mobilized from the rock matrix in response to the oil injection or due to desorption/diffusion. The stable carbon isotope mass-balance calculations show that the weighted average C-13 isotope of the CEs was enriched for around a year compared to the background value in a two year monitoring period, an effective indication that dechlorination of VC was occurring. Insights gained from this study can be applied to efforts to use BA in other fractured rock systems. The study demonstrates that a BA approach can substantially enhance in situ bioremediation not only in fractures connected to the injection well, but also in the rock matrix around the well due to processes such as diffusion and desorption. Because the effect of the BA was intensive only in wells where an amendment was distributed during injection, it is necessary to adequately distribute the amendments throughout the fractured rock to achieve substantial bioremediation. The slowdown in BA effect after a year is due to some extend to the decrease abundant of appropriate microbes, but more likely the decreased concentration of electron donor. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Revesz, Kinga M.; Kirshtein, Julie D.; Shapiro, Allen M.; Busenberg, Eurybiades] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Lollar, Barbara Sherwood] Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada. [Imbrigiotta, Thomas E.; Lacombe, Pierre J.] US Geol Survey, New Jersey Water Sci Ctr, West Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. [Tiedeman, Claire R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Goode, Daniel J.] US Geol Survey, Penn Water Sci Ctr, Exton, PA 19341 USA. [Voytek, Mary A.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Revesz, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 430,431,432,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM krevesz@usgs.gov OI Goode, Daniel/0000-0002-8527-2456 FU U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program [SERDP ER-1555]; U.S. Navy; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery and Strategic Grants; USGS National Research Program FX We thank L N. Plummer, T.B. Coplen and M. DeFlaun their constructive comments on this work. This project was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP ER-1555), the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. The CSIA results were funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery and Strategic Grants to Barbara Sherwood Lollar, and the hydrogen isotope studies on water and dissolved gas were supported by the USGS National Research Program. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 76 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 EI 1873-6009 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 156 BP 62 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.10.004 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 287JB UT WOS:000329537000006 PM 24270158 ER PT J AU Theriault, R St-Laurent, F Freund, FT Derr, JS AF Theriault, Robert St-Laurent, France Freund, Friedemann T. Derr, John S. TI Prevalence of Earthquake Lights Associated with Rift Environments SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID APRIL 2009; NORTH-AMERICA; QUEBEC; EVOLUTION; SAGUENAY; ROCKS; DEFORMATION; SEISMICITY; WESTERN; BASIN C1 [Theriault, Robert] Minist Ressources Nat Quebec, Quebec City, PQ G1H 6R1, Canada. [Freund, Friedemann T.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Freund, Friedemann T.] San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Theriault, R (reprint author), Minist Ressources Nat Quebec, 5700,4th Ave Ouest,Room D-316, Quebec City, PQ G1H 6R1, Canada. EM robert.theriault@mrn.gouv.qc.ca; france.st-laurent@sympatico.ca; friedemann.t.freund@nasa.gov; shakyace@yahoo.com NR 133 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 17 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0895-0695 EI 1938-2057 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2014 VL 85 IS 1 BP 159 EP 178 DI 10.1785/0220130059 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 287JD UT WOS:000329537200022 ER PT J AU Castro, SGP Zimmermann, R Arbelo, MA Khakimova, R Hilburger, MW Degenhardt, R AF Castro, Saullo G. P. Zimmermann, Rolf Arbelo, Mariano A. Khakimova, Regina Hilburger, Mark W. Degenhardt, Richard TI Geometric imperfections and lower-bound methods used to calculate knock-down factors for axially compressed composite cylindrical shells SO THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE Buckling; Composite; Axial compression; Geometric imperfections; Knock-down factor; Cylinders ID ELASTIC STABILITY; BUCKLING LOAD; DESIGN AB The important role of geometric imperfections on the decrease of the buckling load for thin-walled cylinders had been recognized already by the first authors investigating the theoretical approaches on this topic. However, there are currently no closed-form solutions to take imperfections into account already during the early design phases, forcing the analysts to use lower-bound methods to calculate the required knock-down factors (KDF). Lower-bound methods such as the empirical NASA SP-8007 guideline are commonly used in the aerospace and space industries, while the approaches based on the Reduced Stiffness Method (RSM) have been used mostly in the civil engineering field. Since 1970s a considerable number of experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to develop new stochastic and deterministic methods for calculating less conservative KDFs. Among the deterministic approaches, the single perturbation load approach (SPLA), proposed by Huhne, will be further investigated for axially compressed fiber composite cylindrical shells and compared with four other methods commonly used to create geometric imperfections: linear buckling mode-shaped, geometric dimples, axisymmetric imperfections and measured geometric imperfections from test articles. The finite element method using static analysis with artificial damping is used to simulate the displacement controlled compression tests up to the post-buckled range of loading. The implementation of each method is explained in details and the different KDFs obtained are compared. The study is part of the European Union (EU) project DESICOS, whose aim is to combine stochastic and deterministic approaches to develop less conservative guidelines for the design of imperfection sensitive structures. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Castro, Saullo G. P.; Arbelo, Mariano A.] Private Univ Appl Sci Gottingen, D-21684 Stade, Niedersachsen, Germany. [Zimmermann, Rolf; Khakimova, Regina; Degenhardt, Richard] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany. [Hilburger, Mark W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Castro, SGP (reprint author), Private Univ Appl Sci Gottingen, Airbus Str 6, D-21684 Stade, Niedersachsen, Germany. EM castrosaullo@gmail.com FU European Community [282522] FX The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Priority Space, Grant Agreement no. 282522 (www.DESICOS.eu). The information in this paper reflects only the author's views and the European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. NR 47 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 5 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0263-8231 EI 1879-3223 J9 THIN WALL STRUCT JI Thin-Walled Struct. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 74 BP 118 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.tws.2013.08.011 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 285HM UT WOS:000329384500010 ER PT J AU Satterthwaite, WH Mohr, MS O'Farrell, MR Anderson, EC Banks, MA Bates, SJ Bellinger, MR Borgerson, LA Crandall, ED Garza, JC Kormos, BJ Lawson, PW Palmer-Zwahlen, ML AF Satterthwaite, William H. Mohr, Michael S. O'Farrell, Michael R. Anderson, Eric C. Banks, Michael A. Bates, Sarah J. Bellinger, M. Renee Borgerson, Lisa A. Crandall, Eric D. Garza, John Carlos Kormos, Brett J. Lawson, Peter W. Palmer-Zwahlen, Melodie L. TI Use of Genetic Stock Identification Data for Comparison of the Ocean Spatial Distribution, Size at Age, and Fishery Exposure of an Untagged Stock and Its Indicator: California Coastal versus Klamath River Chinook Salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WIRE TAG RECOVERIES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTH-AMERICA; ONCORHYNCHUS; POPULATIONS; MIGRATION; PATTERNS; BEARS; MODEL AB Managing weak stocks in mixed-stock fisheries often relies on proxies derived from data-rich indicator stocks, although there have been limited tests of the appropriateness of such proxies. For example, full cohort reconstruction of tagged Klamath River fall-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha of northern California enables the use of detailed models to inform management. Information gained from this stock is also used in the management of the untagged, threatened California Coastal Chinook Salmon (CCC) stock, where it is assumed that a cap on Klamath harvest rates effectively constrains impacts on CCC to acceptable levels. To evaluate use of this proxy, we used a novel approach based on genetic stock identification (GSI) data to compare the two stocks' size at age and ocean distribution (as inferred from spatial variation in CPUE), two key factors influencing fishery exposure. We developed broadly applicable methods to account for both sampling and genetic assignment uncertainty in estimating total stock-specific catch from GSI data, and propagated this uncertainty into models quantifying variation in CPUE across space and time. We found that, in 2010, the stocks were similar in size at age early in the year (age 3 and age 4), but CCC fish were larger later in the year. The stocks appeared similarly distributed early in the year (2010) but more concentrated near their respective source rivers later in the year (2010 and 2011). If these results are representative, relative fishery impacts on the two stocks might scale similarly early in the year, but management changes later in the year could have differing impacts on the two stocks. This novel modeling approach is suited to evaluating the concordance between other data-limited stocks and their proxies, and can be broadly applied to estimate stock-specific harvest, and the uncertainty therein, using GSI in other systems. Received May 31, 2013; accepted August 14, 2013 C1 [Satterthwaite, William H.; Mohr, Michael S.; O'Farrell, Michael R.; Anderson, Eric C.; Crandall, Eric D.; Garza, John Carlos] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Satterthwaite, William H.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Banks, Michael A.; Bellinger, M. Renee] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Expt Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Borgerson, Lisa A.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Western Oregon Fish Res & Monitoring Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Kormos, Brett J.; Palmer-Zwahlen, Melodie L.] Calif Dept Fish & Wildlife, Ocean Salmon Project, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. [Lawson, Peter W.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Satterthwaite, WH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM will.satterthwaite@noaa.gov OI Bellinger, M. Renee/0000-0001-5274-9572 FU [NA07NMF4540337]; [NA08NMF4270421]; [NA08NMF4720662] FX We thank V. Apkenas, K. Bowden, A. Clemento, C. Columbus, E. Gilbert-Horvath, J. Minch, D. Pearse, E. Schindler, and A. Whitcomb for assistance with data generation and sample handling. We thank a multitude of fisherman and port representatives for assistance in sample collection and routing, and A. Longton, Oregon Fleet Manager. Members of the West Coast Salmon GSI Collaboration provided coordination of the GSI data collection; for program leadership and management, we thank J. Feldner, N. Fitzpatrick, D. Goldenberg, and G. Silvia. The Pacific Salmon Commission supported development of the standardized Genetic Analysis of Pacific Salmonids microsatellite baseline. Funding was provided by Klamath disaster funds NA07NMF4540337, Saltonstall-Kennedy grant NA08NMF4270421, and Federal Appropriation NA08NMF4720662. We thank S. Allen, R. Kope, and A. Winship for helpful feedback. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 28 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 143 IS 1 BP 117 EP 133 DI 10.1080/00028487.2013.837096 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 286RW UT WOS:000329487400012 ER PT J AU Dowell, CD Conley, A Glenn, J Arumugam, V Asboth, V Aussel, H Bertoldi, F Bethermin, M Bock, J Boselli, A Bridge, C Buat, V Burgarella, D Cabrera-Lavers, A Casey, CM Chapman, SC Clements, DL Conversi, L Cooray, A Dannerbauer, H De Bernardis, F Ellsworth-Bowers, TP Farrah, D Franceschini, A Griffin, M Gurwell, MA Halpern, M Hatziminaoglou, E Heinis, S Ibar, E Ivison, RJ Laporte, N Marchetti, L Martinez-Navajas, P Marsden, G Morrison, GE Nguyen, HT O'Halloran, B Oliver, SJ Omont, A Page, MJ Papageorgiou, A Pearson, CP Petitpas, G Perez-Fournon, I Pohlen, M Riechers, D Rigopoulou, D Roseboom, IG Rowan-Robinson, M Sayers, J Schulz, B Scott, D Seymour, N Shupe, DL Smith, AJ Streblyanska, A Symeonidis, M Vaccari, M Valtchanov, I Vieira, JD Viero, M Wang, L Wardlow, J Xu, CK Zemcov, M AF Dowell, C. Darren Conley, A. Glenn, J. Arumugam, V. Asboth, V. Aussel, H. Bertoldi, F. Bethermin, M. Bock, J. Boselli, A. Bridge, C. Buat, V. Burgarella, D. Cabrera-Lavers, A. Casey, C. M. Chapman, S. C. Clements, D. L. Conversi, L. Cooray, A. Dannerbauer, H. De Bernardis, F. Ellsworth-Bowers, T. P. Farrah, D. Franceschini, A. Griffin, M. Gurwell, M. A. Halpern, M. Hatziminaoglou, E. Heinis, S. Ibar, E. Ivison, R. J. Laporte, N. Marchetti, L. Martinez-Navajas, P. Marsden, G. Morrison, G. E. Nguyen, H. T. O'Halloran, B. Oliver, S. J. Omont, A. Page, M. J. Papageorgiou, A. Pearson, C. P. Petitpas, G. Perez-Fournon, I. Pohlen, M. Riechers, D. Rigopoulou, D. Roseboom, I. G. Rowan-Robinson, M. Sayers, J. Schulz, B. Scott, Douglas Seymour, N. Shupe, D. L. Smith, A. J. Streblyanska, A. Symeonidis, M. Vaccari, M. Valtchanov, I. Vieira, J. D. Viero, M. Wang, L. Wardlow, J. Xu, C. K. Zemcov, M. TI HerMES: CANDIDATE HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES DISCOVERED WITH HERSCHEL/SPIRE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies: high-redshift; galaxies: starburst; infrared: galaxies; submillimeter: galaxies ID DEEP-FIELD-SOUTH; STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; LENSED SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY; DEGREE EXTRAGALACTIC SURVEY; AZTEC MILLIMETER SURVEY; LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE; SQUARE DEGREE SURVEY; MU-M OBSERVATIONS; SCUBA SUPER-MAP; NUMBER COUNTS AB We present a method for selecting z > 4 dusty, star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) using Herschel/Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver 250/350/500 mu m flux densities to search for red sources. We apply this method to 21 deg(2) of data from the HerMES survey to produce a catalog of 38 high-z candidates. Follow-up of the first five of these sources confirms that this method is efficient at selecting high-z DSFGs, with 4/5 at z = 4.3-6.3 (and the remaining source at z = 3.4), and that they are some of the most luminous dusty sources known. Comparison with previous DSFG samples, mostly selected at longer wavelengths (e. g., 850 mu m) and in single-band surveys, shows that our method is much more efficient at selecting high-z DSFGs, in the sense that a much larger fraction are at z > 3. Correcting for the selection completeness and purity, we find that the number of bright (S-500 (mu m) >= 30 mJy), red Herschel sources is 3.3 +/- 0.8 deg(-2). This is much higher than the number predicted by current models, suggesting that the DSFG population extends to higher redshifts than previously believed. If the shape of the luminosity function for high-z DSFGs is similar to that at z similar to 2, rest-frame UV based studies may be missing a significant component of the star formation density at z = 4-6, even after correction for extinction. C1 [Dowell, C. Darren; Bock, J.; Bridge, C.; Cooray, A.; Nguyen, H. T.; Riechers, D.; Sayers, J.; Schulz, B.; Shupe, D. L.; Vieira, J. D.; Viero, M.; Xu, C. K.; Zemcov, M.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Dowell, C. Darren; Bock, J.; Nguyen, H. T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Conley, A.; Glenn, J.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron UCB 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Glenn, J.; Ellsworth-Bowers, T. P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Arumugam, V.; Ivison, R. J.; Roseboom, I. G.] Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Royal Observ, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. [Asboth, V.; Halpern, M.; Marsden, G.; Scott, Douglas] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. [Aussel, H.; Bethermin, M.] Univ Paris Diderot, CE Saclay, CEA DSM Irfu CNRS, Lab AIM Paris Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Bertoldi, F.] Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Boselli, A.; Buat, V.; Burgarella, D.; Heinis, S.] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, UMR7326, F-13388 Marseille, France. [Cabrera-Lavers, A.; Laporte, N.; Martinez-Navajas, P.; Perez-Fournon, I.; Streblyanska, A.] Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. [Cabrera-Lavers, A.; Laporte, N.; Martinez-Navajas, P.; Perez-Fournon, I.; Streblyanska, A.] ULL, Dept Astrofis, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain. [Cabrera-Lavers, A.] GTC Project, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain. [Casey, C. M.; Morrison, G. E.] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Chapman, S. C.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. [Chapman, S. C.] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Clements, D. L.; O'Halloran, B.; Rowan-Robinson, M.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Conversi, L.; Valtchanov, I.] European Space Astron Ctr, Herschel Sci Ctr, E-28691 Madrid, Spain. [Cooray, A.; De Bernardis, F.; Wardlow, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Dannerbauer, H.] Univ Vienna, Inst Astrophys, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. [Farrah, D.] Virginia Tech, Dept Phys, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Franceschini, A.; Marchetti, L.; Vaccari, M.] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy. [Griffin, M.; Papageorgiou, A.; Pohlen, M.] Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3AA, S Glam, Wales. [Gurwell, M. A.; Petitpas, G.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Hatziminaoglou, E.] ESO, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Ibar, E.; Ivison, R. J.] Royal Observ, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. [Ibar, E.] Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron & Astrofis, Santiago 22, Chile. [Marchetti, L.; Pearson, C. P.] Open Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Morrison, G. E.] Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corp, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA. [Oliver, S. J.; Roseboom, I. G.; Smith, A. J.; Wang, L.] Univ Sussex, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Astron, Brighton BN1 9QH, E Sussex, England. [Omont, A.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. [Page, M. J.; Symeonidis, M.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Pearson, C. P.; Rigopoulou, D.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, RAL Space, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Riechers, D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Rigopoulou, D.] Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. [Schulz, B.; Shupe, D. L.; Xu, C. K.] CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Seymour, N.] CSIRO Astron & Space Sci, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia. [Vaccari, M.] Univ Western Cape, Dept Phys, Astrophys Grp, ZA-7535 Cape Town, South Africa. RP Dowell, CD (reprint author), CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM cdd@astro.caltech.edu RI Wardlow, Julie/C-9903-2015; Ivison, R./G-4450-2011; Vaccari, Mattia/R-3431-2016; OI Wardlow, Julie/0000-0003-2376-8971; Ivison, R./0000-0001-5118-1313; Bethermin, Matthieu/0000-0002-3915-2015; Vaccari, Mattia/0000-0002-6748-0577; Marchetti, Lucia/0000-0003-3948-7621; Scott, Douglas/0000-0002-6878-9840; Seymour, Nicholas/0000-0003-3506-5536; Casey, Caitlin/0000-0002-0930-6466 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [12-ADAP12-0139]; NASA; CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA (France); CNES (France); CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); NASA (USA); National Science Foundation [AST-0838261]; Smithsonian Institution; Academia Sinica; INSU/CNRS (France); MPG (Germany); IGN (Spain); W. M. Keck Foundation FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 12-ADAP12-0139 issued through the ADAP program. Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. SPIRE has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by Cardiff Univ. (UK) and including Univ. Lethbridge (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, LAM (France); IFSI, Univ. Padua (Italy); IAC (Spain); Stockholm Observatory (Sweden); Imperial College London, RAL, UCL-MSSL, UKATC, Univ. Sussex (UK); Caltech, JPL, NHSC, Univ. Colorado (USA). This development has been supported by national funding agencies: CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, CNES, CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); and NASA (USA). The SPIRE data presented in paper this have been released through the Herschel Database in Marseille, HeDAM (http://hedam.oamp.fr/HerMES). Some of this material is based upon work at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, which was operated by the California Institute of Technology under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (AST-0838261). The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. Based in part on observations carried out with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany) and IGN (Spain). Support for CARMA construction was derived from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Kenneth T. and Eileen L. Norris Foundation, the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the Associates of the California Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, the states of California, Illinois and Maryland, and the National Science Foundation. Ongoing CARMA development and operations are supported by the National Science Foundation under a cooperative agreement and the CARMA partner universities. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. Based in part on observations made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), installed in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, in the island of La Palma. This research made use of Astropy (http://www.astropy.org), a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013). This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services. This research has made use of the NASA/ IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 101 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 75 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/75 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100075 ER PT J AU Leggett, SK Liu, MC Dupuy, TJ Morley, CV Marley, MS Saumon, D AF Leggett, S. K. Liu, Michael C. Dupuy, Trent J. Morley, Caroline V. Marley, M. S. Saumon, D. TI RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF THE T8.5 AND Y0-0.5 BINARY WISEPC J121756.91+162640.2AB SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE brown dwarfs; stars: atmospheres ID COOLEST BROWN DWARFS; SURVEY-EXPLORER WISE; T-DWARFS; LOW-MASS; L/T TRANSITION; Y DWARFS; DISCOVERY; SPECTRA; SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERES AB We present 0.9-2.5 mu m resolved spectra for the ultracool binary WISEPC J121756.91+162640.2AB. The system consists of a pair of brown dwarfs that straddles the currently defined T/Y spectral type boundary. We use synthetic spectra generated by model atmospheres that include chloride and sulfide clouds (Morley et al.), the distance to the system (Dupuy & Kraus), and the radius of each component based on evolutionary models (Saumon & Marley) to determine a probable range of physical properties for the binary. The effective temperature of the T8.5 primary is 550-600 K and that of the Y0-Y0.5 secondary is approximate to 450 K. The atmospheres of both components are either free of clouds or have extremely thin cloud layers. We find that the masses of the primary and secondary are 30 and 22 M-Jup, respectively, and that the age of the system is 4-8 Gyr. This age is consistent with astrometric measurements (Dupuy & Kraus) that show that the system has kinematics intermediate between those of the thin and thick disks of the Galaxy. An older age is also consistent with an indication by the H-K colors that the system is slightly metal poor. C1 [Leggett, S. K.] Northern Operat Ctr, Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Liu, Michael C.] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Dupuy, Trent J.] Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Morley, Caroline V.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Marley, M. S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Saumon, D.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Leggett, SK (reprint author), Northern Operat Ctr, Gemini Observ, 670 North Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM sleggett@gemini.edu RI Marley, Mark/I-4704-2013; OI Marley, Mark/0000-0002-5251-2943; Leggett, Sandy/0000-0002-3681-2989 FU NSF [AST09-09222]; NASA [NNH11AQ54I]; Gemini Observatory; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was supported by NSF grant AST09-09222 awarded to M. C. L. D. S. is supported by NASA Astrophysics Theory grant NNH11AQ54I. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the Science and Technology Facilities Council (United Kingdom), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the Australian Research Council (Australia), Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao (Brazil) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Productiva (Argentina). S.K.L.'s research is supported by Gemini Observatory. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 62 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/62 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100062 ER PT J AU Margutti, R Milisavljevic, D Soderberg, AM Chornock, R Zauderer, BA Murase, K Guidorzi, C Sanders, NE Kuin, P Fransson, C Levesque, EM Chandra, P Berger, E Bianco, FB Brown, PJ Challis, P Chatzopoulos, E Cheung, CC Choi, C Chomiuk, L Chugai, N Contreras, C Drout, MR Fesen, R Foley, RJ Fong, W Friedman, AS Gall, C Gehrels, N Hjorth, J Hsiao, E Kirshner, R Im, M Leloudas, G Lunnan, R Marion, GH Martin, J Morrell, N Neugent, KF Omodei, N Phillips, MM Rest, A Silverman, JM Strader, J Stritzinger, MD Szalai, T Utterback, NB Vinko, J Wheeler, JC Arnett, D Campana, S Chevalier, R Ginsburg, A Kamble, A Roming, PWA Pritchard, T Stringfellow, G AF Margutti, R. Milisavljevic, D. Soderberg, A. M. Chornock, R. Zauderer, B. A. Murase, K. Guidorzi, C. Sanders, N. E. Kuin, P. Fransson, C. Levesque, E. M. Chandra, P. Berger, E. Bianco, F. B. Brown, P. J. Challis, P. Chatzopoulos, E. Cheung, C. C. Choi, C. Chomiuk, L. Chugai, N. Contreras, C. Drout, M. R. Fesen, R. Foley, R. J. Fong, W. Friedman, A. S. Gall, C. Gehrels, N. Hjorth, J. Hsiao, E. Kirshner, R. Im, M. Leloudas, G. Lunnan, R. Marion, G. H. Martin, J. Morrell, N. Neugent, K. F. Omodei, N. Phillips, M. M. Rest, A. Silverman, J. M. Strader, J. Stritzinger, M. D. Szalai, T. Utterback, N. B. Vinko, J. Wheeler, J. C. Arnett, D. Campana, S. Chevalier, R. Ginsburg, A. Kamble, A. Roming, P. W. A. Pritchard, T. Stringfellow, G. TI A PANCHROMATIC VIEW OF THE RESTLESS SN 2009ip REVEALS THE EXPLOSIVE EJECTION OF A MASSIVE STAR ENVELOPE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars: mass-loss; supernovae: individual (SN2009ip) ID CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; M-CIRCLE-DOT; SWIFT ULTRAVIOLET/OPTICAL TELESCOPE; POPULATION-III STARS; X-RAY OBSERVATIONS; LIGHT CURVES; SHOCK BREAKOUT; CIRCUMSTELLAR INTERACTION; SPECTRAL EVOLUTION AB The double explosion of SN 2009ip in 2012 raises questions about our understanding of the late stages of massive star evolution. Here we present a comprehensive study of SN 2009ip during its remarkable rebrightenings. High-cadence photometric and spectroscopic observations from the GeV to the radio band obtained from a variety of ground-based and space facilities (including the Very Large Array, Swift, Fermi, Hubble Space Telescope, and XMM) constrain SN 2009ip to be a low energy (E similar to 1050 erg for an ejecta mass similar to 0.5 M-circle dot) and asymmetric explosion in a complex medium shaped by multiple eruptions of the restless progenitor star. Most of the energy is radiated as a result of the shock breaking out through a dense shell of material located at similar to 5 x 10(14) cm with M similar to 0.1 M-circle dot, ejected by the precursor outburst similar to 40 days before the major explosion. We interpret the NIR excess of emission as signature of material located further out, the origin of which has to be connected with documented mass-loss episodes in the previous years. Our modeling predicts bright neutrino emission associated with the shock break-out if the cosmic-ray energy is comparable to the radiated energy. We connect this phenomenology with the explosive ejection of the outer layers of the massive progenitor star, which later interacted with material deposited in the surroundings by previous eruptions. Future observations will reveal if the massive luminous progenitor star survived. Irrespective of whether the explosion was terminal, SN 2009ip brought to light the existence of new channels for sustained episodic mass loss, the physical origin of which has yet to be identified. C1 [Margutti, R.; Milisavljevic, D.; Soderberg, A. M.; Chornock, R.; Zauderer, B. A.; Sanders, N. E.; Berger, E.; Drout, M. R.; Foley, R. J.; Fong, W.; Friedman, A. S.; Kirshner, R.; Lunnan, R.; Marion, G. H.; Kamble, A.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Murase, K.] Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. [Guidorzi, C.] Univ Ferrara, Dept Phys, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy. [Kuin, P.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Fransson, C.] Stockholm Univ, AlbaNova, Dept Astron, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Fransson, C.] Stockholm Univ, AlbaNova, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Levesque, E. M.; Ginsburg, A.; Stringfellow, G.] Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, CASA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Chandra, P.; Challis, P.] Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Natl Ctr Radio Astrophys, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India. [Bianco, F. B.] NYU, Ctr Cosmol & Particle Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA. [Brown, P. J.] Texas A&M Univ, George P & Cynthia Woods Mitchell Inst Fundamenta, Dept Phys & Astron, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Chatzopoulos, E.; Silverman, J. M.; Vinko, J.; Wheeler, J. C.] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Cheung, C. C.] Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Choi, C.; Im, M.] Seoul Natl Univ, CEOU, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 151742, South Korea. [Chomiuk, L.; Strader, J.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Chomiuk, L.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Chugai, N.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Astron, Moscow 119017, Russia. [Contreras, C.] Swinburne Univ Technol, Ctr Astrophys & Supercomp, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia. [Fesen, R.; Utterback, N. B.] Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Friedman, A. S.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Gall, C.; Hjorth, J.; Leloudas, G.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Gall, C.; Gehrels, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hsiao, E.; Morrell, N.; Phillips, M. M.] Las Campanas Observ, Carnegie Observ, La Serena, Chile. [Leloudas, G.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Neugent, K. F.] Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Omodei, N.] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Omodei, N.] Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Rest, A.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Stritzinger, M. D.] Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. [Szalai, T.; Vinko, J.] Univ Szeged, Dept Opt & Quantum Elect, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary. [Arnett, D.] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Arnett, D.] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Campana, S.] INAF Brera Astron Observ, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. [Chevalier, R.] Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Roming, P. W. A.] SW Res Inst, Dept Space Sci, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. [Roming, P. W. A.; Pritchard, T.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Margutti, R (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Friedman, Andrew/I-4691-2013; Hjorth, Jens/M-5787-2014; Gall, Christa/P-7630-2016; Murase, Kohta/B-2710-2016; OI Friedman, Andrew/0000-0003-1334-039X; Hjorth, Jens/0000-0002-4571-2306; Gall, Christa/0000-0002-8526-3963; Murase, Kohta/0000-0002-5358-5642; Lunnan, Ragnhild/0000-0001-9454-4639; Campana, Sergio/0000-0001-6278-1576; Im, Myungshin/0000-0002-8537-6714; Ginsburg, Adam/0000-0001-6431-9633; Omodei, Nicola/0000-0002-5448-7577; Martin, John/0000-0002-0245-508X; stritzinger, maximilian/0000-0002-5571-1833 FU Karles' Fellowship; NASA [DPR S-15633-Y]; Hungarian OTKA Grant [NN 107637]; NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP); Creative Research Initiative program of the Korea Research Foundation (KRF) grant [2010-000712]; National Science Foundation [AST-0807727, AST-1211196, AST1008343]; Danish Agency for Science and Technology and Innovation; Danish National Science Foundation; NSF [AST-1109801]; StScI grant [HST-AR-12820]; University of Texas Graduate School; ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory [090.D-0719]; National Radio Astronomy Observatory [12B-068] FX C.C.C. was supported at NRL by a Karles' Fellowship and NASA DPR S-15633-Y. J.V. and T.S. are supported by the Hungarian OTKA Grant NN 107637. C.G. is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP). M.I. and C.C. were supported by the Creative Research Initiative program of the Korea Research Foundation (KRF) grant No. 2010-000712. R.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-0807727. M.S. gratefully acknowledges generous support provided by the Danish Agency for Science and Technology and Innovation realized through a Sapere Aude Level 2 grant. R.K. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-1211196. The Dark Cosmology Centre is funded by the Danish National Science Foundation. The research of J.C.W., the Texas Supernova Group and E.C. is supported in part by NSF AST-1109801 and by StScI grant HST-AR-12820. E.C. wishes to thank the University of Texas Graduate School for the William C. Powers fellowship given in support of his studies. The work of the Carnegie Supernova Project is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant AST1008343. This work is based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under program ID 090.D-0719. Observations reported here were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Arizona. This article includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. Observations were obtained with the JVLA operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, program12B-068. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Support for CARMA construction was derived from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Kenneth T. and Eileen L. Norris Foundation, the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the Associates of the California Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, the states of California, Illinois, and Maryland, and the National Science Foundation. Ongoing CARMA development and operations are supported by the National Science Foundation under a cooperative agreement and by the CARMA partner universities. The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in France. This paper made use of the SUSPECT database (http://www.nhn.ou.edu/suspect/). NR 156 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 21 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/21 PG 38 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100021 ER PT J AU Natalucci, L Tomsick, JA Bazzano, A Smith, DM Bachetti, M Barret, D Boggs, SE Christensen, FE Craig, WW Fiocchi, M Furst, F Grefenstette, BW Hailey, CJ Harrison, FA Krivonos, R Kuulkers, E Miller, JM Pottschmidt, K Stern, D Ubertini, P Walton, DJ Zhang, WW AF Natalucci, Lorenzo Tomsick, John A. Bazzano, Angela Smith, David M. Bachetti, Matteo Barret, Didier Boggs, Steven E. Christensen, Finn E. Craig, William W. Fiocchi, Mariateresa Fuerst, Felix Grefenstette, Brian W. Hailey, Charles J. Harrison, Fiona A. Krivonos, Roman Kuulkers, Erik Miller, Jon M. Pottschmidt, Katja Stern, Daniel Ubertini, Pietro Walton, Dominic J. Zhang, William W. TI NuSTAR AND INTEGRAL OBSERVATIONS OF A LOW/HARD STATE OF 1E1740.7-2942 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; black hole physics; X-rays: binaries; X-rays: individual (1E 1740.7-2942) ID X-RAY SOURCES; 1E 1740.7-2942; GALACTIC-CENTER; CYGNUS X-1; COMPTONIZATION MODELS; SUZAKU OBSERVATIONS; ACCRETION DISCS; GRS 1758-258; HARD STATE; EMISSION AB The microquasar 1E1740.7-2942, also known as the "Great Annihilator," was observed by NuSTAR in the summer of 2012. We have analyzed in detail two observations taken similar to 2 weeks apart, for which we measure hard and smooth spectra typical of the low/hard state. A few weeks later the source flux declined significantly. Nearly simultaneous coverage by INTEGRAL is available from its Galactic Center monitoring campaign lasting similar to 2.5 months. These data probe the hard state spectrum from 1E1740.7-2942 before the flux decline. We find good agreement between the spectra taken with IBIS/ISGRI and NuSTAR, with the measurements being compatible with a change in flux with no spectral variability. We present a detailed analysis of the NuSTAR spectral and timing data and upper limits for reflection of the high energy emission. We show that the high energy spectrum of this X-ray binary is well described by thermal Comptonization. C1 [Natalucci, Lorenzo; Bazzano, Angela; Fiocchi, Mariateresa; Ubertini, Pietro] INAF, Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziali, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Tomsick, John A.; Boggs, Steven E.; Craig, William W.; Krivonos, Roman] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Smith, David M.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Smith, David M.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Bachetti, Matteo; Barret, Didier] Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France. [Bachetti, Matteo; Barret, Didier] Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. [Christensen, Finn E.] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. [Craig, William W.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Fuerst, Felix; Grefenstette, Brian W.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Walton, Dominic J.] CALTECH, Cahill Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hailey, Charles J.] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Kuulkers, Erik] European Space Astron Ctr ESA ESAC, Sci Operat Dept, E-28691 Villanueva De La Canada, Madrid, Spain. [Miller, Jon M.] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Ctr Space Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Stern, Daniel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Zhang, William W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Natalucci, L (reprint author), INAF, Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, I-00133 Rome, Italy. EM lorenzo.natalucci@iaps.inaf.it RI Boggs, Steven/E-4170-2015; OI Boggs, Steven/0000-0001-9567-4224; Bachetti, Matteo/0000-0002-4576-9337; Fiocchi, Mariateresa/0000-0001-5697-6019 FU NASA [NNG08FD60C]; Italian Space Agency (ASI) by ASI/INAF [I/037/12/0-011/13, I/033/10/0]; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) FX This work was supported under NASA contract No. NNG08FD60C, and made use of data from the NuSTAR mission, a project led by the California Institute of Technology, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank the NuSTAR Operations, Software and Calibration teams for support with the execution and analysis of these observations. This research has made use of the NuSTAR Data Analysis Software (NuSTARDAS) jointly developed by the ASI Science Data Center (ASDC, Italy) and the California Institute of Technology (USA). L.N. wishes to acknowledge the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support by ASI/INAF grants I/037/12/0-011/13 and I/033/10/0 and the engineering support of M. Federici for setup and maintenance of the INTEGRAL archive and Data Analysis Software at IAPS. M. B. wishes to acknowledge the support from the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). NR 52 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 63 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/63 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100063 ER PT J AU Sanroma, E Palle, E Parenteau, MN Kiang, NY Gutierrez-Navarro, AM Lopez, R Montanes-Rodriguez, P AF Sanroma, E. Palle, E. Parenteau, M. N. Kiang, N. Y. Gutierrez-Navarro, A. M. Lopez, R. Montanes-Rodriguez, P. TI CHARACTERIZING THE PURPLE EARTH: MODELING THE GLOBALLY INTEGRATED SPECTRAL VARIABILITY OF THE ARCHEAN EARTH SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; Earth; planets and satellites: atmospheres; planets and satellites: surfaces; radiative transfer ID DISK-AVERAGED SPECTRA; SUN-LIKE STAR; HABITABLE ZONE; LIGHT-CURVES; PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; LUNAR ECLIPSE; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; VEGETATION SIGNATURE; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS AB Ongoing searches for exoplanetary systems have revealed a wealth of planets with diverse physical properties. Planets even smaller than the Earth have already been detected and the efforts of future missions are aimed at the discovery, and perhaps characterization, of small rocky exoplanets within the habitable zone of their stars. Clearly, what we know about our planet will be our guideline for the characterization of such planets. However, the Earth has been inhabited for at least 3.8 Gyr and its appearance has changed with time. Here, we have studied the Earth during the Archean eon, 3.0 Gyr ago. At that time, one of the more widespread life forms on the planet was purple bacteria. These bacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms and can inhabit both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Here, we use a radiative transfer model to simulate the visible and near-infrared radiation reflected by our planet, taking into account several scenarios regarding the possible distribution of purple bacteria over continents and oceans. We find that purple bacteria have a reflectance spectrum that has a strong reflectivity increase, similar to the red edge of leafy plants, although shifted redward. This feature produces a detectable signal in the disk-averaged spectra of our planet, depending on cloud amount and purple bacteria concentration/distribution. We conclude that by using multi-color photometric observations, it is possible to distinguish between an Archean Earth in which purple bacteria inhabit vast extensions of the planet and a present-day Earth with continents covered by deserts, vegetation, or microbial mats. C1 [Sanroma, E.; Palle, E.; Lopez, R.; Montanes-Rodriguez, P.] IAC, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain. [Sanroma, E.; Palle, E.; Lopez, R.; Montanes-Rodriguez, P.] Univ la Laguna, Dept Astrofis, E-38206 San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain. [Parenteau, M. N.