FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Whiffen, GJ AF Whiffen, GJ BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI An investigation of a Jupiter Galilean moon orbiter trajectory SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS ID DESIGN AB NASA's proposed mission to send a single electric propulsion spacecraft to orbit Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa within a decade would require a very complex trajectory. Strong multi-body effects combined with low-thrust control of capture and escape will make the trajectory design challenging. This paper describes an optimal trajectory that begins in low Earth orbit and ends in low Io orbit. A spacecraft following this trajectory would orbit Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa in succession before orbiting Io. This trajectory highlights the complexity, some of the risks, and also some of the advantages that can be gained from using low-thrust in strong multi-body regimes. The optimization algorithm called Static/Dynamic Control was used to design the trajectory. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Whiffen, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 683 EP 702 PN 1-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500041 ER PT S AU Strange, N AF Strange, N BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Control of node crossings in Saturnian gravity-assist tours SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB In the Saturnian system, the control of the node-crossing point is important to avoid debris in Saturn's ring plane and to target flybys of moons other than Titan. This paper describes how to use gravity assists to control a spacecraft's node crossings. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Strange, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 703 EP 718 PN 1-3 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500042 ER PT S AU Roth, D Alwar, V Bordi, J Goodson, T Hahn, Y Ionasescu, R Jones, J Owen, W Pojman, J Roundhill, I Santos, S Strange, N Wagner, S Wong, M AF Roth, D Alwar, V Bordi, J Goodson, T Hahn, Y Ionasescu, R Jones, J Owen, W Pojman, J Roundhill, I Santos, S Strange, N Wagner, S Wong, M BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Cassini tour navigation strategy SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB The Cassini-Huygens mission was launched on October 15, 1997 as a joint NASA/ESA mission to explore Saturn. After a 7 year cruise the spacecraft will enter orbit around Saturn on I July 2004 for a 4 year investigation of the Saturnian system. The Cassini Navigation Team is responsible for designing the reference trajectory and conducting operations to realize this design. This paper describes the strategy for achieving project requirements, the characteristics of the Cassini navigation challenge, and the underlying assumptions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wong, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 719 EP 733 PN 1-3 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500043 ER PT S AU Anderson, RL Lo, MW Borne, GH AF Anderson, RL Lo, MW Borne, GH BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Application of local Lyapunov exponents to maneuver design and navigation in the three-body problem SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS ID TRAJECTORIES AB Dynamical systems theory has recently been employed to design trajectories within the three-body problem for several missions. This research has applied one stability technique, the calculation of local Lyapunov exponents, to such trajectories. Local Lyapunov exponents give an indication of the effects that perturbations or maneuvers will have on trajectories over a specified time. A numerical comparison of local Lyapunov exponents was first made with the distance random perturbations traveled from a nominal trajectory, and the local Lyapunov exponents were found to correspond well with the perturbations that caused the greatest deviation from the nominal. This would allow them to be used as an indicator of the points where it would be important to reduce navigation uncertainties. The DeltaV required to return to a nominal trajectory from a random perturbation was also used in the comparison, and it was found that a relationship existed between the local Lyapunov exponents and the maximum DeltaV required to return to the nominal trajectory from the random perturbation. This information has possible applications to maneuver design on unstable orbits. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1085 EP 1104 PN 1-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500065 ER PT S AU Markley, FL Maghami, PG Houghton, MB Hsu, OC AF Markley, FL Maghami, PG Houghton, MB Hsu, OC BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI 18-degree-of-freedom controller design for the ST7 Disturbance Reduction System SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB The Space Technology 7 experiment will perform an on-orbit system-level validation of a Disturbance Reduction System employing gravitational reference sensors and micronewton colloidal thrusters to maintain a spacecraft's position with respect to free-floating test masses in the gravitational reference sensors to less than 10 nm/rootHz over the frequency range 1 to 30 mHz. This paper presents the design and analysis of the control system that closes the loop between the gravitational reference sensors and the micronewton thrusters while incorporating star tracker data at low frequencies. The effects of disturbances and actuation and measurement noise are evaluated in an eighteen-degree-of-freedom model. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Miss Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Markley, FL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Miss Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1351 EP 1361 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500079 ER PT S AU Harman, RR Bar-Itzhack, IY AF Harman, RR Bar-Itzhack, IY BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Implicit spacecraft gyro calibration SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB This paper presents an implicit algorithm for spacecraft onboard instrument calibration, particularly to onboard gyro calibration. This work is an extension of previous work that was done where an explicit gyro calibration algorithm was applied to the AQUA spacecraft gyros. The algorithm presented in this paper was tested using simulated data and real data that were downloaded from the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) spacecraft. The calibration tests gave very good results. A comparison between the use of the implicit calibration algorithm used here with the explicit algorithm used for AQUA spacecraft indicates that both provide an excellent estimation of the gyro calibration parameters with similar accuracies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harman, RR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Code 595, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1603 EP 1623 PN 1-3 PG 21 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500094 ER PT S AU Harman, RR Thienel, J Oshman, Y AF Harman, RR Thienel, J Oshman, Y BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Testing of gyroless estimation algorithms for the fuse spacecraft SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS ID ANGULAR-RATE ESTIMATION; ATTITUDE AB The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) is equipped with two ring laser gyros on each of the spacecraft body axes. In May 2001 one gyro failed. It is anticipated that all of the remaining gyros will also fail, based on intensity warnings. In addition to the gyro failure, two of four reaction wheels failed in late 2001. The spacecraft control now relies heavily on magnetic torque to perform the necessary science maneuvers and hold on target. The only sensor consistently available during slews is a magnetometer. This paper documents the testing and development of magnetometer-based gyroless attitude and rate estimation algorithms for FUSE. The results of two approaches are presented, one relies on a kinematic model for propagation, a method used in aircraft tracking, and the other is a pseudo-linear Kalman filter that utilizes Euler's equations in the propagation of the estimated rate. Both algorithms are tested using flight data collected over a few months after the reaction wheel failure. Finally, the question of closed-loop stability is addressed. The ability of the controller to meet the science slew requirements, without the gyros, is analyzed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Brach, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harman, RR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Brach, Code 595, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1625 EP 1643 PN 1-3 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500095 ER PT S AU Miller, JK Cheng, Y AF Miller, JK Cheng, Y BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Autonomous landmark tracking orbit determination strategy SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB Determination of the orbit of a spacecraft about an asteroid or comet presents many challenges relating to the dynamic environment and introduction of new data types. Optical tracking of craters on the surface of a central body was first used operationally for navigation by the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission to the asteroid Eros. The NEAR navigation system relied on a manual system of landmark detection and identification. Development of an autonomous navigation system would require orbit determination to be performed on the spacecraft computer with no human intervention. In this paper, an orbit determination. strategy is described that is fully autonomous and relies on a computer-based crater detection and identification algorithm that is suitable for both automation of the ground based navigation system and autonomous spacecraft based navigation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat Syst Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Miller, JK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat Syst Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1779 EP 1789 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500104 ER PT S AU Kubitschek, DG AF Kubitschek, DG BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Impactor spacecraft targeting for the Deep Impact mission to comet Tempel 1 SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB The engineering goal of the Deep Impact mission is to impact comet Tempel I on July 4, 2005, with a 370 kg active Impactor spacecraft (s/c). The impact velocity will be just over 10 km/s and is expected to excavate a crater of approximately 20 m deep and 100 in wide. A second spacecraft, the Flyby s/c, is responsible for delivering the Impactor spacecraft and will perform a slowing maneuver, following Impactor release, to observe the impact event, ejecta plume expansion, and crater formation, which will take place over a period of approximately 800 seconds. The science objective is that of exposing the interior material and understanding the properties of the nucleus. Deep Impact will use the autonomous optical navigation (AutoNav) software system to guide the Impactor s/c to Tempel I intercept at a location that is illuminated, while the Flyby s/c uses identical software to determine its comet-relative trajectory in order to provide the attitude determination and control system (ADCS) with the relative position information necessary to point the High Resolution Imaging (HRI) and Medium Resolution Imaging (MRI) instruments at the impact site during encounter. There are two key science epochs that drive system performance during the encounter: 1) Time of impact (TOI) when impact event imaging occurs; and 2) Time of final crater imaging (TOFI) where the highest resolution images of the fully developed crater are obtained using the MRI and HRI instruments on the Flyby s/c. These two science epochs require both an impact in an illuminated area and good knowledge of the impact site. This paper describes the Impactor s/c autonomous targeting strategy including image processing and navigation (trajectory estimation and maneuver computation). Impactor s/c system performance is based on Monte Carlo analyses and MATLAB simulation, which allows for study of the targeting sensitivity to different image processing algorithms, nucleus topography, lighting conditions, and attitude determination and control system performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Syst Sect, Opt Navigat Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kubitschek, DG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Miss Design Syst Sect, Opt Navigat Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-150, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1791 EP 1812 PN 1-3 PG 22 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500105 ER PT S AU Folta, D Mendelsohn, C Mailhe, L AF Folta, D Mendelsohn, C Mailhe, L BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) orbit design and autonomous maneuvers SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission must meet the challenge of measuring worldwide precipitation every three hours. The GPM core spacecraft, part of a constellation, will be required to maintain a circular orbit in a high drag environment at a near-critical inclination. Analysis shows that a mean orbit altitude of 407 km is necessary to prevent ground track repeating. Combined with goals to minimize maneuver operation impacts to science data collection and to enable reasonable long-term orbit predictions, the GPM project has decided to fly the GSFC autonomous maneuver system, AutoCon(TM). This system is a follow-up version of the highly successful New Millennium Program technology flown onboard the Earth Observing-1 formation flying mission. This paper presents the driving science requirements and goals of the GPM mission and shows how they will be met. Selection of the mean semi-major axis, eccentricity, and the DeltaV budget for several ballistic properties are presented. The architecture of the autonomous maneuvering system to meet the goals and requirements is presented along with simulations using GPM parameters. Additionally, the use of the GPM autonomous system to mitigate possible collision avoidance and to aid other spacecraft systems during navigation outages is explored. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mission Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Folta, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mission Engn & Syst Anal Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 1845 EP 1862 PN 1-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500108 ER PT S AU Lot, MW AF Lot, MW BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Applications of Ergodic Theory to Coverage Analysis SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB In the theory of satellite orbits, the statistical behavior of the orbits is used to produce "Coverage Analysis" or how often a spacecraft is in view of a site on the ground. In this paper, we consider the use of Ergodic Theory for Coverage Analysis. This allows us to greatly simplify the computation of quantities such as the total time for which a ground station can see a satellite without ever integrating the trajectory, see Lo. More over, for any quantity which is an integrable function of the ground track, its average may be computed similarly without the integration of the trajectory. For example, the data rate for a simple telecom system is a function of the distance between the satellite and the ground station. We show that such a function may be averaged using the Ergodic Theorem. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Mission Design Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lot, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Mission Design Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 2161 EP 2169 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500126 ER PT S AU Desai, PN Schoenenberger, M Cheatwood, FM AF Desai, PN Schoenenberger, M Cheatwood, FM BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Mars exploration rover six-degree-of-freedom entry trajectory analysis SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS ID SAMPLE RETURN CAPSULE; DISPERSION ANALYSIS AB The Mars Exploration Rover mission will be the next opportunity for surface exploration of Mars in January 2004. Two rovers will be delivered to the surface of Mars using the same entry, descent, and landing scenario that was developed and successfully implemented by Mars Pathfinder. This investigation describes the trajectory analysis that was performed for the hypersonic portion of the MER entry. In this analysis, a six-degree-of-freedom trajectory simulation of the entry is performed to determine the entry characteristics of the capsules. In addition, a Monte Carlo analysis is also performed to statistically assess the robustness of the entry design to off-nominal conditions to assure that all entry requirements are satisfied. The results show that the attitude at peak heating and parachute deployment are well within entry limits. In addition, the parachute deployment dynamics pressure and Mach number are also well within the design requirements. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerosp Syst & Concepts Competency, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Desai, PN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerosp Syst & Concepts Competency, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 2219 EP 2233 PN 1-3 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500130 ER PT S AU Haw, RJ AF Haw, RJ BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Aerocapture navigation at Neptune SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB A proposed Neptune Orbiter Aerocapture mission will use solar electric propulsion to send an orbiter to Neptune. Navigation feasibility of direct-entry aerocapture for orbit insertion at Neptune is shown. The navigation strategy baselines optical imaging and DeltaVLBI measurements in order to satisfy the flight system's atmosphere entry flight path angle, which is targeted to enter Neptune with an entry flight path angle of -11.6. Error bars on the entry flight path angle of +/-0.55 (3sigma) are proposed. This requirement can be satisfied with a data cutoff 3.2 days prior to arrival. There is some margin in the arrival template to tighten (i.e. reduce) the entry corridor either by scheduling a data cutoff closer to Neptune or alternatively, reducing uncertainties by increasing the fidelity of the optical navigation camera. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Haw, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 2235 EP 2251 PN 1-3 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500131 ER PT S AU Lyons, DT Johnson, W AF Lyons, DT Johnson, W BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Ballute aerocapture trajectories at Titan SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB Aerocapture at planets and moons with atmospheres using a towed, inflatable ballute system has the potential to provide significant performance benefits compared to traditional all propulsive and aeroshell based aerocapture technologies. This paper discusses the characteristics of entry trajectories for ballute aerocapture at Titan. These trajectories are the first steps in a larger systems analysis effort that is underway to characterize and optimize the performance of a ballute aerocapture system for future missions to Titan. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lyons, DT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 2275 EP 2294 PN 1-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500134 ER PT S AU Stanch, J Esposito, PB Ardalan, SM Breeden, JP Demcak, S Jefferson, DC Wawrzyniak, GG AF Stanch, J Esposito, PB Ardalan, SM Breeden, JP Demcak, S Jefferson, DC Wawrzyniak, GG BE Lafontaine, JD DeLafontaine, J Treder, J Soyka, MT Sims, JA TI Mars Odyssey mapping orbit determination SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2003, PTS 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL Big Sky, MT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, AAS AB This paper presents the orbit determination (OD) strategy employed by the Odyssey Navigation Team, as well as the major navigation challenges and accomplishments during the mapping phase of the mission. The most significant challenge in the OD process has been the trending and modeling of angular momentum desaturation (AMD) events, which significantly perturb the orbit. The predictable and periodic nature of the Odyssey momentum management strategy has allowed the Navigation Team to accurately model the trajectory perturbations due to the AMD thruster firings. In addition, the AMD perturbations have been used to control the desired orbit characteristics, mitigating the need for orbit trim maneuvers to maintain the ground track walk. Predicted trajectories are required to contain timing errors of less than 6 seconds, which has been met more than 99% of the time. In fact, trajectory predictions are generally accurate to within 0.5 seconds over one week, and within 4 seconds over 20 days. Reconstructed trajectories are required to be accurate to within I km in the downtrack, crosstrack, and radial directions. Infernal and external comparisons indicate that 97% of the reconstruction trajectories are accurate to within 25 m, 14 m, and 2.6 m (RMS) in the downtrack, crosstrack, and radial directions, respectively. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stanch, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 264-380, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-509-1 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 116 BP 2503 EP 2522 PN 1-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAK80 UT WOS:000222653500147 ER PT S AU Bloemhof, EE AF Bloemhof, EE BE Tyson, RK LloydHart, M TI Speckles in a highly corrected adaptive optics system SO ASTRONOMICAL ADAPTIVE OPTICS SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astronomical Adaptive Optics Systems and Applications CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; speckles; atmospheric turbulence ID NOISE AB Understanding the behavior of post-correction speckles in adaptive optics systems at very high Strehl ratio is critical to determining the ultimate effectiveness of such systems for companion searches that may eventually allow the study of extrasolar planets. Recent investigations indicate that speckles, to first order in remnant phase left by the AO system, have a strong "anomalous" component that is not included in the standard (I-S) estimates of the power in the focal plane halo. Brightness of individual anomalous speckles can exceed that of "classical" speckles by orders of magnitude, although it is expected that other unusual properties of the anomalous speckles may cause them to average away rapidly in time integrations, or be instantaneously cancelled by suitable observational techniques. For example, the anomalous speckles are also "pinned", or spatially localized, on secondary Airy maxima, causing them to be suppressed on Airy nulls; they also have zero mean over time, as well as distinct symmetry properties that might be exploited. In this paper, I explore in some detail the range of operational parameters over which anomalous speckles are problematic. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bloemhof, EE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5042-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5169 BP 298 EP 308 DI 10.1117/12.507241 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY24Z UT WOS:000188421300032 ER PT S AU Bloemhof, EE Wallace, JK AF Bloemhof, EE Wallace, JK BE Tyson, RK LloydHart, M TI Phase contrast techniques for wavefront sensing and calibration in adaptive optics SO ASTRONOMICAL ADAPTIVE OPTICS SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astronomical Adaptive Optics Systems and Applications CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; wavefront sensing; phase contrast ID RECONSTRUCTION AB The wavefront sensor is the most critical component of an adaptive optics (AO) system. Most astronomical systems use one of a small number of alternatives, notably the Shack-Hartmann or the curvature sensor; these are sensitive to the first and second derivative of the wavefront phase, respectively. In this paper, we explore a novel adaptation of the phase-contrast technique developed for microscopy by Zernike to measure phase directly, and show that it is potentially useful in astronomical adaptive optics, both for closed-loop wavefront sensing and for off-line calibration of the system PSF. The phase-contrast WFS should enjoy an advantage in lower read noise, as well as a natural match to the piston-type deformable mirror actuators commonly in use with most current Shack-Hartmann systems, and favorable error propagation during wavefront reconstruction. It appears that it might be possible to implement versions with the reasonably broad spectral bandwidth desired for astronomical applications, and to integrate them with relatively minor modifications into existing AO system architectures. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bloemhof, EE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5042-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5169 BP 309 EP 320 DI 10.1117/12.507245 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY24Z UT WOS:000188421300033 ER PT J AU Georgantopoulos, I Nandra, K Brotherton, M Ptak, A Zezas, A Papadakis, I AF Georgantopoulos, I Nandra, K Brotherton, M Ptak, A Zezas, A Papadakis, I TI The SHEEP survey: Observing the hardest of the hard with Chandra SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN DE X-rays; surveys ID NEARBY GALAXIES; ASCA AB Our ASCA hard (5-10 keV) SHEEP (Survey High Energy Extragalactic Populations) survey covers 39 deg(2) and contains 69 sources down to a limiting flux of 10(-13) erg cm(-2) s(-1). 35 of the sources have ROSAT counterparts and therefore reliable optical identifications. The 'soft' SHEEP/ROSAT sample appears to be dominated by QSOs and Seyfert-1 galaxies. For the remaining 34 sources we are obtaining Chandra snapshot (5 ksec) and KPNO spectroscopic observations. Here, we report some preliminary results from this campaign. Although the sample with spectroscopic identifications is still very limited, it appears that we are observing a mixture of QSOs (one at a redshift of z=0.5 is heavily obscured) and Narrow Line Galaxies. C1 Natl Observ Athens, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Athens, Greece. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Crete, Rethimnon, Greece. RP Georgantopoulos, I (reprint author), Natl Observ Athens, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Athens, Greece. RI Ptak, Andrew/D-3574-2012; Georgantopoulos, Ioannis/L-3687-2013; Zezas, Andreas/C-7543-2011 OI Zezas, Andreas/0000-0001-8952-676X NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 32 EP 35 DI 10.1002/asna.200310009 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600009 ER PT J AU Ebisawa, K Yamauchi, S Bamba, A Ueno, M Senda, A AF Ebisawa, K Yamauchi, S Bamba, A Ueno, M Senda, A TI Galactic X-ray surveys SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN DE Galaxy : plane; Galaxy : diffuse emission; X-rays; supernova remnants ID 6.7-KEV IRON LINE; SUPERNOVA REMNANT; CENTER REGION; EMISSION; RIDGE; ASCA; DISCOVERY; ORIGIN; ACCELERATION; SN-1006 AB We review highlights of the results obtained from recent Galactic X-ray survey observations, in particular ASCA Galactic center and plane surveys and our Chandra deep survey on the (l, b) approximate to (28.degrees5, 0.degrees0) region. Strong hard X-ray diffuse components are observed from Galactic ridge, center and bulge. and they have both thermal and non-thermal spectral components. Dozens of discrete and extended sources have been discovered on the Galactic plane, which also indicate thermal and/or non-thermal X-ray energy spectra, They are often associated with radio sources and are considered to be SNR candidates. Most of the hard X-ray point sources in the outer part of the Galactic plane are considered to be background AGNs, while fraction of the Galactic hard X-ray sources (such as quiescent dwarf novae) increases toward the Galactic center. Most of the soft X-ray sources on the Galactic plane are presumably nearby active stars. C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Iwate Univ, Fac Humanities & Social Sci, Morioka, Iwate 0208550, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Ebisawa, K (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 52 EP 56 DI 10.1002/asna.200310014 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600014 ER PT J AU Jahoda, K AF Jahoda, K CA DUET Collaboration TI DUET - The Dark Universe Exploration Telescope SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN ID CLUSTERS; GALAXIES AB DUET, a proposed NASA Midex class mission, will produce a catalog of similar to 20, 000 X-ray selected clusters and groups of galaxies suitable for detailed cosmological investigations, We present the cosmological constraints achievable by DUET, the functional requirements of the survey, and briefly describe an instrument/mission design capable of achieving these requirements. The advantages of an X-ray survey for constraining the nature and amount of dark energy and dark matter are emphasized. Constraints on cosmological parameters are precise and complementary to other approaches. The density of dark energy, dark matter, and neutrinos will be measured with a statistical uncertainty of 0.5%. 0.5%, and 0.2% of the critical density and the dark energy equation of state can be measured to 0,2 if dark energy and dark matter contribute similar to 2/3 and similar to 1/3 of the critical density as currently believed. DUET is a multi-national collaboration led by GSFC with substantial contributions from groups in the US, Europe, and Japan. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jahoda, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Jahoda, Keith/D-5616-2012 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 132 EP 135 DI 10.1002/asna.200310034 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600034 ER PT J AU Ebisawa, K Beckmann, V Courvoisier, TJL Dubath, P Kaneda, H Maeda, Y Yamauchi, S Nishihara, E AF Ebisawa, K Beckmann, V Courvoisier, TJL Dubath, P Kaneda, H Maeda, Y Yamauchi, S Nishihara, E TI Near-infrared identification of the dimmest X-ray sources on the Galactic plane with the ESO/NTT SOFI camera SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NASA, GSFC, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Iwate Univ, Fac Humanities & Social Sci, Morioka, Iwate 0208550, Japan. Gunma Astron Observ, Takayama, Gunma 3770702, Japan. RP Ebisawa, K (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 158 EP 158 DI 10.1002/asna.200310057 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600057 ER PT J AU Ebisawa, K Fujimoto, R Ueda, Y AF Ebisawa, K Fujimoto, R Ueda, Y TI The ASCA Slew Survey SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NASA, GSFC, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Ebisawa, K (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 159 EP 159 DI 10.1002/asna.200310058 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600058 ER PT J AU Walter, R Bourban, G Ebisawa, K Kretschmar, P Paizis, A AF Walter, R Bourban, G Ebisawa, K Kretschmar, P Paizis, A TI INTEGRAL surveys SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Sez Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RP Walter, R (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, 16 Ch Ecogia, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. OI Kretschmar, Peter/0000-0001-9840-2048; Paizis, Adamantia/0000-0001-5067-0377 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 160 EP 160 DI 10.1002/asna.200310059 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600059 ER PT J AU Eckart, ME Harrison, FA Helfand, DJ Laird, E Mao, PH Stern, D AF Eckart, ME Harrison, FA Helfand, DJ Laird, E Mao, PH Stern, D TI The serendipitous extragalactic X-ray source identification (SEXSI) survey SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on X-ray Surveys CY SEP 04-06, 2002 CL SANTANDER, SPAIN C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Eckart, ME (reprint author), CALTECH, Mail Stop 220-47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2003 VL 324 IS 1-2 BP 180 EP 180 DI 10.1002/asna.200310079 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650JH UT WOS:000181259600079 ER PT J AU Fludra, A Ireland, J AF Fludra, A Ireland, J TI Inversion of the intensity-magnetic field relationship in solar active regions SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Sun : magnetic field; Sun : corona; Sun : UV radiation ID LOOPS AB We discuss the relationship between the EUV spectral line intensities and the photospheric magnetic flux in solar active regions. Since the histograms of the magnetic flux density in active region plages can be approximated by an exponential function, the equation describing how the observed total line intensity integrated over an active region area arises from the magnetic field, can be approximated by a Laplace integral. We use this property to solve an inverse problem and derive a function relating the line intensity from individual loops to the photospheric magnetic flux density at their footpoints. We propose a simple model in which the intensity of a coronal line Fe XVI 360.8 Angstrom in an individual coronal loop is proportional to the footpoint magnetic flux density to the power of delta and explore how well the value of delta is constrained by the observations. Using EUV spectra from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) on SOHO and magnetograms from SOHO Michelson Doppler Imager for 26 active regions without sunspots, we find that the value of delta depends on the magnetic flux density threshold used to define active region magnetic area. When even the weakest fields are included, we obtain delta = 1.3, where 1.0 < delta < 1.6 with 90% confidence. This result can be used to provide constraints on coronal heating models. C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, L3 Commun EER Syst Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. EM A.Fludra@rl.ac.uk NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 398 IS 1 BP 297 EP 303 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20021616 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 635JL UT WOS:000180395700033 ER PT J AU Juvela, M Padoan, P AF Juvela, M Padoan, P TI Dust emission from inhomogeneous interstellar clouds: Radiative transfer in 3D with transiently heated particles SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ISM : clouds; infrared : ISM; radiative transfer ID CLUMPY MOLECULAR CLOUDS; COLD DUST; INFRARED-EMISSION; LINE-PROFILES; IR EMISSION; GRAINS; TEMPERATURES; EXTINCTION; COMPLEX; CIRRUS AB Due to the complexity of their structure, the theoretical study of interstellar clouds must be based on three-dimensional models. It is already possible to estimate the distribution of equilibrium dust temperature in fairly large 3D models and, therefore, also to predict the resulting far-infrared and sub-mm emission. Transiently heated particles introduce, however, a significant complication and direct calculation of emission at wavelengths below 100 mum is currently not possible in 3D models consisting of millions of cells. Nevertheless, the radiative transfer problem can be solved with some approximations. We present a numerical code for continuum radiative transfer that is based on the idea of a "library" describing the relation between the intensity of the local radiation field and the resulting dust emission spectrum. Given this mapping it is sufficient to simulate the radiation field at only a couple of reference wavelengths. Based on the library and local intensities at the reference wavelengths, the radiative transfer equation can be integrated through the source and an approximation of the emission spectrum is obtained. Tests with small models for which the radiative transfer problem can be solved directly show that with our method, one can easily obtain an accuracy of a few per cent. This depends, however, on the opacity of the source and the type of the radiation sources included. As examples we show spectra computed from three-dimensional MHD simulations containing up to 128(3) cells. The models represent starless, inhomogeneous interstellar clouds embedded in the normal interstellar radiation field. The intensity ratios between IRAS bands show large variations that follow the filamentary structure of the density distribution. The power law index of the spatial power spectrum of the column density map is -2.8. In infrared maps temperature variations increase the power at high spatial frequencies, and in a model with average visual extinction [A(V)] similar to 10 the power law index varies between -2.5 and -2.7. Assuming constant dust properties throughout the cloud, the IRAS ratio [I-60/I-100] decreases in densest cores only by a factor of similar to4 compared with the value in diffuse medium. Observations have shown that in reality the ratio can decrease twice as much even in optically thinner clouds. This requires that most of the small grains are removed in these regions, and possibly a modification of the properties of large grains. C1 Univ Helsinki, Univ Helsinki Observ, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Juvela, M (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Univ Helsinki Observ, Tahtitorninmaki,POB 14, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RI Juvela, Mika/H-6131-2011; OI Juvela, Mika/0000-0002-5809-4834; Padoan, Paolo/0000-0002-5055-5800 NR 39 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 397 IS 1 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20021433 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 624PL UT WOS:000179768500021 ER PT J AU Lowry, SC Fitzsimmons, A Collander-Brown, S AF Lowry, SC Fitzsimmons, A Collander-Brown, S TI CCD photometry of distant comets. III - Ensemble properties of Jupiter-family comets SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE comets : general; techniques : photometric ID TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; KUIPER-BELT OBJECTS; INNER COMA; NUCLEUS PROPERTIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ASTEROIDS; P/TEMPEL-2; DIVERSITY; CENTAURS AB We describe the results of a ground-based observational "snapshot" study of Jupiter-family comets in the heliocentric range 2.29 AU less than or equal to R-h less than or equal to 5.72 AU. Results are presented based on observations from the 1m JKT on the island of La Palma. A total of 25 comets were targeted with 15 being positively detected. Broad-band VRI photometry was performed to determine dimensions, colour indices, and dust production rates in terms of the "A frho" formalism. The results for selected comets are compared with previous investigations. Ensemble properties of the Jupiter-family population have been investigated by combining the results presented here with those of Lowry et al. (1999), and Lowry & Fitzsimmons (2001). We find that the cumulative size distribution of the Jupiter-family comets can be described by a power law of the form; Sigma(> r) proportional to r(-1.6+/-0.1). This size distribution is considerably shallower than that found for the observed Edgeworth-Kuiper belt objects, which may reflect either an intrinsic difference at small km-sizes in the belt, or the various processes affecting the nuclei of comets as their orbits evolve from the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt to the inner Solar system. Also, there would appear to be no correlation between nuclear absolute magnitude and perihelion distance. Finally, for the sample of active comets, there is a distinct correlation between absolute R band magnitude and perihelion distance, which can be explained by either a discovery bias towards brighter comets or in terms of "rubble" mantle formation. C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Pure & Appl Phys, APS Div, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. RP Lowry, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth & Planetary Sci Div, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 60 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 397 IS 1 BP 329 EP 343 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20021486 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 624PL UT WOS:000179768500033 ER PT J AU Hartman, H Derkatch, A Donnelly, MP Gull, T Hibbert, A Johansson, S Lundberg, H Mannervik, S Norlin, LO Rostohar, D Royen, P Schef, P AF Hartman, H Derkatch, A Donnelly, MP Gull, T Hibbert, A Johansson, S Lundberg, H Mannervik, S Norlin, LO Rostohar, D Royen, P Schef, P TI The FERRUM Project: Experimental transition probabilities of [Fe II] and astrophysical applications SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE atomic data; stars : individual : Eta Carinae; ISM : dust, extinction ID ETA-CARINAE; LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS; GENERAL PROGRAM; STATES AB We report on experimental transition probabilities for thirteen forbidden [Fe II] lines originating from three different metastable Fe II levels. Radiative lifetimes have been measured of two metastable states by applying a laser probing technique on a stored ion beam. Branching ratios for the radiative decay channels, i.e. M1 and E2 transitions, are derived from observed intensity ratios of forbidden lines in astrophysical spectra and compared with theoretical data. The lifetimes and branching ratios are combined to derive absolute transition probabilities, A-values. We present the first experimental lifetime values for the two Fe II levels a(4)G(9/2) and b(2)H(11/2) and A-values for 13 forbidden transitions from a(6)S(5/2), a(4)G(9/2) and b(4)D(7/2) in the optical region. A discrepancy between the measured and calculated values of the lifetime for the b(2)H(11/2) level is discussed in terms of level mixing. We have used the code CIV3 to calculate transition probabilities of the a(6)D-a(6)S transitions. We have also studied observational branching ratios for lines from 5 other metastable Fe II levels and compared them to calculated values. A consistency in the deviation between calibrated observational intensity ratios and theoretical branching ratios for lines in a wider wavelength region supports the use of [ Fe II] lines for determination of reddening. C1 Lund Univ, Lund Observ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Dept Phys, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Lund Inst Technol, Dept Phys, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Royal Inst Technol, Dept Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Hartman, H (reprint author), Lund Univ, Lund Observ, Box 188, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012; Hartman, Henrik/K-3113-2013; Rostohar, Danijela/G-9994-2014 OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380; NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 397 IS 3 BP 1143 EP 1149 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20021557 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 632XH UT WOS:000180249800041 ER PT J AU Yaqoob, T McKernan, B Kraemer, SB Crenshaw, DM Gabel, JR George, IM Turner, TJ AF Yaqoob, T McKernan, B Kraemer, SB Crenshaw, DM Gabel, JR George, IM Turner, TJ TI The kinematics and physical conditions of the ionized gas in Markarian 509. I. Chandra high energy grating spectroscopy SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (Markarian 509); galaxies : Seyfert; techniques : spectroscopic; ultraviolet : galaxies; X-rays : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; INTRINSIC ABSORPTION; WARM ABSORBER; SEYFERT-1 GALAXIES; SPACE-TELESCOPE; IRON LINE; MCG-6-30-15; NGC-5548; SPECTROMETER AB We observed the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 509 for similar to59 ks with the Chandra high-energy transmission gratings, simultaneously with HST/STIS and RXTE. Here we present a detailed analysis of the soft X-ray spectrum observed with Chandra. We measure strong absorption lines from He-like Ne and Mg and from H-like N, O, and Ne. Weaker absorption lines may also be present. The lines are unresolved except for Ne x Lyalpha (lambda12.134) and Ne IX 1s(2)-1s2p (lambda13.447), which appear to be marginally resolved. The profiles are blueshifted with respect to the systemic velocity of Mrk 509, indicating an outflow of similar to-200 km s(-1). There is also a hint that the profiles may have a velocity component near systemic. The soft X-ray spectrum can be described in remarkable detail with a simple, single-zone photoionized absorber having an equivalent neutral hydrogen column density of 2.06(-0.45)(+0.39) x 10(21) cm(-2) and an ionization parameter of logxi = 1.76(-0.14)(+0.13) (or log U = 0.27). Although the photoionized gas almost certainly is comprised of matter in more than one ionization state and may consist of several kinematic components, data with better spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio would be required to justify a more complex model. The UV data, on the other hand, have a velocity resolution of similar to10 km s(-1) and can easily detect eight kinematic components, covering roughly the same velocities as the X-ray absorption profiles. Even though the X-ray and UV absorbers share the same velocity space, the UV absorbers have a much smaller column density and ionization state. We show that models of the X-ray data do not predict significant UV absorption and are therefore consistent with the UV data. Finally, we do not detect any soft X-ray emission lines. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Astron Off, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Yaqoob, T (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 47 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP 105 EP 124 DI 10.1086/344541 PN 1 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MX UT WOS:000180000600012 ER PT J AU Kraemer, SB Crenshaw, DM Yaqoob, T McKernan, B Gabel, JR George, IM Turner, TJ Dunn, JP AF Kraemer, SB Crenshaw, DM Yaqoob, T McKernan, B Gabel, JR George, IM Turner, TJ Dunn, JP TI The kinematics and physical conditions of the ionized gas in Markarian 509. II. STIS Echelle observations SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (Markarian 509); galaxies : Seyfert; techniques : spectroscopic; ultraviolet : galaxies; X-rays : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; SEYFERT-1 GALAXY MARKARIAN-509; INTRINSIC ABSORPTION; LINE REGION; DISK WINDS; ULTRAVIOLET; NGC-5548; NGC-3783 AB We present observations of the UV absorption lines in the luminous Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 509, obtained with the medium-resolution (lambda/Deltalambda approximate to 40,000) echelle gratings of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. The spectra reveal the presence of eight kinematic components of absorption in Lyalpha, C IV and N V at radial velocities of -422, -328, -259, -62, -22, +34, +124, and +210 km s(-1) with respect to an emission-line redshift of z = 0.03440, seven of which were detected in an earlier Far Ultraviolet Spectrographic Explorer (FUSE) spectrum. The component at 22 km s(-1) also shows absorption by Si IV The covering factor and velocity width of the Si IV lines were lower than those of the higher ionization lines for this component, which is evidence for two separate absorbers at this velocity. We have calculated photoionization models to match the UV column densities in each of these components. Using the predicted O VI column densities, we were able to match the O VI profiles observed in the FUSE spectrum. Based on our results, none of the UV absorbers can produce the X-ray absorption seen in simultaneous Chandra observations; therefore, there must be more highly ionized gas in the radial velocity ranges covered by the UV kinematic components. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Kraemer, SB (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 43 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1086/344542 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MX UT WOS:000180000600013 ER PT J AU Mukai, K Pence, WD Snowden, SL Kuntz, KD AF Mukai, K Pence, WD Snowden, SL Kuntz, KD TI Chandra observation of luminous and ultraluminous X-ray binaries in M101 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : individual (M101); galaxies : spiral; X-rays : galaxies ID NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXIES; SPECTRAL EVOLUTION; BLACK-HOLES; CANDIDATES; REMNANTS AB X-ray binaries in the Milky Way are among the brightest objects in the X-ray sky. With the increasing sensitivity of recent missions, it is now possible to study X-ray binaries in nearby galaxies. We present data on six luminous sources in the nearby spiral galaxy M101 obtained with the Chandra ACIS-S. Of these, five appear to be similar to ultraluminous sources in other galaxies, while the brightest source, P098, shows some unique characteristics. We present our interpretation of the data in terms of an optically thick outflow and discuss implications. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. RP Mukai, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Snowden, Steven/D-5292-2012 NR 24 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP 184 EP 189 DI 10.1086/344639 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MX UT WOS:000180000600018 ER PT J AU Hakkila, J Giblin, TW Roiger, RJ Haglin, DJ Paciesas, WS Meegan, CA AF Hakkila, J Giblin, TW Roiger, RJ Haglin, DJ Paciesas, WS Meegan, CA TI How sample completeness affects gamma-ray burst classification SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts; instrumentation : miscellaneous; methods : data analysis; methods : statistical ID BATSE; GRB; BRIGHT AB Unsupervised pattern-recognition algorithms support the existence of three gamma-ray burst classes: class 1 (long, large-fluence bursts of intermediate spectral hardness), class 2 (short, small-fluence, hard bursts), and class 3 ( soft bursts of intermediate durations and fluences). The algorithms surprisingly assign larger membership to class 3 than to either of the other two classes. A known systematic bias has been previously used to explain the existence of class 3 in terms of class 1; this bias allows the fluences and durations of some bursts to be underestimated, as recently shown by Hakkila et al. We show that this bias primarily affects only the longest bursts and cannot explain the bulk of the class 3 properties. We resolve the question of class 3's existence by demonstrating how samples obtained using standard trigger mechanisms fail to preserve the duration characteristics of small peak flux bursts. Sample incompleteness is thus primarily responsible for the existence of class 3. In order to avoid this incompleteness, we show how a new, dual-timescale peak flux can be defined in terms of peak flux and fluence. The dual-timescale peak flux preserves the duration distribution of faint bursts and correlates better with spectral hardness (and presumably redshift) than either peak flux or fluence. The techniques presented here are generic and have applicability to the studies of other transient events. The results also indicate that pattern recognition algorithms are sensitive to sample completeness; this can influence the study of large astronomical databases, such as those found in a virtual observatory. C1 Coll Charleston, Dept Phys & Astron, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. Minnesota State Univ, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Mankato, MN 56001 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Coll Charleston, Dept Phys & Astron, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. NR 39 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP 320 EP 329 DI 10.1086/344568 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MX UT WOS:000180000600030 ER PT J AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF McDonald, FB Richardson, JD Wang, C AF Burlaga, LF Ness, NF McDonald, FB Richardson, JD Wang, C TI Voyager 1 and 2 observations of magnetic fields and associated cosmic-ray variations from 2000 through 2001: 60-87 AU SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmic rays; diffusion; magnetic fields; solar wind ID MERGED INTERACTION REGIONS; HELIOSPHERIC TERMINATION SHOCK; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; SOLAR-WIND; FORBUSH DECREASES; MODULATION; FLUX AB We consider the cosmic and heliospheric magnetic field observations made during the years 2000 and 2001 when Voyager 1 (V1) moved from 76.1 to 87 AU at a heliographic latitude of approximately 34.degrees5 and Voyager 2 (V2) moved from 59.8 to 69 AU at a heliographic latitude of approximately -25.degrees5. A global merged interaction region (GMIR) containing intense fluctuating magnetic fields was observed by V2 and V1 at 61 and 78 AU, respectively, during 2000. This GMIR produced the first steplike decrease in the cosmic-ray intensity observed in the distant heliosphere during solar cycle 23. The GMIR and the steplike decrease in cosmic-ray intensity occurred later at V1 than at V2, the time delay being approximately the propagation time of the GMIR from V2 to V1 at the solar wind speed. A spherically symmetric MHD model, with data from 1 AU as input, predicts the GMIR that caused the step decrease at V2 during the year 2000, consistent with a view that the GMIR had the form of a quasi-spherical shell. The radial extent of the GMIR was 13 20 AU at V2 and 28 AU at V1, indicating a deviation of the shape of the GMIR from spherical symmetry. It is possible that, when the trailing edge of the GMIR moved past V1, the leading part of the GMIR was in the heliosheath beyond the termination shock, if the termination shock was between 80 and 100 AU. The GMIR consisted of a cluster of magnetic field strength enhancements by a factor of approximate to2 on average. Decreases in the cosmic-ray intensity were observed by V2 and by V1 (starting at the end of 2000 and the beginning of 2001, respectively), and regions containing intense magnetic fields, which were probably parts of a second GMIR, caused them. Throughout the years 2000 and 2001, both V1 and V2 observed a correlation between changes in the cosmic-ray intensity and the magnetic field strength that are qualitatively described by the "CR-B relation." Thus, the GMIRs remain effective modulation agents as they travel through the most distant regions observed to date. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 46 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP 540 EP 549 DI 10.1086/344571 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MX UT WOS:000180000600052 ER PT J AU Bernstein, MP Moore, MH Elsila, JE Sandford, SA Allamandola, LJ Zare, RN AF Bernstein, MP Moore, MH Elsila, JE Sandford, SA Allamandola, LJ Zare, RN TI Side group addition to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene by proton irradiation in cosmic ice analogs SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; astrochemistry; comets : general; cosmic rays; ISM : molecules; molecular processes ID INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES; INSOLUBLE ORGANIC-MATTER; MURCHISON METEORITE; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOLYSIS; DEUTERIUM ENRICHMENT; INTERSTELLAR ICES; H2O ICE; ABSORPTION; QUINONES; SPECTROSCOPY AB Ices at 15 K consisting of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene (C(24)H(12)) condensed either with H(2)O, CO(2), or CO in the ratio of 1:100 or greater have been subjected to MeV proton bombardment from a Van de Graaff generator. The resulting reaction products have been examined by infrared transmission-reflection-transmission spectroscopy and by microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionization mass spectrometry. Just as in the case of UV photolysis, oxygen atoms are added to coronene, yielding, in the case of H(2)O ices, the addition of one or more alcohol (-OH) and ketone (>C=O) side chains to the coronene scaffolding. There are, however, significant differences between the products formed by proton irradiation and the products formed by UV photolysis of coronene containing CO and CO(2) ices. The formation of a coronene carboxylic acid (-COOH) by proton irradiation is facile in solid CO but not in CO(2), the reverse of what was previously observed for UV photolysis under otherwise identical conditions. This work presents evidence that cosmicray irradiation of interstellar or cometary ices should have contributed to the formation of aromatics bearing ketone and carboxylic acid functional groups in primitive meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. C1 SETI Inst, Ctr Study Life Universe, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Bernstein, MP (reprint author), SETI Inst, Ctr Study Life Universe, 2035 Landings Dr, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. EM max@seti.org RI Zare, Richard/A-8410-2009; Elsila, Jamie/C-9952-2012 NR 45 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP L25 EP L29 DI 10.1086/345941 PN 2 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MY UT WOS:000180000700005 ER PT J AU Bloemhof, EE AF Bloemhof, EE TI Suppression of speckle noise by speckle pinning in adaptive optics SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE instrumentation : adaptive optics; turbulence AB Optical astronomy is increasingly concerned with the detection of faint companions, which may eventually include planetary systems, close to much brighter primary stars. Detection limits are generally set by "speckle noise," random variations in focal plane intensity that result when atmospheric turbulence redistributes the undesirably copious flux of the primary. It is well known that adaptive optics (AO) reduces the fraction of light diverted into speckles. But at a moderately high Strehl ratio, additional effects become important, including anomalous bright speckles that may have negative intensity and that are "pinned" on the secondary maxima of the diffraction-limited point-spread function (PSF). I show that companion-detection sensitivity is noticeably better on Airy nulls, even at current AO performance levels. I also show that future high adaptive correction may give regimes in which speckle noise, dominated by these anomalous speckles, has zero mean and cancels instantaneously over a detector on a PSF null to a zero that is "regulated" against seeing or correction fluctuations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bloemhof, EE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP L59 EP L62 DI 10.1086/346100 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MY UT WOS:000180000700013 ER PT J AU Greenhill, LJ Kondratko, PT Lovell, JEJ Kuiper, TBH Moran, JM Jauncey, DL Baines, GP AF Greenhill, LJ Kondratko, PT Lovell, JEJ Kuiper, TBH Moran, JM Jauncey, DL Baines, GP TI The discovery of H2O maser emission in seven active galactic nuclei and at high velocities in the Circinus galaxy SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (Circinus, ESO 269-G012, IRAS F19370-0131, NGC 2824, NGC 2979, NGC 5643, NGC 6300, NGC 6926); galaxies : Seyfert; ISM : molecules masers ID BLACK-HOLE; NGC4258; SEARCH; VLBI; DISK AB We report the discovery of H2O maser emission at 1.35 cm wavelength in seven active galactic nuclei (at distances of up to 80 Mpc) during a survey conducted at the 70 m diameter antenna of the NASA Deep Space Network near Canberra, Australia. The detection rate was similar to4%. Two of the maser sources are particularly interesting because they display satellite high-velocity emission lines, which are a signature of emission from the accretion disks of supermassive black holes when seen edge-on. Three of the masers are coincident, to within uncertainties of 0."2, with continuum emission sources that we observed at about lambda = 1.3 cm. We also report the discovery of new spectral features in the Circinus galaxy H2O maser that broaden the known velocity range of emission therein by a factor of similar to1.7. If the new spectral features originate in the Circinus accretion disk, then molecular material must survive at radii similar to3 times smaller than had been believed previously (similar to0.03 pc or similar to2 x 10(5) Schwarzschild radii). C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CDSCC, BAE Syst, Tidbinbilla, ACT 2620, Australia. RP Greenhill, LJ (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 21 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 582 IS 1 BP L11 EP L14 DI 10.1086/367602 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 628MY UT WOS:000180000700002 ER PT J AU de Propris, R Stanford, SA Eisenhardt, P Dickinson, M AF de Propris, R Stanford, SA Eisenhardt, P Dickinson, M TI The K-selected Butcher-Oemler effect - or lack of ... SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint European and National Astronomical Meeting (JENAM 2002) CY SEP 02-07, 2002 CL OPORTO, PORTUGAL DE galaxies-formation and evolution ID GALAXY CLUSTERS; DISTANT CLUSTERS; EVOLUTION; MORPHOLOGY; REDSHIFT AB We derive the blue fraction for a sample of K-selected galaxies in 25 clusters at 0.15 4. It seems likely that the QSO is illuminating the surrounding cold gas of the host galaxy, with the ionizing photons producing Lyman-alpha fluorescence. As suggested by Haiman and Rees (2001), this 'fuzz' around a distant quasar may place strong constraints on galaxy formation and the extended distribution of cold, neutral gas. C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, London, England. RP Bunker, A (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. NR 0 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2003 VL 284 IS 2 BP 357 EP 360 DI 10.1023/A:1024038312479 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 686KG UT WOS:000183320500009 ER PT J AU Scharwachter, J Eckart, A Pfalzner, S Staguhn, J Schinnerer, E AF Scharwachter, J Eckart, A Pfalzner, S Staguhn, J Schinnerer, E TI I Zwicky 1: Decomposition and dynamics of the nearby QSO host SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Appropriate Modellings of Galaxy Evolution from their Cosmological Formation to their Presently Observable Structures CY JUL 16-20, 2002 CL KIEL, GERMANY DE Galaxies : QSO hosts; individual (I Zw 1); starburst; Near-infrared : decomposition ID INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; STAR-FORMATION; GALAXIES; ZW-1 AB We address current theories of research on morphology, environment and evolution of active galaxies in the form of a detailed case study of the nearby QSO host I Zw 1. This study is based on sub-kpc resolution (CO)-C-12(1-0) observations with the BIMA mm-interferometer and on near-infrared imaging with ISAAC at the VLT. The (CO)-C-12(1-0) maps reveal a circumnuclear molecular gas ring with a radius of 0.9 kpc. The imaging data in the J-band are analyzed with respect to a disk-bulge decomposition. Together with a model of the gas rotation curve, the radial profile of the dynamical Jband mass-to-light ratio (M/L) is discussed. The J-band images give new evidence for an interaction between I Zw 1 and its nearby companion. First results from a sequence of N-body simulations for an extensive test of the parameter space of the interaction are presented. C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Scharwachter, J (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. OI Schinnerer, Eva/0000-0002-3933-7677 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2003 VL 284 IS 2 BP 507 EP 510 DI 10.1023/A:1024012528834 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 686KG UT WOS:000183320500042 ER PT S AU Norris, JP AF Norris, JP BE Centrella, JM TI Possible class of nearby gamma-ray burst gravitational wave sources SO ASTROPHYSICS OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SOURCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Astrophysics of Gravitational Wave Sources CY APR 24-26, 2003 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, NSF, Univ Maryland Phys Dept, Penn State Ctr Gratitat Wave Phys ID 25 APRIL 1998; UNUSUAL SUPERNOVA; CORE-COLLAPSE; VIEWING ANGLE; AFTERGLOW; EMISSION; GRB-980425 AB A possible subclass of gamma-ray bursts - those with few, wide pulses, spectral lags of order one to several seconds, and soft spectra - has been identified. Their Log[N]-Log[Fp] distribution approximates a -3/2 power-law, suggesting homogeneity and relatively nearby sources. These mostly dim bursts account for similar to 50% of the BATSE sample of long bursts near that instrument's trigger threshold, suggesting that this subluminous class constitutes a more common variety than the more familiar burst sources which lie at truly cosmological distances. Theoretical scenarios predicted such a class, motivated by their exemplar GRB 980425 (SN 1998bw) lying at a distance of similar to 38 Mpc. The observations are explained by invoking off-axis viewing of the GRB jet and/or bulk Lorentz factors of order a few. Long-lag bursts show a tendency to concentrate near the Supergalactic Plane with a quadrupole moment of -0.10 +/- 0.04, similar to that for SNe type Ib/c within the same volume. The rate of the observed subluminous bursts is of order (1)/(4) that of SNe Ib/c. Evidence for a sequential relationship between SNe Ib/c and GRBs is critiqued for two cases, as simultaneity of the SN and GRB events may be important for detection of the expected gravitational wave signal; at most, SN to GRB delays appear to be a few days. SN asymmetries and ultrarelativistic GRB jets suggest the possibility of rapid rotation in the pre-collapse objects, a primary condition required for highly non-axisymmetric SN collapse to produce strong gravitational waves. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Norris, JP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0157-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 686 BP 74 EP 83 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX91T UT WOS:000186818300007 ER PT S AU Hamilton, TS Boldt, EA Loewenstein, M AF Hamilton, TS Boldt, EA Loewenstein, M BE Centrella, JM TI Quasar remnants: Dark and well-fed SO ASTROPHYSICS OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SOURCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Astrophysics of Gravitational Wave Sources CY APR 24-26, 2003 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, NSF, Univ Maryland Phys Dept, Penn State Ctr Gratitat Wave Phys ID SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLES; ENERGY COSMIC-RAYS; ACCRETION AB Present-epoch giant elliptical galaxies, apparently the dormant remnants of previously active quasars, now harbor Super-Massive Black Hole nuclei built-up via early galactic mergers followed by the steadier growth associated with accretion of matter from the galactic bulge. We focus here on the growth from accretion. In order for these nuclei to serve as viable compact dynamos for generating ultra-relativistic cosmic rays, it is necessary for them to have a substantial accretion-supported magnetic field, an especially dark radiation environment, and near-maximal spin. In addition to using the luminosity of the galactic bulge to estimate its mass and exploiting the velocity dispersion of stars in the bulge to infer the core black hole mass, we are now employing B - V colors to determine the galaxy "Heuristic Merger Age"-the time since its last major galactic merger. It is known that the most massive black holes are found in giant elliptical galaxies. Based on a large sample of nearby giant ellipticals located at z < 0.02 (with a median age of 6.6 Gyr), we find a statistically significant systematic increase of black hole to bulge mass ration with age. Those galaxies that have merged farther in the past have a larger present black hole mass than those that have merged more recently. The bulge mass itself is essentially age invariant. We find that the inferred growth since the last major galactic merger corresponds to a suitably high rate of accretion that can readily account for at least 90% the present mass evident for most of the largest black holes in our sample. If the final growth stage (e.g., for mass doubling) involves disk accretion, the associated mass transfer is then sufficient to assure a spun-up canonical Kerr hole. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hamilton, TS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0157-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 686 BP 175 EP 178 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX91T UT WOS:000186818300019 ER PT S AU Centrella, JM AF Centrella, JM BE Centrella, JM TI Calculating gravitational wave signatures from binary black hole mergers SO ASTROPHYSICS OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SOURCES SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Astrophysics of Gravitational Wave Sources CY APR 24-26, 2003 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, NSF, Univ Maryland Phys Dept, Penn State Ctr Gratitat Wave Phys ID INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEM; NUMERICAL RELATIVITY; GEOMETROSTATICS; COALESCENCES; CONSTRUCTION; COLLISIONS; EXCISION AB Calculations of the final merger stage of binary black hole evolution can only be carried out using full scale numerical relativity simulations. This article provides a general overview of these calculations, highlighting recent progress and current challenges. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 48 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0157-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 686 BP 219 EP 230 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX91T UT WOS:000186818300024 ER PT J AU Higgins, RW Douglas, A Hahmann, A Berbery, EH Gutzler, D Shuttleworth, J Stensrud, D Amador, J Carbone, R Cortez, M Douglas, M Lobato, R Meitin, J Ropelewski, C Schemm, J Schubert, S Zhang, CD AF Higgins, RW Douglas, A Hahmann, A Berbery, EH Gutzler, D Shuttleworth, J Stensrud, D Amador, J Carbone, R Cortez, M Douglas, M Lobato, R Meitin, J Ropelewski, C Schemm, J Schubert, S Zhang, CD TI Progress in Pan American CLIVAR Research: The North American Monsoon System SO ATMOSFERA LA English DT Review DE monsoon; precipitation ID SOUTHWEST UNITED-STATES; LOW-LEVEL JET; SUMMER PRECIPITATION REGIME; DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; EURASIAN SNOW COVER; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MEXICAN MONSOON AB The overall goal of Pan American CLIVAR Research on the North American Monsoon System is to determine the sources and limits of predictability of warm season precipitation over North America, with emphasis on time scales ranging up to seasonal-to-interannual. To achieve this goal, several research objectives have been identified including (1) a better understanding of the key components of the monsoon system and their temporal and spatial variability, (2) a better understanding of the role of this system within the global water cycle, (3) improved observational data sets, and (4) improved simulation and monthly-to-seasonal prediction of the monsoon and regional water resources. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent progress made towards achieving these objectives and to highlight some of the future challenges based on gaps in our understanding. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD USA. Creighton Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Inst Mexicano Tecnol Agua, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico. Columbia Univ, IRI Climate Predict, LDEO, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, RSMAS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Higgins, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Anal Branch, Climate Predict Ctr, MWS,MCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010; Hahmann, Andrea/B-7541-2015 OI Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345; Hahmann, Andrea/0000-0001-8785-3492 NR 131 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU CENTRO CIENCIAS ATMOSFERA UNAM PI MEXICO CITY PA CIRCUITO EXTERIOR, MEXICO CITY CU 04510, MEXICO SN 0187-6236 J9 ATMOSFERA JI Atmosfera PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 1 BP 29 EP 65 PG 37 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 650ZG UT WOS:000181294300003 ER PT S AU Kent, GS Trepte, CR AF Kent, GS Trepte, CR BE Sun, Z Jin, FF Iwasaki, T TI SAGE II studies of lofted aerosol over Asian deserts and other regions of the Northern Hemisphere SO ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PROCESSES, DYNAMICS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Processes, Dynamics, and Climate Change CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Communicat Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv, Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, State Ocean Adm, Chinese Meteorol Adm, China Natl Space Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Micigan Aerosp Corp, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan DE SAGE II; tropospheric aerosols; desert dust ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; STRATOSPHERIC-AEROSOL; OPTICAL CLIMATOLOGY; DUST STORMS; TRANSPORT; EXTINCTION; MODEL; ATMOSPHERE; POLLUTION; ATLANTIC AB Three methods of analyzing Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II tropospheric aerosol extinction data are described and intercompared in terms of global maps and vertical contour plots of the extinction coefficient, or its equivalent. The first method, which has been in use for several years, is found to be biased toward smaller aerosols (effective radius < about 0.25 mum), while the second more recently developed method characterizes the distribution of larger aerosols (effective radius > 0.25 mum). The third method which, unlike the first two methods, is capable of producing an altitude resolved aerosol climatology down to about I km above the earth's surface, requires an assumption about the amount of cloud contamination in the data set. Given the correctness of this assumption, the method is able to derive the total extinction due to both large and small aerosols. Aerosol climatologies produced by all three methods are shown and intercompared, with particular emphasis on the lofting of dust from Asian and other Northern Hemisphere deserts and its subsequent advection over the western Pacific Ocean. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Atmosher Sci Competency, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Kent, GS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Atmosher Sci Competency, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4685-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4899 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.466357 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA BW63M UT WOS:000182656000013 ER PT J AU Johnson, LF AF Johnson, LF TI Temporal stability of an NDVI-LAI relationship in a Napa Valley vineyard SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Vitis vinifera L.; remote sensing; canopy monitoring; vineyard leaf area; leaf area index; spectral vegetation indices; NDVI; Ikonos satellite ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; VEGETATION INDEXES; WINE QUALITY; REFLECTANCE; CANOPIES; SOIL; PHYLLOXERA; RADIATION; YIELD; COLOR AB Remotely sensed values for normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) were derived periodically from high-resolution Ikonos satellite images during the 2001 growing season, and compared with ground measurements of vineyard leaf area index (LAI) during that same period. These two derived variables were strongly related in six vineyard blocks on each of four occasions (R-2 = 0.91 to 0.98). Linear regression equations relating these two derived variables did not differ significantly by time-step, and a single equation accounted for 92 per cent of the variance in the combined dataset. Such temporal stability in that relationship opens the possibility of transforming NDVI maps to LAI units, at least on a localised basis, and minimising (or even eliminating) subsequent ground calibration. This reduction in fieldwork would then decrease information cost for viticulturists who wish to monitor LAI sequentially within season, or who wish to track year-to-year changes in climax LAI with a single image collected annually. To take advantage of this cost reduction, temporal consistency in spectral data values comprising NDVI must be assured. This present paper addresses that issue. C1 Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Johnson, LF (reprint author), Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. NR 39 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 11 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC VITICULTURE OENOLOGY PI GLEN OSMOND PA PO BOX 197, GLEN OSMOND, SA 5064, AUSTRALIA SN 1322-7130 J9 AUST J GRAPE WINE R JI Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. PY 2003 VL 9 IS 2 BP 96 EP 101 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0238.2003.tb00258.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 706WL UT WOS:000184478000002 ER PT S AU Amoozegar, F Ruggier, C AF Amoozegar, F Ruggier, C BE Sadjadi, FA TI Neural network based satellite tracking for deep space applications SO AUTOMATIC TARGET RECOGNITION XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Automatic Target Recognition XIII CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB NASA has been considering the use of Ka-band for deep space missions primarily for downlink telemetry applications. At such high frequencies, although the link will be expected to improve by a factor of four, the current Deep Space Network (DSN) antennas and transmitters would become less efficient due to higher equipment noise figures and antenna surface errors. Furthermore, the weather effect at Ka-band frequencies will dominate the degradations in link performance and tracking accuracy. At the lower frequencies, such as X-band, conventional CONSCAN or Monopulse tracking techniques can be used without much complexity, however, when utilizing Ka-band frequencies, the tracking of a spacecraft in deep space presents additional challenges. The objective of this paper is to provide a survey of neural network trends as applied to the tracking of spacecrafts in deep space at Ka-band under various weather conditions, and examine the trade-off between tracking accuracy and communication link performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Amoozegar, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 161-260, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4954-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5094 BP 119 EP 135 DI 10.1117/12.488688 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX61X UT WOS:000185894100013 ER PT S AU Tunstel, E Howard, A Huntsberger, T Trebi-Ollennu, A Dolan, JM AF Tunstel, E Howard, A Huntsberger, T Trebi-Ollennu, A Dolan, JM BE Zhou, C Maravall, D Ruan, D TI Applied soft computing strategies for autonomous field robotics SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC SYSTEMS: SOFT COMPUTING AND HARD COMPUTING METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Robotics and Autonomous Systems CY NOV 28-30, 2001 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE ID NAVIGATION; TERRAIN AB This chapter addresses computing strategies designed to enable field mobile robots to execute tasks requiring effective autonomous traversal of natural outdoor terrain. The primary focus is on computer vision-based perception and autonomous control. Hard computing methods are combined with applied soft computing strategies in the context of three case studies associated with real-world robotics tasks including planetary surface exploration and land survey or reconnaissance. Each case study covers strategies implemented on wheeled robot research prototypes designed for field operations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tunstel@robotics.jpl.nasa.gov NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PHYSICA-VERLAG GMBH & CO PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTR 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1434-9922 BN 3-7908-1546-2 J9 STUD FUZZ SOFT COMP PY 2003 VL 116 BP 75 EP 102 PG 28 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BW37L UT WOS:000181782400003 ER PT J AU Iagnemma, K Rzepniewski, A Dubowsky, S Schenker, P AF Iagnemma, K Rzepniewski, A Dubowsky, S Schenker, P TI Control of robotic vehicles with actively articulated suspensions in rough terrain SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS LA English DT Article DE mobile robots; articulated suspension; robot control; rough terrain; vehicle mobility ID SAMPLE RETURN; EXPLORATION; STABILITY; ROVER AB Future robotic vehicles will perform challenging tasks in rough terrain, such as planetary exploration and military missions. Rovers with actively articulated suspensions can improve rough-terrain mobility by repositioning their center of mass. This paper presents a method to control actively articulated suspensions to enhance rover tipover stability. A stability metric is defined using a quasi-static model, and optimized on-line. The method relies on estimation of wheel-terrain contact angles. An algorithm for estimating wheel-terrain contact angles from simple on-board sensors is developed. Simulation and experimental results are presented for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Sample Return Rover that show the control method yields substantially improved stability in rough-terrain. C1 MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Sci & Technol Dev Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM kdi@mit.edu NR 19 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-5593 EI 1573-7527 J9 AUTON ROBOT JI Auton. Robot. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 14 IS 1 BP 5 EP 16 DI 10.1023/A:1020962718637 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 612HE UT WOS:000179067700001 ER PT J AU Williams, WJ Schneider, SM Gretebeck, RJ Lane, HW Stuart, CA Whitson, PA AF Williams, WJ Schneider, SM Gretebeck, RJ Lane, HW Stuart, CA Whitson, PA TI Effect of dietary sodium on fluid/electrolyte regulation during bed rest SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE fluid and electrolyte hormones; plasma volume; total body water; osmolality ID ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; BODY-FLUID COMPARTMENTS; PLASMA-VOLUME; ORTHOSTATIC TOLERANCE; SPACEFLIGHT; SALT; INTOLERANCE; RESPONSES; SYNCOPE; POSTURE AB Background: A negative fluid balance during bed rest (BR) is accompanied by decreased plasma volume (PV) which contributes to cardiovascular deconditioning. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that increasing dietary sodium while controlling fluid intake would increase plasma osmolality (POSM), stimulate fluid conserving hormones, and reduce fluid/electrolyte (F/E) losses during BR; conversely, decreasing dietary sodium would decrease POSM, suppress fluid conserving hormones, and increase HE losses. Methods: We controlled fluid intake (30 ml . kg(-1) . d(-1)) in 17 men who consumed either a 4.0 +/- 0.06 g . d(-1) (174 mmol . d(-1)) (CONT; n = 6), 1.0 +/- 0.02 g . d(-1) (43 mmol . d(-1)) (LS; n = 6), or 10.0 +/- 0.04 g . d(-1) (430 mmol . d(-1)) (HS; n = 5) sodium diet before, during, and after 21 d of 6degrees head-down BR. PV, total body water, urine volume and osmolality, POSM, and HE controlling hormone concentrations were measured. Results: In HS subjects, plasma renin activity (-92%), plasma/urinary aldosterone (-59%; -64%), and PV (-15.0%; 6.0 ml . kg(-1); p < 0.05) decreased while plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (+34%) and urine antidiuretic hormone (+24%) increased during BR (p < 0.05) compared with CONT. In LS, plasma renin activity (+166%), plasma aldosterone (+167%), plasma antidiuretic hormone (+19%), and urinary aldosterone (+335%) increased with no change in PV compared with CONT (p < 0.05). Total body water did not change in any of the subjects. Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, increasing dietary sodium while controlling fluid intake during BR resulted in a greater loss of PV compared with the CONT subjects. Reducing dietary sodium while controlling fluid intake did not alter the PV response during BR compared with CONT subjects. C1 Wyle Labs Life Sci Syst & Serv, Houston, TX USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Williams, WJ (reprint author), 2702 W Bay Area Bldg 5114, Webster, TX 77598 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR00073] NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 74 IS 1 BP 37 EP 46 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 632BT UT WOS:000180204100005 PM 12546297 ER PT J AU Byerly, DL Byerly, KA Sognier, MA Squires, WG AF Byerly, DL Byerly, KA Sognier, MA Squires, WG TI Prediction of muscle performance during dynamic repetitive movement SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE surface electromyography; erector spinae; autoregressive modeling AB Background: During long-duration spaceflight, astronauts experience progressive muscle atrophy and often perform strenuous extravehicular activities. Post-flight, there is a lengthy recovery period with an increased risk for injury. Currently, there is a critical need for an enabling tool to optimize muscle performance and to minimize the risk of injury to astronauts while on-orbit and during post-flight recovery. Consequently, these studies were performed to develop a method to address this need. Methods: Eight test subjects performed a repetitive dynamic exercise to failure at 65% of their upper torso weight using a Lordex spinal machine. Surface electromyography (SEMG) data was collected from the erector spinae back muscle. The SEMG data was evaluated using a 5(th) order autoregressive (AR) model and linear regression analysis. Results: The best predictor found was an AR parameter, the mean average magnitude of AR poles, with r = 0.75 and p = 0.03. This parameter can predict performance to failure as early as the second repetition of the exercise. Conclusion: A method for predicting human muscle performance early during dynamic repetitive exercise was developed. The capability to predict performance to failure has many potential applications to the space program including evaluating countermeasure effectiveness on-orbit, optimizing post-flight recovery, and potential future real-time monitoring capability during extravehicular activity. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Spacial Acuity, Seabrook, TX USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX USA. Texas Lutheran Univ, Seguin, TX USA. RP Byerly, DL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Route SJ, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 74 IS 1 BP 69 EP 72 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 632BT UT WOS:000180204100009 PM 12546301 ER PT J AU Chen, WP Zhang, ZW King, SK Alcock, C Byun, YI Cook, KH Dave, R Giammarco, J Lee, T Lehner, M Liang, C Lissauer, J Marshall, S de Pater, I Porrata, R Rice, J Wang, A Wang, SY Wen, CY AF Chen, WP Zhang, ZW King, SK Alcock, C Byun, YI Cook, KH Dave, R Giammarco, J Lee, T Lehner, M Liang, C Lissauer, J Marshall, S de Pater, I Porrata, R Rice, J Wang, A Wang, SY Wen, CY TI Fast CCD photometry in the Taiwan-America occultation survey SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Stellar Photometry CY SEP 17-20, 2003 CL VILNIUS, LITHUANIA DE solar system : Kuiper belt objects; methods : observational; techniques : photometric ID KUIPER-BELT OBJECTS; STAR CY-AQUARII AB We describe the efforts of the Taiwan-America Occultation Survey (TAOS) project to develop a data acquisition and analysis scheme for fast CCD imaging photometry. The TAOS project aims to conduct a census of the Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs) by detecting chance stellar occultation events by these small bodies in the outer reach of the solar system. An array of telescopes, each with fast optics (f/2) of 0.5 m aperture and equipped with a 2K CCD camera (3 square degrees FOV), have been set up in central Taiwan to monitor a couple thousand stars simultaneously. By reading out the CCD chip sequentially a few rows of pixels at a time (pause-and-shift), it is possible to achieve stellar photometry with a sampling rate up to several hertz. Here we report how such a setup has been used to observe the SX Phoenicis type variable CY Aqr to illustrate the potential usefulness of the TAOS database in stellar variability studies. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Chen, WP (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. EM wchen@astro.ncu.edu.tw RI Lee, Typhoon/N-8347-2013 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST THEORETICAL PHYSICS ASTRONOMY PI MOLETAI PA MOLETAI LT-4150, LITHUANIA SN 1392-0049 J9 BALT ASTRON JI Balt. Astron. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 4 BP 568 EP 573 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 769MJ UT WOS:000188653600022 ER PT S AU Knuth, KH Hajian, AR AF Knuth, KH Hajian, AR BE Williams, CJ TI Hierarchies of models: Toward understanding planetary nebulae SO BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering CY AUG 03-07, 2002 CL MOSCOW, ID SP Univ Idaho, Div Stat, Edwin T Jaynes Int Ctr Bayesian Methods & Maximum Entropy ID EXPANSION DISTANCES; EVOLUTION; NGC-6543 AB Stars like our sun (initial masses between 0.8 to 8 solar masses) end their lives as swollen red giants surrounded by cool extended atmospheres. The nuclear reactions in their cores create carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, which are transported by convection to the outer envelope of the stellar atmosphere. As the star finally collapses to become a white dwarf, this envelope is expelled from the star to form a planetary nebula (PN) rich in organic molecules. The physics, dynamics, and chemistry of these nebulae are poorly understood and have implications not only for our understanding of the stellar life cycle but also for organic astrochemistry and the creation of prebiotic molecules in interstellar space. We are working toward generating three-dimensional models of planetary nebulae (PNe), which include the size, orientation, shape, expansion rate and mass distribution of the nebula. Such a reconstruction of a PN is a challenging problem for several reasons. First, the data consist of images obtained over time from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and spectra obtained from Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). These images are of course taken from a single viewpoint in space, which amounts to a very challenging tomographic reconstruction. Second, the fact that we have two disparate and orthogonal data types requires that we utilize a method that allows these data to be used together to obtain a solution. To address these first two challenges we employ Bayesian model estimation using a parameterized physical model that incorporates much prior information about the known physics of the PN. In our previous works we have found that the forward problem of the comprehensive model is extremely time consuming. To address this challenge, we explore the use of a set of hierarchical models, which allow us to estimate increasingly more detailed sets of model parameters. These hierarchical models of increasing complexity are akin to scientific theories of increasing sophistication, with each new model/theory being a refinement of a previous one by either incorporating additional prior information or by introducing a new set of parameters to model an entirely new phenomenon. We apply these models to both a simulated and a real ellipsoidal PN to initially estimate the position, angular size, and orientation of the nebula as a two-dimensional object and use these estimates to later examine its three-dimensional properties. The efficiency/accuracy tradeoffs of the techniques are studied to determine the advantages and disadvantages of employing a set of hierarchical models over a single comprehensive model. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Dept, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Knuth, KH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Dept, Code IC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0119-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 659 BP 92 EP 103 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BW53Z UT WOS:000182322900007 ER PT S AU Knuth, KH AF Knuth, KH BE Williams, CJ TI What is a question? SO BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering CY AUG 03-07, 2002 CL MOSCOW, ID SP Univ Idaho, Div Stat, Edwin T Jaynes Int Ctr Bayesian Methods & Maximum Entropy ID SOURCE SEPARATION AB A given question can be defined in terms of the set of statements or assertions that answer it. Application of logical inference to these sets of assertions allows one to derive the logic of inquiry among questions. There are interesting symmetries between the logics of inference and inquiry, where probability describes the degree to which a premise implies an assertion, there exists an analogous measure that describes the bearing or relevance that a question has on an outstanding issue. These have been extended to suggest that the logic of inquiry results in functional relationships analogous to, although more general than, those found in information theory. Employing lattice theory, I examine in greater detail the structure of the space of assertions and questions demonstrating that the symmetries between the logical relations in each of the spaces derive directly from the lattice structure. Furthermore, I show that while symmetries between the spaces exist, the two lattices are not isomorphic. The lattice of assertions is described by a Boolean lattice 2(N), whereas the lattice of assuredly real questions is shown to be a sublattice of the free distributive lattice FD(N) = 2(2N). Thus there does not exist a one-to-one mapping of assertions to questions, there is no reflection symmetry between the two spaces, and questions in general do not possess complements. Last, with these lattice structures in mind, I discuss the relationship between probability, relevance, and entropy. "Man has made some machines that can answer questions provided the facts are profusely stored in them, but we will never be able to make a machine that will questions. The ability to ask the right question is more than half the battle of finding the answer." -Thomas J. Watson (1874-1956) C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Dept Computat Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Knuth, KH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Dept Computat Sci, Code IC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0119-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 659 BP 227 EP 242 PG 16 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA BW53Z UT WOS:000182322900016 ER PT S AU Campbell, JW Phipps, C Smalley, L Reilly, J Boccio, D AF Campbell, JW Phipps, C Smalley, L Reilly, J Boccio, D BE Pakhomov, AV TI The impact imperative: Laser ablation for deflecting asteroids, meteoroids, and comets from impacting the earth SO BEAMED ENERGY PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion CY NOV 05-07, 2002 CL UNIV ALABAMA, HUNTSVILLE, AL SP NASA George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NASA Exptl Program Stimulate Competit Res, Alabama Space Grant Consortium, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Univ Alabama Huntsville, Propuls Res Ctr, Seoul Natl Univ, BK-21 Mech Engn Res Div, Rensselaer Polytech Inst HO UNIV ALABAMA AB Impacting at hypervelocity, an asteroid struck the Earth approximately 65 million years ago in the Yucatan Peninsula area. This triggered the extinction of almost 70% of the species of life on Earth including the dinosaurs. Other impacts prior to this one have caused even greater extinctions. Preventing collisions with the Earth by hypervelocity asteroids, meteoroids, and comets is the most important immediate space challenge facing human civilization. This is the Impact Imperative. We now believe that while there are about 2000 earth orbit crossing rocks greater than 1 kilometer in diameter, there may be as many as 200,000 or more objects in the 100 m size range. Can anything be done about this fundamental existence question facing our civilization? The answer is a resounding yes! By using an intelligent combination of Earth and space based sensors coupled with an infra-structure of high-energy laser stations and other secondary mitigation options, we can deflect inbound asteroids, meteoroids, and comets and prevent them from striking the Earth. This can be accomplished by irradiating the surface of an inbound rock with sufficiently intense pulses so that ablation occurs. This ablation acts as a small rocket incrementally changing the shape of the rock's orbit around the Sun. One-kilometer size rocks can be moved sufficiently in about a month while smaller rocks may be moved in a shorter time span. We recommend that space objectives be immediately reprioritized to start us moving quickly towards an infrastructure that will support a multiple option defense capability. While lasers should be the primary approach initially, all mitigation options depend on robust early warning, detection, and tracking resources to find objects sufficiently prior to Earth orbit passage in time to allow mitigation. Infrastructure options should include ground, LEO, GEO, Lunar, and libration point laser and sensor stations for providing early warning, tracking, and deflection. Other options should include space interceptors that will carry both laser and nuclear ablators for close range work. Response options must be developed to deal with the consequences of an impact should we move too slowly. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Adv Projects FD02, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Campbell, JW (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Adv Projects FD02, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0126-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 664 BP 509 EP 520 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics GA BW81G UT WOS:000183255300048 ER PT S AU Montgomery, EE AF Montgomery, EE BE Pakhomov, AV TI The energy tanker concept SO BEAMED ENERGY PROPULSION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion CY NOV 05-07, 2002 CL UNIV ALABAMA, HUNTSVILLE, AL SP NASA George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NASA Exptl Program Stimulate Competit Res, Alabama Space Grant Consortium, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Univ Alabama Huntsville, Propuls Res Ctr, Seoul Natl Univ, BK-21 Mech Engn Res Div, Rensselaer Polytech Inst HO UNIV ALABAMA AB The energy tanker concept is based on the observation that solar flux increases as the square of the close distance to the sun. Such flux-rich environs will provide both a more plentiful supply of radiant energy and photon momentum. Robotic mission concepts to deliver an energy collection facility in the inner solar system, then transport energy from that facility to LEO and other destinations benefiting Human and Robotic Exploration and Space Science is proposed. Potential destinations are discussed. A list of alternative energy transport technologies is compared. The sensitivity of the performance of these systems as a function of proximity to the sun is discussed. Basing strategies are developed, taking advantage of non-keplerian orbit capabilities of solar sails. A primary trade-off is beam transmission of energy versus physical transport of energy storage containers. The impact on science and exploration in LEO/GEO space, interplanetary missions, and finally interstellar missions is addressed. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Montgomery, EE (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, TD15, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0126-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 664 BP 674 EP 682 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Optics GA BW81G UT WOS:000183255300062 ER PT S AU Bonacuse, P Kalluri, S AF Bonacuse, P Kalluri, S BE Carpinteri, A DeFreitas, M Spagnoli, A TI Sequenced axial and torsional cumulative fatigue: Low amplitude followed by high amplitude loading SO BIAXIAL/MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE AND FRACTURE SE ESIS (EUROPEAN STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY SOCIETY) PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Biaxial/Multiaxial Fatigue and Fracture CY JUN 25-28, 2001 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Inst Super Tecnico, Portuguese Minist Ciencia Tecnol, European Struct Integr Soc DE multiaxial; cumulative fatigue; axial loading; torsional loading; tubular specimens ID DAMAGE; BEHAVIOR AB The experiments described herein were performed to determine whether damage imposed by axial loading interacts with damage imposed by torsional loading. This paper is a follow on to a study [1] that investigated effects of load-type sequencing on the cumulative fatigue behavior of a cobalt base superalloy, Haynes 188, at 538degreesC. Both the current and the previous study were used to test the applicability of cumulative fatigue damage models to conditions where damage is imposed by different loading modes. In the previous study, axial and torsional two load level cumulative fatigue experiments were conducted, in varied combinations, with the low-cycle fatigue (high amplitude loading) applied first. In present study, the low amplitude fatigue loading was applied initially. As in the previous study, four sequences (axial/axial, torsion/torsion, axial/torsion, and torsion/axial) of two load level cumulative fatigue experiments were performed. The amount of fatigue damage contributed by each of the imposed loads was estimated by both the Palmgren-Miner linear damage rule (LDR) and the non-linear, damage curve approach (DCA). Life predictions for the various cumulative loading combinations are compared with experimental results. Unlike the previous study where the DCA proved markedly superior, no clear advantage can be discerned for either of the cumulative fatigue damage models for the loading sequences performed. In addition, the cyclic deformation behavior under the various combinations of loading is presented. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, USA, Res Lab, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. RP Bonacuse, P (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, USA, Res Lab, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-1369 BN 0-08-044129-7 J9 ESIS PUBL PY 2003 VL 31 BP 165 EP 182 PG 18 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW86S UT WOS:000183431300009 ER PT J AU Tou, JC Grindeland, RE Wade, CE AF Tou, JC Grindeland, RE Wade, CE TI Diet and/or acute stress influences estrous cycling in rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY JUL 19-22, 2003 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Study Reproduct C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2003 VL 68 SU 1 MA 276 BP 226 EP 226 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 695FX UT WOS:000183821400331 ER PT J AU Arakawa, ET Tuminello, PS Khare, BN Milham, ME AF Arakawa, ET Tuminello, PS Khare, BN Milham, ME TI Optical properties of Erwinia herbicola bacteria at 0.190-2.50 mu m SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article DE optical properties; bioaerosol detection; bacteria; Erwina herbicola; Enterobacter agglomerans; Pantoea agglomerans; complex index of refraction ID AIRBORNE BIOLOGICAL PARTICLES; REAL-TIME DETECTION; FLUORESCENCE; BIOAEROSOLS AB We measure the complex index of refraction of Erwina herbicola (also known as Enterobacter agglomerans or Pantoea agglornerans) bacteria (ATTC 33243) over the spectral region from 0.190 to 2.50 mum (4000-52,632 cm(-1)). Transmission measurements are made on solid films of E. herbicola and on suspensions of the bacteria in water. These measurements, combined with spectral reflectance and Kramers-Kronig analysis, allow the determination of the real and imaginary parts over the entire wavelength interval. Accurate and consistent results are obtained for this complex and difficult to measure material. This is part of a continuing series of measurements of the optical constants of representative biological materials that are applicable to the development of methods for detection of airborne biological contaminants, where the material under study is used as a surrogate for a pathogenic agent. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Res & Technol Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Milham, ME (reprint author), Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Res & Technol Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0006-3525 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PY 2003 VL 72 IS 5 BP 391 EP 398 DI 10.1002/bip.10438 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 718BP UT WOS:000185125500009 PM 12949829 ER PT J AU Banerjee, RK Back, LH Back, MR Cho, YI AF Banerjee, RK Back, LH Back, MR Cho, YI TI Physiological flow analysis in significant human coronary artery stenoses SO BIORHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RATE-PRESSURE-DROP; PULSATILE FLOW; SHEAR-STRESS; STEADY FLOW; ANGIOPLASTY; MODELS; VESSEL; BLOOD; LESIONS; RESERVE AB To evaluate the local hemodynamics in flow limiting coronary lesions, computational hemodynamics was applied to a group of patients previously reported by Wilson et al. (1988) with representative pre-angioplasty stenosis geometry (minimal lesion size d(m)=0.95 mm; 68% mean diameter stenosis) and with measured values of coronary flow reserve (CFR) in the abnormal range (2.3+/-0.1). The computations were at mean flow rates ((Q) over tilde) of 50, 75 and 100 ml/min (the limit of our converged calculations). Computed mean pressure drops Delta(p) over tilde were similar to9 mmHg for basal flow (50 ml/min), similar to27 mmHg for elevated flow (100 ml/min) and increased to an extrapolated value of similar to34 mmHg for hyperemic flow (115 ml/min), which led to a distal mean coronary pressure (p) over tilde (rh) of similar to55 mmHg, a level known to cause ischemia in the subendocardium (Brown et al., 1984), and consistent with the occurrence of angina in the patients. Relatively high levels of wall shear stress were computed in the narrow throat region and ranged from about 600 to 1500 dyn/cm(2), with periodic (phase shifted) peak systolic values of about 3500 dyn/cm(2). In the distal vessel, the interaction between the separated shear layer wave, convected downstream by the core flow, and the wall shear layer flow, led to the formation of vortical flow cells along the distal vessel wall during the systolic phase where Reynolds numbers Re-e(t) were higher. During the phasic vortical mode observed at both basal and elevated mean flow rates, wide variations in distal wall shear stress occurred, distal transmural pressures were depressed below throat levels, and pressure recovery was larger farther along the distal vessel. Along the constriction (convergent) and throat segments of the lesion the pulsatile flow field was principally quasi-steady before flow separation occurred. The flow regimes were complex in the narrow mean flow Reynolds number range (R) over tildee(e)=100-230 and a frequency parameter of alpha(e)=2.25. The shear layer flow disturbances diminished in strength due to viscous damping along the distal vessel at these relatively low values of (R) over tildee(e), typical of flow through diseased epicardial coronary vessels. The distal hyperemic flow field was likely to be in an early stage of turbulent flow development during the peak systolic phase. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Div Vasc & Endovasc Surg, Tampa, FL USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mech, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Banerjee, RK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, 598 Rhodes Hall,POB 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-355X J9 BIORHEOLOGY JI Biorheology PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 451 EP 476 PG 26 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Hematology SC Biophysics; Engineering; Hematology GA 681YD UT WOS:000183062400003 PM 12775911 ER PT J AU Banerjee, RK Back, LH Back, MR AF Banerjee, RK Back, LH Back, MR TI Effects of diagnostic guidewire catheter presence on translesional hemodynamic measurements across significant coronary artery stenoses SO BIORHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSSTENOTIC PRESSURE-GRADIENT; FLOW VELOCITY; PULSATILE FLOW; STEADY FLOW; BLOOD-FLOW; ANGIOPLASTY; HUMANS; MODELS; VESSEL; WIRE AB This study gains insight on the nature of flow blockage effects of small guidewire catheter sensors in measuring mean trans-stenotic pressure gradients Delta(p) over tilde across significant coronary artery stenoses. Detailed pulsatile hemodynamic computations were made in conjunction with previously reported clinical data in a group of patients with clinically significant coronary lesions before angioplasty. Results of this study ascertain changes in hemodynamic conditions due to the insertion of a guidewire catheter (d(i)=0.46 mm) across the lesions used to directly determine the mean pressure gradient Delta(p) over tilde and fall in distal mean coronary pressure ((p) over tilde (r)). For the 32 patient group of Wilson et al. [1988] (minimal lesion diameter d(m)=0.95 mm; 90% mean area stenosis; proximal measured coronary flow reserve (CFR) of 2.3 in the abnormal range) the diameter ratio of guidewire catheter to minimal lesion was 0.48, causing a tighter "artifactual" mean area stenosis of 92.1%. The results of the computations indicated a significant shift in the Delta(p) over tilde-(Q) over tilde relation due to guidewire induced increases in flow resistances ((R) over tilde=Delta(p) over tilde/(Q) over tilde) of 110% for hyperemic flow, a 35% blockage in hyperemic flow ((Q) over tilde (h)) and a phase shift of the coronary flow waveform to systolic predominance. These alterations in flow resulted in a fall in distal mean coronary pressure (at lower mean flow rates) below the patho-physiological range of (p) over tilde (rh)similar to55 mmHg, which is known to cause ischemia in the subendocardium (Brown et al. [1984]) and coincides with symptomatic angina. Transient wall shear stress levels in the narrow throat region (with flow blockage) were of the order of levels during hyperemic conditions for patho-physiological flow. In the separated flow region along the distal vessel wall, vortical flow cells formed periodically during the systolic phase when instantaneous Reynolds numbers Re-e(t) exceeded about 110. For patho-physiological flow without the presence of the guidewire these vortical flow cells were much stronger than in the more viscous flow regime with the guidewire present. The non-dimensional pressure data given in tabular form may be useful in interpretation of guidewire measurements done clinically for lesions of similar geometry and severity. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Div Vasc & Endovasc Surg, Tampa, FL USA. RP Banerjee, RK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, 598 Rhodes Hall,POB 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-355X J9 BIORHEOLOGY JI Biorheology PY 2003 VL 40 IS 6 BP 613 EP 635 PG 23 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Hematology SC Biophysics; Engineering; Hematology GA 741GF UT WOS:000186449800004 PM 14610312 ER PT J AU Szewczyk, NJ Kozak, E Conley, CA AF Szewczyk, NJ Kozak, E Conley, CA TI Chemically defined medium and Caenorhabditis elegans SO BMC BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DAUER LARVA; INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM; CYCLE; NEMATODES; BRIGGSAE; GROWTH AB Background: C. elegans has been established as a powerful genetic system. Use of a chemically defined medium (C. elegans Maintenance Medium (CeMM)) now allows standardization and systematic manipulation of the nutrients that animals receive. Liquid cultivation allows automated culturing and experimentation and should be of use in large-scale growth and screening of animals. Results: We find that CeMM is versatile and culturing is simple. CeMM can be used in a solid or liquid state, it can be stored unused for at least a year, unattended actively growing cultures may be maintained longer than with standard techniques, and standard C. elegans protocols work well with animals grown in defined medium. We also find that there are caveats to using defined medium. Animals in defined medium grow more slowly than on standard medium, appear to display adaptation to the defined medium, and display altered growth rates as they change the composition of the defined medium. Conclusions: As was suggested with the introduction of C. elegans as a potential genetic system, use of defined medium with C. elegans should prove a powerful tool. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Conley, CA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM nate@alumni.cmu.edu; ekozak@mail.arc.nasa.gov; Cassie.Conley@nasa.gov OI Szewczyk, Nathaniel/0000-0003-4425-9746 NR 17 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1472-6750 J9 BMC BIOTECHNOL JI BMC Biotechnol. PY 2003 VL 3 AR 19 DI 10.1186/1472-6750-3-19 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 763WX UT WOS:000188124400019 PM 14580264 ER PT J AU Bloom, JD Adami, C AF Bloom, JD Adami, C TI Apparent dependence of protein evolutionary rate on number of interactions is linked to biases in protein-protein interactions data sets SO BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; YEAST; GENOME; SEQUENCES; COMPLEXES; DELETION AB Background: Several studies have suggested that proteins that interact with more partners evolve more slowly. The strength and validity of this association has been called into question. Here we investigate how biases in high-throughput protein-protein interaction studies could lead to a spurious correlation. Results: We examined the correlation between evolutionary rate and the number of protein protein interactions for sets of interactions determined by seven different high-throughput methods in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Some methods have been shown to be biased towards counting more interactions for abundant proteins, a fact that could be important since abundant proteins are known to evolve more slowly. We show that the apparent tendency for interactive proteins to evolve more slowly varies directly with the bias towards counting more interactions for abundant proteins. Interactions studies with no bias show no correlation between evolutionary rate and the number of interactions, and the one study biased towards counting fewer interactions for abundant proteins actually suggests that interactive proteins evolve more rapidly. In all cases, controlling for protein abundance significantly decreases the observed correlation between interactions and evolutionary rate. Finally, we disprove the hypothesis that small data set size accounts for the failure of some interactions studies to show a correlation between evolutionary rate and the number of interactions. Conclusions: The only correlation supported by a careful analysis of the data is between evolutionary rate and protein abundance. The reported correlation between evolutionary rate and protein-protein interactions cannot be separated from the biases of some protein-protein interactions studies to count more interactions for abundant proteins. C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Digital Life Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bloom, JD (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Chem, 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM bloom@caltech.edu; adami@caltech.edu RI Adami, Christoph/A-5181-2009; Adami, Christoph/A-9675-2011; Bloom, Jesse/C-6837-2013 OI Adami, Christoph/0000-0002-2915-9504; Bloom, Jesse/0000-0003-1267-3408 NR 30 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2148 J9 BMC EVOL BIOL JI BMC Evol. Biol. PY 2003 VL 3 AR 21 DI 10.1186/1471-2148-3-21 PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 763VX UT WOS:000188122100021 PM 14525624 ER PT J AU Wilke, CO Lenski, RE Adami, C AF Wilke, CO Lenski, RE Adami, C TI Compensatory mutations cause excess of antagonistic epistasis in RNA secondary structure folding SO BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE STRUCTURE MAPS; DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS; SYNERGISTIC EPISTASIS; NEUTRAL NETWORKS; EXHAUSTIVE ENUMERATION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; GENE INTERACTION; BETA-LACTAMASE; EVOLUTION; FITNESS AB Background: The rate at which fitness declines as an organism's genome accumulates random mutations is an important variable in several evolutionary theories. At an intuitive level, it might seem natural that random mutations should tend to interact synergistically, such that the rate of mean fitness decline accelerates as the number of random mutations is increased. However, in a number of recent studies, a prevalence of antagonistic epistasis (the tendency of multiple mutations to have a mitigating rather than reinforcing effect) has been observed. Results: We studied in silico the net amount and form of epistatic interactions in RNA secondary structure folding by measuring the fraction of neutral mutants as a function of mutational distance d. We found a clear prevalence of antagonistic epistasis in RNA secondary structure folding. By relating the fraction of neutral mutants at distance d to the average neutrality at distance d, we showed that this prevalence derives from the existence of many compensatory mutations at larger mutational distances. Conclusions: Our findings imply that the average direction of epistasis in simple fitness landscapes is directly related to the density with which fitness peaks are distributed in these landscapes. C1 CALTECH, Digital Life Lab 136 93, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Biol Modeling, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab 126 347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wilke, CO (reprint author), CALTECH, Digital Life Lab 136 93, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM wilke@caltech.edu; lenski@msu.edu; adami@caltech.edu RI Adami, Christoph/A-5181-2009; Adami, Christoph/A-9675-2011; Wilke, Claus/B-4643-2008 OI Adami, Christoph/0000-0002-2915-9504; Wilke, Claus/0000-0002-7470-9261 NR 62 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2148 J9 BMC EVOL BIOL JI BMC Evol. Biol. PY 2003 VL 3 AR 3 DI 10.1186/1471-2148-3-3 PG 14 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 763VX UT WOS:000188122100003 PM 12590655 ER PT B AU Okojie, RS Fralick, GC Saad, GJ Blaha, CA Adamczyk, JJ Feiereisen, JM AF Okojie, RS Fralick, GC Saad, GJ Blaha, CA Adamczyk, JJ Feiereisen, JM GP IEEE IEEE TI A single crystal SiC plug-and-play high temperature drag force transducer SO BOSTON TRANSDUCERS'03: DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS 03) CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA SP IEEE, Elect Devices Soc AB A novel fully packaged single crystal piezoresistive 6H-silicon carbide (6H-SiC) drag force transducer based on cantilever beam deflection was demonstrated for the first time in a hot (similar to600 degreesC) section of a gas turbine engine to study turbulence. The beam deflection was directly proportional to the force induced by the flow stream. The induced strain was transfer-red to the piezoresistors etched into the 6H-SiC epilayer, which changes in resistance and read out externally as the output of the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The transducer natural frequency was measured to be 35 kHz and was in good agreement with the calculated value of 35.7 kHz. The presumed turbulence was extracted by subtracting the ensemble mean waveform. signal and averaging the results. The post engine test at lower temperature and up to Mach 0.8 2 indicated the typical second order, v, where v is the average flow velocity. This result confirmed that the transducer survived the high temperature test. The result provided further confirmation of the potential application of semiconductor SiC as a piezoresistive sensor in temperatures that are beyond the functional capability of conventional silicon based sensors. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Okojie, RS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7731-1 PY 2003 BP 400 EP 403 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX19B UT WOS:000184567300101 ER PT B AU Bae, SY George, T Yun, M Jones, E Turner, A Podosek, J AF Bae, SY George, T Yun, M Jones, E Turner, A Podosek, J GP IEEE IEEE TI Design, fabrication, and characterization of thermally isolating support membrane for low-noise Si JFET amplifier SO BOSTON TRANSDUCERS'03: DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS 03) CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA SP IEEE, Elect Devices Soc AB The results of the development of a novel thermal isolation scheme for maintaining JFET amplifiers operating at 120K in close proximity to "Spider Web" bolometer devices operating at 0.3K is described [1]. The thermal isolation was achieved by mounting the si-based JFETs on micro-machined silicon nitride membranes, optimized for this purpose [2,3]. These membranes not only provide excellent thermal isolation, but are also mechanically robust and capable of withstanding stresses generated during thermal cycling, vibration and shock. The device configuration for the JFET readout stage consists of 24 dual Siliconix U401 JFETs(1) mounted on the SiN thermal isolation membrane. The entire stage is mounted on a 4K-cryostat for thermal dissipation purposes. Extensive testing showed that operation at temperatures around 120K and at a frequency of 150Hz, reduces the 1/f noise floor to approximately10nV/rtHz. An additional thermal dissipation constraint placed by the 4K mounting stage is that the total thermal dissipation from the JFET stage be no more than 5.5mW. We have successfully fabricated and delivered two JFET stages. Tests on the latest unit showed 23 functioning JFETs out of the 30 total, with a median noise level below 10nV/rtHz for 5.5mW thermal dissipation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bae, SY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7731-1 PY 2003 BP 1635 EP 1637 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX19B UT WOS:000184567300410 ER PT S AU Wilking, B Mikhail, A Carlson, G Meyer, MR Greene, T AF Wilking, B Mikhail, A Carlson, G Meyer, MR Greene, T BE Martin, EL TI Spectroscopy of brown dwarf candidates in the NGC 1333 molecular cloud SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID STAR FORMATION; NGC 1333; MASS; COMPLEX; CORE AB We present an analysis of low-resolution infrared spectra for 25 brown dwarf candidates in the NGC 1333 molecular cloud. Candidates were chosen on the basis of their association with the high column density cloud core, and near-infrared fluxes and colors. We compare the depths of water vapor absorption bands in our candidate objects with a grid of dwarf, subgiant, and giant standards to determine spectral types which are independent of reddening. These data are used to derive effective temperatures and bolometric luminosities, which, when combined with theoretical tracks and isochrones for pre-main sequence objects, enable us to estimate masses and ages. Depending on the models considered, a total of 9 to 20 brown dwarfs are identified with a median of age of <1 Myr. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wilking, B (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, 8001 Nat Bridge Rd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700020 ER PT S AU Wilson, JC Miller, NA Gizis, JE Skrutskie, MF Houck, JR Kirkpatrick, JD Burgasser, AJ Monet, DG AF Wilson, JC Miller, NA Gizis, JE Skrutskie, MF Houck, JR Kirkpatrick, JD Burgasser, AJ Monet, DG BE Martin, EL TI New M and L dwarfs confirmed with CorMASS SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID SKY SURVEY; SEQUENCE; 2MASS AB We present new M and L-dwarfs confirmed through follow-up of 2MASS color-selected objects with the CorMASS near-infrared spectrograph (R similar to 300) on the Palomar 60-inch telescope as part of a continuing follow-up survey. Most of the objects are bright (K-S < 13). C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UV Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. CALTECH, IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. USN Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Wilson, JC (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 197 EP 200 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700041 ER PT S AU Lowrance, PJ AF Lowrance, PJ CA NICMOS Enviromn Nearby Stars team STIS 8176 team BE Martin, EL TI Companions to young stars SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID CANDIDATE SUBSTELLAR COMPANION; KECK-II-TELESCOPE AB Brown dwarfs occupy the important region in the mass range between stars and planets. Their existence, ambiguous until only recently, and their properties give insight into stellar and planetary formation. We present statistical results of an infrared, coronagraphic survey of young, nearby stars that includes probable companions to three young G-type stars, Gl 503.2 (G2V), HD 102982. (G3V), and Gl 577 (G5V). The companion to GI 577 is a possible binary brown dwarf, according to evolutionary models. A dynamical determination of the components' masses will be achievable in the near future and will provide an excellent test of the predictive ability of the evolutionary models. C1 Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lowrance, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700063 ER PT S AU Marley, MS Ackerman, AS Burgasser, AJ Saumon, D Lodders, K Freedman, R AF Marley, MS Ackerman, AS Burgasser, AJ Saumon, D Lodders, K Freedman, R BE Martin, EL TI Clouds and clearings in the atmospheres of the L and T dwarfs SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID BROWN DWARFS; JUPITER; EVOLUTIONARY; MODELS; EARTH; 229B; GAS AB A sophisticated approach to condensate opacity is required to properly model the atmospheres of L and T dwarfs. Here we review different models for the treatment of condensates in brown dwarf atmospheres. We conclude that models which include both particle sedimentation and upwards transport of condensate (both gas and particles) provide the best fit for the L dwarf colors. While a globally uniform cloud model fits the L dwarf data, it turns to the blue in J - K too slowly to fit the T dwarfs. Models which include local clearings in the global cloud deck, similar to Jupiter's prominent five-micron hot spots, better reproduce the available photometric data and also account for the observed resurgence of FeH absorption in early type T dwarfs. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Marley, MS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Ackerman, Andrew/D-4433-2012; Marley, Mark/I-4704-2013 OI Ackerman, Andrew/0000-0003-0254-6253; NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 333 EP 344 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700072 ER PT S AU Saumon, D Marley, MS Lodders, K Freedman, RS AF Saumon, D Marley, MS Lodders, K Freedman, RS BE Martin, EL TI Non-equilibrium chemistry in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID GLIESE 229B; CARBON-MONOXIDE; GIANT PLANETS; SPECTRUM; JUPITER; EQUILIBRIUM; MODELS; SATURN AB Carbon monoxide and ammonia have been detected in the spectrum of G1 229B at abundances that differ substantially from those obtained from chemical equilibrium. Vertical mixing in the atmosphere is a mechanism that can drive slowly reacting species out of chemical equilibrium. We explore the effects of vertical mixing as a function of mixing efficiency and effective temperature on the chemical abundances in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs and on their spectra. The models compare favorably with the observational evidence and indicate that vertical mixing plays an important role in brown dwarf atmospheres. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Phys Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Saumon, D (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RI Marley, Mark/I-4704-2013 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 345 EP 353 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700073 ER PT S AU Creech-Eakman, M Serabyn, E Orton, GS Hayward, TL AF Creech-Eakman, M Serabyn, E Orton, GS Hayward, TL BE Martin, EL TI Middle-infrared observations of DENIS J0255-4700 SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID L DWARFS AB The first infrared photometry of an L-type brown dwarf, DENIS J0255-4700, includes N-band and narrow-band 8.8-mum detections, with upper limits in narrow-band 10.3 and 11.7 mum. Model-independent blackbody fits of existing data yield T-eff = 1250 - 1750 K, with models favoring the lower end of that range. Dusty atmospheric models by Allard, Burrows and Marley which match the near-infrared photometry are not completely consistent with our mid-infrared photometry. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Gemini Observ, AURA, La Serena, Chile. RP Creech-Eakman, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 421 EP 422 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700089 ER PT S AU Becklin, EE Moon, LJ AF Becklin, EE Moon, LJ BE Martin, EL TI Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union ID STAR AB The joint U.S. and German SOFIA project to develop and operate a 2.5-meter infrared airborne telescope in a Boeing 747-SP is now well into development. First science flights will begin in 2004. The observatory is expected to operate for over 20 years. The sensitivity, characteristics and science instrument complement are discussed. SOFIA will have a number of experiments related to Brown Dwarf research; some of these are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Becklin, EE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 465 EP 470 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700100 ER PT S AU Padgett, D O'Linger, J Stapelfeldt, K AF Padgett, D O'Linger, J Stapelfeldt, K BE Martin, EL TI Prospecting for brown dwarfs in Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) legacy science datasets SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union AB We discuss the prospects for brown dwarf detections in the field and in star-forming regions using data from the SIRTF Legacy Science Programs. We concentrate in particular on the SIRTF Wide-area InfraRed Extragalactic survey (SWIAE) and "From Cores to Disks" program (c2d). The SWIRE program will map up to 70 square degrees of high galactic latitude sky, providing wavelength coverage from 3.6 to 160 mum. SWIRE's estimated 5sigma sensitivity of 10 microJy at 4.5 mum and its relatively large areal coverage will make it uniquely sensitive to the population of extremely cool (T less than or equal to 600 K) field brown dwarfs thus far undetected in other surveys. The "c2d" program will Map up to 20 square degrees in nearby (d less than or equal to 300 pc) star-forming molecular clouds over the wavelength range 3.6 - 70 microns, potentially detecting young brown dwarfs down to a few M-Jupiter. Taken together, these two SIRTF datasets will offer a unique opportunity to take a census of the low mass/temperature members of the brown dwarf population. C1 CALTECH, SIRTF Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Padgett, D (reprint author), CALTECH, SIRTF Sci Ctr, MC 220-6,1200 Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Stapelfeldt, Karl/D-2721-2012 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 515 EP 518 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700108 ER PT S AU Stapelfeldt, K AF Stapelfeldt, K BE Martin, EL TI Surveying the solar neighborhood for brown dwarf companions with the ECLIPSE discovery mission SO BROWN DWARFS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 211th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL BIG ISL, HAWAII SP Int Astron Union AB The proposed Eclipse Discovery mission is an optical space telescope designed to provide a thousandfold reduction in scattered light near bright stars in comparison to any Hubble Space. Telescope instrument. A survey of 500 single stars within 15 pc can detect companions with absolute z magnitude of 22 at separations > 10 AU in most of the targets. Spectrophotometry of CH4 and H2O bands between 0.8-1.0 mum can be used to derive them effective temperatures of the objects. The ECLIPSE brown dwarf survey would directly measure the luminosity function of brown dwarf companions down to similar to20 Jupiter masses, providing a crucial comparison with field objects. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stapelfeldt, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 183-900,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Stapelfeldt, Karl/D-2721-2012 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-132-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 211 BP 523 EP 524 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX04E UT WOS:000184043700111 ER PT J AU Waliser, DE Lau, KM Stern, W Jones, C AF Waliser, DE Lau, KM Stern, W Jones, C TI Potential predictability of the Madden-Julian oscillation SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; EXTENDED-RANGE PREDICTION; AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOON; INTRASEASONAL TIME SCALES; CUMULUS CLOUD ENSEMBLE; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; 1997-98 EL-NINO; TROPICAL CONVECTION C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA USA. RP Waliser, DE (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Endeavour Hall 205, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM duane.waliser@stonybrook.edu RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012; Jones, Charles/I-4574-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 79 TC 152 Z9 167 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 84 IS 1 BP 33 EP 50 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-1-33 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 642BM UT WOS:000180784200012 ER PT S AU Barnes, WL Xiong, X Salomonson, VV AF Barnes, WL Xiong, X Salomonson, VV BE Tsuchiya, K TI Status of Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS SO CALIBRATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Calibration, Characterization of Satellite Sensors, Physical Parameters Derived from Satellite Data CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IAF, NASA, NOAA, CSA, CNES, EUMETSAT, ESA, NASDA ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; EOS-AM1 AB Nearly identical copies of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have been operating onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua satellites for 34 and 5 months respectively. Both are performing as designed. Sensitivities, with minor exceptions, are better than specified. Short- and long-term stability is very good. Trending of the Terra sensor has revealed degradation of the solar diffuser and the response of several VIS bands of a few percent per year. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Barnes, WL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM wbarnes@neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2099 EP 2106 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00703-8 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY23G UT WOS:000188360500001 ER PT S AU Xiong, X Barnes, WL Guenther, B Murphy, RE AF Xiong, X Barnes, WL Guenther, B Murphy, RE BE Tsuchiya, K TI Lessons learned from MODIS SO CALIBRATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Calibration, Characterization of Satellite Sensors, Physical Parameters Derived from Satellite Data CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IAF, NASA, NOAA, CSA, CNES, EUMETSAT, ESA, NASDA AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was launched onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft on December 18, 1999 and onboard the Aqua, spacecraft on May 4, 2002. This paper examines the MODIS performance during more than three years of on-orbit operation together with data from fifteen years of pre-launch development and testing for possible improvements in design choices, practices and procedures that may prove useful in the development of future space-borne multi-spectral radiometers. Topics considered include onboard calibration, scattered light, electrical and optical cross talk, and scan mirror performance. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 10210 Greenbelt Rd,Suite 600, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM Xiaoxiong.Xiong-1@nasa.gov RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2107 EP 2112 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00681-1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY23G UT WOS:000188360500002 ER PT S AU Murphy-Morris, J Wack, E AF Murphy-Morris, J Wack, E BE Tsuchiya, K TI Prelaunch instrument calibration in the real world: The GOES example SO CALIBRATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Calibration, Characterization of Satellite Sensors, Physical Parameters Derived from Satellite Data CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IAF, NASA, NOAA, CSA, CNES, EUMETSAT, ESA, NASDA ID IMAGER; MTF AB The pre-launch ground infrared calibration of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) N-Q Imager and Sounder is presented. Ground calibration provides information necessary to the accurate on-orbit calibration of these radiometers. Infrared channels are calibrated in a thermal vacuum environment, under minimum and maximum mission operation temperatures, using a variable-temperature warm target to simulate the Earth scene and a cold target to simulate the space scene. Brightness temperatures derived from observation of the instrument internal calibration target, used for on-orbit calibration, are compared to brightness temperatures of the external calibration target as a check of relative accuracy using these two sources. Changes to the GOES N-Q specification from GOES I-M are highlighted, as well as results of noise, relative calibration accuracy, and spectral response performance to date. For completeness, results of spatial and pointing performance will be presented. Enhancements to test methodology and data processing techniques are highlighted throughout. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. RP Murphy-Morris, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jeanine.e.murphy@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2113 EP 2122 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00709-9 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY23G UT WOS:000188360500003 ER PT S AU Bonnefond, P Haines, B Born, G Exertier, P Gill, S Jan, G Jeansou, E Kubitschek, D Laurain, O Menard, Y Orsoni, A AF Bonnefond, P Haines, B Born, G Exertier, P Gill, S Jan, G Jeansou, E Kubitschek, D Laurain, O Menard, Y Orsoni, A BE Tsuchiya, K TI Calibrating the Jason-1 measurement system: Initial results from the Corsica and Harvest verification experiments SO CALIBRATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Calibration, Characterization of Satellite Sensors, Physical Parameters Derived from Satellite Data CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IAF, NASA, NOAA, CSA, CNES, EUMETSAT, ESA, NASDA ID TOPEX/POSEIDON AB We present calibration results from Jason-1 (2002-) and TOPEX/Poseidon (1992-) overflights of dedicated verification sites on the Mediterranean island of Corsica and on a California offshore oil platform (Harvest). Harvest served for a decade (1992-2002) as a calibration site for the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission, and is serving in a similar capacity for Jason-1. Initiated in 1996, the Corsica experiment features a fiducial reference station near Aspretto, and a primary sub-satellite tide-gauge deployment site 40 km south at Cape Senetosa. Both Corsica and Harvest feature carefully designed collocations of space-geodetic and tide-gauge systems to support the absolute calibration of the altimetric sea-surface height (SSH). Early estimates of the SSH bias from Harvest and Corsica are in excellent agreement, indicating that interim SSH measurements from Jason-1 were too high by +5 +/- 1 cm (one standard error). By incorporating improved estimates of the Jason-1 sea-state bias and columnar atmospheric wet path delay, we observe a significant increase-to about 12 cm-in the SSH. Excepting the bias, the high accuracy of the Jason-1 measurements is in evidence from early overflights. In addition to providing important insight on the accuracy of the science data products during the validation phase of the mission, the estimates of the SSH bias and stability from Corsica, Harvest and other calibration programs will be used to link the T/P and Jason-1 sea-level records. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CERGA, Observ Cote Azur, F-06130 Grasse, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOVELTIS, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31000 Toulouse, France. Inst Geog Natl, CNES, F-31000 Toulouse, France. RP Bonnefond, P (reprint author), CERGA, Observ Cote Azur, Av N Copernic, F-06130 Grasse, France. EM Pascal.Bonnefond@obs-azur.fr NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2135 EP 2140 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00683-5 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY23G UT WOS:000188360500006 ER PT S AU Sano, I Mukai, S Yamano, M Takamura, T Nakajima, T Holben, B AF Sano, I Mukai, S Yamano, M Takamura, T Nakajima, T Holben, B BE Tsuchiya, K TI Calibration and validation of retrieved aerosol properties based on AERONET and SKYNET SO CALIBRATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Calibration, Characterization of Satellite Sensors, Physical Parameters Derived from Satellite Data CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IAF, NASA, NOAA, CSA, CNES, EUMETSAT, ESA, NASDA ID RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SUN AB This study compares the function of AERONET and SKYNET, which are well known components of the ground-based aerosol-monitoring network. AERONET uses the Cimel CE-318-1 and -2 sun/sky photometer system, and SKYNET adopts Prede POM-01, -02, and -100P sun/sky photometers (aka skyradiometer). These are available for direct- or diffuse-solar radiation measurements in order to calculate aerosol optical thickness or other aerosol properties such as size distribution, respectively. The CE-318-2 (AERONET) and the POM-100P (SKYNET) instruments have recently been installed at Kinki University in Osaka, Japan, for the retrieval of aerosol data. These have been calibrated at NASA/GSFC and at the Mauna Loa Observatory, respectively, based on the Langley plot method. The difference in the aerosol optical thickness derived from simultaneous measurements using these two types of radiometer was less than 0.008 (<4% relative error). Simultaneous observation with AERONET and SKYNET in Osaka allows us to combine AERONET and SKYNET on a global scale. It is of interest that the aerosols over Osaka exhibit quite specific characteristics due to heavy industrial aerosol loading throughout the year and frequent yellow sand events in the spring. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Tech, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. Univ Tokyo, CCSR, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. Chiba Univ, CEReS, Chiba 2638522, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sano, I (reprint author), Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Tech, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. EM sano@info.kindai.ac.jp RI Nakajima, Teruyuki/H-2370-2013 OI Nakajima, Teruyuki/0000-0002-9042-504X NR 6 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2159 EP 2164 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00685-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY23G UT WOS:000188360500010 ER PT S AU Bering, EA Koontz, SL Evans, DS Katz, I Gardner, BM Suggs, RM Minow, JI Dalton, PJ Ferguson, DC Hillard, GB Counts, JL Barsamian, H Kern, J Mikatarian, R AF Bering, EA Koontz, SL Evans, DS Katz, I Gardner, BM Suggs, RM Minow, JI Dalton, PJ Ferguson, DC Hillard, GB Counts, JL Barsamian, H Kern, J Mikatarian, R BE Tsuchiya, K TI Calibrating and deriving physical parameters using plasma contactor data from the International Space Station SO CALIBRATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Calibration, Characterization of Satellite Sensors, Physical Parameters Derived from Satellite Data CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IAF, NASA, NOAA, CSA, CNES, EUMETSAT, ESA, NASDA AB The International Space Station (ISS) regularly passes through the southern auroral oval south of Australia. The ISS has two plasma contactors that emit the electron currents needed to balance electron collection by surfaces such as the lattice of bare rods on the solar array masts. These electron currents exceed 0.1 A at times. The largest currents are observed in the auroral oval south of Australia. On the space station, the solar array 40 m. long masts each have over 400 m of stainless steel tensioning rods. When subject to orbital v x B.1 induced potentials, the rods collect substantial currents from the ionosphere. Maximum v x B.1 potentials are generated near the magnetic poles. The plasma contactor emission current can be converted to an estimate of plasma density and calibrated using Floating Potential Probe (FPP) and other data. These measurements show that the plasma density in the nighttime auroral ionosphere is frequently several times that predicted by the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-90 and IRI-2001 models. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston, ECE Dept, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NASA, JSC, Adv Space Propuls Lab, Space Ctr 1300, Houston, TX 77059 USA. NASA, JSC, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. SAIC, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NASA, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Rocketdyne Propuls & Power Div, Canoga Pk, CA USA. ISS, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Bering, EA (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Phys, 617 Sci & Res 1, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM eabering@uh.edu NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2343 EP 2348 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00713-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY23G UT WOS:000188360500035 ER PT J AU Vander Wal, RL Hall, LJ AF Vander Wal, RL Hall, LJ TI Carbon nanotube synthesis upon stainless steel meshes SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE carbon filaments; carbon nanotubes; catalytically grown carbon; catalyst; catalyst support; chemical vapor deposition ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; GAS-MIXTURES; FILAMENTOUS CARBON; CO FOILS; GROWTH; IRON; NICKEL; HYDROGEN; LITHIUM; FE AB In this paper we report and interpret the effectiveness of different bulk metal catalyst preparations and of various components within reactive gas mixtures for carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis, The combined catalyst precursor and supporting material is type 304 stainless steel mesh. The steel mesh keenly illustrates the net effect of different pretreatments upon the catalyst because of its resistance to oxidation. These preparative treatments include oxidation, reduction, and their combinations. Finally the utility of the different components within the reactive gas mixture are illustrated by synthesis tests in their individual absence. The effect of catalyst preparation and gas mixture on CNT synthesis is judged on the basis of the relative surface density and morphology of the CNTs (as observed via SEM) and their graphitic structure (as observed via TEM). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, NCMR, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Vander Wal, RL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, NCMR, MS 110-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 43 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 5 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 2003 VL 41 IS 4 BP 659 EP 672 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00369-X PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 663VR UT WOS:000182027500003 ER PT J AU Gaier, JR YoderVandenberg, Y Berkebile, S Stueben, H Balagadde, F AF Gaier, JR YoderVandenberg, Y Berkebile, S Stueben, H Balagadde, F TI The electrical and thermal conductivity of woven pristine and intercalated graphite fiber-polymer composites SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE carbon composites; carbon fibers; intercalation compounds; electrical properties; thermal conductivity AB A series of woven fabric laminar composite plates and narrow strips were fabricated from a variety of pitch-based pristine and bromine intercalated graphite fibers in an attempt to determine the influence of the weave on the electrical and thermal conduction. It was found generally that these materials can be treated as if they are homogeneous plates. The rule of mixtures describes the resistivity of the composite fairly well if it is realized that only the component of the fibers normal to the equipotential surface will conduct current. When the composite is narrow with respect to the fiber weave, however, there is a marked angular dependence of the resistance which was well modeled by assuming that the current follows only along the fibers (and not across them in a transverse direction), and that the contact resistance among the fibers in the composite is negligible. The thermal conductivity of composites made from less conductive fibers more closely followed the rule of mixtures than that of the high conductivity fibers, though this is thought to be an artifact of the measurement technique. Electrical and thermal anisotropy could be induced in a particular region of the structure by weaving together high and low conductivity fibers in different directions, though this must be done throughout all of the layers of the structure as interlaminar conduction precludes having only the top layer carry the anisotropy. The anisotropy in the thermal conductivity is considerably less than either that predicted by the rule of mixtures or the electrical resistivity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Manchester Coll, N Manchester, IN 46962 USA. RP Gaier, JR (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM james.r.gaier@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 2003 VL 41 IS 12 BP 2187 EP 2193 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00238-0 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 725AD UT WOS:000185519700001 ER PT J AU Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Swartz, SL Martinez, A Burks, CM Watkins, WA AF Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Swartz, SL Martinez, A Burks, CM Watkins, WA TI First records of the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) for the Puerto Rican Bank, with a review of the species in the Caribbean SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; HUMPBACK WHALES; CETACEANS; HABITATS C1 Univ Metropolitana, Caribbean Marine Mammal Lab, Dept Sci & Technol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Mignucci-Giannoni, AA (reprint author), Univ Metropolitana, Caribbean Marine Mammal Lab, Dept Sci & Technol, POB 361715, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873 NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PUERTO RICO 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 BP 381 EP 392 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 757WU UT WOS:000187585100013 ER PT S AU Andrews, R Mah, R Jeffrey, S Guerrero, M Papasin, R Reed, C AF Andrews, R Mah, R Jeffrey, S Guerrero, M Papasin, R Reed, C BE Lemke, HU Inamura, K Doi, K Vannier, MW Farman, AG Reiber, JHC TI The NASA Smart Probe Project for real-time multiple microsensor tissue recognition: update SO CARS 2003: COMPUTER ASSISTED RADIOLOGY AND SURGERY, PROCEEDINGS SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Congress and Exhibition of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery CY JUN 25-28, 2003 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Amer Acad Oral & Maxillofacial Radiol, BAR, BIR, CRS, CURAC, DGBMT, DRG, EFSUMB, ESCR, ESEM, EuroPACS, Gesell Informatik, GMDS, IADMFR, IERAC, IEEE, Japanese Coll Radiol, Japan Radiol Soc, JSOMR, NVvR, Osterreich Rontgen Gesell, OWGTM, PMSR, Royal Coll Radiologists, Soc Francaise Radiol Med, SGR SSR, SICTCA, SIRM, SPIE, SRS, TUB, WABT DE neural networks; robotics; spectroscopy; stereotaxy; tumors ID DEEP-BRAIN-STIMULATION AB The NASA Smart Probe combines information from multiple microsensors-using fuzzy logic and neural network software-to provide a unique tissue "signature" in real time. This report presents recent advances in the probe architecture itself plus clinical information gathered from women undergoing biopsy for suspected breast cancer by the NASA licensee, BioLuminate (Dublin, CA, USA). The multiparameter Smart Probe for breast cancer-1 mm in diameter-can clearly differentiate normal breast, benign lesions, and breast carcinoma. The sensors employed in the Smart Probe for breast cancer include electrical impedance and optical spectroscopy (OS) (both broadband or white light, and laser light (infrared and blue/fluorescence)). Data are acquired 100 times per second; a typical breast "biopsy" typically generates 500 MB of data. Potential applications of nanoelectrode arrays and the Smart Probe concept for deep brain recording and stimulation in neurosurgery are also noted. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Smart Syst Lab, Sunnyvale, CA 94035 USA. RP Andrews, R (reprint author), 555 Knowles Dr,Suite 112, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51387-6 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2003 VL 1256 BP 547 EP 554 DI 10.1016/S0531-5131(03)00353-4 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging; Surgery SC Computer Science; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging; Surgery GA BX53F UT WOS:000185617600084 ER PT B AU Hadaegh, FY Scharf, DP Ploen, SR AF Hadaegh, FY Scharf, DP Ploen, SR GP IEEE IEEE TI Initialization of distributed spacecraft for precision formation flying SO CCA 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF 2003 IEEE CONFERENCE ON CONTROL APPLICATIONS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on Control Applications CY JUN 23-25, 2003 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Sci & Tech Res Council Turkey AB In this paper we present a solution to the formation initialization (FI) problem for N distributed spacecraft located in deep space. Our solution to the FI problem is based on a three-stage sky search procedure that reduces the FI problem for N spacecraft to the simpler problem of initializing a set of sub-formations. We demonstrate our FI algorithm in simulation using NASA's five spacecraft Terrestrial Planet Finder mission as an example. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hadaegh, FY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7729-X PY 2003 BP 1463 EP 1468 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Robotics GA BY20H UT WOS:000188242000261 ER PT B AU Seraji, H AF Seraji, H GP IEEE IEEE TI Rule-based traversability indices for multi-scale terrain assessment SO CCA 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF 2003 IEEE CONFERENCE ON CONTROL APPLICATIONS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on Control Applications CY JUN 23-25, 2003 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Sci & Tech Res Council Turkey ID NAVIGATION AB This paper presents novel measures of terrain traversability at three different scales of resolution; namely Local, Regional, and Global Traversability Indices. The Local Traversability Index is related by a set of linguistic rules to local obstacles and surface softness, measured by on-board sensors mounted on the robot. The rule-based Regional Traversability Index is computed from the terrain roughness and slope that are extracted from video images obtained by on-board cameras. The Global Traversability Index is obtained from the terrain topographic map, and is based on the natural or man-made surface features such as mountains and craters. Each traversability index is represented by four fuzzy sets with the linguistic labels {POOR, LOW, MODERATE, HIGH}, corresponding to surfaces that are unsafe, moderately-unsafe, moderately-safe, or safe for traversal, respectively(1). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7729-X PY 2003 BP 1469 EP 1476 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Robotics GA BY20H UT WOS:000188242000262 ER PT B AU Mobasser, S Liebe, CC AF Mobasser, S Liebe, CC GP IEEE IEEE TI MEMS based sun sensor on a chip SO CCA 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF 2003 IEEE CONFERENCE ON CONTROL APPLICATIONS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on Control Applications CY JUN 23-25, 2003 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Sci & Tech Res Council Turkey DE APS; attitude determination; camera; MEMS; spacecraft; sun sensor AB A prototype sun sensor has been developed. It consists of a thin slice of silicon coated with a layer of chrome and a layer of gold with hundreds of small pinholes, placed on top of an Active Pixel Sensor (APS) image detector at a distance of 500 microns. Images of the sun are formed on the APS image detector when the sun illuminates the mask. Image processing of the Sun image is performed externally to the chip. Sun angles are derived by determining the precise location of the sun images on the detector-just like a sundial. The envelope of the sun sensor is 10x15x1.5mm, it has a mass of 0.5 gram and the power consumption is 30 mW. The accuracy of the MEMS based sun sensor on a chip is estimated to be 1 arcminute. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mobasser, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7729-X PY 2003 BP 1483 EP 1487 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Robotics GA BY20H UT WOS:000188242000264 ER PT B AU Smith, JD Twombly, IA Ruspini, D Boyle, R AF Smith, JD Twombly, IA Ruspini, D Boyle, R BE Chu, HW Ferrer, J Nguyen, T Yu, Y TI Real-time physically-based simulation in a virtual glovebox for training astronauts to perform research tasks in space SO CCCT 2003, VOL 4, PROCEEDINGS: COMPUTER, COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES: I LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computer, Communication and Control Technologies (CCCT 03)/9th International Conference on Information Systems Analysis and Synthesis (ISAS03) CY JUL 31-AUG 02, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Int Inst Informat & System, IEEE Comp Soc, Venezuela Chapter, Inter Amer Org Higher Educ, IEEE, Venezuela Chapter DE virtual reality; virtual environment; virtual engineering; astronaut training; simulation; microgravity; space research AB Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Environment (VE) simulation systems have become important training tools in many fields from flight simulation to, more recently, surgical simulation. The type and quality of training provided by these computer-based tools ranges widely, but the value of real-time VE computer simulation as a method of preparing individuals for real-world tasks is well established. Astronauts routinely use VE systems for various training tasks, including Space Shuttle landings, robot arm manipulations and extravehicular activities (space walks). Currently, there are no VE systems to train astronauts for basic and applied research experiments that are an important part of many missions. The Virtual Glovebox (VGX) is a prototype VE system for real-time physically-based simulation of the Life Sciences Glovebox where astronauts will perform many complex tasks supporting research experiments aboard the International Space Station. The VGX consists of a physical display system utilizing duel LCD projectors and circular polarization to produce a desktop-sized 3D virtual workspace. Physically-based modeling tools (Arachi Inc.) provide real-time collision detection, rigid body dynamics, physical properties and force-based controls for objects. The human-computer interface consists of two magnetic tracking devices (Ascension Inc.) attached to instrumented gloves (Immersion Inc.) that co-locate the user's hands with hand/forearm representations in the virtual workspace. Force-feedback is possible in a work volume defined by a Phantom Desktop device (SensAble inc.). Graphics are written in OpenGL. The system runs on a 2.2 GHz Pentium 4 PC. The goal of the VGX is to provide astronauts and support personnel with a real-time physically-based VE system that simulates basic research tasks performed both on Earth and, more importantly, in the microgravity of Space. The immersive virtual environment of the VGX also makes it a useful tool for virtual engineering applications including CAD development, procedure design and simulation of human-system interactions in a desktop-sized work volume. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smith, JD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 239-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 980-6560-05-1 PY 2003 BP 385 EP 391 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BY37H UT WOS:000189126000071 ER PT B AU Ivancic, WD Shell, D AF Ivancic, WD Shell, D GP IEEE IEEE TI Securing mobile networks in an operational setting SO CCW 2003: IEEE 18TH ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 18th Annual Workshop on Computer Communications CY OCT 20-21, 2003 CL DANA POINT, CA SP IEEE Commun Soc DE mobile-ip; networking; satellite communication; network security; encryption AB This paper describes a network demonstration and three month field trial of mobile networking using mobile-IPv4. The network was implemented as part of the US Coast Guard operational network which is a ".mil" network and requires stringent levels of security. The initial demonstrations took place in November 2002 and a three month field trial took place from July through September of 2003. The mobile network utilized encryptors capable of NSA-approved Type 1 algorithms, mobile router from Cisco Systems and 802.11 and satellite wireless links. This paper also describes a conceptual architecture for wide-scale deployment of secure mobile networking in operational environments where both private and public infrastructure is used. Additional issues presented include link costs, placement of encryptors and running routing protocols over layer-3 encryption devices. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ivancic, WD (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8239-0 PY 2003 BP 139 EP 147 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BX97C UT WOS:000187062600021 ER PT S AU Bryant, RG Thomas, RA Chattin, DL Pietruszka, LM AF Bryant, RG Thomas, RA Chattin, DL Pietruszka, LM BE Nair, KM Bhalla, AS Hirano, SI Suvorov, D Zhu, W Schwartz, R TI Radial field diaphragm piezoelectric pumps SO CERAMIC MATERIALS AND MULTILAYER ELECTRONIC DEVICES SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices held at the 105th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 27-30, 2003 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Amer Ceram Soc ID MICROPUMP AB Recently, a new piezoelectric actuator was developed at NASA's Langley Research Center. This actuator, the Radial Field Diaphragm "RFD", has several novel attributes not seen in other high strain piezoelectric actuators including, true conical deformation, actuation profile that is geometrically independent and self-minimized radial and tangential boundary strains. It is the last property that vastly simplifies the design of pumps made using the RFD. Since the RFD's mechanical strains are diminished at the perimeter, non-compliant mounting may be used without affecting the actuator displacement. Thus, passive valve single and double-sided diaphragm pumps (SSDP and DSDP) have been developed with a minimal amount of unique parts. The initial parameters for the 2.2 cm diameter SSDP were between 2-3 mL per minute at 3 Hz with a. force of 0.2 N. The overall mechanical efficiency was between 81 - 85% using plastic flapper valves; the power consumption was 50 - 150 milliwatts. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Bryant, RG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 226, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-205-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 150 BP 455 EP 465 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY30R UT WOS:000188865600039 ER PT J AU Nahra, HK Kamotani, Y AF Nahra, HK Kamotani, Y TI Prediction of bubble diameter at detachment from a wall orifice in liquid cross-flow under reduced and normal gravity conditions SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE force balance; bubble detachment; reduced gravity ID SUBMERGED ORIFICE; SPHERICAL BUBBLE; GROWTH AB Bubble formation and detachment is an integral part of the two-phase flow science. The objective of the present work is to theoretically investigate the effects of liquid cross-flow velocity, gas flow rate embodied in the momentum flux force, and orifice diameter on bubble formation and detachment in a wall-bubble injection configuration. A two-dimensional one-stage theoretical model based on a global force balance on the bubble evolving from a wall orifice in a cross liquid flow is presented in this work. In this model, relevant forces,acting on the evolving bubble are expressed in terms of the bubble center of mass coordinates and solved simultaneously. Relevant forces in low gravity included the momentum flux, shear-lift, surface tension, drag and inertia forces. Under normal gravity conditions, the buoyancy force, which is dominant under such conditions, can be added to the force balance. Two detachment criteria were applicable depending on the gas to liquid momentum force ratio. For low ratios, the time when the bubble acceleration in the direction of the detachment angle is greater or equal to zero is calculated from the bubble x and y coordinates. This time is taken as the time at which all the detaching forces that are acting on the bubble are greater or equal to the attaching forces. For high gas to liquid momentum force ratios, the time at which the y coordinate less the bubble radius equals zero is calculated. The bubble diameter is evaluated at this time as the diameter at detachment from the fact that the bubble volume is simply given by the product of the gas flow rate and time elapsed. Comparison of the model's predictions was also made with predictions from a two-dimensional normal gravity model based on Kumar-Kuloor formulation and such a comparison is presented in this work. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Micrograv Fluid Phys Branch, Micrograv Sci Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Nahra, HK (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Micrograv Fluid Phys Branch, Micrograv Sci Div, MS 77-5,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0009-2509 J9 CHEM ENG SCI JI Chem. Eng. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 58 IS 1 BP 55 EP 69 AR PII S0009-2509(02)00516-X DI 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00516-X PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 635ME UT WOS:000180402500005 ER PT B AU Keane, JV Tielens, AGGM AF Keane, JV Tielens, AGGM BE Fich, M TI Ice in high-mass star-forming regions: Signatures of grain surface chemistry SO CHEMISTRY AS A DIAGNOSTIC OF STAR FORMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemistry as a Diagnostic of Star Formation CY AUG 21-23, 2002 CL Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, CANADA SP CITA, COM DEV Space, CSA HO Univ Waterloo DE ISM : chemistry; ISM : clouds; ISM : molecules ID DENSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS; DEEPLY EMBEDDED PROTOSTARS; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; ABSORPTION FEATURES; YOUNG STARS; SOLID CO; METHANE; MODELS; ENVELOPES; EVOLUTION AB We have developed a model for grain surface reactions among accreting atoms, radicals, and molecules. This model is centered around key hydrogenation and oxidation reactions: H + CO, H + H2CO, and a number of CO2-forming reactions. Here, we examine the distribution of the carbonaceous species CO, CO2, H2CO, CH3OH. According to our results the reaction O + CO can only accommodate the observed CO/CO2 ratio if a significant fraction of atomic O in accreting gas is made unavailable (i.e., locked up in O-2). The abundance ratios of CO, H2CO, and CH3OH reflect the ease with which H2CO is hydrogenated as compared to CO. Our models are in good agreement with the observations if there is an equal probability for these two reactions (on a per species basis). The models best approximate the observed ice mantle compositions for densities 10(4) - 10(5) cm(-3), which is the density at which accretion becomes comparable to the free-fall timescale. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Keane, JV (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON KIA OR6, CANADA BN 0-660-19089-3 PY 2003 BP 229 EP 234 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry GA BAU23 UT WOS:000223569400036 ER PT B AU Lai, SP Velusamy, T Langer, WD Kuiper, TBH AF Lai, SP Velusamy, T Langer, WD Kuiper, TBH BE Fich, M TI The chemical structure and dynamical status of the pre-protostellar core B68 SO CHEMISTRY AS A DIAGNOSTIC OF STAR FORMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemistry as a Diagnostic of Star Formation CY AUG 21-23, 2002 CL Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, CANADA SP CITA, COM DEV Space, CSA HO Univ Waterloo DE ISM : molecules; ISM : abundances; ISM : globules; ISM : individual (B68); stars : formation ID DARK CLOUD; PREPROTOSTELLAR; AMMONIA AB A previous extinction study suggested that the density profile of B68 is remarkably consistent with a Bonnor-Ebert sphere with 2.1 M-circle dot at 16 K. We mapped B68 in C3H2, CCS, and NH3 with the Deep Space Network (DSN) 70 m and 34 m telescopes at Goldstone. Our results show strong chemical differentiation, suggesting that B68 is, indeed a cold,. dense prestellar core. We. measured the kinetic temperature of 11 K in B68 with NH3 (1,1) and (2,2) spectra, which is significantly lower than that previously assumed. We also study the turbulence in B68 using the molecular linewidths and show that B68 is thermally dominated with little contribution from turbulence support (< 10%). We use these results to re-examine the dynamical status of B68. Considering the uncertainty in distance to B68, we conclude that a stable Bonnor-Ebert sphere is a possible solution, consistent with all observable parameters, only if the distance is similar to 95 pc with a corresponding mass - 1.2 M-circle dot. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lai, SP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON KIA OR6, CANADA BN 0-660-19089-3 PY 2003 BP 341 EP 343 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry GA BAU23 UT WOS:000223569400069 ER PT S AU Jackman, CH Douglass, AR AF Jackman, CH Douglass, AR BE Blix, TA Lastovicka, J TI Overview of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite: Observations from 1991 to 2002 SO CHEMISTRY, DYNAMICS AND LAYERED STRUCTURES OF THE ATMOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT World Space Congress CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID HIGHLIGHTS AB The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was launched in September 1991 by the Space Shuttle Discovery and continues to make relevant atmospheric measurements (as of October 2002). This successful satellite has fostered a better understanding of the middle atmospheric processes, especially those important in the control of ozone. Seven of the original ten instruments aboard the UARS are still functional and six instruments regularly make measurements. The UARS is in a stable observing configuration, in spite of experiencing several anomalies over its lifetime. It is expected that the UARS will overlap the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite (scheduled launch in January 2004) for several months before the end of the UARS mission. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jackman, CH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 9 BP 2101 EP 2104 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00147-9 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX31D UT WOS:000184908400009 ER PT S AU Ahmad, SP Johnson, JE Jackman, CH AF Ahmad, SP Johnson, JE Jackman, CH BE Blix, TA Lastovicka, J TI Atmospheric products from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) SO CHEMISTRY, DYNAMICS AND LAYERED STRUCTURES OF THE ATMOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT World Space Congress CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID MISSION AB The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was the first satellite to be launched under the Earth Observing System (EOS) science program of multi-mission observing systems of the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASA). The EOS program was conceived to advance the understanding of the Earth-Atmosphere system on the global scale. The UARS was launched in September 1991 with ten instruments dedicated entirely to increase the understanding of chemistry and dynamics of the Earth's stratosphere and mesosphere. After 10 years of successful data collection (far exceeding the originally projected lifetime of 3 years), the official mission ended in September 2001. However, seven instruments aboard UARS are still operational and six regularly take measurements. It is expected that the UARS will overlap the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite (to be launched in early 2004) for several months before the end of the UARS mission. The UARS data and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics data from other satellites are archived at the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (GES DAAC) and are available free to the public and science user community. The UARS data and related documents may be accessed through the GES DAAC website (http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov). This paper gives an overview of the UARS data products. Detailed information on UARS instruments, mission highlights and related publications are available from the UARS project website (http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov). (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES DAAC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ahmad, SP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES DAAC, Code 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 9 BP 2105 EP 2110 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00127-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX31D UT WOS:000184908400010 ER PT J AU Ebisawa, K Yamauchi, S Bamba, A Ueno, M Senda, A AF Ebisawa, K Yamauchi, S Bamba, A Ueno, M Senda, A TI X-ray emission from galactic plane SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources CY MAY 26-31, 2003 CL Vulcano, ITALY SP INTA, MPE, IASF, USN Res Lab DE galactic plane; x-rays; galactic diffuse emission; supernova remnants; X-ray sources ID 6.7-KEV IRON LINE; CENTER REGION; AX J1843.8-0352; RIDGE; DISCOVERY; ASCA; ORIGIN; PULSAR; ACCELERATION; EXOSAT AB We report several important results obtained from recent Galactic Xray survey observations, in particular ASCA Galactic center and plane surveys and our Chandra deep survey on the (l, b) approximate to (28 degrees.5, 0 degrees.0) region. Strong hard X-ray diffuse components are observed from Galactic ridge, center and bulge, and they have both thermal and non-thermal spectral components. Dozens of discrete and extended sources have been discovered on the Galactic plane, which also indicate thermal and/or non-thermal X-ray energy spectra. They are often associated with radio sources and are considered to be SNR candidates. Most of the hard Xray point sources in the outer part of the Galactic plane are considered to be background AGNs, while fraction of the Galactic hard X-ray sources (such as quiescent dwarf novae) increases toward the Galactic center. Most of the soft Xray sources on the Galactic plane are presumably nearby active stars. C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Iwate Univ, Fac Humanities & Social Sci, Morioka, Iwate 0208550, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Ebisawa, K (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. EM ebisawa@obs.unige.ch NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2003 VL 3 SU S BP 281 EP 286 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 929VK UT WOS:000229374500030 ER PT J AU Georganopoulos, M AF Georganopoulos, M TI Understanding the Chandra detected X-ray emission of the knots and hot spots of powerful extragalactic jets SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources CY MAY 26-31, 2003 CL Vulcano, ITALY SP INTA, MPE, IASF, USN Res Lab DE radiation mechanisms : non-thermal; galaxies : quasars ID RELATIVISTIC JETS; RADIO GALAXY; QUASARS; ASYMMETRIES; PICTOR AB I present here a short personal view of our understanding of the Chandra detected knots and hot spots of powerful Fanaroff Rilley (FR) II radio galaxies and quasars in the context of leptonic models. Observations of the knots and hot spots strongly suggest that the jets in these powerful sources retain their relativistic velocities at large scales, all the way to the hot spots. The emission mechanism suggested for the knots of quasars and FR 11 radio galaxies is external Compton (EC) off the cosmic microwave backgounrd (CMB) from a relativistic flow, while for the hotspots Upstream Compton (UC) scattering from a decelerating relativistic flow. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Georganopoulos, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM markos@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2003 VL 3 SU S BP 404 EP 414 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 929VK UT WOS:000229374500045 ER PT J AU Ebisawa, K Zycki, P Kubota, A Mizuno, T Watarai, K AF Ebisawa, K Zycki, P Kubota, A Mizuno, T Watarai, K TI Accretion disk spectra of the ultra-luminous X-ray sources in nearby spiral galaxies and galactic superluminal jet sources SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources CY MAY 26-31, 2003 CL Vulcano, ITALY SP INTA, MPE, IASF, USN Res Lab DE superluminal jet sources : ultra-luminous X-ray sources; accretion disks, slim disks; Schwarzschild black holes, Kerr black holes ID MICROQUASAR GRO J1655-40; BLACK-HOLE; ASCA OBSERVATION; LMC X-1; MASS; MODEL; VARIABILITY; POPULATION; BINARIES AB Ultra-luminous Compact X-ray Sources (ULXs) in,nearby spiral galaxies and Galactic superluminal jet sources share the common spectral characteristic that they have unusually high disk temperatures which cannot be explained in the framework of the standard optically thick accretion disk in the Schwarzschild metric. On the other hand, the standard accretion disk around the Kerr black hole might explain the observed high disk temperature, as the inner radius of the Kerr disk gets smaller and the disk temperature can be consequently higher. However, we point out that the observable Kerr disk spectra becomes significantly harder than Schwarzschild disk spectra only when the disk is highly inclined. This is because the emission from the innermost part of the accretion disk is Doppler-boosted for an edge-on Kerr disk, while hardly seen for a face-on disk. The Galactic superluminal jet sources are known to be highly inclined systems, thus their energy spectra may be explained with the standard Kerr disk with known black hole masses. For ULXs, on the other hand, the standard Kerr disk model seems implausible, since it is highly unlikely that their accretion disks are preferentially inclined, and, if edge-on Kerr disk model is applied, the black hole mass becomes unreasonably large ( >= 300 M-circle dot). Instead, the slim disk (advection dominated optically thick disk) model is likely to explain the observed super-Eddington luminosities, hard energy spectra, and spectral variations of ULXs. We-suggest that ULXs are accreting black holes with a few tens of solar mass, which is not unexpected from the standard stellar evolution scenario, and that their X-ray emission is from the slim disk shining at super-Eddington luminosities. C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Kyoto Univ, Yukawa Inst Theoret Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Ebisawa, K (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2003 VL 3 SU S BP 415 EP 424 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 929VK UT WOS:000229374500046 ER PT S AU Geiger, CL Clausen, CA Brooks, K Clausen, C Huntley, C Filipek, L Reinhart, DD Quinn, J Krug, T O'Hara, S Major, D AF Geiger, CL Clausen, CA Brooks, K Clausen, C Huntley, C Filipek, L Reinhart, DD Quinn, J Krug, T O'Hara, S Major, D BE Henry, SM Warner, SD TI Nanoscale and microscale iron emulsions for treating DNAPL SO CHLORINATED SOLVENT AND DNAPL REMEDIATION: INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUBSURFACE CLEANUP SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Innovative Strategies for Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents and DNAPL in the Subsurface CY APR, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA ID PHENOL AB This study demonstrated the feasibility of using emulsified nanoscale and microscale iron particles to enhance dehalogenation of DNAPL free-phase. The emulsified system consisted of a surfactant-stabilized, biodegradable oil-in-water emulsion with nanoscale or microscale iron particles contained within the emulsion droplets. It was demonstrated that DNAPLs, such as TCE, diffuse through the oil/surfactant membrane of the emulsion particle whereupon they reach an aqueous interior and the surface of an iron particle where dehalogenation takes place. The hydrocarbon reaction byproducts of the dehalogenation reaction, primarily ethene (no chlorinated products detected), diffuse out of the emulsion droplet. This study also demonstrated that an iron-emulsion system could be delivered in-situ to the DNAPL pool in a soil matrix by using a simulated push well technique. Iron emulsions degraded pure TCE at a rate comparable to the degradation of dissolved phase TCE by iron particles, while pure iron had a very low degradation rate for free-phase TCE. The iron-emulsion systems can be injected into a sand matrix where they become immobilized and are not moved by flowing water. It has been documented that surfactant micelles possess the ability to pull pooled TCE into emulsion droplets where degradation of TCE takes place. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Chem, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. GeoSyntec Consultants Inc, Guelph, ON N1G 5G3, Canada. RP Geiger, CL (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Chem, 4000 Cent Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM cgeiger@mail.ucf.edu; clausen@mail.ucf.edu NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3793-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2003 VL 837 BP 132 EP 140 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BW36Z UT WOS:000181756800009 ER PT S AU Geiger, CL Clausen, CA Reinhart, DR Clausen, CM Ruiz, N Quinn, J AF Geiger, CL Clausen, CA Reinhart, DR Clausen, CM Ruiz, N Quinn, J BE Henry, SM Warner, SD TI Using ultrasound for restoring iron activity in permeable reactive barriers SO CHLORINATED SOLVENT AND DNAPL REMEDIATION: INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUBSURFACE CLEANUP SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Innovative Strategies for Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents and DNAPL in the Subsurface CY APR, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA ID WATER SYSTEM; DEGRADATION; SORPTION; KINETICS; METAL AB Ultrasound application has been shown to be an effective treatment for increasing reactivity of iron used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Since iron goes through corrosion reactions during the remediation process, precipitates form on the iron surface thus leaving the permeable reactive barrier less effective and can even alter groundwater flow around the wall. After several years of laboratory study, ultrasound was used at two different PRB field sites. Results show that ultrasound application improves half-lives from 21-67% (dependent on transducer power and duration of exposure) over untreated iron samples from the same PRB treatment site. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Chem, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. GeoSyntec Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA 92648 USA. NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Geiger, CL (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Chem, 4000 Cent Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM cgeiger@mail.ucf.edu NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3793-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2003 VL 837 BP 286 EP 303 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BW36Z UT WOS:000181756800019 ER PT B AU Nguyen, QH AF Nguyen, QH BE DAuriol, BJ TI Image processor electronics (IPE) - The high-performance computing system for NASA SWIFT mission SO CIC'03: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Communications in Computing CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP CSREA Press, Int Technol Inst, PDPTA Task Force Networking, Korean soc Internet Informat, World Acad Sci Informat Technol AB Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) have been the most powerful explosions in the Universe since the Big Bang, and are still a mystery to the scientists. Swift, a NASA mission with the international participation, is being designed, built and planned for a 2003 launch. Swift will help the scientists to discover the gamma ray burst mystery. To locate the position in the sky where a burst originates and only lasts for a few milliseconds to about a minute, it requires the instrument data computing system constantly receives a very large volume of surveyed images coming from 16 gamma ray detectors in parallel and computes the received images very quickly to catch the burst and determines its location in the large regions of the sky. The high-performance instrument data computing system, namely Image Processor Electronics (IPE), has been designed, built and tested by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to meet these extremely challenging requirements. This paper addresses the system implementation and the system hardware architecture of the IPE, the first small-in-size, low-power, and high-performance computing system for the space applications. The performance results measured during the end-to-end test will conclude the paper. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nguyen, QH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd,Code 561, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-932415-06-8 PY 2003 BP 113 EP 118 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BX84A UT WOS:000186624100016 ER PT B AU Heap, SR Lanz, T AF Heap, SR Lanz, T BE Charbonnel, C Schaerer, D Meynet, G TI Nitrogen enrichment in massive stars SO CNO IN THE UNIVERSE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on CNO in the Universe CY SEP 10-14, 2002 CL ST LUC, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, Geneva Univ & Observ, Swiss Acad Nat Sci, Swiss Soc Astron & Astrophys, Geneve Acad Soc ID SMALL-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; EVOLUTION; BLUE AB We present high-resolution spectra of 17 O-type stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, a low-metallicity galaxy (Z=0.2 Zcircle dot). We analyzed these spectra using the new, fully line-blanketed NLTE model spectra computed by Lanz & Hubeny (2002). We found that half the program stars show strong enrichment in nitrogen, which we interpret as material processed in the core and brought up to the stellar surface via rotationally induced mixing. We also found that the stars with the highest N abundances are also the stars showing spectroscopic masses much lower than one would derive from their positions on the HR diagram. We interpret both phenomena - enhanced atmospheric nitrogen and low spectroscopic masses - as the effect of rotation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heap, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI heap, sara/E-2237-2012 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-153-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 304 BP 41 EP 44 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX93H UT WOS:000186889900006 ER PT B AU Mushotzky, R AF Mushotzky, R BE Charbonnel, C Schaerer, D Meynet, G TI CNO in the universe - An X-ray perspective SO CNO IN THE UNIVERSE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on CNO in the Universe CY SEP 10-14, 2002 CL ST LUC, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, Geneva Univ & Observ, Swiss Acad Nat Sci, Swiss Soc Astron & Astrophys, Geneve Acad Soc ID REFLECTION GRATING SPECTROMETER; XMM-NEWTON; SPECTROSCOPY; CHANDRA; SPECTRUM AB X-ray astronomy has opened a new window on cosmic abundances. The combination of relatively simple atomic physics, the ability to directly measure the continuum responsible for the ionization, the relative unimportance of dust and radiative transfer effects, make the abundances derived from x-ray spectroscopy quite accurate and robust. The new data from the Chandra and XMM-Newton grating spectrometers for C and N, and the vast improvement from the CCD detectors for oxygen, have produced exciting new results for a wide range of astrophysical objects from planets to quasars. I present a potpourri of such results. In addition, x-ray spectroscopy is unique in its ability to sample the hot universe, which contains most of the visible baryons. For the low redshift intergalactic medium, the IGM in clusters and groups, and the hot ISM of elliptical galaxies, x-ray spectroscopy can determine the chemical composition and its evolution with cosmic time. One of the more interesting results is the relatively low abundances in the ISM in elliptical galaxies and a sub-solar ratio of Mg/Fe, very different than that published for the stars. Similarly, the IGM in clusters has relative abundances of Si, S, Fe, and Ni, which do not match the patterns seen in galactic halo stars. The data for oxygen in clusters show a roughly solar O/Fe ratio that was not expected. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mushotzky, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-153-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 304 BP 258 EP 268 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX93H UT WOS:000186889900046 ER PT J AU Leschine, TM Lind, KA Sharma, R AF Leschine, TM Lind, KA Sharma, R TI Beliefs, values, and technical assessment in environmental management: Contaminated sediments in Puget sound SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Advocacy Coalition Framework; contaminated sediment management; environmental risk; Puget Sound; risk assessment and management ID POLICY; RISK; PERCEPTIONS; SCIENCE AB Principles of risk assessment and risk management are rapidly making their way into environmental policy making. Yet risk assessment has proved problematic in use, since focusing on risks can serve to highlight uncertainties in scientific information or to delineate the differences between risk assessment as a technical procedure and the cultural, social, and institutional dimensions of risk that people also expect to influence risk management decisions. This article examines the use of principles of risk assessment in Washington State's development of management standards for contaminated sediments in Puget Sound. It asks whether and how the use of a mixed quantitative-qualitative hazard assessment approach for contaminated-site ranking, coupled with a strategy of separating technical assessment from consideration of social and economic factors in management decisions on a site-by-site basis, helped foster accord on the management approach selected by the Washington Department of Ecology. The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) was utilized in the design and analysis of a survey of policy elites that serves as the principal data collection vehicle for this study. ACF attempts to understand the dynamics of policy formation through examination of the beliefs that opposing advocacy coalitions bring to policy disputes, focusing on whether cross-coalition learning occurs in analytical debate over policy. Results show that distinct pro-environment and pro-development advocacy coalitions exist for Puget Sound's contaminated sediments problem. Relatively little disagreement exists across contending coalitions on the ways principles of risk assessment should be applied in ranking contaminated sites for remedial attention, however, suggesting that risk-based management is an area in which cross-coalition learning has occurred. On the other hand, considerable disagreement exists at the policy level, over both the extent to which consideration of risk should drive decisions and the extent to which legal liability should be used to force remedial action. Nevertheless, these diverse actors have proved willing to accept the Department of Ecology's overall approach, suggesting that framing the problem in the language of risk and separating scientific and technical judgments from sociopolitical considerations has had value in moving potential conflict into a realm where a consensus approach can prevail. Difficult political and economic choices remain for the region as the state's sediment management policy continues to evolve. Agreeing to allow major decision points to be framed as problems in risk reduction through parallel but separate processes of risk assessment and risk management has seemingly added resilience to the policy regime developed through the state's rule-making process. ACF emerges in this study as a robust framework for examining the impact of scientific and technical assessment on environmental policy development. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Juneau, AK USA. Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR USA. RP Leschine, TM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0892-0753 J9 COAST MANAGE JI Coast. Manage. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1080/08920750390168273 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 638BP UT WOS:000180549800001 ER PT J AU Lee, TJ Dateo, CE Rubio, M Roos, BO AF Lee, TJ Dateo, CE Rubio, M Roos, BO TI An accurate quartic force field and fundamental frequencies for the ozonide anion: A rare positive anharmonicity for the antisymmetric stretch SO COLLECTION OF CZECHOSLOVAK CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ozone; ozonide; isotope effects; ab initio calculations; vibrational spectroscopy; CCSD ID 2ND-ORDER PERTURBATION-THEORY; AB-INITIO; VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES; BASIS-SETS; PHOTODISSOCIATION; PHOTODETACHMENT; PHOTOELECTRON; HYDROGEN; STATES; O-3(-) AB The CCSD(T) method has been used to compute a highly accurate quartic force field and fundamental frequencies for all O-16 and O-18 isotopomers of the ozonide anion. The CCSD and CASPT2 methods have also been used to verify the reliability of the CCSD(T) fundamental frequencies. The computed fundamental frequencies are in agreement with gas-phase experiments, but disagree with matrix isolation experiments for the antisymmetric stretch, nu(3). CASPT2 calculations show that the antisymmetric part of the O-3(-) potential surface is sensitive to the external environment. It is concluded that the antisymmetric stretch exhibits a significant matrix shift in the matrix isolation experiments and that the matrix environment is not representative of the gas-phase environment for ozonide anion. It is hoped that the theoretical data provided here will aid in the interpretation of future high-resolution gas-phase experiments. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Eloret Corp, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Valencia, Inst Ciencia Mol, Dept Quim Fis, ES-46100 Valencia, Spain. Lund Univ, Ctr Chem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RP Lee, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MST27B-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Lee, Timothy/K-2838-2012 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST ORGANIC CHEM AND BIOCHEM PI PRAGUE 6 PA ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC, FLEMINGOVO NAM 2, PRAGUE 6 166 10, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0010-0765 J9 COLLECT CZECH CHEM C JI Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 BP 189 EP 201 DI 10.1135/cccc20030189 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 643WE UT WOS:000180883800011 ER PT J AU Sunderland, PB Axelbaum, RL Urban, DL Chao, BH Liu, S AF Sunderland, PB Axelbaum, RL Urban, DL Chao, BH Liu, S TI Effects of structure and hydrodynamics on the sooting behavior of spherical microgravity diffusion flames SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE soot; spherical flames; microgravity; oxygen-enhanced combustion; inverse flames ID DROPLET COMBUSTION; INCEPTION; ETHYLENE AB This study is an examination of the sooting behavior of spherical microgravity diffusion flames burning ethylene at atmospheric pressure in a 2.2-s drop tower. In a novel application of microgravity, spherical flames were employed to allow convection across the flame to be either from fuel to oxidizer or from oxidizer to fuel. Thus, spherical microgravity flames are capable of allowing stoichiometric mixture fraction, Z(st), and direction of convection across the flame to be controlled independently. This allowed for a study of the phenomenon of permanently blue diffusion flames-flames that remain blue as strain rate approaches zero. Z(st) was varied by changing inert concentrations such that adiabatic flame temperature did not change. At low Z(st), nitrogen was supplied with the oxidizer, and at high Z(st), it was provided with the fuel. Flame structure, quantified by Z(st), was found to have a profound effect on soot production. Soot-free conditions were observed at high Z(st) and sooting conditions were observed at low Z(st) regardless of convection direction. Convection direction was found to have a smaller impact on soot inception, suppressing formation when convection at the flame sheet was directed towards the oxidizer. A numerical analysis was developed to simulate steady state conditions and aided the interpretation of the results. The analysis revealed that steady state was not achieved for any of the flames, but particularly for those with pure ethylene or oxygen flowing from the porous burner. Furthermore, despite the fact that all flames had the same adiabatic flame temperature, the actual peak temperatures differed considerably. While transient burner heating and burner radiation reduced flame temperature, gas-phase radiative heat loss was the dominant mechanism accounting for these differences. (C) 2003 The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Mech Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Engn Mech, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Axelbaum, RL (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Mech Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. OI Sunderland, Peter/0000-0002-8262-7100 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JAN PY 2003 VL 132 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 33 AR PII S0010-2180(02)00424-8 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(02)00424-8 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 644LV UT WOS:000180920200003 ER PT S AU Thesken, JC Bowman, CL Arnold, SM Thompson, RC AF Thesken, JC Bowman, CL Arnold, SM Thompson, RC BE Bakis, CE TI Time-temperature dependent response of filament wound composites for flywheel rotors SO COMPOSITE MATERIALS: TESTING AND DESIGN, FOURTEENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Symposium on Composite Materials CY MAR 11-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE IM7/8552; carbon fiber epoxy composite; filament wound flywheel; creep; stress relaxation; linear hereditary; time-temperature; load sign effects ID POLYMER COMPOSITES; CREEP; BEHAVIOR; MATRIX AB Flywheel energy storage offers an attractive alternative to the electrochemical battery systems currently used for space applications such as the International Space Station. Rotor designs utilizing the load carrying capacity of carbon fibers wound in the hoop direction are capable of high operational speeds and specific energies. However, the long-term durability of such rotors may be limited by the time-temperature dependent behavior of the epoxy matrix, which controls the uniaxial properties transverse to the fiber and the shear proper-ties. This proposition was investigated for the prototypical rotor material, IM7/8552. Flat filament wound panels were made using the same process as for composite rotors. Coupon specimens, sectioned normal and parallel to the winding axis, were tested in compression and tension, at room temperature (RT), 95 degreesC and 135 degreesC for strain rates from 5 x 10(-6)/S to 5x 10(-3)/S. Creep and stress relaxation testing ran 72 hrs followed by a 72 hr recovery. Time, temperature and load sign dependent effects were significant transverse to the fiber. Under a fixed deformation of -0.5% strain for 72 hrs, compressive stresses relaxed 16.4 % at 135 degreesC and 13% at 95 'C. Tensile stresses relaxed only 7% in 72 hrs at 135 degreesC for 0.5% strain. The postulate of a linear hereditary material response and the application of Boltzmann's principle of superposition to describe the behavior observed here are problematic if not intractable. Undoubtedly microstuctural analysis including the influence of residual stresses due to processing will be needed to resolve the observed paradoxes. Within the scope of these experiments, uniaxial compressive stress relaxation data may be used to bound the amount of relaxation with time of radial pre-load stresses in flywheel rotors. A more detailed appraisal of the design implications of these results is made in the analysis by Saleeb and co-workers [I]. C1 NASA, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Thesken, JC (reprint author), NASA, GRC, MS 49-7,21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3465-7 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1436 BP 55 EP 74 DI 10.1520/STP38404S PG 20 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BX90P UT WOS:000186779800004 ER PT S AU Goldberg, RK Gilat, A AF Goldberg, RK Gilat, A BE Bakis, CE TI Experimental and computational characterization of the high strain rate tensile response of polymer matrix composites SO COMPOSITE MATERIALS: TESTING AND DESIGN, FOURTEENTH VOLUME SE American Society for Testing and Materials Selected Technical Papers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Symposium on Composite Materials CY MAR 11-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE polymer matrix composites; micromechanics; viscoplasticity; strain rate; constitutive equations; impact ID BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB A research program is underway to experimentally characterize the strain rate dependent deformation and failure response of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads and to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of these types of materials. State variable constitutive equations based on a viscoplasticity approach have been developed to model the deformation of the polymer matrix. The constitutive equations are then combined with a mechanics of materials based micromechanics model which utilizes fiber substructuring to predict the effective mechanical and thermal response of the composite. Tensile stress-strain curves for a representative composite are obtained experimentally for strain rates ranging from quasi-static to several hundred per second. The developed numerical procedure is also used to compute the deformation response. The predictions compare favorably to the experimentally obtained values both qualitatively and quantitatively. Effective elastic and thermal constants are predicted for another composite, and compared to finite element results. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Life Predict Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Life Predict Branch, 21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0066-0558 BN 0-8031-3465-7 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1436 BP 207 EP 223 DI 10.1520/STP38413S PG 17 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BX90P UT WOS:000186779800013 ER PT S AU Reeder, JR AF Reeder, JR BE Bakis, CE TI A criterion to control nonlinear error in the mixed-mode bending test SO COMPOSITE MATERIALS: TESTING AND DESIGN, FOURTEENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Symposium on Composite Materials CY MAR 11-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE delamination; mixed-mode; composite; nonlinear; MMB test; toughness ID DELAMINATION FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; COMPOSITES AB The mixed-mode bending test has been widely used to measure delamination toughness and was recently standardized by ASTM as Standard Test Method D6671-01. This simple test is a combination of the standard Mode I (opening) test and a Mode H (sliding) test. This test uses a unidirectional composite test specimen with an artificial delamination subjected to bending loads to characterize when a delamination will extend. When the displacements become large, the linear theory used to analyze the results of the test yields errors in the calculated toughness values. The current standard places no limit on the specimen loading and therefore test data can be created using the standard that are significantly in error. A method of limiting the error that can be incurred in the calculated toughness values is needed. In this paper, nonlinear models of the MMB test are refined. One of the nonlinear models is then used to develop a simple criterion for prescribing conditions where the nonlinear error will remain below 5%. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Reeder, JR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3465-7 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1436 BP 349 EP 371 DI 10.1520/STP38421S PG 23 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BX90P UT WOS:000186779800021 ER PT S AU Paris, I Minguet, PJ O'Brien, TK AF Paris, I Minguet, PJ O'Brien, TK BE Bakis, CE TI Comparison of delamination characterization for IM7/8552 composite woven and tape laminates SO COMPOSITE MATERIALS: TESTING AND DESIGN, FOURTEENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Symposium on Composite Materials CY MAR 11-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE delamination; woven composites; fracture toughness ID FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS AB The interlaminar fracture toughness of a plain-weave carbon-epoxy composite was studied under Mode I, Mode II and Mixed-Mode I and II loading. The objective was to compare results for a composite material with two different fiber forms: unidirectional tape and plain-weave fabric (PW). Tests were performed using the double-cantilever beam (DCB), four-point end-notch flexure (4ENF) and mixed-mode bending (MMB) configurations. Delamination initiation values were obtained as well as propagation values. The specimens were made of 24 layers of IM7/8552 plain-weave fabric. The results were compared with tests performed by Hansen and Martin [I] on IM7/8552 unidirectional tape. For all Mode I, Mode II and Mixed-Mode tests, the woven initiation G, are quite similar to the corresponding initiation values for the tape material. The woven G, propagation values, however, are much higher (2.6 times in Mode I and 3.1 times in Mode II) than the corresponding propagation values for the tape material. Furthermore, these propagation values may have more significance to structural components than propagation values for tape laminates. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Res Council, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Paris, I (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Res Council, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3465-7 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1436 BP 372 EP 390 DI 10.1520/STP38422S PG 19 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BX90P UT WOS:000186779800022 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RK Roberts, GD Gilat, A AF Goldberg, RK Roberts, GD Gilat, A TI Incorporation of mean stress effects into the micromechanical analysis of the high strain rate response of polymer matrix composites SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE micromechanics; polymer-matrix composites; impact behavior; mechanical testing ID FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES; CRACK-TIP FIELDS; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB The results presented here are part of an ongoing research program, to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads. A micromechanics approach is employed in this work, in which state variable constitutive equations originally developed for metals have been modified to model the deformation of the polymer matrix, and a strength of materials based micromechanics method is used to predict the effective response of the composite. In the analysis of the inelastic deformation of the polymer matrix, the definitions of the effective stress and effective inelastic strain have been modified in order to account for the effect of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers. Two representative polymers, a toughened epoxy and a brittle epoxy, are characterized through the use of data from tensile and shear tests across a variety of strain rates. Results computed by using the developed constitutive equations correlate well with data generated via experiments. The procedure used to incorporate the constitutive equations within a micromechanics method is presented, and sample calculations of the deformation response of a composite for various fiber orientations and strain rates are discussed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM robert.k.goldberg@grc.nasa.gov NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-8368 EI 1879-1069 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 2003 VL 34 IS 2 BP 151 EP 165 AR PII S1359-8368(02)00081-1 DI 10.1016/S1359-8368(02)00081-1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 645XJ UT WOS:000181005500006 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Jhabvala, M Choi, KK AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Jhabvala, M Choi, KK BE Ilegems, M Weimann, G Wagner, J TI Demonstration of 640x512 pixel four-band quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 2002 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Symposium on Compound Semicoductors CY OCT 07-10, 2002 CL Lausanne, SWITZERLAND AB We have demonstrated the first monolithic spatially separated four-band 640x512 pixel QWIP focal plane array. The four spectral bands cover 4-5 mum, 8.5-10 mum, 10-12 mum, and 13-15.5 mum spectral regions with 640x128 pixels in each band. In this paper, we discuss the development of this very sensitive four-band focal plane array based on a GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs/InyGa1-yAs QWlPs and its performance in quantum efficiency, noise equivalent differential temperature, uniformity, and operability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Army Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sarath.d.gunapala@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0942-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2003 VL 174 BP 393 EP 396 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BAN50 UT WOS:000222970500087 ER PT B AU Mahesh, K Constantinescu, G Moin, P AF Mahesh, K Constantinescu, G Moin, P BE Bathe, KJ TI A numerical method for large-eddy simulation in complex geometries SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID AND SOLID MECHANICS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP GM, HP, Compaq, Daimler Chrysler, Hyundai, Ford, MSC Software, Sgi, ESI Grp, Boeing, CINI, Texas Instruments, Fluent Inc, CFX, CFD Soc Canada, SIAM, Michelin, IACMAG, Adinan, Mecalog, Star CD, ALCAN, ANSYS Inc HO MIT DE energy conserving schemes; unstructured grids; large-eddy simulation; gas-turbine combustors ID INCOMPRESSIBLE-FLOW; FLUID AB We discuss development of a numerical algorithm, and solver capable of performing large-eddy simulation (LES) in geometries as complex as the combustor of a gas-turbine engine. The algorithm is developed for unstructured grids, is non-dissipative, yet robust at high Reynolds numbers on highly skewed grids. Results from validation in simple geometries are shown along with simulation results in the exceedingly complex geometry of a Pratt & Whitney gas-turbine combustor. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Aerosp Engn & Mech, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Stanford Univ, Ctr Turbulence Res, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Mahesh, K (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Aerosp Engn & Mech, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM mahesh@aem.umn.edu NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044046-0 PY 2003 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA BX31V UT WOS:000184938200006 ER PT B AU Rubinstein, R AF Rubinstein, R BE Bathe, KJ TI A statistical model of laminar-turbulent transition SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID AND SOLID MECHANICS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP GM, HP, Compaq, Daimler Chrysler, Hyundai, Ford, MSC Software, Sgi, ESI Grp, Boeing, CINI, Texas Instruments, Fluent Inc, CFX, CFD Soc Canada, SIAM, Michelin, IACMAG, Adinan, Mecalog, Star CD, ALCAN, ANSYS Inc HO MIT DE turbulence; transition; resonant triads; shell model AB A model of the transition to turbulence is proposed: a set of interacting instability waves coupled to a shell model of turbulence. Unperturbed instability wave evolution is characterized by initial subharmonic growth due to parametric excitation, the subsequent development of phase coherence, and finally by explosive nonlinear amplitude growth. Coupling to a shell model disrupts both the phase coherence and the explosive amplitude growth and leads instead to a period of bounded chaotic amplitude evolution followed by a sudden onset of large amplitude broadband disturbances which are qualitatively similar to turbulence. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Rubinstein, R (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044046-0 PY 2003 BP 1109 EP 1111 PG 3 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA BX31V UT WOS:000184938200268 ER PT B AU Librescu, L Hasanyan, D Qin, Z Ambur, D AF Librescu, L Hasanyan, D Qin, Z Ambur, D BE Bathe, KJ TI Nonlinear vibration of thermo-elastic plates in a magnetic field SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID AND SOLID MECHANICS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP GM, HP, Compaq, Daimler Chrysler, Hyundai, Ford, MSC Software, Sgi, ESI Grp, Boeing, CINI, Texas Instruments, Fluent Inc, CFX, CFD Soc Canada, SIAM, Michelin, IACMAG, Adinan, Mecalog, Star CD, ALCAN, ANSYS Inc HO MIT DE multifunctional materials; magnetoelastic vibration; nonlinearities; thermo-magneto-elasticity AB A geometrically nonlinear theory of electromagnetically conducting orthotropic flat plates exposed to a thermo-magnetic field is developed. Based on the electromagnetic equations (i.e. the ones by Faraday, Amp re, Ohm, Maxwell and Lorentz), modified Fourier's law of heat conduction and elastokinetic field equations, the 3D coupled problem is reduced to an equivalent 2D one, appropriate to the theory of plates. The problem of the free vibration of the flat plate as influenced by the magnetic and thermal fields is addressed. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mech & Durabil Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Librescu, L (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044046-0 PY 2003 BP 1406 EP 1408 PG 3 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA BX31V UT WOS:000184938200341 ER PT B AU Loh, CY Hultgren, LS AF Loh, CY Hultgren, LS BE Bathe, KJ TI The CE/SE method - a conservative compact integral scheme for computational aeroacoustics SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID AND SOLID MECHANICS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP GM, HP, Compaq, Daimler Chrysler, Hyundai, Ford, MSC Software, Sgi, ESI Grp, Boeing, CINI, Texas Instruments, Fluent Inc, CFX, CFD Soc Canada, SIAM, Michelin, IACMAG, Adinan, Mecalog, Star CD, ALCAN, ANSYS Inc HO MIT DE conservative; compact; CE/SE; computational aeroacoustics ID SOLUTION ELEMENT METHOD AB The recent space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method is illustrated in this paper. The integral scheme is conservative, compact, and appropriate for aeroacoustics computation, CAA, as well as for CFD. Typical examples with comparisons to exact solutions or experiments are presented. C1 Taitech Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Loh, CY (reprint author), Taitech Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044046-0 PY 2003 BP 1417 EP 1421 PG 5 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA BX31V UT WOS:000184938200344 ER PT B AU Swanson, RC Thomas, JL Roberts, TW AF Swanson, RC Thomas, JL Roberts, TW BE Bathe, KJ TI A multigrid algorithm for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID AND SOLID MECHANICS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP GM, HP, Compaq, Daimler Chrysler, Hyundai, Ford, MSC Software, Sgi, ESI Grp, Boeing, CINI, Texas Instruments, Fluent Inc, CFX, CFD Soc Canada, SIAM, Michelin, IACMAG, Adinan, Mecalog, Star CD, ALCAN, ANSYS Inc HO MIT DE incompressible; Navier-Stokes; multigrid; relaxation; airfoil AB A fast multigrid solver for the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. With this approach the spatial discretization correctly distinguishes between the advection and elliptic parts of the operator, allowing an efficient smoother to be constructed. Numerical results are shown for flow over a Karman-Trefftz airfoil at angle of attack. Using Gauss-Seidel line relaxation in both the radial and azimuthal directions, multigrid convergence behavior approaching that of O(N) methods is achieved. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Computat Modeling & Simulat Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Swanson, RC (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Computat Modeling & Simulat Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044046-0 PY 2003 BP 2141 EP 2144 PG 4 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA BX31V UT WOS:000184938200522 ER PT B AU Yee, HC Sjogreen, B AF Yee, HC Sjogreen, B BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI Designing adaptive low dissipative high order schemes SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Yee, HC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 124 EP 127 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800015 ER PT B AU Wang, ZJ Liu, Y AF Wang, ZJ Liu, Y BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI Spectral (finite) volume method for the one dimensional Euler equations SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat ID ESSENTIALLY NONOSCILLATORY SCHEMES; CONSERVATION-LAWS; UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS; ELEMENT METHOD; MESHES AB In this paper, the spectral volume (SV) method is extended to one-dimensional systems - the quasi-ID Euler equations. The focus of this paper is to study the performance of the SV method on non-linear systems, and to verify that high order solution accuracy can be achieved for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. Both steady state and time accurate problems are used to demonstrate the overall capability of the SV method. C1 Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wang, ZJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 235 EP 240 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800033 ER PT B AU Liou, MS AF Liou, MS BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI A robust and accurate scheme for solving low speed flows SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat ID FLUX-SPLITTING SCHEME AB In this paper, we present the ideas, mid procedure to extend the AUSM-family schemes for solving low speed flows. Specifically, we shall introduce the concept of numerical speed of sound to rescale the Mach number so that the numerical dissipation is uniformly valid over the entire speed regimes. Consequently, the accuracy in the low Mach number is maintained and the convergence enhanced. resulting in a convergence rate insensitive to the Mach numbers. Further, the pressure flux is enhanced by including a velocity, diffusion term. As a result, the final scheme eradicate fails found in the previous versions. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Turbomachinery & Propuls Syst Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Liou, MS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Turbomachinery & Propuls Syst Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 393 EP 398 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800058 ER PT B AU Kirkpatrick, T Armfield, S AF Kirkpatrick, T Armfield, S BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI Large eddy simulation of the purging of density-stabilized basins SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat AB To date density-stabilized purging flows have proved very difficult to model. While Reynolds-averaging approaches tend to greatly overpredict purging rates, unsteady simulations with no subgrid model tend underpredict it. In this paper we investigate the performance of the large eddy simulation approach for flows of this type. Results are presented for 2D and 3D large eddy simulations using the dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid model and purging rates are compared with experimental results. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Turbulence Res, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kirkpatrick, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Turbulence Res, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 427 EP 432 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800063 ER PT B AU Madavan, NK AF Madavan, NK BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI Turbomachinery airfoil design optimization using differential evolution SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat ID NEURAL-NETWORK AB An aerodynamic design optimization method that is based oil an evolutionary algorithm known at Differential Evolution (DE) is described. DE is a simple, fast. and robust evolutionary strategy that has been proven effective ill determining the global optimum for several difficult optimization problems. A Navier-Stokes solver is used to evaluate the various intermediate designs and provide inputs to the DE optimizer. The method is implemented oil distributed parallel computers so that new designs call be obtained within reasonable turnaround times. A hybrid version of the method that uses the DE algorithm in conjunction with a neural network is also developed and shown to reduce overall computing time requirements. Results are presented for the inverse design of a turbine airfoil from a modern jet engine. The capability of the method to search large design spaces and obtain the optimal airfoils in ail automatic fashion is demonstrated. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Madavan, NK (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 585 EP 590 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800088 ER PT B AU Kiris, C Chan, W Kwak, D AF Kiris, C Chan, W Kwak, D BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI A three-dimensional parallel time-accurate turbopump simulation procedure using overset grid systems SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat AB The objective of the current effort is to provide a, computational framework for design and analysis of the entire fuel supply system of a liquid rocket engine, including high-fidelity unsteady turbopump flow analysis. This capability is needed to support the design of pump sub-systems for advanced space transportation vehicles that are likely to involve liquid propulsion systems. To date, computational tools for design/analysis of turbopump flows are based on relatively lower fidelity methods. An unsteady, three-dimensional viscous flow analysis tool involving stationary and rotational components for the entire turbopump assembly has not been available for real-world engineering applications. The present effort provides developers with information such as transient flow phenomena at start, up, non-uniform inflows, and its impact on system vibration and structures. hi the proposed paper, the progress toward the capability of complete simulation of the turbo-pump for a liquid rocket engine is reported. The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) turbo-pump is used as a, test case for evaluation of the hybrid MPI/Open-MP and MLP versions of the INS3D code. CAD to solution auto-scripting capability is developed for tubopump applications. The relative motion of the grid systems for the rotor-stator interaction was obtained using overset grid techniques. Unsteady computations for the SSME turbo-pump, which contains 114 zones with 34.5 million grid points, are carried out on Origin 3000 systems at NASA Ames Research Center. Results from these time-accurate simulations with moving boundary capability are presented along with the performance of parallel versions of the code. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Applicat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kiris, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Applicat Branch, M-S,T27B-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 673 EP 678 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800102 ER PT B AU Wang, XY Himansu, A Chang, SC Jorgenson, PCE AF Wang, XY Himansu, A Chang, SC Jorgenson, PCE BE Armfield, S Morgan, P Srinivas, K TI Gust acoustics computation with a space-time CE/SE parallel 3D solver SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2002 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 15-19, 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP NASA, Def Sci & Technol Org, Univ Sydney, Aerosp, Mech & Mechatron Engn, Inst Engineers, Dassault Aviat ID SOLUTION ELEMENT METHOD; CONSERVATION ELEMENT AB The benchmark Problem 2 in Category 3 of the Third Computational Aero-Acoustics (CAA) Workshop is solved using the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method. This problem concerns the unsteady response of an isolated finite-span swept flat-plate airfoil bounded by two parallel walls to an incident. gust. The acoustic field generated by the interaction of the gust with the flat-plate airfoil is computed by solving the 3D Eider equations in the time domain using a parallel version of a 3D CE/SE solver. The effect of the gust orientation on the far-field directivity is studied. Numerical solutions are presented and compared with analytical solutions, showing a reasonable agreement. C1 Taitech Inc, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Wang, XY (reprint author), Taitech Inc, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00739-3 PY 2003 BP 713 EP 718 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Physics GA BX42C UT WOS:000185214800108 ER PT S AU Eker, S Laderoute, K Lincoln, P Sriram, MG Talcott, C AF Eker, S Laderoute, K Lincoln, P Sriram, MG Talcott, C BE Priami, C TI Representing and simulating protein functional domains in signal transduction using maude SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 1st International Workshop on Computational Methods in Systems Biology CY FEB 24-26, 2003 CL ROVERETO, ITALY SP Univ Trento, Comune Rovereto, APT C1 SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Eker, S (reprint author), SRI Int, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-00605-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2602 BP 164 EP 165 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BW62J UT WOS:000182608500015 ER PT S AU Harvey, DJ Das, SK Biswas, R AF Harvey, DJ Das, SK Biswas, R BE Kumar, V Gavrilova, ML Tan, CJK LEcuyer, P TI Designing an efficient partitioning algorithm for grid environments with application to N-body problems SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS - ICCSA 2003, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA 2003) CY MAY 18-21, 2003 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP CERCA, IBM Canada, IBM, United States, Heuchera Technol, Pallas, Queens Univ Belfast, SHARCNET, Soc Ind & Appl Math, Springer Verlag AB An important characteristic of distributed grids is that they allow geographically separated multicomputers to be tied together in a transparent virtual environment to solve large-scale computational problems. However, many of these applications require effective runtime load balancing for the resulting solutions to be viable. This paper compares the performance of our MinEX latency-tolerant partitioner with METIS using simulated heterogeneous grid configurations. A solver for the classical N-body problem is implemented to provide a framework for the comparisons. Experimental results show that MinEX provides superior quality partitions and is competitive to METIS in execution speed. C1 So Oregon Univ, CS Dept, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. Univ Texas, CS Dept, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Harvey, DJ (reprint author), So Oregon Univ, CS Dept, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40161-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2668 BP 279 EP 289 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BX11V UT WOS:000184327300030 ER PT S AU Jiang, L Choudhari, M Chang, CL Liu, CQ AF Jiang, L Choudhari, M Chang, CL Liu, CQ BE Kumar, V Gavrilova, ML Tan, CJK LEcuyer, P TI Direct numerical Simulations of instability-wave generation and propagation in supersonic boundary layers SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS - ICCSA 2003, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA 2003) CY MAY 18-21, 2003 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP CERCA, IBM Canada, IBM, United States, Heuchera Technol, Pallas, Queens Univ Belfast, SHARCNET, Soc Ind & Appl Math, Springer Verlag ID TRANSITION; SCHEMES; FLOW AB Stringent requirements for component performance plus economic and environmental challenges for supersonic aircraft leave little room for inefficiencies in airframe design [1], making it necessary to have accurate and reliable prediction tools for boundary-layer transition to turbulence. To help develop and calibrate such tools, direct numerical simulations (DNS) of various stages during transition over both model and realistic flow configurations are necessary. This paper describes the application of a DNS solver based on high-order compact differences to supersonic swept-wing configurations. Specifically, spatial simulations of crossflow instability in swept-wing boundary layers have been performed and validated against predictions based on the simpler but nearly equally accurate parabolized stability equations. The excitation of crossflow modes due to localized surface disturbances is also investigated. To help increase the efficiency of crossflow simulations for infinite-span swept wings, a simple modification to the DNS procedure is shown to significantly reduce the total grid requirement. C1 Univ Texas, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jiang, L (reprint author), Univ Texas, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. RI Choudhari, Meelan/F-6080-2017 OI Choudhari, Meelan/0000-0001-9120-7362 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40161-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2668 BP 859 EP 870 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BX11V UT WOS:000184327300093 ER PT S AU Jost, G Jin, HQ Labarta, J Gimenez, J AF Jost, G Jin, HQ Labarta, J Gimenez, J BE Sloot, PMA Abramson, D Bogdanov, AV Dongarra, JJ Zomaya, AY Gorbachev, YE TI Interfacing computer aided parallelization and performance analysis SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2003, PT IV, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2003) CY JUN 02-04, 2003 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Amsterdam, Hewlett Packard, Springer Verlag, Netherlands Inst St Petersburg, Russian Federat, Minist Ind, Sci & Technol, Govt St Petersburg, Comm Sci & High Educ, St Petersburg State Tech Univ, Inst High Performance Comp & Informat Syst, IBM Australia, Microsoft, Cray Inc, Dolphin Interconnect, Microway, Etnus, ceanet, NAG, Pallas GmbH AB When porting sequential applications to parallel computer architectures, the program developer will typically go through several cycles of source code optimization and performance analysis. We have started a project to develop an environment where the user can jointly navigate through program structure and performance data information in order to make efficient optimization decisions. In a prototype implementation we have interfaced the CAPO computer aided parallelization tool with the Paraver performance analysis tool. We describe both tools and their interface and give an example for how the interface helps within the program development cycle of a benchmark code. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Tech Univ Catalonia, European Ctr Parallelism Barcelona, CEPBA, UPC, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Comp Sci Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. RP Jost, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Labarta, Jesus/G-5256-2015 OI Labarta, Jesus/0000-0002-7489-4727 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40197-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2660 BP 181 EP 190 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX28M UT WOS:000184832100019 ER PT S AU Rundle, JB Klein, W Tiampo, K Donnellan, A Fox, G AF Rundle, JB Klein, W Tiampo, K Donnellan, A Fox, G BE Sloot, PMA Abramson, D Bogdanov, AV Dongarra, JJ Zomaya, AY Gorbachev, YE TI Strategies for the detection and analysis of space-time patterns of earthquakes on complex fault systems SO COMPUTATIONAL SICENCE - ICCS 2003, PT III, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2003) CY JUN 02-04, 2003 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Amsterdam, Hewlett Packard, Springer Verlag, Netherlands Inst St Petersburg, Russian Federat, Minist Ind, Sci & Technol, Govt St Petersburg, Comm Sci & High Educ, St Petersburg State Tech Univ, Inst High Performance Comp & Informat Syst, IBM Australia, Microsoft, Cray Inc, Dolphin Interconnect, Microway, Etnus, ceanet, NAG, Pallas GmbH ID ROCK FRICTION; PREDICTION; MODELS; BEHAVIOR AB Oar research focuses on computational techniques to understand the dynamics of space-time patterns in driven threshold systems, particularly on earthquake fault systems. We discuss the scientific and computational formulation of strategies for understanding such space-time patterns:, leading optimistically to earthquake forecasting and prediction. In particular, we describe pattern dynamics techniques that can be used to relate the observable processes on earthquake fault systems to the fundamentally unobservable dynamical processes. To illustrate our results, we study the emergent modes of the earthquake fault system in southern California, both with models (Virtual California) and with data. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Computat Sci & Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Computat Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. LANL, X7, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. Univ Complutense Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Earth & Space Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Rundle, JB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Tiampo, Kristy/I-1355-2015 OI Tiampo, Kristy/0000-0002-5500-7600 NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40196-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2659 BP 827 EP 836 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX28L UT WOS:000184831900081 ER PT S AU Parker, J Donnellan, A Lyzenga, G Rundle, J Tullis, T AF Parker, J Donnellan, A Lyzenga, G Rundle, J Tullis, T BE Sloot, PMA Abramson, D Bogdanov, AV Dongarra, JJ Zomaya, AY Gorbachev, YE TI Performance modeling codes for the QuakeSim problem solving environment SO COMPUTATIONAL SICENCE - ICCS 2003, PT III, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2003) CY JUN 02-04, 2003 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Amsterdam, Hewlett Packard, Springer Verlag, Netherlands Inst St Petersburg, Russian Federat, Minist Ind, Sci & Technol, Govt St Petersburg, Comm Sci & High Educ, St Petersburg State Tech Univ, Inst High Performance Comp & Informat Syst, IBM Australia, Microsoft, Cray Inc, Dolphin Interconnect, Microway, Etnus, ceanet, NAG, Pallas GmbH ID SIMULATION; PROGRAM AB The QuakeSim Problem Solving Environment uses a web-services approach to unify and deploy diverse remote data sources and processing services within a browser environment. Here we focus on the high-performance crustal modelling applications that will be included in this set of remote but interoperable applications. PARK is a model for unstable slip on a single earthquake fault represented as discrete patches, able to cover a very wide range of temporal and spatial scales. GeoFEST simulates stress evolution, fault slip and visco-elastic processes in realistic materials. Virtual California simulates fault interaction to determine correlated patterns in the nonlinear complex system of an entire plate boundary region. Pattern recognition tools extract Karhunen-Loeve modes and Hidden Markov state models from physical and virtual data streams. Sequential code benchmarking demonstrates PARK computes 15,000 patches for 500 time steps in under 8 hours (SGI Origin 3000), GeoFEST computes 50,000 tetrahedral elements for 1000 steps in under 14 hours (Sun Workstation), and Virtual California computes 215 fault segments for 10,000 time steps in under 0.5 hours (Pentium III). QuakeSim goals for June 2004 are to deploy MPI parallel codes that compute 400,000 patches (PARK), 16,000,000 tetrahedra (GeoFEST) and 700 segments (Virtual California) in essentially the same wallclock time, incorporating powerful tools such as stress field multipoles and the ESTO/PYRAMID mesh partitioning and refinement tools. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Harvey Mudd Coll, Dept Phys, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Parker, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40196-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2659 BP 855 EP 862 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX28L UT WOS:000184831900084 ER PT S AU Granat, RA AF Granat, RA BE Sloot, PMA Abramson, D Bogdanov, AV Dongarra, JJ Zomaya, AY Gorbachev, YE TI A method of hidden Markov model optimization for use with geophysical data sets SO COMPUTATIONAL SICENCE - ICCS 2003, PT III, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2003) CY JUN 02-04, 2003 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Amsterdam, Hewlett Packard, Springer Verlag, Netherlands Inst St Petersburg, Russian Federat, Minist Ind, Sci & Technol, Govt St Petersburg, Comm Sci & High Educ, St Petersburg State Tech Univ, Inst High Performance Comp & Informat Syst, IBM Australia, Microsoft, Cray Inc, Dolphin Interconnect, Microway, Etnus, ceanet, NAG, Pallas GmbH ID PROBABILISTIC FUNCTIONS; CHAINS AB Geophysics research has been faced with a growing need for automated techniques with which to process large quantities of data. A successful tool must meet a number of requirements: it should be consistent, require minimal parameter tuning, and produce scientifically meaningful results in reasonable time. We introduce a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based method for analysis of geophysical data sets that attempts to address these issues. Our method improves on standard HMM methods and is based on the systematic analysis of structural local maxima of the HMM objective function. Preliminary results of the method as applied to geodetic and seismic records are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Granat, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40196-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2659 BP 892 EP 901 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX28L UT WOS:000184831900088 ER PT B AU Davis, GL Scharton, TD Tsoi, WB AF Davis, Gregory L. Scharton, Terry D. Tsoi, Wan B. BE Spanos, PD Deodatis, G TI Dynamic testing techniques for qualifying Mars exploration rover equipment to quasi-static landing loads SO COMPUTATIONAL STOCHASTIC MECHANICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computational Stochastic Mechanics CY JUN 09-SEP 12, 2002 CL Corfu, GREECE SP USN, Off Naval Res, Rice Univ, Brown Sch Engn DE quasi-static load; limit load; static testing; sine pulse; electrodynamic shaker AB In mid 2003, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch identical spacecraft to deliver two large rovers to the Martian surface. As with the successful Mars Pathfinder (MPF) mission, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) spacecraft will use an airbag landing system to safely deliver its payload. Measurements from both the actual MPF landing event and high-fidelity drop testing have bounded this landing environment as an approximately 30 g excitation with a main energy lobe below 10 Hz. Because this excitation lies outside the usual range of the traditionally tested for launch environments, supplemental testing is required to fully qualify MER equipment. Since the predominant frequency of this landing excitation occurs well below the fundamental modes of the landed structure, testing approaches treating this environment as a quasi-static event may be effectively employed. A novel approach utilizing sine-burst excitations from an electrodynamic shaker is considered. This approach offers the advantages of being logistically simpler than centrifuge testing and more comprehensive than localized pull testing. In this technique, a low frequency, sine wave excitation-either a multi-cycle sine ramp or a half-sine pulse with a negative pre- and post-pulse-are input to the test article. Force gages at the shaker-test article interface measure the response, thereby determining the acceleration of the test article at its center of mass. Additionally, accelerometers at key test article locations are used to measure other critical hardware responses. These data can be subsequently incorporated into a finite element model to predict responses at other test article locations, or be extrapolated to predict responses for other similar structures. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Davis, GL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-74-7 PY 2003 BP 131 EP 137 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Mathematics, Applied; Mechanics; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA BEU23 UT WOS:000239514500017 ER PT J AU Katz, DS Some, RR AF Katz, DS Some, RR TI NASA advances robotic space exploration SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article AB Built with commercial components, economical system-on-chip designs, and open source software, NASA's sophisticated probes and rovers will explore space efficiently and autonomously. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Daniel.S.Katz@jpl.nasa.gov; rsome@jpl.nasa.gov OI Katz, Daniel S./0000-0001-5934-7525 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9162 EI 1558-0814 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD JAN PY 2003 VL 36 IS 1 BP 52 EP + DI 10.1109/MC.2003.1160056 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 635MZ UT WOS:000180404500016 ER PT S AU Bordini, RH Fisher, M Pardavila, C Visser, W Wooldridge, M AF Bordini, RH Fisher, M Pardavila, C Visser, W Wooldridge, M BE Hunt, WA Somenzi, F TI Model checking multi-agent programs with CASP SO COMPUTER AIDED VERIFICATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification CY JUL 08-12, 2003 CL BOULDER, COLORADO SP IBM, Esterel Technol, Intel C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Comp Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZF, Merseyside, England. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bordini, RH (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Comp Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZF, Merseyside, England. RI Wooldridge, Michael/A-1329-2012; Bordini, Rafael/G-4919-2012 NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40524-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2725 BP 110 EP 113 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX39T UT WOS:000185145800010 ER PT S AU Rosu, G Venkatesan, RP Whittle, J Leustean, L AF Rosu, G Venkatesan, RP Whittle, J Leustean, L BE Hunt, WA Somenzi, F TI Certifying optimality of state estimation programs SO COMPUTER AIDED VERIFICATION SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification CY JUL 08-12, 2003 CL BOULDER, CO SP IBM, Esterel Technol, Intel ID REWRITING LOGIC; SPECIFICATION AB The theme of this paper is certifying software for state estimation of dynamic systems, which is an important problem found in spacecraft, aircraft, geophysical, and in many other applications. The common way to solve state estimation problems is to use Kalman filters, i.e., stochastic, recursive algorithms providing statistically optimal state estimates based on noisy sensor measurements. We present an optimality certifier for Kalman filter programs, which is a system taking a program claiming to implement a given formally specified Kalman filter, as well as a formal certificate in the form of assertions and proof scripts merged within the program via annotations, and tells whether the code correctly implements the specified state estimation problem. Kalman filter specifications and certificates can be either produced manually by expert users or can be generated automatically: we also present our first steps in merging our certifying technology with AUTOFILTER, a NASA Ames state estimation program synthesis system, the idea being that AUTOFILTER synthesizes proof certificates together with the code. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Inst Res & Dev Informat, Bucharest, Romania. RP Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, 1304 W Springfield Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM grosu@cs.uiuc.edu; rpvenkat@cs.uiuc.edu; jonathw@email.arc.nasa.gov; leo@ici.ro RI Leustean, Laurentiu/A-3916-2010; OI leustean, Laurentiu/0000-0003-4154-8761 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40524-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2725 BP 301 EP 314 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX39T UT WOS:000185145800030 ER PT J AU Litvin, FL Fuentes, A Gonzalez-Perez, I Carvenali, L Kawasaki, K Handschuh, RF AF Litvin, FL Fuentes, A Gonzalez-Perez, I Carvenali, L Kawasaki, K Handschuh, RF TI Modified involute helical gears: computerized design, simulation of meshing and stress analysis SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID GENERATION; SURFACE AB The contents of the paper cover: (i) computerized design, (ii) methods for generation, (iii) simulation of meshing,. and (iv) enhanced stress analysis of modified involute helical gears. The approaches proposed for modification of conventional involute helical gears are based on conjugation of double-crowned pinion with a conventional helical involute gear. Double-crowning of the pinion means deviation of cross-profile from an involute one and deviation in longitudinal direction from a helicoid surface. The pinion-gear tooth surfaces are in point contact, the bearing contact is localized and oriented longitudinally, edge contact is avoided, the influence of errors of alignment on the shift of bearing contact and vibration and noise are reduced substantially. The developed theory is illustrated with numerical examples that confirm the advantages of the gear drives of the modified geometry in comparison with conventional helical involute gears. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Polytech Univ Cartagena, Dept Mech Engn, Cartagena 30202, Spain. USA, Res Lab, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Illinois, Gear Res Ctr, Dept Engn Mech, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RP Fuentes, A (reprint author), Polytech Univ Cartagena, Dept Mech Engn, Campus Univ Muralla Mar,C Doctor Fleming,S-N, Cartagena 30202, Spain. RI Fuentes Aznar, Alfonso/A-4259-2015; OI Fuentes Aznar, Alfonso/0000-0001-7882-4999; Gonzalez-Perez, Ignacio/0000-0003-2528-1841 NR 17 TC 56 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2003 VL 192 IS 33-34 BP 3619 EP 3655 DI 10.1016/S0045-7825(03)00367-0 PG 37 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 713GR UT WOS:000184849600003 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y Liou, MS AF Zheng, Y Liou, MS TI A novel approach of three-dimensional hybrid grid methodology: Part 1. Grid generation SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE computational fluid dynamics; grid generation; hybrid grid ID UNSTRUCTURED MESH GENERATION; COMPRESSIBLE FLOW COMPUTATIONS; PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; COMPOSITE OVERLAPPING MESHES; SCHEMES; CHIMERA AB We propose a novel approach of three-dimensional hybrid grid methodology, the DRAGON grid method in the three-dimensional space. The DRAGON grid is created by means of a Direct Replacement of Arbitrary Grid Overlapping by Nonstructured grid, and is structured-grid dominated with unstructured grids in small regions. The DRAGON grid scheme is an adaptation to the Chimera thinking. It is capable of preserving the advantageous features of both the structured and unstructured grids, and eliminates/minimizes their shortcomings. In the present paper, we describe essential and programming aspects, and challenges of the three-dimensional DRAGON grid method, with respect to grid generation. We demonstrate the capability of generating computational grids for multi-components complex configurations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Engn & Sci Computat, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. Zhejiang Univ, Coll Comp Sci, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Engn & Sci Computat, MS 5-11, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. RI Zheng, Yao/A-3913-2016 NR 50 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2003 VL 192 IS 37-38 BP 4147 EP 4171 DI 10.1016/S0045-7825(03)00385-2 PG 25 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 721EM UT WOS:000185304100006 ER PT J AU Liou, MS Zheng, Y AF Liou, MS Zheng, Y TI A novel approach of three-dimensional hybrid grid methodology: Part 2. Flow solution SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE computational fluid dynamics; flow solution; AUSM scheme; hybrid grid; turbomachinery; turbine vanes; cascade flow; supersonic flow; subsonic flow; viscous flow ID SCHEME AB Following the previous paper of this series, which addresses the generation approach of three-dimensional DRAGON grids, we demonstrate the capability of effectively performing three-dimensional flow calculations for multi-components complex configurations. The flow solution is conducted by means of using a seamlessly integrated package made up of two well-validated NASA solvers, which are structured- and unstructured-grid codes, respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Engn & Sci Computat, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. Zhejiang Univ, Coll Comp Sci, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Liou, MS (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Engn & Sci Computat, MS 5-11, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. RI Zheng, Yao/A-3913-2016 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2003 VL 192 IS 37-38 BP 4173 EP 4193 DI 10.1016/S0045-7825(03)00386-4 PG 21 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 721EM UT WOS:000185304100007 ER PT J AU Chen, T Raju, IS AF Chen, T Raju, IS TI A coupled finite element and meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method for two-dimensional potential problems SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE finite element method; meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method; coupling method; blending functions; potential problems ID COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS; MLPG APPROACH; ENRICHMENT; COMBINATION AB A coupled finite element (FE) and meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method for analyzing two-dimensional potential problems is presented in this paper. A transition region is created between the FE and MLPG regions. The transition region blends the trial and test functions of the FE and MLPG regions. The trial function blending is achieved using a new coupling technique similar to the 'Coons patch' method that is widely used in computer aided geometric design. By using the technique, trial functions, which are similar to the isoparametric "serendipity" element, of the transition element can be constructed. The test function blending is achieved by using either the FE or MLPG test functions on the nodes. Several potential problems are used to establish the validity of the coupled method. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Chen, T (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 240,100 NASA Rd, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2003 VL 192 IS 41-42 BP 4533 EP 4550 DI 10.1016/S0045-7825(03)00421-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 727ZE UT WOS:000185690100002 ER PT J AU Johnson, LF Roczen, DE Youkhana, SK Nemani, RR Bosch, DF AF Johnson, LF Roczen, DE Youkhana, SK Nemani, RR Bosch, DF TI Mapping vineyard leaf area with multispectral satellite imagery SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE satellite remote sensing; leaf area; geospatial technology; precision viticulture ID VEGETATION; RADIATION; INDEX; CANOPY; SOIL; QUALITY; SPAIN AB Vineyard leaf area is a key determinant of grape characteristics and wine quality. As is frequently the case in agriculture, available ground-based leaf area measurements employed by growers are not well suited to larger area mapping. In this study, IKONOS high spatial resolution, multispectral satellite imagery was used to map leaf area throughout two commercial wine grape vineyards (approximately 800 ha) in California's North Coast growing region. The imagery was collected near harvest during the 2000 growing season, converted to at-sensor radiance, geo-referenced and transformed to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on a per pixel basis. Measurements at 24 ground calibration sites were used to convert NDVI maps to leaf area index (LAI: m(2) leaf area m(-2) ground area); planting density was then used to express leaf area on a per vine basis (LA(v)). Image-based LA(v) was significantly correlated with ground-based LA, estimates developed at 23 validation sites (r(2) = 0.72; P < 0.001). Despite challenges posed by the discontinuous nature of vineyard canopies and architectural differences imposed by shoot positioning trellis systems, remote sensing appears to offer a basis for mapping vineyard leaf area in low LAI vineyards. Such maps can potentially be used to parameterize plant growth models or provide decision support for irrigation and canopy management. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. VESTRA Resources Inc, Redding, CA 96002 USA. Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Robert Mondari Winery, Oakville, ON 94562, Canada. RP Johnson, LF (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, MS 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 30 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 7 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1 BP 33 EP 44 AR PII S0168-1699(02)00106-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(02)00106-0 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 639XC UT WOS:000180654500003 ER PT B AU Djomehri, MJ Biswas, R Lopez-Benitez, N AF Djomehri, MJ Biswas, R Lopez-Benitez, N BE Debnath, N TI Load balancing strategies for multi-block overset grid applications SO COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Computers and Their Applications CY MAR 26-28, 2003 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Int Soc Comp & Their Applicat AB The multi-block overset grid method is a powerful technique for high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations about complex aerospace configurations. The solution process uses a grid system that discretizes the problem domain by using separately generated but overlapping structured grids that periodically update and exchange boundary information through interpolation. For efficient parallel computations using this methodology, the individual grids must be properly partitioned among the processors. In this paper, we present three different load balancing strategies for overset grids and analyze their effects on the parallel efficiency of a Navier-Stokes CFD application running on an SGI Origin2000 machine. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Djomehri, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY COMPUTER S & THEIR APPLICATIONS (ISCA) PI RALEIGH PA 8820 SIX FORKS ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27615 USA BN 1-880843-46-3 PY 2003 BP 373 EP 378 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BW68Z UT WOS:000182829700084 ER PT S AU Harra, LK Brekke, P AF Harra, LK Brekke, P BE Harra, LK TI UV spectroscopy with SOHO SO CONNECTIONS AND RECONNECTIONS IN SOLAR AND STELLAR CORONAE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT E0 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E on Connections and Reconnections in Solar and Stellar Coronae held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 11, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP ESA, CNES, ISAS ID CORONAL DIAGNOSTIC SPECTROMETER; SOLAR EQUATORIAL PLANE; ACTIVE-REGION LOOPS; QUIET-SUN; TRANSITION REGION; MASS EJECTION; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; NETWORK BRIGHTENINGS; EXPLOSIVE EVENTS; OSCILLATIONS AB The UV spectroscopy from SOHO has provided new and exciting results from a wide range of phenomena observed on the Sun. Determination of plasma parameters such as velocity, density, temperatures, line widths and abundances have provided new physical insight into fundamental problems in solar physics. These include magnetic reconnection, quiet Sun coronal heating, active region dynamics, flows in solar flares, formation of the solar wind, determination of coronal mass ejection onset, characteristics of coronal waves and the twisting of magnetic structures. This paper will review these results and discuss what can be achieved with future spectroscopic instrumentation. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harra, LK (reprint author), UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. OI Harra, Louise/0000-0001-9457-6200 NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 965 EP 976 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00298-9 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX89P UT WOS:000186758600009 ER PT S AU Brynildsen, N Maltby, P Brekke, P Fredvik, T Kjeldseth-Moe, O AF Brynildsen, N Maltby, P Brekke, P Fredvik, T Kjeldseth-Moe, O BE Harra, LK TI Search for a chromospheric resonator above sunspots SO CONNECTIONS AND RECONNECTIONS IN SOLAR AND STELLAR CORONAE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT E0 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E on Connections and Reconnections in Solar and Stellar Coronae held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 11, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP ESA, CNES, ISAS ID TRANSITION REGION OSCILLATIONS; UMBRAL OSCILLATIONS; WAVES; SOLAR AB We have recently observed thirteen sunspots, both with CDS on SOHO and TRACE. For each sunspot we investigate the oscillations in the chromosphere, transition region and corona. Above the umbra the power spectra show one dominant peak corresponding to a period of 3 minutes. The intensity oscillation amplitude increases with increasing temperature, reaches a maximum for lines emitting close to 1-2 x 10(5) K, and decreases for higher temperatures. Part of the wave energy penetrates into the corona, channeled into small areas that appear to coincide with the endpoints of sunspot coronal loops. The observations support the hypothesis that the oscillations are caused by upwardly propagating acoustic waves and show no signs of the resonances, equally spaced approximate to1 mHz in frequency, predicted by the chromospheric resonator theories. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, European Space Agcy, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brynildsen, N (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, P Box 1029, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. EM per.maltby@astro.uio.no NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1097 EP 1102 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00312-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX89P UT WOS:000186758600024 ER PT J AU Gavrilov, BG Zetzer, JI Podgorny, IM Sobyanin, DB Meng, CI Erlandson, RE Stenbaek-Nielsen, HC Pfaff, RF Lynch, KA AF Gavrilov, BG Zetzer, JI Podgorny, IM Sobyanin, DB Meng, CI Erlandson, RE Stenbaek-Nielsen, HC Pfaff, RF Lynch, KA TI Plasma jet motion across the geomagnetic field in the "North star" active geophysical experiment SO COSMIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LABORATORY SIMULATION; MAGNETOSPHERE; SPACE AB The active geophysical rocket experiment "North Star" was carried out in the auroral ionosphere on January 22, 1999, at the Poker Flat Research Range (Alaska, USA) using the American research rocket Black Brant XII with explosive plasma generators on board. Separable modules with scientific equipment were located at distances of from 170 to 1595 m from the plasma source. The experiment continued the series of the Russian-American joint experiments started by the "Fluxus" experiment in 1997. Two injections of aluminum plasma across the magnetic field were conducted in the "North Star" experiment. They were different, since in the first injection a neutral gas cloud was formed in order to increase the plasma ionization due to the interaction of neutrals of the jet and cloud. The first and second injections were conducted at heights of 360 and 280 km, respectively. The measurements have shown that the charged particle density was two orders of magnitude higher in the experiment with the gas release. The magnetic field in the first injection was completely expelled by the dense plasma of the jet. The displacement of the magnetic field in the second injection was negligible. The plasma jet velocity in both injections decreased gradually due to its interaction with the geomagnetic field. One of the most interesting results of the experiment was the conservation of high plasma density during the propagation of the divergent jet to considerable distances. This fact can be explained by the action of the critical ionization velocity mechanism. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geospheres Dynam, Moscow 117334, Russia. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Gavrilov, BG (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geospheres Dynam, Leninskii Pr 38-6, Moscow 117334, Russia. RI Pfaff, Robert/F-5703-2012; Erlandson, Robert/G-2767-2015 OI Pfaff, Robert/0000-0002-4881-9715; NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PI NEW YORK PA C/O KLUWER ACADEMIC-PLENUM PUBLISHERS, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0010-9525 J9 COSMIC RES+ JI Cosmic Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 BP 28 EP 38 DI 10.1023/A:1022399412544 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 654YN UT WOS:000181524700004 ER PT J AU Bovell-Benjamin, AC Guinard, JX AF Bovell-Benjamin, AC Guinard, JX TI Novel approaches and application of contemporary sensory evaluation practices in iron fortification programs SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE iron deficiency; consumer acceptance; hexanal; descriptive analysis; maize meal porridge ID FERROUS BISGLYCINATE; LIPID OXIDATION; WHOLE MAIZE; DEFICIENCY; QUALITY; ANEMIA; MILK; SUPPLEMENTATION; ABSORPTION; CHOCOLATE AB Iron deficiency is the leading nutritional deficiency in the U.S. and the rest of the world, with its highest prevalences in the developing world. Iron fortification of food has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the high prevalence of iron deficiency. Poor consumer acceptance, unacceptable taste, and discoloration of the iron-fortified foods have been frequently listed as causes of unsuccessful iron fortification programs. An excellent prospect for improving consumer acceptance of iron-fortified foods is the incorporation of a thorough, organized, and unified approach to sensory evaluation practices into iron fortification programs for product optimization. The information gained from systematic sensory evaluation allows for the manipulation of the sensory attributes, and thus improvement of the sensory properties of the fortified food. However, iron fortification programs have not systematically measured the effect of fortification on the sensory quality of the food. Because sensory evaluation is an important criterion in successful iron fortification, an integrated approach is necessary. Therefore, nutritionists and sensory scientists should work closely with each other to select the most suitable sensory tests and methods. The objectives of this article are to: (1) critically review and discuss some traditional and contemporary approaches and applications of sensory evaluation practices in iron fortification programs, and (2) demonstrate the importance of incorporating a multidisciplinary, systematic sensory evaluation approach in iron fortification programs. C1 Tuskegee Univ, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, NASA, Tuskegee Ctr Environm Syst & Human Explorat Space, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Bovell-Benjamin, AC (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, NASA, Tuskegee Ctr Environm Syst & Human Explorat Space, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 67 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 13 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8398 J9 CRIT REV FOOD SCI JI Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. PY 2003 VL 43 IS 4 BP 379 EP 400 DI 10.1080/10408690390826563 PG 22 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 711AF UT WOS:000184714400002 PM 12940417 ER PT J AU Subbarao, GV Ito, O Berry, WL Wheeler, RM AF Subbarao, GV Ito, O Berry, WL Wheeler, RM TI Sodium - A functional plant nutrient SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE advanced life support; bio-physical; chloroplast function; critical potassium; enzyme activation; essentiality; essential nutrient; functional nutrient; genetic variation; glycophytes; halophytes; inorganic osmoticum; long-distance transport; mechanisms; natrophobes; natrophiles; nutrition; osmtoic potential; osmotic adjustment; partitioning; photosynthesis; potassium; salinity; selectivity; sodium; stomatal function; translocation ID HALOPHYTE SUAEDA-MARITIMA; SUGAR-BEET PLANTS; TRICOLOR L PLANTS; BETA-VULGARIS L; SALT-TOLERANCE; RED-BEET; POTASSIUM-DEFICIENCY; AMARANTHUS-TRICOLOR; EPIDERMAL STRIPS; PLASMA-MEMBRANE AB Plant scientists usually classify plant mineral nutrients based on the concept of ''essentiality" defined by Arnon and Stout as those elements necessary to complete the life cycle of a plant. Certain other elements such as Na have a ubiquitous presence in soils and waters and are widely taken up and utilized by plants, but are not considered as plant nutrients because they do not meet the strict definition of "essentiality". Sodium has a very specific function in the concentration of carbon dioxide in a limited number of C-4 plants and thus is essential to these plants, but this in itself is insufficient to generalize that Na is essential for higher plants. The unique set of roles that Na can play in plant metabolism suggests that the basic concept of what comprises a plant nutrient should be reexamined. We contend that the class of plant mineral nutrients should be comprised not only of those elements necessary for completing the life cycle, but also those elements which promote maximal biomass yield and/or which reduce the requirement (critical level) of an essential element. We suggest that nutrients functioning in this latter manner should be termed "functional nutrients". Thus plant mineral nutrients would be comprised of two major groups, "essential nutrients" and "functional nutrients". We present an array of evidence and arguments to support the classification of Na as a "functional nutrient", including its requirement for maximal biomass growth for many plants and its demonstrated ability to replace K in a number of ways, such as being an osmoticium for cell enlargement and as an accompanying cation for long-distance transport. Although in this paper we have only attempted to make the case for Na being a "functional nutrient", other elements such as Si and Se may also confirm to the proposed category of "functional nutrients". C1 Japan Int Res Ctr Agr Sci, Crop Prod & Environm Div, Ibaraki, Japan. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Ecol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA USA. NASA, Biol Sci Off, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. RP Subbarao, GV (reprint author), Japan Int Res Ctr Agr Sci, Crop Prod & Environm Div, Ibaraki, Japan. NR 203 TC 121 Z9 138 U1 5 U2 63 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0735-2689 J9 CRIT REV PLANT SCI JI Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 391 EP 416 DI 10.1080/07352680390243495 PG 26 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 732UP UT WOS:000185964200001 ER PT S AU Connelly, JA Ohl, RG Mentzell, JE Madison, TJ Hylan, JE Mink, RG Saha, TT Tveekrem, JL Sparr, LM Chambers, VJ Fitzgerald, DL Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW AF Connelly, JA Ohl, RG Mentzell, JE Madison, TJ Hylan, JE Mink, RG Saha, TT Tveekrem, JL Sparr, LM Chambers, VJ Fitzgerald, DL Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Alignment and performance of the Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conferenc on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments X CY AUG 06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE alignment; infrared; image testing; scatter; MEMS; micro-mirror array; IRMOS ID NEAR-IR ASTRONOMY; ASPHERIC MIRRORS; DESIGN AB The Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer (IRMOS) is a principle investigator class instrument for the Kitt Peak National Observatory 3.8 and 2.1 m telescopes. IRMOS is a near-IR (0.8 - 2.5 mum) spectrometer with low- to mid-resolving power (R = 300 - 3000). IRMOS produces simultaneous spectra of similar to100 objects in its 2.8 x 2.0 arcmin field of view (3.84 m telescope) using a commercial Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) micro-mirror array (MMA) from Texas Instruments. The IRMOS optical design consists of two imaging subsystems. The focal reducer images the focal plane of the telescope onto the MMA field stop, and the spectrograph images the MMA onto the detector. We describe ambient breadboard subsystem alignment and imaging performance of each stage independently, and ambient imaging performance of the fully assembled instrument. Interferometric measurements of subsystem wavefront error serve as a qualitative alignment guide, and are accomplished using a commercial, modified Twyman-Green laser unequal path interferometer. Image testing provides verification of the optomechanical alignment method and a measurement of near-angle scattered light due to mirror small-scale surface error. Image testing is performed at multiple field points. A mercury-argon pencil lamp provides a spectral line at 546.1 nm, a blackbody source and filter provides flux at 1550 mu, and a CCD camera and IR camera are used as detectors. We use commercial optical modeling software to predict the point-spread function and its effect on instrument slit transmission and resolution. Our breadboard and instrument level test results validate this prediction. We conclude with an instrument performance prediction for cryogenic operation and first light in late 2003. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Connelly, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5045-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5172 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1117/12.503984 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX86P UT WOS:000186668600001 ER PT S AU Toland, RW Ohl, RG Barthelmy, MP Zewari, SW Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW AF Toland, RW Ohl, RG Barthelmy, MP Zewari, SW Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Effects of forged stock on cryogenic performance of heat treated aluminum mirrors SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conferenc on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments X CY AUG 06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE mirrors; cryogenic; aluminum; heat treatment; stress relief AB We present the results of an on-going test program designed to empirically determine the effects of different stress relief procedures for aluminum mirrors used in cryogenic applications. Earlier test results identified a preferred heat treatment for flat and spherical mirrors diamond turned from blanks cut out of Al 6061-T651 plate stock(1). Further tests were performed on mirrors from forged stock to measure the effect of this variable on cryogenic performance. The mirrors are tested for figure error and radius of curvature at room temperature and at 80 K for at least three thermal cycles. We correlate the results of our optical testing with heat treatment and metallographic data. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Toland, RW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5045-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5172 BP 21 EP 24 DI 10.1117/12.506753 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX86P UT WOS:000186668600003 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ AF Leviton, DB Frey, BJ BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Thermal design considerations for the cryogenic high accuracy refraction measuring system (CHARMS) SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conferenc on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments X CY AUG 06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE cryogenic; refractometry; refractive index; minimum deviation; thermal; liquid helium; windowless AB Accurate, high precision, refractive index data for infrared (IR) optical materials at cryogenic temperatures is scarce. CHARMS has been designed to take advantage of the conceptually simplest and most accurate method for determining the real part of refractive index, namely minimum deviation prism refractometry, in order to populate the world's database of optical constants for IR materials with accurate index values, measured over the full range of practical operating temperatures. Chief among the challenges in obtaining high accuracy index measurements - to levels of 2 to 3 parts in the fifth decimal place of index - at the lowest cryogenic temperatures are satisfactory cooling of the sample and accurate measurement and maintenance of its temperature. We discuss the thermal design aspects of our refractometer system which enable cooling of prismatic samples to temperatures near that of liquid helium (LHe) in a vessel which provides a windowless optical path for the highest accuracy refractometry. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5045-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5172 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1117/12.518683 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX86P UT WOS:000186668600004 ER PT S AU Gutkowski, SM Ohl, RG Hylan, JE Hagopian, JG Kraft, SE Mentzell, JE Connelly, JA Schepis, JP Sparr, LM Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW AF Gutkowski, SM Ohl, RG Hylan, JE Hagopian, JG Kraft, SE Mentzell, JE Connelly, JA Schepis, JP Sparr, LM Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Alignment of the grating wheel mechanism for a ground-based, cryogenic, near-infrared astronomy instrument SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conferenc on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments X CY AUG 06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE IRMOS; optomechanical; alignment; integration; mechanism; grating; wheel ID DESIGN; IRMOS AB We describe the population, optomechanical alignment, and alignment verification of near-infrared gratings on the grating wheel mechanism (GWM) for the Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer (IRMOS). IRMOS is a cryogenic (80 K), principle investigator-class instrument for the 2.1 m and Mayall 3.8 m telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory, and a MEMS spectrometer concept demonstrator for the James Webb Space Telescope. The GWM consists of 13 planar diffraction gratings and one flat imaging mirror (58 x 57 mm), each mounted at a unique compound angle on a 32 cm diameter gear. The mechanism is predominantly made of Al 6061. The grating substrates are stress relieved for enhanced cryogenic performance. The optical surfaces are replicated from off-the-shelf masters. The imaging mirror is diamond turned. The GWM spans a projected diameter of similar to48 cm when fully assembled, utilizes several flexure designs to accommodate potential thermal gradients, and is controlled using custom software with an off-the-shelf controller. Under ambient conditions, each grating is aligned in six degrees of freedom relative to a coordinate system that is referenced to an optical alignment cube mounted at the center of the gear. The local tip/tilt (R-x/R-y) orientation of a given grating is measured using the zero-order return from an autocollimating theodolite. The other degrees of freedom are measured using a two-axis cathetometer and rotary table. Each grating's mount includes a one-piece shim located between the optic and the gear. The shim is machined to fine align each grating. We verify ambient alignment by comparing grating diffractive properties to model predictions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ohl, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5045-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5172 BP 36 EP 47 DI 10.1117/12.503506 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX86P UT WOS:000186668600005 ER PT S AU Frey, BJ Henry, RM Leviton, DB Quijada, MA AF Frey, BJ Henry, RM Leviton, DB Quijada, MA BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Cryogenic high-accuracy absolute prism refractometer for infrared through far-ultraviolet optical materials: implementation and initial results SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conferenc on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments X CY AUG 06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE cryogenic; refractometer; infrared; far ultraviolet; optical properties; refractive index AB There currently exists a great void in high quality, cryogenic, infrared (IR) refractive index data, even for the most common IR optical materials. Meanwhile, as the designs of many future refractive IR optical systems and instruments will rely critically on very accurate knowledge of the indices of refraction of their constituent optical components at design operating temperatures, there has been increasing demand for such data within the IR community. We present our progress to date in the design and construction of a Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS), which will measure absolute indices of refraction accurate to better than +/-1 x 10(-5). We will operate at wavelengths from 0.105 mum in the far ultraviolet to 20 mum in the mid-IR for sample temperatures ranging from near absolute zero to somewhat above room temperature. Technical challenges, accomplishments, and component developments necessary for successful implementation of the refractometer are discussed. We also present component level accuracy measurements and initial ambient index of refraction measurements for fused silica. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frey, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5045-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5172 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1117/12.506097 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX86P UT WOS:000186668600013 ER PT J AU Croll, A Lantzsch, R Kitanov, S Salk, N Szofran, FR Tegetmeier, A AF Croll, A Lantzsch, R Kitanov, S Salk, N Szofran, FR Tegetmeier, A TI Melt-crucible wetting behavior in semiconductor melt growth systems SO CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wetting angle; semiconductors; melt growth ID SURFACE-TENSION; MOLTEN SILICON; LIQUID-METALS; WETTABILITY AB The wetting angles of several semiconductor-substrate combinations that are of practical importance for crystal growth have been measured: Ga-GaSb-Sb on fused quartz; Ge on fused quartz and carbon-based substrates, each with a selection of roughness; Si on fused quartz plates and on plates coated with fused quartz, Si3N4, and BN powders. The Ga-GaSb-Sb system showed no significant dependence of the wetting angle on the composition despite a large composition dependence of the surface tension. For Ge, the effect of the roughness on the angle could initially be seen on both types of substrates, but for the fused quartz substrates an equilibrium value independent of the surface treatment was reached after several hours of contact time. For Si, total wetting was found for Si3N4 powders. A reduction of the angle over time was found for both fused quartz and BN powders, with the BN powder showing the highest angle at 150-120degrees. C1 Univ Alabama, NASA, MSFC, AMMSA, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Freiburg, Inst Kristallog, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. RP Croll, A (reprint author), Tech Univ Bergakad Freiberg, Inst NE Met & Reinststoffe, Leipziger Str 23, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany. RI Croell, Arne/A-2480-2013 OI Croell, Arne/0000-0002-8673-9994 NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0232-1300 J9 CRYST RES TECHNOL JI Cryst. Res. Technol. PY 2003 VL 38 IS 7-8 BP 669 EP 675 DI 10.1002/crat.200310081 PG 7 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 707LQ UT WOS:000184512500016 ER PT S AU Mouroulis, P Green, RO AF Mouroulis, P Green, RO BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Optical design for imaging spectroscopy SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE optical design; imaging spectroscopy; concentric spectrometers; convex/concave gratings ID SPECTROMETERS AB Design examples are given for imaging spectrometer systems operating in the solar reflected spectrum. Design considerations and procedures are outlined for incoherently and coherently coupled systems. The case of a partially coupled system is also examined and it is shown why it is generally to be avoided. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mouroulis, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 306-336, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5046-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5173 BP 18 EP 25 DI 10.1117/12.524626 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY02B UT WOS:000187293700002 ER PT S AU Hemmati, H AF Hemmati, H BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Optical systems for free-space laser communications SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE telescope; flight optics; photon buckets and optical communications AB An overview of optical systems utilized in JPL's Optical Communications research is provided here. These include discussions on the flight terminal optics, the ground receiver aperture and the uplink beacon or command optical system. On-going efforts on these and beam-coupling techniques will be described. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hemmati, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5046-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5173 BP 64 EP 68 DI 10.1117/12.510160 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY02B UT WOS:000187293700007 ER PT S AU Bruce, CF AF Bruce, CF BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Comparison of the measured and analytical response profiles of a 3.3 to 15.5 mu imaging system and the effect of detector diffusion SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE detector; HgCdTe; lateral diffusion length; spatial response AB This paper provides an overview of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and its mission, as a part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). The design of the re-imaging system and its detectors and the test set-up used to characterize the field of view response will be presented. Measured system optical response profiles will be presented for each of the four infrared spectral bands (3.5-5.3, 5.1 - 9.1. 8.3 - 12.2 and 11.1 - 15.4 mu) supported by TES. Specific emphasis will be placed upon the comparison of these measured optical response functions with the results of an analytic model of the response. The model includes a simple yet accurate representation of the detector response function, which includes the photo-generated electron's diffusion length. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bruce, CF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5046-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5173 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY02B UT WOS:000187293700008 ER PT S AU Mouroulis, P Hartley, FT Muller, RE Wilson, DW Shori, A Feldman, M Jiang, L Christenson, TR AF Mouroulis, P Hartley, FT Muller, RE Wilson, DW Shori, A Feldman, M Jiang, L Christenson, TR BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Grating fabrication through X-ray lithography SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE grating fabrication; grating efficiency; concentric spectrometers; convex/concave gratings; X-ray lithography AB Blazed gratings have been fabricated using gray-scale X-ray lithography. The gratings have high efficiency, low parasitic light, and high groove quality. They can be generated over a considerable depth for use anywhere in the ultraviolet to middle infrared range. They can also be recorded on substrates of considerable curvature. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mouroulis, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 306-336, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5046-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5173 BP 108 EP 114 DI 10.1117/12.503200 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY02B UT WOS:000187293700012 ER PT S AU Wilson, DW Maker, PD Muller, RE Mouroulis, P Backlund, J AF Wilson, DW Maker, PD Muller, RE Mouroulis, P Backlund, J BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Recent advances in blazed grating fabrication by electron-beam lithography SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE electron-beam lithography; diffraction gratings; imaging spectrometers ID PHASE HOLOGRAMS; SPECTROMETERS AB Convex and concave diffraction gratings are required for concentric imaging spectrometer forms. Direct-write electron-beam lithography has proven to be an effective method for fabricating high-efficiency blazed gratings on non-flat substrates. Recently fabricated convex gratings have demonstrated relative efficiency greater than 90%, diffase scatter and ghosts less than 5x10(-4) of the main diffraction order, and zeroth-order wavefront error less than (1)/(4)-wave at 633 nm. Such gratings can be fabricated on JPL's JEOL JBX-9300FS electron-beam lithography system with a writing speed of approximately 1 to 2 cm(2) per hour. The technique was recently used to fabricate flight-qualified gratings for the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument that is scheduled to fly on the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2005. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilson, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5046-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5173 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1117/12.510204 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY02B UT WOS:000187293700013 ER PT J AU Stein, TP Wade, CE AF Stein, TP Wade, CE TI Protein turnover in atrophying muscle: from nutritional intervention to microarray expression analysis SO CURRENT OPINION IN CLINICAL NUTRITION AND METABOLIC CARE LA English DT Article DE muscle; disuse atrophy; nutrition; microarray expression ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; BED-REST; GENE-EXPRESSION; HEART-FAILURE; OLD RATS; CLENBUTEROL; PATHWAY; FIBERS; MICROGRAVITY; HYPERTROPHY AB Purpose of review In response to decreased usage, skeletal muscle undergoes adaptive reductive remodeling due to the decrease in tension on the weight bearing components of the musculo-skeletal system. This response occurs with uncomplicated disuse (e.g. bed rest, space flight), as a secondary consequence of several widely prevalent chronic diseases for which activity is reduced (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure) and is part of the aging process. The problem is therefore one of considerable clinical importance. Recent findings The impaired function and exercise intolerance is related more to the associated muscle wasting rather than to the specific organ system primarily impacted by the disease. Progress has continued in describing the use of anabolic drugs and dietary manipulation. The major advance in the field has been: (i) the discovery of the atrogin-1 gene and (ii) the application of microarray expression analysis and proteomics with the objectives of obtaining comprehensive understanding of the pathways changed with disuse atrophy. Summary Disuse atrophy is a common clinical problem. There is a need for therapeutic interventions that do not involve exercise. A better understanding of the changes, particularly at the molecular level, could indicate hitherto unsuspected sites for nutritional and pharmacological intervention. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Osteopath Med, Dept Surg, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stein, TP (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Osteopath Med, Dept Surg, 2 Med Ctr Dr, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA. NR 65 TC 17 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1363-1950 J9 CURR OPIN CLIN NUTR JI Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care PD JAN PY 2003 VL 6 IS 1 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1097/01.mco.0000049036.06038.fa PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 637NE UT WOS:000180517800014 PM 12496686 ER PT S AU Rood, RB AF Rood, RB BE Swinbank, R Shutyaev, V Lahoz, WA TI Ozone assimilation SO DATA ASSIMILATION FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Data Assimilation for the Earth System CY MAY 19-JUN 01, 2002 CL Aquafredda, ITALY SP NATO ID KALMAN FILTER; SYSTEM C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rood, RB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Rood, Richard/C-5611-2008 OI Rood, Richard/0000-0002-2310-4262 NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-1592-5 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2003 VL 26 BP 263 EP 277 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BAY45 UT WOS:000224214500023 ER PT S AU Houser, PR AF Houser, PR BE Swinbank, R Shutyaev, V Lahoz, WA TI Land surface processes SO DATA ASSIMILATION FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Data Assimilation for the Earth System CY MAY 19-JUN 01, 2002 CL Aquafredda, ITALY SP NATO ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; GRAVITY-FIELD; SCHEMES; PARAMETERIZATION; HYDROLOGY; RUNOFF; WATER; SNOW C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Houser, PR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-1592-5 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2003 VL 26 BP 321 EP 329 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BAY45 UT WOS:000224214500028 ER PT S AU Houser, PR AF Houser, PR BE Swinbank, R Shutyaev, V Lahoz, WA TI Assimilation of land surface data SO DATA ASSIMILATION FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Data Assimilation for the Earth System CY MAY 19-JUN 01, 2002 CL Aquafredda, ITALY SP NATO ID SOIL-MOISTURE; MODEL; ATMOSPHERE; BOUNDARY; SYSTEM C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Houser, PR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-1592-5 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2003 VL 26 BP 331 EP 343 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BAY45 UT WOS:000224214500029 ER PT S AU Houser, PR AF Houser, PR BE Swinbank, R Shutyaev, V Lahoz, WA TI Land data assimilation systems SO DATA ASSIMILATION FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Data Assimilation for the Earth System CY MAY 19-JUN 01, 2002 CL Aquafredda, ITALY SP NATO ID SURFACE SOIL-MOISTURE; WATER STORAGE; METHODOLOGY; MODEL C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Houser, PR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-1592-5 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2003 VL 26 BP 345 EP 360 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BAY45 UT WOS:000224214500030 ER PT S AU Rood, RB AF Rood, RB BE Swinbank, R Shutyaev, V Lahoz, WA TI Reanalysis SO DATA ASSIMILATION FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Data Assimilation for the Earth System CY MAY 19-JUN 01, 2002 CL Aquafredda, ITALY SP NATO C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rood, RB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Rood, Richard/C-5611-2008 OI Rood, Richard/0000-0002-2310-4262 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-1592-5 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2003 VL 26 BP 361 EP 372 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BAY45 UT WOS:000224214500031 ER PT J AU McClain, CR Christian, JR Signorini, SR Lewis, MR Asanuma, I Turk, D Dupouy-Douchement, C AF McClain, CR Christian, JR Signorini, SR Lewis, MR Asanuma, I Turk, D Dupouy-Douchement, C TI Satellite ocean-color observations of the tropical Pacific Ocean (vol 49, pg 2533, 2003) SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Correction C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Off Global Carbon Studies, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. Japan Marine Sci & Technol, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. Japan Marine Sci & Technol, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. RP McClain, CR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Publ Affairs Off, Code 130, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM chuck@seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1047 EP 1047 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00621-5 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 662AH UT WOS:000181922800012 ER PT J AU Peterson, WT Keister, JE AF Peterson, WT Keister, JE TI Interannual variability in copepod community composition at a coastal station in the northern California Current: a multivariate approach SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EUPHAUSIID NYCTIPHANES-SIMPLEX; OREGON UPWELLING ZONE; EL-NINO EVENT; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SEASONAL CYCLE; ZOOPLANKTON; POPULATIONS; WASHINGTON; ECOSYSTEM; INDICATOR AB We sampled a single station in the coastal zone off Newport OR (9 km from shore; 60 in water depth) on 206 occasions during 12 years: 1969-1973, 1983 and 1996-2001. We used cluster analysis, ordinations, and indicator species analysis (ISA) to describe temporal variations in copepod community composition. Copepod community structure during summer was distinctly different from winter. Cluster analysis showed that the transition between winter and summer communities occurred early March/April in the 1970s, late (May/June) in the late 1990s, but in (March/April) since spring 2000. Seven copepod assemblages were identified: four were found during the summer upwelling season, two during large El Nino events, and one during winter. Interannual variations in the composition of the summer assemblages was seen: most sampling dates from the summers of 1970, 1973, 2000 and 2001 clustered into one group, and dates from 1971, 1972, and 1999 clustered into a second group. The 1983 and 1998 El Nino events clustered together, but subdivided into "early El Nino" and "late El Nino" communities. The summer of 1969 corresponded with a weak El Nino event but clustered differently from both the other El Nino events and other summer clusters. Samples collected during the 1972 El Nino event clustered with "normal" summers. Non-metric multidimensional ordination analysis showed that two axes accounted for 87% of the variability in community composition; Axis I was associated with the influence of El Nino events and seasonal downwelling, and Axis 2 was associated with upwelling-induced productivity. ISA showed Centropages abdominalis, Acartia longiremis, and Microcalanus pusillus as indicators of upwelling; Corycaeus anglicus, Calanus pacificus, and Ctenocalanus vanus as good indicators of El Nino; and Ctenocalanus vanus, Clausocalanus, and Calocalanus styliremis as good indicators of winter conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Peterson, WT (reprint author), Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Keister, Julie/J-8720-2012 OI Keister, Julie/0000-0002-9385-5889 NR 35 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 50 IS 14-16 BP 2499 EP 2517 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00130-9 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 730AX UT WOS:000185808000010 ER PT J AU Gregg, WW Ginoux, P Schopf, PS Casey, NW AF Gregg, WW Ginoux, P Schopf, PS Casey, NW TI Phytoplankton and iron: validation of a global three-dimensional ocean biogeochemical model SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; TROPICAL NORTH-ATLANTIC; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ARABIAN SEA; COCCOLITHOPHORE BLOOM; SKELETONEMA-COSTATUM; DUNALIELLA-TERTIOLECTA AB The JGOFS program and NASA ocean-color satellites have provided a wealth of data that can be used to test and validate models of ocean biogeochemistry. A coupled three-dimensional general circulation, biogeochemical, and radiative model of the global oceans was validated using these in situ data sources and satellite data sets. Biogeochemical processes in the model were determined from the influences of circulation and turbulence dynamics, irradiance availability, and the interactions among four phytoplankton functional groups (diatoms, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and coccolithophores) and four nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, silica, and dissolved iron). Annual mean log-transformed dissolved iron concentrations in the model were statistically positively correlated on basin scale with observations (P<0.05) over the eight (out of 12) major oceanographic basins where data were available. The model tended to overestimate in situ observations, except in the Antarctic where a large underestimate occurred. Inadequate scavenging and excessive remineralization and/or regeneration were possible reasons for the overestimation. Basin scale model chlorophyll seasonal distributions were positively correlated with SeaWiFS chlorophyll in each of the 12 oceanographic basins (P<0.05). The global mean difference was 3.9% (model higher than SeaWiFS). The four phytoplankton groups were initialized as homogeneous and equal distributions throughout the model domain. After 26 years of simulation, they arrived at reasonable distributions throughout the global oceans: diatoms predominated high latitudes, coastal, and equatorial upwelling areas, cyanobacteria predominated the mid-ocean gyres, and chlorophytes and coccolithoph ores represented transitional assemblages. Seasonal patterns exhibited a range of relative responses: from a seasonal succession in the North Atlantic with coccolithoph ores replacing diatoms as the dominant group in mid-summer, to successional patterns with cyanobacteria replacing diatoms in mid-summer in the central North Pacific. Diatoms were associated with regions where nutrient availability was high. Cyanobacteria predominated in quiescent regions with low nutrients. While the overall patterns of phytoplankton functional group distributions exhibited broad qualitative agreement with in situ data, quantitative comparisons were mixed. Three of the four phytoplankton groups exhibited statistically significant correspondence across basins. Diatoms did not. Some basins exhibited excellent correspondence, while most showed moderate agreement, with two functional groups in agreement with data and the other two in disagreement. The results are encouraging for a first attempt at simulating functional groups in a global ccupled three-dimensional model but many issues remain. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Climate Dynam Program, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Gregg, WW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988 NR 124 TC 136 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 50 IS 22-26 BP 3143 EP 3169 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.013 PG 27 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 757ZE UT WOS:000187607400014 ER PT J AU Kearns, EJ Carr, ME AF Kearns, EJ Carr, ME TI Seasonal climatologies of nutrients and hydrographic properties on quasi-neutral surfaces for four coastal upwelling systems SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS; BENGUELA CURRENT; REGION; EXPORT; OCEAN; PRODUCTIVITY; VARIABILITY AB Seasonal climatologies of upper-ocean hydrographic properties and nutrients are presented for four different major coastal upwelling centers: the California, Peru-Humboldt, Canary, and Benguela regions. The climatologies are built from historical hydrographic data primarily to serve as a tool for comparative studies of productivity variations and nutrient fluxes in the near-coastal zone. Care was taken to ensure that quantities were interpolated vertically to, and averaged horizontally on, approximately neutral surfaces to constrain averaging among only those water masses that would naturally mix easily. Rather than rely on potential density surfaces that are not coincident with neutral surfaces in regions with large vertical excursions of isopycnals, the neutral surfaces were properly approximated through the use of specific volume anomaly (delta) surfaces, and were spaced closely in the vertical (approximately 0.1 sigma-unit apart). Horizontal averaging to a 1/6degrees spatial grid was accomplished via the application of bicubic splines under tension, and provided sufficient spatial resolution for resolving upwelling patterns near the coastline. Seasonal mean nutrient-to-nutrient relationships also were constructed as another diagnostic tool for inter-regional comparisons, and are consistent with expected Redfield ratios. A consistent, high-resolution climatology is now publicly available as a tool for local and comparative studies of four different upwelling zones. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kearns, EJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 50 IS 22-26 BP 3171 EP 3197 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.014 PG 27 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 757ZE UT WOS:000187607400015 ER PT J AU Carr, ME Kearns, EJ AF Carr, ME Kearns, EJ TI Production regimes in four Eastern Boundary Current systems SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID UPWELLING REGION; BENGUELA CURRENT; IRON; VARIABILITY; DEPOSITION; EXPORT; OCEAN AB High productivity (maxima similar to3 g C m(-2) day(-1)) of the Eastern Boundary Currents (EBCs), i.e. the California, Peru-Humboldt, Canary and Benguela Currents, is driven by a combination of local forcing and large-scale circulation. The characteristics of the deep water brought to the surface by upwelling favorable winds depend on the large-scale circulation patterns. Here we use a new hydrographic and nutrient climatology together with satellite measurements of the wind vector, sea-surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll concentration, and primary production modeled from ocean color to quantify the meridional and seasonal patterns of upwelling dynamics and biological response. The unprecedented combination of data sets allows us to describe objectively the variability for small regions within each current and to characterize the governing factors for biological production. The temporal and spatial environmental variability was due in most regions to large-scale circulation, alone or in combination with offshore transport (local forcing). The observed meridional and seasonal patterns of biomass and primary production were most highly correlated to components representing large-scale circulation. The biomass sustained by a given nutrient concentration in the Atlantic EBCs was twice as large as that of the Pacific EBCs. This apparent greater efficiency may be due to availability of iron, physical retention, or differences in planktonic community structure. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Carr, ME (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 32 TC 125 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 50 IS 22-26 BP 3199 EP 3221 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.015 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 757ZE UT WOS:000187607400016 ER PT S AU Adeniyi, JO Bilitza, D Radicella, SM Willoughby, AA AF Adeniyi, JO Bilitza, D Radicella, SM Willoughby, AA BE Bilitza, D Rawer, K Reinisch, BW TI Equatorial F2-peak parameters in the IRI model SO DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW LATITUDE AND EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Description of the Low Latitude and Equatorial Ionsphere in International Reference Ionosphere CY JUN 25-29, 2001 CL INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS, S JOSE CAMPOS, BRAZIL SP Fund Amparo Pesquisa Estado Sao Paulo, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int Union Radio Sci, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Soc Brasileira Geofis, Fund Coordenacao Aperfeicoament Pessoal Nivel Superior, Comm Space Res HO INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS AB We have used measurements of an ionosonde station near the magnetic equator in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to evaluate the ability of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model to correctly represent ionospheric F2 peak parameters in this region. The data represent conditions of high and low solar activity. Comparing the URSI and CCIR option for the F2 plasma frequency, foF2, we find that for low solar activity both options agree quite well with the ionosonde foF2 values and overall the CCIR maps show a slightly better fit. During high solar activity discrepancies are found during nighttime and the URSI maps providing the overall better fit. The measured F2 peak height values, hmF2, are compared on one hand with IRI predictions that are obtained based on the CCIR model for the propagation factor M(3000)F2 and on the other hand with the ionosonde-measured M(3000)F2 values. As expected using the measured values results in more accurate predictions. It is important to note that with the measured M(3000)F2 values IRI predicts the characteristic post-sunset that is seen in the measurements but not in the IRI predictions with the CCIR-M(3000)F2 model. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Ilorin, Dept Phys, Ilorin, Nigeria. NSSDC, GSFC, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy. RP Adeniyi, JO (reprint author), Univ Ilorin, Dept Phys, Ilorin, Nigeria. NR 7 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 507 EP 512 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00039-5 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW63L UT WOS:000182655900002 ER PT S AU Obrou, OK Bilitza, D Adeniyi, JO Radicella, SM AF Obrou, OK Bilitza, D Adeniyi, JO Radicella, SM BE Bilitza, D Rawer, K Reinisch, BW TI Equatorial F2-layer peak height and correlation with vertical ion drift and M(3000)F2 SO DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW LATITUDE AND EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Description of the Low Latitude and Equatorial Ionsphere in International Reference Ionosphere CY JUN 25-29, 2001 CL INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS, S JOSE CAMPOS, BRAZIL SP Fund Amparo Pesquisa Estado Sao Paulo, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int Union Radio Sci, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Soc Brasileira Geofis, Fund Coordenacao Aperfeicoament Pessoal Nivel Superior, Comm Space Res HO INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS ID MODEL AB Ionosonde data recorded at Korhogo, Cote-d'Ivoire (Latitude +9.3; Longitude - 5.4, Dip -0.67) during a year of low solar activity (1995) were used to investigate ways of improving the representation of equatorial F2 peak height (hmF2) in the International Reference Ionosphere IRI). For this purpose we have studied the correlation between hmF2 and the equatorial F region vertical drift as given by the model of Scherliess and Fejer (1999). The positive correlation found during nighttime could be helpful in representing the post-sunset peak of hmF2 that is currently not represented by IRI. We have also investigated the reliability of the CCIR model for the propagation factor M(3000)F2 model since the IRI hmF2 model is based on the strong anti-correlation between hmF2 and M(3000)F2. Overall the CCIR model represents the diurnal variation of M(3000)F2 quite well but does not represent small-scale features. With the M(3000)F2 values deduced from the Korhogo ionograms as input, the IRI hmF2 model provides an excellent representation of the observed diurnal structure including the post-sunset peak. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cocody, Lab Phys Atmosphere, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. NSSDC, GSFC, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Ilorin, Dept Phys, Ilorin, Nigeria. Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy. RP Obrou, OK (reprint author), Univ Cocody, Lab Phys Atmosphere, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. NR 6 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 513 EP 520 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00024-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW63L UT WOS:000182655900003 ER PT S AU Truhlik, V Bilitza, D Triskova, L Smilauer, J AF Truhlik, V Bilitza, D Triskova, L Smilauer, J BE Bilitza, D Rawer, K Reinisch, BW TI Model of the N(H+)/N(He+) ratio for IRI SO DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW LATITUDE AND EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Description of the Low Latitude and Equatorial Ionsphere in International Reference Ionosphere CY JUN 25-29, 2001 CL INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS, S JOSE CAMPOS, BRAZIL SP Fund Amparo Pesquisa Estado Sao Paulo, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int Union Radio Sci, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Soc Brasileira Geofis, Fund Coordenacao Aperfeicoament Pessoal Nivel Superior, Comm Space Res HO INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS AB The IRI standard model of relative ion composition assumes a constant n(H+)/n(He+) ratio of 9. We study the light ion ratio with Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) and ACTIVE satellite data for low and high solar activity. Based on the AE-C data a model is presented that described the light ion ratio in terms of latitude for day and night conditions. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague 14131 4, Czech Republic. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NSSDC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Truhlik, V (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Atmospher Phys, Bocni 2, Prague 14131 4, Czech Republic. RI Triskova, Ludmila/H-6503-2014; Truhlik, Vladimir/H-6971-2014; Smilauer, Jan/H-6489-2014 OI Truhlik, Vladimir/0000-0002-6624-4388; NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 677 EP 680 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00042-5 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW63L UT WOS:000182655900023 ER PT S AU Grebowsky, J AF Grebowsky, J BE Bilitza, D Rawer, K Reinisch, BW TI Equatorial F-region ion density morphology from satellite measurements SO DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW LATITUDE AND EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Description of the Low Latitude and Equatorial Ionsphere in International Reference Ionosphere CY JUN 25-29, 2001 CL INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS, S JOSE CAMPOS, BRAZIL SP Fund Amparo Pesquisa Estado Sao Paulo, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int Union Radio Sci, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Soc Brasileira Geofis, Fund Coordenacao Aperfeicoament Pessoal Nivel Superior, Comm Space Res HO INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS ID ATMOSPHERE EXPLORER; MASS SPECTROMETER AB All satellite ion composition measurements available from satellites that traversed the low-latitude F-region can be combined into a common data set indexed to dip latitude, local time, longitude, time of year, and altitude, as well as geomagnetic and solar indices. Through binning, the data can be used to explore spatial variations of the most prominent F-region ion species. For the minor species of molecular ions O-2(+) and NO+ in the lower ionosphere, the available data are extensive enough to provide some snapshots of the average spatial morphology of the ion composition and variance through all phases of the solar cycle, but there are significant altitudinal gaps in data coverage when sorted on solar activity. This binned data set provides a useful tool to explore the low-latitude ionosphere. Examples are given of some binned data sorts demonstrating global trends, the appearance of ionospheric layers, and equatorial anomaly structures in the ensemble of measurements. The effect of chemical control of molecular ion concentrations is seen by the presence of latitudinal bulges in NO+ within the main F-layer, and scatter in the measurements provides evidence for latitude-dependent variability in the nightside ionosphere resulting from electrodynamic and instability processes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Grebowsky, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 695, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Grebowsky, Joseph/I-7185-2013 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 681 EP 686 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00043-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW63L UT WOS:000182655900024 ER PT S AU Bilitza, D AF Bilitza, D BE Bilitza, D Rawer, K Reinisch, BW TI International reference ionosphere 2000: Examples of improvements and new features SO DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW LATITUDE AND EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Description of the Low Latitude and Equatorial Ionsphere in International Reference Ionosphere CY JUN 25-29, 2001 CL INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS, S JOSE CAMPOS, BRAZIL SP Fund Amparo Pesquisa Estado Sao Paulo, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int Union Radio Sci, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Soc Brasileira Geofis, Fund Coordenacao Aperfeicoament Pessoal Nivel Superior, Comm Space Res HO INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS ID REGION; MODEL AB This paper describes the changes that were implemented in the new version of the COSPAR/URSI International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2000). These changes are: (1) two new options for the electron density in the D-region, (2) a better functional description of the electron density in the E-F merging region, (3) inclusion of the F1 layer occurrence probability as a new parameter, (4) a new model for the bottomside parameters B-0 and B-1 that greatly improves the representation at low and equatorial latitudes during high solar activities, (5) inclusion of a model for foF2 storm-time updating, (6) a new option for the electron temperature in the topside ionosphere, and (7) inclusion of a model for the equatorial F region ion drift. The main purpose of this paper is to provide the IRI users with examples of the effects of these changes. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 GSFC, NSSDC, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bilitza, D (reprint author), GSFC, NSSDC, Raytheon ITSS, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 26 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 757 EP 767 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00020-6 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW63L UT WOS:000182655900033 ER PT S AU Bilitza, D Reinisch, B Benson, R Grebowsky, J Papitashvili, N Huang, X Schar, W Hills, K AF Bilitza, D Reinisch, B Benson, R Grebowsky, J Papitashvili, N Huang, X Schar, W Hills, K BE Bilitza, D Rawer, K Reinisch, BW TI Online data base of satellite sounder and insitu measurements covering two solar cycles SO DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW LATITUDE AND EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Description of the Low Latitude and Equatorial Ionsphere in International Reference Ionosphere CY JUN 25-29, 2001 CL INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS, S JOSE CAMPOS, BRAZIL SP Fund Amparo Pesquisa Estado Sao Paulo, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int Union Radio Sci, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Soc Brasileira Geofis, Fund Coordenacao Aperfeicoament Pessoal Nivel Superior, Comm Space Res HO INST NACL PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS AB Accurate descriptions of the solar cycle variations of ionospheric parameters are an important goal of ionospheric modeling. Reliable predictions, of these variations are of essential importance for almost all applications of ionospheric models. Unfortunately there are very few global data sources that cover a solar cycle or more. In an effort to expand the solar cycle coverage of data readily available for ionospheric modeling, we have processed a large number of satellite data sets from the sixties, seventies, and early eighties and have made them online accessible as part of NSSDC's ftp archive (ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft data/) and it's ATMOWeb retrieval and plotting system (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/atmoweb/). We report about two data restoration efforts supported through NASA's Applied Information Systems Research Program (AISRP). The first project deals with insitu data from a large number of US, Canadian, Japanese and German satellites that measured ionospheric densities and temperatures from 1964 to 1983. The accumulated data base includes data from the BE-B, DME-A, AE-B, Alouette 2, ISIS 1, 2, OGO-6, AEROS A, AE-C, -D, -E, Hinotori, ISS-b and DE-2 satellite missions. The second project involves the production of digital topside sounder ionograms from the ISIS 1 and 2 satellites and their subsequent inversion to produce electron-density profiles. Approximately 340,000 ionograms are available from NSSDC as of July 2002. An automatic topside ionogram scaler with true height algorithm (TOPIST) was developed as part of this project and is now being used to obtain electron density profiles from these ionograms. Providing global coverage over more than two solar cycles the database established by this two projects is a valuable asset for improvements of the International Reference Ionosphere model and for ionospheric research. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NSSDC, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. GSFC, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bilitza, D (reprint author), NSSDC, Raytheon ITSS, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Grebowsky, Joseph/I-7185-2013 NR 2 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 3 BP 769 EP 774 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00051-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BW63L UT WOS:000182655900034 ER PT S AU Kolanzo, PZ AF Kolanzo, PZ BE Stefani, JB Demeure, I Hagimont, D TI Facilitating the portability of user applications in grid environments SO DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS AND INTEROPERABLE SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International IFIP Working Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems CY NOV 17-21, 2003 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP IFIP WG6 1, ENST, CNRS, ARP, GET, EDF, INRIA AB Grid computing promises the ability to connect geographically and organizationally distributed resources to increase effective computational power, resource utilization, and resource accessibility. For grid computing to be successful, users must be able to easily execute the same application on different resources. Different resources, however, may be administered by different organizations with different software installed, different file system structures, and different default environment settings. Even within the same organization, the set of software installed on a given resource is in constant flux with additions, upgrades, and removals. Users cannot be expected to understand all of the idiosyncrasies of each resource they may wish to execute jobs on, thus must be provided with automated assistance. This paper describes a new OGSI-compliant grid service (the Naturalization Service) that has been implemented as part of NASA's Information Power Grid (IPG) project to automatically establish the execution environment for user applications. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kolanzo, PZ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, M-S 258-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM kolano@nas.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20529-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2893 BP 73 EP 85 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY12D UT WOS:000187786100007 ER PT S AU Fischer, B Visser, E AF Fischer, B Visser, E BE Lengauer, C Batory, D Consel, C Odersky, M TI Retrofitting the AutoBayes program synthesis system with concrete syntax\ SO DOMAIN-SPECIFIC PROGRAM GENERATION SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Seminar on Domain-Specific Program Generation CY MAR 23-28, 2003 CL Dagstuhl, GERMANY AB AUTOBAYES is a fully automatic, schema-based program synthesis system for statistical data analysis applications. Its core component is a schema library, i.e., a collection of generic code templates with associated applicability constraints which are instantiated in a problem-specific way during synthesis. Currently, AUTOBAYES is implemented in Prolog; the schemas thus use abstract syntax (i.e., Prolog terms) to formulate the templates. However, the conceptual distance between this abstract representation and the concrete syntax of the generated programs makes the schemas hard to create and maintain. In this paper we describe how AUTOBAYES is retrofitted with concrete syntax. We show how it is integrated into Prolog and describe how the seamless interaction of concrete syntax fragments with AUTOBAYES's remaining "legacy" meta-programming kernel based on abstract syntax is achieved. We apply the approach to gradually migrate individual schemas without forcing a disruptive migration of the entire system to a different meta-programming language. First experiences show that a smooth migration can be achieved. Moreover, it can result in a considerable reduction of the code size and improved readability of xthe code. In particular, abstracting out fresh-variable generation and second-order term construction allows the formulation of larger continuous fragments. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Utrecht, Inst Comp & Informat Sci, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM fisch@email.arc.nasa.gov; visser@acm.org NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22119-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 3016 BP 239 EP 253 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAG21 UT WOS:000222059500014 ER PT B AU Hockey, BA Lemon, O Campana, E Hiatt, L Aist, G Hieronymus, J Gruenstein, A Dowding, J AF Hockey, BA Lemon, O Campana, E Hiatt, L Aist, G Hieronymus, J Gruenstein, A Dowding, J GP ACL TI Targeted help for spoken dialogue systems: intelligent feedback improves naive users' performance SO EACL 2003: 10TH CONFERENCE OF THE EUROPEAN CHAPTER OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association-for-Computational-Linguistics (EACL 2003) CY APR 12-17, 2003 CL Budapest, HUNGARY SP Assoc Computat Linguist, European Chapter, Lingiist Syst BV, Xerox Res Ctr Europe, ATALA, European Language Resources Assoc AB We present experimental evidence that providing naive users of a spoken dialogue system with immediate help messages related to their out-of-coverage utterances improves their success in using the system. A grammar-based recognizer and a Statistical Language Model (SLM) recognizer are run simultaneously. If the grammar-based recognizer suceeds, the less accurate SLM recognizer hypothesis is not used. When the grammar-based recognizer fails and the SLM recognizer produces a recognition hypothesis, this result is used by the Targeted Help agent to give the user feedback on what was recognized, a diagnosis of what was problematic about the utterance, and; related in-coverage example. The in-coverage example is intended to encourage alignment between user inputs and the language model of the system. We report on controlled experiments on a spoken dialogue system for command and control of a simulated robotic helicopter. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOCIATION COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS PI SOMERSET PA PO BOX 6090, SOMERSET, NJ 08875 USA BN 1-932432-00-0 PY 2003 BP 147 EP 154 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Linguistics SC Computer Science; Linguistics GA BAN69 UT WOS:000222995200020 ER PT B AU Rayner, M Hockey, BA AF Rayner, M Hockey, BA GP ACL TI Transparent combination of rule-based and data-driven approaches in a speech understanding architecture SO EACL 2003: 10TH CONFERENCE OF THE EUROPEAN CHAPTER OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association-for-Computational-Linguistics (EACL 2003) CY APR 12-17, 2003 CL Budapest, HUNGARY SP Assoc Computat Linguist, European Chapter, Lingiist Syst BV, Xerox Res Ctr Europe, ATALA, European Language Resources Assoc AB We describe a domain-independent semantic interpretation architecture suitable for spoken dialogue systems, which uses a decision-list method to effect a transparent combination of rule-based and data-driven approaches. The architecture has been implemented and evaluated in the context of a medium-vocabulary command and control task. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOCIATION COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS PI SOMERSET PA PO BOX 6090, SOMERSET, NJ 08875 USA BN 1-932432-00-0 PY 2003 BP 299 EP 306 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Linguistics SC Computer Science; Linguistics GA BAN69 UT WOS:000222995200039 ER PT S AU Stecker, FW AF Stecker, FW BE Sanchez, NG Parijskij, YN TI Astrophysics at the highest energy frontiers SO EARLY UNIVERSE AND THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS SE NATO Science Series II-Mathematics Physics and Chemistry LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on the Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background CY SEP 07-20, 2002 CL Palermo, ITALY SP NATO Adv Study Inst ID COSMIC-RAY SPECTRUM; INTERGALACTIC INFRARED RADIATION; ZATSEPIN-KUZMIN CUTOFF; VERY-HIGH-ENERGY; TEV GAMMA-RAYS; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; STAR-FORMATION HISTORY; HOT DARK-MATTER; DIFFERENTIAL MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; STRONGLY INTERACTING NEUTRINOS AB I discuss recent advances being made in the physics and astrophysics of cosmic rays and cosmic gamma-rays at the highest observed energies as well as the related physics and astrophysics of very high energy cosmic neutrinos. I also discuss the connections between these topics. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Stecker, Floyd/D-3169-2012 NR 227 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-2609 BN 1-4020-1800-2 J9 NATO SCI SER II-MATH PY 2003 VL 130 BP 351 EP 400 PG 50 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BAA89 UT WOS:000221382600017 ER PT J AU Potter, C Klooster, S Tan, P Steinbach, M Kumar, V Genovese, V AF Potter, C. Klooster, S. Tan, P. Steinbach, M. Kumar, V. Genovese, V. TI Variability in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks over Two Decades. Part I: North America SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Carbon cycle; Remote sensing; Model AB interannual variability in net ecosystem production (NEP) fluxes can be readily identified at locations across the continent. Five major areas having the highest variability were detected: 1) along the extreme northern vegetated zones of Canada and Alaska, 2) the northern Rocky Mountains, 3) the central-western U. S. Great Plains and central farming region, 4) across the southern United States and Mexico, and 5) in coastal forest areas of the United States and Canada. Analysis of climate anomalies over this 17-yr time period suggests that variability in precipitation and surface solar irradiance could be associated with trends in carbon sink fluxes within regions of high NEP variability. C1 [Potter, C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Klooster, S.; Genovese, V.] Calif State Univ, Seaside, CA USA. [Tan, P.; Steinbach, M.; Kumar, V.] Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Potter, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cpotter@mail.arc.nasa.gov FU NASA programs in Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Data Understanding; NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Interdisciplinary Science Program FX This work was supported by grants from NASA programs in Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Data Understanding, and the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Interdisciplinary Science Program. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2003 VL 7 AR 12 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA V04NZ UT WOS:000207066400012 ER PT J AU Potter, C Klooster, S Krauter, C AF Potter, Christopher Klooster, Steven Krauter, Charles TI Regional Modeling of Ammonia Emissions from Native Soil Sources in California SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Ammonia; Soil; Model AB The development of a new emissions inventory of ammonia volatilization from native soil sources (excluding direct emissions from fertilizer application sources) for the state of California is discussed. Because a comprehensive measurement dataset is currently lacking upon which to build a reliable emissions inventory for NH(3) from native soil sources in California, an ecosystem modeling approach that is based on satellite remote sensing and other geographic datasets was used to develop a new estimate of statewide biogenic emissions rates of N-NH(3). The NASA-Ames version of the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) ecosystem model is applied for soil nitrogen gas emissions at 8-km spatial resolution. The NASA-CASA model estimates seasonal patterns in carbon fixation, nutrient allocation, litterfall, soil nitrogen mineralization, and soil NH(3) emissions. The general conditions and spatial patterns favoring soil NH(3) volatilization from soils (high pH, low moisture) have been integrated in the NASA-CASA formulation. Based on the modeling inventory estimate discussed here, statewide emissions of NH(3) from native soil N sources could range from 12 to 57 x 10(6) kg N-NH(3) annually, depending on the importance of soil pH on emissions rates. The most important land cover types in terms of contributions to this statewide emissions inventory are the croplands and semiagricultural ecosystems that cover about 20% of the total area of the state, but which make up one-third to one-half of the total soil N sources for NH(3) emissions annually. Other native soil source areas that contribute substantially to the statewide emissions inventory for emissions of NH(3) are soils of evergreen needleleaf forests, woodland, and wooded grassland ecosystems, mainly on the basis of their large area coverage of the state's natural areas. The model predicts that October is the peak month overall for NH(3) emissions from native soils in California. When totaled for the entire region, native soil sources of NH(3) predicted for Central Valley counties are highest from July through January. This seasonal pattern in predicted native soil NH(3) emissions is fairly consistent with observed seasonality in PM(2.5) levels in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin. It is hypothesized that the combination of productive vegetation communities growing on (even slightly) alkaline soils results in the largest annual emissions of NH(3) from native soil N sources. However, a comparison is presented for these native soil sources of NH(3) to a regional model budget for potential foliar absorption fluxes of ammonia, which implies that vegetation cover on a statewide basis could actually make ecosystems a strong net sink for locally emitted NH(3) sources. C1 [Potter, Christopher] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Klooster, Steven] Calif State Univ, Seaside, CA USA. [Krauter, Charles] Calif State Univ Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. RP Potter, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cpotter@mail.arc.nasa.gov FU California Air Resources Board [98-716]; California State University; Monterey Bay; NASA Ames Research Center FX This research was funded by California Air Resources Board Contract No. 98-716 to California State University, Fresno, and to California State University, Monterey Bay, and by NASA Ames Research Center. NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2003 VL 7 AR 11 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA V04NZ UT WOS:000207066400011 ER PT J AU Potter, C Klooster, S Bubenheim, D Singh, HB Myneni, R AF Potter, Christopher Klooster, Steven Bubenheim, David Singh, Hanwant B. Myneni, Ranga TI Modeling Terrestrial Biogenic Sources of Oxygenated Organic Emissions SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Acetone; Biosphere; Model AB In recent years, oxygenated volatile organic chemicals (OVOCs) like acetone have been recognized as important atmospheric constituents due to their ability to sequester reactive nitrogen in the form peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and to be a source of hydroxyl radicals (HO(x)) in critical regions of the atmosphere. The potential biogenic sources of acetone include terrestrial plant canopies, oxidation of dead plant material, harvest of cultivated plants, biomass burning, and the oceans. These sources are poorly constrained at present in budgets of atmospheric chemistry. Based on reported laboratory, field, and satellite observations to date, an approach is presented for a biosphere model to estimate monthly emissions of acetone from the terrestrial surface to the atmosphere. The approach is driven by observed land surface climate and estimates of vegetation leaf area index (LAI), which are generated at 0.5 degrees spatial resolution from the NOAA satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Seasonal changes in LAI are estimated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiative transfer algorithms to identify the probable times and locations of crop harvest in cultivated areas and leaf fall of newly dead plant material in noncultivated areas. Temperature-dependent emission factors are applied to derive global budgets of acetone fluxes from terrestrial plant canopies, oxidation of dead plant material, and harvest of cropland plants. The predicted global distribution of acetone emissions from live foliage is strongly weighted toward the moist tropical zones, where relatively warm temperatures and high LAI are observed in rain forest areas year-round. Predicted acetone emissions are estimated at between 54 and 172 Tg yr(-1) from live foliage sources and between 7 and 22 Tg yr(-1) from decay of dead foliage. These flux totals from vegetation are large enough to account for the majority of postulated biogenic acetone sources in models of global atmospheric chemistry, but our model predictions are subject to verification in subsequent flux control experiments using a variety of plant species, particularly those from humid tropical zones. C1 [Potter, Christopher; Bubenheim, David; Singh, Hanwant B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Klooster, Steven] Calif State Univ, Seaside, CA USA. [Myneni, Ranga] Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Potter, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cpotter@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012 FU NASA Earth Observing System Interdisciplinary Science Program [MDAR-0044-0126] FX This work was supported by the NASA Earth Observing System Interdisciplinary Science Program, Grant MDAR-0044-0126, to Christopher Potter, principal investigator. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2003 VL 7 AR 7 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA V04NZ UT WOS:000207066400007 ER PT J AU Shepherd, JM Burian, SJ AF Shepherd, J. Marshall Burian, Steven J. TI Detection of Urban-Induced Rainfall Anomalies in a Major Coastal City SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Precipitation; Urban heat island; Human influence AB There is increasing evidence that large coastal cities, like Houston, Texas, can influence weather through complex urban land use-weather-climate feedbacks. Recent work in the literature establishes the existence of enhanced lightning activity over and downwind of Houston. Since lightning is a signature of convection in the atmosphere, it would seem reasonable that urbanized Houston would also impact the distribution of rainfall. This paper presents results using data from the world's first satellite-based precipitation radar (PR) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and ground-based rain gauges to quantify rainfall anomalies that we hypothesize to be linked to extensive urbanization in the Houston area. It is one of the first rigorous efforts to quantify an urban-induced rainfall anomaly near a major U. S. coastal city and one of the first applications of space-borne radar data to the problem. Quantitative results reveal the presence of annual and warm season rainfall anomalies over and downwind of Houston. Several hypotheses have surfaced to explain how the sea breeze, coastline curvature, or urbanized Houston environment interacts with the atmospheric system to impact rainfall. This paper presents evidence that the urban heat island's influence is of primary significance in causing the observed precipitation anomalies. Precipitation is a key link in the global water cycle and a proper understanding of its temporal and spatial character will have broad implications in ongoing climate diagnostics and prediction, Global Water and Energy Cycle (GWEC) analysis and modeling, weather forecasting, freshwater resource management, and land-atmosphere-ocean interface processes. C1 [Shepherd, J. Marshall] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Burian, Steven J.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Shepherd, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Marshall.Shepherd@nasa.gov FU NASA's New Investigator Program FX The authors acknowledge the support of NASA's New Investigator Program, managed by Dr. Ming-Ying Wei and the NASA Faculty Fellowship Program. We also acknowledge Dr. Menglin Jin of the University of Maryland and the instructive comments of the anonymous reviewers. NR 45 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2003 VL 7 AR 4 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA V04NZ UT WOS:000207066400004 ER PT S AU Murphy-Morris, JE Irons, JR Markham, BL Barnes, RA Schweiss, RJ AF Murphy-Morris, JE Irons, JR Markham, BL Barnes, RA Schweiss, RJ BE Barnes, WL TI Performance requirements and trade-offs for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Landsat Data Continuity Mission; Earth remote sensing; performance; specifications; trade studies ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; FLIGHT CALIBRATION; IMAGER AB The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is next in the series of Landsat Earth remote sensing missions. At this writing, both the Thematic Mapper on the Landsat 5 spacecraft and the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus on the Landsat 7 spacecraft are producing routine Earth images, as part of a data set extending over three decades. The LDCM is required to continue this series of measurements. The LDCM Project has developed requirements for the data set to be produced by the LDCM sensor based on previous Landsat data, the proven technology from the Advanced Land Imager instrument flown on the EO-I technology demonstration spacecraft, and on trade-offs made during the LDCM Formulation Phase. The unique nature of the LDCM government-commercial industry cooperative effort has resulted in a set of calibration and validation requirements intended to guarantee that the data from the commercially-owned LDCM sensor maintains the legacy of highly calibrated Landsat data. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Data Continu Miss, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Murphy-Morris, JE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Data Continu Miss, Code 427, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1117/12.507484 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100002 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Chahine, MT Aumann, HH Elliott, DA Manning, EM Realmuto, VJ Thompson, CK Lambrigtsen, BH Lee, SY Broberg, SE Olsen, ET Fetzer, EJ Strow, LL AF Pagano, TS Chahine, MT Aumann, HH Elliott, DA Manning, EM Realmuto, VJ Thompson, CK Lambrigtsen, BH Lee, SY Broberg, SE Olsen, ET Fetzer, EJ Strow, LL BE Barnes, WL TI AIRS/AMSU/HSB on EOS aqua: First year post launch assessment SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE atmosphere; sounding; infrared; spectrometer ID CALIBRATION; AIRS AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), and Humidity Sounder from Brazil (HSB) are three instruments onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua Spacecraft. Together, they form the Aqua Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (AIMSS). This paper discusses the science objectives and the status of the instruments and their data products one year after launch. All instruments went through a successful activation and calibration and have produced exceptional, calibrated, Level 1B data products. The Level 1B Product Generation Executables (PGEs) have been given to NOAA and the GSFC DAAC for production and distribution of data products. After nine months of operations, the HSB instrument experienced an electrical failure of the scanner. Despite the loss of HSB, early validation results have shown the AIRS and AMSU are producing very good temperature profiles. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1117/12.504915 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100021 ER PT S AU Fetzer, EJ Olsen, ET Chen, L AF Fetzer, EJ Olsen, ET Chen, L BE Barnes, WL TI Validation of AIRS/AMSU/HSB retrieved products SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE validation; retrieval; infrared; microwave; sounding; temperature; humidity ID AIRS AB We describe preliminary comparisons of AIRS/AMU/HSB retrieved geophysical products with correlative data sets to constrain retrieval uncertainties. The results are relevant to the 70% of oceanic retrieval footprints within the latitude range from 40S to 40N where infrared retrievals are completed. Comparisons are further limited to those retrievals whose sea surface temperatures (SST) agree with forecast model SST to within +/-3 K. We present here comparisons with forecast model assimilations and dedicated radiosondes. Retrieved cloud cleared radiances and those calculated from weather forecast model output agree within 0.5 to 3 K, depending on cloud amount. Retrieved sea surface temperatures at night are compared against model output, with a resulting difference of 0.94 +/-0.95 K (a result skewed by the +/-3 K selection criterion). Retrieved temperature profiles are compared with model output, and with dedicated radiosondes. Temperature profile uncertainties vary from about 1.3 K just above the surface to less than 1 K in the troposphere. Total water vapor is compared against dedicated radiosondes. Under dry conditions retrieved total water vapor agrees with radiosonde total water to within 10%, with small biases. The current retrieval algorithm generates temperature profiles meeting the 1 K per km requirement of the AIRS system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fetzer, EJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1117/12.506328 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100022 ER PT S AU Rodriguez, JI Ross, RG AF Rodriguez, JI Ross, RG BE Barnes, WL TI AIRS on-orbit cryocooler system performance SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE AIRS; EOS; Aqua; cryocoolers; pulse tube; contamination; cryodeposit; MLI; remote sensing; spectrometer AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is one instrument in a suite of six instruments currently flying onboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft. NASA's Aqua spacecraft was launched successfully on May 4, 2002 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. AIRS is a cryogenic instrument developed under a Jet Propulsion Laboratory contract by BAe Systems, formerly Lockheed Martin Infrared Imaging Systems, for NASA. AIRS will provide new and more accurate data about the atmosphere, land and oceans, which provides a powerful new tool for climate studies and enables the advancement of wheather prediction models. AIRS observations permit the measurement of the atmospheric temperature with an accuracy of 1 K in 1 km thick-layers in the troposphere and surface temperatures with an accuracy of 0.5 K. The Aqua spacecraft was placed in a sun-synchronous near-circular polar orbit with an inclination of 98.2 degrees, mean altitude of 705 km, 98.72 minute orbit period and 1:30 pm ascending node. The nominal on-orbit mission lifetime for the instrument is 6 years. AIRS measurements are based on passive infrared remote sensing using a precisely calibrated, high spectral resolution grating spectrometer with an infrared coverage from 3.7 to 15.4 mum. To achieve this high performance over this broad wavelength range, the spectrometer is cooled to 155 K and the Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe) focal plane is cooled to 58 K. The detectors are cooled by a pair of long-life, low vibration, pulse tube mechanical coolers to 58 K, and a two-stage passive cooler with a deployable Earth shield provides cooling for the spectrometer to achieve a stable temperature near 155 K. This paper provides a general overview of the cryogenic system design and presents its on-orbit performance for the first year of operation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rodriguez, JI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 220 EP 231 DI 10.1117/12.506301 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100023 ER PT S AU Gaiser, SL Aumann, HH Gregorich, DT Hearty, TJ AF Gaiser, SL Aumann, HH Gregorich, DT Hearty, TJ BE Barnes, WL TI In-flight refinement of the radiometric, spectral, and spatial calibration of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID PRELAUNCH AB The current performance of AIRS radiometric, spectral, and spatial calibration algorithms are described. Radiometric accuracy is validated to tenths of a kelvin. Spectral stability is better than 0.5% of the spectral response function FWHM. Geolocation accuracy is accurate to approximately 2 kin at nadir. An algorithm has been implemented to correct for space views contaminated by the moon. Planned algorithm improvements include correcting the 2 km bias in geolocation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gaiser, SL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 232 EP 243 DI 10.1117/12.506380 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100024 ER PT S AU Susskind, J Barnet, C Blaisdell, J Iredell, L Keita, F Kouvaris, L AF Susskind, J Barnet, C Blaisdell, J Iredell, L Keita, F Kouvaris, L BE Barnes, WL TI Early results from AIRS/AMSU/HSB SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE infrared; microwave; next generation; sounding AB AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua on May 5, 2002, together with AMSU A and HSB, to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. The primary products of AIRS/AMSU/HSB are twice daily global fields of atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles, ozone profiles, sea/land surface skin temperature, and cloud related parameters including OLR. The sounding goals of AIRS are to produce 1 km tropospheric layer mean temperatures with an rms error of 1K, and layer precipitable water with an rms error of 20%, in cases with up to 80% effective cloud cover. Pre-launch simulation studies indicated that these results should be achievable. Minor modifications have been made to the pre-launch retrieval algorithm as described in this paper. Sample fields of parameters retrieved from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data are presented and validated as a function of retrieved fractional cloud cover. As in simulation, the degradation of retrieval accuracy with increasing cloud cover is small. Select fields are also compared to those contained in the ECMWF analysis, done without the benefit of AIRS data, to demonstrate information that AIRS can add to that already contained in the ECMWF analysis. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 244 EP 251 DI 10.1117/12.506316 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100025 ER PT S AU Aumann, HH Chahine, M Barron, D AF Aumann, HH Chahine, M Barron, D BE Barnes, WL TI Sea surface temperature measurements with AIRS: RTG.SST comparison SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE atmospheric sounding infrared climate temperature ocean aerosol aqua ID AIRS/AMSU/HSB; MODEL AB The comparison of global sea surface skin temperatures derived from cloud-free AIRS super window channel at 2616cm-1 (sst2616) with the Real-Time Global Sea Surface Temperature (RTG.SST) for September 2002 shows a surprisingly small standard deviation of 0.44 K; however, sst2616 is colder than the RTG.SST by 0.67 K. About 0.35 K of the cold bias is due the expected bulk-skin gradient and the effect of using the day/night average RTG.SST for a nighttime comparison. The other 0.32 K is due to an absorbing layer in the atmosphere. There are large areas of the oceans where this absorbing layer is absent, and other areas where it is as large at 1.5 K. The layers persist regionally on a months timescale and might be related to some form of aerosol or marine haze. A correlation with major weather events, like the Monsoon season in the Indian ocean and, possibly, El Nino events is suspected, but has not been demonstrated. AIRS was launched into polar orbit on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 252 EP 261 DI 10.1117/12.506385 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100026 ER PT S AU Manning, EM Friedman, SZ Chang, AY AF Manning, EM Friedman, SZ Chang, AY BE Barnes, WL TI Post-launch lessons learned from the AIRS science data processing system SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE AIRS; AMSU; HSB; science processing; PGE AB The AIRS Science Data Processing System, responsible for processing data from the 4-instrument AIRS suite, includes 14 separate executable programs and produces dozens of products. These executable programs and products conform to ECS standards for processing and archival at Goddard Earth Sciences DAAC. These standards include format and metadata constraints, and the PGE paradigm. Before launch the AIRS team defined and implemented all PGEs, created simulated test data, verified PGE performance with simulated and ground test data, and verified PGE integration within the GES DAAC processing and archiving systems. To support validation and continued software development, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) developed a limited shadow production system, and received all instrument data after launch. This in-house system was not designed to process and serve all data, but rather to run experimental versions of our software and to run additional non-deliverable programs in support of validation. These pre-flight preparations paid off, and the first year after launch has been very active for the AIRS science data processing group. Still, lessons can be learned from our experiences during our first year of data processing and post-launch software development. These experiences and observations may be useful to science seams developing future Earth observing instruments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Manning, EM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 269 EP 281 DI 10.1117/12.504057 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100028 ER PT S AU Priestley, KJ Thomas, S Spence, PL Szewczyk, ZP Kizer, EA Walikainen, D Al-Hajjah, A Wilson, RS AF Priestley, KJ Thomas, S Spence, PL Szewczyk, ZP Kizer, EA Walikainen, D Al-Hajjah, A Wilson, RS BE Barnes, WL TI A comprehensive radiometric validation protocol for the CERES earth radiation budget climate record sensors SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE CERES; Terra; Aqua; calibration; stability; validation AB The CERES Flight Models 1 through 4 instruments were launched aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua Spacecraft into 705 Km sun-synchronous orbits with 10:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. equatorial crossing times. These instruments supplement measurements made by the CERES Proto Flight Model (PFM) instrument launched aboard NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft on November 27, 1997 into a 350 Km, 38-degree mid-inclined orbit. An important aspect of the EOS program is the rapid archival and dissemination of datasets measured by EOS instruments to the scientific community. Six months after the commencement of science measurements, CERES is committed to archiving the Edition 1 Level 1 instrument, and Level 2 ERBE-Like data products. These products consist of geolocated and calibrated instantaneous filtered and unfiltered radiances through temporally and spatially averaged TOA fluxes. CERES filtered radiance measurements cover three spectral bands including shortwave (0.3 to 5 mum), total (0.3 to <100 mum) and an atmospheric window channel (8 to 12 mum). The current work summarizes both the philosophy and results of a validation protocol designed to rigorously quantify the quality of the data products as well as the level of agreement between the TRMM, Terra and Aqua datasets. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Priestley, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 282 EP 287 DI 10.1117/12.507520 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100029 ER PT S AU Lee, RB Smith, GL Kratz, DP Priestley, KJ Szewczyk, ZP Thomas, S Bush, KA Paden, J Pandey, DK Wilson, RS Al-Hajjah, A AF Lee, RB Smith, GL Kratz, DP Priestley, KJ Szewczyk, ZP Thomas, S Bush, KA Paden, J Pandey, DK Wilson, RS Al-Hajjah, A BE Barnes, WL TI Measurements of filtered lunar radiances using the NASA Terra spacecraft/CERES thermistor bolometer sensors during 2000 and 2001 SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE lunar; radiometry; thermistor bolometers; CERES; Terra; total solar irradiance ID ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION; 350-2500 NM; CALIBRATION; CLOUDS; ORBIT; MOON; SEAWIFS; TRMM; TEMPERATURE AB Studies were conducted to define lunar radiances on an absolute radiometric scale tied to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) thermistor bolometer sensor instruments were used to measure lunar radiances from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Terra, and Aqua spacecraft platforms. Each CERES instrument package consisted of three different sensors: (1) broadband shortwave [0.3 to 5 micrometers]; (2) broadband total [0.3 to >100 micrometers]; and (3) narrowband, water vapor window [8 to 12 micrometers]. Moon-reflected solar radiances were measured with the shortwave sensor while both moon-reflected solar and moon-emitted longwave radiances were measured using the total sensor. The differences between the total and shortwave sensor measurements were used to determine the broadband longwave, moon-emitted radiances. The narrowband, water vapor window sensor measured only the longwave, moon-emitted radiances. The radiances were obtained as a function of phase angle (formed at the moon between directions to the sun and the spacecraft). The resulting filtered radiances were normalized to the mean sun-moon distance, one astronomical unit (AU), and to the mean earth-moon distance of 0.0026 AU (384,400 kilometers). 1998, 2000, and 2001, CERES lunar filtered measurements are presented, compared, and analyzed. Additional measurements are presented from the January 9, 2001, and May 16, 2003, total lunar eclipse events. Analyses of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) thermistor bolometer sensor observations of lunar radiances indicated that broadband shortwave and longwave lunar filtered radiances can be linked to a radiometric scale based upon an International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) at absolute levels approaching +/- 0.2 Wm(-2)sr(-1). For a lunar image diameter of 31 minutes of arc, an emitting lunar disc temperature of approximately 400 Kelvin was estimated from the longwave radiances near 7-degree phase angle. The integration of the CERES unfiltered radiances over all reflection angles can be used to define the moon radiation budget (MRB). C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lee, RB (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 318 EP 336 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100033 ER PT S AU Xiong, XJ Chiang, K Chen, N Xiong, S Wu, A Adimi, F Barnes, W AF Xiong, XJ Chiang, K Chen, N Xiong, S Wu, A Adimi, F Barnes, W BE Barnes, WL TI Detector stability of the Terra MODIS thermal emissive bands SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS AB The MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the key instruments for the NASA s Earth Observing System (EOS). The MODIS ProtoFlight Model (PFM) was launched on-board the EOS Terra spacecraft on December 18, 1999. The science data acquisition started on February 24, 2000. Since then it has been providing the science community and public users unprecedented amount of data sets for the global monitoring of the Earth s land, oceans, and atmosphere. MODIS has 36 spectral bands with wavelengths ranging from 0.41 micrometer to 14.5 micrometers. Its 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB) range from 3.7 to 14.2 micrometers and have a total of 160 individual detectors (10 detectors per band). The thermal emissive bands are calibrated on-orbit by an on-board calibrator blackbody (OBC BB) on a scan by scan basis. The detectors responses to the 1313 source track their operational stability and therefore their noise characteristics as well. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the MODIS TEB on-orbit calibration algorithm with a focus on detector stability using over three years of on-orbit calibration data sets. The on-orbit changes in detectors responses from one operational configuration to another, the changes within the same operational condition, and the impact of these changes on the calibration and on the Earth scene observations are carefully examined. Except for a few detectors that were identified from pre-launch or became noisy on-orbit, the overall performance of MODIS TEB detectors is very satisfactory according to the design specifications. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 346 EP 354 DI 10.1117/12.504827 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100035 ER PT S AU Xiong, XJ Sun, J Esposito, JA Liu, X Barnes, WL Guenther, B AF Xiong, XJ Sun, J Esposito, JA Liu, X Barnes, WL Guenther, B BE Barnes, WL TI On-orbit characterization of a solar diffuser s bi-directional reflectance factor using spacecraft maneuvers SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE MODIS; solar diffuser; calibration; BRF; Terra; yaw maneuvers AB The MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) uses an on-board solar diffuser (SD) panel made of Spectralon for the radiometric calibration of its 20 reflective solar bands (RSB). The spectral wavelengths of the RSB range from 0.41 to 2.1 micrometers. The on-orbit calibration coefficients are determined from the sensor s responses to the diffusely reflected solar illumination from the SD. This method requires an accurate pre-launch characterization of solar diffusers bi-directional reflectance factors (BRF) that should cover the sensors spectral range and illumination/viewing angles and accurate on-orbit monitoring of SD degradation over time. The MODIS SD panel s bidirectional reflectance factors were characterized prior to the sensor s final system integration (pre-launch) by the instrument vendor using reference samples traceable to the NIST reflectance standards at a number of wavelengths and carefully selected combinations of the illumination/viewing angles. The measured BRF values were fitted into smooth surfaces and then interpolated for each of the MODIS reflective solar bands. In this paper, we describe an approach designed for the MODIS on-orbit characterization and validation of its SD BRF using multiple SD solar observations at several spacecraft yaw angles. This approach has been successfully applied to both the Terra and Aqua MODIS. This paper presents the algorithm used to derive the SD s relative BRF from observations during spacecraft yaws and compares the on-orbit results with corresponding pre-launch values. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 375 EP 383 DI 10.1117/12.504802 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100038 ER PT S AU Ahmad, SP Levelt, PF Bhartia, PK Hilsenrath, E Leppelmeier, GW Johnson, JE AF Ahmad, SP Levelt, PF Bhartia, PK Hilsenrath, E Leppelmeier, GW Johnson, JE BE Barnes, WL TI Atmospheric products from the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII CY AUG 03-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE atmospheric chemistry; ozone; trace gases; NO2; SO2; BrO; HCHO; OClO; clouds; aerosols; UV and visible spectral radiance; surface UV-B flux; solar irradiance AB Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a Dutch-Finnish ozone monitoring imaging spectrometer that is designed to provide accurate measurements of total column ozone, ozone profile, surface UV irradiance, aerosols and cloud characteristics, and the column amounts of trace gases SO2, NO2, HCHO, BrO, and OCIO at high spatial resolution. The OMI along with the three other instruments, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS), and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), will be flown on the NASA's Aura mission in early 2004. The standard atmospheric chemistry and dynamics products derived from OMI, MLS, and FURDLS will be archived at the NASA's GES DAAC (TES data products will be archived at NASA Langley Research Center DAAC) and will be freely available to the public. Flighlights of OMI data products, as well as their availability, distribution and data support are discussed in this paper. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES DAAC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ahmad, SP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES DAAC, Code 902-SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5024-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5151 BP 619 EP 630 DI 10.1117/12.506042 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY13A UT WOS:000187838100062 ER PT J AU Verigin, M Slavin, J Szabo, A Kotova, G Gombosi, T AF Verigin, M Slavin, J Szabo, A Kotova, G Gombosi, T TI Planetary bow shocks: Asymptotic MHD Mach cones SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article ID MODEL; SHAPE AB A direct approach for determining the asymptotic MHD Mach cone is formulated and solved. An implicit analytical solution enables the calculation of the asymptotic downstream slope of MHD Mach cones at any clock angle for arbitrary M-s, M-a, and O-bv. The solution obtained includes all previously known symmetric cases. The elongation and shift of the asymptotic fast mode shock cross-section are studied for a wide range of upstream plasma parameters as well as its unusual 'chopped' shape under certain conditions. Our results may be useful for planetary shock modeling and MHD numerical codes verification. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Verigin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 696, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM verigin@iki.rssi.ru RI Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Gombosi, Tamas/G-4238-2011 OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Gombosi, Tamas/0000-0001-9360-4951 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2003 VL 55 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 657NC UT WOS:000181672400004 ER PT S AU Zhan, XW Gao, W Qi, JG Houser, PR Slusser, JR Pan, XL Gao, ZQ Ma, YJ AF Zhan, XW Gao, W Qi, JG Houser, PR Slusser, JR Pan, XL Gao, ZQ Ma, YJ BE Gao, W Shaw, DR TI Remote sensing and Modeling the dynamics of soil moisture and vegetative cover of arid and semiarid areas SO ECOSYSTEMS' DYNAMICS, AGRICULTURAL REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING, AND SITE-SPECIFIC AGRICULTURE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ecosystems Dynamics, Agricultural Remote Sensing and Modeling and Site-Specific Agriculture CY AUG 07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID SATELLITE DATA; ENERGY FLUXES; INDEXES; CO2 AB With the large volume of satellite remote sensing data of the earth terrestrial surface becoming available, precisely monitoring the dynamics of the land surface state variables for agricultural and land use management becomes possible. Currently, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometers on board NASA's Earth Observing Satellites (EOS) Terra and Aqua make it possible to derive a global coverage of land surface vegetation indices, leaf area index, and surface temperature data products at 1km spatial resolution every day. The advanced microwave scanning radiometers (AMSR) on board Aqua and Japan's ADEOS satellites start sending back a global coverage of rainfall and land surface soil moisture data products at up to 25km spatial resolution every two to three days. It is also well known that these land surface remote sensing products contain uncertainties due to imperfect instrument calibration and inversion algorithms, geophysical noise, representativeness error, communication breakdowns, and other sources while land surface model can continuously simulate these land surface state or storage variables for all time steps and all covered areas. Therefore a combination of satellite remote sensing products and land surface model simulations may provide more continuous, precise and comprehensive depiction of the dynamics of the land surface states. This paper introduces the state-of-the-arts technologies in the development of NASA's Land Data Assimilation System, and then proposes a procedure to combine the simulations of a simple land surface model and the remote sensing products from MODIS and AMSR. After the results of testing the procedure for an and area in Southwest USA are presented, the application of the procedure for the oases in Fukang County of Xinjiang Autonomous Region is proposed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, UMBC,GEST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhan, XW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, UMBC,GEST, Code 974-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Zhan, Xiwu/F-5487-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5026-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5153 BP 51 EP 60 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY23J UT WOS:000188361100006 ER PT S AU Rubin, RH Martin, PG Blagrave, KPM Dufour, RJ Ferland, GJ Liu, XW Nguyen, JF Baldwin, JA AF Rubin, RH Martin, PG Blagrave, KPM Dufour, RJ Ferland, GJ Liu, XW Nguyen, JF Baldwin, JA BE ReyesRuiz, M VazquezSemadeni, E TI Temperature variations from HST spectroscopy of NGC 1976 SO EIGHTH MEXICO-TEXAS CONFERENCE ON ASTROPHYSICS: ENERGETICS OF COSMIC PLASMAS SE REVISTA MEXICANA DE ASTRONOMIA Y ASTROFISICA, SERIE DE CONFERENCIAS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Mexico-Texas Conference on Astrophysics CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astronomia DE HII regions; ism : abundances; ism : individual (orion nebula) ID ORION-NEBULA; COLLISION STRENGTHS; PHYSICAL CONDITIONS; COEFFICIENTS; REGIONS; CORE; IONS AB We present HST/STIS long-slit spectroscopy of NGC 1976. Our goal is to measure the intrinsic line flux ratio [0 111] 4364/5008 and thereby evaluate the electron temperature (T-e) and the fractional mean-square T-e variation (t(A)(2)) across the nebula. We also measure the intrinsic line flux ratio [N 11] 5756/6585 in order to A estimate T-e and t(A)(2) in the N+ region. The interpretation of the [Nil] data is not as clear cut as the [0 111] A data because of a higher sensitivity to knowledge of the electron density (N-e). We present results from binning the data along the various slits into tiles that are 0.5" square. The average [0 111] temperature for our four HST/STIS slits varies from 7678 K to 8358 K; t(A)(2) varies from 0.00682 to 0.0176. When we use N-e of 8000 (for A slits 1 and 2) and 3000 cm(-3) (for slits 4 and 5) with Lennon & Burke (1994) collision strengths, the average [N II] temperature for each of the four slits varies from 8979 K to 9761 K; t(A)(2) varies from 0.00551 to 0.0172. The A measurements of T-e reported here are an average along each line of sight. Therefore, despite finding remarkably low t(A)(2), A we cannot rule out significantly larger temperature fluctuations along the line of sight. The result that the average [N 11] T-e exceeds the average [0 111] T-e confirms what has been previously found for Orion and what is expected on theoretical grounds. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Rubin, RH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. OI Ferland, Gary/0000-0003-4503-6333 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA MEXICO INSTITUTO ASTRONOMIA PI MEXICO CITY PA APARTADO POSTAL 70-264, MEXICO CITY 04510, MEXICO SN 1405-2059 BN 970-32-1156-9 J9 REV MEX AST ASTR PY 2003 VL 18 BP 113 EP 115 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY13D UT WOS:000187839200028 ER PT S AU Thompson, KG Benicewicz, BC AF Thompson, KG Benicewicz, BC BE Zarras, P StengerSmith, JD Wei, Y TI Corrosion-protective coatings from electroactive polymers SO ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS FOR CORROSION CONTROL SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Electroactive Polymers for Corrosion Control CY DEC, 2000 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN ID POLYANILINE AB In a research effort involving the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's John F. Kennedy Space Center and the Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratory, electroactive polymers were developed as corrosion-protective coatings for metal surfaces. At the Kennedy Space Center, the launch environment consists of marine, severe solar, and intermittent high acid/elevated temperature conditions. Electroactive polymer coatings have been developed which impart corrosion resistance on mild steel surfaces, even when scratches exist in the protective coating. Such coatings appear promising for many commercial applications. (C) 2003 American Chemical Society. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, NYS Ctr Polymer Synthesis, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Thompson, KG (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3790-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2003 VL 843 BP 18 EP 33 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Electrochemistry; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Polymer Science GA BW37B UT WOS:000181732300003 ER PT J AU Stals, L AF Stals, L TI Comparison of non-linear solvers for the solution of radiation transport equations SO ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Copper Mountain Conference on Multigrid Methods CY APR 01-06, 2001 CL COPPER MOUNTAIN, CO DE FAS; multigrid; Newton method; radiation transport AB We compare the performance of an inexact Newton-multigrid method and Full Approximation Storage multigrid when solving radiation transport equations. We also present an adaptive refinement algorithm and explore its impact on the solution of such equations. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Old Dominion Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU KENT STATE UNIVERSITY PI KENT PA ETNA, DEPT MATHEMATICS & COMPUTER SCIENCE, KENT, OH 44242-0001 USA SN 1068-9613 J9 ELECTRON T NUMER ANA JI Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal. PY 2003 VL 15 BP 78 EP 93 PG 16 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 680VJ UT WOS:000182999400008 ER PT S AU Ikebe, Y Bohringer, H Kitayama, T AF Ikebe, Y Bohringer, H Kitayama, T BE Holt, SS Reynolds, CS TI X-ray measurement of dark matter "temperature" in Abell 1795 SO EMERGENCE OF COSMIC STRUCTURE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Astrophysics Conference CY OCT 07-09, 2002 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Maryland ID INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM; COOLING FLOWS; GALAXIES; CLUSTERS; ROSAT AB We establish a method from an X-ray observation of a galaxy cluster to measure the radial profile of the dark matter velocity dispersion, sigma(DM), and to derive the dark matter "temperature" defined as mum(p)sigma(DM)(2). The method is applied to the XMM-Newton observation of Abell 1795. The ratio between the specific energy of the dark matter and that of the intra cluster medium (ICM), which can be denoted as beta(DM) in analogy with beta(spec), is found to be less than unity everywhere ranging similar to0.3 - 0.8. In other words, the ICM temperature is higher than the dark matter "temperature", even in the central region where radiative cooling time is short and cooling flow phenomena is expected to be observed. A beta(DM) value smaller than unity can be most naturally explained by heating of the ICM in addition to gravitational heating. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ikebe, Y (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0128-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 666 BP 139 EP 142 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW85R UT WOS:000183411200016 ER PT S AU Mushotzky, R AF Mushotzky, R BE Holt, SS Reynolds, CS TI The entropy in groups - A clue to galaxy formation SO EMERGENCE OF COSMIC STRUCTURE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Astrophysics Conference CY OCT 07-09, 2002 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Maryland ID X-RAY-CLUSTERS; EVOLUTION; GAS AB The entropy in the hot x-ray gas in groups of galaxies is a fossil of the process of galaxy formation. The amount of entropy in these low mass systems considerably exceeds that predicted from structure formation models. To explain these results requires "extra" energy which is a relic of the process of star formation and active galaxy heating. We present new XMM results on the entropy and entropy profiles. These results are inconsistent with preheating scenarios which have been developed to explain the entropy floor in groups but are broadly consistent with models of structure formation which include the effects of heating and/or the cooling of the gas. The total entropy in these systems provides a strong constraint on all models of galaxy and group formation, and on the poorly defined feedback process which controls the transformation of gas into stars and thus the formation of structure in the universe. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mushotzky, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0128-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 666 BP 171 EP 181 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW85R UT WOS:000183411200021 ER PT S AU Gardner, JP AF Gardner, JP BE Holt, SS Reynolds, CS TI Multi-wavelength luminosity functions of galaxies SO EMERGENCE OF COSMIC STRUCTURE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Astrophysics Conference CY OCT 07-09, 2002 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Maryland ID REDSHIFT SURVEY; FIELD; SAMPLE AB Multivariate or multi-wavelength luminosity functions will reveal the interplay between star formation, chemical evolution, and absorption and re-emission of dust within evolving galaxy populations. By using principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the problem, I optimally extract the relevant photometric information from large galaxy catalogs. As a demonstration of the technique, I derive the multi-wavelength luminosity function for the galaxies in the released SDSS catalog, and compare the results with those obtained by traditional methods. This technique will be applicable to catalogs of galaxies from datasets obtained by 2MASS, and the SIRTF and GALEX missions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gardner, JP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0128-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 666 BP 245 EP 248 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW85R UT WOS:000183411200032 ER PT S AU Centrella, JM AF Centrella, JM BE Holt, SS Reynolds, CS TI What can we learn about cosmic structure from gravitational waves? SO EMERGENCE OF COSMIC STRUCTURE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Astrophysics Conference CY OCT 07-09, 2002 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Maryland ID MASSIVE BLACK-HOLES; ROTATING SUPERMASSIVE STAR; MERGER HISTORY; RADIO-SOURCES; COLLAPSE; RADIATION; EVOLUTION; LISA; INTERFEROMETERS; COALESCENCES AB Observations of low frequency gravitational waves by the space-based LISA mission will open a new observational window on the early universe and the emergence of structure. LISA will observe the dynamical coalescence of massive black hole binaries at high redshifts, giving an unprecedented look at the merger history of galaxies and the reionization epoch. LISA will also observe gravitational waves from the collapse of supermassive stars to form black holes, and will map the spacetime in the central regions of galaxy cusps at high precision. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Centrella, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0128-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 666 BP 337 EP 346 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW85R UT WOS:000183411200047 ER PT S AU Mather, JC AF Mather, JC BE Holt, SS Reynolds, CS TI Prospects for future observations in the Mid/Far IR SO EMERGENCE OF COSMIC STRUCTURE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Astrophysics Conference CY OCT 07-09, 2002 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Maryland AB The rapid advancement of telescope and detector technology enables a sequence of ambitious new airborne and space missions to observe in the mid- and far-infrared. I review the scientific forces that push us to these wavelengths, and the observatories that are planned or conceived to meet the goals. This decade and several more promise to be the "age of the infrared," with marvelous discoveries yet to come. I describe the main scientific objectives and the missions conceived to meet them, beginning with the SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope Facility) planned for launch in early 2003, to the SPECS (Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure), which may be decades in the future. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Infrared Astrophys Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mather, JC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Infrared Astrophys Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0128-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 666 BP 347 EP 354 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW85R UT WOS:000183411200048 ER PT S AU Maleki, L Savchenkov, AA Ilchenko, VS Matsko, AB AF Maleki, L Savchenkov, AA Ilchenko, VS Matsko, AB BE Pirich, AR Taylor, EW Hayduk, MJ TI Whispering gallery mode lithium niobate micro-resonators for photonics applications SO ENABLING PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Photonic Technologies for Aerospace Applications V CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE whispering gallery modes; electro-optical modulator; mode-locked laser; coupled opto-electronic oscillator ID FREQUENCY COMB GENERATION; WAVE-GUIDE LASERS; OPTOELECTRONIC OSCILLATOR; DIELECTRIC SPHERE; OPTICAL PULSES; SILICA MICRORESONATORS; LOCKING; RECEIVER; PROPAGATION; CAVITY AB We review various photonics applications of whispering gallery mode (WGM) dielectric resonators and focus on the capability of generating trains of short optical pulses using WGM lithium niobate cavities. We introduce schemes of optical frequency comb generators, actively mode-locked lasers, and coupled opto-electronic oscillators where WGM cavities are utilized for the light amplification and modulation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4964-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5104 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.488253 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BX46B UT WOS:000185350500001 ER PT S AU Ott, MN Proctor, M Dodson, M Macmurphy, S Friedberg, P AF Ott, MN Proctor, M Dodson, M Macmurphy, S Friedberg, P BE Pirich, AR Taylor, EW Hayduk, MJ TI Optical fiber cable assembly characterization for the Mercury Laser Altimeter SO ENABLING PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Photonic Technologies for Aerospace Applications V CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE optical fiber; assemblies; characterization; spaceflight; Diamond; connector; environmental; radiation AB For the space flight, mission MESSENGER, the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) instrument required highly reliable optical fiber assemblies for the beam delivery system. A custom assembly was designed based on commercially available technologies to accommodate the requirements for the mission. Presented here are the results of environmental testing the MLA optical fiber assemblies. These assemblies consisted of W.L.Gore FLEX-LITE(TM) cable with 200 micron core Polymicro Technologies optical fiber and the Diamond AVIMS connector kits. The assemblies were terminated to the NASA-STD-8739.5 in the Code 562 Advanced Photonics Interconnection Manufacturing Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The technology validation methods that were used to characterize these. assemblies for usage in a space flight environment have been established and well documented. [1-4] Only the tests that a re known to bring out the failure modes typical to optical fiber assemblies have been performed to assess the ability of these assemblies to withstand the environmental parameters that have been established for Mercury Laser Altimeter. Testing involved vacuum, vibration, thermal and radiation exposure and the data with results of those characterization tests are included here. For the radiation characterization; both the 200 micron core FLEX-LITE(TM) (FON1173) and the 300 micron core FLEX-LITE(TM) (FON1174) were tested. For all other environmental tests only the 200 micron core FLEX-LITE(TM)/AVIMs assembly was tested since it was expected that the results of such testing would not differ much with core size. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sigma Res & Engn, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ott, MN (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sigma Res & Engn, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4964-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5104 BP 96 EP 106 DI 10.1117/12.485865 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BX46B UT WOS:000185350500012 ER PT S AU Bardina, J Rajkumar, T AF Bardina, J Rajkumar, T BE Sisti, AF Trevisani, DA TI Intelligent launch and range operations virtual test bed (ILRO-VTB) SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIMULATION SCIENCE VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB Intelligent Launch and Range Operations Virtual Test Bed (ILRO-VTB) is a real-time web-based command and control, communication. and intelligent simulation environment of ground-vehicle, launch and range operation activities. ILRO-VTB consists of a variety of simulation models combined with commercial and indigenous software developments (NASA Ames). It creates a hybrid software/hardware environment suitable for testing various integrated control system components of launch and range. The dynamic interactions of the integrated simulated control systems are not well understood. Insight into such systems can only be achieved through simulation/emulation. For that reason, NASA has established a VTB where we can learn the actual control and dynamics of designs for future space programs, including testing and performance evaluation. The current implementation of the VTB simulates the operations of a sub-orbital vehicle of mission, control, ground-vehicle engineering, launch and range operations. The present development of the test bed simulates the operations of Space Shuttle Vehicle (SSV) at NASA Kennedy Space Center. The test bed supports a wide variety of shuttle missions with ancillary modeling capabilities like weather forecasting, lightning tracker, toxic gas dispersion model, debris dispersion model, telemetry, trajectory modeling, ground operations, payload models and etc. To achieve the simulations, all models are linked using Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). The test bed provides opportunities for government, universities, researchers and industries to do a real time of shuttle launch in cyber space. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bardina, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4951-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5091 BP 141 EP 148 DI 10.1117/12.486335 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BX58J UT WOS:000185758700015 ER PT B AU Zhang, NL Chao, DF Yang, WJ AF Zhang, NL Chao, DF Yang, WJ BE Chen, K TI Enhanced pool boiling on copper-graphite composite surfaces SO ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Energy and the Environment CY DEC, 2003 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol, George Washington Univ DE enhancement; pool boiling; composite surface; bubble departure ID VAPOR BUBBLE; HEAT-TRANSFER; LIQUID; DEPARTURE AB Nucleate boiling performances of a highly wetting liquid, Freon-l 13, and a moderately wetting liquid, water, on copper-graphite (Cu-Gr) composite surfaces are experimentally investigated. It is disclosed that the nucleate boiling heat transfer of both two kinds of liquids is augmented by the presence of graphite fibers, and the composite surface with 25% volume fraction of graphite fibers in the copper matrix is confirmed to exhibit the best enhancing performance. Stronger enhancement is obtained for water compared to Freon-113. A bubble departure model is suggested to explain the enhancement mechanism of the boiling heat transfer on the Composite surfaces. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhang, NL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SHANGHAI SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL LITERATURE PUBL PI SHANGHAI 200031 PA 2 WU KANG ROAD, SHANGHAI 200031, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-5323-7335-5 PY 2003 BP 678 EP 684 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAA59 UT WOS:000221355500124 ER PT S AU Dennis, BR Veronig, A Schwartz, RA Sui, L Tolbert, AK Zarro, DM AF Dennis, BR Veronig, A Schwartz, RA Sui, L Tolbert, AK Zarro, DM CA RHESSI Team BE Dennis, BR Kosugi, T Lin, RP TI The Neupert Effect and new RHESSI measures of the total energy in electrons accelerated in solar flares SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE - FLARES AND RELATED PHENOMENA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID SOFT-X-RAY; EVAPORATION MODEL; SPECTROSCOPY; RADIATION AB It is believed that a large fraction of the total energy released in a solar flare goes initially into accelerated electrons. These electrons generate the observed hard X-ray bremsstrahlung as they lose most of their energy by coulomb collisions in the lower corona and chromosphere. Results from the Solar Maximum Mission showed that there may be even more energy in accelerated electrons with energies above 25 keV than in the soft X-ray emitting thermal plasma. If this is the case, it is difficult to understand why the Neupert Effect - the empirical result that for many flares the time integral of the hard X-ray emission closely matches the temporal variation of the soft X-ray emission - is not more clearly observed in many flares. From recent studies, it appears that the fraction of the released energy going into accelerated electrons is lower, on average, for smaller flares than for larger flares. Also, from relative timing differences, about 25% of all flares are inconsistent with the Neupert Effect. The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) is uniquely capable of investigating the Neupert Effect since it covers soft X-rays down to 3 keV (when both attenuators are out of the field of view) and hard X-rays with keV energy resolution, arcsecond-class angular resolution, and sub-second time resolution. When combined with the anticipated observations from the Soft X-ray Imager on the next GOES satellite, these observations will provide us with the ability to track the Neupert Effect in space and time and learn more about the relation between plasma heating and particle acceleration. The early results from RHESSI show that the electron spectrum extends down to as low as 10 keV in many flares, thus increasing the total energy estimates of the accelerated electrons by an order of magnitude or more compared with the SMM values. This combined with the possible effects of filling factors smaller than unity for the soft X-ray plasma suggest that there is significantly more energy in nonthermal electrons than in the soft X-ray emitting plasma in many flares. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. L3 Commun EER Syst Inc, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. RP Dennis, BR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brian.R.Dennis@nasa.gov; Brian.R.Dennis@nasa.gov RI Veronig, Astrid/B-8422-2009 NR 17 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 12 BP 2459 EP 2464 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00884-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY23H UT WOS:000188360800008 ER PT S AU Gopalswamy, N Yashiro, S Kaiser, ML Howard, RA AF Gopalswamy, N Yashiro, S Kaiser, ML Howard, RA BE Dennis, BR Kosugi, T Lin, RP TI Coronal mass ejection interaction and particle acceleration during the 2001 April 14-15 events SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE - FLARES AND RELATED PHENOMENA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res ID ENERGETIC PARTICLES; WAVES; RADIO AB Two successive solar energetic particle (SEP) events associated with fast and wide coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on 2001 April 14 and 15 are compared. The weak SEP event of April 14 associated with an 830 km/s CME and an M1.0 flare was the largest impulsive event of cycle 23. The April 15 event, the largest ground level event of cycle 23, was three orders of magnitude more intense than the April 14(th) event and was associated with a faster CME (1200 km/s) and an X14.4 flare. We compiled and compared all the activities (flares, CMEs, interplanetary conditions and radio bursts) associated with the two SEP events to understand the intensity difference between them. Different coronal and interplanetary environments of the two events (presence of preceding CME and seed particles ahead of the April 15 event) may explain the intensity difference. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Gopalswamy, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gopals@fugee.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 12 BP 2613 EP 2618 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.038 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY23H UT WOS:000188360800032 ER PT S AU Yashiro, S Gopalswamy, N Michalek, G Howard, RA AF Yashiro, S Gopalswamy, N Michalek, G Howard, RA BE Dennis, BR Kosugi, T Lin, RP TI Properties of narrow coronal mass ejections observed with lasco SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE - FLARES AND RELATED PHENOMENA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID WHITE-LIGHT; JETS AB We report the statistical properties of narrow coronal mass ejections (CMEs, angular width < 20degrees) with particular emphasis on comparison with normal CMEs. We investigated 806 narrow CMEs from an online LASCO/CME catalog and found that (1) the fraction of narrow CMEs increases from 12% to 22% towards solar maximum, (2) during the solar maximum, the narrow CMEs are generally faster than normal ones, (3) the maximum speed of narrow CMEs (1141 km s(-1)) is much smaller than that of the normal CMEs (2604 km s(-1)). These results imply that narrow CMEs do not form a subset of normal CMEs and have a different acceleration mechanism from normal CMEs. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, Krakow, Poland. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Yashiro, S (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM yashiro@cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 12 BP 2631 EP 2635 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.03.018 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY23H UT WOS:000188360800035 ER PT S AU Cohen, CMS Mewaldt, RA Cummings, AC Leske, RA Stone, EC von Rosenvinge, TT Wiedenbeck, ME AF Cohen, CMS Mewaldt, RA Cummings, AC Leske, RA Stone, EC von Rosenvinge, TT Wiedenbeck, ME BE Dennis, BR Kosugi, T Lin, RP TI Variability of spectra in large solar energetic particle events SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE - FLARES AND RELATED PHENOMENA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res ID ACCELERATION; SHOCKS AB Using data from the Solar Isotope Spectrometer on the Advanced Composition Explorer obtained during 3 6 large solar energetic particle events (SEPs) that occurred during 1997-2002 we have examined the spectral characteristics of oxygen and iron. Based on the shape of the oxygen spectrum during the decay phase following the peak in particle intensity, each SEP event was categorized as either exponential (7 events) or power law (29 events). We find that the exponential events were typically the larger events (in terms of peak oxygen intensity) and had Fe/O ratios that strongly decreased with increasing energy. Event-averaged Fe/O ratios (integrated over 12 to 60 MeV/nucleon) were at or below coronal abundances for nearly all these events, while the ratios obtained in the power law events were typically enhanced over coronal values. The majority of the power law events had the same spectral index for both 0 and Fe resulting in an Fe/O ratio independent of energy. However 6 of the 29 power law events had Fe/O ratios that increased with increasing energy due to an Fe spectral index less negative than that of O. We consider simple diffusion theory in an effort to understand the nature of these events and obtain preliminary but promising results. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cohen, CMS (reprint author), CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM cohen@srl.caltech.edu NR 10 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 12 BP 2649 EP 2654 DI 10.1016/S2073-1177(03)00901-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY23H UT WOS:000188360800038 ER PT S AU Marsden, RG Fleck, B AF Marsden, RG Fleck, B BE Dennis, BR Kosugi, T Lin, RP TI The solar orbiter mission SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE - FLARES AND RELATED PHENOMENA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res AB Approved in October 2000 by ESA's Science Programme Committee as a flexi-mission, the Solar Orbiter will study the Sun and unexplored regions of the inner heliosphere from a unique orbit that brings the probe to within 45 solar radii (0.21 AU) of our star, and to solar latitudes as high as 38degrees. This orbit will allow the Solar Orbiter to make fundamental contributions to our understanding of the acceleration and propagation of energetic particles in the extended solar atmosphere. During quasi-heliosynchronous phases of the orbit, Solar Orbiter will track a given region of the solar surface for several days, making possible unprecedented studies of the sources of impulsive and CME-related particle events. The scientific payload to be carried by the probe will include a sophisticated remote-sensing package, as well as state-of-the-art in-situ instruments. The multi-wavelength, multi-disciplinary approach of Solar Orbiter, combined with its novel location, represents a powerful tool for studies of energetic particle phenomena. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. ESA, Res & Sci Support Dept, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Marsden, RG (reprint author), European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, ESTEC, POB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM Richard.Marsden@esa.int RI Fleck, Bernhard/C-9520-2012 NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 12 BP 2699 EP 2704 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.01.003 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY23H UT WOS:000188360800046 ER PT S AU Young, S de Haag, MU Sayre, J AF Young, S de Haag, MU Sayre, J BE Verly, JG TI Using X-band weather radar measurements to monitor the integrity of digital elevation models for synthetic vision systems SO ENHANCED AND SYNTHETIC VISION 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2003 Conference CY APR 21, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision systems; digital elevation models; radar; integrity; feature detection AB Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) provide pilots with displays of stored geo-spatial data representing terrain, obstacles, and cultural features. As comprehensive validation is impractical, these databases typically have no quantifiable level of integrity. Further, updates to the databases may not be provided as changes occur. These issues limit the certification level and constrain the operational context of SVS for civil aviation. Previous work demonstrated the feasibility of using a real-time monitor to bound the integrity of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) by using radar altimeter measurements during flight. This paper describes an extension of this concept to include X-band Weather Radar (WxR) measurements. This enables the monitor to detect additional classes of DEM errors and to reduce the exposure time associated with integrity threats. Feature extraction techniques are used along with a statistical assessment of similarity measures between the sensed and stored features that are detected. Recent flight-testing in the area around the Juneau, Alaska Airport (JNU) has resulted in a comprehensive set of sensor data that is being used to assess the feasibility of the proposed monitor technology. Initial results of this assessment are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Young, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4940-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5081 BP 66 EP 76 DI 10.1117/12.489000 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX69Q UT WOS:000186146700008 ER PT S AU Delgado, F AF Delgado, F BE Verly, JG TI Smart camera system for aircraft and spacecraft SO ENHANCED AND SYNTHETIC VISION 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2003 Conference CY APR 21, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision; simulation; flight visualization; flight guidance; human factors; situation awareness; hybrid synthetic system; UAV visualization; smart camera systems AB This paper describes a new approach to situation awareness that combines video sensor technology and synthetic vision technology in a unique fashion to create a hybrid vision system. Our implementation of the technology, called "SmartCam3D" (SCS3D) has been flight tested by both NASA and the Department of Defense with excellent results. This paper details its development and flight test results. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Delgado, F (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4940-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5081 BP 102 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.484801 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX69Q UT WOS:000186146700011 ER PT S AU Arthur, JJ Prinzel, LJ Kramer, LJ Bailey, RE Parrish, RV AF Arthur, JJ Prinzel, LJ Kramer, LJ Bailey, RE Parrish, RV BE Verly, JG TI CFIT prevention using synthetic vision SO ENHANCED AND SYNTHETIC VISION 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2003 Conference CY APR 21, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB In commercial aviation, over 30-percent of all fatal accidents worldwide are categorized as Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents where a fully functioning airplane is inadvertently flown into the ground, water, or an obstacle. An experiment was conducted at NASA Langley Research Center investigating the presentation of a synthetic terrain database scenes to the pilot on a Primary Flight Display (PFD). The major hypothesis for the experiment is that a synthetic vision system (SVS) will improve the pilot's ability to detect and avoid a potential CFIT compared to conventional flight instrumentation. All display conditions, including the baseline, contained a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) and Vertical Situation Display (VSD) enhanced Navigation Display (ND). Sixteen pilots each flew 22 approach - departure maneuvers in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) to the terrain challenged Eagle County Regional Airport (EGE) in Colorado. For the final run, the flight guidance cues were altered such that the departure path went into the terrain. All pilots with a SVS enhanced PFD (12 of 16 pilots) noticed and avoided the potential CFIT situation. All of the pilots who flew the anomaly with the baseline display configuration (which included a TAWS and VSD enhanced ND) had a CFIT event. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Arthur, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4940-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5081 BP 146 EP 157 DI 10.1117/12.487291 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX69Q UT WOS:000186146700015 ER PT J AU Little, EE Calfee, RD Fabacher, DL Carey, C Blazer, VS Middleton, EM AF Little, EE Calfee, RD Fabacher, DL Carey, C Blazer, VS Middleton, EM TI Effects of ultraviolet radiation on toad early life stages SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aquatic habitats; Bufo boreas; Bufo woodhousii; embryo/larval tests; laboratory exposures; photoprotective pigments; photoprotection; survival; ultraviolet radiation; UVB tolerance ID EARTHS SURFACE; BOREAL TOADS; B RADIATION; UV-B; SOLAR; AMPHIBIANS; DECLINES; COLORADO; FISH; SKIN AB Background: Exposure to harmful levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), a component of solar radiation, has been suggested as a potential cause of amphibian declines. Methods: We measured solar radiation (UVB, ultraviolet-A, and visible) wavebands in breeding ponds of Bufo boreas (boreal toad, a montane species that has undergone severe population declines) and Bufo woodhousii (Woodhouse's toad, a plains toad that has not experienced declines) and examined tolerances of these species to simulated solar UVB exposures in the laboratory. Results: We found larvae of both species to be tolerant of simulated solar UVB in excess of solar UVB levels observed in their breeding ponds. B. boreas tadpoles were more tolerant of simulated solar UVB exposure than B. woodhousii tadpoles, possibly because of greater amounts of photoprotective melanin in B. boreas skin. Conclusions: UVB levels observed in B. boreas habitats do not currently appear to constitute a threat to the survival of these animals; however, long-term (>1 month) exposure to UVB levels comparable to levels associated with the water interface appears to reduce survival in B. woodhousii tadpoles. Therefore, future increases in surface and water column UVB radiation in bufonid habitats might pose significant survival risks to B. boreas or B. woodhousii populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Little, EE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 14 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0944-1344 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R JI Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. PY 2003 VL 10 IS 3 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1065/espr2002.06.123 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 683TK UT WOS:000183165600006 PM 12846377 ER PT J AU Rosenqvist, A Milne, A Lucas, R Imhoff, M Dobson, C AF Rosenqvist, A Milne, A Lucas, R Imhoff, M Dobson, C TI A review of remote sensing technology in support of the Kyoto Protocol SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Review DE Kyoto Protocol; remote sensing; verification; compliance; ARD ID RADAR BACKSCATTER; FOREST BIOMASS; VEGETATION BIOMASS; DATA SET; SAR; TOPOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; IMAGES; LIDAR; RICE AB This paper presents an overview of the role of remote sensing technology in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol and is based largely on discussions held at an international workshop in MI, USA, and the report that followed [A. Rosenqvist, M. Imhoff, T. Milne, C. Dobson (Eds.), Remote Sensing and the Kyoto Protocol: A Review of Available and Future Technology for Monitoring Treaty Compliance, Workshop Report, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 20-22 October 1999, 2000a, 159 pp. Available at http://www.eecs.umich.edu/kyoto]. The implications of significant decisions pertaining to the definition of the key terms forest and afforestation, reforestation and deforestation (ARD) activities taken at the conference of parties (COP 6:2 and COP 7) meetings in Bonn and Marrakesh, respectively in 2001 are also discussed. Past, current and near-future remote sensing instruments with applications appropriate to Kyoto requirements are short listed; research topics that need to be advanced to support use of these are outlined, and future actions recommended. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Environm & Earth Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales. Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Environm & Earth Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. RP Rosenqvist, A (reprint author), Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Triton Sq X-22F,1-8-10 Harumi, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. EM ake.rosenqvist@nasda.go.jp RI Beckley, Matthew/D-4547-2013 NR 57 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 5 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-9011 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLICY JI Environ. Sci. Policy PY 2003 VL 6 IS 5 BP 441 EP 455 DI 10.1016/S1462-9011(03)00070-4 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 740KZ UT WOS:000186402700005 ER PT J AU Rosenqvist, A Milne, A Lucas, R Imhoff, M Dobson, C AF Rosenqvist, A Milne, A Lucas, R Imhoff, M Dobson, C TI A review of remote sensing technology in support of the Kyoto Protocol (vol 6, pg 441, 2003) SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Environm & Earth Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Ceredigion, Wales. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Rosenqvist, A (reprint author), Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Triton Sq X-22F,1-8-10 Harumi, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-9011 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLICY JI Environ. Sci. Policy PY 2003 VL 6 IS 6 BP 551 EP 551 DI 10.1016/j.envsci.2003.09.002 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 749NM UT WOS:000186926900008 ER PT S AU Lohn, J Larchev, G DeMara, R AF Lohn, J Larchev, G DeMara, R BE Tyrrell, AM Haddow, PC Torresen, J TI A genetic representation for evolutionary fault recovery in virtex FPGAs SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY MAR 17-20, 2003 CL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY SP Res Council Norway, European Comm IST Programme, Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Univ Oslo, Dept Informat, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USAF Off Sci Res, USAF Res Lab, Telenor ASA, ATMEL, Siemens AB Most evolutionary approaches to fault recovery in FPGAs focus on evolving alternative logic configurations as opposed to evolving the intra-cell routing. Since the majority of transistors in a typical FPGA are dedicated to interconnect, nearly 80% according to one estimate, evolutionary fault-recovery systems should benefit by accommodating routing. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary fault-recovery system employing a genetic representation that takes into account both logic and routing configurations. Experiments were run using a software model of the Xilinx Virtex FPGA. We report that using four Virtex combinational logic blocks, we were able to evolve a 100% accurate quadrature decoder finite state machine in the presence of a stuck-at-zero fault. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Lohn, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Mail Stop 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. OI DeMara, Ronald/0000-0001-6864-7255 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-00730-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2606 BP 47 EP 56 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BW72S UT WOS:000182975200005 ER PT S AU Zebulum, RS Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Ferguson, MI Duong, V Guo, Y Vorperian, V AF Zebulum, RS Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Ferguson, MI Duong, V Guo, Y Vorperian, V BE Tyrrell, AM Haddow, PC Torresen, J TI Automatic evolution of signal separators using reconfigurable hardware SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY MAR 17-20, 2003 CL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY SP Res Council Norway, European Comm IST Programme, Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Univ Oslo, Dept Informat, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USAF Off Sci Res, USAF Res Lab, Telenor ASA, ATMEL, Siemens AB In this paper we describe the hardware evolution of analog circuits performing signal separation tasks using JPL's Stand-Alone Board-Level Evolvable System (SABLES). SABLES integrates a Field Programmable Transistor Array chip (FPTA-2) and a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) implementing the Evolutionary Platform (EP). The FPTA-2 is a second generation reconfigurable mixed signal array chip whose cells can be programmed at the transistor level. Its chip architecture consists of an 8x8 matrix of reconfigurable cells. The FPTA-2 is reconfigured by evolution to achieve circuits that can extract a target signal that is combined with an undesired component or to perform the separation of a combination of two signals. The paper considers also an adaptive filter where the fitness function depends on the input signal. The results demonstrate that SABLES is not only able to perform signal separation and extraction, but it is also flexible enough to adapt to different input signals without human intervention, such as in the case of self-tuning and adaptive filters. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ricardo@brain.jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-00730-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2606 BP 286 EP 295 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BW72S UT WOS:000182975200026 ER PT J AU Weisskopf, MC Aldcroft, TL Bautz, M Cameron, RA Dewey, D Drake, JJ Grant, CE Marshall, HL Murray, SS AF Weisskopf, MC Aldcroft, TL Bautz, M Cameron, RA Dewey, D Drake, JJ Grant, CE Marshall, HL Murray, SS TI An overview of the performance of the Chandra X-ray Observatory SO EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article DE X-ray astronomy; X-ray missions; X-ray optics; X-ray detectors; X-ray spectroscopy; astrophysics; astronomical objects ID TRANSMISSION GRATING SPECTROMETER; HIGH-RESOLUTION CAMERA; IN-FLIGHT PERFORMANCE; CCD IMAGING SPECTROMETER; ISOLATED NEUTRON-STAR; SOLAR SPECTRUM; DEEP SURVEY; XMM-NEWTON; DISCOVERY; CALIBRATION AB The Chandra X-ray Observatory is the X-ray component of NASA's Great Observatory Program which includes the recently launched Spitzer Infrared Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) for observations in the visible, and the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) which, after providing years of useful data has reentered the atmosphere. All these facilities provide, or provided, scientific data to the international astronomical community in response to peer-reviewed proposals for their use. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was the result of the efforts of many academic, commercial, and government organizations primarily in the United States but also in Europe. NASNs Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) manages the project and provides project science; Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST - formerly TRW) served as prime contractor responsible for providing the spacecraft, the telescope, and assembling and testing the observatory; and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) provides technical support and is responsible for ground operations including the Chandra X-ray Center (CXC). Telescope and instrument teams at SAO, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Pennsylvania State University (PSU), the Space Research Institute of the Netherlands (SRON), the Max-Planck Institin fur extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), and the University of Kiel also provide technical support to the Chandra Project. We present here a detailed description of the hardware, its on-orbit performance, and a brief overview of some of the remarkable discoveries that illustrate that performance. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. SAO, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Weisskopf, MC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM martin.c.weisskopf@nasa.gov NR 70 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6435 J9 EXP ASTRON JI Exp. Astron. PY 2003 VL 16 IS 1 BP 1 EP 68 DI 10.1023/B:EXPA.0000038953.49421.54 PG 68 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 876AO UT WOS:000225467900001 ER PT J AU Prasad, V Trappe, V Dinsmore, AD Segre, PN Cipelletti, L Weitz, DA AF Prasad, V Trappe, V Dinsmore, AD Segre, PN Cipelletti, L Weitz, DA TI Universal features of the fluid to solid transition for attractive colloidal particles SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT General Meeting on Non-Equilibrium Behaviour of Colloidal Dispersions CY SEP 09-11, 2002 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND ID BOND-BENDING FORCES; ELASTIC NETWORKS; POLYMER MIXTURES; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; NONERGODICITY TRANSITIONS; SCATTERING FUNCTION; DISORDERED SOLIDS; GLASS-TRANSITION; SUSPENSIONS; PERCOLATION AB Attractive colloidal particles can exhibit a fluid to solid phase transition if the magnitude of the attractive interaction is sufficiently large, if the volume fraction is sufficiently high, and if the applied stress is sufficiently small. The nature of this fluid to solid transition is similar for many different colloid systems, and for many different forms of interaction. The jamming phase transition captures the common features of these fluid to solid translations, by unifying the behavior as a function of the particle volume fraction, the energy of interparticle attractions, and the applied stress. This paper describes the applicability of the jamming state diagram, and highlights those regions where the fluid to solid transition is still poorly understood. It also presents new data for gelation of colloidal particles with an attractive depletion interaction, providing more insight into the origin of the fluid to solid transition. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, DEAS, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Fribourg, Dept Phys, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Biophys Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Montpellier 2, Dept Phys, F-34095 Montpellier, France. RP Prasad, V (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 36 TC 125 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 41 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1364-5498 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 2003 VL 123 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1039/b211107c PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 634KJ UT WOS:000180338300001 PM 12638850 ER PT J AU Jain, M Majumder, SB Yuzyuk, YI Katiyar, RS Bhalla, AS Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW AF Jain, M Majumder, SB Yuzyuk, YI Katiyar, RS Bhalla, AS Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW TI Dielectric properties and leakage current characteristics of sol-gel derived (Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 : MgTiO3 thin film composites SO FERROELECTRICS LETTERS SECTION LA English DT Article DE sol-gel; dielectric constant; thin film; paraelectric; microwave devices AB (Ba1-xSrx)TiO3 (BST) is a suitable material for microelectronic device applications due to its high response of the dielectric permittivity to an applied electric field. However, the large dielectric constants found in this system limit its usefulness at microwave frequencies. In our recent studies sol-gel prepared Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3:MgO heterostructured thin films have shown an increase in the figure of merit (tunability/loss) compared to pure Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 films, but the leakage characteristics of these films did not improve significantly. Moreover, due to the hygroscopic nature of MgO, the BST:MgO heterostructured films may suffer with longer period of time instability. In this paper we used the low loss and non-hygroscopic MgTiO3 for the fabrication of the Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3:MgTiO3 (BST50:MT) heterostructured thin films by sol-gel technique and studied the effects of MgTiO3 layers on the structural, physical, dielectric properties, and leakage current behavior of the BST:MT films. The X-ray studies indicated that both NIT and Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 are highly oriented and remain as two distinct individual entities in the composite films and a considerable reduction in the dielectric loss and leakage currents has been observed. High frequency phase shifter studies (at low voltage) suggest that these films are suitable for the tunable microwave device applications. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Commun Technol Div, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Katiyar, RS (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, POB 23343, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. EM rkatiyar@rrpac.upr.clu.edu RI Yuzyuk, Yury/A-1285-2009; OI Yuzyuk, Yury/0000-0002-2616-2572; Jain, Menka/0000-0002-2264-6895 NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0731-5171 J9 FERROELECTRICS LETT JI Ferroelectr. Lett. Sect. PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5-6 BP 99 EP 107 DI 10.1080/07315170390274614 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 807OS UT WOS:000220511400003 ER PT J AU Hshieh, FY Hirsch, DB Beeson, HD AF Hshieh, FY Hirsch, DB Beeson, HD TI Predicting heats of combustion of polymers using an empirical approach SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE organic polymers; silicone polymers; heats of combustion; empirical approach AB The heats of combustion of 75 pure organic polymers with various chemical classes were used to develop empirical equations for predicting the gross and net heats of combustion of organic polymers. The equations were developed using atomic contribution and multiple linear regression methods. The gross and net heats of combustion per unit weight can be obtained by dividing the gross and net heats of combustion per mole by the molecular weight of the monomer. The average absolute % error for the predictions is 3.9%. In addition, two previously developed empirical equations, which predict the heats of combustion of organosilicon compounds, were used to predict the heats of combustion of silicone polymers. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hshieh, FY (reprint author), Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 27 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1002/fam.815 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 674VJ UT WOS:000182657300002 ER PT J AU Hshieh, FY Hirsch, DB Beeson, HD AF Hshieh, FY Hirsch, DB Beeson, HD TI Predicted heats of combustion of some important organosilicon intermediates SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE organosilicon intermediates; heats of combustion AB This short communication presents the predicted heats of combustion of 308 organosilicon intermediates. The net and gross heats of combustion were predicted using two previously developed empirical equations. These intermediates cover most of the important organosilicon compounds that are manufactured or used in the silicone industry. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hshieh, FY (reprint author), Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 27 IS 1 BP 41 EP 49 DI 10.1002/fam.814 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 674VJ UT WOS:000182657300004 ER PT B AU Yunck, TP AF Yunck, TP BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P TI Spaceborne GPS for POD and earth science SO FIRST CHAMP MISSION RESULTS FOR GRAVITY, MAGNETIC AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st CHAMP Science Meeting CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP Fed Minist Educ & Res, GFZ Potsdam, German Aerosp Ctr DE GPS; atmospheric occultation; precise orbit determination; ocean reflections; ionospheric imaging; reduced dynamic tracking ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM AB With the emergence of spaceborne geodetic receivers, GPS is rapidly invading the realm of Earth remote sensing. Among the current science applications are centimeter-level precise orbit determination; gravity model improvement; high resolution ionospheric imaging; and atmospheric limb sounding to recover precise profiles of atmospheric density, pressure, temperature, and water vapor distribution. In the near future we may also see spaceborne GPS used for direct ocean altimetry and scatterometry. Almost uniquely among science sensors, GPS receivers lend themselves to incorporation into highly miniaturized, low cost, and fully autonomous sensorcraft. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yunck, TP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00206-5 PY 2003 BP 42 EP 52 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BW62N UT WOS:000182610900007 ER PT B AU Gross, RS AF Gross, RS BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P TI CHAMP, mass displacements, and the Earth's rotation SO FIRST CHAMP MISSION RESULTS FOR GRAVITY, MAGNETIC AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st CHAMP Science Meeting CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP Fed Minist Educ & Res, GFZ Potsdam, German Aerosp Ctr DE gravitational field; Earth rotation; earthquakes ID EARTHQUAKES; TENSOR AB The angular momentum of the atmosphere and oceans changes as both the distribution of mass within the atmosphere and oceans changes and as the direction and speed of the winds and currents change. Since, in the absence of external torques, the angular momentum of the solid Earth-atmosphere-ocean system is conserved, the changing atmospheric and oceanic angular momentum will cause the solid Earth's angular momentum to change, or, in other words, will cause the Earth's rotation to change. The changing distribution of mass within the atmosphere and oceans also causes the Earth's gravitational field to change, an effect being measured by the CHAMP satellite mission. By measuring changes in the second-degree spherical harmonic coefficients of the Earth's gravitational field, which are related to the elements of the Earth's inertia tensor, CHAMP is, in effect, directly measuring changes in the Earth's rotation caused by mass redistribution. Thus, independent measurements of the Earth's rotation can, in principle, be used to validate the time-varying second-degree coefficients of the Earth's gravitational field measured by CHAMP after the effects of winds and currents on the Earth's rotation are removed. In addition, and perhaps surprisingly, the effects of sufficiently large earthquakes on the trace of the Earth's inertia tensor must also be removed from length of day measurements before comparing them to observed changes in the second-degree zonal gravitational field coefficient. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gross, RS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 238-332, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00206-5 PY 2003 BP 174 EP 179 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BW62N UT WOS:000182610900026 ER PT B AU Purucker, ME Olsen, N AF Purucker, ME Olsen, N BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P TI Improving the definition of cratonic bbundaries utilizing the lithospheric magnetic field derived from CHAMP observations SO FIRST CHAMP MISSION RESULTS FOR GRAVITY, MAGNETIC AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st CHAMP Science Meeting CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP Fed Minist Educ & Res, GFZ Potsdam, German Aerosp Ctr DE geomagnetism; lithosphere ID MODEL; ANOMALIES AB We confirm the utility of a global non-satellite-based magnetic model of induced magnetizations in the terrestrial lithosphere by comparison in the North American region. We discuss the extension of the model to other regions, pointing out where inadequacies exist in our knowledge. Finally, we suggest some, possible improvements that would make the model less subjective and more automatic. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Purucker, ME (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Olsen, Nils/H-1822-2011 OI Olsen, Nils/0000-0003-1132-6113 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00206-5 PY 2003 BP 275 EP 280 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BW62N UT WOS:000182610900040 ER PT B AU Taylor, PT Frawley, JJ Kim, HR von Frese, R Kim, JW AF Taylor, PT Frawley, JJ Kim, HR von Frese, R Kim, JW BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P TI Comparing Magsat, Orsted and CHAMP crustal magnetic anomaly data over the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, Russia SO FIRST CHAMP MISSION RESULTS FOR GRAVITY, MAGNETIC AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st CHAMP Science Meeting CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP Fed Minist Educ & Res, GFZ Potsdam, German Aerosp Ctr DE comparing satellite magnetic anomalies; Kursk magnetic anomaly; remanent magnetization ID FIELD AB Prior to the launch of Magsat, it was not obvious that a satellite altitude magnetometer mission would record crustal magnetic fields, despite the POGO and COSMOS-49 results. Subsequent studies, however, soon revealed that Magsat was able to map crustal magnetic anomalies. One of these investigations was centered on the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) of Russia. Not only did this earlier Magsat study of the KMA record its magnetic signature at satellite altitude but also it was revealed that the anomaly displayed a significant component of remanent magnetization. With the subsequent launch of the higher altitude Orsted satellite a comparison between the KMA and these newer magnetic anomaly data was made. It was determined that Orsted could indeed record the crustal magnetic field and with a greater signal/noise ratio than Magsat since at a higher altitude the spacecraft was further from the ionosphere. It is not surprising, therefore, that after the successful launch of CHAMP we continued our initial study of the crustal anomaly field over the KMA with these newer magnetic observations. The KMA appears to be well represented in these CHAMP data as well. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Taylor, PT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Taylor, Patrick/D-4707-2012 OI Taylor, Patrick/0000-0002-1212-9384 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00206-5 PY 2003 BP 302 EP 308 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BW62N UT WOS:000182610900044 ER PT B AU Ao, CO Hajj, GA Meehan, TK Leroy, SS Kursinski, ER Juarez, MDLT Iijima, BA Mannucci, AJ AF Ao, CO Hajj, GA Meehan, TK Leroy, SS Kursinski, ER Juarez, MDLT Iijima, BA Mannucci, AJ BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P TI Backpropagation processing of GPS radio occultation data SO FIRST CHAMP MISSION RESULTS FOR GRAVITY, MAGNETIC AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st CHAMP Science Meeting CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP Fed Minist Educ & Res, GFZ Potsdam, German Aerosp Ctr DE backpropagation; end-to-end simulation; lower troposphere; multipath; occultation; tracking error ID ATMOSPHERE; SIGNALS AB We provide an assessment of the backpropagation (BP) method for processing GPS radio occultations using simulations as well as recent data from CHAMP and SAC-C. It is found that BP gives improved retrievals over the standard Doppler technique, even when multipath ambiguities are not completely removed. In addition, by being an amplitude-weighted algorithm, BP is robust in the presence of receiver errors that arise when signals with low SNR are tracked. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ao, CO (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00206-5 PY 2003 BP 415 EP 422 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BW62N UT WOS:000182610900057 ER PT B AU Allen, JS Son, SY AF Allen, JS Son, SY BE Kandlikar, SG TI Observation of low bond number two-phase flow regime transition from slug to annular wavy flow in a microchannel SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROCHANNELS AND MINICHANNELS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels CY APR 24-25, 2003 CL Rochester, NY SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Rochester Inst Technol ID CAPILLARY INSTABILITY; FILM; THREAD; FLUID; PIPE AB An understanding the physics behind the flow transition when capillary forces are important is critical to the development of many technologies; both for terrestrial- and space-based applications. The flow transition of greatest concern is that between slug, or plug, flow and core-annular flow. The transition of plug flow to core-annular flow in a low-Bond number configuration is experimentally observed in a novel capillary configuration. The effect of variations in mass flow rate of each phase (gas and liquid) on the overall system dynamics is discussed for both flow regimes. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, NCMR, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA. RP Allen, JS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, NCMR, MS 110-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3667-3 PY 2003 BP 473 EP 477 DI 10.1115/ICMM2003-1057 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK65 UT WOS:000222636600055 ER PT B AU Spearing, S Son, SY Allen, J Monaco, LA AF Spearing, S Son, SY Allen, J Monaco, LA BE Kandlikar, SG TI A platform for cross-disciplinary microchannel research SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROCHANNELS AND MINICHANNELS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels CY APR 24-25, 2003 CL Rochester, NY SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Rochester Inst Technol AB A team from the structural biology group located at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama is developing a platform suitable for cross-disciplinary microchannel research. The original objective of this engineering development effort was to deliver a multi-user flight-certified facility for iterative investigations of protein crystal growth; that is, Iterative Biological Crystallization. However, the unique capabilities of this facility are not limited to the low-gravity structural biology research community. Microchannel-based research in a number of other areas may be greatly accelerated through use of this facility. In particular, the potential for gas-liquid flow investigations and cellular biological research utilizing the exceptional pressure control and simplified coupling to macroscale diagnostics inherent with the facility will be discussed. Also noted will be the opportunities for research-specific modifications to the microchannel configuration, control and diagnostics. C1 George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Morgan Res, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Spearing, S (reprint author), George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Morgan Res, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3667-3 PY 2003 BP 945 EP 949 DI 10.1115/ICMM2003-1126 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK65 UT WOS:000222636600117 ER PT S AU Wiberg, D Myung, NV Eyre, B Shcheglov, K Oreint, O Moore, E Munz, P AF Wiberg, D Myung, NV Eyre, B Shcheglov, K Oreint, O Moore, E Munz, P BE Bearman, GH Beauchamp, PM TI LIGA fabricated two-dimensional quadrupole array and scroll pump for miniature Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer SO FIRST JET PROPULSION LABORATORY IN SITU INSTRUMENTS WORKSHOP SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Jet-Propulsion-Laboratory In Situ Instruments Workshop CY JUN 11-13, 2002 CL PASADENA, CA SP Calif Inst Technol, Jet Propuls Lab DE miniature gas chromatograph; miniature mass spectrometer; LIGA; electroplating; scroll pump; Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic AB A 3X3 array of hyperboloid quadrupole mass filters with a 3 mm pole length was fabricated using the LIGA (LIthographie, Galvanoformung and Abformung) process. Electrical connectivity and spatial orientation are established by bonding the pole array to a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate. A miniature scroll pump for vacuum pumping with a scroll height of 3 mm was also fabricated using the LIGA process. New LIGA fabrication steps (e.g. expose and developed freestanding PMMA, compression bonding of electroplating base and PMMA, low-stress electroplated films) have been developed to fabricate ultra thick PMMA molds with high aspect ratios (70: 1) and high precision. Computational analysis was performed to estimate the miniature scroll pump performance characteristics. C1 CALTECH, MEMS Technol Grp, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wiberg, D (reprint author), CALTECH, MEMS Technol Grp, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4659-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4878 BP 8 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.520540 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX48E UT WOS:000185391700002 ER PT S AU Warmflash, D McKay, DS Fox, GE Steele, A Maule, J Allen, CC Schweitzer, M Pincus, S Mercader, JP Garcia, VP Llorente, CB Thomas-Keprta, K AF Warmflash, D McKay, DS Fox, GE Steele, A Maule, J Allen, CC Schweitzer, M Pincus, S Mercader, JP Garcia, VP Llorente, CB Thomas-Keprta, K BE Bearman, GH Beauchamp, PM TI Development of the MASSE instrument: immunoassay detection of organic compounds in soil and Mars regolith simulant SO FIRST JET PROPULSION LABORATORY IN SITU INSTRUMENTS WORKSHOP SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Jet-Propulsion-Laboratory In Situ Instruments Workshop CY JUN 11-13, 2002 CL PASADENA, CA SP Calif Inst Technol, Jet Propuls Lab DE life detection; in situ; immunoassay; MASSE; ELISA; Mars; astrobiology; soil; regolith; biomarkers AB The Microarray Assay for Solar System Exploration (MASSE) is based on the use of immunological reactions to detect chemical compounds in samples of extraterrestrial material. In order for this technology to be useful for in situ studies on any given planet, molecules present within the material examined must be extracted and recognizable to the antibodies used in the assays. Experiments are currently being conducted on the immunological detection of agents in environmental samples, including soils and JSC Mars - 1 Martian regolith simulant and progress to date is discussed in the context of the development of the MASSE instrument. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astrobiol Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Warmflash, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astrobiol Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4659-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4878 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1117/12.520552 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX48E UT WOS:000185391700004 ER PT J AU Rooker, JR Secor, DH Zdanowicz, VS De Metrio, G Relini, LO AF Rooker, JR Secor, DH Zdanowicz, VS De Metrio, G Relini, LO TI Identification of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) stocks from putative nurseries using otolith chemistry SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic bluefin tuna; Gulf of Mexico; Mediterranean; migration; otolith; stock structure ID MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; FISH OTOLITHS; ICP-MS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; DISCRIMINATION; GIBRALTAR; ELEMENTS; STRAIT AB Chemical signatures in the otoliths of teleost fishes represent natural tags that may reflect differences in the chemical and physical characteristics of an individuals' environment. Otolith chemistry of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus ) was quantified to assess the feasibility of using these natural tags to discriminate juveniles (age 0 and age 1) from putative nurseries. A suite of six elements (Li, Mg, Ca, Mn, Sr and Ba) was measured in whole otoliths using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Otolith chemistry of age-1 T. thynnus collected from the two primary nurseries in the Mediterranean Sea and western Atlantic Ocean differed significantly, with a cross-validated classification accuracy of 85%. Spatial and temporal variation in otolith chemistry was evaluated for age-0 T. thynnus collected from three nurseries within the Mediterranean Sea: Alboran Sea (Spain), Ligurian Sea (northern Italy), and Tyrrhenian Sea (southern Italy). Distinct differences in otolith chemistry were detected among Mediterranean nurseries and classification accuracies ranged from 62 to 80%. Interannual trends in otolith chemistry were observed between year classes of age-0 T. thynnus in the Alboran Sea; however, no differences were detected between year classes in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Age-0 and age-1 T. thynnus collected from the same region (Ligurian Sea) were also compared and distinct differences in otolith chemistry were observed, indicating ontogenetic shifts in habitat or elemental discrimination. Findings suggest that otolith chemistry of juvenile T. thynnus from different nurseries are distinct and chemical signatures show some degree of temporal persistence, indicating the technique has considerable potential for use in future assessments of population connectivity and stock structure of T. thynnus . C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Univ Bari, Fac Vet Med, Dept Anim Hlth & Welf, I-70010 Valenzano, Italy. Univ Genoa, Ist Zool, I-16126 Genoa, Italy. RP Rooker, JR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, 5007 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012; Rooker, Jay/M-3197-2013 OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827; Rooker, Jay/0000-0002-5934-7688 NR 37 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00223.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 649WB UT WOS:000181230000002 ER PT J AU Sibert, JR Musyl, MK Brill, RW AF Sibert, JR Musyl, MK Brill, RW TI Horizontal movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) near Hawaii determined by Kalman filter analysis of archival tagging data SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE archival tags; geolocation errors; movement models; tuna distribution ID YELLOWFIN TUNA; MODEL; PARAMETERS; ALBACARES; FISH AB Geolocation data were recovered from archival tags applied to bigeye tuna near Hawaii. A state-space Kalman filter statistical model was used to estimate geolocation errors, movement parameters, and most probable tracks from the recovered data. Standard deviation estimates ranged from 0.5degrees to 4.4degrees latitude and from 0.2degrees to 1.6degrees longitude. Bias estimates ranged from -1.9degrees to 4.1degrees latitude and from -0.5degrees to 3.0degrees longitude. Estimates of directed movement were close to zero for most fish reaching a maximum magnitude of 5.3 nm day(-1) for the one fish that moved away from its release site. Diffusivity estimates were also low, ranging from near zero to 1000 nm(2) day(-1) . Low values of the estimated movement parameters are consistent with the restricted scale of the observed movement and the apparent fidelity of bigeye to geographical points of attraction. Inclusion of a time-dependent model of the variance in geolocation estimates reduced the variability of latitude estimates. The state-space Kalman filter model appears to provide realistic estimates of in situ geolocation errors and movement parameters, provides a means to avoid indeterminate latitude estimates during equinoxes, and is a potential bridge between analyses of individual and population movements. C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Sibert, JR (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 24 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 3 BP 141 EP 151 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00228.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 681RT UT WOS:000183049700001 ER PT J AU Musyl, MK Brill, RW Boggs, CH Curran, DS Kazama, TK Seki, MP AF Musyl, MK Brill, RW Boggs, CH Curran, DS Kazama, TK Seki, MP TI Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE depth; mixed layer; oxygen; residence time; temperature; thermocline; vertical distribution ID YELLOWFIN TUNA; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; AMBIENT OXYGEN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; CROSS SEAMOUNT; ALBACARES; PACIFIC; ENVIRONMENT; FISH; TAGS AB To learn more about the movement patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus ), we deployed archival tags on 87 fish ranging in fork length from 50 to 154 cm. Thirteen fish were recaptured, from which 11 archival tags were returned, representing in aggregate 943 days-at-liberty. We successfully retrieved data from 10 tags, representing 474 days in aggregate. The largest fish recaptured was 44.5 kg [131 cm fork length (FL)] and the smallest 2.8 kg (52 cm). The deepest descent recorded was 817 m, the coldest temperature visited 4.7degreesC, and minimum oxygen level reached similar to1 mL L-1 . Fish spent little time at depths where water temperatures were below 7degreesC and oxygen levels less than similar to2 mL L-1 . Five fish were recaptured near the offshore weather buoy where they were tagged. Based on vertical movement patterns, it appeared that all stayed immediately associated with the buoy for up to 34 days. During this time they remained primarily in the uniform temperature surface layer (i.e. above 100 m). In contrast, fish not associated with a floating object showed the W-shaped vertical movement patterns during the day characteristic of bigeye tuna (i.e. descending to similar to300-500 m and then returning regularly to the surface layer). Four fish were tagged and subsequently recaptured near Cross Seamount up to 76 days later. These fish exhibited vertical movement patterns similar to, but less regular than, those of fish not associated with any structure. Bigeye tuna appear to follow the diel vertical movements of the deep sound scattering layer (SSL) organisms and thus to exploit them effectively as a prey resource. Average night-time depth was correlated with lunar illumination, a behaviour which mimics movements of the SSL. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelag Fisheries Res Program, Kewalo Res Facil, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Musyl, MK (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346,Gloucester Point, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM mmusyl@honlab.nmfs.hawaii.edu NR 55 TC 127 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 EI 1365-2419 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 3 BP 152 EP 169 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00229.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 681RT UT WOS:000183049700002 ER PT S AU Gitschlag, GR Schirripa, MJ Powers, JE AF Gitschlag, GR Schirripa, MJ Powers, JE BE Stanley, DR ScarboroughBull, A TI Impacts of red snapper mortality associated with the explosive removal of oil and gas structures on stock assessments of red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico SO FISHERIES, REEFS, AND OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Gulf of Mexico Fish and Fisheries Meeting CY OCT 24-26, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Minerals Management Serv ID NORTHERN GULF; SPECIES COMPOSITION; LOUISIANA; PLATFORMS; FISHES; ABUNDANCE; REEF AB An average of 96 oil and gas structures are removed with explosives annually from the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. These offshore structures function as artificial reefs attracting a wide variety of marine life, including the commercially and recreationally important red snapper. A multi-year study estimated the mortality of red snapper resulting from the explosive removal of nine platforms at water depths of 14-36 m. Estimated mortality of red snapper due to underwater explosives averaged 515 per platform. Using this value, we estimated the total annual mortality of red snapper resulting from all explosive structure removals in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The recent stock assessment for red snapper (Schirripa and Legault 1999) was subsequently recalculated, including this additional source of mortality. Results showed no discernible difference between the two stock assessments, indicating that direct mortality resulting from explosive structure removals was minor compared with other sources of mortality. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Gitschlag, GR (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-54-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2003 VL 36 BP 83 EP 94 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BX49H UT WOS:000185466300005 ER PT S AU Rademacher, KR Render, JH AF Rademacher, KR Render, JH BE Stanley, DR ScarboroughBull, A TI Fish assemblages around oil and gas platforms in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Developing a survey design SO FISHERIES, REEFS, AND OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Gulf of Mexico Fish and Fisheries Meeting CY OCT 24-26, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Minerals Management Serv ID DUAL-BEAM HYDROACOUSTICS; ARTIFICIAL REEF RESEARCH; NORTHERN GULF; SPECIES COMPOSITION; OFFSHORE PLATFORMS; PETROLEUM PLATFORM; SCUBA-DIVERS; POPULATIONS; LOUISIANA; ABUNDANCE AB A pilot survey was conducted in 1995 by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories to develop a survey design for assessing fishes associated with the offshore oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. Eight platforms of various sizes, configurations, and depths were sampled with a pan and tilt video camera, stationary video cameras, and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Differences in fish species observed, and their abundances as measured by the different gear types, were evaluated to determine an optimal sampling design for large-scale surveys. Forty-four taxa from 19 families were observed over all platforms and all gears. More taxa were observed within the confines of the platforms and in close proximity to the platforms than were observed away from the platforms. Camera orientation was important in detecting some species (e.g., groupers were only observed within the confines of the platforms). The number of taxa observed did not vary with depth or among platforms; however, there were differences in fish density with depth and among platforms. More red snapper Lutjanus campechanus were seen at depths greater than 25 M, while more gray snapper Lutjanus griseus were found at depths less than 20 in. Total fish densities were lower at platforms with barnacles as the dominant attached fauna and higher at platforms with higher relief epifauna (octocorals, sponges, and bryozoans). Red snapper densities were higher at platforms with higher relief epifauna, and gray snapper densities were higher at barnacle-dominated platforms. There was no difference in fish density with platform age nor any relationship between platform age and attached faunal types. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Rademacher, KR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, 3209 Frederic St, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. NR 57 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-54-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2003 VL 36 BP 101 EP 122 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BX49H UT WOS:000185466300007 ER PT S AU Hanisko, DS Lyczkowski-Shultz, J AF Hanisko, DS Lyczkowski-Shultz, J BE Stanley, DR ScarboroughBull, A TI Occurrence and pelagic habitat of reef fish larvae in the Gulf of Mexico SO FISHERIES, REEFS, AND OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Gulf of Mexico Fish and Fisheries Meeting CY OCT 24-26, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Minerals Management Serv ID LOOP CURRENT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CYCLONIC EDDIES; WESTERN GULF; RECRUITMENT; ASSEMBLAGES; SLOPE; FEATURES; BANKS AB Examination of 3,560 ichthyoplankton samples taken during 15 years of annual Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) resource surveys in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM), 1982-1996, yielded 208 holocentrid, 524 priacanthid, 6,606 labrid, and 2,609 scarid larvae. Larvae were found more frequently and in higher abundances over the continental shelf of the eastern GOM, where most reef fish habitat exists. Labrid and scarid larvae taken over the Texas-Louisiana shelf during 1992 and 1993 were consistently associated with higher salinity and clearer water on the mid- to outer shelf during all seasons. Increased river discharge in 1993 appears to have limited labrid and scarid larvae to the outer Texas-Louisiana shelf, as compared to their more widespread distribution over the shelf in 1992 when river discharge was near mean levels. Labrid and scarid larvae were found to consistently occur in the open GOM, at abundance levels comparable to those observed over the continental shelf. Abundances of labrid and scarid larvae examined in relation to dynamic sea surface height in winter and spring of 1993 revealed their apparent relationship with open GOM hydrography. In the western GOM, the highest abundances of labrid and scarid larvae were associated with the frontal boundary of a Loop Current (LC) anticyclone. In the eastern GOM, labrid and scarid larvae were found in higher abundances along the frontal boundaries of the Loop Current, LC/cyclonic eddy confluences, and within the interior of the LC. The consistent occurrence and relative abundance of labrid and scarid larvae with these features in the open GOM indicates potential local retention and/or exchange and transport of larvae between the continental shelf and open ocean, among reef systems throughout the GOM, and from upstream sources such as the Caribbean Sea. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Hanisko, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, 3209 Frederic St, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-54-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2003 VL 36 BP 205 EP 224 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BX49H UT WOS:000185466300013 ER PT J AU Comyns, BH Shaw, RF Lyczkowski-Shultz, J AF Comyns, BH Shaw, RF Lyczkowski-Shultz, J TI Small-scale spatial and temporal variability in growth and mortality of fish larvae in the subtropical northcentral Gulf of Mexico: implications for assessing recruitment success SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; MISSISSIPPI RIVER PLUME; MARINE FISHES; NORTHERN GULF; CHLOROSCOMBRUS-CHRYSURUS; ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS; DAILY INCREMENTS; ATLANTIC BIGHT; LENGTH CHANGES AB Extensive plankton collections were taken during seven September cruises (1990-93) along the inner continental shelf of the northcentral Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Despite the high productivity and availability of food during these cruises, significant smallscale spatial variability was found in larval growth rates for both Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Carangidae) and vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens, Lutjanidae). The observed variability in larval growth rates was not correlated with changes in water temperature or associated with conspicuous hydrographic features and suggested the existence of less-recognizable regions where conditions for growth vary. Cruise estimates of mortality coefficients (Z) for larval Atlantic bumper (n=32,241 larvae from six cruises) and vermilion snapper (n= 2581 larvae from four cruises) ranged from 0.20 to 0.37 and 0.19 to 0.29, respectively. Even in a subtropical climate like the GOM, where larval-stage durations may be as short as two weeks, observed variability in growth rates, particularly when combined with small changes in mortality rates, can cause order-of-magnitude differences in cumulative larval survival. To what extent the observed differences in growth rates at small spatial scales are fine-scale "noise" that ultimately is smoothed by larger-scale processes is not known. Future research is needed to further characterize the small-scale variability in growth rates of larvae, particularly with regard to microzooplankton patchiness and the temporal and spatial pattern of potential predators. Small-scale spatial variability in larval growth rates may in fact be the norm, and understanding the implications of this subtle mosaic may help us to better evaluate our ability to partition the causes of recruitment variability. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Coll Marine Sci, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Coast & Environm, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Comyns, BH (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Coll Marine Sci, Dept Coastal Sci, 703 E Beach Dr, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1 BP 10 EP 21 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 637CM UT WOS:000180494100002 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE DiNardo, GT Williams, HA AF DeMartini, EE DiNardo, GT Williams, HA TI Temporal changes in population density, fecundity, and egg size of the Hawaiian spiny lobster (Panulirus marginatus) at Necker Bank, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CARIBBEAN COAST; PALINURIDAE; DECAPODA; DYNAMICS; MEXICO AB Fecundity (F, number of brooded eggs) and egg size were estimated for Hawaiian spiny lobster (Panulirus marginatus) at Necker Bank, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), in June 1999, and compared with previous (1978-81, 1991) estimates. Fecundity in 1999 was best described by the power equations F = 7.995 CL (2.4017), where CL is carapace length in mm (r(2)=0.900), and F = 5.174 TW (2.758), where TW is tail width in mm (r(2)=0.889) (both n=40; P<0.001). Based on a log-linear model ANCOVA, size-specific fecundity in 1999 was 18% greater than in 1991, which in turn was 16% greater than during 1978-81. The additional increase in sizespecific fecundity observed in 1999 is interpreted as evidence for further compensatory response to decreased lobster densities and increased per capita food resources that have resulted either from natural cyclic declines in productivity, high levels of harvest by the commercial lobster trap fishery, or both. The density decline is well-documented by a fivefold decrease in commercial catch-per-traphaul (CPUE) during the late 1980s to early 1990s and by a similar decrease in research CPUE for all-sized (including juvenile) R marginatus through the 1990s. Fecundity increases are consistent with decreases in median body size at sexual maturity, first described from comparisons of 1977-81 and 1986-87 specimens and consistently observed thereafter during the 1990s. Egg size covaried with fecundity; in 1999, individual eggs within broods had a 11% greater mass (15% greater volume) than eggs brooded in 1991. Implications of these observations are discussed in relation to possible future management measures for a commercial lobster fishery in the NWHI. More generally, our findings argue for the need to routinely reevaluate compensatory responses in exploited stocks of lobsters and other resources. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1 BP 22 EP 31 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 637CM UT WOS:000180494100003 ER PT J AU Polovina, JJ Howell, E Parker, DM Balazs, GH AF Polovina, JJ Howell, E Parker, DM Balazs, GH TI Dive-depth distribution of loggerhead (Carretta carretta) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles in the central North Pacific: Might deep longline sets catch fewer turtles? SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Polovina, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. OI Howell, Evan/0000-0001-9904-4633 NR 4 TC 68 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1 BP 189 EP 193 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 637CM UT WOS:000180494100016 ER PT S AU Hirsch, D Peyton, G Hshieh, FY Beeson, H AF Hirsch, D Peyton, G Hshieh, FY Beeson, H BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Review of pneumatic impact sensitivity data obtained on selected polymers for aerospace applications SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE oxygen compatibility; polymers; pneumatic impact sensitivity AB NASA started evaluating compatibility of polymers with oxygen more than 30 years ago. New test methods and a systematic approach to evaluate oxygen system hazards were developed. The new methods were used extensively to acquire data on a large number of polymers. NASA's batch-lot control strategy for qualifying spacecraft materials allowed acquiring extensive data, principally on the best candidates for aerospace usage. A review of pneumatic impact sensitivity data on selected materials for aerospace applications is provided; it includes data on polytetrafluoroethylene, Viton(R)(5) A, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, Vespel(R)(6) SP-21 and Vespel SP-1. Since the number of samples tested at each condition was large, the data are presented in terms of reaction frequencies. This is considered to be statistically defensible when compared with the uncertainties related to the pressure threshold data commonly reported. For most materials, the data presented were obtained from a large number of batches, thus minimizing potential bias caused by batch-to-batch variability. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hirsch, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 3 EP 8 DI 10.1520/STP11574S PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100001 ER PT S AU Hirsch, D Motto, S Porter, A Beeson, H Pedley, MD AF Hirsch, D Motto, S Porter, A Beeson, H Pedley, MD BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Issues related to the flammability assessment of polymers for hazard analyses of oxygen systems SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE flammability; oxygen compatibility; polymers; limiting oxygen index ID INDEX AB During hazard analyses of oxygen-enriched systems, the flammability of polymers is commonly assessed by reviewing standard limiting oxygen index (1,01) data available in the literature and summarized in ASTM Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service (ASTM G 63). The data provided by this standard may not correlate with many real-life fire scenarios. Two of the most common issues relate to the direction of flame propagation recommended by the method and the test environment temperature. Modifications of these two parameters could render most polymers flammable, which under standard testing conditions set forth by ASTM G 63 would be considered nonflammable. Modified LOI tests were conducted on 16 polymers to determine the magnitude of these effects. The results indicate that the existing data presented in ASTM G 63 should be used with caution. Furthermore, modified oxygen index data should be included in standard guides for oxygen systems design. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hirsch, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1520/STP11576S PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100003 ER PT S AU Hshieh, FY Hirsch, DB Beeson, HD AF Hshieh, FY Hirsch, DB Beeson, HD BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Toxic combustion products testing of polymers used in oxygen systems - A review of testing at WSTF SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE combustion products; combustion gas analysis; toxicity; oxygen system; Fourier transform infrared; gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry; combustion products analyzer; nondispersive infrared; Draeger Tube; cone calorimeter; toxic potency AB This paper reviews some of the toxic combustion products testing, in ambient pressure, previously performed at NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF). The paper also presents some results from recent toxic combustion products testing in high-pressure oxygen of polymers typically used in oxygen systems. The review shows that generation of combustion toxicants is both material-dependent and temperature (or fire)-dependent. Fire conditions, the location and means of sampling, and analytical instruments used are the controlling parameters for the analysis of toxic combustion products. FTIR can provide continuous, real-time measurements of combustion product gases; however, it is difficult to obtain quantitative FTIR measurements. Appropriate sampling probe, filters, gas transfer line, and FTIR software are definitely needed. Nondispersive infrared (IR) is an effective tool for real-time carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide measurements. Combustion products analyzers (electrochemical method) and Draeger(R)(4) Tubes are limited to the analysis of light combustion product gases, and they are less efficient compared with FTIR. The results of combustion testing in high-pressure oxygen environments show that combustion of polymers in high-pressure oxygen environments generated much less carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The toxic potency of the combustion gas is presumably lower than that of combustion gas generated from ambient-pressure oxygen (or air) environments. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hshieh, FY (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 27 EP 45 DI 10.1520/STP11577S PG 19 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100004 ER PT S AU Engel, CD Davis, SE Richardson, EH AF Engel, CD Davis, SE Richardson, EH BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Upward flammability testing - A probabilistic measurement SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE flammability; oxygen testing; NASA-STD-6001; cumulative distribution; burn length AB Examination of NASA-STD-6001 Test I data suggests bum length outcome for a given environment has a large statistical variation from run to run. Large data sets show that bum length data form cumulative probability distribution curves, which describe a material's characteristic to bum in a specific environment, suggesting that the current practice of testing three samples at specific conditions is inadequate. Sufficient testing can establish material characteristics probability curves to provide the probability that a material will sustain a burn length of at least 15.24 cm (6.0 in.) or will sustain burning until all material is consumed. A simple pass/fail criterion may not be possible or practical. Future application of flammability data for some material classes may require the engineer to assess risk based on the probability of an occurrence and the probable outcome with different materials as characterized with cumulative bum length distributions for specific use conditions. C1 George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Qualis Corp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Engel, CD (reprint author), George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Qualis Corp, ED36, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 46 EP 57 DI 10.1520/STP11578S PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100005 ER PT S AU Smith, SR Stoltzfus, JM AF Smith, SR Stoltzfus, JM BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Determining the time required for materials exposed to liquid oxygen to return to normal air ignitability by mechanical impact SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE mechanical impact; liquid oxygen (LOX); ignitability; flammability; cork; asphalt; cotton; carpet; butyl rubber; leather; vinyl composition tile AB Catastrophic fires due to liquid oxygen (LOX) spills have occurred in the aerospace, oxygen production, transportation, distribution, and user sectors of industry as well as in the medical community. One contributing factor is that materials exposed to a LOX spill can become impact sensitive. Knowledge of the length of time necessary for common construction and clothing materials to return to normal air impact sensitivity after exposure to liquid oxygen is an important factor in avoiding these fires. Four different mechanical impact tests were performed on materials that could be exposed to a liquid oxygen spill. The materials tested were cotton muslin, floor tile with adhesive, leather, butyl rubber, industrial carpet, cork, and asphalt. The first test determined if each material was ignitable by mechanical impact in air. The second test determined the baseline energy required to ignite each material in LOX. The third and fourth tests determined the amount of time each LOX-soaked material required to return to normal air mechanical impact ignitability with an ambient-temperature test system and with a chilled test system. This paper presents the test results and a discussion. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Smith, SR (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 58 EP 65 DI 10.1520/STP11579S PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100006 ER PT S AU Maes, MJ Forsyth, E Wilson, DB Stoltzfus, JM AF Maes, MJ Forsyth, E Wilson, DB Stoltzfus, JM BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Modeling the ignition of large diameter rods and pipes in flowing oxygen SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE flowing; oxygen; ignition; flammability; burning; rods; pipes; Sch 80; Sch XXS; stainless steel; modeling; lumped parameter; nodes; WSTF; White Sands Test Facility; NASA ID METALS AB The recent Industry-Sponsored Metals Combustion Test Program (961) involved promoted-ignition and burning of 316L stainless steel rods (1.27 cm diameter) and Sch. 80 and XXS pipe (1(1)/(4) in. nominal diameter) in both static and flowing oxygen. These tests demonstrated difficulties igniting large samples in flowing oxygen. This work examines and models the ignition of metals based on the Standard Test Method for Determining the Combustion Behavior of Metallic Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres (ASTM G 124) configuration test. Appropriate mass and energy conservation balances are developed and validated against the experimental results of Phase I and H tests. Parametric studies demonstrate the effects of system pressure and flow on ignition. These results are compared to current theories of ignition, and future work is suggested. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Maes, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 120 EP 136 DI 10.1520/STP11584S PG 17 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100011 ER PT S AU Shoffstall, MS Stoltzfus, JM AF Shoffstall, MS Stoltzfus, JM BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Oxygen hazards analysis of space shuttle external tank gaseous oxygen pressurization system SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE particle impact; ignition; high pressure; velocity AB In November 1999, White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) was informed of damage to a space shuttle oxygen system component that could release small metal particles into the gaseous oxygen (GOX) pressurization system of the external tank (ET). The WSTF oxygen hazards analysis group was requested by the NASA Johnson Space Center Propulsion and Fluids Systems Branch to evaluate the possible particle impact ignition hazards in the ET GOX pressurization system. The ET GOX pressurization system uses high pressure bled from the oxygen turbopumps to provide ullage pressure for the liquid oxygen (LOX) tank. GOX enters the LOX tank through a diffuser attached to the interior of the LOX tank. The calculated GOX velocity at the diffuser outlet screen was approximately 51 m/s. According to published particle impact data, ignition often occurs at velocities of 45 m/s [1]. Therefore, NASA would have to either fly with a legitimate particle impact ignition risk or dismantle and clean the entire ET pressurization system before a subsequent flight. Fortunately, WSTF located previously unpublished particle impact data that indicated the particulate potentially trapped in the ET pressurization system did not pose a legitimate ignition hazard. Based on these data, WSTF was able to assure JSC that there was not a legitimate particle impact ignition risk in this case. Therefore, this shuttle mission was safely accomplished without the delay or costs associated with disassembling the entire ET pressurization system. In addition to presenting the rationale used to safely proceed with the shuttle mission, this paper also presents the previously unpublished data used to make these decisions. C1 Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Shoffstall, MS (reprint author), Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 230 EP 244 DI 10.1520/STP11591S PG 15 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100018 ER PT S AU Beeson, H Ginter, J Dobbin, D Forsyth, E AF Beeson, H Ginter, J Dobbin, D Forsyth, E BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Failure analysis of fires in oxygen production process valves SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE failure analysis; failure investigation; metering valve; oxygen production process valve; shut off valve AB The NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) was requested to perform failure analyses on damaged hardware from a series of fires that occurred in an oxygen production process (OPP). The purpose of the analysis was to determine the cause of the fires, which occurred in five valves in separate incidents in two different applications. The approach of the analysis was to understand the system configuration and operation, review the fire scenario, and analyze the system for possible ignition mechanisms. The evidence was reviewed and analyzed using microphotography and macrophotography, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The evidence was then used to prove or disprove various failure scenarios. This paper reports the analysis results and provides recommendations for improving the system's resistance to ignition and combustion. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Beeson, H (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 245 EP 257 DI 10.1520/STP11592S PG 13 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100019 ER PT S AU Gallus, TD Smith, SR Stoltzfus, JM AF Gallus, TD Smith, SR Stoltzfus, JM BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Optical techniques for viewing oxygen system fires SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE optical techniques; high-speed video; laser illumination; laser line filtering; phased laser scanning AB White Sands Test Facility has developed several techniques for viewing events inside oxygen systems. In addition, several existing techniques have been refined and customized for this application. Successive refinements and layering of techniques are described. The use of high-speed video is discussed. Techniques for laser illumination and laser bandpass filtering are described. In addition, a still photography method for recording external fire events is described. Finally, a method for temperature mapping in a flowing gas system is described. Applications of all techniques are described. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Gallus, TD (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 333 EP 345 DI 10.1520/STP11598S PG 13 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100025 ER PT S AU Smith, SR Stoltzfus, JM AF Smith, SR Stoltzfus, JM BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Preliminary results of ASTM G175 interlaboratory studies SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE G175; medical regulator; ignition pill; fault tolerance; heat of combustion; still photography; repeatability; interlaboratory; reproducibility AB ASTM G175 is a standard test method for evaluating the ignition sensitivity and fault tolerance of oxygen regulators used for medical and emergency applications. During its development, interlaboratory testing was conducted to assess whether the standard could be performed reproducibly and repeatably. Specifically, this testing examined ignition pill production and the performance of different test systems using test articles manufactured specifically for this testing. Five laboratories used materials provided from single batch lots to manufacture ignition pills, and their heat of combustion was determined and compared to G175 requirements. To determine whether the performance of different test systems would affect upcoming interlaboratory testing, four laboratories tested CGA 870-style test articles manufactured to examine the flame jet resulting from pill ignition. Still photography was used to capture the ignition events; these photos were used to compare test system performance. This paper discusses these results in relation to the repeatability and reproducibility of G175 and the possible effect on future interlaboratory testing, which will involve actual off-the-shelf regulators. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Smith, SR (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, White Sands Test Facil, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 359 EP 366 DI 10.1520/STP11600S PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100027 ER PT S AU Waller, JM Newton, BE Beeson, HD AF Waller, JM Newton, BE Beeson, HD BE Steinberg, TA Newton, BE Beeson, HD TI Effect of molding and machining on neoflon CTFE M400H polychlorotrifluoroethylene rod stock and valve seat properties SO FLAMMABILITY AND SENSITIVITY OF MATERIALS IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES: TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY NOV, 2003 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE PCTFE; Kel-F; Neoflon; valve seats; molding; machining; annealing; dimensional stability; molecular weight; crystallinity; material specifications AB The effect of processing and machining on the dimensional stability of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) rod stock and oxygen gas cylinder valve seats was investigated. Initial testing focused on two types of extruded rod stock and one type of compression-molded rod stock made from the same lot of Neoflon(R) CTFE M400H.(4) To accommodate valve seat manufacturer preferences for certain rod stock diameters, two representative diameters were used (4.8 mm (0.1875 in.) and 19.1 mm (0.75 in.)). To encompass a variety of possible sealing configurations, seven different valve seat types with unique geometries or machining histories made from the above types of rod stock were tested. Property changes caused by processing and machining were evaluated using thermomechanical analysis (TMA), specific gravity, differential scanning calorimetry, zero strength time, and intrinsic viscosity. The dimensional stability of valve seats as revealed by TMA tended to be more dispersed and grouped by manufacturer and did not overlap rod stock TMA data, suggesting that machining had an important effect on seat properties. These and other findings are discussed in the context of process history, annealing, percent crystallinity and molecular weight. Structure property characteristics of emulsion-polymerized Kel-F(R) 81(5) and suspension-polymerized Neoflon M400H PCTFE are compared, and the merits of current PCTFE specifications evaluated. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Waller, JM (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3470-3 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1454 BP 367 EP 383 DI 10.1520/STP11601S PG 17 WC Engineering, Industrial; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX90S UT WOS:000186780100028 ER PT S AU Smelyanskiy, V Timucin, DA Beri, S Madenci, D Luchinsky, DG AF Smelyanskiy, V Timucin, DA Beri, S Madenci, D Luchinsky, DG BE Abbott, D Shapiro, JH Yamamoto, Y TI Bayesian characterisation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers SO FLUCTUATIONS AND NOISE IN PHOTONICS AND QUANTUM OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise CY JUN 01-04, 2003 CL SANTA FE, NM SP SPIE, Natl Semicond Corp, Fred Seitz Mat Res Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Telecommun Task Force DE Bayesian inference; VCSELs; polarisation dynamics ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS; POLARIZATION FLUCTUATIONS AB A new method is introduced for characterising vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. This approach relies. on the direct application of Bayes' theorem from classical probability theory on time-series data of polarisation measurements. The technique is shown to work for the simplified one-dimensional dynamics of the laser as an overdamped particle in a double-well potential driven by fluctuations, as well as for the most complicated case of fluctuational motion on the Poincare sphere about one of the linearly-polarised states. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Smelyanskiy, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-2, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Luchinsky, Dmitry/N-4177-2014 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4971-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5111 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1117/12.496981 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BX06B UT WOS:000184147200016 ER PT S AU Holzmann, GJ AF Holzmann, GJ BE Araki, K Gnesi, S Mandrioli, D TI Trends in software verification SO FME 2003: FORMAL METHODS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium of Formal Methods Europe CY SEP 08-14, 2003 CL PISA, ITALY SP Formal Methods Europe, CoLogNET, Microsoft, Telelogic, Metaframe, ISTI CNR, ERCIM, Epson, Data Port AB With the steady increase in computational power of general purpose computers, our ability to analyze routine software artifacts is also steadily increasing. As a result, we are witnessing a shift in emphasis from the verification of abstract hand-built models of code, towards the direct verification of implementation level code. This change in emphasis poses a new set of challenges in software verification. We explore some of them in this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Holzmann, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40828-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2805 BP 40 EP 50 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX78P UT WOS:000186428200004 ER PT S AU Denney, E Fischer, B AF Denney, E Fischer, B BE Araki, K Gnesi, S Mandrioli, D TI Correctness of source-level safety policies SO FME 2003: FORMAL METHODS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium of Formal Methods Europe CY SEP 08-14, 2003 CL PISA, ITALY SP Formal Methods Europe, CoLogNET, Microsoft, Telelogic, Metaframe, ISTI CNR, ERCIM, Epson, Data Port DE program verification; Hoare logic; program safety; code certification; proof-carrying code AB Program certification techniques formally show that programs satisfy certain safety policies. They rely on the correctness of the safety policy which has to be established externally. In this paper we investigate an approach to show the correctness of safety policies which are formulated as a set of Hoare-style inference rules on the source code level. We develop a framework which is generic with respect to safety policies and which allows us to establish that proving the safety of a program statically guarantees dynamic safety, i.e., that the program never violates the safety property during its execution. We demonstrate our framework by proving safety policies for memory access safety and memory read/write limitations to be sound and complete. Finally, we formulate a set of generic safety inference rules which serve as the blueprint for the implementation of a verification condition generator which can be parameterized with different safety policies, and identify conditions on appropriate safety policies. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Denney, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40828-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2805 BP 894 EP 913 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX78P UT WOS:000186428200048 ER PT S AU Breckinridge, JB AF Breckinridge, JB BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Future focal plane technology challenges for NASA's origins missions SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE AB Recent advances in astronomical research have led to a much-improved understanding of the evolution of the physical Universe. Recent advances in biology and genetics have led to a much-improved understanding of our biological Universe. Scientists now believe that we have the research tools to begin to answer one of man's two most compelling research questions: "are we alone?" and "how did we get here?" This paper reviews the requirements and challenges we face to engineer and build the large area and very sensitive focal planes for interferometers and innovative single aperture telescopes to detect and characterize Earth-type planets around stars other than our sun. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Breckinridge, JB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 19 EP 23 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600002 ER PT S AU Schwartz, PC AF Schwartz, PC BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI NASA'S structure and evolution of the universe focal plane directions SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE beyond Einstein; structure and evolution of the universe; black holes; big bang AB The SEU theme encompasses an extremely diverse area of space science. Recent roadmapping efforts have been devoted to prioritizing science challenges rather than defining all that is contained in the SEU theme. The highest priorities are the Big Bang and a look at Black Holes and the regions near them. To support these challenges the following technologies are of high priority: Cryogenic Systems, Formation Flying, High Performance Optics: Mid- and Far-IR Optics, X-Ray/UV optics, Advanced Detectors: X-ray and Submm/Far K Energy resolving detectors and Large Format Arrays. The initiative, Beyond Einstein, includes baseline missions that utilize technologies that are generally at a laboratory proof of concept level. Technology development plans are established for the flagship missions: Con-X and LISA. Conceptual development is still progressing for some Einstein Probe missions. Vision missions are still in conceptual development. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Beyond Einstein Program, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Schwartz, PC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Beyond Einstein Program, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 24 EP 30 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600003 ER PT S AU Pain, B Hancock, B Cunningham, TJ Seshadri, S Sun, C Peddada, P Wrigley, C Stirbl, RC AF Pain, B Hancock, B Cunningham, TJ Seshadri, S Sun, C Peddada, P Wrigley, C Stirbl, RC BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Hardening CMOS imagers: Radhard-by-design or Radhard-by-foundry SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE radiation hardness; CMOS imager; total ionizing dose; field-inversion; dark current; interface-traps ID SENSORS; DAMAGE; TECHNOLOGIES; HARDNESS; SYSTEMS; LEAKAGE; MODEL; APS AB A comparative study between radhard-by-design and radhard-by-foundry approaches for radiation hardening of CMOS imagers is presented. Main mechanisms for performance degradation in CMOS imagers in a radiation environment are identified, and key differences between the radiation effects in CMOS imagers and that in digital logic circuits are explained. Design methodologies for implementation of CMOS imagers operating in a radiation environment are presented. By summarizing the performance results obtained from imagers implemented in both radhard-by-design and radhard-by-foundry approaches, the advantages and shortcomings of both approaches are identified. It is shown that neither approach presents an optimum solution. The paper concludes by discussing an alternate pathway to overcome these limitations and enable the next-generation high-performance radiation-hard CMOS imagers. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pain, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 101 EP 110 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600011 ER PT S AU Pain, B Cunningham, TJ Hancock, B AF Pain, B Cunningham, TJ Hancock, B BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Noise sources and noise suppression in CMOS imagers SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE noise; CMOS imager; feedback-reset; spatial noise; dark-current; CTIA ID LOW-LIGHT LEVELS; 1/F NOISE; SENSORS; PIXEL; RESET; APS AB Mechanisms for noise coupling in CMOS imagers are complex, since unlike a CCD, a CMOS imager has to be considered as a full digital-system-on-a-chip, with a highly sensitive front-end. In this paper, we analyze the noise sources in a photodiode CMOS imager, and model their propagation through the signal chain to determine the nature and magnitude of noise coupling. We present methods for reduction of noise, and present measured data to show their viability. For temporal read noise reduction, we present pixel signal chain design techniques to achieve near 2 electrons read noise. We model the front-end reset noise both for conventional photodiode and CTIA type of pixels. For the suppression of reset noise, we present a column feedback-reset method to reduce reset noise below 6 electrons. For spatial noise reduction, we present the design of column signal chain that suppresses both spatial noise and power supply coupling noise. We conclude by identifying problems in low-noise design caused by dark current spatial distribution. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pain, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bpain@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 111 EP 120 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600012 ER PT S AU Jhabvala, M Choi, K Goldberg, A La, A Gunapala, S AF Jhabvala, M Choi, K Goldberg, A La, A Gunapala, S BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Development of a 1K x 1K GaAs QWIP Far IR imaging array SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE quantum well infrared photodetector; GaAs QWIPs; infrared detector arrays; ROICs ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS AB In the on-going evolution of GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) we have developed a 1,024 x 1,024 (1K x 1K), 8.4-9 mum infrared focal plane array (FPA). This 1 megapixel detector array is a hybrid using the Rockwell TCM 8050 silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) bump bonded to a GaAs QWIP array fabricated jointly by engineers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The finished hybrid is thinned at the Jet Propulsion Lab. Prior to this development the largest format array was a 512 x 640 FPA. We have integrated the 1K x 1K array into an imaging camera system and performed tests over the 40K-90K temperature range achieving BLIP performance at an operating temperature of 76K (f/2 camera system). The GaAs array is relatively easy to fabricate once the superlattice structure of the quantum wells has been defined and grown. The overall arrays costs are currently dominated by the costs associated with the silicon readout since the GaAs array fabrication is based on high yield, well-established GaAs processing capabilities. In this paper we will present the first results of our 1K x 1K QWIP array development including fabrication methodology, test data and our imaging results. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jhabvala, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 175 EP 185 DI 10.1117/12.505733 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600019 ER PT S AU Marshall, CJ Moss, S Howard, R Label, KA Grycewicz, T Barth, JL Brewer, D AF Marshall, CJ Moss, S Howard, R Label, KA Grycewicz, T Barth, JL Brewer, D BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Carrier plus: a sensor payload for living with a star Space Environment Testbed (LWS/SET) SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE living with a star; focal plane arrays; space experiment; radiation effects; CCD; APS AB The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center are collaborating to develop the Carrier Plus sensor experiment platform as a capability of the Space Environment Testbed (SET). The Space Environment Testbed (SET) provides flight opportunities for technology experiments as part of NASA's Living With a Star (LWS) program. The Carrier Plus will provide new capability to characterize sensor technologies such as state-of-the-art visible focal plane arrays (FPAs) in a natural space radiation environment. The technical objectives include on-orbit validation of recently developed FPA technologies and sensor performance prediction methodologies, as well as characterization of the FPA radiation response to total ionizing dose damage, displacement damage and transients. It is expected that the sensor experiment will carry 46 FPAs and associated radiation correlative environment monitors (CEMs) for a 2008 launch. Sensor technology candidates may include n- and p-charge coupled devices (CCDs), active pixel sensors (APS), and hybrid CMOS arrays. This paper will describe the Carrier Plus goals and objectives, as well as provide details about the architecture and design. More information on the LWS program can be found at http://1ws.gsfc.nasa.gov/. Business announcements for LWS/SET and program briefings are posted at http://1ws-set.gsfc.nasa.gov. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Marshall, CJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 561, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 216 EP 222 DI 10.1117/12.507550 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600023 ER PT S AU McKelvey, ME Ennico, KA Johnson, RR Marshall, PW McMurray, RE McCreight, CR Pickel, JC Reed, RA AF McKelvey, ME Ennico, KA Johnson, RR Marshall, PW McMurray, RE McCreight, CR Pickel, JC Reed, RA BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Radiation environment performance of JWST prototype FPAs SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE AB As the logical extension of the 20-year mission of the Hubble Space Telescope, NASA plans to launch the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST, formerly NGST) near the end of this decade. As Hubble's scientific and technological successor, equipped with a 6-meter-class deployable mirror, JWST will allow observations of the very early universe and initial formation of galaxies at levels not achievable today. JWST's unprecedented sensitivity cannot be utilized without a new class of IR focal plane arrays whose performance matches that of the telescope. In particular, JWST focal planes must be able to withstand the ionizing-p article radiation environment expected for its Lagrange-point (L2) orbit and ten-year mission lifetime goal. To help determine their suitability for JWST, NASA is evaluating prototype megapixel-class readouts and hybrid detector arrays under proton bombardment to simulate the anticipated JWST lifetime radiation dose. This report describes the results of early tests on devices from two manufacturers using photovoltaic (HgCdTe or InSb) candidate near-infrared detector structures. Results to date have shown encouraging performance, along with some areas of continuing concern. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP McKelvey, ME (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Ennico, Kimberly/L-9606-2014 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 223 EP 234 DI 10.1117/12.508050 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600024 ER PT S AU Clampin, M Sirianni, M Hartig, G Ford, H Illingworth, G Burmester, W Martel, A Riess, A Schrein, R Sullivan, P AF Clampin, M Sirianni, M Hartig, G Ford, H Illingworth, G Burmester, W Martel, A Riess, A Schrein, R Sullivan, P BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Inflight performance of the Advanced camera for Surveys SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE HST; ACS; CCDs; WFC; HRC AB The Advanced camera for Surveys (ACS), installed in the Hubble Space telescope in March 2002, has significantly extended HST's deep, survey imaging capabilities. ACS comprises three cameras: the Wide Field Camera (WFC) is designed for deep, near-IR survey imaging programs; the High Resolution Camera (HRC) is a high angular resolution imager/coronagraph, which fully samples the HST point spread function in the visible; and the Solar Blind Camera (SBC) is a far-UV imager. ACS has met, or exceeded all of its key performance specifications. In this paper we briefly review the in-flight performance of the instrument's CCD detectors. We present an overview of the performance of the ACS CCD detectors, based on the first year of flight science operations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Clampin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1117/12.512509 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600025 ER PT S AU Johnson, SD Waczynski, A Marshall, P Polidan, E Marshall, C Reed, R Kimble, R Delo, G Schlossberg, D Russell, AM Beck, T Wen, YT Yagelowich, J Hill, RJ Wassell, E Cheng, E AF Johnson, SD Waczynski, A Marshall, P Polidan, E Marshall, C Reed, R Kimble, R Delo, G Schlossberg, D Russell, AM Beck, T Wen, YT Yagelowich, J Hill, RJ Wassell, E Cheng, E BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Radiation effects in WFC3IR detectors SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE IR; NIR; detector; HgCdTe; radiation; hot pixel; proton; WFC3; HST; dark current ID CHARGE-TRANSFER EFFICIENCY; CCDS AB A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) flight-like IR detector was tested for radiation hardness by exposing it to high energy protons while operating at the nominal flight temperature of 150 K. The detector is a 1.7 mum cutoff HgCdTe detector with a CdZnTe substrate. The device is hybridized to a silicon multiplexer. The detector response was tested for gradually increasing fluence from less than 1 X 10(3) to a total of 5 x 10(9) 63 MeV protons/cm(2). Dark current changes were evaluated after each step. An increase in dark current and new hot pixels were observed after large steps of irradiation. The increased dark current was observed to partially anneal at 190K and fully anneal at room temperature. Radiation effects, hot pixel distribution, and results of annealing at different temperatures are presented here. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnson, SD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 243 EP 257 DI 10.1117/12.508443 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600026 ER PT S AU Polidan, EJ Waczynski, A Marshall, P Johnson, SD Marshall, C Reed, R Kimble, RA Delo, G Schlossberg, D Russell, AM Beck, T Wen, YT Yagelowich, J Hill, RJ Wassell, E AF Polidan, EJ Waczynski, A Marshall, P Johnson, SD Marshall, C Reed, R Kimble, RA Delo, G Schlossberg, D Russell, AM Beck, T Wen, YT Yagelowich, J Hill, RJ Wassell, E BE Grycewicz, TJ McCreight, CR TI Hot pixel behavior in WFC3CCD detectors irradiated under operational conditions SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE detector; CCD; hot pixels; irradiation; WFC3; HST ID CCDS AB A Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) CCD detector was tested for radiation effects while operating at -83degreesC. The detector has a format of 2048 x 4096 pixels with a 15 mum square pixel size, a supplemental buried channel, an MPP implant and is back side illuminated. Detector response was tested for total radiation fluences ranging from 1 X 10(3) to 2.5 x 10(9) of 63.3 MeV protons/cm(2) and for a range of beam intensities. Radiation damage was investigated and the annealing of damage was tested by warming up to +30degreesC. The introduction rate of hot pixels and their statistics, hot pixel annealing as a function of temperature and time, and radiation changes to the mean value of dark current were investigated. Results are compared with the experiences of other HST instruments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Polidan, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Polidan, Elizabeth/F-4052-2014 OI Polidan, Elizabeth/0000-0002-4940-9638 NR 7 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5040-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5167 BP 258 EP 269 DI 10.1117/12.508455 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY54V UT WOS:000189405600027 ER PT S AU Nelson, SD Pecheur, C AF Nelson, SD Pecheur, C BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WE Rouff, C GordonSpears, D TI Formal verification for a next-generation space shuttle SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2002) CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL GREENBELT, MARYLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, NASA Goddard Code 588, Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Code 581, Software Engn Lab, Naval Res Lab, CTA Inc AB This paper discusses the verification and validation (V&V) of advanced software used for integrated vehicle health monitoring (IVHM), in the context of NASA's next-generation space shuttle. We survey the current V&V practice and standards used in selected NASA projects, review applicable formal verification techniques, and discuss their integration into existing development practice and standards. We also describe two verification tools, JMPL2SMV and Livingstone PathFinder, that can be used to thoroughly verify diagnosis applications that use model-based reasoning, such as the Livingstone system. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Nelson Consulting, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Nelson, SD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Nelson Consulting, M-S 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40665-4 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2699 BP 53 EP 67 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX61A UT WOS:000185883800005 ER PT S AU Robinson, PJ Hinchey, M Clark, K AF Robinson, PJ Hinchey, M Clark, K BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WE Rouff, C GordonSpears, D TI Qu-Prolog: An implementation language for agents with advanced reasoning capabilities SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2002) CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL GREENBELT, MARYLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, NASA Goddard Code 588, Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Code 581, Software Engn Lab, Naval Res Lab, CTA Inc AB Qu-Prolog is an extension of Prolog that was initially designed as an implementation language for interactive theorem provers. It provides built-in support for quantifiers, substitutions and object variables. Recently, Qu-Prolog has been further extended to support multiple threads and high-level communication. The combination of these features makes it ideal as an implementation language for intelligent agents with advanced reasoning capabilities. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Robinson, PJ (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40665-4 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2699 BP 162 EP 172 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX61A UT WOS:000185883800014 ER PT S AU Pecheur, C AF Pecheur, C BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WE Rouff, C GordonSpears, D TI Challenges arising from applications SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2002) CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL GREENBELT, MARYLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, NASA Goddard Code 588, Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Code 581, Software Engn Lab, Naval Res Lab, CTA Inc C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Pecheur, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40665-4 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2699 BP 236 EP 238 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX61A UT WOS:000185883800020 ER PT S AU Kondo, Y AF Kondo, Y BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WE Rouff, C GordonSpears, D TI On laws of robotics SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2002) CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL GREENBELT, MARYLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, NASA Goddard Code 588, Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Code 581, Software Engn Lab, Naval Res Lab, CTA Inc C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kondo, Y (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40665-4 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2699 BP 264 EP 265 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX61A UT WOS:000185883800025 ER PT S AU Truszkowski, W AF Truszkowski, W BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WE Rouff, C GordonSpears, D TI Challenges arising from applications of agent-based systems SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2002) CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL GREENBELT, MARYLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, NASA Goddard Code 588, Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Code 581, Software Engn Lab, Naval Res Lab, CTA Inc AB This paper, based on an Applications Panel presentation, briefly introduces and discusses several agent-based applications, currently being investigated at Goddard, and then identifies some issues that have formal methods implications. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Truszkowski, W (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 588, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40665-4 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2699 BP 269 EP 273 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX61A UT WOS:000185883800026 ER PT S AU Maluf, DA Tran, PB AF Maluf, DA Tran, PB BE Zhong, N Ras, ZW Tsumoto, S Suzuki, E TI NETMARK: A schema-less extension for relational databases for managing semi-structured data dynamically SO FOUNDATIONS OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems CY OCT 28-31, 2003 CL MAEBASHI CITY, JAPAN SP Maebashi Inst Technol, Japanese Soc Artificial Intelligence, Maebashi Convent Bur, Maebashi City Govt, Gunma Prefecture Govt, US AFOSR/AOARD, Web Intelligence Consortium, Gunma Informat Serv Ind Assoc, Ryomo Syst Co Ltd AB Object-Relational database management system is an integrated hybrid cooperative approach to combine the best practices of both the relational model utilizing SQL queries and the object-oriented, semantic paradigm for supporting complex data creation. In this paper, a highly scalable, information on demand database framework, called NETMARK, is introduced. NETMARK takes advantages of the Oracle 8i object-relational database using physical addresses data types for very efficient keyword search of records spanning across both context and content. NETMARK was originally developed in early 2000 as a research and development prototype to solve the vast amounts of unstructured and semi-structured documents existing within NASA enterprises. Today, NETMARK is a flexible, high-throughput open database framework for managing, storing, and searching unstructured or semi-structured arbitrary hierarchal models, such as XML and HTML. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM maluf@ptolemy.arc.nasa.gov; pbtran@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20256-0 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2871 BP 231 EP 241 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BY15P UT WOS:000187959000033 ER PT J AU Shvedova, AA Murray, AR Kisin, ER Schwegler-Berry, D Kagan, VE Gandelsman, VZ Castranova, V AF Shvedova, AA Murray, AR Kisin, ER Schwegler-Berry, D Kagan, VE Gandelsman, VZ Castranova, V TI Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Evidence of exposure-induced oxidant stress in human keratinocyte and bronchial epithelial cells. SO FREE RADICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Meeting on Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress CY 2003 CL LOANNINA, GREECE SP Soc Free Radical Res C1 NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, HELD, Morgantown, WV USA. WVU, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Morgantown, WV USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. NASA, JSC, SAIC, Adv Technol Grp, Houston, TX USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1071-5762 J9 FREE RADICAL RES JI Free Radic. Res. PY 2003 VL 37 SU 1 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 706NA UT WOS:000184458700163 ER PT S AU Lee, S Ortiz, GG AF Lee, S Ortiz, GG BE Mecherle, GS TI Atmosphere tolerant acquisition, tracking and pointing subsystem SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XV CY JAN 28, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE optical communications; acquisition; tracking; pointing; atmosphere; fade AB For high rate communications such as optical communications, tracking loss can result in substantial reduction of average data rate and the total data volume of the transmitted data. For optical communications, which transmits laser beam through atmosphere, atmospheric induced fades of the beacon signal can vary significantly as observed in ground-to-ground optical experiments. In this paper, we propose a new scheme of compensating the atmospheric induced fading effects using inertial sensors. By measuring the platform vibrations, the beacon movements on the Focal Plane Array can be deduced even if the beacon is lost due to fading. By avoiding the new cycle of reacquisition and tracking, high rate communication can be maintained. The allowable period of beacon fade depends on the inertial sensor noise characteristics and acquisition and tracking Field-Of-View. We will present the results of our analysis for the planned Altair UAV-to-Ground optical communications demonstrations using an accelerometer. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4775-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4975 BP 36 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.478940 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BX33B UT WOS:000184963500006 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, VA Lau, CW AF Vilnrotter, VA Lau, CW BE Mecherle, GS TI Quantum detection of signals in the presence of noise SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XV CY JAN 28, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE quantum detection in noise; ternary signals; quantum communications AB A new technique for evaluating the performance of quantum signals observed in the presence noise is described and evaluated. The quantum theory for detecting coherent-state signals has been developed previously, however the quantum signal plus noise" problem has received little attention due to its complexity. Here we develop a discrete approximation to the coherent-state representation of signal-plus-noise density operators, and present solutions to optimum receiver performance in terms of quantum "measurement states" whose performance is optimized via generalized rotations in Hilbert space. An efficient algorithm for carrying out the required numerical optimization is described and applied to binary signals observed in the presence of noise, for which exact results are available for comparison. The algorithm is then applied to the detection of ternary signals observed in the presence of noise, a previously unsolved problem, and the performance of the optimum receiver characterized. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, VA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4775-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4975 BP 80 EP 91 DI 10.1117/12.478929 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BX33B UT WOS:000184963500010 ER PT S AU Ortiz, GG Lee, S Monacos, S Wright, M Biswas, A AF Ortiz, GG Lee, S Monacos, S Wright, M Biswas, A BE Mecherle, GS TI Design and development of a robust ATP subsystem for the Altair UAV-to-Ground Lasercomm 2.5 Gbps demonstration SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XV CY JAN 28, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE free-space optical communications; UAV-to-Ground Lasercomm; high rate comm AB A robust acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) subsystem is being developed for the 2.5 Gigabit per second (Gbps) Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) to ground free-space optical communications link project. The demonstration will gather HDTV images of regions of geological interest (e.g. volcanic) and then downlink those images to ground receivers at a range of 50 kin while the UAV is at an altitude of 18 kin. With a 200 mW downlink laser at 1550 nm for a BER of 1E-9, the pointing requirements on the flight terminal are a jitter error of 19.5 urad and a bias error of 14.5 urad with a probability of pointing induced fades of 0.1%. In order to mitigate the effect of atmospheric fades and deal with UAV flight and vibration uncertainties (relatively new craft) the ATP subsystem requirements have been set to a stringent level in order to assure success of the communication link. The design, analysis and development of this robust ATP subsystem will be described in this paper. The key innovations that have been developed to make the ATP subsystem robust are i) the application of inertial sensors to make the acquisition and tracking functions tolerant to atmospheric fades, ii) the usage of active exposure control to provide a 16 dB dynamic range on the Focal Plane Array (FPA) tracking window, and iii) the introduction of a second ultra wide field-of view camera to assure acquisition of the ground beacon. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ortiz, GG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4775-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4975 BP 103 EP 114 DI 10.1117/12.478939 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BX33B UT WOS:000184963500012 ER PT S AU Monacos, SP Lam, RK Portillo, AA Ortiz, GG AF Monacos, SP Lam, RK Portillo, AA Ortiz, GG BE Mecherle, GS TI Design of an event-driven random-access-windowing CCD-based camera SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XV CY JAN 28, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE region-of-interest; CCD; real-time; event-driven; adaptive; target-tracking AB Commercially available cameras are not designed for the combination of single frame and high-speed streaming digital video with real-time control of size and location of multiple regions-of-interest (ROI). A new control paradigm is defined to achieve low-level camera control with high-level system operation. This functionality is achieved by defining the indivisible pixel read out operation on a per ROI basis with in-camera time keeping capability. This methodology provides a Random Access, Real-time, Event-driven (RARE) camera for adaptive camera control and is well suited for target tracking applications requiring autonomous control of multiple ROIs. This methodology additionally provides for reduced ROI read out time and higher frame rates compared to a predecessor architecture(1) by avoiding external control intervention during the ROI read out process. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Monacos, SP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4775-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4975 BP 115 EP 125 DI 10.1117/12.478941 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BX33B UT WOS:000184963500013 ER PT S AU Miyoshi, K Lerch, BA Draper, SL Raj, SV AF Miyoshi, K Lerch, BA Draper, SL Raj, SV BE Mutoh, Y Kinyon, SE Hoeppner, DW TI Evaluation of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb under fretting conditions SO FRETTING FATIGUE: ADVANCES IN BASIC UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATIONS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fretting Fatigue - Advances in Basic Understanding and Applications CY MAY 15-18, 2001 CL NAGAOKA, JAPAN SP ASTM Comm E08 DE Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb; fretting wear; fatigue; oxidation; high temperature; Ni-base superalloy ID FATIGUE BEHAVIOR; ALLOY AB The fretting behavior of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(2) (gamma-TiAl) in contact with a typical nickel-base superalloy was examined in air at temperatures from 296 to 823 K (23 to 550 degreesC). The interfacial adhesive bonds between Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb and superalloy were generally stronger than the cohesive bonds within Ti-48Al-Xr-2Nb. The failed Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb debris subsequently transferred to the superalloy. In reference experiments conducted with Ti-6Al-4V against superalloy under identical fretting conditions, the degree of transfer was greater for Ti-6Al-4V than for Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb. Wear of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb generally decreased with increasing fretting frequency. The increasing rate of oxidation at elevated temperatures led to a drop in wear at 473 K. However, fretting,wear increased as the temperature was increased from 473 to 823 K. At 723 and 823 K, oxide film disruption generated cracks, loose wear debris, and pits on the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb wear surface. Both increasing slip amplitude and increasing load tended to produce more metallic wear debris, causing severe abrasive wear in the contacting metals. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Miyoshi, K (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3456-8 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1425 BP 323 EP 337 DI 10.1520/STP10768S PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW53P UT WOS:000182320900022 ER PT B AU McCurdy, K Vasquez, A Bradley, K AF McCurdy, K Vasquez, A Bradley, K GP ASME BE Shah, RK Kanslikar, SG TI Development of PEMFC systems for space power applications SO FUEL CELL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology CY APR 21-23, 2003 CL Rochester, NY SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Rochester Inst Technol AB Space power applications historically include fuel cells due to the high energy storage density of hydrogen and oxygen compared to batteries. Fuel cells are continuously under development to incorporate latest technology and focus on specific details of fuel cell systems relevant to harsh space transportation environments. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is developing proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems for space power applications because of the potential for longer life, reduction in cost, and increase in safety compared to current alkaline fuel cell technology. Space fuel cell applications utilize oxygen instead of air, which introduces better performance but greater hazards. Circulation of reactants is beneficial for these systems to aid in removal of product water from the fuel cell stack and to humidify reactant fluid streams. Current space fuel cell prototype systems use a simple but effective pump for reactant recirculation known as a gas ejector. A gas ejector uses a high-pressure primary gas supply to produce suction to a secondary fluid at a lower pressure. A gas and water separator is then necessary to remove the fuel cell product water from the unutilized recirculated oxygen. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is analyzing and testing several different means to separate the oxygen gas and water in both microgravity and increased gravity conditions. This paper addresses specific components and design concerns for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems for space power applications. C1 NASA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP McCurdy, K (reprint author), NASA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3668-1 PY 2003 BP 245 EP 251 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BAK27 UT WOS:000222632800032 ER PT B AU Jaffe, RL AF Jaffe, RL BE Kamat, PV Guldi, DM DSouza, F TI Quantum chemistry investigation of carbon nanotube sidewall defects SO FULLERENES AND NANOTUBES: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NEXT GENERATION NANODEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanoclusters held at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society CY APR 27-MAY 02, 2003 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Electrochem Soc, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanoclusters Div AB Quantum chemistry calculations have been carried out to determine the geometries and energies of various carbon nanotube defect sites generated by removal of a single sidewall carbon atom. In some caes, the defect sites have been stablized by chemisorption of water molecules or addition of -OH, -H and =O groups. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Nanotechnol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Jaffe, RL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Nanotechnol Branch, Mail Stop 230-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-397-0 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2003 VL 2003 IS 15 BP 361 EP 365 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA BX87P UT WOS:000186707700041 ER PT J AU Diaz, FRC AF Diaz, FRC TI The vasimr engine: Concept development, recent accomplishments and future plans SO FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement CY JUL 01-04, 2002 CL JEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA AB The development of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) was initiated in the late 1970s to address a critical requirement for fast, high-power interplanetary space transportation. While not being a fusion rocket, it nevertheless borrows heavily from that technology and takes advantage of the natural topology of open-ended magnetic systems. In addition to its high power density and high exhaust velocity, VASIMR is capable of "constant power throttling" a feature, which allows in-flight mission-optimization of thrust and specific impulse to enhance performance and reduce trip time. A NASA-led, research team, involving industry, academia and government facilities is pursuing the development of this concept in the United States. The technology can be validated, in the near term, in venues such as the International Space Station, where it can also serve as both a drag compensation device and a plasma contactor for the orbital facility. Other near-Earth applications in the commercial and scientific satellite sectors are also envisioned. This presentation covers the evolution of the VASIMR concept to its present status, as well as recent accomplishments in our understanding of the physics. Approaches and collaborative programs addressing the major technical challenges will also be presented. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Space Prop Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Diaz, FRC (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Space Prop Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 1536-1055 J9 FUSION SCI TECHNOL JI Fusion Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1T BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 650PF UT WOS:000181272000003 ER PT J AU Williams, CH Juhasz, AJ Borowski, SK Dudzinski, LA AF Williams, CH Juhasz, AJ Borowski, SK Dudzinski, LA TI Space propulsion via spherical torus fusion reactor SO FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE space propulsion; spherical torus ID DESIGN; POWER AB A conceptual vehicle design enabling fast outer solar system travel was produced predicated on a small aspect ratio spherical torus nuclear fusion reactor. Analysis revealed that the vehicle could deliver a 108 mt crew habitat payload to Saturn rendezvous in 204 days, with an initial mass in low Earth orbit of 1630 mt. Engineering conceptual design, analysis, and assessment were performed on all major systems including nuclear fusion reactor, magnetic nozzle, power conversion, fast wave plasma heating, fuel pellet injector, startup/re-start fission reactor and battery, and other systems. Detailed fusion reactor design included analysis of plasma characteristics, power balance and utilization, first wall, toroidal field coils, heat transfer, and neutron/X-ray radiation. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Space Transportat Project Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Power & On Board Prop Technol Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Space Transportat Project Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Syst Engn Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Williams, CH (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Space Transportat Project Off, M-S 86-8,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM lvcraig@grc.nasa.gov NR 65 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 1536-1055 J9 FUSION SCI TECHNOL JI Fusion Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1 BP 91 EP 109 PG 19 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 628EB UT WOS:000179978700007 ER PT J AU Squire, JP Diaz, FRC Glover, TW Jacobson, VT Chavers, DG Bengtson, RD Bering, EA Boswell, RW Goulding, RH Light, M AF Squire, JP Diaz, FRC Glover, TW Jacobson, VT Chavers, DG Bengtson, RD Bering, EA Boswell, RW Goulding, RH Light, M TI Progress in experimental research of the vasimr engine SO FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement CY JUL 01-04, 2002 CL JEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA ID FREQUENCY AB The Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory (ASPL) of NASA's Johnson Space Center is performing research on a Variable Specific Impulse MagnetoPlasma Rocket (VASIMR). The VASIMR is a high power, radio frequency (RF) driven magnetoplasma rocket, capable of very high exhaust velocities, > 100 km/s. A NASA-led research team involving industry, academia and government facilities is pursuing the development of this concept in the United States. The ASPL's experimental research focuses on three major areas: helicon plasma production, ion cyclotron resonant frequency (ICRF) acceleration and plasma expansion in a magnetic nozzle. The VASIMR experiment (VX-10) performs experimental research that demonstrates the thruster concept at a total RF power on the order of 10 W A flexible four-magnet system, with a 1.3 Tesla maximum magnetic field strength, allows axial magnetic field profile shape effects to be studied. Power generated at 10-50 MHz with about 3 kW is used to perform helicon plasma source development. A 3 MHz RF transmitter capable of 100 kW is available for ICRF experiments. The primary diagnostics are: gas mass flow controllers, RF input power, Langmuir probes, Mach probe, retarding potential analyzers (RPA), microwave interferometer, neutral pressure measurements and plasma light emission. In addition, many thermocouples are attached inside the vacuum chamber to measure heat loads around the plasma discharge. Helicon research has been done with hydrogen, deuterium, helium, nitrogen, argon, xenon and mixtures of these gases. Optimization studies have been performed with the magnetic field axial profile shape, antenna geometry, gas flow rate, gas tube geometry and RF frequency. ICRF experiments have begun, primarily using a high density (> 10(18)/m(3)) helium helicon discharge as a target. Over 6 kW of power has been applied using a simple antenna array. The latest results of helicon and ICRF experiments will be presented. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Space Prop Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Houston, Houston, TX USA. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Squire, JP (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Space Prop Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 1536-1055 J9 FUSION SCI TECHNOL JI Fusion Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1T BP 111 EP 117 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 650PF UT WOS:000181272000024 ER PT J AU Carter, MD Baity, FW Barber, GC Goulding, RH Mori, Y Sparks, DO White, KF Jaeger, EF Chang-Diaz, FR Squire, JP AF Carter, MD Baity, FW Barber, GC Goulding, RH Mori, Y Sparks, DO White, KF Jaeger, EF Chang-Diaz, FR Squire, JP TI Comparing experiments with modeling to optimize light ion Helicon plasma sources for VASIMR SO FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement CY JUL 01-04, 2002 CL JEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA AB The ability to obtain high plasma densities with high fractional ionization using readily available, low-cost components makes the helicon a candidate plasma source for many applications, including plasma rocket propulsion, fusion component testing, and materials processing. However, operation of a helicon can be a sensitive function of the magnetic field strength and geometry as well as the driving frequency, especially when using light feedstock gases such as hydrogen or helium. In this paper we compare results from a coupled radio frequency (RF) and transport model with experiments in the axially inhomogeneous Mini-Radio Frequency Test Facility (Mini-RFTF). Experimental observations of the radial shape of the density profile can be quantitatively reproduced by iteratively converging a high-resolution RF calculation including the RF parallel electric field with a transport model using reasonable choices for the transport parameters. The experimentally observed transition into the high density helicon mode is observed in the model, appearing as a nonlinear synergism between radial diffusion, the RF coupling to parallel electric fields that damp near the plasma edge, and propagation of helicon waves that collisionally damp near the axis of the device. Power deposition from various electric field components indicates that inductive coupling and absorption in the edge region can reduce the efficiency for high-density operation. These findings can be used to optimize helicon discharges for use in Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) designs, and estimates for the helicon power required to perform ion cyclotron heating experiments in the Mini-RFTF are given. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Kyushu Univ, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816, Japan. NASA, Adv Space Prop Lab, Houston, TX USA. RP Carter, MD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Goulding, Richard/C-5982-2016 OI Goulding, Richard/0000-0002-1776-7983 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 1536-1055 J9 FUSION SCI TECHNOL JI Fusion Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1T BP 125 EP 129 PG 5 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 650PF UT WOS:000181272000026 ER PT S AU Trauger, J Moody, D Gordon, B Gursel, Y Ealey, M Bagwell, R AF Trauger, J Moody, D Gordon, B Gursel, Y Ealey, M Bagwell, R BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI Performance of a precision high-density deformable mirror for extremely high contrast imaging astronomy from space SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE active optics; coronagraphs; space astronomy AB Active wavefront correction of a space telescope provides a technology path for extremely high contrast imaging astronomy at levels well beyond the capabilities of current telescope systems. A precision deformable mirror technology intended specifically for wavefront correction in a visible/near-infrared space telescope has been developed at Xinetics and extensively tested at JPL over the past several years. Active wavefront phase correction has been demonstrated to 1 Angstrom rms over the spatial frequency range accessible to a mirror with an array of actuators on a 1 mm pitch. It is based on a modular electroceramic design that is scalable to 1000s of actuator elements coupled to the surface of a thin mirror facesheet. It is controlled by a low-power multiplexed driver system. Demonstrated surface figure control, high actuator density, and low power dissipation are described. Performance specifications are discussed in the context of the Eclipse point design for a coronagraphic space telescope. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trauger, J (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1117/12.460027 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200001 ER PT S AU Chen, PC Carpenter, KG Romeo, RC AF Chen, PC Carpenter, KG Romeo, RC BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI A novel process to fabricate mirrors with very long radius and ultra smooth surfaces SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE composite mirrors; ultra lightweight optics; Stellar Imager; active optics; long focus optics ID LIGHTWEIGHT AB During the course of performing space flight qualification testing of composite mirrors at NASA GSFC, a serendipitous event was observed which, in retrospect, should have been obvious. Investigation of this phenomenon leads to a promising avenue towards the fabrication of large aperture precision spherical mirrors with very long radius of curvature (>f/100). Such mirrors are required for future missions such as the Stellar Imager. We report on the observation and analysis of the event, optical measurements, and the development of associated active figure control systems. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chen, PC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Carpenter, Kenneth/D-4740-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.1117/12.459949 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200003 ER PT S AU Trauger, J Hull, T Stapelfeldt, K Backman, D Bagwell, R Brown, RA Burrows, A Burrows, C Ealey, M Ftaclas, C Heap, S Kasdin, J Lunine, J Marcy, G Redding, D Sahai, R Spergel, D Traub, W Woodgate, B AF Trauger, J Hull, T Stapelfeldt, K Backman, D Bagwell, R Brown, RA Burrows, A Burrows, C Ealey, M Ftaclas, C Heap, S Kasdin, J Lunine, J Marcy, G Redding, D Sahai, R Spergel, D Traub, W Woodgate, B BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI The Eclipse mission: a direct imaging survey of nearby planetary systems SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space astronomy; coronagraphs; planetary systems ID CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK; GIANT PLANETS; BROWN DWARFS; STARS; SPECTRA; IMAGES; NICMOS AB Eclipse is a proposed Discovery-class mission to perform a sensitive imaging survey of nearby planetary systems, including a complete survey for Jupiter-sized planets orbiting 5 AU from all stars of spectral types A-K to distances of 15 pc. Eclipse is a coronagraphic space telescope concept designed for high-contrast visible wavelength imaging and spectrophotometry. Its optical design incorporates essential elements: a telescope with an unobscured aperture of 1.8 meters and optical surfaces optimized for smoothness at critical spatial frequencies, a coronagraphic camera for suppression of diffracted light, and precision active optical correction for suppression of light scattered by residual mirror surface irregularities. For reference, Eclipse is predicted to reduce diffracted and scattered starlight between 0.25 and 2.0 arcseconds from the star by at least three orders of magnitude compared to any HST instrument. The Eclipse mission offers precursor science explorations and critical technology validation in support of coronagraphic concepts for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). A baseline three-year science mission would provide a survey of the nearby stars accessible to TPF before the end of this decade, promising fundamental new insights into the nature and evolution of possibly diverse planetary systems associated with our Sun's nearest neighbors. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trauger, J (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Stapelfeldt, Karl/D-2721-2012 NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 116 EP 128 DI 10.1117/12.460023 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200012 ER PT S AU Borucki, WJ Koch, DG Lissauer, JJ Basri, GB Caldwell, JF Cochran, WD Dunham, EW Geary, JC Latham, DW Gilliland, RL Caldwell, DA Jenkins, JM Kondo, Y AF Borucki, WJ Koch, DG Lissauer, JJ Basri, GB Caldwell, JF Cochran, WD Dunham, EW Geary, JC Latham, DW Gilliland, RL Caldwell, DA Jenkins, JM Kondo, Y BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI The Kepler mission: A wide field of view photometer designed to determine the frequency of earth-size planets, around solar-like stars SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE ID TERRESTRIAL PLANETS; GIANT PLANETS; MODELS; GAS AB NASA's Kepler Mission is designed to determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. It uses transit photometry from space to determine planet size relative to its star and orbital period. From these measurements, and those of complementary ground-based observations of planet-hosting stars, and from Kepler's third law, the actual size of the planet, its position relative to the habitable zone, and the presence of other planets can be deduced. The Kepler photometer is designed around a 0.95 in aperture wide field-of-view (FOV) Schmidt type telescope with a large array of CCD detectors to continuously monitor 100,000 stars in a single FOV for four years. To detect terrestrial planets, the photometer uses differential relative photometry to obtain a precision of 20 ppm, for 12th magnitude stars. The combination of the number of stars that must be monitored to get a statistically significant estimate of the frequency of Earth-size planets, the size of Earth with respect to the Sun, the minimum number of photoelectrons required to recognize the transit signal while maintaining a low false-alarm rate, and the areal density of target stars of differing brightness are all critical to the photometer design. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Borucki, WJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Caldwell, Douglas/L-7911-2014 OI Caldwell, Douglas/0000-0003-1963-9616 NR 13 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 129 EP 140 DI 10.1117/12.460266 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200013 ER PT S AU Kimble, RA Pain, B Ortiz, M Heynssens, JB Norton, TJ Haas, JP AF Kimble, RA Pain, B Ortiz, M Heynssens, JB Norton, TJ Haas, JP BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI A high-speed, event-driven Active Pixel Sensor readout for photon-counting microchannel plate detectors SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE detectors; active pixel sensors; microchannel plates; readouts; photon-counting; fast phosphors; intensifiers AB We describe a novel readout system for photon-counting microchannel plate detectors, based on a custom-designed event-driven CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS). The event-driven APS device is fiber-optically coupled to the microchannel plate intensifier in a configuration analogous to that employed in intensified CCDs (ICCDs). APS technology permits the incorporation of comparator circuitry within each pixel. When coupled with suitable CMOS logic outside the array area, the comparators can be used to trigger the readout of small sub-array windows only when and where intensified photon events have been detected. The event-driven APS readout thus completely eliminates the local dynamic range limitation of ICCDs, while achieving a high global count rate capability and delivering high (MCP-limited) spatial resolution (through sub-pixel centroiding of the event splashes, performed off-chip). We elaborate on this concept and the design of the event-driven APS below. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kimble, RA (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 203 EP 214 DI 10.1117/12.459826 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200019 ER PT S AU Carpenter, KG Schrijver, CJ Lyon, RG Mundy, LG Allen, RJ Armstrong, JT Danchi, WC Karovska, M Marzouk, J Mazzuca, LM Mozurkewich, D Neff, SG Pauls, TA Rajagopal, J Solyar, G Zhang, XL AF Carpenter, KG Schrijver, CJ Lyon, RG Mundy, LG Allen, RJ Armstrong, JT Danchi, WC Karovska, M Marzouk, J Mazzuca, LM Mozurkewich, D Neff, SG Pauls, TA Rajagopal, J Solyar, G Zhang, XL BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI The Stellar Imager (SI) mission concept SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE stellar activity; space-based interferometry; ultraviolet; optical; imaging AB The Stellar Imager (SI) is envisioned as a space-based, UV-optical interferometer composed of 10 or more one-meter class elements distributed with a maximum baseline of 0.5 km. It is designed to image stars and binaries with sufficient resolution to enable long-term studies of stellar magnetic activity patterns, for comparison with those on the sun. It will also support asteroseismology (acoustic imaging) to probe stellar internal structure, differential rotation, and large-scale circulations. SI will enable us to understand the various effects of the magnetic fields of stars, the dynamos that generate these fields, and the internal structure and dynamics of the stars. The ultimate goal of the mission is to achieve the best-possible forecasting of solar activity as a driver of climate and space weather on time scales ranging from months up to decades, and an understanding of the impact of stellar magnetic activity on life in the Universe. In this paper we describe the scientific goals of the mission, the performance requirements needed to address these goals, the "enabling technology" development efforts being pursued, and the design concepts now under study for the full mission and a possible pathfinder mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Carpenter, KG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Carpenter, Kenneth/D-4740-2012 NR 2 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 293 EP 302 DI 10.1117/12.459776 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200028 ER PT S AU Holz, JM Kunt, C Lashley, C McGuffey, D AF Holz, JM Kunt, C Lashley, C McGuffey, D BE Blades, JC Siegmund, OHW TI Development of a lightweight, near zero CTE optical bench for the wide-field Camera 3 Instrument SO FUTURE EUV/UV AND VISIBLE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE HST; instrument; UVIS; IR; optical bench (OB); composite; STOP; lightweight; CTE AB The design and development of an optical bench (OB) for Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), a next generation science instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has proven a challenging task. WFC3 will replace Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WF/PC 2) during the next servicing mission of the HST in 2004. The WFC3 program is re-using much of the hardware from WF/PC 1, returned from the First Servicing Mission, which has added complexity to the program. This posed some significant packaging challenges, further complicated by WFC3 utilizing two, separate optical channels. The WF/PC I optical bench could not house the additional optical components, so a new bench was developed. The new bench had to be designed to accommodate the sometimes-conflicting requirements of the two channels, which operate over a wavelength range of 200nm to 1800nm, from Near Ultraviolet to Near Infrared. In addition, the bench had to interface to the reused WF/PC I hardware, which was not optimized for this mission. To aid in the design of the bench, the team used software tools to merge structural, thermal and optical models to obtain performance (STOP) of the optical systems in operation. Several iterations of this performance analysis were needed during the design process to verify the bench would meet requirements. The fabrication effort included a rigorous material characterization program and significant tooling. After assembly, the optical bench underwent an extensive qualification program to prove the design and manufacturing processes. This-paper provides the details of the design and development process of this-highly optimized optical bench. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Holz, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4633-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4854 BP 435 EP 446 DI 10.1117/12.459824 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44Q UT WOS:000182019200043 ER PT S AU Troy, M Chanan, G AF Troy, M Chanan, G BE Angel, JRP Gilmozzi, R TI Diffraction effects from giant segmented mirror telescopes SO FUTURE GIANT TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Giant Telescopes CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE telescopes; segmented mirrors; adaptive optics; phasing; diffraction ID BAND PHASING ALGORITHM; ADAPTIVE OPTICS; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; KECK TELESCOPES AB Ultra-high contrast imaging with giant segmented mirror telescopes will involve light levels of order 10(-6) times that of the central diffraction spike or less. At these levels it is important to quantify accurately a variety of. diffraction effects, including segmentation geometry, intersegment gaps, obscuration by the secondary mirror and its supports, and segment alignment and figure errors, among others. We describe an accurate method for performing such calculations and present preliminary results in the context of the California Extremely Large Telescope. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Troy, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4619-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4840 BP 81 EP 92 DI 10.1117/12.457985 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44L UT WOS:000182018400009 ER PT S AU Whorton, M Angeli, G AF Whorton, M Angeli, G BE Angel, JRP Gilmozzi, R TI Modern control for the secondary mirror of a Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope SO FUTURE GIANT TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Giant Telescopes CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE flexible structures; optimal control; modem control; H-2 control; active optics; secondary mirror AB To achieve diffraction-limited seeing with the next generation of giant telescopes will require a multi-tiered approach employing both active and adaptive optics. Before removing atmospheric effects via adaptive optics, the telescope structure must be actively controlled to remove structural dynamics effects from the optical wavefront. While low frequency thermal and gravitational effects may be removed by the primary mirror control system, a more difficult challenge is the higher frequency, wind-induced vibrations of the telescope structure. This paper win address the control system design for the rigid secondary mirror support structure using modem control methods. Multivariable control methods are motivated by the large number of coupled structural modes that contribute to the wavefront error at the secondary mirror. H-2 methods are applied to the secondary mirror control system in order to validate the design approach for achieving nominal performance at the system level. The approach investigated for this paper involves using wavefront information to remove wavefront error at the secondary mirror. This work will serve as a basis for demonstrating the feasibility: of the overall control architecture for the GSMT point design study. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Tennessee State Univ, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Whorton, M (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Tennessee State Univ, TD 55 Control Syst, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4619-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4840 BP 140 EP 150 DI 10.1117/12.458195 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44L UT WOS:000182018400014 ER PT S AU Buti, B Goldstein, BE AF Buti, B Goldstein, BE BE Lui, ATY Treumann, RA TI Alfven waves: Unresolved issues SO FUTURE TRENDS AND NEEDS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR PLASMA PHYSICS IN SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Trends and Needs in Science and Engineering for Plasma Physics in Space held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res ID LOW-FREQUENCY WAVES; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETIC HOLES; INHOMOGENEOUS PLASMAS; ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS; TRANSVERSE DYNAMICS; HYBRID SIMULATIONS; BETA PLASMA; SOLITONS; ACCELERATION AB Different aspects of Alfven waves have been investigated for decades. In this paper we first present what we know about these waves from knowledge gained from these studies along with their limitations. We then point out some of the unresolved issues related to these waves with an emphasis on some intriguing observations that have not been properly explained so far. Some suggestions, about improving the existing models or making new-quantitative models for the interpretation of these observations, axe presented. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Buti, B (reprint author), B-8-6042 Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India. EM butib@sify.com NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 291 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00260-6 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX86H UT WOS:000186667700001 ER PT S AU Cummer, SA Green, JL Reinisch, BW Fung, SF Kaiser, ML Pickett, JS Christopher, I Mutel, R Gurnett, DA Escoubet, CP AF Cummer, SA Green, JL Reinisch, BW Fung, SF Kaiser, ML Pickett, JS Christopher, I Mutel, R Gurnett, DA Escoubet, CP BE Lui, ATY Treumann, RA TI Advances in magnetospheric radio wave analysis and tomography SO FUTURE TRENDS AND NEEDS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR PLASMA PHYSICS IN SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future Trends and Needs in Science and Engineering for Plasma Physics in Space held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID ELECTRON-DENSITY; SPACECRAFT; IMAGE; WIND AB Initial theoretical studies of multi-spacecraft radio tomographic imaging of the magnetosphere have shown the potential scientific value of the technique. We report a series of multistatic radio propagation experiments with the goal of testing and verifying the capabilities of radio tomography. These experiments focused specifically on measuring the plasma-induced rotation of the wave polarization (Faraday rotation), from which the path integrated product of magnetospheric electron density and magnetic field can be directly inferred. These experiments used the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite as the transmitter. The receiving instruments were the WAVES instrument on WIND and the WBD instrument on CLUSTER. These experiments showed that Faraday rotation can be measured on relatively long (>10 RE) magnetospheric propagation paths with existing transmitter and receiver technology. We conclude that radio tomographic imaging of magnetospheric electron density and magnetic field is a powerful technique with unique, large-scale measurement capabilities that can effectively address important questions in magnetospheric physics. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Data Operat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Ctr Atmospher Res, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. European Space Agcy, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. RP Cummer, SA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Cummer, Steven/A-6118-2008; Fung, Shing/F-5647-2012 OI Cummer, Steven/0000-0002-0002-0613; NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 3 BP 329 EP 336 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00270-9 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX86H UT WOS:000186667700006 ER PT S AU de Paz, AG Madore, BF AF de Paz, AG Madore, BF BE AvilaReese, V Firmani, C Frenk, CS Allen, YC TI Optimizing future surveys on galaxy evolution SO GALAXY EVOLUTION: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS SE REVISTA MEXICANA DE ASTRONOMIA Y ASTROFISICA, SERIE DE CONFERENCIAS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Galaxy Evolution CY APR 08-12, 2002 CL COZUMEL, MEXICO SP Univ Nacl Auton Mexico, Inst Astron, Univ Nacl Auton Mexico, Coordinac Investigac Cientif, Univ Nacl Auton Mexico, Direcc Gen Asuntos Person Acad, Univ Nacl Auton Mexico, Direcc Gen Estudios Posgrado AB We present new results on the optimization of broad-band photometry observations designed to analyze the physical properties of galaxies at different redshifts. We have computed the uncertainties expected in the derivation of the star formation history (SFH), age, metallicity, and reddening of galaxies when comparing broad-band photometry with the predictions of evolutionary synthesis models as a function of (1) the observables available, (2) the observing errors, and (3) the galaxy properties themselves. C1 CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP de Paz, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, MS 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA MEXICO INSTITUTO ASTRONOMIA PI MEXICO CITY PA APARTADO POSTAL 70-264, MEXICO CITY 04510, MEXICO SN 1405-2059 BN 970-32-0609-3 J9 REV MEX AST ASTR PY 2003 VL 17 BP 251 EP 251 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX81E UT WOS:000186501900119 ER PT S AU Band, DL AF Band, DL BE Ricker, GR Vanderspek, RK TI The statistical determination of the burst energy distribution SO GAMMA-RAY BURST AND AFTERGLOW ASTRONOMY 2001 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission CY NOV 05-09, 2001 CL WOODS HOLE, MA SP HETE Sci Team ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AB The shape of the distribution of the apparent energy radiated by a gamma-ray burst must be determined by the statistical analysis of well-defined burst samples. To convert the fluence into an energy requires the distance to the burst. A spectroscopic redshift is preferred, but the redshift can be estimated from the host galaxy's magnitude. The observed burst is drawn from the portion of the distribution above the detection threshold, and consequently this threshold must be known to recover the distribution. The detection threshold is the most restrictive of the thresholds of the different observations that characterize a burst (e.g., detecting the burst, localizing the afterglow, determining the redshift of the host galaxy). Current burst samples either have unknown detection thresholds, or rely on the currently uncertain luminosity-variability or luminosity-lag correlations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GLAST SSC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Band, DL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GLAST SSC, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0122-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 662 BP 140 EP 142 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW74S UT WOS:000183012900031 ER PT S AU Cline, TL Barthelmy, SD Butterworth, PS Sheets, TB Aptekar, RI Frederiks, DD Golenetskii, SV Il'inskii, VN Mazets, EP Pal'shin, VD AF Cline, TL Barthelmy, SD Butterworth, PS Sheets, TB Aptekar, RI Frederiks, DD Golenetskii, SV Il'inskii, VN Mazets, EP Pal'shin, VD BE Ricker, GR Vanderspek, RK TI Seven-year Konus GRB Catalog SO GAMMA-RAY BURST AND AFTERGLOW ASTRONOMY 2001 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission CY NOV 05-09, 2001 CL WOODS HOLE, MA SP HETE Sci Team AB A complete catalog of all Konus gamma ray burst (GRB) event profiles, collected from GGS-Wind launch in November, 1994 to the present, is under development and will be processed in CD form. All Konus GRB and soft gamma repeater (SGR) event data are presently available on the GCN Web site(1), with over 850 GRB and over 75 SGR event profiles logged. The location of the Wind spacecraft, always outside the magnetosphere, provides a steady background which may facilitate precise GRB phenomenological studies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cline, TL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Frederiks, Dmitry/C-7612-2014; Pal'shin, Valentin/F-3973-2014; Aptekar, Raphail/B-3456-2015; Golenetskii, Sergey/B-3818-2015 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0122-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 662 BP 143 EP 143 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW74S UT WOS:000183012900032 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N AF Gehrels, N BE Ricker, GR Vanderspek, RK TI The swift GRB MIDEX mission SO GAMMA-RAY BURST AND AFTERGLOW ASTRONOMY 2001 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission CY NOV 05-09, 2001 CL WOODS HOLE, MA SP HETE Sci Team ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; AFTERGLOW; REDSHIFT AB Swift is a first-of-its-kind multiwavelength transient observatory for gamma-ray burst astronomy. It has the optimum capabilities for the next breakthroughs in determining the origin of gamma-ray. bursts and their afterglows, as well as using bursts to probe the early Universe. Swift will also perform the first sensitive hard X-ray survey of the sky. The mission is being developed by an international collaboration and consists of three instruments, the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), the X-ray Telescope (XRT), and the Ultraviolet and. Optical Telescope (UVOT). The BAT, a wide-field gamma-ray detector, will detect 3-7 gamma-ray bursts per week with a sensitivity 5 times that of BATSE. The sensitive narrow-field XRT and UVOT will be autonomously slewed to the burst location in 20 to 70 seconds to determine 0.3-5.0 arcsec positions and perform optical, UV, and X-ray spectrophotometry. Strong education/public outreach and follow-up programs will help to engage the public and astronomical community. The Swift launch is planned for September 2003. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0122-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 662 BP 465 EP 468 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW74S UT WOS:000183012900113 ER PT S AU Meegan, C Lichti, G Briggs, M Diehl, R Fishman, G Kippen, R Kouveliotou, C von Kienlin, A Paciesas, W Preece, R Schonfelder, V AF Meegan, C Lichti, G Briggs, M Diehl, R Fishman, G Kippen, R Kouveliotou, C von Kienlin, A Paciesas, W Preece, R Schonfelder, V BE Ricker, GR Vanderspek, RK TI The GLAST burst monitor SO GAMMA-RAY BURST AND AFTERGLOW ASTRONOMY 2001 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission CY NOV 05-09, 2001 CL WOODS HOLE, MA SP HETE Sci Team AB The Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), scheduled for launch in 2006, comprises a Large Area Telescope (LAT) and a GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM). The LAT is a pair telescope with unprecedented sensitivity in the 20 MeV to 300 GeV energy range. The GLAST(\)Burst Monitor consists of an array of NaI and BGO scintillation detectors operating in the 10 keV to 25 MeV range and covering a wide field of view. The GBM will enhance LAT observations of GRBs by extending the spectral coverage into the range of current GRB databases, and will provide a trigger for repointing the spacecraft to observe delayed emission from, bursts outside the LAT field of view. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Meegan, C (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0122-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 662 BP 469 EP 472 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW74S UT WOS:000183012900114 ER PT S AU Krimm, HA Barbier, LM Barthelmy, SD Eftekharzadeh, A Fenimore, EE Gehrels, N Hullinger, DD Markwardt, C Palmer, DM Parsons, AA Ozawa, H Tueller, J Weidenspointner, G AF Krimm, HA Barbier, LM Barthelmy, SD Eftekharzadeh, A Fenimore, EE Gehrels, N Hullinger, DD Markwardt, C Palmer, DM Parsons, AA Ozawa, H Tueller, J Weidenspointner, G BE Ricker, GR Vanderspek, RK TI Searches for hard x-ray gamma-ray burst afterglows with the BAT on swift SO GAMMA-RAY BURST AND AFTERGLOW ASTRONOMY 2001 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission CY NOV 05-09, 2001 CL WOODS HOLE, MA SP HETE Sci Team ID BEPPOSAX; EMISSION; PROMPT; GRB-000926; GRB-980425; GRB-970828; MIDEX AB The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the Swift gamma ray burst mission will continue to observe the fields of all detected gamma-ray bursts for several days after the prompt emission has faded. Utilizing first event-by-event data, then one minute and later five minute survey accumulations, the BAT will be extremely sensitive to the hard X-ray afterglow known to be associated with many bursts. This data will cover the crucial transition of the afterglow from rapid variability to the smoothly decaying power law in time and will extend observations of the tails of individual bursts to longer time scales than have been achievable so far. Since Swift is sensitive to short duration GRBs, we will also be able to determine whether hard X-ray afterglows are associated with short GRBs. The BAT will provide high resolution spectra of burst afterglows, allowing us to study in detail the time evolution of GRB spectra. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krimm, HA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM krimm@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Tueller, Jack/D-5334-2012; Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Parsons, Ann/I-6604-2012 NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0122-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 662 BP 500 EP 502 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW74S UT WOS:000183012900122 ER PT B AU Draper, SL Das, G Locci, I Whittenberger, JD Lerch, BA Kestler, H AF Draper, SL Das, G Locci, I Whittenberger, JD Lerch, BA Kestler, H BE Kim, YW Clemens, H Rosenberger, AH TI Microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded gamma MET PX SO GAMMA TITANIUM ALUMINIDES 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gamma Titanium Aluminides