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. [Parenteau, M. N.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. [Kiang, N. Y.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Gutierrez-Navarro, A. M.] Univ la Laguna, Fac Biol, Dept Microbiol, ES-38206 San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain. RP Sanroma, E (reprint author), IAC, Via Lactea S-N, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain. EM mesr@iac.es RI Sanroma, Esther/L-9273-2015 OI Sanroma, Esther/0000-0001-8859-7937 FU Spanish MICIIN [CGL2009-10641]; MINECO [AYA2012-39612-C03-02] FX We thank Antigona Segura and Ramses Ramirez for kindly providing us with the atmospheric profiles of the early Earth. We thank Sebastian Hidalgo for assistance in the use of Condor. We thank the anonymous referee for the comments provided, which have improved the paper and the presentation of the results. We also thankfully acknowledge the technical expertise and assistance provided by the Spanish Supercomputing Network (Red Espanola de Supercomputacion), as well as the computer resources used: the La Palma Supercomputer, located at the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. This research was supported in part by the Spanish MICIIN grant CGL2009-10641, and MINECO grant AYA2012-39612-C03-02. NR 81 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 52 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/52 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100052 ER PT J AU Smith, M Bacon, DJ Nichol, RC Campbell, H Clarkson, C Maartens, R D'Andrea, CB Bassett, BA Cinabro, D Finley, DA Frieman, JA Galbany, L Garnavich, PM Olmstead, MD Schneider, DP Shapiro, C Sollerman, J AF Smith, Mathew Bacon, David J. Nichol, Robert C. Campbell, Heather Clarkson, Chris Maartens, Roy D'Andrea, Chris B. Bassett, Bruce A. Cinabro, David Finley, David A. Frieman, Joshua A. Galbany, Lluis Garnavich, Peter M. Olmstead, Matthew D. Schneider, Donald P. Shapiro, Charles Sollerman, Jesper TI THE EFFECT OF WEAK LENSING ON DISTANCE ESTIMATES FROM SUPERNOVAE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology: observations; distance scale; supernovae: general; surveys ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; COSMIC MAGNIFICATION STATISTICS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; II SN SURVEY; IA SUPERNOVAE; LEGACY SURVEY; HOST GALAXIES; SDSS-III; INHOMOGENEOUS UNIVERSE; COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT AB Using a sample of 608 Type Ia supernovae from the SDSS-II and BOSS surveys, combined with a sample of foreground galaxies from SDSS-II, we estimate the weak lensing convergence for each supernova line of sight. We find that the correlation between this measurement and the Hubble residuals is consistent with the prediction from lensing (at a significance of 1.7 sigma). Strong correlations are also found between the residuals and supernova nuisance parameters after a linear correction is applied. When these other correlations are taken into account, the lensing signal is detected at 1.4 sigma. We show, for the first time, that distance estimates from supernovae can be improved when lensing is incorporated, by including a new parameter in the SALT2 methodology for determining distance moduli. The recovered value of the new parameter is consistent with the lensing prediction. Using cosmic microwave background data from WMAP7, H-0 data from Hubble Space Telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Baryon acoustic oscillations measurements, we find the best-fit value of the new lensing parameter and show that the central values and uncertainties on Omega m and w are unaffected. The lensing of supernovae, while only seen at marginal significance in this low-redshift sample, will be of vital importance for the next generation of surveys, such as DES and LSST, which will be systematics-dominated. C1 [Smith, Mathew; Maartens, Roy] Univ Western Cape, Dept Phys, ZA-7535 Cape Town, South Africa. [Smith, Mathew; Bassett, Bruce A.] S African Astron Observ, ZA-7935 Cape Town, South Africa. [Bacon, David J.; Nichol, Robert C.; Campbell, Heather; Maartens, Roy; D'Andrea, Chris B.] Univ Portsmouth, Inst Cosmol & Gravitat, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, Hants, England. [Clarkson, Chris] Univ Cape Town, Dept Math & Appl Math, ACGC, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. [Bassett, Bruce A.] African Inst Math Sci, ZA-7945 Muizenberg, South Africa. [Cinabro, David] Wayne State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. [Finley, David A.; Frieman, Joshua A.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Frieman, Joshua A.] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Frieman, Joshua A.] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Galbany, Lluis] Inst Super Tecn, CENTRA Ctr Multidisciplinar Astrofis, P-1049001 Lisbon, Portugal. [Galbany, Lluis] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Inst Fis Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. [Garnavich, Peter M.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Olmstead, Matthew D.] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Schneider, Donald P.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Schneider, Donald P.] Penn State Univ, Inst Gravitat & Cosmos, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Shapiro, Charles] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Sollerman, Jesper] AlbaNova, Dept Astron, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Smith, M (reprint author), Univ Western Cape, Dept Phys, ZA-7535 Cape Town, South Africa. EM matsmith2@gmail.com RI Galbany, Lluis/A-8963-2017; OI Galbany, Lluis/0000-0002-1296-6887; Sollerman, Jesper/0000-0003-1546-6615; Maartens, Roy/0000-0001-9050-5894 FU South African Square Kilometre Array Project; South African National Research Foundation; UK Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/H002774/1, ST/K0090X/1]; STFC grant [ST/K00090X/1]; Royal Society-NRF International Exchange Grant; NASA Postdoctoral Program fellowship through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Japanese Monbukagakusho; Max Planck Society; Higher Education Funding Council for England; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science FX Please contact the authors to request access to research materials discussed in this paper. M.S. and R.M. are supported by the South African Square Kilometre Array Project and the South African National Research Foundation. D.B., R.N., and R.M. are supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (Grant Nos. ST/H002774/1 and ST/K0090X/1). The work of C.C. and B.B. was supported by the South African National Research Foundation. This work was partially support by STFC grant ST/K00090X/1 and a Royal Society-NRF International Exchange Grant. C.S. is funded by a NASA Postdoctoral Program fellowship through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Computations were done on the Sciama High Performance Compute (HPC) cluster which is supported by the ICG, SEPNet and the University of Portsmouth. M.S. thanks Russell Johnston for insightful comments.; Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/.; Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III Web site is http://www.sdss3.org/. NR 83 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 24 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/24 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100024 ER PT J AU Thalmann, JK Tiwari, SK Wiegelmann, T AF Thalmann, J. K. Tiwari, S. K. Wiegelmann, T. TI FORCE-FREE FIELD MODELING OF TWIST AND BRAIDING-INDUCED MAGNETIC ENERGY IN AN ACTIVE-REGION CORONA SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun: activity; Sun: corona; Sun: evolution; Sun: flares; Sun: magnetic fields; Sun: photosphere ID SOLAR OPTICAL TELESCOPE; KINK INSTABILITY; HEATING PROBLEM; HINODE; DYNAMICS; RECONSTRUCTION; AMBIGUITY; RELEASE; MISSION; DRIVEN AB The theoretical concept that braided magnetic field lines in the solar corona may dissipate a sufficient amount of energy to account for the brightening observed in the active-region (AR) corona has only recently been substantiated by high-resolution observations. From the analysis of coronal images obtained with the High Resolution Coronal Imager, first observational evidence of the braiding of magnetic field lines was reported by Cirtain et al. (hereafter CG13). We present nonlinear force-free reconstructions of the associated coronal magnetic field based on Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager vector magnetograms. We deliver estimates of the free magnetic energy associated with a braided coronal structure. Our model results suggest (similar to 100 times) more free energy at the braiding site than analytically estimated by CG13, strengthening the possibility of the AR corona being heated by field line braiding. We were able to appropriately assess the coronal free energy by using vector field measurements and we attribute the lower energy estimate of CG13 to the underestimated (by a factor of 10) azimuthal field strength. We also quantify the increase in the overall twist of a flare-related flux rope that was noted by CG13. From our models we find that the overall twist of the flux rope increased by about half a turn within 12 minutes. Unlike another method to which we compare our results, we evaluate the winding of the flux rope's constituent field lines around each other purely based on their modeled coronal three-dimensional field line geometry. To our knowledge, this is done for the first time here. C1 [Thalmann, J. K.] Graz Univ, Inst Phys, IGAM, A-8010 Graz, Austria. [Thalmann, J. K.; Tiwari, S. K.; Wiegelmann, T.] Max Plank Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Tiwari, S. K.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Thalmann, JK (reprint author), Graz Univ, Inst Phys, IGAM, Univ Pl 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria. EM julia.thalmann@uni-graz.at OI Thalmann, Julia/0000-0001-8985-2549 FU Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P25383-N27]; DFG [WI 3211/2-1]; DLR [50 OC 0904] FX We thank the anonymous referee for careful consideration of this manuscript and useful comments. J.K.T. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P25383-N27 and DFG grant WI 3211/2-1. T.W. is funded by DLR grant 50 OC 0904. SDO data are courtesy of the NASA/SDO AIA and HMI science teams. Hinode is a Japanese mission developed and launched by ISAS/JAXA, with NAOJ as as domestic partner and NASA and STFC (UK) as international partners. It is operated by these agencies in cooperation with ESA and NSC (Norway). Hinode SP inversions were conducted at NCAR under the framework of the Community Spectro-polarimetric Analysis Center. We acknowledge the Hi-C instrument team for making the flight data publicly available. MSFC/NASA led the mission, and partners include the SAO in Cambridge (MA); LMSAL in Palo Alto (CA); UCLAN in Lancashire (UK); and the LPI RAS in Moscow. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 102 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/102 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100102 ER PT J AU Tomsick, JA Nowak, MA Parker, M Miller, JM Fabian, AC Harrison, FA Bachetti, M Barret, D Boggs, SE Christensen, FE Craig, WW Forster, K Furst, F Grefenstette, BW Hailey, CJ King, AL Madsen, KK Natalucci, L Pottschmidt, K Ross, RR Stern, D Walton, DJ Wilms, J Zhang, WW AF Tomsick, John A. Nowak, Michael A. Parker, Michael Miller, Jon M. Fabian, Andy C. Harrison, Fiona A. Bachetti, Matteo Barret, Didier Boggs, Steven E. Christensen, Finn E. Craig, William W. Forster, Karl Fuerst, Felix Grefenstette, Brian W. Hailey, Charles J. King, Ashley L. Madsen, Kristin K. Natalucci, Lorenzo Pottschmidt, Katja Ross, Randy R. Stern, Daniel Walton, Dominic J. Wilms, Joern Zhang, William W. TI THE REFLECTION COMPONENT FROM CYGNUS X-1 IN THE SOFT STATE MEASURED BY NuSTAR AND SUZAKU SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; black hole physics; stars: individual (Cygnus X-1); X-rays: general; X-rays: stars ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; SPINNING BLACK-HOLE; X-RAY SOURCES; ACCRETION DISK; LOW/HARD STATE; HARD STATE; LINE; SPECTRA; ENERGY; MASS AB The black hole binary Cygnus X-1 was observed in late 2012 with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and Suzaku, providing spectral coverage over the similar to 1-300 keV range. The source was in the soft state with a multi-temperature blackbody, power law, and reflection components along with absorption from highly ionized material in the system. The high throughput of NuSTAR allows for a very high quality measurement of the complex iron line region as well as the rest of the reflection component. The iron line is clearly broadened and is well described by a relativistic blurring model, providing an opportunity to constrain the black hole spin. Although the spin constraint depends somewhat on which continuum model is used, we obtain a(*) > 0.83 for all models that provide a good description of the spectrum. However, none of our spectral fits give a disk inclination that is consistent with the most recently reported binary values for Cyg X-1. This may indicate that there is a > 13 degrees misalignment between the orbital plane and the inner accretion disk (i.e., a warped accretion disk) or that there is missing physics in the spectral models. C1 [Tomsick, John A.; Boggs, Steven E.; Craig, William W.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Nowak, Michael A.] MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Parker, Michael; Fabian, Andy C.] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Miller, Jon M.; King, Ashley L.] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Harrison, Fiona A.; Forster, Karl; Fuerst, Felix; Grefenstette, Brian W.; Madsen, Kristin K.; Walton, Dominic J.] CALTECH, Cahill Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bachetti, Matteo; Barret, Didier] Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP, IRAP, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Bachetti, Matteo; Barret, Didier] Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. [Christensen, Finn E.] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. [Craig, William W.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Hailey, Charles J.] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Natalucci, Lorenzo] INAF IAPS, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Pottschmidt, Katja] CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja; Zhang, William W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Ctr Space Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Ross, Randy R.] Coll Holy Cross, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. [Stern, Daniel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wilms, Joern] Dr Karl Remeis Sternwarte & Erlangen Ctr Astropar, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany. [Zhang, William W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tomsick, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jtomsick@ssl.berkeley.edu RI Wilms, Joern/C-8116-2013; Boggs, Steven/E-4170-2015; XRAY, SUZAKU/A-1808-2009; OI Wilms, Joern/0000-0003-2065-5410; Boggs, Steven/0000-0001-9567-4224; Bachetti, Matteo/0000-0002-4576-9337; Madsen, Kristin/0000-0003-1252-4891 FU NASA [NNG08FD60C]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program [NNX13AE98G]; Italian Space Agency (ASI) by ASI/INAF [I/037/12/0-011/13] FX This work was supported under NASA Contract No. NNG08FD60C and made use of data from the NuSTAR mission, a project led by the California Institute of Technology, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank the NuSTAR Operations, Software, and Calibration teams for support with the execution and analysis of these observations. This research has made use of the NuSTAR Data Analysis Software (NuSTARDAS) jointly developed by the ASI Science Data Center (ASDC, Italy) and the California Institute of Technology (USA). J.A.T. acknowledges partial support from NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program grant NNX13AE98G. L.N. wishes to acknowledge the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support by ASI/INAF grant I/037/12/0-011/13. J.A.T. thanks L. Brenneman, G. Matt, and D. Ballantyne for useful discussions about reflection modeling. This work made use of IDL software written by N. Barriere for rebinning the NuSTAR spectra. This research has made use of the MAXI data provided by RIKEN, JAXA, and the MAXI team. NR 58 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 78 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/78 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100078 ER PT J AU Turner, NJ Benisty, M Dullemond, CP Hirose, S AF Turner, N. J. Benisty, M. Dullemond, C. P. Hirose, S. TI HERBIG STARS' NEAR-INFRARED EXCESS: AN ORIGIN IN THE PROTOSTELLAR DISK'S MAGNETICALLY SUPPORTED ATMOSPHERE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE protoplanetary disks; radiative transfer ID YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; T TAURI DISKS; AE/BE STARS; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS; INNER REGIONS; DUST; ACCRETION; EMISSION; MASS AB Young stars with masses 2-8 times solar, the Herbig Ae and Be stars, often show a near-infrared excess too large to explain with a hydrostatically supported circumstellar disk of gas and dust. At the same time, the accretion flow carrying the circumstellar gas to the star is thought to be driven by magnetorotational turbulence, which, according to numerical MHD modeling, yields an extended low-density atmosphere supported by the magnetic fields. We demonstrate that the base of the atmosphere can be optically thick to the starlight and that the parts lying near 1 AU are tall enough to double the fraction of the stellar luminosity reprocessed into the near-infrared. We generate synthetic spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations with opacities for submicron silicate and carbonaceous grains. The synthetic SEDs closely follow the median Herbig SED constructed recently by Mulders & Dominik and, in particular, match the large near-infrared flux, provided the grains have a mass fraction close to interstellar near the disk's inner rim. C1 [Turner, N. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Turner, N. J.; Benisty, M.; Dullemond, C. P.] Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Benisty, M.] Univ Grenoble 1, Observ Grenoble, Grenoble, France. [Dullemond, C. P.] Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Astron, Inst Theoret Astrophys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [Hirose, S.] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Res Earth Evolut, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. RP Turner, NJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM neal.turner@jpl.nasa.gov OI Dullemond, Cornelis/0000-0002-7078-5910 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA Origins of Solar Systems program [11-OSS11-0074]; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI [24540244, 23340040] FX We gratefully acknowledge discussions with C. Dominik, M. Flock, G. Mulders, and A. Natta. The research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and with the support of the NASA Origins of Solar Systems program through grant 11-OSS11-0074. N.J.T. was also supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Fellowship for Experienced Researchers. S. H. was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grants 24540244 and 23340040. NR 56 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 42 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/42 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100042 ER PT J AU Upton, L Hathaway, DH AF Upton, Lisa Hathaway, David H. TI PREDICTING THE SUN'S POLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH A SURFACE FLUX TRANSPORT MODEL SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun: activity; Sun: magnetic fields ID SOLAR-CYCLE; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS; FLOW; EVOLUTION; HINODE; IMAGER; SPOTS AB The Sun's polar magnetic fields are directly related to solar cycle variability. The strength of the polar fields at the start (minimum) of a cycle determine the subsequent amplitude of that cycle. In addition, the polar field reversals at cycle maximum alter the propagation of galactic cosmic rays throughout the heliosphere in fundamental ways. We describe a surface magnetic flux transport model that advects the magnetic flux emerging in active regions (sunspots) using detailed observations of the near-surface flows that transport the magnetic elements. These flows include the axisymmetric differential rotation and meridional flow and the non-axisymmetric cellular convective flows (supergranules), all of which vary in time in the model as indicated by direct observations. We use this model with data assimilated from full-disk magnetograms to produce full surface maps of the Sun's magnetic field at 15 minute intervals from 1996 May to 2013 July (all of sunspot cycle 23 and the rise to maximum of cycle 24). We tested the predictability of this model using these maps as initial conditions, but with daily sunspot area data used to give the sources of new magnetic flux. We find that the strength of the polar fields at cycle minimum and the polar field reversals at cycle maximum can be reliably predicted up to 3 yr in advance. We include a prediction for the cycle 24 polar field reversal. C1 [Upton, Lisa] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, VU Stn B 1807, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Upton, Lisa] Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Phys & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Hathaway, David H.] NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Upton, L (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, VU Stn B 1807, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM lisa.a.upton@vanderbilt.edu; david.hathaway@nasa.gov FU NASA; NASA grant [NAG5-10483] FX The authors were supported by a grant from the NASA Living with a Star Program to Marshall Space Flight Center. The HMI data used are courtesy of the NASA/SDO and the HMI science team. The SOHO/MDI project was supported by NASA grant NAG5-10483 to Stanford University. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 5 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/5 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100005 ER PT J AU Wang, YM Young, PR Muglach, K AF Wang, Y. -M. Young, P. R. Muglach, K. TI EVIDENCE FOR TWO SEPARATE HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEETS OF CYLINDRICAL SHAPE DURING MID-2012 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE interplanetary medium; solar wind; Sun: activity; Sun: corona; Sun: heliosphere; Sun: magnetic fields ID SOLAR-CYCLE 23; ORIGIN AB During the reversal of the Sun's polar fields at sunspot maximum, outward extrapolations of magnetograph measurements often predict the presence of two or more current sheets extending into the interplanetary medium, instead of the single heliospheric current sheet (HCS) that forms the basis of the standard "ballerina skirt" picture. By comparing potential-field source-surface models of the coronal streamer belt with white-light coronagraph observations, we deduce that the HCS was split into two distinct structures with circular cross sections during mid-2012. These cylindrical current sheets were centered near the heliographic equator and separated in longitude by roughly 180.; a corresponding four-sector polarity pattern was observed at Earth. Each cylinder enclosed a negative-polarity coronal hole that was identifiable in extreme ultraviolet images and gave rise to a high-speed stream. The two current sheet systems are shown to be a result of the dominance of the Sun's nonaxisymmetric quadrupole component, as the axial dipole field was undergoing its reversal during solar cycle 24. C1 [Wang, Y. -M.] Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Young, P. R.] George Mason Univ, Coll Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Muglach, K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Muglach, K.] ARTEP Inc, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. RP Wang, YM (reprint author), Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM yi.wang@nrl.navy.mil; pyoung@ssd5.nrl.navy.mil; karin.muglach@nasa.gov OI Young, Peter/0000-0001-9034-2925 FU NASA; Office of Naval Research FX We are indebted to the referee for helpful comments, and to N. B. Rich, A. F. R. Thernisien, and L. Hutting for constructing the LASCO and SECCHI synoptic maps. This work was supported by NASA and the Office of Naval Research. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 780 IS 1 AR 103 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/103 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 279CN UT WOS:000328937100103 ER PT J AU Ham, YG Rienecker, MM Suarez, MJ Vikhliaev, Y Zhao, B Marshak, J Vernieres, G Schubert, SD AF Ham, Yoo-Geun Rienecker, Michele M. Suarez, Max J. Vikhliaev, Yury Zhao, Bin Marshak, Jelena Vernieres, Guillaume Schubert, Siegfried D. TI Decadal prediction skill in the GEOS-5 forecast system SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Decadal prediction; AMOC; Decadal variability; GEOS-5 AOGCM ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CLIMATE PREDICTION; MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION; BRED VECTORS; HEAT-CONTENT; COUPLED GCM; VARIABILITY AB A suite of decadal predictions has been conducted with the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office's (GMAO's) GEOS-5 Atmosphere-Ocean general circulation model. The hind casts are initialized every December 1st from 1959 to 2010, following the CMIP5 experimental protocol for decadal predictions. The initial conditions are from a multi-variate ensemble optimal interpolation ocean and sea-ice reanalysis, and from GMAO's atmospheric reanalysis, the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. The mean forecast skill of a three-member-ensemble is compared to that of an experiment without initialization but also forced with observed greenhouse gases. The results show that initialization increases the forecast skill of North Atlantic sea surface temperature compared to the uninitialized runs, with the increase in skill maintained for almost a decade over the subtropical and mid-latitude Atlantic. On the other hand, the initialization reduces the skill in predicting the warming trend over some regions outside the Atlantic. The annual-mean atlantic meridional overturning circulation index, which is defined here as the maximum of the zonally-integrated overturning stream function at mid-latitude, is predictable up to a 4-year lead time, consistent with the predictable signal in upper ocean heat content over the North Atlantic. While the 6- to 9-year forecast skill measured by mean squared skill score shows 50 % improvement in the upper ocean heat content over the subtropical and mid-latitude Atlantic, prediction skill is relatively low in the subpolar gyre. This low skill is due in part to features in the spatial pattern of the dominant simulated decadal mode in upper ocean heat content over this region that differ from observations. An analysis of the large-scale temperature budget shows that this is the result of a model bias, implying that realistic simulation of the climatological fields is crucial for skillful decadal forecasts. C1 [Ham, Yoo-Geun; Rienecker, Michele M.; Suarez, Max J.; Vikhliaev, Yury; Zhao, Bin; Marshak, Jelena; Vernieres, Guillaume; Schubert, Siegfried D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr GSFC NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ham, Yoo-Geun] Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Ham, Yoo-Geun] Chonnam Natl Univ, Fac Earth Syst & Environm Sci, Kwangju, South Korea. [Vikhliaev, Yury] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Zhao, Bin] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA USA. [Vernieres, Guillaume] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Ham, YG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr GSFC NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Code 610-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ygham@jnu.ac.kr FU NASA's Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program FX This study was supported by NASA's Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program. Computer time was provided by the NASA Center for Climate Simulation at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Support from Tony Rosati and colleagues from NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in the configuration of MOM4 are gratefully acknowledged, as is that from Elizabeth Hunke at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the use of CICE. Arlindo da Silva and Peter Colarco at GSFC configured the aerosol component of the AOGCM. We are grateful for the comments from two anonymous reviewers that helped improve the manuscript. NR 70 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 42 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1007/s00382-013-1858-x PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 283HY UT WOS:000329238300001 ER PT J AU Shukla, SP Puma, MJ Cook, BI AF Shukla, Sonali P. Puma, Michael J. Cook, Benjamin I. TI The response of the South Asian Summer Monsoon circulation to intensified irrigation in global climate model simulations SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE South Asian Summer Monsoon; Irrigation; Latent heating; Monsoon intensity ID REANALYSIS PROJECT; GISS MODELE; LAND-USE AB Agricultural intensification in South Asia has resulted in the expansion and intensification of surface irrigation over the twentieth century. The resulting changes to the surface energy balance could affect the temperature contrasts between the South Asian land surface and the equatorial Indian Ocean, potentially altering the South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) circulation. Prior studies have noted apparent declines in the monsoon intensity over the twentieth century and have focused on how altered surface energy balances impact the SASM rainfall distribution. Here, we use the coupled Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE-R general circulation model to investigate the impact of intensifying irrigation on the large-scale SASM circulation over the twentieth century, including how the effect of irrigation compares to the impact of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. We force our simulations with time-varying, historical estimates of irrigation, both alone and with twentieth century GHGs and other forcings. In the irrigation only experiment, irrigation rates correlate strongly with lower and upper level temperature contrasts between the Indian sub-continent and the Indian Ocean (Pearson's r = -0.66 and r = -0.46, respectively), important quantities that control the strength of the SASM circulation. When GHG forcing is included, these correlations strengthen: r = -0.72 and r = -0.47 for lower and upper level temperature contrasts, respectively. Under irrigated conditions, the mean SASM intensity in the model decreases only slightly and insignificantly. However, in the simulation with irrigation and GHG forcing, inter-annual variability of the SASM circulation decreases by 40 %, consistent with trends in the reanalysis products. This suggests that the inclusion of irrigation may be necessary to accurately simulate the historical trends and variability of the SASM system over the last 50 years. These findings suggest that intensifying irrigation, in concert with increased GHG forcing, is capable of reducing the variability of the simulated SASM circulation and altering the regional moisture transport by limiting the surface warming and reducing land-sea temperature gradients. C1 [Shukla, Sonali P.; Cook, Benjamin I.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Puma, Michael J.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. [Cook, Benjamin I.] Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Shukla, SP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM sonali.p.shukla@nasa.gov RI Cook, Benjamin/H-2265-2012; OI Puma, Michael/0000-0002-4255-8454 FU NASA [NNX08AJ75A] FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. M. J. Puma gratefully acknowledges funding for Interdisciplinary Global Change Research under NASA cooperative agreement NNX08AJ75A supported by the NASA Climate and Earth Observing Program. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through [the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center and] the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space Flight Center. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 42 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 36 DI 10.1007/s00382-013-1786-9 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 283HY UT WOS:000329238300002 ER PT J AU Brown, ME Escobar, VM AF Brown, Molly E. Escobar, Vanessa M. TI Assessment of Soil Moisture Data Requirements by the Potential SMAP Data User Community: Review of SMAP Mission User Community SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Agriculture; applications; hydrology; remote sensing; soil moisture ID L-BAND; RETRIEVAL AB NASA's Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission is planned for launch in October 2014 and will provide global measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state. The project is driven by both basic research and applied science goals. Understanding how application driven end-users will apply SMAP data, prior to the satellite's launch, is an important goal of NASA's applied science program and SMAP mission success. Because SMAP data are unique, there are no direct proxy datasets that can be used in research and operational studies to determine how the data will interact with existing processes. The objective of this study is to solicit data requirements, accuracy needs, and current understanding of the SMAP mission from the potential user community. This study showed that the data to be provided by the SMAP mission did substantially meet the user community needs. Although there was a broad distribution of requirements stated, the SMAP mission fit within these requirements. C1 [Brown, Molly E.; Escobar, Vanessa M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20171 USA. RP Brown, ME (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 618, Greenbelt, MD 20171 USA. EM Molly.brown@nasa.gov; Vanessa.escobar@nasa.gov RI Brown, Molly/M-5146-2013; Brown, Molly/E-2724-2010 OI Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314; Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 18 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1939-1404 EI 2151-1535 J9 IEEE J-STARS JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 277 EP 283 DI 10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2261473 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 280VO UT WOS:000329059100025 ER PT J AU MacMartin, DG Thompson, PM Colavita, MM Sirota, MJ AF MacMartin, Douglas G. Thompson, Peter M. Colavita, M. Mark Sirota, Mark J. TI Dynamic Analysis of the Actively-Controlled Segmented Mirror of the Thirty Meter Telescope SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Control-structure interaction (CSI); telescopes ID ADAPTIVE OPTICS; PERFORMANCE; ALIGNMENT AB Current and planned large optical telescopes use a segmented primary mirror, with the out-of-plane degrees of freedom of each segment actively controlled. The primary mirror of the ThirtyMeter Telescope (TMT) considered here is composed of 492 segments, with 1476 actuators and 2772 sensors. In addition to many more actuators and sensors than at existing telescopes, higher bandwidths are desired to partially compensate for wind-turbulence loads on the segments. Control-structure interaction (CSI) limits the achievable bandwidth of the control system. Robustness can be further limited by uncertainty in the interaction matrix that relates sensor response to segment motion. The control system robustness is analyzed here for the TMT design, but the concepts are applicable to any segmented-mirror design. The key insight is to analyze the structural interaction in a Zernike basis; rapid convergence with additional basis functions is obtained because the dynamic coupling is much stronger at low spatial-frequency than at high. This analysis approach is both computational efficient, and provides guidance for structural optimization to minimize CSI. C1 [MacMartin, Douglas G.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Thompson, Peter M.] Syst Technol Inc, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA. [Colavita, M. Mark] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Sirota, Mark J.] TMT Observ Corp, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP MacMartin, DG (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM macmardg@cds.caltech.edu; pthompson@systemstech.com; m.m.colavita@jpl.nasa.gov; msirota@tmt.org RI MacMartin, Douglas/A-6333-2016 OI MacMartin, Douglas/0000-0003-1987-9417 FU Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation; National Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA); U.S. National Science Foundation FX Manuscript received March 12, 2012; revised November 2, 2012; accepted December 21, 2012. Manuscript received in final form January 12, 2013. Date of publication February 12, 2013; date of current version December 17, 2013. This work was supported in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, the National Research Council of Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), and the U.S. National Science Foundation. M. M. Colavita works at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, which is operated under contract for NASA. Recommended by Associate Editor G. Cherubini. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1063-6536 EI 1558-0865 J9 IEEE T CONTR SYST T JI IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 22 IS 1 BP 58 EP 68 DI 10.1109/TCST.2013.2240456 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA 279LW UT WOS:000328962500006 ER PT J AU Wang, JJ Adler, RF Huffman, GJ Bolvin, D AF Wang, Jian-Jian Adler, Robert F. Huffman, George J. Bolvin, David TI An Updated TRMM Composite Climatology of Tropical Rainfall and Its Validation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE Climatology ID PROFILING ALGORITHM; PROJECT GPCP; PRECIPITATION; RADAR; PRODUCTS; ORBIT AB An updated 15-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) composite climatology (TCC) is presented and evaluated. This climatology is based on a combination of individual rainfall estimates made with data from the primary TRMM instruments: the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and the precipitation radar (PR). This combination climatology of passive microwave retrievals, radar-based retrievals, and an algorithm using both instruments simultaneously provides a consensus TRMM-based estimate of mean precipitation. The dispersion of the three estimates, as indicated by the standard deviation sigma among the estimates, is presented as a measure of confidence in the final estimate and as an estimate of the uncertainty thereof. The procedures utilized by the compositing technique, including adjustments and quality-control measures, are described. The results give a mean value of the TCC of 4.3 mm day(-1) for the deep tropical ocean belt between 10 degrees N and 10 degrees S, with lower values outside that band. In general, the TCC values confirm ocean estimates from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) analysis, which is based on passive microwave results adjusted for sampling by infrared-based estimates. The pattern of uncertainty estimates shown by sigma is seen to be useful to indicate variations in confidence. Examples include differences between the eastern and western portions of the Pacific Ocean and high values in coastal and mountainous areas. Comparison of the TCC values (and the input products) to gauge analyses over land indicates the value of the radar-based estimates (small biases) and the limitations of the passive microwave algorithm (relatively large biases). Comparison with surface gauge information from western Pacific Ocean atolls shows a negative bias (similar to 16%) for all the TRMM products, although the representativeness of the atoll gauges of open-ocean rainfall is still in question. C1 [Wang, Jian-Jian; Adler, Robert F.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Huffman, George J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Bolvin, David] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Wang, JJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, 5825 Univ Maryland Res Pk, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM jjwang@umd.edu RI Huffman, George/F-4494-2014 OI Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308 FU NASA's Precipitation Measurement Missions (PMM) program FX This research was carried out with the support of NASA's Precipitation Measurement Missions (PMM) program, headed by Dr. Ramesh Kakar of NASA Headquarters. The constructive suggestions by two anonymous reviewers also improved the presentation of this study. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 27 IS 1 BP 273 EP 284 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00331.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 283VV UT WOS:000329276000018 ER PT J AU Cook, BI Smerdon, JE Seager, R Cook, ER AF Cook, Benjamin I. Smerdon, Jason E. Seager, Richard Cook, Edward R. TI Pan-Continental Droughts in North America over the Last Millennium SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE North America; ENSO; Drought; Climate variability; Multidecadal variability ID ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION; PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MEDIEVAL DROUGHT; SST VARIABILITY; CLIMATE MODELS; DUST-BOWL; INDEX; RECONSTRUCTIONS AB Regional droughts are common in North America, but pan-continental droughts extending across multiple regions, including the 2012 event, are rare relative to single-region events. Here, the tree-ring-derived North American Drought Atlas is used to investigate drought variability in four regions over the last millennium, focusing on pan-continental droughts. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the central plains (CP), Southwest (SW), and Southeast (SE) regions experienced drier conditions and increased occurrence of droughts and the Northwest (NW) experienced several extended pluvials. Enhanced MCA aridity in the SW and CP manifested as multidecadal megadroughts. Notably, megadroughts in these regions differed in their timing and persistence, suggesting that they represent regional events influenced by local dynamics rather than a unified, continental-scale phenomena. There is no trend in pan-continental drought occurrence, defined as synchronous droughts in three or more regions. SW, CP, and SE (SW+CP+SE) droughts are the most common, occurring in 12% of all years and peaking in prevalence during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; patterns involving three other regions occur in about 8% of years. Positive values of the Southern Oscillation index (La Nina conditions) are linked to SW, CP, and SE (SW+CP+SE) droughts and SW, CP, and NW (SW+CP+NW) droughts, whereas CP, NW, and SE (CP+NW+SE) droughts are associated with positive values of the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. While relatively rare, pan-continental droughts are present in the paleo record and are linked to defined modes of climate variability, implying the potential for seasonal predictability. Assuming stable drought teleconnections, these events will remain an important feature of future North American hydroclimate, possibly increasing in their severity in step with other expected hydroclimate responses to increased greenhouse gas forcing. C1 [Cook, Benjamin I.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Cook, Benjamin I.; Smerdon, Jason E.; Seager, Richard; Cook, Edward R.] Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Cook, BI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM benjamin.i.cook@nasa.gov RI Smerdon, Jason/F-9952-2011; Cook, Benjamin/H-2265-2012 FU NOAA [NA10OAR431037]; NSF [ATMO9-02716, ATM-06-20066]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration Atmospheric Composition Program FX The authors acknowledge support from NOAA award "Global Decadal Hydroclimate Variability and Change" (NA10OAR431037), and from NSF Grants ATMO9-02716 and ATM-06-20066. BI Cook also acknowledges the support of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Atmospheric Composition Program. The authors thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 74 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 7 U2 58 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 27 IS 1 BP 383 EP 397 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00100.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 283VV UT WOS:000329276000025 ER PT J AU Livneh, B Rosenberg, EA Lin, CY Nijssen, B Mishra, V Andreadis, KM Maurer, EP Lettenmaier, DP AF Livneh, Ben Rosenberg, Eric A. Lin, Chiyu Nijssen, Bart Mishra, Vimal Andreadis, Kostas M. Maurer, Edwin P. Lettenmaier, Dennis P. TI A long-term hydrologically based dataset of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States: Update and extensions (vol 26, pg 9384, 2013) SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Correction C1 [Livneh, Ben] Univ Colorado Boulder, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Rosenberg, Eric A.; Lin, Chiyu; Nijssen, Bart; Mishra, Vimal; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Andreadis, Kostas M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Maurer, Edwin P.] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Livneh, B (reprint author), Univ Colorado Boulder, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RI Livneh, Ben/I-2939-2015; Nijssen, Bart/B-1013-2012; OI Nijssen, Bart/0000-0002-4062-0322; LIVNEH, BEN/0000-0001-5445-2473 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 27 IS 1 BP 477 EP 486 DI 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00697.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 283VV UT WOS:000329276000032 ER PT J AU Ross, RG AF Ross, Ronald G., Jr. TI PV Reliability Development Lessons From JPL's Flat Plate Solar Array Project SO IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS LA English DT Article DE JPL Flat Plate Solar Array (FSA) project; lessons learned; photovoltaic; reliability ID MODULES AB Key reliability and engineering lessons that were learned fromthe 20-year history of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Flat-Plate Solar Array Project and thin-film module reliability research activities are presented and analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on lessons applicable to evolving new module technologies and the organizations involved with these technologies. The user-specific demand for reliability is a strong function of the application, its location, and its expected duration. Lessons relative to effective means of specifying reliability are described, and commonly used test requirements are assessed from the standpoint of which are the most troublesome to pass, and which correlate best with field experience. Module design lessons are also summarized, including the significance of the most frequently encountered failure mechanisms and the role of encapsulant and cell reliability in determining module reliability. Lessons pertaining to research, design, and test approaches include the historical role and usefulness of qualification tests and field tests. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ross, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rgrossjr@jpl.nasa.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 2156-3381 J9 IEEE J PHOTOVOLT JI IEEE J. Photovolt. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 4 IS 1 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2281102 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science; Physics GA 280NZ UT WOS:000329038800045 ER PT J AU Maruyama, Y Blacksberg, J Charbon, E AF Maruyama, Yuki Blacksberg, Jordana Charbon, Edoardo TI A 1024 x 8, 700-ps Time-Gated SPAD Line Sensor for Planetary Surface Exploration With Laser Raman Spectroscopy and LIBS SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS LA English DT Article DE Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Raman spectroscopy; single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); single-photon counting; time gating ID PHOTON AVALANCHE-DIODES; CMOS TECHNOLOGY; NOISE AB A 1024 x 8 time-gated, single-photon avalanche diode line sensor is presented for time-resolved laser Raman spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Two different chip geometries were implemented and characterized. A type-I sensor has a maximum photon detection efficiency of 0.3% and median dark count rate of 80 Hz at 3 V of excess bias. A type-II sensor offers a maximum photon detection efficiency of 19.3% and a median dark count rate of 5.7 kHz at 3 V of excess bias. Both chips have 250-ps temporal resolution and fast gating capability, with a minimum gate width of 1.8 ns for type I and 0.7 ns for type II. Raman spectra were successfully observed from natural minerals, such as calcite and willemite. With the use of subnanosecond gating, background fluorescence was significantly reduced. C1 [Maruyama, Yuki; Charbon, Edoardo] Delft Univ Technol, NL-2628 CD Delft, Netherlands. [Maruyama, Yuki; Blacksberg, Jordana] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Maruyama, Y (reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, NL-2628 CD Delft, Netherlands. EM Yuki.Maruyama@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 16 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9200 EI 1558-173X J9 IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC JI IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit PD JAN PY 2014 VL 49 IS 1 SI SI BP 179 EP 189 DI 10.1109/JSSC.2013.2282091 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 280TC UT WOS:000329052700017 ER PT J AU Fore, AG Stiles, BW Chau, AH Williams, BA Dunbar, RS Rodriguez, E AF Fore, Alexander G. Stiles, Bryan W. Chau, Alexandra H. Williams, Brent A. Dunbar, R. Scott Rodriguez, Ernesto TI Point-Wise Wind Retrieval and Ambiguity Removal Improvements for the QuikSCAT Climatological Data Set SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Ocean winds; radar; rain; remote sensing; scatterometery ID GLOBAL TRENDS; WAVE HEIGHT; SCATTEROMETER; OCEAN; SPEED; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM; ACCURACY; VECTORS; MODEL AB In this paper, we introduce a reprocessing of the entire SeaWinds on QuikSCAT mission. The goal of the reprocessing is to create a climate data record suitable for climate studies and to incorporate recent algorithm improvements. Three different levels of QuikSCAT data are produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory: L1B, geolocated, calibrated, backscatter measurements in chronological order by acquisition time; L2A, backscatter measurements binned into a geographical grid; and L2B, gridded ocean surface wind vectors. This reprocessing only changes the L2A and L2B data; we have not changed the L1B processing at all. We introduce new algorithms used in the L1B to L2A processing and in the L2A to L2B processing. After introducing our new algorithms, we show the validation studies performed to date, which include comparisons to numerical weather products, comparisons to buoy data sets, comparisons to other remote sensing instruments, and spectral considerations. C1 [Fore, Alexander G.; Stiles, Bryan W.; Chau, Alexandra H.; Williams, Brent A.; Dunbar, R. Scott; Rodriguez, Ernesto] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fore, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alexander.Fore@jpl.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2235843 PN 1 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279CW UT WOS:000328938400005 ER PT J AU Forman, BA Reichle, RH Derksen, C AF Forman, Barton A. Reichle, Rolf H. Derksen, Chris TI Estimating Passive Microwave Brightness Temperature Over Snow-Covered Land in North America Using a Land Surface Model and an Artificial Neural Network SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE AMSR-E; brightness temperature; modeling; neural networks; passive microwave; remote sensing; snow ID INTERACTIVE MULTISENSOR SNOW; HYDROLOGIC DATA ASSIMILATION; ICE MAPPING SYSTEM; WATER EQUIVALENT; WESTERN CANADA; REMOTE; DEPTH; RETRIEVAL; METAMORPHISM; UNCERTAINTY AB An artificial neural network (ANN) is presented for the purpose of estimating passive microwave (PMW) brightness temperatures over snow covered land in North America. The NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (Catchment) is used to define snowpack properties; the Catchment-based ANN is then trained with PMW measurements acquired by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). A comparison of ANN output against AMSR-E measurements not used during training activities as well as a comparison against independent PMW measurements collected during airborne surveys demonstrates the predictive skill of the ANN. When averaged over the study domain for the 9-year study period, computed statistics (relative to AMSR-E measurements not used during training) for multiple frequencies and polarizations yielded a near-zero bias, a root mean squared error less than 10 K, and a time series anomaly correlation coefficient of approximately 0.5. The ANN demonstrates skill during the accumulation phase when the snowpack is relatively dry as well as during the ablation phase when the snowpack is ripe and relatively wet. Overall, the results suggest the ANN could serve as a computationally efficient measurement operator for data assimilation at the continental scale. C1 [Forman, Barton A.] Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Reichle, Rolf H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Derksen, Chris] Environm Canada, Climate Proc Div, Downsview, ON M3H 5TA, Canada. RP Forman, BA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM baforman@umd.edu; rolf.h.reichle@nasa.gov; chris.derksen@ec.gc.ca RI Sexton, Susan/E-9348-2012; Reichle, Rolf/E-1419-2012 FU NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship [NNH06CC03B]; NASA Science of Terra and Aqua program; Canadian International Polar Year program FX B. Forman was supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship (Contract NNH06CC03B). R. Reichle was supported by the NASA Science of Terra and Aqua program. The Environment Canada airborne passive microwave surveys were supported by the Canadian International Polar Year program. Computing was supported by the NASA High End Computing Program. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 235 EP 248 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2237913 PN 1 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279CW UT WOS:000328938400019 ER PT J AU Choi, TY Xiong, XX Wang, ZP AF Choi, Taeyoung Xiong, Xiaoxiong Wang, Zhipeng TI On-Orbit Lunar Modulation Transfer Function Measurements for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Aqua; MODIS; moon; MTF; spatial quality; SRCA; Terra ID TERRA MODIS; CALIBRATION AB Spatial quality of an imaging sensor can be estimated by evaluating its modulation transfer function (MTF) from many different sources such as a sharp edge, a pulse target, or bar patterns with different spatial frequencies. These well-defined targets are frequently used for prelaunch laboratory tests, providing very reliable and accurate MTF measurements. A laboratory-quality edge input source was included in the spatial-mode operation of the Spectroradiometric Calibration Assembly (SRCA), which is one of the onboard calibrators of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Since not all imaging satellites have such an instrument, SRCA MTF estimations can be used as a reference for an on-orbit lunar MTF algorithm and results. In this paper, the prelaunch spatial quality characterization process from the Integrated Alignment Collimator and SRCA is briefly discussed. Based on prelaunch MTF calibration using the SRCA, a lunar MTF algorithm is developed and applied to the lifetime on-orbit Terra and Aqua MODIS lunar collections. In each lunar collection, multiple scan-direction Moon-to-background transition profiles are aligned by the subpixel edge locations from a parametric Fermi function fit. Corresponding accumulated edge profiles are filtered and interpolated to obtain the edge spread function (ESF). The MTF is calculated by applying a Fourier transformation on the line spread function through a simple differentiation of the ESF. The lifetime lunar MTF results are analyzed and filtered by a relationship with the Sun-Earth-MODIS angle. Finally, the filtered lunar MTF values are compared to the SRCA MTF results. This comparison provides the level of accuracy for on-orbit MTF estimations validated through prelaunch SRCA measurements. The lunar MTF values had larger uncertainty than the SRCA MTF results; however, the ratio mean of lunar MTF fit and SRCA MTF values is within 2% in the 250- and 500-m bands. Based on the MTF measurement uncertainty range, the suggested lunar MTF algorithm can be applied to any on-orbit imaging sensor with lunar calibration capability. C1 [Choi, Taeyoung; Wang, Zhipeng] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Choi, Taeyoung] George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Choi, TY (reprint author), Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM taeyoung.choi@sigmaspace.com; Xiaoxiong.Xiong-1@nasa.gov; zwang@sigmaspace.com RI Choi, Taeyoung/E-4437-2016; OI Choi, Taeyoung/0000-0002-4596-989X; Wang, Zhipeng/0000-0002-9108-9009 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2014 VL 52 IS 1 BP 270 EP 277 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2238545 PN 1 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 279CW UT WOS:000328938400022 ER PT J AU Hu, SW Cucinotta, FA AF Hu, Shaowen Cucinotta, Francis A. TI Epidermal homeostasis and radiation responses in a multiscale tissue modeling framework SO INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATON MODEL; ACUTE SINGLE EXPOSURES; STEM-CELLS; TUMOR-GROWTH; SWINE SKIN; PIG SKIN; X-RAYS; COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; TGF-BETA; QUANTIFICATION AB The surface of the skin is lined with several thin layers of epithelial cells that are maintained throughout a lifetime by a small population of stem cells. High dose radiation exposures could injure and deplete the underlying proliferative cells and induce cutaneous radiation syndrome. In this work we propose a multiscale computational model for skin epidermal dynamics that links phenomena occurring at the subcellular, cellular, and tissue levels of organization, to simulate the experimental data of the radiation response of swine epidermis, which is very similar to human epidermis. Incorporating experimentally measured histological and cell kinetic parameters, we obtain results of population kinetics and proliferation indices comparable to observations in unirradiated and acutely irradiated swine experiments. At the sub-cellular level, several recently published Wnt signaling controlled cell-cycle models are applied and the roles of key components and parameters are analyzed. This integrated model allows us to test the validity of several basic biological rules at the cellular level and sub-cellular mechanisms by qualitatively comparing simulation results with published research, and enhances our understanding of the pathophysiological effects of ionizing radiation on the skin. C1 [Hu, Shaowen] Univ Space Res Assoc, Div Space Life Sci, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Cucinotta, Francis A.] Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Cucinotta, Francis A.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cucinotta, FA (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM francis.cucinotta@unlv.edu FU NASA Space Radiation Risk Assessment project; University of Nevada, Las Vegas FX This work was supported by NASA Space Radiation Risk Assessment project and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. We are thankful for the discussion with Dr Olga Smirnova, and appreciate the hospitality of the Chaste team for the 2012 Chaste Cell-based Modelling Workshop. NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1757-9694 EI 1757-9708 J9 INTEGR BIOL-UK JI Integr. Biol. PY 2014 VL 6 IS 1 BP 76 EP 89 DI 10.1039/c3ib40141c PG 14 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 278JG UT WOS:000328885900008 PM 24270511 ER PT J AU Marshburn, TH Hadfield, CA Sargsyan, AE Garcia, K Ebert, D Dulchavsky, SA AF Marshburn, Thomas H. Hadfield, Chris A. Sargsyan, Ashot E. Garcia, Kathleen Ebert, Douglas Dulchavsky, Scott A. TI NEW HEIGHTS IN ULTRASOUND: FIRST REPORT OF SPINAL ULTRASOUND FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION SO JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE International Space Station; ultrasound; spine; telemedicine; remote care ID THORACIC ULTRASOUND; DIURNAL CHANGES; US ASTRONAUTS; BACK-PAIN; PNEUMOTHORAX; DIAGNOSIS; MICROGRAVITY; ABOARD; TRAUMA AB Background: Changes in the lumbar and sacral spine occur with exposure to microgravity in astronauts; monitoring these alterations without radiographic capabilities on the International Space Station (ISS) requires novel diagnostic solutions to be developed. Study Objectives: We evaluated the ability of point-of-care ultrasound, performed by nonexpert-operator astronauts, to provide accurate anatomic information about the spine in long-duration crewmembers in space. Methods: Astronauts received brief ultrasound instruction on the ground and performed inflight cervical and lumbosacral ultrasound examinations using just-in-time training and remote expert tele-ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound examinations on the ISS used a portable ultrasound device with real-time communication/guidance with ground experts in Mission Control. Results: The crewmembers were able to obtain diagnostic-quality examinations of the cervical and lumbar spine that would provide essential information about acute or chronic changes to the spine. Conclusions: Spinal ultrasound provides essential anatomic information in the cervical and lumbosacral spine; this technique may be extensible to point-of-care situations in emergency departments or resource-challenged areas without direct access to additional radiologic capabilities. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. C1 [Marshburn, Thomas H.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Hadfield, Chris A.] Canadian Space Agcy, John H Chapman Space Ctr, St Hubert, PQ, Canada. [Sargsyan, Ashot E.; Garcia, Kathleen; Ebert, Douglas] Wyle Sci Technol & Engn Grp, Houston, TX USA. [Dulchavsky, Scott A.] Henry Ford Hosp, Dept Surg, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Dulchavsky, SA (reprint author), Henry Ford Hosp, Dept Surg, CFP 1,2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNX10AM34G] FX This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant number NNX10AM34G. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0736-4679 EI 1090-1280 J9 J EMERG MED JI J. Emerg. Med. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 46 IS 1 BP 61 EP 70 DI 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.001 PG 10 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 276JK UT WOS:000328746400017 PM 24135505 ER PT J AU Drouin, BJ Payne, V Oyafuso, F Sung, K Mlawer, E AF Drouin, Brian J. Payne, Vivienne Oyafuso, Fabiano Sung, Keeyoon Mlawer, Eli TI Pressure broadening of oxygen by water SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE Pressure broadening; Atmospheric science; Humidity; Air mass; Oxygen; Water vapor ID O-2 A-BAND; CO2 RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; LINE PARAMETERS; 118.75 GHZ; AIR; VALIDATION AB A need for precise air-mass retrievals utilizing the near-infrared O-2 A-band has motivated measurements of the water-broadening in oxygen. Experimental challenges have resulted in very little water broadened oxygen data. Existing water broadening data for the O-2 A-band is of insufficient precision for application to the atmospheric data. Line shape theory suggests that approximate O-2 pressure broadening parameters for one spectral region, such as the A-band, may be obtained from comparable spectral regions such as the O-2 60 GHz Q-branch, which is also used prominently in remote sensing. We have measured precise O-2-H2O broadening for the 60 GHz Q-branch and the pure-rotational transitions at room temperature with a Zeeman-modulated absorption cell using a frequency-multiplier spectrometer. Intercomparisons of these data and other O-2 pressure broadening data sets confirm the expectation of only minor band-to-band scaling of pressure broadening. The measurement provides a basis for fundamental parameterization of retrieval codes for the long-wavelength atmospheric measured values. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these measurements for retrievals of air-mass via remote sensing of the oxygen A-band. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Drouin, Brian J.; Payne, Vivienne; Oyafuso, Fabiano; Sung, Keeyoon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mlawer, Eli] Atmospher & Environm Res, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. RP Drouin, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Brian.J.Drouin@jpl.nasa.gov RI Sung, Keeyoon/I-6533-2015 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Portions of this research were carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 47 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 EI 1879-1352 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 133 BP 190 EP 198 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.08.001 PG 9 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 278DH UT WOS:000328868800013 ER PT J AU Smith, MAH Benner, DC Predoi-Cross, A Devi, VM AF Smith, M. A. H. Benner, D. Chris Predoi-Cross, A. Devi, V. Malathy TI Air- and self-broadened half widths, pressure-induced shifts, and line mixing in the nu(2) band of (CH4)-C-12 SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE Methane; Infrared spectra; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; Spectral line shape; Pressure broadening; Pressure-induced shifts; Line mixing; Off-diagonal relaxation matrix elements ID CONSTRAINED MULTISPECTRUM ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; DIODE-LASER SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; NU(3) BAND; NU(4) BAND; PLANETARY MEASUREMENTS; COEFFICIENTS WIDTHS; SPEED DEPENDENCE; 4635 CM(-1) AB Lorentz self- and air-broadened half width and pressure-induced shift coefficients and their dependences on temperature have been measured from laboratory absorption spectra for nearly 130 transitions in the nu(2) band of (CH4)-C-12. In addition line mixing coefficients (using the relaxation matrix element formalism) for both self- and air-broadening were experimentally determined for the first time for a small number of transitions in this band. Accurate line positions and absolute line intensities were also determined. These parameters were obtained by analyzing high-resolution (similar to 0.003 to 0.01 cm(-1)) laboratory spectra of high-purity natural CH4 and air-broadened CH4 recorded at temperatures between 226 and 297 K using the McMath-Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) located at the National Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak, Arizona. A multispectrum nonlinear least squares technique was used to fit short (5-15 cm(-1)) spectral intervals in 24-29 spectra simultaneously. Parameters were determined for nu(2) transitions up to J ''= 16. The variations of the measured broadening and shift parameters with the rotational quantum number index and tetrahedral symmetry species are examined. The present results are also compared with previous measurements available in the literature. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Smith, M. A. H.] NASA, Sci Directorate, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Benner, D. Chris; Devi, V. Malathy] Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. [Predoi-Cross, A.] Univ Lethbridge, Dept Phys, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. RP Smith, MAH (reprint author), NASA, Sci Directorate, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Mary.Ann.H.Smith@nasa.gov FU National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) FX The authors would like to thank Claude Plymate and Mike Dulick of the National Solar Observatory (NSO) for their assistance with the FTS laboratory measurements on Kitt Peak. Research at the College of William and Mary is supported under contracts and cooperative agreements with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. A. Predoi-Cross acknowledges the financial support received from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). We thank NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Program for their past support of the McMath-Pierce FTS laboratory facility. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 EI 1879-1352 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 133 BP 217 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.08.004 PG 18 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 278DH UT WOS:000328868800016 ER PT J AU Sanghavi, S Davis, AB Eldering, A AF Sanghavi, Suniti Davis, Anthony B. Eldering, Annmarie TI vSmartMOM: A vector matrix operator method-based radiative transfer model linearized with respect to aerosol properties SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE Vector radiative transfer; Benchmarking; Matrix operator method; Jacobian matrix; Information content; Aerosol; Cloud ID DISCRETE SPACE THEORY; POLARIZED-LIGHT; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; RETRIEVAL; MISSION; SYSTEM AB In this paper, we build up on the scalar model smartMOM to arrive at a formalism for linearized vector radiative transfer based on the matrix operator method (vSmartMOM). Improvements have been made with respect to smartMOM in that a novel method of computing intensities for the exact viewing geometry (direct raytracing) without interpolation between quadrature points has been implemented. Also, the truncation method employed for dealing with highly peaked phase functions has been changed to a vector adaptation of Wiscombe's delta-m method. These changes enable speedier and more accurate radiative transfer computations by eliminating the need for a large number of quadrature points and coefficients for generalized spherical functions. We verify our forward model against the benchmarking results of Kokhanovsky et al. (2010) [22]. All non-zero Stokes vector elements are found to show agreement up to mostly the seventh significant digit for the Rayleigh atmosphere. Intensity computations for aerosol and cloud show an agreement of well below 0.03% and 0.05% at all viewing angles except around the solar zenith angle (60), where most radiative models demonstrate larger variances due to the strongly forward-peaked phase function. We have for the first time linearized vector radiative transfer based on the matrix operator method with respect to aerosol optical and microphysical parameters. We demonstrate this linearization by computing Jacobian matrices for all Stokes vector elements for a multi-angular and multispectral measurement setup. We use these Jacobians to compare the aerosol information content of measurements using only the total intensity component against those using the idealized measurements of full Stokes vector [I, Q, U, V] as well as the more practical use of only [I, Q, U]. As expected, we find for the considered example that the accuracy of the retrieved parameters improves when the full Stokes vector is used. The information content for the full Stokes vector remains practically constant for all azimuthal planes, while that associated with intensity-only measurements falls as we approach the plane perpendicular to the principal plane. The [I, Q, U] vector is equivalent to the full Stokes vector in the principal plane, but its information content drops towards the perpendicular plane, albeit less sharply than I-only measurements. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Sanghavi, Suniti; Davis, Anthony B.; Eldering, Annmarie] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sanghavi, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Suniti.V.Sanghavi@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (ACE) mission project FX This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. This work has been partially supported by the NASA Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (ACE) mission project. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 EI 1879-1352 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 133 BP 412 EP 433 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.09.004 PG 22 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 278DH UT WOS:000328868800032 ER PT J AU Awasthi, AK Jain, R Gadhiya, PD Aschwanden, MJ Uddin, W Srivastava, AK Chandra, R Gopalswamy, N Nitta, NV Yashiro, S Manoharan, PK Choudhary, DP Joshi, NC Dwivedi, VC Mahalakshmi, K AF Awasthi, A. K. Jain, R. Gadhiya, P. D. Aschwanden, M. J. Uddin, W. Srivastava, A. K. Chandra, R. Gopalswamy, N. Nitta, N. V. Yashiro, S. Manoharan, P. K. Choudhary, D. P. Joshi, N. C. Dwivedi, V. C. Mahalakshmi, K. TI Multiwavelength diagnostics of the precursor and main phases of an M1.8 flare on 2011 April 22 SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE conduction; Sun: filaments, prominences; Sun: flares; Sun: X-rays, gamma-rays ID EARLY RISE PHASE; SOLAR-FLARES; ENERGY PARTITION; CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION; ATOMIC DATABASE; DYNAMICS; DRIVEN; RHESSI; EVOLUTION; FILAMENT AB We study the temporal, spatial and spectral evolution of the M1.8 flare, which occurred in the active region 11195 (S17E31) on 2011 April 22, and explore the underlying physical processes during the precursor phase and their relation to the main phase. The study of the source morphology using the composite images in 131 A wavelength observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and 6-14 keV [from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI)] revealed a multiloop system that destabilized systematically during the precursor and main phases. In contrast, hard X-ray emission (20-50 keV) was absent during the precursor phase, appearing only from the onset of the impulsive phase in the form of foot-points of emitting loops. This study also revealed the heated loop-top prior to the loop emission, although no accompanying foot-point sources were observed during the precursor phase. We estimate the flare plasma parameters, namely temperature (T), emission measure (EM), power-law index (gamma) and photon turn-over energy (epsilon(to)), and found them to be varying in the ranges 12.4-23.4 MK, 0.0003-0.6 x 10(49) cm(-3), 5-9 and 14-18 keV, respectively, by forward fitting RHESSI spectral observations. The energy released in the precursor phase was thermal and constituted approximate to 1 per cent of the total energy released during the flare. The study of morphological evolution of the filament in conjunction with synthesized T and EM maps was carried out, which reveals (a) partial filament eruption prior to the onset of the precursor emission and (b) heated dense plasma over the polarity inversion line and in the vicinity of the slowly rising filament during the precursor phase. Based on the implications from multiwavelength observations, we propose a scheme to unify the energy release during the precursor and main phase emissions in which the precursor phase emission was originated via conduction front that resulted due to the partial filament eruption. Next, the heated leftover S-shaped filament underwent slow-rise and heating due to magnetic reconnection and finally erupted to produce emission during the impulsive and gradual phases. C1 [Awasthi, A. K.; Jain, R.; Gadhiya, P. D.] Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. [Aschwanden, M. J.; Nitta, N. V.] Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Uddin, W.; Srivastava, A. K.; Joshi, N. C.] Aryabhatta Res Inst Observat Sci, Naini Tal 263129, India. [Chandra, R.] Kumaun Univ, Dept Phys, Naini Tal 263002, India. [Gopalswamy, N.; Yashiro, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Manoharan, P. K.; Dwivedi, V. C.; Mahalakshmi, K.] TIFR, NCRA, Radio Astron Ctr, Ooty 643001, India. [Choudhary, D. P.] Calif State Univ Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. RP Awasthi, AK (reprint author), Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. EM arun.awasthi.87@gmail.com RI Awasthi, Arun/H-5596-2016 OI Awasthi, Arun/0000-0001-5313-1125 FU IUSSTF/JC-Solar Eruptive Phenomena [99-2010/2011-2012]; Dept. of Space (Govt. of India); Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) FX The authors acknowledge the support of IUSSTF/JC-Solar Eruptive Phenomena/99-2010/2011-2012 project on 'Multiwavelength Study of Solar Eruptive Phenomena and Their Interplanetary Responses' to this study. They also acknowledge the free data usage policy of the SDO/AIA and SDO/HMI as well as STEREO, SOXS and RHESSI missions. AKA, RJ and PG acknowledge the support of Dept. of Space (Govt. of India). AKA and RJ acknowledge the guidance provided by Professor Brain Dennis during the RHESSI data analysis. The numerical computations have been performed on the three TFLOP clusters at PRL. This work is also a part of the project carried out under the Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES)-India programme supported by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The authors also acknowledge the support of the anonymous referee in the form of descriptive comments which helped in improving the manuscript. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 3 BP 2249 EP 2262 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt2032 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 282GQ UT WOS:000329158900015 ER PT J AU Tchekhovskoy, A Metzger, BD Giannios, D Kelley, LZ AF Tchekhovskoy, Alexander Metzger, Brian D. Giannios, Dimitrios Kelley, Luke Z. TI Swift J1644+57 gone MAD: the case for dynamically important magnetic flux threading the black hole in a jetted tidal disruption event SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE accretion; accretion discs; black hole physics; MHD; gamma-rays: galaxies; X-rays: galaxies ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; RELATIVISTIC JETS; ACCRETION FLOWS; WHITE-DWARF; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; RADIATION PRESSURE; NEARBY GALAXIES; RADIO JETS; STARS; DISK AB The unusual transient Swift J1644+57 likely resulted from a collimated relativistic jet, powered by the sudden onset of accretion on to a massive black hole (BH) following the tidal disruption (TD) of a star. However, several mysteries cloud the interpretation of this event, including (1) the extreme flaring and 'plateau' shape of the X-ray/gamma-ray light curve during the first t - t(trig) similar to 10 d after the gamma-ray trigger; (2) unexpected rebrightening of the forward shock radio emission at t - t(trig) similar to months; (3) lack of obvious evidence for jet precession, despite the misalignment typically expected between the angular momentum of the accretion disc and BH; (4) recent abrupt shut-off in the jet X-ray emission at t - t(trig) similar to 1.5 yr. Here, we show that all of these seemingly disparate mysteries are naturally resolved by one assumption: the presence of strong magnetic flux Phi(center dot) threading the BH. Just after the TD event, Phi(center dot) is dynamically weak relative to the high rate of fall-back accretion <(M)over dot>, such that the accretion disc (jet) freely precesses about the BH axis = our line of sight. As <(M)over dot> decreases, however, Phi(center dot) becomes dynamically important, leading to a state of 'magnetically arrested disk' (MAD). MAD naturally aligns the jet with the BH spin, but only after an extended phase of violent rearrangement (jet wobbling), which in Swift J1644+57 starts a few days before the gamma-ray trigger and explains the erratic early light curve. Indeed, the entire X-ray light curve can be fitted to the predicted power-law decay <(M)over dot> (alpha similar or equal to 5/3 - 2.2) if the TD occurred a few weeks prior to the gamma-ray trigger. Jet energy directed away from the line of sight, either prior to the trigger or during the jet alignment process, eventually manifests as the observed radio rebrightening, similar to an off-axis (orphan) gamma-ray burst afterglow. As suggested recently, the late X-ray shut-off occurs when the disc transitions to a geometrically thin (jetless) state once <(M)over dot> drops below similar to the Eddington rate. We predict that, in several years, a transition to a low/hard state will mark a revival of the jet and its associated X-ray emission. We use our model for Swift J1644+57 to constrain the properties of the BH and disrupted star, finding that a solar mass main-sequence star disrupted by a relatively low-mass M-center dot similar to 10(5)-10(6) M-circle dot BH is consistent with the data, while a white dwarf disruption (though still possible) is disfavoured. The magnetic flux required to power Swift J1644+57 is much too large to be supplied by the star itself, but it could be collected from a quiescent 'fossil' accretion disc that was present in the galactic nucleus prior to the TD. The presence (lack of) of such a fossil disc could be a deciding factor in what TD events are accompanied by powerful jets. C1 [Tchekhovskoy, Alexander] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Tchekhovskoy, Alexander] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Metzger, Brian D.] Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Giannios, Dimitrios] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Kelley, Luke Z.] Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Tchekhovskoy, Alexander] Princeton Univ, Ctr Theoret Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Tchekhovskoy, A (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC USA. EM atchekho@berkeley.edu FU Princeton Center for Theoretical Science fellowship; NASA through Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship [PF3-140115]; Chandra X-ray Center; NASA [NAS8-03060] FX We thank Binbin Zhang, David Burrows, Michael Eracleous, Jonathan Granot, James Guillochon, Michael Kesden, Serguei Komissarov, Julian Krolik, Pawan Kumar, Morgan MacLeod, Jonathan C. McKinney, Petar Mimica, Ramesh Narayan, Ryan O'Leary, Asaf Pe'er, Tsvi Piran, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Eliot Quataert, Roman Shcherbakov, Steinn Sigurdsson, Nicholas Stone and Sjoert van Velzen for insightful discussions. We thank the anonymous referee for suggestions that helped improve the manuscript. AT was supported by a Princeton Center for Theoretical Science fellowship, by NASA through Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship grant number PF3-140115 awarded by the Chandra X-ray Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for NASA under contract NAS8-03060, and an XSEDE computational time allocation TG-AST100040 on NICS Kraken and Nautilus and TACC Ranch. NR 73 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 3 BP 2744 EP 2760 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt2085 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 282GQ UT WOS:000329158900055 ER PT J AU Holdaway, D Errico, R Gelaro, R Kim, JG AF Holdaway, Daniel Errico, Ronald Gelaro, Ronald Kim, Jong G. TI Inclusion of Linearized Moist Physics in NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation Tools SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article DE Satellite observations; Sensitivity studies; Numerical weather prediction; forecasting; Convective parameterization; Data assimilation ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; OBSERVATION IMPACT; MESOSCALE MODEL; OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; INITIAL TESTS; CLOUD; CONVECTION; ADJOINT; SCALE AB Inclusion of moist physics in the linearized version of a weather forecast model is beneficial in terms of variational data assimilation. Further, it improves the capability of important tools, such as adjoint-based observation impacts and sensitivity studies. A linearized version of the relaxed Arakawa-Schubert (RAS) convection scheme has been developed and tested in NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System data assimilation tools. A previous study of the RAS scheme showed it to exhibit reasonable linearity and stability. This motivates the development of a linearization of a near-exact version of the RAS scheme. Linearized large-scale condensation is included through simple conversion of supersaturation into precipitation. The linearization of moist physics is validated against the full nonlinear model for 6- and 24-h intervals, relevant to variational data assimilation and observation impacts, respectively. For a small number of profiles, sudden large growth in the perturbation trajectory is encountered. Efficient filtering of these profiles is achieved by diagnosis of steep gradients in a reduced version of the operator of the tangent linear model. With filtering turned on, the inclusion of linearized moist physics increases the correlation between the nonlinear perturbation trajectory and the linear approximation of the perturbation trajectory. A month-long observation impact experiment is performed and the effect of including moist physics on the impacts is discussed. Impacts from moist-sensitive instruments and channels are increased. The effect of including moist physics is examined for adjoint sensitivity studies. A case study examining an intensifying Northern Hemisphere Atlantic storm is presented. The results show a significant sensitivity with respect to moisture. C1 [Holdaway, Daniel; Errico, Ronald; Gelaro, Ronald; Kim, Jong G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Holdaway, Daniel] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res, Columbia, MD USA. [Errico, Ronald] Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Kim, Jong G.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Holdaway, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Code 610-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dan.holdaway@nasa.gov RI Holdaway, Daniel/Q-5198-2016 OI Holdaway, Daniel/0000-0002-3672-2588 FU NASA-USRA GESTAR FX This work is funded under the NASA-USRA GESTAR cooperative agreement. The lead author wishes to thank Ricardo Todling for his help with setting up and running the GEOS-5 data assimilation system. Thanks also to Will McCarty of NASA's GMAO for useful discussions on observation impacts and instrumentation channels. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 142 IS 1 BP 414 EP 433 DI 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00193.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 282UX UT WOS:000329200200024 ER PT J AU Robinson, TD Catling, DC AF Robinson, T. D. Catling, D. C. TI Common 0.1 bar tropopause in thick atmospheres set by pressure-dependent infrared transparency SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL; TITAN; MODEL AB A minimum atmospheric temperature, or tropopause, occurs at a pressure of around 0.1 bar in the atmospheres of Earth(1), Titan(2), Jupiter(3), Saturn(4), Uranus and Neptune(4), despite great differences in atmospheric composition, gravity, internal heat and sunlight. In all of these bodies, the tropopause separates a stratosphere with a temperature profile that is controlled by the absorption of short-wave solar radiation, from a region below characterized by convection, weather and clouds(5,6). However, it is not obvious why the tropopause occurs at the specific pressure near 0.1 bar. Here we use a simple, physically based model(7) to demonstrate that, at atmospheric pressures lower than 0.1 bar, transparency to thermal radiation allows short-wave heating to dominate, creating a stratosphere. At higher pressures, atmospheres become opaque to thermal radiation, causing temperatures to increase with depth and convection to ensue. A common dependence of infrared opacity on pressure, arising from the shared physics of molecular absorption, sets the 0.1 bar tropopause. We reason that a tropopause at a pressure of approximately 0.1 bar is characteristic of many thick atmospheres, including exoplanets and exomoons in our galaxy and beyond. Judicious use of this rule could help constrain the atmospheric structure, and thus the surface environments and habitability, of exoplanets. C1 [Robinson, T. D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Robinson, T. D.; Catling, D. C.] Univ Washington, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Virtual Planetary Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Catling, D. C.] Univ Washington, Astrobiol Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Catling, D. C.] Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Robinson, TD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM tyler.d.robinson@nasa.gov OI Catling, David/0000-0001-5646-120X FU National Aeronautics and Space Administrationt hrough the NASA Astrobiology Institute [NNH05ZDA001C]; NASA Exobiology/Astrobiology grant [NNX10AQ90G] FX This work was performed as part of the NASA Astrobiology Institute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory, supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administrationt hrough the NASA Astrobiology Institute under solicitation No. NNH05ZDA001C. T.D.R. gratefully acknowledges support from an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Ames Research Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. D.C.C. was also supported by NASA Exobiology/Astrobiology grant NNX10AQ90G. The author thank the late C. Leovy for discussions in which he was supportive of pursuing the idea that a 0.1 bar tropopause constitutes an emergent law. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 EI 1752-0908 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 12 EP 15 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 279LY UT WOS:000328962700011 ER PT J AU Ramirez, RM Kopparapu, R Zugger, ME Robinson, TD Freedman, R Kasting, JF AF Ramirez, Ramses M. Kopparapu, Ravi Zugger, Michael E. Robinson, Tyler D. Freedman, Richard Kasting, James F. TI Warming early Mars with CO2 and H-2 SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARTIAN CLIMATE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERE; GREENHOUSE; EVOLUTION; PLANETS; ABSORPTION; BASALTS; CLOUDS AB The presence of valleys on ancient terrains of Mars suggests that liquid water flowed on the martian surface 3.8 Gyr ago or before. The above-freezing temperatures required to explain valley formation could have been transient, in response to the frequent large meteorite impacts on early Mars, or they could have been caused by long-lived greenhouse warming. Climate models that consider only the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and water have been unable to recreate warm surface conditions, given the lower solar luminosity at that time. Here we use a one-dimensional climate model to demonstrate that an atmosphere containing 1.3-4 bar of CO2 and water, in addition to 5-20% H-2, could have raised the mean surface temperature of early Mars above the freezing point of water. Vigorous volcanic outgassing from a highly reduced early martian mantle is expected to provide sufficient atmospheric H-2 and CO2-the latter from the photochemical oxidation of outgassed CH4 and CO-to form a CO2 and H-2 greenhouse. Such a dense early martian atmosphere is consistent with independent estimates of surface pressure based on cratering data. C1 [Ramirez, Ramses M.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Kasting, James F.] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Ramirez, Ramses M.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Kasting, James F.] Penn State Univ, Penn State Astrobiol Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Ramirez, Ramses M.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Zugger, Michael E.; Robinson, Tyler D.; Kasting, James F.] Univ Washington, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Virtual Planetary Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Zugger, Michael E.] Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Robinson, Tyler D.] Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Freedman, Richard] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Freedman, Richard] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ramirez, RM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM rmr5265@psu.edu FU NASA Exobiology Program; NASA Astrobiology Institute FX This paper benefited from reviews by B. Toon and R. Wordsworth. Support for this work came from the NASA Exobiology Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute. NR 50 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 40 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 EI 1752-0908 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 7 IS 1 BP 59 EP 63 DI 10.1038/NGEO2000 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 279LY UT WOS:000328962700021 ER PT J AU Danabasoglu, G Yeager, SG Bailey, D Behrens, E Bentsen, M Bi, D Biastoch, A Boning, C Bozec, A Canuto, VM Cassou, C Chassignet, E Coward, AC Danilov, S Diansky, N Drange, H Farneti, R Fernandez, E Fogli, PG Forget, G Fujii, Y Griffies, SM Gusev, A Heimbach, P Howard, A Jung, T Kelley, M Large, WG Leboissetier, A Lu, J Madec, G Marsland, SJ Masina, S Navarra, A Nurser, AJG Pirani, A Melia, DSY Samuels, BL Scheinert, M Sidorenko, D Treguier, AM Tsujino, H Uotila, P Valcke, S Voldoire, A Wangi, Q AF Danabasoglu, Gokhan Yeager, Steve G. Bailey, David Behrens, Erik Bentsen, Mats Bi, Daohua Biastoch, Arne Boening, Claus Bozec, Alexandra Canuto, Vittorio M. Cassou, Christophe Chassignet, Eric Coward, Andrew C. Danilov, Sergey Diansky, Nikolay Drange, Helge Farneti, Riccardo Fernandez, Elodie Fogli, Pier Giuseppe Forget, Gael Fujii, Yosuke Griffies, Stephen M. Gusev, Anatoly Heimbach, Patrick Howard, Armando Jung, Thomas Kelley, Maxwell Large, William G. Leboissetier, Anthony Lu, Jianhua Madec, Gurvan Marsland, Simon J. Masina, Simona Navarra, Antonio Nurser, A. J. George Pirani, Anna Salas y Melia, David Samuels, Bonita L. Scheinert, Markus Sidorenko, Dmitry Treguier, Anne-Marie Tsujino, Hiroyuki Uotila, Petteri Valcke, Sophie Voldoire, Aurore Wangi, Qiang TI North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Global ocean-sea-ice modelling; Ocean model comparisons; Atmospheric forcing; Experimental design; Atlantic meridional overturning circulation; North Atlantic simulations ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER PARAMETERIZATION; MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; ANISOTROPIC HORIZONTAL VISCOSITY; COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS; FRESH-WATER DISCHARGE; HIGH-RESOLUTION MODEL; SEA-ICE; GLOBAL OCEAN; FREE-SURFACE AB Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean-sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year period from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Oceanice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summarized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contributors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertical and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics considered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated development effort. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Yeager, Steve G.; Bailey, David; Large, William G.] NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. [Behrens, Erik; Biastoch, Arne; Boening, Claus; Scheinert, Markus] GEOMAR, Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res, Kiel, Germany. [Bentsen, Mats] Uni Res Ltd, Uni Climate, Bergen, Norway. [Marsland, Simon J.] CSIRO, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Melbourne, Australia. [Marsland, Simon J.] CSIRO, Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Australia. [Bozec, Alexandra; Chassignet, Eric; Lu, Jianhua] Florida State Univ, COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Canuto, Vittorio M.; Kelley, Maxwell; Leboissetier, Anthony] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Cassou, Christophe; Fernandez, Elodie] CERFACS, Toulouse, France. [Coward, Andrew C.; Nurser, A. J. George] NOCS, Southampton, Hants, England. [Danilov, Sergey; Jung, Thomas; Sidorenko, Dmitry; Wangi, Qiang] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Diansky, Nikolay; Gusev, Anatoly] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. [Drange, Helge] Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway. [Farneti, Riccardo] Abdus Salaam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy. [Fogli, Pier Giuseppe; Masina, Simona; Navarra, Antonio] Ctr Euro Mediterraneo Cambiamenti Climatici CMCC, Bologna, Italy. [Forget, Gael; Heimbach, Patrick] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Fujii, Yosuke; Tsujino, Hiroyuki] Japan Meteorol Agcy, MRI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Griffies, Stephen M.; Samuels, Bonita L.] NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. [Howard, Armando] CUNY Medgar Evers Coll, Brooklyn, NY 11225 USA. [Madec, Gurvan] CNRS IRD UPMC, IPSL LOCEAN, Paris, France. [Masina, Simona; Navarra, Antonio] INGV, Bologna, Italy. [Pirani, Anna] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Int CLIVAR Project Off, Southampton, Hants, England. [Salas y Melia, David; Voldoire, Aurore] CNRM, Toulouse, France. [Treguier, Anne-Marie] IUEM, CNRS Ifremer IRD UBO, UMR 6523, Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France. RP Danabasoglu, G (reprint author), NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. EM gokhan@ucar.edu RI Danilov, Sergey/S-6184-2016; Gusev, Anatoly/A-8528-2014; Boening, Claus/B-1686-2012; Fogli, Pier Giuseppe/E-9486-2015; Treguier, Anne Marie/B-7497-2009; Uotila, Petteri/A-1703-2012; Farneti, Riccardo/B-5183-2011; Bi, Daohua/O-4508-2015; Biastoch, Arne/B-5219-2014; Jung, Thomas/J-5239-2012; madec, gurvan/E-7825-2010; Marsland, Simon/A-1453-2012; Masina, Simona/B-4974-2012; Heimbach, Patrick/K-3530-2013 OI Gusev, Anatoly/0000-0002-6463-3179; Boening, Claus/0000-0002-6251-5777; Fogli, Pier Giuseppe/0000-0001-7997-6273; Treguier, Anne Marie/0000-0003-4569-845X; Uotila, Petteri/0000-0002-2939-7561; Biastoch, Arne/0000-0003-3946-4390; Jung, Thomas/0000-0002-2651-1293; madec, gurvan/0000-0002-6447-4198; Marsland, Simon/0000-0002-5664-5276; Heimbach, Patrick/0000-0003-3925-6161 FU U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); NSF; U.S. Department of Energy; NOAA Climate Program Office under Climate Variability; Predictability Program [NA09OAR4310163]; Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency; Bureau of Meteorology; CSIRO; National Computational Infrastructure facility at the Australian National University; Research Council of Norway through the EarthClim [207711/E10]; NOTUR/NorStore projects; Centre for Climate Dynamics at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research; Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research; Italian Ministry of Environment, Land, and Sea under the GEMINA project; BNP-Paribas foundation via the PRECLIDE project under the CNRS [30023488]; WGOMD FX NCAR is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The CCSM and CESM are supported by the NSF and the U.S. Department of Energy. S. G. Yeager was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office under Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grant NA09OAR4310163. ACCESS modeling work has been undertaken as part of the Australian Climate Change Science Program, funded jointly by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, and was supported by the National Computational Infrastructure facility at the Australian National University. AWI is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers. Q. Wang and D. Sidorenko are funded by the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REK-LIM (Regional Climate Change) project. The BERGEN contribution is supported by the Research Council of Norway through the EarthClim (207711/E10) and NOTUR/NorStore projects, as well as the Centre for Climate Dynamics at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. The CMCC contribution received funding from the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research and the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land, and Sea under the GEMINA project. P. G. Fogli thanks W. G. Large, J. Tribbia, M. Vertenstein, G. Danabasoglu, and D. Bailey for their support and help in bringing NEMO into the CESM framework while vising NCAR. E. Fernandez was supported by the BNP-Paribas foundation via the PRECLIDE project under the CNRS research convention agreement 30023488. We thank M. Harrison and R. Hallberg of GFDL for assistance with defining the GFDL-GOLD configuration, and P. R. Gent, M. Holland, and F. Bryan of NCAR for suggestions on an earlier version of the manuscript. Finally, we thank both the international CLIVAR and U. S. CLIVAR projects for patiently sponsoring WGOMD over the years as COREs were developed. NR 193 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 52 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 EI 1463-5011 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 73 BP 76 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.10.005 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 281QW UT WOS:000329117100006 ER PT J AU Pang, XY Fischer, DG Visser, TD AF Pang, Xiaoyan Fischer, David G. Visser, Taco D. TI Wavefront spacing and Gouy phase in presence of primary spherical aberration SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-APERTURE SYSTEMS; RADIALLY POLARIZED BEAMS; FOCAL REGION; SHIFT; INTERFERENCE; INTERFEROMETER AB We study the Gouy phase of a scalar wavefield that is focused by a lens suffering from primary spherical aberration. It is found that the Gouy phase has different behaviors at the two sides of the intensity maximum. This results in a systematic increase of the successive wavefront spacings around the diffraction focus. Since all lenses have some amount of spherical aberration, this observation has implications for optical calibration and metrology. (C) 2013 Optical Society of America C1 [Pang, Xiaoyan; Visser, Taco D.] Delft Univ Technol, Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci, Delft, Netherlands. [Fischer, David G.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Res & Technol Directorate, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Visser, Taco D.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Phys & Astron, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Visser, Taco D.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Lasers Life & Biophoton, Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Visser, TD (reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci, Delft, Netherlands. EM tvisser@nat.vu.nl RI Pang, Xiaoyan/M-9413-2013 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 EI 1539-4794 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2014 VL 39 IS 1 BP 88 EP 91 DI 10.1364/OL.39.000088 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 280MD UT WOS:000329033400025 PM 24365829 ER PT J AU Paganini, L DiSanti, MA Mumma, MJ Villanueva, GL Bonev, BP Keane, JV Gibb, EL Boehnhardt, H Meech, KJ AF Paganini, Lucas DiSanti, Michael A. Mumma, Michael J. Villanueva, Geronimo L. Bonev, Boncho P. Keane, Jacqueline V. Gibb, Erika L. Boehnhardt, Hermann Meech, Karen J. TI THE UNEXPECTEDLY BRIGHT COMET C/2012 F6 (LEMMON) UNVEILED AT NEAR-INFRARED WAVELENGTHS SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrochemistry; comets: general; comets: individual (C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)); molecular processes; Oort Cloud; planets and satellites: formation ID 103P/HARTLEY 2; OORT-CLOUD; MOLECULAR COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SOLAR NEBULA; P1 GARRADD; WATER; MODEL; BAND; CO AB We acquired near-infrared spectra of the Oort cloud comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) at three different heliocentric distances (R-h) during the comet's 2013 perihelion passage, providing a comprehensive measure of the outgassing behavior of parent volatiles and cosmogonic indicators. Our observations were performed pre-perihelion at R-h = 1.2 AU with CRIRES (on 2013 February 2 and 4), and post-perihelion at R-h = 0.75 AU with CSHELL (on March 31 and April 1) and R-h = 1.74 AU with NIRSPEC (on June 20). We detected 10 volatile species (H2O, OH* prompt emission, C2H6, CH3OH, H2CO, HCN, CO, CH4, NH3, and NH2), and obtained upper limits for two others (C2H2 and HDO). One-dimensional spatial profiles displayed different distributions for some volatiles, confirming either the existence of polar and apolar ices, or of chemically distinct active vents in the nucleus. The ortho-para ratio for water was 3.31 +/- 0.33 (weighted mean of CRIRES and NIRSPEC results), implying a spin temperature > 37 K at the 95% confidence limit. Our (3 sigma) upper limit for HDO corresponds to D/H < 2.45 x 10(-3) (i.e., < 16 Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, VSMOW). At R-h = 1.2 AU (CRIRES), the production rate for water was Q(H2O) = 1.9 +/- 0.1 x 10(29) s(-1) and its rotational temperature was Trot similar to 69 K. At Rh = 0.75 AU (CSHELL), we measured Q(H2O) = 4.6 similar to 0.6 x 1029 s-1 and T-rot = 80 K onMarch 31, and 6.6 +/- 0.9 x 10(29) s(-1) and T-rot = 100 K on April 1. At R-h = 1.74 AU (NIRSPEC), we obtained Q(H2O) = 1.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(29) s(-1) and T-rot similar to 50 K. The measured volatile abundance ratios classify comet C/2012 F6 as rather depleted in C2H6 and CH3OH, while HCN, CH4, and CO displayed abundances close to their median values found among comets. H2CO was the only volatile showing a relative enhancement. The relative paucity of C2H6 and CH3OH (with respect to H2O) suggests formation within warm regions of the nebula. However, the normal abundance of HCN and hypervolatiles CH4 and CO, and the enhancement of H2CO, may indicate a possible heterogeneous nucleus of comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon), possibly as a result of radial mixing within the protoplanetary disk. C1 [Paganini, Lucas; DiSanti, Michael A.; Mumma, Michael J.; Villanueva, Geronimo L.; Bonev, Boncho P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Ctr Astrobiol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Paganini, Lucas; Villanueva, Geronimo L.; Bonev, Boncho P.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Keane, Jacqueline V.; Meech, Karen J.] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Gibb, Erika L.] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. [Boehnhardt, Hermann] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Paganini, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Ctr Astrobiol, MS 690, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM lucas.paganini@nasa.gov FU NASA Postdoctoral Program (Paganini); NASA's Planetary Astronomy (Paganini, Mumma, DiSanti, Villanueva); Astrobiology (Mumma, DiSanti, Bonev) Programs, by NSF's Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Grants Program (Bonev); Max Planck Gesellschaft (Bohnhardt); National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute [NNA09DA77A]; Office of Space Science; University of Hawaii [NCC 5-538] FX We thank the VLT science operations team of the European Southern Observatory, Keck Observatory, and NASA's InfraRed Telescope Facility for efficient operations of the observatories. We gratefully acknowledge support by the NASA Postdoctoral Program (Paganini), by NASA's Planetary Astronomy (Paganini, Mumma, DiSanti, Villanueva) and Astrobiology (Mumma, DiSanti, Bonev) Programs, by NSF's Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Grants Program (Bonev), and by the Max Planck Gesellschaft (Bohnhardt). This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement No. NNA09DA77A (Keane, Meech) issued through the Office of Space Science. L. P. also acknowledges Michael R. Combi for fruitful discussions on C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and for sharing the SWAN results prior to final publication. We also acknowledge Emmanuel Jehin and Cyrielle Opitom for sharing pre-publication results from the TRAPPIST project, and the referee for helpful suggestions. The NASA-IRTF is operated by the University of Hawaii under Cooperative Agreement NCC 5-538 with the NASA-OSS Planetary Astronomy Program. The authors acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 EI 1538-3881 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 147 IS 1 AR 15 DI 10.1088/0004-6256/147/1/15 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 275RH UT WOS:000328694500015 ER PT J AU Motagh, M Beavan, J Fielding, EJ Haghshenas, M AF Motagh, Mahdi Beavan, John Fielding, Eric J. Haghshenas, Mahmud TI Postseismic Ground Deformation Following the September 2010 Darfield, New Zealand, Earthquake From TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, and ALOS InSAR SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS); COSMO-SkyMed (CSK); interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR); postseismic; TerraSAR-X (TSX) ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; GEODETIC DATA; CANTERBURY; AFTERSLIP AB We evaluate early postseismic deformation after the 2010 Darfield, New Zealand, earthquake documented by radar satellite interferometry observations. Applying interferometric techniques to TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, and ALOS data, we derive evidence for a variety of coupled solid-fluid postseismic processes after the Darfield event. The contractional jog of the Greendale Fault shows a time-dependent subsidence signal during the first similar to 6 months after the event. We detect a dominant subsidence signal in the epicentral area of the Charing Cross fault and also observe a narrow zone (< 15 km) of right-lateral shear along the eastern end of the Greendale Fault, a likely indication of postseismic afterslip process that is operative there after the event. C1 [Motagh, Mahdi] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Helmholtz Ctr Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. [Motagh, Mahdi; Haghshenas, Mahmud] Univ Tehran, Dept Surveying & Geomat Engn, Tehran, Iran. [Beavan, John] GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. [Fielding, Eric J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Motagh, M (reprint author), GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Helmholtz Ctr Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM motagh@gfz-potsdam.de; j.beavan@gns.cri.nz; eric.j.fielding@jpl.nasa.gov; m.haghshenas@ut.ac.ir RI Fielding, Eric/A-1288-2007 OI Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067 FU PI project [Motagh_GEO1217]; AO PI Project [2214]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX ALOS original data is copyright 2010-2011 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency/METI. TerraSAR-X original data is copyright 2010-2011 DLR and was provided under PI project Motagh_GEO1217. COSMO-SkyMed original data is copyright 2010-2011 Italian Space Agency and was provided under AO PI Project 2214 and by e-GEOS. Part of this research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor, Dr. S. Stramondo, whose comments greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X EI 1558-0571 J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 11 IS 1 BP 186 EP 190 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2251858 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 275SS UT WOS:000328698400039 ER PT J AU Neumann, M Saatchi, SS AF Neumann, Maxim Saatchi, Sassan S. TI Polarimetric Backscatter Optimization for Biophysical Parameter Estimation SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Forest biomass; optimization; polarimetry; synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ID SAR DATA; FOREST BIOMASS; INTERFEROMETRY; IMAGERY AB In this letter, we introduce a polarization optimization concept to maximize the sensitivity of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter measurements to a biophysical parameter. An iterative method based on Lagrangian multipliers is introduced for optimization. Using a priori information, the optimization identifies the polarization most sensitive (or least sensitive) to the quantity of interest, with best predictive characteristics. The methodology is tested for estimating forest aboveground biomass using polarimetric SAR data acquired by DLR's E-SAR airborne sensor at L- and P-band frequencies over a boreal forest test site in Krycklan Catchment, Sweden. The results show an improvement of sensitivity to forest biomass using the optimized polarization compared to canonical polarizations. Via polarization basis transformation, the correlation of biomass to backscatter is shown to improve by up to 0.23 and 0.59 at L- and P-bands, respectively. C1 [Neumann, Maxim; Saatchi, Sassan S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Neumann, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM maxim.neumann@jpl.nasa.gov; sassan.s.saatchi@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Post-Doctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Manuscript received October 14, 2011; revised March 6, 2012, July 1, 2012, and October 30, 2012; accepted November 20, 2012. Date of publication June 19, 2013; date of current version November 8, 2013. This work was supported in part by the NASA Post-Doctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X EI 1558-0571 J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 11 IS 1 BP 254 EP 258 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2255098 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 275SS UT WOS:000328698400053 ER PT J AU Alajlan, N Pasolli, E Melgani, F Franzoso, A AF Alajlan, Naif Pasolli, Edoardo Melgani, Farid Franzoso, Andrea TI Large-Scale Image Classification Using Active Learning SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Active learning; classification; large-scale land cover; MODIS sensor; support vector machines (SVMs); transfer learning ID HYPERSPECTRAL DATA AB In this letter, we show how active learning can be particularly promising for classifying remote sensing images at large scales. The classification model constructed on samples extracted from a limited region of the image, called source domain, exhibits generally poor accuracies when used to predict the samples of a different region, called target domain, due to possible changes in class distributions throughout the image. To alleviate this problem, we suggest selecting and labeling additional samples from the new domain in order to improve generalization capabilities of the model. We propose to implement an initialization strategy based on clustering before applying the traditional active learning method in order to cope with distribution changes and better explore the feature space of the target domain. Experiments on a MODIS dataset for the generation of a land-cover map at European scale show good capabilities of the proposed approach for this purpose. C1 [Alajlan, Naif] King Saud Univ, Coll Comp & Informat Sci, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia. [Pasolli, Edoardo] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Melgani, Farid; Franzoso, Andrea] Univ Trento, Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn, I-38123 Trento, Italy. RP Alajlan, N (reprint author), King Saud Univ, Coll Comp & Informat Sci, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia. EM najlan@ksu.edu.sa; edoardo.pasolli@nasa.gov; melgani@disi.unitn.it RI Alajlan, Naif/A-3904-2008; OI Alajlan, Naif/0000-0003-1846-1131; Pasolli, Edoardo/0000-0003-0799-3490 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 21 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X EI 1558-0571 J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 11 IS 1 BP 259 EP 263 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2255258 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 275SS UT WOS:000328698400054 ER PT J AU Lu, XM Hu, YX Trepte, C Liu, ZY AF Lu, Xiaomei Hu, Yongxiang Trepte, Charles Liu, Zhaoyan TI A Super-Resolution Laser Altimetry Concept SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric measurement; land surface; lidar; remote sensing ID PERFORMANCE AB A super-resolution laser altimetry technique has been proposed to provide improved lidar altimetry from Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar data, and it is applicable to other similar atmospheric profiling lidar with low-pass filters. To achieve high altimetry resolution, the new technique relies on an empirical relationship between the peak signal ratio and the distance between land surface and the peak signal range bin center, which is directly derived from the CALIPSO lidar measurements and does not require the CALIPSO's transient response. The CALIPSO surface elevation results in Northern America retrieved by the new technique agree with the National Elevation Database high resolution elevation maps, and the comparisons suggest that the precision of the technique is much better than 1.4 m. The preliminary data product of land surface elevation retrieved by the new technique from CALIPSO lidar measurements is available to the altimetry community for evaluation. C1 [Lu, Xiaomei] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Hu, Yongxiang; Trepte, Charles] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Climate Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Liu, Zhaoyan] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Lu, XM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM yongxiang.hu-1@nasa.gov; charles.r.trepte@nasa.gov; zhaoyan.liu@nasa.gov RI Liu, Zhaoyan/B-1783-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 OI Liu, Zhaoyan/0000-0003-4996-5738; FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post-Doctoral Program at the NASA Langley Research Center; NASA FX Manuscript received November 30, 2012; revised February 1, 2013; accepted March 29, 2013. Date of publication June 6, 2013; date of current version November 8, 2013. This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post-Doctoral Program at the NASA Langley Research Center administered by Oak Ridge Associated University through a contract with NASA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X EI 1558-0571 J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 11 IS 1 BP 298 EP 302 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2256876 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 275SS UT WOS:000328698400062 ER PT J AU Zhou, F Arvidson, RE Bennett, K Trease, B Lindemann, R Bellutta, P Iagnemma, K Senatore, C AF Zhou, Feng Arvidson, Raymond E. Bennett, Keith Trease, Brian Lindemann, Randel Bellutta, Paolo Iagnemma, Karl Senatore, Carmine TI Simulations of Mars Rover Traverses SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS LA English DT Article ID EXPLORATION ROVERS; MERIDIANI-PLANUM; SOIL INTERACTION; VISUAL ODOMETRY; WHEEL; MODEL; OPPORTUNITY; DYNAMICS; CONTACT; MISSION AB Artemis (Adams-based Rover Terramechanics and Mobility Interaction Simulator) is a software tool developed to simulate rigid-wheel planetary rover traverses across natural terrain surfaces. It is based on mechanically realistic rover models and the use of classical terramechanics expressions to model spatially variable wheel-soil and wheel-bedrock properties. Artemis's capabilities and limitations for the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) were explored using single-wheel laboratory-based tests, rover field tests at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mars Yard, and tests on bedrock and dune sand surfaces in the Mojave Desert. Artemis was then used to provide physical insight into the high soil sinkage and slippage encountered by Opportunity while crossing an aeolian ripple on the Meridiani plains and high motor currents encountered while driving on a tilted bedrock surface at Cape York on the rim of Endeavour Crater. Artemis will continue to evolve and is intended to be used on a continuing basis as a tool to help evaluate mobility issues over candidate Opportunity and the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover drive paths, in addition to retrieval of terrain properties by the iterative registration of model and actual drive results. C1 [Zhou, Feng; Arvidson, Raymond E.; Bennett, Keith] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Trease, Brian; Lindemann, Randel; Bellutta, Paolo] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. [Iagnemma, Karl; Senatore, Carmine] MIT, Robot Mobil Grp, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Zhou, F (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM chow@wunder.wustl.edu; arvidson@wunder.wustl.edu; bennett@wustl.edu; brian.p.trease@jpl.nasa.gov; randel.a.lindemann@jpl.nasa.gov; bellutta@helios.jpl.nasa.gov; kdi@mit.edu; senator@mit.edu FU W.M. Keck Institute for Space Studies FX This research is funded by a contract to Washington University for the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Mission. This work is also supported in part by the W.M. Keck Institute for Space Studies. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors thank PDS Geosciences Node for providing image data. Navcam images used in this paper can be found in (http://an.rsl.wustl.edu/mer/merbrowser/browserFr.aspx?tab=search&m=MERB ). NR 79 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1556-4959 EI 1556-4967 J9 J FIELD ROBOT JI J. Field Robot. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 31 IS 1 SI SI BP 141 EP 160 DI 10.1002/rob.21483 PG 20 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 274OT UT WOS:000328616600006 ER PT J AU Fluckiger, L Utz, H AF Flueckiger, Lorenzo Utz, Hans TI Service Oriented Robotic Architecture for Space Robotics: Design, Testing, and Lessons Learned SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS LA English DT Article AB This paper presents the lessons learned from six years of experiments with planetary rover prototypes running the Service Oriented Robotic Architecture (SORA) developed by the Intelligent Robotics Group (IRG) at the NASA Ames Research Center. SORA relies on proven software engineering methods and technologies applied to space robotics. Based on a service oriented architecture and robust middleware, SORA encompasses onboard robot control and a full suite of software tools necessary for remotely operated exploration missions. SORA has been field-tested in numerous scenarios of robotic lunar and planetary exploration. The experiments conducted by IRG with SORA exercise a large set of the constraints encountered in space applications: remote robotic assets, flight-relevant science instruments, distributed operations, high network latencies, and unreliable or intermittent communication links. In this paper, we present the results of these field tests in regard to the developed architecture, and we discuss its benefits and limitations. C1 [Flueckiger, Lorenzo; Utz, Hans] Carnegie Mellon Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Fluckiger, L (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Lorenzo.Fluckiger@nasa.gov; Hans.Utz@nasa.gov FU NASA Exploration Technology Development Program; NASA Enabling Technology Development and Demonstration Program; NASA Game Changing Development Program FX This work was supported by the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program, the NASA Enabling Technology Development and Demonstration Program, and the NASA Game Changing Development Program. The authors would like to thank all the individuals who contributed to the SORA system: Mark Allan, Xavier Bouyssounouse, Matthew Deans, Laurence Edwards, Susan Lee, Mike Lundy, Eric Park, Liam Pedersen, and Vinh To, as well as the numerous interns who spent time on this project. In particular, we are thankful to Terry Fong, IRG lead, who has always been so supportive of this effort. NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1556-4959 EI 1556-4967 J9 J FIELD ROBOT JI J. Field Robot. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 31 IS 1 SI SI BP 176 EP 191 DI 10.1002/rob.21485 PG 16 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 274OT UT WOS:000328616600008 ER PT J AU Glass, BJ Dave, A McKay, CP Paulsen, G AF Glass, B. J. Dave, A. McKay, C. P. Paulsen, G. TI Robotics and Automation for "Icebreaker" SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS LA English DT Article ID MARS; MISSION; LIFE AB The proposed Icebreaker mission is a return to the Mars polar latitudes first visited by the Phoenix mission in 2007-2008. Exploring and interrogating the shallow subsurface of Mars from the surface will require some form of excavation and penetration, with drilling being the most mature approach. A series of 0.5-5m automated rotary and rotary-percussive drills developed over the past decade by NASA Ames and Honeybee Robotics provide the capability to fly on a Mars surface mission within the next decade. Surface robotics have been integrated for sample transfer to deck instruments, and the Icebreaker sample acquisition system has been tested successfully in Mars chambers and analog field sites to depths between 1 and 3m, most recently in the Antarctic Dry Valleys in January of 2013. This paper provides a hardware and software systems overview of the Icebreaker sample acquisition system, and discusses test results of this robotic system in relevant environments. Test results from recent Arctic and Antarctic field campaigns demonstrate a hands-off dust to data capability. C1 [Glass, B. J.; Dave, A.; McKay, C. P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Paulsen, G.] Honeybee Robot Pasadena, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA. RP Glass, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM brian.glass@nasa.gov; Paulsen@honeybeerobotics.com FU NASA's Astrobiology Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP); Astrobiology Instrument Development Programs (ASTID) FX This work was supported by NASA's Astrobiology Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) and Astrobiology Instrument Development Programs (ASTID). NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1556-4959 EI 1556-4967 J9 J FIELD ROBOT JI J. Field Robot. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 31 IS 1 SI SI BP 192 EP 205 DI 10.1002/rob.21487 PG 14 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 274OT UT WOS:000328616600009 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Johanos, TC Wurth, TA Littnan, CL AF Baker, Jason D. Johanos, Thea C. Wurth, Tracy A. Littnan, Charles L. TI Body growth in Hawaiian monk seals SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; body growth; length; girth; von Bertalanffy ID MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; SURVIVAL; ISLANDS; SIZE; MORTALITY; MASS AB Body length and axillary girth measurements of more than 600 free-ranging Hawaiian monk seals from 1 to 20yr old were analyzed. Comparison of fitted von Bertalanffy growth models confirmed there is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in this species. Substantial differences in growth patterns were detected among seven subpopulations representing the species entire geographic range. The age at which seals would be expected to attain a reference length of 180cm ranged from just over 3yr up to almost 7yr at the various sites. Subpopulations exhibiting slower growth have previously been found to also exhibit lower age-specific reproductive rates. Differences in growth of seals among sites likely indicate varying environmental conditions determining growth during the time periods represented in the sampled data. C1 [Baker, Jason D.; Johanos, Thea C.; Littnan, Charles L.] NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Wurth, Tracy A.] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jason.baker@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 7 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 30 IS 1 BP 259 EP 271 DI 10.1111/mms.12035 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 277LY UT WOS:000328822200015 ER PT J AU Nikolov, N Sing, DK Pont, F Burrows, AS Fortney, JJ Ballester, GE Evans, TM Huitson, CM Wakeford, HR Wilson, PA Aigrain, S Deming, D Gibson, NP Henry, GW Knutson, H des Etangs, AL Showman, AP Vidal-Madjar, A Zahnle, K AF Nikolov, N. Sing, D. K. Pont, F. Burrows, A. S. Fortney, J. J. Ballester, G. E. Evans, T. M. Huitson, C. M. Wakeford, H. R. Wilson, P. A. Aigrain, S. Deming, D. Gibson, N. P. Henry, G. W. Knutson, H. des Etangs, A. Lecavelier Showman, A. P. Vidal-Madjar, A. Zahnle, K. TI Hubble Space Telescope hot Jupiter transmission spectral survey: a detection of Na and strong optical absorption in HAT-P-1b SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE techniques: spectroscopic; planets and satellites: individual: HAT-P-1b; stars: individual: HAT-P-1b ID EXOPLANET HD 189733B; MASS DWARF STARS; EXTRASOLAR PLANET ATMOSPHERE; GIANT PLANETS; BROWN DWARFS; MODEL ATMOSPHERES; EMISSION-SPECTRUM; SODIUM-ABSORPTION; TRANSITING PLANET; 209458B AB We present an optical to near-infrared transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-1b, based on Hubble Space Telescope observations, covering the spectral regime from 0.29 to 1.027 mu m with Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), which is coupled with a recent Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) transit (1.087 to 1.687 mu m). We derive refined physical parameters of the HAT-P-1 system, including an improved orbital ephemeris. The transmission spectrum shows a strong absorption signature shortward of 0.55 mu m, with a strong blueward slope into the near-ultraviolet. We detect atmospheric sodium absorption at a 3.3 sigma significance level, but find no evidence for the potassium feature. The red data imply a marginally flat spectrum with a tentative absorption enhancement at wavelength longer than similar to 0.85 mu m. The STIS and WFC3 spectra differ significantly in absolute radius level (4.3 +/- 1.6 pressure scaleheights), implying strong optical absorption in the atmosphere of HAT-P-1b. The optical to near-infrared difference cannot be explained by stellar activity, as simultaneous stellar activity monitoring of the G0V HAT-P-1b host star and its identical companion show no significant activity that could explain the result. We compare the complete STIS and WFC3 transmission spectrum with theoretical atmospheric models which include haze, sodium and an extra optical absorber. We find that both an optical absorber and a supersolar sodium to water abundance ratio might be a scenario explaining the HAT-P-1b observations. Our results suggest that strong optical absorbers may be a dominant atmospheric feature in some hot Jupiter exoplanets. C1 [Nikolov, N.; Sing, D. K.; Pont, F.; Huitson, C. M.; Wakeford, H. R.; Wilson, P. A.] Univ Exeter, Sch Phys, Astrophys Grp, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England. [Burrows, A. S.] Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Fortney, J. J.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Ballester, G. E.; Showman, A. P.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Evans, T. M.; Aigrain, S.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. [Deming, D.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Gibson, N. P.] European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Henry, G. W.] Tennessee State Univ, Nashville, TN 37209 USA. [Knutson, H.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [des Etangs, A. Lecavelier; Vidal-Madjar, A.] CNRS, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. [Zahnle, K.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Nikolov, N (reprint author), Univ Exeter, Sch Phys, Astrophys Grp, Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England. EM nikolay@astro.ex.ac.uk RI Nikolov, Nikolay/H-6183-2015; OI Nikolov, Nikolay/0000-0002-6500-3574; HUITSON, CATHERINE/0000-0002-4734-691X; Sing, David /0000-0001-6050-7645; Fortney, Jonathan/0000-0002-9843-4354; Wakeford, Hannah/0000-0003-4328-3867; Gibson, Neale/0000-0002-9308-2353 FU STFC [ST/J0016/1]; Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-GO-12473] FX This work is based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. We are grateful to the team at the STScI help desk for their roles in resolving technical issues with the STIS data processing pipeline. NN and DKS acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant ST/J0016/1. CMH and PAW acknowledge a support from STFC grants. All US-based co-authors acknowledge support from the Space Telescope Science Institute under HST-GO-12473 grants to their respective institutions. The authors would like to acknowledge the anonymous referee for their useful comments. NR 76 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 1 BP 46 EP 66 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt1859 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 271EB UT WOS:000328373000026 ER PT J AU Ramsay, G Brooks, A Hakala, P Barclay, T Garcia-Alvarez, D Antoci, V Greiss, S Still, M Steeghs, D Gansicke, B Reynolds, M AF Ramsay, Gavin Brooks, Adam Hakala, Pasi Barclay, Thomas Garcia-Alvarez, David Antoci, Victoria Greiss, Sandra Still, Martin Steeghs, Danny Gaensicke, Boris Reynolds, Mark TI RATS-Kepler - a deep high-cadence survey of the Kepler field SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE asteroseismology; surveys; stars: variables: delta Scuti; white dwarf ID RAPID TEMPORAL SURVEY; AMPLITUDE DELTA-SCUTI; ECLIPSING BINARIES; IMAGE SUBTRACTION; VARIABLE-STARS; PERIOD SEARCH; LIGHT CURVES; DATA RELEASE; SPACED DATA; OF-VIEW AB We outline the purpose, strategy and first results of a deep, high-cadence, photometric survey of the Kepler field using the Isaac Newton Telescope on La Palma and the MDM 1.3m Telescope on Kitt Peak. Our goal was to identify sources located in the Kepler field of view which are variable on a time-scale of a few minutes to 1 h. The astrophysically most-interesting sources would then have been candidates for observation using Kepler using 1 min sampling. Our survey covered similar to 42 per cent of the Kepler field of view, and we have obtained light curves for 7.1 x 10(5) objects in the range 13 < g < 20. We have discovered more than 100 variable sources which have passed our two stage identification process. As a service to the wider community, we make our data products and cleaned CCD images available to download. We obtained Kepler data of 18 sources which we found to be variable using our survey, and we give an overview of the currently available data here. These sources include a pulsating DA white dwarf, 11 delta Sct stars which have dominant pulsation periods in the range 24 min to 2.35 h, three contact binaries, and a cataclysmic variable (V363 Lyr). One of the delta Sct stars is in a contact binary. C1 [Ramsay, Gavin; Brooks, Adam] Armagh Observ, Armagh BT61 9DG, North Ireland. [Brooks, Adam] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Hakala, Pasi] Univ Turku, Finnish Ctr Astron ESO, FI-21500 Piikkio, Finland. [Barclay, Thomas; Still, Martin] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Barclay, Thomas; Still, Martin] Bay Area Environm Res Inst Inc, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. [Garcia-Alvarez, David] Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain. [Garcia-Alvarez, David] Univ La Laguna, Dpto Astrofs, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain. [Garcia-Alvarez, David] Grantecan CALP, E-38712 Brea Baja, La Palma, Spain. [Antoci, Victoria] Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Stellar Astrophys Ctr, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. [Greiss, Sandra; Steeghs, Danny; Gaensicke, Boris] Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. [Reynolds, Mark] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ramsay, G (reprint author), Armagh Observ, Coll Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, North Ireland. EM gar@arm.ac.uk RI Gaensicke, Boris/A-9421-2012; OI Gaensicke, Boris/0000-0002-2761-3005; Antoci, Victoria/0000-0002-0865-3650 FU UK Science and Technology Facilities Council; Northern Ireland Government through the Department of Culture, Arts and Lesuire; STFC; Aarhus Stellar Astrophysics Centre; Danish National Research Foundation; ASTERISK project; European Research Council [267864] FX The INT is operated on the island of La Palma in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC) with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. We would like to thank the ING and MDM staff for their support. Observations were also made with the GTC which is also sited on La Palma and run by the IAC. Armagh Observatory is supported by the Northern Ireland Government through the Department of Culture, Arts and Lesuire. We thank Wojtek Pych for the use of his difference imaging software DIAPL2. DS acknowledges support of STFC through an Advanced Fellowship. We also thank the referee for helpful comments which helped to significantly improve the paper. Funding for the Aarhus Stellar Astrophysics Centre is provided by The Danish National Research Foundation. The research is supported by the ASTERISK project (ASTERoseismic Investigations with SONG and Kepler) and funded by the European Research Council (Grant agreement no.: 267864). NR 62 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 1 BP 132 EP 146 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt1863 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 271EB UT WOS:000328373000032 ER PT J AU Alberts, S Pope, A Brodwin, M Atlee, DW Lin, YT Dey, A Eisenhardt, PRM Gettings, DP Gonzalez, AH Jannuzi, BT Mancone, CL Moustakas, J Snyder, GF Stanford, SA Stern, D Weiner, BJ Zeimann, GR AF Alberts, Stacey Pope, Alexandra Brodwin, Mark Atlee, David W. Lin, Yen-Ting Dey, Arjun Eisenhardt, Peter R. M. Gettings, Daniel P. Gonzalez, Anthony H. Jannuzi, Buell T. Mancone, Conor L. Moustakas, John Snyder, Gregory F. Stanford, S. Adam Stern, Daniel Weiner, Benjamin J. Zeimann, Gregory R. TI The evolution of dust-obscured star formation activity in galaxy clusters relative to the field over the last 9 billion years SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE galaxies: clusters: general; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: high-redshift; infrared:galaxies ID SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; SIMILAR-TO 1; STELLAR MASS FUNCTION; IRAC SHALLOW SURVEY; MU-M OBSERVATIONS; INFRARED LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS; MULTIBAND IMAGING PHOTOMETER; FORMATION-DENSITY RELATION; HERSCHEL-SPIRE INSTRUMENT; PANORAMIC H-ALPHA AB We compare the star formation (SF) activity in cluster galaxies to the field from z = 0.3 to 1.5 using Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver 250 mu m imaging and utilizing 274 clusters from the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey (ISCS). These clusters were selected as rest-frame near-infrared overdensities over the 9 square degree Bootes field. This sample allows us to quantify the evolution of SF in clusters over a long redshift baseline without bias against active cluster systems. Using a stacking analysis, we determine the average star formation rates (SFRs) and specific SFRs (SSFR = SFR/M-star) of stellar mass-limited (M >= 1.3 x 10(10) M-circle dot), statistical samples of cluster and field galaxies, probing both the star-forming and quiescent populations. We find a clear indication that the average SF in cluster galaxies is evolving more rapidly than in the field, with field SF levels at z greater than or similar to 1.2 in the cluster cores (r < 0.5 Mpc), in good agreement with previous ISCS studies. By quantifying the SF in cluster and field galaxies as an exponential function of cosmic time, we determine that cluster galaxies are evolving approximately two times faster than the field. Additionally, we see enhanced SF above the field level at z similar to 1.4 in the cluster outskirts (r > 0.5 Mpc). These general trends in the cluster cores and outskirts are driven by the lower mass galaxies in our sample. Blue cluster galaxies have systematically lower SSFRs than blue field galaxies, but otherwise show no strong differential evolution with respect to the field over our redshift range. This suggests that the cluster environment is both suppressing the SF in blue galaxies on long time-scales and rapidly transitioning some fraction of blue galaxies to the quiescent galaxy population on short time-scales. We argue that our results are consistent with both strangulation and ram pressure stripping acting in these clusters, with merger activity occurring in the cluster outskirts. C1 [Alberts, Stacey; Pope, Alexandra] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Brodwin, Mark] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. [Atlee, David W.; Dey, Arjun] Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Lin, Yen-Ting] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. [Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Stern, Daniel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gettings, Daniel P.; Gonzalez, Anthony H.; Mancone, Conor L.] Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Jannuzi, Buell T.; Weiner, Benjamin J.] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Moustakas, John] Siena Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Loudonville, NY 12211 USA. [Snyder, Gregory F.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Stanford, S. Adam] Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Zeimann, Gregory R.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Alberts, S (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, LGRT B 619E, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM salberts@astro.umass.edu FU National Science Foundation [PHY-1066293]; NOAO; NASA; JPL/Caltech; CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA (France); CNES (France); CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); NASA (USA) FX We would like to thank our colleagues in the ISS, ISCS, NDWFS, SDWFS and MAGES teams, as well as the HerMES collaboration for making their data publicly available. In addition, the authors extend a special thanks to Marco Viero for his contributions. The authors thank the anonymous referee for his/her helpful comments and suggestions. AP and AD acknowledge the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics, which is supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-1066293. AD's research activities are supported by NOAO, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under cooperative agreement with the NSF. This work is based on observations made with Herschel, a European Space Agency Cornerstone Mission with significant participation by NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. We additionally thank the Herschel Helpdesk for their assistance in the data reduction process. SPIRE has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by Cardiff University (UK) and including Univ. Lethbridge (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, LAM (France); IFSI, Univ. Padua (Italy); IAC (Spain); Stockholm Observatory (Sweden); Imperial College London, RAL, UCL-MSSL, UKATC, Univ. Sussex (UK); and Caltech, JPL, NHSC, Univ. Colorado (USA). This development has been supported by national funding agencies: CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, CNES, CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); and NASA (USA). This work is additionally based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. NR 139 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 1 BP 437 EP 457 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt1897 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 271EB UT WOS:000328373000055 ER PT J AU Ziparo, F Popesso, P Finoguenov, A Biviano, A Wuyts, S Wilman, D Salvato, M Tanaka, M Nandra, K Lutz, D Elbaz, D Dickinson, M Altieri, B Aussel, H Berta, S Cimatti, A Fadda, D Genzel, R Le Floc'h, E Magnelli, B Nordon, R Poglitsch, A Pozzi, F Portal, MS Tacconi, L Bauer, FE Brandt, WN Cappelluti, N Cooper, MC Mulchaey, JS AF Ziparo, F. Popesso, P. Finoguenov, A. Biviano, A. Wuyts, S. Wilman, D. Salvato, M. Tanaka, M. Nandra, K. Lutz, D. Elbaz, D. Dickinson, M. Altieri, B. Aussel, H. Berta, S. Cimatti, A. Fadda, D. Genzel, R. Le Floc'h, E. Magnelli, B. Nordon, R. Poglitsch, A. Pozzi, F. Portal, M. Sanchez Tacconi, L. Bauer, F. E. Brandt, W. N. Cappelluti, N. Cooper, M. C. Mulchaey, J. S. TI Reversal or no reversal: the evolution of the star formation rate-density relation up to z similar to 1.6 SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE galaxies: evolution; galaxies: groups: general; galaxies: star formation; infrared: galaxies ID DEEP FIELD-SOUTH; GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; X-RAY SOURCES; STELLAR MASS; SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY; ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCE; COSMOS FIELD; PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS; FORMATION HISTORY AB We investigate the evolution of the star formation rate (SFR)-density relation in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South and the Great Observatories Origin Deep Survey fields up to z similar to 1.6. In addition to the 'traditional method', in which the environment is defined according to a statistical measurement of the local galaxy density, we use a 'dynamical' approach, where galaxies are classified according to three different environment regimes: group, 'filament-like' and field. Both methods show no evidence of an SFR-density reversal. Moreover, group galaxies show a mean SFR lower than other environments up to z similar to 1, while at earlier epochs group and field galaxies exhibit consistent levels of star formation (SF) activity. We find that processes related to a massive dark matter halo must be dominant in the suppression of the SF below z similar to 1, with respect to purely density-related processes. We confirm this finding by studying the distribution of galaxies in different environments with respect to the so-called main sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies. Galaxies in both group and 'filament-like' environments preferentially lie below the MS up to z similar to 1, with group galaxies exhibiting lower levels of star-forming activity at a given mass. At z > 1, the star-forming galaxies in groups reside on the MS. Groups exhibit the highest fraction of quiescent galaxies up to z similar to 1, after which group, 'filament-like' and field environments have a similar mix of galaxy types. We conclude that groups are the most efficient locus for SF quenching. Thus, a fundamental difference exists between bound and unbound objects, or between dark matter haloes of different masses. C1 [Ziparo, F.; Popesso, P.; Finoguenov, A.; Wuyts, S.; Wilman, D.; Salvato, M.; Nandra, K.; Lutz, D.; Berta, S.; Genzel, R.; Poglitsch, A.; Tacconi, L.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Ziparo, F.] Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. [Finoguenov, A.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Finoguenov, A.; Cappelluti, N.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Biviano, A.] Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34143 Trieste, Italy. [Tanaka, M.] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. [Elbaz, D.; Aussel, H.; Le Floc'h, E.] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Lab AIM, CEA,DSM,IRFU,Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Dickinson, M.] Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Altieri, B.; Portal, M. Sanchez] ESA, European Space Astron Ctr, Herschel Sci Ctr, E-28691 Madrid, Spain. [Cimatti, A.; Pozzi, F.] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. [Fadda, D.] CALTECH, NASA, Herschel Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Magnelli, B.] Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Nordon, R.] Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Bauer, F. E.] Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Fis, Inst Astrofis, Santiago 22, Chile. [Bauer, F. E.] Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Brandt, W. N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Cappelluti, N.] Osservatorio Astron Bologna, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. [Cooper, M. C.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Galaxy Evolut, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Mulchaey, J. S.] Observ Carnegie Inst Sci, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Ziparo, F (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany. EM fziparo@star.sr.bham.ac.uk RI Brandt, William/N-2844-2015 OI Brandt, William/0000-0002-0167-2453 FU International Max-Planck Research School on Astrophysics at the Ludwig-Maximilians University; KAKENHI [23740144]; Basal-CATA [PFB-06/2007]; CONICYT-Chile [FONDECYT 1101024, ALMA-CONICYT 31100004, Anillo ACT1101]; Chandra X-ray Center [SAO SP1-12007B]; BMVIT (Austria); ESA-PRODEX (Belgium); CEA/CNES (France); DLR (Germany); ASI (Italy); CICYT/MCYT (Spain); NASA; Sloan Foundation; NSF; US Department of Energy; Japanese Monbukagakusho; Max Planck Society; Higher Education Funding Council of England; SAO [SP1-12006B] FX FZ acknowledges the support from and participation in the International Max-Planck Research School on Astrophysics at the Ludwig-Maximilians University.; MT gratefully acknowledges support by KAKENHI no. 23740144.; FEB acknowledges support from Basal-CATA (PFB-06/2007), CONICYT-Chile (under grants FONDECYT 1101024, ALMA-CONICYT 31100004 and Anillo ACT1101), and Chandra X-ray Center grant SAO SP1-12007B.; PACS has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by MPE (Germany) and including UVIE (Austria); KUL, CSL, IMEC (Belgium); CEA, OAMP (France); MPIA (Germany); IFSI, OAP/AOT, OAA/CAISMI, LENS, SISSA (Italy); and IAC (Spain). This development has been supported by the funding agencies BMVIT (Austria), ESA-PRODEX (Belgium), CEA/CNES (France), DLR (Germany), ASI (Italy) and CICYT/MCYT (Spain).; This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System, of NED, which is operated by JPL/Caltech, under contract with NASA, and of SDSS, which has been funded by the Sloan Foundation, NSF, the US Department of Energy, NASA, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council of England. The SDSS is managed by the participating institutions (www.sdss.org/collaboration/credits.html).; This work has been partially supported by a SAO grant SP1-12006B grant to UMBC. NR 90 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 437 IS 1 BP 458 EP 474 DI 10.1093/mnras/stt1901 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 271EB UT WOS:000328373000056 ER PT J AU Han, JW Kim, B Li, J Meyyappan, M AF Han, Jin-Woo Kim, Beomseok Li, Jing Meyyappan, M. TI A carbon nanotube based ammonia sensor on cellulose paper SO RSC ADVANCES LA English DT Article ID GAS SENSORS; SUBSTRATE; VAPOR; BUNDLES; DEVICES; ARRAY AB A single-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) based ammonia sensor was implemented on cellulose paper. Two types of devices were fabricated and compared: CNT-on-paper and a CNT-cellulose composite. The resistance shift of the CNT network upon ammonia exposure was monitored in the chemiresistor approach. The CNT-on-paper showed faster response/recovery and higher sensitivity than the CNT-cellulose composite due to the larger reaction surface. Compared to the control sensor made on a glass substrate, the paper based sensor characteristics exhibited superior uniformity and repeatability. The present approach can be utilized for smart paper featuring low-cost disposable applications. C1 [Han, Jin-Woo; Kim, Beomseok; Li, Jing; Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ctr Nanotechnol, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Han, JW (reprint author), NASA, Ctr Nanotechnol, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jin-woo.han@nasa.gov NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 7 U2 50 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2046-2069 J9 RSC ADV JI RSC Adv. PY 2014 VL 4 IS 2 BP 549 EP 553 DI 10.1039/c3ra46347h PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 264AQ UT WOS:000327849700005 ER PT J AU Onstott, TC Magnabosco, C Aubrey, AD Burton, AS Dworkin, JP Elsila, JE Grunsfeld, S Cao, BH Hein, JE Glavin, DP Kieft, TL Silver, BJ Phelps, TJ van Heerden, E Opperman, DJ Bada, JL AF Onstott, T. C. Magnabosco, C. Aubrey, A. D. Burton, A. S. Dworkin, J. P. Elsila, J. E. Grunsfeld, S. Cao, B. H. Hein, J. E. Glavin, D. P. Kieft, T. L. Silver, B. J. Phelps, T. J. van Heerden, E. Opperman, D. J. Bada, J. L. TI Does aspartic acid racemization constrain the depth limit of the subsurface biosphere? SO GEOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL CELL-WALLS; AMINO-ACIDS; SOUTH-AFRICA; WITWATERSRAND BASIN; DEEP SUBSURFACE; ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS; HYPERTHERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS AB Previous studies of the subsurface biosphere have deduced average cellular doubling times of hundreds to thousands of years based upon geochemical models. We have directly constrained the in situ average cellular protein turnover or doubling times for metabolically active micro-organisms based on cellular amino acid abundances, D/L values of cellular aspartic acid, and the in vivo aspartic acid racemization rate. Application of this method to planktonic microbial communities collected from deep fractures in South Africa yielded maximum cellular amino acid turnover times of similar to 89years for 1km depth and 27 degrees C and 1-2years for 3km depth and 54 degrees C. The latter turnover times are much shorter than previously estimated cellular turnover times based upon geochemical arguments. The aspartic acid racemization rate at higher temperatures yields cellular protein doubling times that are consistent with the survival times of hyperthermophilic strains and predicts that at temperatures of 85 degrees C, cells must replace proteins every couple of days to maintain enzymatic activity. Such a high maintenance requirement may be the principal limit on the abundance of living micro-organisms in the deep, hot subsurface biosphere, as well as a potential limit on their activity. The measurement of the D/L of aspartic acid in biological samples is a potentially powerful tool for deep, fractured continental and oceanic crustal settings where geochemical models of carbon turnover times are poorly constrained. Experimental observations on the racemization rates of aspartic acid in living thermophiles and hyperthermophiles could test this hypothesis. The development of corrections for cell wall peptides and spores will be required, however, to improve the accuracy of these estimates for environmental samples. C1 [Onstott, T. C.; Magnabosco, C.] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Onstott, T. C.; Magnabosco, C.] Indiana Univ, NASA Astrobiol Inst, IPTAI, Bloomington, IN USA. [Aubrey, A. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Burton, A. S.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Dworkin, J. P.; Elsila, J. E.; Glavin, D. P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Solar Syst Explorat, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Grunsfeld, S.] River Hill High Sch, Clarksville, MD USA. [Cao, B. H.; Hein, J. E.] Univ Calif Merced, Sch Nat Sci, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Merced, CA USA. [Kieft, T. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Biol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Silver, B. J.] ARCADIS US Inc, Cranbury, NJ USA. [Phelps, T. J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Biosci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [van Heerden, E.; Opperman, D. J.] Univ Orange Free State, Dept Microbial Biochem & Food Biotechnol, Bloemfontein, South Africa. [Bada, J. L.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Geosci Res, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Onstott, TC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM tullis@princeton.edu RI Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012; Opperman, Diederik/F-5400-2012; Burton, Aaron/H-2212-2011; Elsila, Jamie/C-9952-2012; Dworkin, Jason/C-9417-2012 OI Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765; Burton, Aaron/0000-0002-7137-1605; Dworkin, Jason/0000-0002-3961-8997 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; NASA Astrobiology Institute [NNA04CC03A]; NSF [EAR-0948659, EAR-0948335] FX We would like to thank Gold Fields Ltd., Dawie Nell, and the managers and staff of Driefontein Au mine; Tim Hewitt and the managers and staff of Kloof; and Anglogold Ashanti Ltd., David Kershaw, and the managers and staff of Mponeng Au mine for their logistical support during the collection of the samples for this study. The laboratory analyses were completed at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. We thank David Culley of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for providing the gel image of the MP104 DNA extract. This work was supported in part by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. T.C.O. acknowledges the support of NASA Astrobiology Institute through award NNA04CC03A to the IPTAI Team and Professor L. M. Pratt of Indiana University and to NSF through award EAR-0948659. T. L. K. acknowledges support from NSF (EAR-0948335 and EAR-0948335). We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers whose comments significantly improved the quality of the final manuscript. NR 91 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1472-4677 EI 1472-4669 J9 GEOBIOLOGY JI Geobiology PD JAN PY 2014 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1111/gbi.12069 PG 19 WC Biology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 267HQ UT WOS:000328088500001 PM 24289240 ER PT J AU Puente-Sanchez, F Moreno-Paz, M Rivas, LA Cruz-Gil, P Garcia-Villadangos, M Gomez, MJ Postigo, M Garrido, P Gonzalez-Toril, E Briones, C Fernandez-Remolar, D Stoker, C Amils, R Parro, V AF Puente-Sanchez, F. Moreno-Paz, M. Rivas, L. A. Cruz-Gil, P. Garcia-Villadangos, M. Gomez, M. J. Postigo, M. Garrido, P. Gonzalez-Toril, E. Briones, C. Fernandez-Remolar, D. Stoker, C. Amils, R. Parro, V. TI Deep subsurface sulfate reduction and methanogenesis in the Iberian Pyrite Belt revealed through geochemistry and molecular biomarkers SO GEOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIO-TINTO BASIN; REDUCING BACTERIA; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; MARS; METHANE; LIFE; INHIBITION; MICROARRAY AB The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB, southwest of Spain), the largest known massive sulfide deposit, fuels a rich chemolithotrophic microbial community in the Rio Tinto area. However, the geomicrobiology of its deep subsurface is still unexplored. Herein, we report on the geochemistry and prokaryotic diversity in the subsurface (down to a depth of 166m) of the Iberian Pyritic belt using an array of geochemical and complementary molecular ecology techniques. Using an antibody microarray, we detected polymeric biomarkers (lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycan) from Gram-positive bacteria throughout the borehole. DNA microarray hybridization confirmed the presence of members of methane oxidizers, sulfate-reducers, metal and sulfur oxidizers, and methanogenic Euryarchaeota. DNA sequences from denitrifying and hydrogenotrophic bacteria were also identified. FISH hybridization revealed live bacterial clusters associated with microniches on mineral surfaces. These results, together with measures of the geochemical parameters in the borehole, allowed us to create a preliminary scheme of the biogeochemical processes that could be operating in the deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, including microbial metabolisms such as sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and anaerobic methane oxidation. C1 [Puente-Sanchez, F.; Moreno-Paz, M.; Rivas, L. A.; Cruz-Gil, P.; Garcia-Villadangos, M.; Gomez, M. J.; Postigo, M.; Garrido, P.; Briones, C.; Parro, V.] CSIC, INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Dept Mol Evolut, Madrid, Spain. [Gonzalez-Toril, E.; Fernandez-Remolar, D.; Amils, R.] CSIC, INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid, Spain. [Stoker, C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Amils, R.] UAM, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol Severo Oochoa, Madrid, Spain. RP Parro, V (reprint author), CSIC, INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Dept Mol Evolut, Madrid, Spain. EM parrogv@cab.inta-csic.es RI Gomez, Manuel/F-8854-2016; Briones, Carlos/G-3689-2016; OI Gomez, Manuel/0000-0002-4111-4835; Briones, Carlos/0000-0003-2213-8353; Puente-Sanchez, Fernando/0000-0002-6341-3692 FU NASA ASTEP [NRA-02-OSS-01]; CAB; Subdireccion General de Proyectos de Investigacion of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MI-NECO) [ESP2004-05008, ESP2006-08128, AYA2008-04013]; European Research Council (ERC) [250350]; Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) FX We thank all MARTE team members. The MARTE project (Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment) was a NASA-CAB joint project funded by the NASA ASTEP program project No. NRA-02-OSS-01 and by the CAB internal budget. The present work was supported by the Subdireccion General de Proyectos de Investigacion, of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MI-NECO) Grants No. ESP2004-05008, ESP2006-08128, AYA2008-04013, and the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant No. 250350. F. Puente-Sanchez has a JAE-pre fellowship from the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC). We also thank Dr. Enoma Omoregie for revising the manuscript and providing useful comments. There are no conflicts of interests. NR 45 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 45 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1472-4677 EI 1472-4669 J9 GEOBIOLOGY JI Geobiology PD JAN PY 2014 VL 12 IS 1 BP 34 EP 47 DI 10.1111/gbi.12065 PG 14 WC Biology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 267HQ UT WOS:000328088500003 PM 24237661 ER PT J AU Jahnke, LL Turk-Kubo, KA Parenteau, MN Green, SJ Kubo, MDY Vogel, M Summons, RE Des Marais, DJ AF Jahnke, L. L. Turk-Kubo, K. A. Parenteau, M. N. Green, S. J. Kubo, M. D. Y. Vogel, M. Summons, R. E. Des Marais, D. J. TI Molecular and lipid biomarker analysis of a gypsum-hosted endoevaporitic microbial community SO GEOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION; ANOXYGENIC PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM; SP-NOV.; GEN. NOV.; OSCILLATORIA-LIMNETICA; CYANOBACTERIAL MATS; BRANCHED ALKANES; MEMBRANE-LIPIDS AB Modern evaporitic microbial ecosystems are important analogs for understanding the record of earliest life on Earth. Although mineral-depositing shallow-marine environments were prevalent during the Precambrian, few such environments are now available today for study. We investigated the molecular and lipid biomarker composition of an endoevaporitic gypsarenite microbial mat community in Guerrero Negro, Mexico. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based phylogenetic analyses of this mat corroborate prior observations indicating that characteristic layered microbial communities colonize gypsum deposits world-wide despite considerable textural and morphological variability. Membrane fatty acid analysis of the surface tan/orange and lower green mat crust layers indicated cell densities of 1.6x10(9) and 4.2x10(9)cellscm(-3), respectively. Several biomarker fatty acids, 7,10-hexadecadienoic, iso-heptadecenoic, 10-methylhexadecanoic, and a 12-methyloctadecenoic, correlated well with distributions of Euhalothece, Stenotrophomonas, Desulfohalobium, and Rhodobacterales, respectively, revealed by the phylogenetic analyses. Chlorophyll (Chl) a and cyanobacterial phylotypes were present at all depths in the mat. Bacteriochlorophyl (Bchl) a and Bchl c were first detected in the oxic-anoxic transition zone and increased with depth. A series of monomethylalkanes (MMA), 8-methylhexadecane, 8-methylheptadecane, and 9-methyloctadecane were present in the surface crust but increased in abundance in the lower anoxic layers. The MMA structures are similar to those identified previously in cultures of the marine Chloroflexus-like organism Candidatus Chlorothrix halophila' gen. nov., sp. nov., and may represent the Bchl c community. Novel 3-methylhopanoids were identified in cultures of marine purple non-sulfur bacteria and serve as a probable biomarker for this group in the lower anoxic purple and olive-black layers. Together microbial culture and environmental analyses support novel sources for lipid biomarkers in gypsum crust mats. C1 [Jahnke, L. L.; Parenteau, M. N.; Green, S. J.; Vogel, M.; Des Marais, D. J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Turk-Kubo, K. A.; Parenteau, M. N.; Kubo, M. D. Y.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA USA. [Summons, R. E.] MIT, EAPS Dept, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Jahnke, LL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Linda.L.Jahnke@nasa.gov OI Green, Stefan/0000-0003-2781-359X FU NASA Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology program; NASA Astrobiology Institute; NSF Program on Emerging Trends in Biogeochemical Cycles [OCE-0849940]; NASA Postdoctoral Program FX This work was funded by grants from the NASA Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute to D.J.D. and the Ames NAI team. R. E. S. acknowledges support from the NSF Program on Emerging Trends in Biogeochemical Cycles (OCE-0849940) and the NASA Astrobiology Institute. M.N.P. and M. B. V. were supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program. NR 128 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 30 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1472-4677 EI 1472-4669 J9 GEOBIOLOGY JI Geobiology PD JAN PY 2014 VL 12 IS 1 BP 62 EP 82 DI 10.1111/gbi.12068 PG 21 WC Biology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 267HQ UT WOS:000328088500005 PM 24325308 ER PT J AU Nemeth, NN AF Nemeth, Noel N. TI Probability density distribution of the orientation of strength-controlling flaws from multiaxial loading using the unit-sphere stochastic strength model for anisotropy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE Batdorf; Multiaxial; Strength; Anisotropy; Probability; Fracture; Failure criterion; Ceramic; Brittle; Weibull ID FRACTURE; COMPOSITES; TENSILE AB Models that predict the failure probability of monolithic glass and ceramic components under multiaxial loading have been developed by authors such as Batdorf, Evans, and Matsuo. These "unit-sphere" failure models assume that the strength-controlling flaws are randomly oriented, noninteracting planar microcracks of specified geometry but of variable size. The purpose of this paper is to describe a formulation of the probability density distribution of the orientation of critical strength-controlling flaws that results from an applied load. This distribution is a function of the multiaxial stress state, the shear sensitivity of the flaws, the Weibull modulus, and the strength anisotropy. Examples are provided showing the predicted response on the unit sphere for various stress states for isotropic and transversely isotropic (anisotropic) materials-including the most probable orientation of critical flaws for offset uniaxial loads with strength anisotropy. The author anticipates that this information could be used to determine anisotropic stiffness degradation or anisotropic damage evolution for individual brittle (or quasi-brittle) composite material constituents within finite element or micromechanics-based software. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nemeth, NN (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd MS 49-7, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM noel.n.nemeth@nasa.gov FU NASA FX This work was funded by the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program, Supersonics Project. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 EI 1573-2673 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD JAN PY 2014 VL 185 IS 1-2 BP 97 EP 114 DI 10.1007/s10704-013-9906-4 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 270VH UT WOS:000328346800006 ER PT S AU Farr, TG Liu, Z AF Farr, Tom G. Liu, Zhen BE Anonymous TI Remote Monitoring of Groundwater with Orbital Radar SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB We are developing techniques to use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to monitor subsidence and thus groundwater dynamics. We have produced maps and other products for the Central Valley of California. [GRAPHICS] . C1 [Farr, Tom G.; Liu, Zhen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Farr, TG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. EM tom.farr@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500242 ER PT S AU Hensley, S Michel, T Neumann, M Lavalle, M Ahmed, R Muellerschoen, R Chapman, B AF Hensley, Scott Michel, Thierry Neumann, Maxim Lavalle, Marco Ahmed, Razi Muellerschoen, Ron Chapman, Bruce BE Anonymous TI A Comparison of Multi-Baseline Polarimetric Inteferometry at La Amistad and La Selva, Costa Rica with a Modified PolSARProSim Scattering Tool SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB The increased number of polarimetric interferometric datasets collected over a range of biomes allows for more complete characterization of performance and an increased understanding of the underlying scattering mechanisms in multi-baseline polinsar determinations of vegetation structure. UAVSAR collected at La Amistad, Costa Rica in February of 2010 L-band radar data encompassing a range of physical and temporal baselines. To understand these datasets more fully we have modified the ESA PolSARProSim scattering tool to allow more flexible and accurate scattering simulations. This paper compares polinsar UAVSAR data collected at La Amistad and La Selva, Costa Rica to simulated data from PolSARProSim(+). C1 [Hensley, Scott; Michel, Thierry; Neumann, Maxim; Lavalle, Marco; Ahmed, Razi; Muellerschoen, Ron; Chapman, Bruce] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hensley, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Scott.Hensley@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500012 ER PT S AU Kim, SB Huang, HT Tsang, L Jackson, T McNairn, H van Zyl, J AF Kim, Seung-bum Huang, Huan-ting Tsang, Leung Jackson, Thomas McNairn, Heather van Zyl, Jakob BE Anonymous TI Soil moisture retrieval using L-band time-series SAR data from the SMAPVEX12 experiment SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB The algorithms for retrieving soil moisture contents within the top 5 cm of the soil using the L-band multi-polarized radar data from the future Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission were applied to the data sets obtained by the recent aircraft field campaign in Winnipeg Canada in 2012 (SMAPVEX12), and the algorithm performance was evaluated. Two algorithms are: the time-series inversion of radar scattering forward models "data-cubes" and the change detection method. The SMAPVEX12 data sets include airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and ground-based measurements of soil and vegetation. These data were collected over fields with diverse crops and a wide range of moisture and vegetation conditions. In general, volumetric soil moisture and backscattering coefficients showed a positive relationship and the vegetation effects were significant for corn and beans. Assessed over all available fields of corn, beans, pasture, and wheat, the data-cube time-series inversion resulted in a retrieval rmse of 0.050 to 0.090 cm(3)/cm(3), and correlations of 0.5 to 0.9. Compared with the change detection approach, the data-cube inversion performed better in the presence of significant vegetation growth. C1 [Kim, Seung-bum; van Zyl, Jakob] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Huang, Huan-ting; Tsang, Leung] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Jackson, Thomas] USDA, ARS Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Washington, DC USA. [McNairn, Heather] Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Kim, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seungbum.kim@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500042 ER PT S AU Lavalle, M Khun, K AF Lavalle, Marco Khun, Kosal BE Anonymous TI Three-Baseline Approach to Forest Tree Height Estimation SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS ID POLARIMETRIC SAR INTERFEROMETRY; MODEL AB In this paper we discuss a new approach to tree height estimation from repeat-pass PolInSAR data. We propose to use jointly three interferometric pairs to constrain a physical model that links the volumetric-temporal decorrelation to forest parameters. The adopted model is the random-motion-over-ground (RMoG) model, here extended from the single-baseline scenario to the three-baseline scenario so that each interferometric pair is characterized by its own level of temporal decorrelation. The parameter estimation problem is formulated by balancing the RMoG model equations with two coherence observations for each pair. We illustrate the three-baseline approach in contrast with the single-baseline one using L-band E-SAR data collected by the German Aerospace Center during the BIOSAR-2008 airborne campaign. C1 [Lavalle, Marco] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Khun, Kosal] Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. RP Lavalle, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM marco.lavalle@jpl.nasa.gov; kosalkhun@gmail.com NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500063 ER PT S AU Michel, T Hensley, S Madsen, SN Neumann, M AF Michel, Thierry Hensley, Scott Madsen, Soren N. Neumann, Maxim BE Anonymous TI Airborne High Resolution Low Frequency SAR Motion Compensation and Residual Motion Estimation SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS ID ALGORITHMS; ERRORS; SYSTEM AB Processing high resolution, low frequency, airborne SAR data for interferometric applications poses significant challenges. Large azimuth beam-widths and platform instabilities require Motion Compensation (MC) varying broadly with wavelength and aspect angle. An MC algorithm consisting of a local, aperture dependent focus refinement applied after range migration, is used to evaluate the importance of exact Stationary Phase (SP) points in computing Doppler based focus corrections. The use of baselines derived from valid SP points in estimating and correcting residual motion error is also investigated. C1 [Michel, Thierry; Hensley, Scott; Madsen, Soren N.; Neumann, Maxim] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Michel, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Thierry.R.Michel@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500022 ER PT S AU Neumann, M Hensley, S Ahmed, R Pinto, N Michel, T Muellerschoen, R AF Neumann, Maxim Hensley, Scott Ahmed, Razi Pinto, Naiara Michel, Thierry Muellerschoen, Ron BE Anonymous TI UAVSAR PolInSAR and Tomographic Products for Natural Media Characterization SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB This paper demonstrates products for remote sensing of natural media using JPL's polarimetric interferometric UAVSAR instrument. It presents exemplary results and analyzes the possibilities and limitations of using SAR Tomography and Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (PolInSAR) techniques for the characterization of forests, bare surfaces, urban and agricultural areas. The results include vertical profiles of volumetric media, obtained from model-based PolInSAR inversion and tomographic imaging. Observing a time series of same-day acquisitions, the change of InSAR coherence with time indicates sensitivity to evapotranspiration processes and to the diurnal vegetation water content change cycle. The experimental results are based on JPL's L-band repeat-pass polarimetric interferometric UAVSAR data over temperate and tropical forest biomes, including the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA, and the La Amistad International Park in Panama and Costa Rica. C1 [Neumann, Maxim; Hensley, Scott; Ahmed, Razi; Pinto, Naiara; Michel, Thierry; Muellerschoen, Ron] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Neumann, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM maxim.neumann@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500061 ER PT S AU Ouellette, JD Johnson, JT Balenzano, A Mattia, F Satalino, G Kim, S Walker, JP Panciera, R AF Ouellette, Jeffrey D. Johnson, Joel T. Balenzano, Anna Mattia, Francesco Satalino, Giuseppe Kim, Seungbum Walker, Jeff P. Panciera, Rocco BE Anonymous TI A Study of Soil Moisture Estimation from Multi-Temporal L-band Radar Observations of Vegetated Surfaces SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB Radar retrieval of soil moisture from vegetated surfaces tend to be complex, requiring a robust forward model and detailed ancillary information of the observed scene. Robust forward models for scattering of electromagnetic waves from natural scenes are difficult to achieve, particularly in the presence of vegetation. This study reports on a radar soil moisture retrieval algorithm that reduces the need for a robust forward model. The method is based on the algorithm developed in [1], but generalized to apply to an arbitrary number of polarizations. C1 [Ouellette, Jeffrey D.; Johnson, Joel T.] Ohio State Univ, 1330 Kinnear Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Balenzano, Anna; Mattia, Francesco; Satalino, Giuseppe] CNR, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Kim, Seungbum] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Walker, Jeff P.] Monash Univ, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Panciera, Rocco] Cooperat Res Ctr Spatial Informat, Carlton, Vic, Australia. RP Ouellette, JD (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, 1330 Kinnear Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM Ouellette.18@osu.edu; Johnson@ece.osu.edu; balenzano@ba.issia.cnr.it; mattia@ba.issia.cnr.it; satalino@ba.issia.cnr.it; seungbum.kim@jpl.nasa.gov; jeff.walker@monash.edu; panr@unimelb.edu.au RI Satalino, Giuseppe/K-4482-2013 OI Satalino, Giuseppe/0000-0003-1566-5497 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500044 ER PT S AU Rincon, RF Fatoyinbo, T Ranson, KJ Sun, GQ Deshpande, M Perrine, M Du Toit, C Hale, R Osmanoglu, B Beck, J Lu, D Bonds, Q AF Rincon, Rafael F. Fatoyinbo, Temilola Ranson, K. Jon Sun, Guoqing Deshpande, Manohar Perrine, Martin Du Toit, Cornelis Hale, Richard Osmanoglu, Batuham Beck, Jaclyn Lu, Daniel Bonds, Quenton BE Anonymous TI EcoSAR, An airborne P-band Polarimetric InSAR for the measurement of Ecosystem structure and biomass SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB EcoSAR is an advanced airborne polarimetric and "single pass" interferometric P-band (435 MHz) SAR instrument developed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. The instrument was designed to provide two-and three-dimensional fine scale measurements of terrestrial ecosystem structure and biomass, relevant to the study of the carbon cycle and its relationship to climate change. EcoSAR fisrt test flights and science campaign took place in late March 2014 aboard a NOAA P3 aircraft, conducting measurements over areas of the Bahamas and Costa Rica. C1 [Rincon, Rafael F.; Fatoyinbo, Temilola; Ranson, K. Jon; Deshpande, Manohar; Perrine, Martin; Du Toit, Cornelis; Osmanoglu, Batuham; Beck, Jaclyn; Lu, Daniel; Bonds, Quenton] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sun, Guoqing] UMBC, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hale, Richard] Univ Kansas, Dept Aerosp Engn, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Rincon, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500065 ER PT S AU Rincon, RF Fatoyinbo, T Carter, L Ranson, KJ Vega, M Osmanoglu, B Lee, S Sun, G AF Rincon, Rafael F. Fatoyinbo, Temilola Carter, Lynn Ranson, K. Jon Vega, Manuel Osmanoglu, Batuhan Lee, SeunKuk Sun, Guoqing BE Anonymous TI Digital Beamforming Synthetic Aperture Radar (DBSAR): Performance Analysis During the Eco-3D 2011 and Summer 2012 Flight Campaigns SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB The Digital Beamforming Synthetic Aperture radar (DBSAR), a state-of-the-art L-band radar developed at NASA/Goddard as a test bed for the development of digital beamforming techniques. The instrument flew two test campaigns over the East coast of the United States in 2011, and 2012. During the campaigns the instrument operated in full polarimetric mode collecting data from vegetation and topography features for ecosystem structure and planetary analogue studies. C1 [Rincon, Rafael F.; Fatoyinbo, Temilola; Carter, Lynn; Ranson, K. Jon; Vega, Manuel; Osmanoglu, Batuhan; Lee, SeunKuk; Sun, Guoqing] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rincon, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500034 ER PT S AU Rosen, PA Kim, Y Hensley, S Shaffer, S Veilleux, L Hoffman, J Chuang, CL Chakraborty, M Sagi, VR Satish, R Putrevu, D Bhan, R AF Rosen, Paul A. Kim, Yunjin Hensley, Scott Shaffer, Scott Veilleux, Louise Hoffman, James Chuang, Chung-Lun Chakraborty, Manab Sagi, V. Raju Satish, R. Putrevu, Deepak Bhan, Rakesh BE Anonymous TI An L- and S-band SAR Mission Concept for Earth Science and Applications SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have embarked on a study of a future Earth-orbiting science and applications mission that exploits synthetic aperture radar to map Earth's surface every 12 days. To meet demanding coverage, sampling, and accuracy requirements, the system was designed to achieve over 240 km swath at fine resolution, and using full polarimetry where needed. To address the broad range of disciplines and scientific study areas of the mission, a dual-frequency system was conceived, at L-band (24 cm wavelength) and S-band (10 cm wavelength). To achieve these observational characteristics, a reflector-feed system is considered, whereby the feed aperture elements are individually sampled to allow a scan-on-receive ("SweepSAR") capability at both L-band and S-band. This paper describes the mission characteristics, current status of the joint study, and the technology development efforts in the United States that are reducing risk on the key radar technologies needed to ensure proper SweepSAR operations. C1 [Rosen, Paul A.; Kim, Yunjin; Hensley, Scott; Shaffer, Scott; Veilleux, Louise; Hoffman, James; Chuang, Chung-Lun] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chakraborty, Manab; Putrevu, Deepak; Bhan, Rakesh] ISRO, SAC, Bengaluru, India. [Sagi, V. Raju] ISRO, SRO, ISRO Satellite Ctr, Bengaluru, India. [Satish, R.] ISRO, ISRO Satellite Ctr, Bengaluru, India. RP Rosen, PA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM parosen@jpl.nasa.gov; yunjin.kim@jpl.nasa.gov; shensley@jpl.nasa.gov; scott.j.shaffer@jpl.nasa.gov; louise.a.veilleux@jpl.nasa.gov; james.p.hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov; Chung-Lun.Chuang@jpl.nasa.gov; manab@sac.isro.gov.in; sagi@isac.gov.in; rsatish@isac.gov.in; dputrevu@sac.isro.gov.in; rakeshbhan@sac.isro.gov.in NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500007 ER PT S AU Treuhaft, R Goncalves, F dos Santos, JR Palace, M Keller, M Madsen, S Sullivan, F Graca, P AF Treuhaft, Robert Goncalves, Fabio dos Santos, Joao Roberto Palace, Michael Keller, Michael Madsen, Soren Sullivan, Franklin Graca, Paulo BE Anonymous TI Exploring Vegetation Profiles from TanDEM-X Phase, Lidar, and Field Measurements in Tropical Forests SO 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (EUSAR 2014) SE EUSAR Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR) CY JUN 03-05, 2014 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP ITG, VDE, DLR, Airbus Def & Space, Fraunhofer, EUREL, URSI, DGON, IEEE GRSS, IEEE AESS AB This paper explores the hypothesis that few-look phases from TanDEM-X have information about the vegetation profile over 50 x 50 m stands in tropical moist forests in Brazil. The formalism for modeling the interferometric phase of interferometric SAR (InSAR) is examined before taking the look, or ensemble average. It is suggested that it is the look averaging that produces the Fourier transform of the radar power profile in InSAR. Before the look averaging, a histogram of InSAR phases seems related to the radar power profile, which, in turn, is related to vegetation density. After a qualitative argument about the information in the few-look phases, 2-look phase histograms are shown along with lidar waveform profiles and modeled field profiles. It is observed that, for taller stands, TanDEM-X profiles are narrower than lidar and field profiles, suggesting less penetration. There is some suggestion that lidar ground finding needs honing and/or there has been disturbance over the observation period between 2010 and 2012. C1 [Treuhaft, Robert; Madsen, Soren] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Goncalves, Fabio] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA USA. [dos Santos, Joao Roberto; Graca, Paulo] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Palace, Michael; Sullivan, Franklin] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Keller, Michael] USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Treuhaft, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM robert.treuhaft@jpl.nasa.gov; goncalves@whrc.org; jroberto@ltid.inpe.br; palace@guero.sr.unh.edu; mkeller.co2@gmail.com; soren.madsen@jpl.nasa.gov; franklin.sullivan@unh.edu; pmalencastro@gmail.com NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU VDE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, BERLIN, 10625, GERMANY SN 2197-4403 BN 978-3-8007-3607-2 J9 EUSAR PROC PY 2014 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BE2FB UT WOS:000369143500226 ER PT J AU Kim, J Oh, H Lee, J Jin, B Rim, T Baek, CK Meyyappan, M Lee, JS AF Kim, Jungsik Oh, Hyeongwan Lee, Junyoung Jin, Bo Rim, Taiuk Baek, Chang-Ki Meyyappan, M. Lee, Jeong-Soo GP IEEE TI The Temperature Dependence of Threshold Voltage Variations due to Oblique Single Grain Boundary in 3D NAND Unit Cells SO 2014 14TH ANNUAL NON-VOLATILE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM (NVMTS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium (NVMTS) CY OCT 27-29, 2014 CL SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, Jeju Tourism Org, Korea Tourism Org, Yonsei Inst Green Technol, COSAR DE 3D NAND; poly-Silicon channel; Single grain boundary; temperature AB In this work, the oblique single grain boundary (oSGB) in 3D NAND unit cells is simulated with various temperatures to study threshold voltage (Vth) variation due to oSGB in 3D NAND unit cell of poly-Si channel. As the temperature increases, the overall V-th variations with oSGB decrease because of thermionic effect and more free carrier from generation effect. In addition, the difference of V-th variation become larger as the oSGB leans toward source or drain sides in poly-Si channel. C1 [Kim, Jungsik; Jin, Bo; Lee, Jeong-Soo] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Div IT Convergence Engn, Pohang, South Korea. [Oh, Hyeongwan; Lee, Junyoung] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Pohang, South Korea. [Rim, Taiuk; Baek, Chang-Ki] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Creat IT Engn & Future IT, Innovat Lab, Pohang, South Korea. [Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kim, J (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Div IT Convergence Engn, Pohang, South Korea. EM jungsik.kim8622@gmail.com NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-4203-9 PY 2014 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BF4QM UT WOS:000381575000011 ER PT S AU Park, IW SunSpiral, V AF Park, In-Won SunSpiral, Vytas GP IEEE TI Impedance Controlled Twisted String Actuators for Tensegrity Robots SO 2014 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS (ICCAS 2014) SE International Conference on Control Automation and Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS) CY OCT 22-25, 2014 CL SOUTH KOREA SP MOTIE, ROBOT WORLD, IES, RA, CSS, SCIE, ACA, ISA, CAC DE Tensegrity robots; twisted string actuator; impedance control AB We are developing impedance controlled twisted string actuators (TSA) for use in tensegrity robots, as an alternative to traditional spooled cable actuation. Tensegrity robots are composed of continuous tension and discontinuous compression elements, with no rigid joints between elements, which give them unique force distribution properties. The use of tensegrity robots is strongly motivated by biological examples, and they are capable of locomotion and manipulation by changing lengths of their continuous network of tensional elements, which is also the primary pathways for load transfer through the structure. TSA show the potential to address some of the unique engineering challenges faced by tensegrity structures, and provide unique qualities well suited to an actively controlled tension system, such as compact, light-weight mechanical structures, inherent compliance, variable "gearing", and the ability to transmit high forces with a very low input torque. The inherent variable compliance of impedance control is essential for tensegrity robots to move through and manipulate the environment, and is a natural match to the unique qualities of TSA. This paper briefly introduces the tensegrity robots in the NASA Ames Intelligent Robotics Group and an overview of their future application to space planetary exploration. Then the effectiveness and robustness of TSA are verified through the performance of impedance control modes. C1 [Park, In-Won] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Associated Univ Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [SunSpiral, Vytas] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP SunSpiral, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM in.w.park@nasa.gov; vytas.sunspiral@nasa.gov FU NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Ames Research Center; NASA's Human Robotic Systems (HRS); Changing Developments (GCD); Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Ames Research Center, and administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. Support was also provided by NASA's Human Robotic Systems (HRS) project, Game Changing Developments (GCD) Program, Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD). The authors would like to thank Jonathan Bruce, Andrew Sabelhaus, George Korbel, Ken Caluwaerts, Brian Tietz, Jeffrey Friesen, Alexandra Pogue, Terry Fong, and the NASA Ames Intelligent Robotics Group. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2093-7121 BN 978-89-93215-06-9 J9 INT C CONTR AUTOMAT PY 2014 BP 1331 EP 1338 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BG8YN UT WOS:000392834400259 ER PT S AU Gowanlock, M Casanova, H AF Gowanlock, Michael Casanova, Henri GP IEEE TI Distance Threshold Similarity Searches on Spatiotemporal Trajectories using GPGPU SO 2014 21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING (HIPC) SE International Conference on High Performance Computing LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC) CY DEC 17-20, 2014 CL Goa, INDIA DE Spatiotemporal databases; distance threshold queries; GPGPU ID MOVING OBJECT TRAJECTORIES; NEAREST-NEIGHBOR SEARCH; ALGORITHMS; GPU AB The processing of moving object trajectories arises in many application domains. We focus on a trajectory similarity search, the distance threshold search, which finds all trajectories within a given distance of a query trajectory over a time interval. A multithreaded CPU implementation that makes use of an in-memory R-tree index can achieve high parallel efficiency. We propose a GPGPU implementation that avoids index-trees altogether and instead features a GPU-friendly indexing scheme. We show that our GPU implementation compares well to the CPU implementation. One interesting question is that of creating efficient query batches (so as to reduce both memory pressure and computation cost on the GPU). We design algorithms for creating such batches, and we find that using fixed-size batches is sufficient in practice. We develop an empirical response time model that can be used to pick a good batch size. C1 [Gowanlock, Michael; Casanova, Henri] Univ Hawaii, Dept Informat & Comp Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Gowanlock, Michael] Univ Hawaii, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Gowanlock, M (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Informat & Comp Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM gowanloc@hawaii.edu; henric@hawaii.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute [NNA08DA77A] FX This material is based on work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement No. NNA08DA77A issued through the Office of Space Science. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1094-7256 BN 978-1-4799-5975-4 J9 INT C HIGH PERFORM PY 2014 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BG9OY UT WOS:000393508400048 ER PT S AU Chattopadhyay, G AF Chattopadhyay, Goutam GP IEEE TI Terahertz Circuits, Systems, and Imaging Instruments SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB Due to the rapid progress in the design and fabrication of terahertz circuits, it is now possible to develop highly integrated terahertz imaging systems for various applications. Passive and active imaging systems are built for possible usage in contraband detections and other security related applications. They are also being considered for different scientific imaging applications, such as orbital debris and sand dynamics. We present here the review of the current status of solid-state terahertz circuits that are available for imaging instrument developments and describe some imaging radar measurements for scientific applications. C1 [Chattopadhyay, Goutam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chattopadhyay, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200060 ER PT S AU Cooper, KB AF Cooper, Ken B. GP IEEE TI Performance of a 340 GHz Radar Transceiver Array for Standoff Security Imaging SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB JPL has developed an eight-element radar transceiver array operating at 340 GHz with a 9% bandwidth. The array elements were fabricated using an unconventional stack of micromachined silicon wafers to house the transceiver's submillimeter-wave diode frequency multipliers and mixers. Here we report on the performance assessment of the array elements and present radar images that showcase its potential for enablinv, video-rate standoff security screening. C1 [Cooper, Ken B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cooper, KB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200031 ER PT S AU Day, PK Eom, BH Leduc, HG Zmuidzinas, J Groppi, C Mauskopf, P Lamb, J Woody, D AF Day, Peter K. Eom, Byeong Ho Leduc, Henry G. Zmuidzinas, Jonas Groppi, Christopher Mauskopf, Phillip Lamb, James Woody, David GP IEEE TI Wideband Paramps for the Millimeter and Submillimeter Bands SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off ID AMPLIFICATION AB The traveling-wave kinetic inductance parametric (TKIP) amplifier is a new amplifier technology capable of near quantum-limited sensitivity over a wide instantaneous bandwidth. Microwave frequency versions of these amplifiers, which are based on four-wave mixing in an NbTiN coplanar waveguide transmission line, have demonstrated high gain and noise corresponding to a few photons at several GHz. Their simple design is easily scalable to higher frequency, allowing for operation up to near the (>1 THz) gap frequency of NbTiN. We will discuss the current state of the art of the TKIP operating at microwave frequencies and the potential use of these amplifiers as front ends for receivers in the millimeter and submillimeter bands. As an example, we describe the design of a TKIP tuned for the W-band. C1 [Day, Peter K.; Leduc, Henry G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Eom, Byeong Ho; Zmuidzinas, Jonas; Groppi, Christopher; Mauskopf, Phillip; Lamb, James; Woody, David] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Day, PK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200227 ER PT S AU Fung, A Samoska, L Varonen, M Kangaslahti, P Sarkozy, S Lai, R AF Fung, Andy Samoska, Lorene Varonen, Mikko Kangaslahti, Pekka Sarkozy, Steve Lai, Richard GP IEEE TI A Practical Implementation of Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Length On-Wafer S-Parameter Calibration SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We present an approach for two-port on-wafer calibration to establish the test reference planes within the substrate of the device under test for the WR3 (220-325 GHz) and WR5 (140-220 GHz) frequency bands. On-wafer calibration is useful for characterizing elements such as transistors for modeling or for the confirmation of circuit models. There are numerous publications for on-wafer calibrations, this discussion differs in that we will present our on-wafer calibration approach with comparison of measurements and simulations of passive structures and that of a transistor model constructed from lower frequency measurements. We discuss practical considerations for the approach we have utilized for high frequency characterization. C1 [Fung, Andy; Samoska, Lorene; Varonen, Mikko; Kangaslahti, Pekka] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Sarkozy, Steve; Lai, Richard] Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. RP Fung, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200143 ER PT S AU Gautam, N Kawamura, J Chahat, N Karasik, B Focardi, P Gulkis, S Pfeiffer, L Sherwin, M AF Gautam, Nutan Kawamura, Jonathan Chahat, Nacer Karasik, Boris Focardi, Paolo Gulkis, Samuel Pfeiffer, Loren Sherwin, Mark GP IEEE TI Tunable Antenna Coupled Intersubband Terahertz Detector SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We report on the development of a tunable antenna coupled intersubband terahertz (TACIT) detector based on GaAs/AlGaAs two dimensional electron gas. A successful device design and micro-fabrication process have been developed which maintain the high mobility (1.1x10(6) cm(2)/V-s at 10K) of a 2DEG channel in the presence of a highly conducting backgate. Gate voltage-controlled device resistance and direct THz sensing has been observed. The goal is to operate as a nearly quantum noise limited heterodyne sensor suitable for passively-cooled space platforms. C1 [Gautam, Nutan; Sherwin, Mark] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Terahertz Sci & Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kawamura, Jonathan; Chahat, Nacer; Karasik, Boris; Focardi, Paolo; Gulkis, Samuel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Pfeiffer, Loren] Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gautam, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Terahertz Sci & Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200464 ER PT S AU Goldsmith, PF AF Goldsmith, Paul F. GP IEEE TI Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Astronomy: Recent Achievements and Future Possibilities SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We discuss some recent astronomical results from the Herschel Space Observatory, and indicate future directions for astronomy and astrophysics enabled by submillimeter/far-infrared observations. A huge amount remains to be done, but it will require improved ground-based, suborbital, and space facilities. New technology enabling large format detectors of different types is also needed. Efforts underway in all of the above areas will be discussed as time permits. C1 [Goldsmith, Paul F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goldsmith, PF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200001 ER PT S AU Janssen, MA Brown, ST Oswald, JE Kitiyakara, A AF Janssen, Michael A. Brown, Shannon T. Oswald, John E. Kitiyakara, Amarit GP IEEE TI Juno at Jupiter: The Juno MIcrowave Radiometer (MWR) SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB A Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer is on board the Juno mission due to arrive at Jupiter on July 4, 2016. With wavelengths distributed from 1.37 to 50 cm (frequencies from 600 MHz to 22 GHz), the MWR will sound Jupiter's atmosphere from the cloud tops to as deep as the 1000-bar pressure level. Presently unknown properties of the subcloud atmosphere will be determined, including dynamical features and the deep abundances of 0, N,and S, the latter critical to the understanding of Jupiter's origin. C1 [Janssen, Michael A.; Brown, Shannon T.; Oswald, John E.; Kitiyakara, Amarit] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91108 USA. RP Janssen, MA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91108 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200016 ER PT S AU Jones, G McCarrick, H Flanigan, D Johnson, B Miller, A Day, P Mauskopf, P Mani, H Che, G Mroczkowski, T Ade, P Doyle, S AF Jones, Glenn McCarrick, Heather Flanigan, Daniel Johnson, Brad Miller, Amber Day, Peter Mauskopf, Phil Mani, Hamdi Che, George Mroczkowski, Tony Ade, Peter Doyle, Simon GP IEEE TI Aluminum LEKIDs for Millimeter-wave Radio Astronomy SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We present measurements from a prototype array of superconducting kinetic inductance detectors optimized for 150 GHz radiation and commercially fabricated from 20 nm aluminum films on silicon wafers. C1 [Jones, Glenn; McCarrick, Heather; Flanigan, Daniel; Johnson, Brad; Miller, Amber] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Day, Peter] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Mauskopf, Phil; Mani, Hamdi; Che, George] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. [Mroczkowski, Tony] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Ade, Peter; Doyle, Simon] Cardiff Univ, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. RP Jones, G (reprint author), Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200443 ER PT S AU Jung-Kubiak, C Reck, T Chattopadhyay, G AF Jung-Kubiak, C. Reck, T. Chattopadhyay, G. GP IEEE TI Integrated Calibration Switches for Compact Planetary Instruments SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB A highly integrated calibration switch operating in the 500-750 GHz band is fabricated using silicon micromachining and measured. The silicon pieces are fabricated using DRIE micro-fabrication techniques and are assembled using silicon compression pins. This compact approach will enable, for the first time, an integrated Dickie switch radiometer at this frequency band and will facilitate calibration of multi-pixel receiver arrays at terahertz frequencies. C1 [Jung-Kubiak, C.; Reck, T.; Chattopadhyay, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jung-Kubiak, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200269 ER PT S AU Kangaslahti, P AF Kangaslahti, Pekka GP IEEE TI Coherent Continuum Radiometers for Astronomy, Planetary and Earth Science SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB Measurement of the continuum radiation with coherent microwave radiometers was implemented in several space-borne missions for Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science. Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) completed characterization of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in 2013, Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR) has measured atmospheric humidity over oceans since 2008 on OSTM/Jason 2 mission, and MicroWave Radiometer (MWR) will measure water and ammonia distribution in Jupiter's atmosphere when Juno spacecraft enters orbit in 2016. Future developments will include improvements in the spatial resolution of AMR with millimeter wave channels currently under development. C1 [Kangaslahti, Pekka] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kangaslahti, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200018 ER PT S AU Kloosterman, J Swift, B Peters, W Lesser, D Kulesa, C Honniball, C Villegas, C Schickling, P Walker, C Groppi, C Mani, H Davis, K Wheeler, C Veach, T Weinreb, S Kooi, J Lichtenberger, A Puetz, P Narayanan, G AF Kloosterman, Jenna Swift, Brandon Peters, William Lesser, David Kulesa, Criag Honniball, Casey Villegas, Christian Schickling, Paul Walker, Christopher Groppi, Christopher Mani, Hamdi Davis, Kristina Wheeler, Caleb Veach, Todd Weinreb, Sander Kooi, Jacob Lichtenberger, Art Puetz, Patrick Narayanan, Gopal GP IEEE TI Engineering and Science Data From SuperCam: A 64-Pixel Heterodyne Receiver for CO J=3-2 at 345 GHz SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB SuperCam is a 64-pixel heterodyne imaging array designed for use on ground-based submillimeter telescopes to observe the astrophysically important CO J=3-2 emission line at 345 GHz. Each pixel in the array has its own integrated superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer and low noise amplifier. In spring 2012, SuperCam was installed on the University of Arizona Submillimeter Telescope (SMT) for its first engineering run. SuperCam completed two additional science runs in May 2013 and March 2014. During these science runs, over 80% of the pixels were in operation with a median double sideband receiver temperature of 104 K and an Allan time of similar to 100 s. C1 [Kloosterman, Jenna; Swift, Brandon; Peters, William; Lesser, David; Kulesa, Criag; Honniball, Casey; Villegas, Christian; Schickling, Paul; Walker, Christopher] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Groppi, Christopher; Mani, Hamdi; Davis, Kristina; Wheeler, Caleb] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Veach, Todd] NASA Goddard, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Weinreb, Sander; Kooi, Jacob] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Lichtenberger, Art] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. [Puetz, Patrick] Univ Cologne, KOSMA, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. [Narayanan, Gopal] Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kloosterman, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200083 ER PT S AU Lee, C Chattopadhyay, G Alonso-delPino, M Llombart, N AF Lee, Choonsup Chattopadhyay, Goutam Alonso-delPino, Maria Llombart, Nuria GP IEEE TI 6.4 mm Diameter Silicon Micromachined Lens for THz Dielectric Antenna SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB In this paper, we have microfabricated a 6.4 mm diameter silicon lens array on a 4 inch silicon wafer using silicon micromachining technique. The goal of this lens array is to build a 2x2 lens antenna array for 1.9 THz receiver application. It requires multiple thick photoresist coatings and long selective etching of silicon and photoresist after thermal reflow process. To the authors' knowledge, this is the biggest silicon lens ever microfabricated by semiconductor process. C1 [Lee, Choonsup; Chattopadhyay, Goutam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Alonso-delPino, Maria] Tech Univ Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. [Llombart, Nuria] Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands. RP Lee, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200399 ER PT S AU Llombart, N Alonso-delPino, M Lee, C Chattopadhyay, G Jung-Kubiak, C Mehdi, I AF Llombart, N. Alonso-delPino, M. Lee, C. Chattopadhyay, G. Jung-Kubiak, C. Mehdi, I. GP IEEE TI On the Development of Silicon Micromachined Lens Antennas for THz Integrated Heterodyne Arrays SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB This contribution presents the last developments of THz antenna arrays based on silicon micro-machined lenses for heterodyne receivers. The antenna proposed in this manuscript consists of a leaky waveguide feed that illuminates a shallow lens. It achieves high efficiencies and a good coupling to optical systems. Moreover it can be fabricated in parallel using silicon micro-machining techniques, obtaining an array of reduced size and mass to be used for space applications. The current focus of our research is the design of an antenna array operating at 1.9THz based on this antenna for astronomy applications. C1 [Llombart, N.; Alonso-delPino, M.] Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands. [Lee, C.; Chattopadhyay, G.; Jung-Kubiak, C.; Mehdi, I.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Llombart, N (reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200336 ER PT S AU Mather, JC AF Mather, John C. GP IEEE TI The James Webb Telescope and Beyond SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off C1 [Mather, John C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mather, JC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200025 ER PT S AU Reck, T Jung-Kubiak, C Leal-Sevillano, C Chattopadhyay, G AF Reck, Theodore Jung-Kubiak, Cecile Leal-Sevillano, Carlos Chattopadhyay, Goutam GP IEEE TI Silicon Micromachined Waveguide Components at 0.75 to 1.1 THz SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB Silicon micromachined waveguide components operating in the WM-250 (WR-1) waveguide band (0.75 to 1.1 THz) are measured. Through lines are used to characterize the waveguide loss with and without an oxide etch to reduce the surface roughness. A sidewall roughness of 100nm is achieved, enabling a waveguide loss of 0.2dB/mm A 1THz band-pass filter is also measured to characterize the precision of fabrication process. A 1.8% shift in frequency is observed and can be accounted for by the 0.5deg etch angle and gum expansion of the features by the oxide etch. The measured filter has a 13% 3dB bandwidth and 2.5dB insertion loss through the passband. C1 [Reck, Theodore; Jung-Kubiak, Cecile; Leal-Sevillano, Carlos; Chattopadhyay, Goutam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Reck, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200020 ER PT S AU Reising, SC Gaier, TC Padmanabhan, S Lim, B Kangaslahti, P Brown, ST Bosch-Lluis, J AF Reising, Steven C. Gaier, Todd C. Padmanabhan, Sharmila Lim, Boon Kangaslahti, Pekka Brown, Shannon T. Bosch-Lluis, Javier GP IEEE TI Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radiometers for CubeSat Deployment for Remote Sensing of the Earth's Atmosphere SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB Recent developments in millimeter-wave technology from 90 to 183 GHz are now being leveraged to enable CubeSat deployment of passive microwave remote sensors of atmospheric variables, including temperature, humidity, clouds and precipitation. These radiometers have the potential to revolutionize remote sensing observations by enabling revisit times of less than 30 minutes from low Earth orbit from constellations of such CubeSats when deployed as secondary payloads on frequently available launches of opportunity. C1 [Reising, Steven C.; Bosch-Lluis, Javier] Colorado State Univ, Microwave Syst Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Gaier, Todd C.; Padmanabhan, Sharmila; Lim, Boon; Kangaslahti, Pekka; Brown, Shannon T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA. RP Reising, SC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Microwave Syst Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200223 ER PT S AU Schlecht, E Mehdi, I AF Schlecht, Erich Mehdi, Imran GP IEEE TI Effects of Local Oscillator Phase Noise on Submillimeter-wave Spectrometer Performance SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We have analyzed the effects of LO phase noise on submillimeter-wave (submm) spectrometers. The phase error integrated from half the spectrometer bandwidth must be < 45 degrees to not distort the spectrometer response. For a phase noise spectrum with f(-3) rolloff, the noise level at 1 MHz offset must be < -96 dBc for a 100 kHz spectrometer channel width. C1 [Schlecht, Erich; Mehdi, Imran] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schlecht, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200406 ER PT S AU Siles, JV Lee, C Lin, R Schlecht, E Chattopadhyay, G Mehdi, I AF Siles, Jose V. Lee, Choonsup Lin, Robert Schlecht, Erich Chattopadhyay, Goutam Mehdi, Imran GP IEEE TI Capability of Broadband Solid-State Room-Temperature Coherent Sources in the Terahertz Range SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off ID THZ AB Recent outstanding results achieved with the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Telescope are driving a new generation of high-resolution coherent detectors in the terahertz range, not only for astrophysics but also for planetary science and Earth science missions. Schottky based receivers in the THz range and advanced receiver topologies such as compact arrays and side-band-separation require a new generation of THz sources. In this article, the state-of-the-art of terahertz sources will be reviewed and novel techniques being used to push the limits of the technology will be discussed. The focus will be on the most commonly used frequency multiplied sources, which are broadband, tunable, frequency agile, temperature stable and able to operate at room -temperature. C1 [Siles, Jose V.; Lee, Choonsup; Lin, Robert; Schlecht, Erich; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Mehdi, Imran] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Siles, JV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200434 ER PT S AU Tang, A Chahat, N Decrossas, E AF Tang, Adrian Chahat, Nacer Decrossas, Emmanuel GP IEEE TI CMOS THz Communication links for Wireless Applications: Where do they fit into Mobile Access and Fixed Access? SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB CMOS Technology for THz communication has been discussed in recent years, however many practical challenges remain for such data-links to be commercialized. We provide a brief overview of the wireless market and where THz may and may not fit in. Also, while the RF issues of THz links are well known, even more difficult issues in the baseband and modem still need to be addressed. This article discusses some of the market space as well as baseband / modem challenges in detail, including digitization and modulation of THz signals, power requirements for mobile devices, symbol spreading in multi-Gb/s channels as well as the technology outlook of solving these challenges. C1 [Tang, Adrian; Chahat, Nacer; Decrossas, Emmanuel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Tang, Adrian] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Tang, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200217 ER PT S AU Walker, CK Smith, IS Goldsmith, PF O'Dougherty, S Swift, B Lesser, D Kloosterman, J Honniball, C Young, A Peters, W Kulesa, C Perry, W Noll, J Bernasconi, P Groppi, CE Mani, H Duffy, B AF Walker, Christopher K. Smith, I. Steve Goldsmith, Paul F. O'Dougherty, Stefan Swift, Brandon Lesser, David Kloosterman, Jenna Honniball, Casey Young, Abram Peters, William Kulesa, Craig Perry, William Noll, James Bernasconi, Pietro Groppi, Christopher E. Mani, Hamdi Duffy, Brian GP IEEE TI 10 Meter Sub-Orbital Large Balloon Reflector (LBR) SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB Under the auspices of the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program our team is developing and demonstrating key technologies required to realize a suborbital, 10 meter class telescope suitable for operation from radio to THz frequencies. The telescope consists of an inflatable, half-aluminized spherical reflector deployed within a much larger carrier balloon - either zero pressure or super pressure. C1 [Walker, Christopher K.; O'Dougherty, Stefan; Swift, Brandon; Lesser, David; Kloosterman, Jenna; Honniball, Casey; Young, Abram; Peters, William; Kulesa, Craig; Duffy, Brian] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Smith, I. Steve; Perry, William; Noll, James] Southwest Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. [Goldsmith, Paul F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bernasconi, Pietro] Johns Hopkins Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Groppi, Christopher E.; Mani, Hamdi] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Walker, CK (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200059 ER PT S AU Wheeler, C Groppi, C Mani, H Kuenzi, L McGarey, P Weinreb, S Russell, D Kooi, JW Lichtenberger, AW Walker, CK Kulsea, C AF Wheeler, Caleb Groppi, Chris Mani, Hamdi Kuenzi, Linda McGarey, Patrick Weinreb, Sander Russell, Damon Kooi, Jacob W. Lichtenberger, Arthur W. Walker, Christopher K. Kulsea, Craig GP IEEE TI The Kilopixel Array Pathfinder Project (KAPPa), a 16-pixel integrated heterodyne focal plane array - Characterization of the Single Pixel Prototype SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We report on the laboratory testing of KAPPa, a 16-pixel proof-of-concept array to enable the creation THz imaging spectrometer with-1000 pixels. Creating an array an order of magnitude larger than the existing state of the art of 64 pixels requires a simple and robust design as well as improvements to mixer selection, testing, and assembly. We present the characterization of the single pixel prototype, capable of housing an electromagnet or permanent magnet to suppress Josephson noise. We also present the current 16-pixel array design. This design continually evolves during single pixel testing. C1 [Wheeler, Caleb; Groppi, Chris; Mani, Hamdi; Kuenzi, Linda] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [McGarey, Patrick] Univ Toronto, Inst Aerosp Studies, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Weinreb, Sander; Kooi, Jacob W.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Russell, Damon] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lichtenberger, Arthur W.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Walker, Christopher K.; Kulsea, Craig] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Wheeler, C (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200186 ER PT S AU Zamora, A Leong, KMKH Reck, T Chattopadhyay, G Deal, W AF Zamora, Alexis Leong, Kevin M. K. H. Reck, Theodore Chattopadhyay, Goutam Deal, William GP IEEE TI A 170-280 GHz InP HEMT Low Noise Amplifier SO 2014 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED, MILLIMETER, AND TERAHERTZ WAVES (IRMMW-THZ) SE International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz) CY SEP 14-19, 2014 CL Tucson, AZ SP THORLABS, Tydex, TOPTICA Photon, Bruker, Gentec EO, Lake Shore Cryotron, Ekspla, Zomega, TeraSense, Insight Product, Emcore, QMC Instruments, TeraView, NeaSpec, Advantest, MenloSystems, Traycer, Microtech Instruments Inc, LongWave Photon, Virginia Diodes Inc, ASU, MTT S, Journal Infrared Millimeter & Tera Hertz Waves, Tera Hertz Sci & Technol, Army Res Off AB We present on-wafer and packaged measurements of a broad-band 170-280 GHz low noise amplifier based on high frequency InP HEMT technology. Discussed is the design and packaging of the CPW-based MIMIC. Chip-to-waveguide transitions are monolithically integrated onto the MIMIC to minimize losses at the transition within the split-block-waveguide housing. Packaged gain and noise figure are reported to be >10 dB, and < 7 dB, respectively, across the entire band of operation. Noise figure is < 6 dB on the 190-240 GHz band, with minimum noise figure reported to be 5.3 dB at 200 GHz. C1 [Zamora, Alexis; Leong, Kevin M. K. H.; Deal, William] Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. [Reck, Theodore; Chattopadhyay, Goutam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zamora, A (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-2027 BN 978-1-4799-3877-3 J9 INT CONF INFRA MILLI PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BF0IL UT WOS:000378889200409 ER PT S AU Reeves, R Cleary, K Gawande, R Kooi, J Lamb, J Readhead, A Weinreb, S Gaier, T Kangaslahti, P Russell, D Samoska, L Varonen, M Lai, R Sarkozy, S AF Reeves, R. Cleary, K. Gawande, R. Kooi, J. Lamb, J. Readhead, A. Weinreb, S. Gaier, T. Kangaslahti, P. Russell, D. Samoska, L. Varonen, M. Lai, R. Sarkozy, S. GP IEEE TI Cryogenic Probing of mm-Wave MMIC LNAs for Large Focal-Plane Arrays in Radio-Astronomy SO 2014 44TH EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (EUMC) SE European Microwave Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 44th European Microwave Conference (EuMC) CY OCT 05-10, 2014 CL Rome, ITALY SP APS, European Microwave Assoc, IEEE MTT S, horizon house AB In this paper, we demonstrate non-destructive cryogenic probing of monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers at W-band and discuss the implications for the development of large-format focal plane arrays for radio astronomy. Using a purpose-built cryogenic probe station to measure S-parameters and noise temperature of MMIC low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), an order of magnitude increase in efficiency can be achieved when compared with measurements on individually packaged amplifiers. The amplifiers are tested non-destructively, which enables selection based on cryogenic noise and gain; this is crucial for the development of highly-integrated miniaturized receivers for focal plane arrays, such as those used for the measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization and future arrays aimed at probing the epoch of reionization (EoR). C1 [Reeves, R.; Cleary, K.; Gawande, R.; Kooi, J.; Lamb, J.; Readhead, A.; Weinreb, S.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Gaier, T.; Kangaslahti, P.; Russell, D.; Samoska, L.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Varonen, M.] Aalto Univ, Espoo, Finland. [Lai, R.; Sarkozy, S.] Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA USA. [Reeves, R.] Univ Concepcion, Dept Astron, CePIA, Concepcion, Chile. RP Reeves, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU NASA APRA program; Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) FX The authors would like to thank Mary Soria, Heather Owen, James Parker and Doug Warden for their technical assistance in many aspects of this work. The project has been largely funded by the NASA APRA program and the Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS). NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2325-0305 BN 978-2-87487-035-4 J9 EUR MICROW CONF PY 2014 BP 1524 EP 1527 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BG9AJ UT WOS:000392912200374 ER PT S AU Mishra, A Ghosh, R Coscia, M Kukreja, S Chisari, C Micera, S Yu, HY Thakor, NV AF Mishra, Abhishek Ghosh, Rohan Coscia, Martina Kukreja, Sunil Chisari, Carmelo Micera, Silvestro Yu Haoyong Thakor, Nitish V. GP IEEE TI A Neurally Inspired Robotic Control Algorithm for Gait Rehabilitation in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients SO 2014 5th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob) SE Proceedings of the IEEE RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob) CY AUG 12-15, 2014 CL Sao Paulo, BRAZIL SP IEEE RAS EMBS, Univ Sao Paulo, FAFQ, State Sao Paulo, FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq ID FUGL-MEYER ASSESSMENT; MOTOR; RECOVERY; RELIABILITY; LOCOMOTION; INJURY AB Cerebrovascular accident or stroke is one of the major brain impairments that affects numerous people globally. After a unilateral stroke, sensory motor damages contralateral to the brain lesion occur in many patients. As a result, gait remains impaired and asymmetric. This paper describes and simulates a novel closed loop algorithm designed for the control of a lower limb exoskeleton for post-stroke rehabilitation. The algorithm has been developed to control a lower limb exoskeleton including actuators for the hip and knee joints, and feedback sensors for the measure of joint angular excursions. It has been designed to control and correct the gait cycle of the affected leg using kinematics information from the unaffected one. In particular, a probabilistic particle filter like algorithm has been used at the top-level control to modulate gait velocity and the joint angular excursions. Simulation results show that the algorithm is able to correct and control velocity of the affected side restoring phase synchronization between the legs. C1 [Mishra, Abhishek; Ghosh, Rohan] Natl Univ Singapore, SINAPSE, 28 Med Dr 05-10, Singapore 117456, Singapore. [Thakor, Nitish V.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore Inst Neurotechnol SINAPSE, Elect & Bioengn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Yu Haoyong] Natl Univ Singapore, SINAPSE, Dept Bioengn, 9 Engn Dr 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore. [Kukreja, Sunil] NASA, Armstrong Flight Res Ctr, Washington, CA 93524 USA. [Kukreja, Sunil] Natl Univ Singapore, SINAPSE, Singapore, Singapore. [Coscia, Martina; Micera, Silvestro] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Sch Engn, Ctr Neuroprosthet, Translat Neuro Engn Lab, Lausanne, Switzerland. [Coscia, Martina; Micera, Silvestro] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Bioengn, Sch Engn, Lausanne, Switzerland. [Coscia, Martina; Micera, Silvestro] Scuola Super Sant Anna, Biorobot Inst, Pisa, Italy. RP Mishra, A (reprint author), Natl Univ Singapore, SINAPSE, 28 Med Dr 05-10, Singapore 117456, Singapore. EM abhishek.mishra@nus.edu.sg; m.coscia@sssup.it; sunil.kukreja@mail.mcgill.ca; silvestro.micera@epfl.ch; bieyhy@nus.edu.sg; sinapsedirector@gmail.com NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-1782 BN 978-1-4799-3126-2 J9 P IEEE RAS-EMBS INT PY 2014 BP 650 EP 655 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA BG8WJ UT WOS:000392740800111 ER PT S AU Hua, KA Shaykhian, GA Beil, RJ Akpinar, K Martin, KA AF Hua, Kien A. Shaykhian, Gholam Ali Beil, Robert J. Akpinar, Kutalmis Martin, Kyle A. GP ASEE TI Saliency-Based CBIR System for Exploring Lunar Surface Imagery SO 2014 ASEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE SE ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASEE Annual Conference CY JUN 15-18, 2014 CL Indianapolis, IN SP ASEE ID CRATERS; CLASSIFICATION; MARS AB Recent NASA missions like the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) have produced vast archives of surface imagery that must be analyzed to locate landmarks with distinctive visual features, like craters, which provide important information about geologic history and potential mineral resources. Content Based Image Retrieval allows large archives of images to be efficiently queried based on visual content by indexing multidimensional feature vectors extracted from the images. Unlike images of particular objects or scenes traditionally retrieved using CBIR, surface images are not focused on any particular landmark so they must be preprocessed to identify Regions of Interest (ROI) to be indexed for retrieval. Previous work identified ROIs using manual annotation and expensive detection algorithms for specific types of landmarks, such as Crater Detection Algorithms (CDA). In contrast, this work utilizes a general-purpose saliency-based landmark detection algorithm for identifying ROIs which are then indexed for retrieval using feature vectors extracted from the ROI images. We evaluate the retrieval performance of several feature vectors and assess the saliency-based landmark detection performance in comparison to a comprehensive crater database created using manual annotation and a CDA. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the general-purpose saliency-based CBIR system for exploring lunar surface imagery. C1 [Hua, Kien A.; Akpinar, Kutalmis] Univ Cent Florida, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Hua, Kien A.] Univ Cent Florida, Data Syst Lab, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Shaykhian, Gholam Ali] NASA, Informat Technol IT Directorate, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. [Beil, Robert J.] NASA, Engn & Safety Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. [Hua, Kien A.; Akpinar, Kutalmis; Martin, Kyle A.] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Comp Sci, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Hua, KA (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM Ali.Shaykhian@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING EDUCATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1818 N STREET, NW SUITE 600, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2153-5965 J9 ASEE ANNU CONF EXPO PY 2014 PG 18 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA BF6XW UT WOS:000383780002065 ER PT S AU Morgan, JA Porter, JR Rojdev, K Carrejo, D Colozza, AJ AF Morgan, Joseph A. Porter, Jay R. Rojdev, Kristina Carrejo, Daniel Colozza, Anthony J. GP ASEE TI NASA Wireless Smart Plug: A Successful ESET Capstone Design Project SO 2014 ASEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE SE ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASEE Annual Conference CY JUN 15-18, 2014 CL Indianapolis, IN SP ASEE AB NASA has been interested in technology development for deep space exploration, and one avenue of developing these technologies is via the eXploration Habitat (X-Hab) Academic Innovation Challenge. In 2013, NASA's Deep Space Habitat (DSH) project was in need of sensors that could monitor the power consumption of various devices in the habitat with added capability to control the power to these devices for load shedding in emergency situations. Texas A&M University's Electronic Systems Engineering Technology Program (ESET) in conjunction with their Mobile Integrated Solutions Laboratory (MISL) accepted this challenge, and over the course of 2013, several undergraduate students in a Capstone design course developed five wireless DC Smart Plugs for NASA. The wireless DC Smart Plugs developed by Texas A&M in conjunction with NASA's Deep Space Habitat team is a first step in developing wireless instrumentation for future flight hardware. This paper will further discuss the X-Hab challenge and requirements set out by NASA, the detailed design and testing performed by Texas A&M, challenges faced by the team and lessons learned, and potential future work on this design. C1 [Morgan, Joseph A.] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Porter, Jay R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Engn Technol & Ind Distribut, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Rojdev, Kristina] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Carrejo, Daniel] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Syst Architecture & Integrat Off, Space Syst Design & Dev Branch, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Colozza, Anthony J.] NASA, Glenn Res Center, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Morgan, JA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING EDUCATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1818 N STREET, NW SUITE 600, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2153-5965 J9 ASEE ANNU CONF EXPO PY 2014 PG 15 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA BF6XU UT WOS:000383779802063 ER PT S AU Shaykhian, GA Khairi, MA AF Shaykhian, Gholam Ali Khairi, Mohd Abdelgadir GP ASEE TI FACTORS INFLUENCE DATA MANAGEMENT MODELS SELECTION SO 2014 ASEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE SE ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASEE Annual Conference CY JUN 15-18, 2014 CL Indianapolis, IN SP ASEE AB Data Management Models selection (Centralized Data Model or Federated Data Model) for managing organization data is influenced by many factors. This paper explains 21 factors that are useful to select an architectural model. Information technology leaders must understand the impact of factors such as cost, quality, and availability on the model selections. The study indicates that all factors except for Training, Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability were found to be significantly contributed to the selection of the Data Management architectural model. C1 [Shaykhian, Gholam Ali] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Khairi, Mohd Abdelgadir] Najran Univ, Najran, Saudi Arabia. RP Shaykhian, GA (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING EDUCATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1818 N STREET, NW SUITE 600, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2153-5965 J9 ASEE ANNU CONF EXPO PY 2014 PG 12 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA BF6XU UT WOS:000383779800043 ER PT S AU Shaykhian, GA Khairi, MA AF Shaykhian, Gholam Ali Khairi, Mohd Abdelgadir GP ASEE TI CENTRALIZED OR FEDERATED DATA MANAGEMENT MODELS, IT PROFESSIONALS' PREFERENCES SO 2014 ASEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE SE ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASEE Annual Conference CY JUN 15-18, 2014 CL Indianapolis, IN SP ASEE AB The purpose of this paper is to evaluate IT professionals' preferences and experiences with the suitable data management models (Centralized Data Model or Federated Data Model) selection. The goal is to determine the best architectural model for managing enterprise data; and help organizations to select an architectural model. The study compared and contrasted the federated and centralized data models within the context of business and technology requirements using a survey method. Each model is ranked using the following set of applicable factors: cost, schedule, performance, efficiency, limitations, risk, training, operations, compliances, deployment, security, accessibility, dependability, data quality, stability, maintainability, reliability, availability, flexibility, scalability, and predictability. The survey involved practitioners working in various aspects of enterprise data management and use various MDM tools and technologies for organization's business requirements. IT Professionals have detailed insights and knowledge into the practical aspect of the data management technologies. Therefore, they can identify any gaps or deficiency that may exist with the usage of the data management models. C1 [Shaykhian, Gholam Ali] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Khairi, Mohd Abdelgadir] Najran Univ, Coll Comp Sci & Informat Syst, Najran, Saudi Arabia. RP Shaykhian, GA (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING EDUCATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1818 N STREET, NW SUITE 600, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2153-5965 J9 ASEE ANNU CONF EXPO PY 2014 PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA BF6XT UT WOS:000383779705014 ER PT B AU Mehdi, I AF Mehdi, Imran GP IEEE TI Submillimeter-wave Remote Sensing Spectrometers SO 2014 ASIA-PACIFIC MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (APMC) SE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference-Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC) CY NOV 05-08, 2013 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA DE Spectrometers; submillimeter-wave; THz technology; space remote sensing; heterodyne receivers AB Space borne Submillimeter-wave remote sensing spectrometers enable unique science addressing key questions regarding our Universe. Measurements from the MLS instrument have shed light on ozone chemistry. More recently, the HIFI instrument on Herschel Space Observatory has made key discoveries regarding star formation and even planetary atmospheres. This paper will discuss recent technology development efforts that will enable the next generation of submillimeter-wave spectrometers. These instruments will be compact, low power and enable multi-pixel imaging of targets. C1 [Mehdi, Imran] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mehdi, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-4-9023-3931-4 J9 ASIA PACIF MICROWAVE PY 2014 BP 163 EP 166 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BF1OG UT WOS:000380417700409 ER PT S AU Aguinaldo, R Weigel, P Grant, H DeRose, C Lentine, A Pomerene, A Starbuck, A Tkacenko, A Mookherjea, S AF Aguinaldo, Ryan Weigel, Peter Grant, Hannah DeRose, Christopher Lentine, Anthony Pomerene, Andrew Starbuck, Andrew Tkacenko, Andre Mookherjea, Shayan GP IEEE TI A silicon photonic channelized spectrum monitor for UCSD's multi-wavelength ring network SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB A compact silicon photonic channelized optical spectrum monitor is designed and realized, which can replace a large rack-mounted OSA's channel power monitoring functionality, and the signal processing algorithm underlying its operation is described. C1 [Aguinaldo, Ryan; Weigel, Peter; Grant, Hannah; Mookherjea, Shayan] Univ Calif San Diego, Mail Code 0407, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [DeRose, Christopher; Lentine, Anthony; Pomerene, Andrew; Starbuck, Andrew] Sandia Natl Labs, Appl Microphoton Syst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Tkacenko, Andre] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Signal Proc Res Grp 332C, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aguinaldo, R (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Mail Code 0407, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM raguinaldo@ucsd.edu; smookherjea@ucsd.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908603097 ER PT S AU Allman, MS Verma, VB Horansky, R Marsili, F Stern, JA Shaw, MD Beyer, AD Mirin, RP Nam, SW AF Allman, M. S. Verma, V. B. Horansky, R. Marsili, F. Stern, J. A. Shaw, M. D. Beyer, A. D. Mirin, R. P. Nam, S. W. GP IEEE TI Progress towards a near IR single-photon superconducting nanowire camera for free-space imaging of light SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB We describe our progress towards building a free-space coupled array of nanowire detectors with a multiplexed readout. The cryogenic, optical, and electronic packaging to readout the array will be discussed. C1 [Allman, M. S.; Verma, V. B.; Horansky, R.; Mirin, R. P.; Nam, S. W.] NIST, 325 Broadway,MC 815-04, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Marsili, F.; Stern, J. A.; Shaw, M. D.; Beyer, A. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Allman, MS (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway,MC 815-04, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Shane.allman@nist.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600146 ER PT S AU Arbabi, A Bagheri, M Ball, AJ Horie, Y Fattal, D Faraon, A AF Arbabi, Amir Bagheri, Mahmood Ball, Alexander J. Horie, Yu Fattal, David Faraon, Andrei GP IEEE TI Controlling the Phase Front of Optical Fiber Beams using High Contrast Metastructures SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID REFLECTORS; GRATINGS AB The phase of optical beams can be modified by high contrast sub-wavelength periodic structures with gradually varying geometrical features. We present design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of planar micro-lenses shaping the beam of optical fibers. C1 [Arbabi, Amir; Ball, Alexander J.; Horie, Yu; Faraon, Andrei] CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Lab Appl Phys, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bagheri, Mahmood] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Fattal, David] Hewlett Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Arbabi, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Lab Appl Phys, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM amir@caltech.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908603258 ER PT S AU Bai, YX Yu, JR Wong, TH Chen, SS Petros, M Menzies, R Singh, U AF Bai, Yingxin Yu, Jirong Wong, Teh-Hwa Chen, Songsheng Petros, Mulugeta Menzies, Robert Singh, Upendra GP IEEE TI Single-mode, high repetition rate, compact Ho: YLF laser for space-borne lidar applications SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB A single transverse/longitudinal mode, compact Q-switched Ho:YLF laser has been designed and demonstrated for space-borne lidar applications. The pulse energy is between 34-40 mJ for 100-200 Hz operation. The corresponding peak power is >1 MW. C1 [Bai, Yingxin; Wong, Teh-Hwa] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, One Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 200, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Yu, Jirong; Chen, Songsheng; Petros, Mulugeta; Singh, Upendra] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Menzies, Robert] NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bai, YX (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, One Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 200, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM yingxin.bai-l@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600129 ER PT S AU Bussieres, F Clausen, C Tiranov, A Korzh, B Verma, V Nam, SW Marsili, F Ferrier, A Goldner, P Herrmann, H Silberhorn, C Sohler, W Afzelius, M Gisin, N AF Bussieres, F. Clausen, C. Tiranov, A. Korzh, B. Verma, V. Nam, S. W. Marsili, F. Ferrier, A. Goldner, P. Herrmann, H. Silberhorn, C. Sohler, W. Afzelius, M. Gisin, N. GP IEEE TI Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID REPEATERS AB Quantum teleportation [1] is a cornerstone of quantum information science due to its essential role in several important tasks such as the long-distance transmission of quantum information using quantum repeaters [2-4]. In this context, a challenge of paramount importance is the distribution of entanglement between remote nodes, and to use this entanglement as a resource for long-distance light-to-matter quantum teleportation. We report on the demonstration of quantum teleportation of the polarization state of a telecom-wavelength photon onto the state of a solid-state quantum memory. Entanglement is established between a rare-earth-ion doped crystal storing a single photon that is polarization-entangled with a flying telecom-wavelength photon [5, 6]. The latter is jointly measured, using highly efficient superconducting WSi nanowire single-photon detectors [7], with another flying qubit carrying the polarization state to be teleported, which heralds the teleportation. The fidelity of the polarization state of the photon retrieved from the memory is shown to be greater than the maximum fidelity achievable without entanglement, even when the combined distances travelled by the two flying qubits is 25 km of standard optical fibre. This light-to-matter teleportation channel paves the way towards long-distance implementations of quantum networks with solid-state quantum memories. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America C1 [Bussieres, F.; Clausen, C.; Tiranov, A.; Korzh, B.; Afzelius, M.; Gisin, N.] Univ Geneva, Grp Appl Phys, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. [Verma, V.; Nam, S. W.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Marsili, F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Ferrier, A.; Goldner, P.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7574, Chim ParisTech, F-75005 Paris, France. [Herrmann, H.; Silberhorn, C.; Sohler, W.] Univ Paderborn, Appl Phys Integrated Opt Grp, D-33095 Paderborn, Germany. RP Bussieres, F (reprint author), Univ Geneva, Grp Appl Phys, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. EM felix.bussieres@unige.ch NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600493 ER PT S AU De Young, R Carrion, W Pliutau, D Ganoe, R AF De Young, Russell Carrion, William Pliutau, Denis Ganoe, Rene GP IEEE TI Solid State Mobile Lidar for Ozone Atmospheric Profiling SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB A tunable Ce:LiCAF laser is pumped by a CLBO crystal pumped by a doubled Nd:YLF laser running at 1 kHz. The UV tunable Ce: LiCAF laser produces two UV pulses between 280 to 295nm. These pulses are transmitted into the atmosphere to profile the concentration of ozone as a function of altitude. C1 [De Young, Russell] NASA, Sci Directorate, Langley Res Ctr, MS401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Carrion, William] Coherent Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Pliutau, Denis; Ganoe, Rene] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP De Young, R (reprint author), NASA, Sci Directorate, Langley Res Ctr, MS401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Russell.j.deyoung@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600013 ER PT S AU Gerrits, T Marsili, F Shaw, M Bartley, TJ Nam, SW AF Gerrits, Thomas Marsili, Francesco Shaw, Matthew Bartley, Tim J. Nam, Sae Woo GP IEEE TI Four-Photon Joint Spectral Probability Distribution of a High Spectral-Purity Photon Source SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB We present the joint spectral amplitudes for a single and double photon pair from a spectrally factorizable type-II parametric downconversion process and show that the first Schmidt mode of double pair emission equals the square of the first single pair emission Schmidt mode. C1 [Gerrits, Thomas; Nam, Sae Woo] NIST, 325 Broadway,MC 815 04, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Marsili, Francesco; Shaw, Matthew] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bartley, Tim J.] Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RP Gerrits, T (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway,MC 815 04, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gerrits@.nist.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908601331 ER PT S AU Huang, H Xie, GD Ahmed, N Ren, YX Yan, Y Lavery, MPJ Padgett, MJ Dolinar, S Willner, AE AF Huang, Hao Xie, Guodong Ahmed, Nisar Ren, Yongxiong Yan, Yan Lavery, Martin P. J. Padgett, Miles J. Dolinar, Sam Willner, Alan E. GP IEEE TI Experimental Demonstration of Orbital-Angular-Momentum Demultiplexing using an Optical FFT in the Spatial Domain SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID LIGHT AB we demonstrate orbital angular momentum modes separation using a geometrical transform-based mode sorter combined with a spatial Fast Fourier Transform. The observed crosstalk between the adjacent modes is <-11.8 dB. A lower crosstalk of <-18.6 dB is anticipated by simulation results. C1 [Huang, Hao; Xie, Guodong; Ahmed, Nisar; Ren, Yongxiong; Yan, Yan; Willner, Alan E.] Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Lavery, Martin P. J.; Padgett, Miles J.] Univ Glasgow, Sch Phys & Astron, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. [Dolinar, Sam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Huang, H (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM haoh@usc.edu RI Lavery, Martin/H-2265-2015 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908602306 ER PT S AU Lee, C Zhang, ZS Mower, J Steinbrecher, G Zhou, HC Wang, LG Horansky, RD Verma, VB Allman, MS Lita, AE Mirin, RP Marsili, F Beyer, AD Shaw, MD Nam, SW Wornell, G Wong, FNC Shapiro, JH Englund, D AF Lee, Catherine Zhang, Zheshen Mower, Jacob Steinbrecher, Greg Zhou, Hongchao Wang, Ligong Horansky, Robert D. Verma, Varun B. Allman, Michael S. Lita, Adriana E. Mirin, Richard P. Marsili, Francesco Beyer, Andrew D. Shaw, Matthew D. Nam, Sae Woo Wornell, Gregory Wong, Franco N. C. Shapiro, Jeffrey H. Englund, Dirk GP IEEE TI High-dimensional time-energy entanglement-based quantum key distribution using dispersive optics SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB We implement a high-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol secure against collective attacks. We transform between conjugate measurement bases using group velocity dispersion. We obtain >3 secure bits per photon coincidence. C1 [Lee, Catherine; Zhang, Zheshen; Mower, Jacob; Steinbrecher, Greg; Zhou, Hongchao; Wang, Ligong; Wornell, Gregory; Wong, Franco N. C.; Shapiro, Jeffrey H.; Englund, Dirk] MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room 36-575, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Lee, Catherine] Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Horansky, Robert D.; Verma, Varun B.; Allman, Michael S.; Lita, Adriana E.; Mirin, Richard P.; Nam, Sae Woo] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Marsili, Francesco; Beyer, Andrew D.; Shaw, Matthew D.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, C (reprint author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room 36-575, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM cath@mit.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600311 ER PT S AU Marsili, F Stevens, MJ Kozorezov, A Verma, VB Lambert, C Stern, JA Horansky, R Dyer, S Shaw, MD Mirin, RP Nam, SW AF Marsili, F. Stevens, M. J. Kozorezov, A. Verma, V. B. Lambert, C. Stern, J. A. Horansky, R. Dyer, S. Shaw, M. D. Mirin, R. P. Nam, S. W. GP IEEE TI Hotspot Dynamics in Current Carrying WSi Superconducting Nanowires SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB We measured the temporal dynamics of optically excited hotspots in current-carrying WSi superconducting nanowires as a function of bias current, temperature and excitation wavelength, observing an unexpected effect: hotspot relaxation depends strongly on bias current. C1 [Marsili, F.; Stern, J. A.; Shaw, M. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Stevens, M. J.; Verma, V. B.; Horansky, R.; Dyer, S.; Mirin, R. P.; Nam, S. W.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Kozorezov, A.; Lambert, C.] Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England. RP Marsili, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM francesco.marsili.dr@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600322 ER PT S AU Shaw, MD Birnbaum, K Cheng, M Srinivasan, M Quirk, K Kovalik, J Biswas, A Beyer, A Marsili, F Verma, VB Mirin, RP Nam, SW Stern, JA Farr, WH AF Shaw, M. D. Birnbaum, K. Cheng, M. Srinivasan, M. Quirk, K. Kovalik, J. Biswas, A. Beyer, A. Marsili, F. Verma, V. B. Mirin, R. P. Nam, S. W. Stern, J. A. Farr, W. H. GP IEEE TI A Receiver for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Using the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID DETECTOR AB We discuss the design and implementation of a receiver for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration based on a 12-pixel array of tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The receiver was used to close a software communication link from lunar orbit at 39 and 79 Mbps. C1 [Shaw, M. D.; Birnbaum, K.; Cheng, M.; Srinivasan, M.; Quirk, K.; Kovalik, J.; Biswas, A.; Beyer, A.; Marsili, F.; Stern, J. A.; Farr, W. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Verma, V. B.; Mirin, R. P.; Nam, S. W.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shaw, MD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM matthew.d.shaw@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908602369 ER PT S AU Sonnenfroh, D Repasky, K Nehrir, A AF Sonnenfroh, David Repasky, Kevin Nehrir, Amin GP IEEE TI Compact, Automated Differential Absorption Lidar for Tropospheric Profiling of Water Vapor SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB We describe the engineering development of a compact differential absorption lidar, using a diode laser-seeded semiconductor optical amplifier as the transmitter, for profiling water vapor in the lower atmosphere. C1 [Sonnenfroh, David] Phys Sci Inc, 20 New England Business Ctr, Andover, MA 01810 USA. [Repasky, Kevin] MSU Bozeman, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Nehrir, Amin] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Sonnenfroh, D (reprint author), Phys Sci Inc, 20 New England Business Ctr, Andover, MA 01810 USA. EM sonnenfroh@psicorp.com; repasky@ece.montana.edu; amin.r.nehrir@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908602151 ER PT S AU Verma, VB Marsili, F Stern, JA Beyer, A Shaw, MD Nam, S Mirin, RP AF Verma, V. B. Marsili, F. Stern, J. A. Beyer, A. Shaw, M. D. Nam, S. Mirin, R. P. GP IEEE TI Progress and prospects for high efficiency and gigacount per second detectors for quantum repeaters using superconducting nanowire detectors SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID ATOMIC ENSEMBLES; LINEAR OPTICS; COMMUNICATION AB We describe our work on superconducting nanowire detector arrays and how they may be adapted to meet the requirements for implementing a quantum repeater. C1 [Verma, V. B.; Nam, S.; Mirin, R. P.] NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Marsili, F.; Stern, J. A.; Beyer, A.; Shaw, M. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Verma, VB (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM verma@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908600496 ER PT S AU Wong, TH Yu, JR Bai, YX Johnson, W AF Wong, Teh-Hwa Yu, Jirong Bai, Yingxin Johnson, William GP IEEE TI Infrared Signal Detection by Upconversion Technique SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID MU-M AB We demonstrated up-conversion assisted detection of a 2.05-mu m signal by using a bulk periodically poled Lithium niobate crystal. The 94% intrinsic up-conversion efficiency and 22.58% overall detection efficiency at pW level of 2.05-mu m was achieved. C1 [Wong, Teh-Hwa; Bai, Yingxin] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, One Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 300, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Yu, Jirong] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Johnson, William] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Wong, TH (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, One Enterprise Pkwy,Suite 300, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM teh-hwa.wong@ssaihq.com NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908601291 ER PT S AU Xie, GD Ren, YX Huang, H Ahmed, N Li, L Yan, Y Lavery, MPJ Padgett, MJ Tur, M Dolinar, SJ Willner, AE AF Xie, Guodong Ren, Yongxiong Huang, Hao Ahmed, Nisar Li, Long Yan, Yan Lavery, Martin P. J. Padgett, Miles J. Tur, Moshe Dolinar, Samuel J. Willner, Alan E. GP IEEE TI Experimental Comparison of Single and Double Partial Receiver Apertures for Recovering Signals Transmitted Using Orbital-Angular-Momentum SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA ID LIGHT AB We compared power spreading of a partially captured orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) beam by using single and double apertures. Double apertures could help reducing crosstalk from OAM(l) to OAM(l+m) by similar to 10 dB, where l is an integer and m is an odd number. C1 [Xie, Guodong; Ren, Yongxiong; Huang, Hao; Ahmed, Nisar; Li, Long; Yan, Yan; Willner, Alan E.] Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Lavery, Martin P. J.; Padgett, Miles J.] Univ Glasgow, Sch Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. [Tur, Moshe] Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Elect Engn, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. [Dolinar, Samuel J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Xie, GD (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM guodongx@usc.edu RI Lavery, Martin/H-2265-2015 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908602302 ER PT S AU Zhong, T Zhou, HC Wang, LG Wornell, G Zhang, ZS Shapiro, J Wong, FNC Horansky, R Verma, V Lita, A Mirin, RP Gerrits, T Nam, SW Restelli, A Bienfang, JC Marsili, F Shaw, MD AF Zhong, Tian Zhou, Hongchao Wang, Ligong Wornell, Gregory Zhang, Zheshen Shapiro, Jeffrey Wong, Franco N. C. Horansky, Rob Verma, Varun Lita, Adriana Mirin, Richard P. Gerrits, Thomas Nam, Sae Woo Restelli, Alessandro Bienfang, Joshua C. Marsili, Francesco Shaw, Matthew D. GP IEEE TI Photon-Efficient High-Dimensional Quantum Key Distribution SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB We demonstrate two high-dimensional QKD protocols - secure against collective Gaussian attacks yielding up to 8.6 secure bits per photon and 6.7 Mb/s throughput, with 6.9 bits per photon after transmission through 20 km of fiber. C1 [Zhong, Tian; Zhou, Hongchao; Wang, Ligong; Wornell, Gregory; Zhang, Zheshen; Shapiro, Jeffrey; Wong, Franco N. C.] MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Horansky, Rob; Verma, Varun; Lita, Adriana; Mirin, Richard P.; Gerrits, Thomas; Nam, Sae Woo] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Restelli, Alessandro; Bienfang, Joshua C.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Restelli, Alessandro; Bienfang, Joshua C.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marsili, Francesco; Shaw, Matthew D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhong, T (reprint author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM tzhong@mit.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908601141 ER PT S AU Zhu, XS Zong, J Wiersma, K Norwood, RA Prasad, NS Obland, MD Chavez-Pirson, A Peyghambarian, N AF Zhu, Xiushan Zong, Jie Wiersma, K. Norwood, R. A. Prasad, N. S. Obland, M. D. Chavez-Pirson, A. Peyghambarian, N. GP IEEE TI Watt-level fluoride fiber lasers and amplifiers in the 1.2. mu m region SO 2014 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (CLEO) SE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY JUN 08-13, 2014 CL San Jose, CA AB Holmium-doped ZBLAN fiber has proven to be an efficient high gain material in the 1.2 mu m region. In this paper, single-mode fiber lasers and amplifiers at 1178 nm, 1190 nm, and 1200 nm are reported. Over 2 watts of continuous wave output power was achieved with a 10-cm long gain fiber. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America C1 [Zhu, Xiushan; Zong, Jie; Wiersma, K.; Chavez-Pirson, A.] NP Photon Inc, 9030 S Rita Rd, Tucson, AZ 85747 USA. [Zhu, Xiushan; Norwood, R. A.; Peyghambarian, N.] Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Prasad, N. S.; Obland, M. D.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zhu, XS (reprint author), NP Photon Inc, 9030 S Rita Rd, Tucson, AZ 85747 USA. EM xszhu@email.arizona.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-9020 J9 CONF LASER ELECTR PY 2014 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BE2RC UT WOS:000369908603317 ER PT B AU Burgess, AB Mattmann, CA AF Burgess, Ann B. Mattmann, Chris A. BE Joshi, J Bertino, E Thuraisingham, B Liu, L TI Automatically Classifying and Interpreting Polar Datasets with Apache Tika SO 2014 IEEE 15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION REUSE AND INTEGRATION (IRI) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IEEE IRI) / IRI-HI / FMI / DIM / EM-RITE / WICSOC / SocialSec / IICPC / NatSec CY AUG 13-15, 2014 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man Cybernet Soc, Soc Informat Reuse Integrat, Virginia Mil Inst, Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Informat Sci DE metadata; Tika; Polar; MIME; open source AB The Arctic and Antarctic are undergoing rapid change attributed to the Earth's changing climate. This change is captured via space and airborne remote sensing, in-situ measurement, and climate modeling. Those observations and simulations record data in myriad formats across a number of pertinent data archives funded by NSF, NASA, NOAA, and other federal agencies. Simply finding data may be hard, but we restrict our focus in this paper to the subject of what to do with the data (and metadata) once it is found - the "complexity" portion of the Big Data challenge. We present our current efforts for dealing with the complexity and heterogeneity of Arctic and Antarctic data - Apache Tika. Apache Tika is an open source framework for metadata exploration, automatic text mining, and information retrieval of 1200 of the most widely used data file formats and 20 rich metadata models to go along with those formats. Our current research efforts are targeted at expanding Apache Tika to parse, extract, and analyze common data formats used in Artic and Antarctic research making them more easily accessible, searchable, and retrievable by all major content management systems (Plone, Drupal, Alfresco, etc.). Furthermore, expanding Tika to handle common Polar data formats will also naturally invite the technology/open source community to deal with Polar use cases, helping to draw attention to and increase understanding of these remote regions. C1 [Burgess, Ann B.; Mattmann, Chris A.] Univ Southern Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Mattmann, Chris A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Burgess, AB (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM anniebryant@gmail.com; mattmann@usc.edu NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-5879-5; 978-1-4799-5880-1 PY 2014 BP 863 EP 867 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BF2AL UT WOS:000380450500119 ER PT J AU Stepanyan, V Krishnakumar, K AF Stepanyan, Vahram Krishnakumar, Kalmanje GP IEEE TI M-MRAC With Normalization SO 2014 IEEE 53RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) CY DEC 15-17, 2014 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, MathWorks, Springer, Altair, dSPACE, Journal Franklin Inst, Soc Ind & Appl Math, United Technologies Res Ctr, Wolfram, EBSCO Informat Serv, Inst Engn & Technol, Now, Taylor & Francis, Cogent Engn ID TIME-VARYING SYSTEMS; ADAPTIVE-CONTROL AB This paper presents a normalization based modified reference model adaptive control method for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) uncertain systems in the presence of bounded external disturbances. It has been shown that desired tracking performance can be achieved for the system's output and input signals with the proper choice of design parameters. The resulting adaptive control signal satisfies a second order linear time invariant (LTI) system, which is the effect of the normalization term in the adaptive laws. This LTI system provides the guideline for the design parameter selection. The theoretical findings are confirmed via a simulation example. C1 [Stepanyan, Vahram] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Krishnakumar, Kalmanje] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stepanyan, V (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM vahram.stepanyan@nasa.gov; kalmanje.krishnakumar@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6090-6 PY 2014 BP 1289 EP 1294 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BE2TY UT WOS:000370073801072 ER PT J AU Ishihara, AK Nguyen, N AF Ishihara, Abraham K. Nhan Nguyen GP IEEE TI Distributed Parameter e-modification for an Aeroelastic Torsion Model SO 2014 IEEE 53RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) CY DEC 15-17, 2014 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, MathWorks, Springer, Altair, dSPACE, Journal Franklin Inst, Soc Ind & Appl Math, United Technologies Res Ctr, Wolfram, EBSCO Informat Serv, Inst Engn & Technol, Now, Taylor & Francis, Cogent Engn AB In this note we consider the closed-loop control of an aeroelastic torsion model where the control objective is to track a desired shape. A Lyapunov approach is utilized and an adaptive control algorithm using e-modification is proposed. The entire analysis is confined to the underlying infinite dimensional space and uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop system is proved. Numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the performance. C1 [Ishihara, Abraham K.] Carnegie Mellon Univ Silicon Valley, NASA Res Pk, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Nhan Nguyen] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ishihara, AK (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ Silicon Valley, NASA Res Pk, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM abe.ishihara@west.cmu.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6090-6 PY 2014 BP 2427 EP 2432 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BE2TY UT WOS:000370073802092 ER PT J AU Balas, MJ Frost, SA AF Balas, Mark J. Frost, Susan A. GP IEEE TI Robust Adaptive Model Tracking Control for Linear Infinite Dimensional Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems SO 2014 IEEE 53RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) CY DEC 15-17, 2014 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, MathWorks, Springer, Altair, dSPACE, Journal Franklin Inst, Soc Ind & Appl Math, United Technologies Res Ctr, Wolfram, EBSCO Informat Serv, Inst Engn & Technol, Now, Taylor & Francis, Cogent Engn AB Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems of partial differential equations describe many physical phenomena such as wave behavior, electromagnetic fields, and quantum fields. The plant is described by a closed densely defined linear operator that generates a continuous semigroup of bounded operators on the Hilbert space of states. Here we show that there exists a stabilizing direct model reference adaptive control law with certain disturbance rejection and robustness properties. The closed loop system is shown to be exponentially convergent to a neighborhood with radius proportional to bounds on the size of the disturbance. We apply the results to control of symmetric hyperbolic systems with coercive boundary conditions. C1 [Balas, Mark J.] Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA. [Frost, Susan A.] NASA, Intelligent Syst Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Balas, MJ (reprint author), Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA. EM balasm@erau.edu; susan.frost@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6090-6 PY 2014 BP 2870 EP 2876 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BE2TY UT WOS:000370073803005 ER PT J AU Bloem, M Bambos, N AF Bloem, Michael Bambos, Nicholas GP IEEE TI Infinite Time Horizon Maximum Causal Entropy Inverse Reinforcement Learning SO 2014 IEEE 53RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) CY DEC 15-17, 2014 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, MathWorks, Springer, Altair, dSPACE, Journal Franklin Inst, Soc Ind & Appl Math, United Technologies Res Ctr, Wolfram, EBSCO Informat Serv, Inst Engn & Technol, Now, Taylor & Francis, Cogent Engn AB We extend the maximum causal entropy framework for inverse reinforcement learning to the infinite time horizon discounted reward setting. To do so, we maximize discounted future contributions to causal entropy subject to a discounted feature expectation matching constraint. A parameterized class of stochastic policies that solve this problem are referred to as soft Bellman policies because they can be specified in terms of values that satisfy an equation identical to the Bellman equation but with a softmax (the log of a sum of exponentials) instead of a max. Under some assumptions, algorithms that repeatedly solve for a soft Bellman policy, evaluate the policy, and then perform a gradient update on the parameters will find the optimal soft Bellman policy. For the first step, we extend techniques from dynamic programming and reinforcement learning so that they derive soft Bellman policies. For the second step, we can use policy evaluation techniques from dynamic programming or perform Monte Carlo simulations. We compare three algorithms of this type by applying them to a problem instance involving demonstration data from a simple controlled queuing network model inspired by problems in air traffic management. C1 [Bloem, Michael] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Aviat Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Bambos, Nicholas] Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Bambos, Nicholas] Stanford Univ, Dept Management Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Bloem, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Aviat Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM michael.bloem@nasa.gov; bambos@stanford.edu NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6090-6 PY 2014 BP 4911 EP 4916 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BE2TY UT WOS:000370073805014 ER PT J AU Crespo, LG Giesy, DP Kenny, SP AF Crespo, Luis G. Giesy, Daniel P. Kenny, Sean P. GP IEEE TI Interval Predictor Models with a Formal Characterization of Uncertainty and Reliability SO 2014 IEEE 53RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL (CDC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) CY DEC 15-17, 2014 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, MathWorks, Springer, Altair, dSPACE, Journal Franklin Inst, Soc Ind & Appl Math, United Technologies Res Ctr, Wolfram, EBSCO Informat Serv, Inst Engn & Technol, Now, Taylor & Francis, Cogent Engn AB This paper develops techniques for constructing empirical predictor models based on observations. By contrast to standard models, which yield a single predicted output at each value of the model's inputs, Interval Predictors Models (IPM) yield an interval into which the unobserved output is predicted to fall. The IPMs proposed prescribe the output as an interval valued function of the model's inputs, render a formal description of both the uncertainty in the model's parameters and of the spread in the predicted output. Uncertainty is prescribed as a hyper-rectangular set in the space of model's parameters. The propagation of this set through the empirical model yields a range of outputs of minimal spread containing all (or, depending on the formulation, most) of the observations. Optimization-based strategies for calculating IPMs and eliminating the effects of outliers are proposed. Outliers are identified by evaluating the extent by which they degrade the tightness of the prediction. This evaluation can be carried out while the IPM is calculated. When the data satisfies mild stochastic assumptions, and the optimization program used for calculating the IPM is convex (or, when its solution coincides with the solution to an auxiliary convex program), the model's reliability (that is, the probability that a future observation would be within the predicted range of outputs) can be bounded rigorously by a non-asymptotic formula. C1 [Crespo, Luis G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, NIA, MS 308, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Giesy, Daniel P.; Kenny, Sean P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Crespo, LG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, NIA, MS 308, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Luis.G.Crespo@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6090-6 PY 2014 BP 5991 EP 5996 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BE2TY UT WOS:000370073806027 ER PT S AU Zhao, Y Rozier, KY AF Zhao, Yang Rozier, Kristin Y. GP IEEE TI Probabilistic Model Checking for Comparative Analysis of Automated Air Traffic Control Systems SO 2014 IEEE/ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (ICCAD) SE ICCAD-IEEE ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD) CY NOV 02-06, 2014 CL San Jose, CA SP IEEE, Assoc Comp Machinery, IEEE CAS, IEEE Council Elect Design Automat, Assoc Comp Machinery Special Interest Grp Design Automat, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE SSCS AB Ensuring aircraft stay safely separated is the primary consideration in air traffic control. To achieve the required level of assurance for this safety-critical application, the Automated Airspace Concept (AAC) proposes a network of components providing multiple levels of separation assurance, including conflict detection and resolution. In our previous work, we conducted a formal study of this concept including specification, validation, and verification utilizing the NuSMV and CadenceSMV model checkers to ensure there are no potentially catastrophic design flaws remaining in the AAC design before the next stage of production. In this paper, we extend that work to include probabilistic model checking of the AAC system. 1 We are motivated by the system designers requirement to compare different design options to optimize the functional allocation of the AAC components. Probabilistic model checking provides quantitative measures for evaluating different design options, helping system designers to understand the impact of parameters in the model on a given critical safety requirement. We detail our approach to modeling and probabilistically analyzing this complex system consisting of a real-time algorithm, a logic protocol, and human factors. We utilize both Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC) and Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) models to capture the important behaviors in the AAC components. The separation assurance algorithms, which are defined over specific time ranges, are modeled using a DTMC. The emergence of conflicts in an airspace sector and the reaction times of pilots, which can be simplified as Markov processes on continuous time, are modeled as a CTMC. Utilizing these two models, we calculate the probability of an unresolved conflict as a measure of safety and compare multiple design options. C1 [Zhao, Yang] Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. [Rozier, Kristin Y.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Zhao, Y (reprint author), Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. EM yanzhao@microsoft.com; Kristin.Y.Rozier@nasa.gov FU NASA's Airspace Systems Program FX Work contributing to this paper was supported in part by NASA's Airspace Systems Program. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1933-7760 BN 978-1-4799-6278-5 J9 ICCAD-IEEE ACM INT PY 2014 BP 690 EP 695 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BG9LS UT WOS:000393407200106 ER PT S AU Bosson, C Xue, M Zelinski, S AF Bosson, Christabelle Xue, Min Zelinski, Shannon GP IEEE TI OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED TERMINAL AIRSPACE OPERATIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press ID SINGLE-MACHINE; TARDY JOBS; MINIMIZE; NUMBER AB In the terminal airspace, integrated departures and arrivals have the potential to increase operations efficiency. Recent research has developed genetical-algorithm-based schedulers for integrated arrival and departure operations under uncertainty. This paper presents an alternate method using a machine job-shop scheduling formulation to model the integrated airspace operations. A multistage stochastic programming approach is chosen to formulate the problem and candidate solutions are obtained by solving sample average approximation problems with finite sample size. Because approximate solutions are computed, the proposed algorithm incorporates the computation of statistical bounds to estimate the optimality of the candidate solutions. A proof-of-concept study is conducted on a baseline implementation of a simple problem considering a fleet mix of 14 aircraft evolving in a model of the Los Angeles terminal airspace. A more thorough statistical analysis is also performed to evaluate the impact of the number of scenarios considered in the sampled problem. To handle extensive sampling computations, a multithreading technique is introduced. C1 [Bosson, Christabelle; Xue, Min] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Zelinski, Shannon] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bosson, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cbosson@purdue.edu; Min.xue@nasa.gov; Shannon.j.zelinski@nasa.gov NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983003024 ER PT S AU Bosson, C Xue, M Zelinski, S AF Bosson, Christabelle Xue, Min Zelinski, Shannon GP IEEE TI Optimizing Integrated Terminal Airspace Operations Under Uncertainty SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Bosson, Christabelle; Xue, Min] Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Zelinski, Shannon] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bosson, C (reprint author), Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 23 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983000003 ER PT S AU Chevalley, E Parke, B Lee, P Omar, F Yoo, HS Kraut, J Rein-Weston, D Bienert, N Gonter, K Palmer, E AF Chevalley, Eric Parke, Bonny Lee, Paul Omar, Faisal Yoo, Hyo-Sang Kraut, Joshua Rein-Weston, Daphne Bienert, Nancy Gonter, Kari Palmer, Everett GP IEEE TI DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS FOR CLIMBING DEPARTURE AIRCRAFT THROUGH ARRIVAL AIRSPACE SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB In 2013, Chevalley, et al., presented a concept of shared airspace where departures fly across arrival flows, provided gaps are available in these flows. They explored solutions for separating departures temporally from arrival traffic. Arrival controllers were responsible for deciding whether to climb departures through gaps, based on the departure aircrafts' trajectory and on the estimated flying time across the arrival flow. It was found that aircraft climb efficiency increased with more accurate departure time from the runway. Although in this earlier simulation, workload, coordination, and safety were judged by controllers as acceptable, it appeared that controllers would need improved tools to support this procedure. In the current follow-up study, decision support tools were developed to help controllers decide whether it was safe to climb aircraft through gaps in the arrival flow. In all three tool conditions, controllers could refer to a timeline to show how close in time the departures were predicted to be to the arrivals. In two of the conditions, controller could either see tie-points on videomaps, or could use a conflict probe to assess the separation of arrivals and departures dynamically. The tools were tested in a Human-In-The-Loop simulation. The efficiency and safety of 144 departures from the San Jose airport (SJC) climbing across the arrival airspace of the Oakland and San Francisco arrival flows were assessed. The simulation replicated the airspace and the manipulation of the accuracy of departure release times as reported in Chevalley et al. (2013) but used different aircraft climb profiles. Results show that again aircraft climb efficiency improved with departure time accuracy. Additional tools, such as the tie-points and the conflict probe, helped controllers make decisions to climb aircraft. In most cases, the tools helped controllers to keep aircraft vertically separated. For example, the tools helped controllers keep aircraft at safe altitudes longer when aircraft departed outside of their scheduled time. However, the tools did not prevent losses of separation. Seven losses of separation took place. Four of those were just below the required separation standards. This paper presents problems involved in predicting separation, and with controllers using anticipated separation to make decisions. New procedures and more precise tools are needed to limit the use of anticipated separation and to give options to controllers to climb aircraft safely. C1 [Chevalley, Eric; Parke, Bonny; Lee, Paul; Omar, Faisal; Yoo, Hyo-Sang; Kraut, Joshua; Rein-Weston, Daphne; Bienert, Nancy; Gonter, Kari] San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Chevalley, Eric; Parke, Bonny; Lee, Paul; Omar, Faisal; Yoo, Hyo-Sang; Kraut, Joshua; Rein-Weston, Daphne; Bienert, Nancy; Gonter, Kari; Palmer, Everett] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Chevalley, E (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004074 ER PT S AU Chevalley, E Parke, B Lee, P Omar, F Yoo, HS Kraut, J Rein-Weston, D Bienert, N Gonter, K Palmer, E AF Chevalley, Eric Parke, Bonny Lee, Paul Omar, Faisal Yoo, Hyo-Sang Kraut, Joshua Rein-Weston, Daphne Bienert, Nancy Gonter, Kari Palmer, Everett GP IEEE TI Decision Support Tools for Climbing Departure Aircraft Through Arrival Airspace SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Chevalley, Eric; Parke, Bonny; Lee, Paul; Omar, Faisal; Yoo, Hyo-Sang; Kraut, Joshua; Rein-Weston, Daphne; Bienert, Nancy; Gonter, Kari] San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 95112 USA. [Palmer, Everett] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Chevalley, E (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 95112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 29 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983002024 ER PT S AU Denney, E Pai, G Berthold, R Fladeland, M Storms, B Sumich, M AF Denney, Ewen Pai, Ganesh Berthold, Randall Fladeland, Matthew Storms, Bruce Sumich, Mark GP IEEE TI ASSURING GROUND-BASED DETECT AND AVOID FOR UAS OPERATIONS SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB One of the goals of the Marginal Ice Zones Observations and Processes Experiment (MIZOPEX) NASA Earth science mission was to show the operational capabilities of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) when deployed on challenging missions, in difficult environments. Given the extreme conditions of the Arctic environment where MIZOPEX measurements were required, the mission opted to use a radar to provide a ground-based detect-and-avoid (GBDAA) capability as an alternate means of compliance (AMOC) with the see-and-avoid federal aviation regulation. This paper describes how GBDAA safety assurance was provided by interpreting and applying the guidelines in the national policy for UAS operational approval. In particular, we describe how we formulated the appropriate safety goals, defined the processes and procedures for system safety, identified and assembled the relevant safety verification evidence, and created an operational safety case in compliance with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements. To the best of our knowledge, the safety case, which was ultimately approved by the FAA, is the first successful example of non-military UAS operations using GBDAA in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS), and, therefore, the first non-military application of the safety case concept in this context. C1 [Denney, Ewen; Pai, Ganesh] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Berthold, Randall; Fladeland, Matthew; Storms, Bruce; Sumich, Mark] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Denney, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ewen.denney@nasa.gov; ganesh.pai@nasa.gov; randall.w.berthold@nasa.gov; matthew.m.fladeland@nasa.gov; bruce.l.storms@nasa.gov; mark.sumich@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004052 ER PT S AU Eshow, M Lui, M Ranjan, S AF Eshow, Michelle Lui, Max Ranjan, Shubha GP IEEE TI Architecture and Capabilities of a Data Warehouse for ATM Research SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Eshow, Michelle] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. [Lui, Max; Ranjan, Shubha] Intrinsyx Corp, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Eshow, M (reprint author), NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 51 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983000018 ER PT S AU Eshow, MM Lui, M Ranjan, S AF Eshow, Michelle M. Lui, Max Ranjan, Shubha GP IEEE TI ARCHITECTURE AND CAPABILITIES OF A DATA WAREHOUSE FOR ATM RESEARCH SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB This paper describes the design, implementation, and use of a data warehouse that supports air traffic management (ATM) research at NASA's Ames Research Center. The data warehouse, dubbed Sherlock, has been in development since 2009 and is a crucial piece of the ATM research infrastructure used by Ames and its partners. Sherlock comprises several components, including a database, a web-based user interface, and supplementary services for query and visualization. The information stored includes raw data collected from the National Airspace System (NAS), parsed and processed data, derived data, and reports derived from pre-defined queries. The raw data include a variety of flight information from live streams of FAA operational systems, weather observations and forecasts, and NAS advisories and statistics. The modified data comprise parsed and merged data sources and metadata, enabling parameterized searches for data of interest. The derived data represent the results of research analyses deemed to be of significant interest to a wide cross-section of users. Sherlock is implemented on an Oracle 11g database, with supplemental services built on open-source packages and custom software. It contains over 20 TB of data spanning several years, and more data are added daily. It has supported several research studies, such as finding similar days in the NAS and predicting imposition of traffic flow management restrictions. Planned enhancements include integrated search across data sources and the capability for large-scale analytics. C1 [Eshow, Michelle M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Lui, Max; Ranjan, Shubha] Intrinsyx Corp, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Eshow, MM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Michelle.Eshow@nasa.gov; Max.Lui@nasa.gov; Shubha.Ranjan@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983003042 ER PT S AU Glaab, P Madden, M AF Glaab, Patricia Madden, Michael GP IEEE TI BENEFITS OF A UNIFIED LASRS plus plus SIMULATION FOR NAS-WIDE AND HIGH-FIDELITY MODELING SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB The LaSRS++ high-fidelity vehicle simulation was extended in 2012 to support a NAS-wide simulation mode. Since the initial proof-of-concept, the LaSRS++ NAS-wide simulation is maturing into a research-ready tool. A primary benefit of this new capability is the consolidation of the two modeling paradigms under a single framework to save cost, facilitate iterative concept testing between the two tools, and to promote communication and model sharing between user communities at Langley. Specific benefits of each type of modeling are discussed along with the expected benefits of the unified framework. Current capability details of the LaSRS++ NAS-wide simulations are provided, including the visualization tool, live data interface, trajectory generators, terminal routing for arrivals and departures, maneuvering, re-routing, navigation, winds, and turbulence. The plan for future development is also described. C1 [Glaab, Patricia; Madden, Michael] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Glaab, P (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004046 ER PT S AU Glaab, P Madden, M AF Glaab, Patricia Madden, Michael GP IEEE TI BENEFITS OF A UNIFIED LaSRS plus plus SIMULATION FOR NAS-WIDE AND HIGH-FIDELITY MODELING SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Glaab, Patricia] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Madden, Michael] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Simulat Dev & Anal Branch, Hampton, VA USA. RP Glaab, P (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Anal Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 57 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983002004 ER PT S AU Homola, J Lee, P Hall, W Smith, NM AF Homola, Jeffrey Lee, Paul Hall, Wesley Smith, Nancy M. GP IEEE TI A NOVEL APPLICATION OF THE TERMINAL SEQUENCING AND SPACING SYSTEM TO CONVERGING RUNWAY OPERATIONS IN A SIMULATED NEXTGEN ENVIRONMENT SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB In 2013, the Airspace Operations Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center conducted a human-in-the-loop simulation that examined the feasibility of applying a number of Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) solutions to complex arrival operations in and around the New York metroplex. The delivery of arrivals to Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) was the focus of this simulation, which involved extending the Terminal Sequencing and Spacing (TSS) scheduling capability to precisely schedule arrivals to intersecting runways 22 Left and 11. An important enabler for the concept was the availability of a dependent runway scheduler that was able to coordinate arrival times between aircraft landing on intersecting runways. At the time of the study, there was no functionality within the TSS scheduler to automatically create the dependent runway schedules. Instead, a Traffic Management Coordinator (TMC) manually created a de-conflicted schedule, which allowed for the concept to be tested as well as provided valuable insight into the tool requirements for a dependent runway scheduler. Throughout the course of preparations for the simulation, the individual serving as the TMC developed a number of strategies and procedures for manually adjusting the Scheduled Time of Arrival (STA) of the EWR of the arrivals in order to ensure that adequate spacing was provided between runway 22L and 11 arrival pairs. This paper describes the strategies and procedures that were developed and details how they were successfully applied during the simulation. Results will also be presented that shed additional light on exactly how the schedules were manipulated and their impact on delivery performance and safety. Ideas for additional TSS enhancements and next steps, based on participant feedback, will also be presented. C1 [Homola, Jeffrey; Lee, Paul; Hall, Wesley] San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Homola, Jeffrey; Lee, Paul; Hall, Wesley; Smith, Nancy M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Homola, J (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983003027 ER PT S AU Homola, J Lee, P Hall, W Smith, N AF Homola, Jeffrey Lee, Paul Hall, Wesley Smith, Nancy GP IEEE TI A Novel Application of the Terminal Sequencing and Spacing System to Converging Runway Operations in a Simulated NextGen Environment SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Homola, Jeffrey; Lee, Paul; Hall, Wesley] San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Homola, Jeffrey; Lee, Paul; Hall, Wesley; Smith, Nancy] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA USA. RP Homola, J (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. EM jeffrey.r.homola@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 35 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983000005 ER PT S AU Jones, D Prinzel, L Bailey, R Arthur, T Barnes, J AF Jones, Denise Prinzel, Lance Bailey, Randy Arthur, Trey Barnes, Jim GP IEEE TI Safely Conducting Airport Surface Trajectory-Based Operations SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Jones, Denise; Prinzel, Lance; Bailey, Randy; Arthur, Trey] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Barnes, Jim] Booz Allen Hamilton Engn Serv LLC, Seattle, WA USA. RP Jones, D (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM denise.r.jones@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 29 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983002028 ER PT S AU Jones, D Prinzel, L Bailey, R Arthur, T Barnes, J AF Jones, Denise Prinzel, Lance Bailey, Randy Arthur, Trey Barnes, Jim GP IEEE TI Effect Of Traffic Position Accuracy For Conducting Safe Airport Surface Operations SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Jones, Denise; Prinzel, Lance; Bailey, Randy; Arthur, Trey] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Barnes, Jim] Booz Allen Hamilton Engn Serv LLC, Seattle, WA USA. RP Jones, D (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM denise.r.jones@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 25 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983002027 ER PT S AU Jones, DR Prinzel, LJ Bailey, RE Arthur, JJ Barnes, JR AF Jones, Denise R. Prinzel, Lawrence J., III Bailey, Randall E. Arthur, Jarvis J., III Barnes, James R. GP IEEE TI SAFELY CONDUCTING AIRPORT SURFACE TRAJECTORY-BASED OPERATIONS SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB A piloted simulation study was conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) to evaluate the ability to safely conduct surface trajectory-based operations (STBO) by assessing the impact of providing traffic intent information, conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) system capability, and the display of STBO guidance to the flight crew on both head-down and head-up displays (HUD). Nominal and off-nominal conflict scenarios were conducted using 12 airline crews operating in a simulated Memphis International Airport terminal environment. The flight crews met their required time-of-arrival at route end within 10 seconds on 98 percent of the trials, well within the acceptable performance bounds of 15 seconds. Traffic intent information was found to be useful in determining the intent of conflict traffic, with graphical presentation preferred. The CD&R system was only minimally effective during STBO because the prevailing visibility was sufficient for visual detection of incurring traffic. Overall, the pilots indicated STBO increased general situation awareness but also negatively impacted workload, reduced the ability to watch for other traffic, and increased head-down time. C1 [Jones, Denise R.; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Bailey, Randall E.; Arthur, Jarvis J., III] NASA, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Barnes, James R.] Booz Allen Hamilton Engn Serv LLC, Hampton, VA USA. RP Jones, DR (reprint author), NASA, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004078 ER PT S AU Jones, DR Prinzel, LJ Bailey, RE Arthur, JJ Barnes, JR AF Jones, Denise R. Prinzel, Lawrence J., III Bailey, Randall E. Arthur, Jarvis J., III Barnes, James R. GP IEEE TI EFFECT OF TRAFFIC POSITION ACCURACY FOR CONDUCTING SAFE AIRPORT SURFACE OPERATIONS SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) concept proposes many revolutionary operational concepts and technologies, such as display of traffic information and movements, airport moving maps (AMM), and proactive alerts of runway incursions and surface traffic conflicts, to deliver an overall increase in system capacity and safety. A piloted simulation study was conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center to evaluate the ability to conduct safe and efficient airport surface operations while utilizing an AMM displaying traffic of various position accuracies as well as the effect of traffic position accuracy on airport conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) capability. Nominal scenarios and off-nominal conflict scenarios were conducted using 12 airline crews operating in a simulated Memphis International Airport terminal environment. The data suggest that all traffic should be shown on the airport moving map, whether qualified or unqualified, and conflict detection and resolution technologies provide significant safety benefits. Despite the presence of traffic information on the map, collisions or near collisions still occurred; when indications or alerts were generated in these same scenarios, the incidences were averted. C1 [Jones, Denise R.; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Bailey, Randall E.; Arthur, Jarvis J., III] NASA, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Barnes, James R.] Booz Allen Hamilton Engn Serv LLC, Hampton, VA USA. RP Jones, DR (reprint author), NASA, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004077 ER PT S AU Kramer, L Ellis, K Bailey, R Williams, S Severance, K Le Vie, L Comstock, R AF Kramer, Lynda Ellis, Kyle Bailey, Randy Williams, Steve Severance, Kurt Le Vie, Lisa Comstock, Ray GP IEEE TI Using Vision System Technologies to Enable Operational Improvements for Low Visibility Approach and Landing Operations SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Kramer, Lynda; Ellis, Kyle; Bailey, Randy; Williams, Steve; Severance, Kurt; Le Vie, Lisa; Comstock, Ray] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Kramer, L (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM lynda.j.kramer@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 56 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983000021 ER PT S AU Kramer, LJ Ellis, KKE Bailey, RE Williams, SP Severance, K Le Vie, LR Comstock, JR AF Kramer, Lynda J. Ellis, Kyle K. E. Bailey, Randall E. Williams, Steven P. Severance, Kurt Le Vie, Lisa R. Comstock, James R. GP IEEE TI USING VISION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES TO ENABLE OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS FOR LOW VISIBILITY APPROACH AND LANDING OPERATIONS SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press ID SYNTHETIC VISION AB Flight deck-based vision systems, such as Synthetic and Enhanced Vision System (SEVS) technologies, have the potential to provide additional margins of safety for aircrew performance and enable the implementation of operational improvements for low visibility surface, arrival, and departure operations in the terminal environment with equivalent efficiency to visual operations. To achieve this potential, research is required for effective technology development and implementation based upon human factors design and regulatory guidance. This research supports the introduction and use of Synthetic Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (SVS/EFVS) as advanced cockpit vision technologies in Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) operations. Twelve air transport-rated crews participated in a motion-base simulation experiment to evaluate the use of SVS/EFVS in NextGen low visibility approach and landing operations. Three monochromatic, collimated head-up display (HUD) concepts (conventional HUD, SVS HUD, and EFVS HUD) and two color head-down primary flight display (PFD) concepts (conventional PFD, SVS PFD) were evaluated in a simulated NextGen Chicago O'Hare terminal environment. Additionally, the instrument approach type (no offset, 3 degree offset, 15 degree offset) was experimentally varied to test the efficacy of the HUD concepts for offset approach operations. The data showed that touchdown landing performance were excellent regardless of SEVS concept or type of offset instrument approach being flown. Subjective assessments of mental workload and situation awareness indicated that making offset approaches in low visibility conditions with an EFVS HUD or SVS HUD may be feasible. C1 [Kramer, Lynda J.; Ellis, Kyle K. E.; Bailey, Randall E.; Williams, Steven P.; Severance, Kurt; Le Vie, Lisa R.; Comstock, James R.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Kramer, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983003046 ER PT S AU Matthews, B Nielsen, D Schade, J Chan, K Kiniry, M AF Matthews, Bryan Nielsen, David Schade, John Chan, Kennis Kiniry, Mike GP IEEE TI AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF FLIGHT TRACK ANOMALIES SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB As new technologies are developed to handle the complexities of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), it is increasingly important to address both current and future safety concerns along with the operational, environmental, and efficiency issues within the National Airspace System (NAS). In recent years, the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) safety offices have been researching ways to utilize the many safety databases maintained by the FAA, such as those involving flight recorders, radar tracks, weather, and many other high-volume sensors, in order to monitor this unique and complex system. Although a number of current technologies do monitor the frequency of known safety risks in the NAS, very few methods currently exist that are capable of analyzing large data repositories with the purpose of discovering new and previously unmonitored safety risks. While monitoring the frequency of known events in the NAS enables mitigation of already identified problems, a more proactive approach of finding unidentified issues still needs to be addressed. This is especially important in the proactive identification of new, emergent safety issues that may result from the planned introduction of advanced NextGen air traffic management technologies and procedures. Development of an automated tool that continuously evaluates the NAS to discover both events exhibiting flight characteristics indicative of safety-related concerns as well as operational anomalies will heighten the awareness of such situations in the aviation community and serve to increase the overall safety of the NAS. This paper discusses the extension of previous anomaly detection work to identify operationally significant flights within the highly complex airspace encompassing the New York area of operations, focusing on the major airports of Newark International (EWR), LaGuardia International (LGA), and John F. Kennedy International (JFK). In addition, flight traffic in the vicinity of Denver International (DEN) airport/airspace is also investigated to evaluate the impact on operations due to variances in seasonal weather and airport elevation. From our previous research, subject matter experts determined that some of the identified anomalies were significant, but could not reach conclusive findings without additional supportive data. To advance this research further, causal examination using domain experts is continued along with the integration of air traffic control (ATC) voice data to shed much needed insight into resolving which flight characteristic(s) may be impacting an aircraft's unusual profile. Once a flight characteristic is identified, it could be included in a list of potential safety precursors. This paper also describes a process that has been developed and implemented to automatically identify and produce daily reports on flights of interest from the previous day. C1 [Matthews, Bryan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Nielsen, David] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MCT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Schade, John; Chan, Kennis; Kiniry, Mike] ATAC Corp, Santa Clara, CA USA. RP Matthews, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004029 ER PT S AU Mercer, J Gomez, A Homola, J Prevot, T AF Mercer, Joey Gomez, Ashley Homola, Jeffrey Prevot, Thomas GP IEEE TI A CLOSER LOOK AT AUTOMATION BEHAVIOR DURING A HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB A 2012 Human-In-The-Loop air traffic control simulation investigated a gradual paradigm-shift in the allocation of functions between operators and automation. Air traffic controllers staffed five adjacent high-altitude en route sectors, and during the course of a two-week experiment, worked traffic under four different function allocation concepts aligned with increasingly mature NextGen operational environments. These NextGen 'time-frames' ranged from near current-day operations to nearly fully-automated control, in which the ground system's automation was responsible for detecting conflicts, issuing strategic and tactical resolutions, and alerting controllers to exceptional circumstances. This paper continues the investigations reported in previous publications. Analyses of data surrounding the conflict-resolution task serve as the context in which we investigate the interactions between controllers and the automation. C1 [Mercer, Joey; Gomez, Ashley; Homola, Jeffrey] San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Mercer, Joey; Gomez, Ashley; Homola, Jeffrey; Prevot, Thomas] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mercer, J (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004047 ER PT S AU Parke, B Chevalley, E Lee, P Omar, F Kraut, JM Gonter, K Borade, A Gabriel, C Bienert, N Lin, C Yoo, HS Rein-Weston, D Palmer, E AF Parke, Bonny Chevalley, Eric Lee, Paul Omar, Faisal Kraut, Joshua M. Gonter, Kari Borade, Abhay Gabriel, Conrad Bienert, Nancy Lin, Cindy Yoo, Hyo-Sang Rein-Weston, Daphne Palmer, Everett GP IEEE TI COORDINATION BETWEEN SECTORS IN SHARED AIRSPACE OPERATIONS SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB Recent studies have shown that a more efficient use of airspace may involve shared airspace operations, i.e., temporal as well as spatial separation of arrival and departure flows [1, 2]. Temporal separation would permit a departure aircraft to fly through an arrival flow, depending on an available gap. This would necessitate careful and precise coordination between controllers in different sectors. Three methods of coordination which permit the penetration of a controller's airspace by another controller's aircraft are described: point-out, look-and-go, and prearranged coordination procedure. Requirements of each method are given, along with associated problems that have surfaced in the field as described by Aviation Safety and Reporting System (ASRS) and other reports. A Human-in-the-Loop simulation was designed to compare two of the methods: point-out and prearranged coordination procedures. In prearranged coordination procedures (P-ACP), the controllers control an aircraft in another controller's airspace according to specified prearranged procedures, without coordinating each individual aircraft with another controller, as is done with point-outs. In the simulation, three experienced controllers rotated through two arrival sectors and a non-involved arrival sector of a Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) airspace. Results of eighteen one-hour simulation runs (nine in each of the two conditions) showed no impact of the coordination method on separation violations nor on arrival times for 208 departing aircraft crossing an arrival stream. Participant assessment indicated that although both coordination conditions were acceptable, the prearranged coordination procedure condition was slightly safer, more efficient, timely, and overall, worked better operationally. Problems arose in the point-out condition regarding controllers noticing acceptance of point-outs. Also, in about half of the point-out runs, time pressure was felt to have had an impact on when and if the departures could cross an arrival stream. An additional problem with point-outs may be confusion in the field about which controller has responsibility for separating point-out aircraft from other aircraft. C1 [Parke, Bonny; Chevalley, Eric; Lee, Paul; Omar, Faisal; Kraut, Joshua M.; Gonter, Kari; Borade, Abhay; Gabriel, Conrad; Bienert, Nancy; Lin, Cindy; Yoo, Hyo-Sang; Rein-Weston, Daphne] San Jose State Univ Res Fdn NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Palmer, Everett] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Parke, B (reprint author), San Jose State Univ Res Fdn NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bonny.parke@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983004079 ER PT S AU Parke, B Chevalley, E Lee, P Omar, F Kraut, JM Gonter, K Borade, A Gabriel, C Bienert, N Lin, C Yoo, HS Rein-Weston, D Palmer, E AF Parke, Bonny Chevalley, Eric Lee, Paul Omar, Faisal Kraut, Joshua M. Gonter, Kari Borade, Abhay Gabriel, Conrad Bienert, Nancy Lin, Cindy Yoo, Hyo-Sang Rein-Weston, Daphne Palmer, Everett GP IEEE TI Coordination Between Sectors In Shared Airspace Operations SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Parke, Bonny; Chevalley, Eric; Lee, Paul; Omar, Faisal; Kraut, Joshua M.; Gonter, Kari; Borade, Abhay; Gabriel, Conrad; Bienert, Nancy; Lin, Cindy; Yoo, Hyo-Sang; Rein-Weston, Daphne] San Jose State Univ, Res Fdn, NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 95112 USA. [Palmer, Everett] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Parke, B (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Res Fdn, NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA 95112 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 38 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983002029 ER PT S AU Pearce, RA AF Pearce, Robert A. GP IEEE TI NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate New Vision & Strategy for Aeronautics Research: How will it Support Resilience? SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press C1 [Pearce, Robert A.] NASA, Strategy Architecture & Anal, Aeronaut Res Mission Directorate, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Pearce, RA (reprint author), NASA, Strategy Architecture & Anal, Aeronaut Res Mission Directorate, New York, NY 10010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983003019 ER PT S AU Ponchak, DS Apaza, RD Haynes, B Wichgers, JM Roy, A AF Ponchak, Denise S. Apaza, Rafael D. Haynes, Brian Wichgers, Joel M. Roy, Aloke GP IEEE TI A STUDY OF FUTURE COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM-PART III SO 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33RD DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC) SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) CY OCT 05-09, 2014 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP IEEE, AIAA, AIAA Digital Avion Tech Comm, AESS, AdaCore, Great River Technol, Avionics Magazine, Taylor & Francis Grp, CRC Press AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) is investigating current and anticipated wireless communications concepts and technologies that the National Airspace System (NAS) may need in the next 50 years. NASA has awarded three NASA Research Announcements (NAR) studies with the objective to determine the most promising candidate technologies for air-to-air and air-to-ground data exchange and analyze their suitability in a post-NextGen NAS environment. This paper will present progress made in the studies and describe the communications challenges and opportunities that have been identified as part of the study. C1 [Ponchak, Denise S.; Apaza, Rafael D.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Haynes, Brian] Xcelar, Hopkins, MN USA. [Wichgers, Joel M.] Rockwell Collins, Cedar Rapids, IA USA. [Roy, Aloke] Honeywell Int Inc, Columbia, MD USA. RP Ponchak, DS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Denise.S.Ponchak@nasa.gov; Rafael.D.Apaza@nasa.gov; brian.haynes@xcelar.com; Joel.Wichgers@rockwellcollins.com; aloke.roy@honeywell.com NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4799-5002-7 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2014 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BE0UA UT WOS:000366983003063 ER EF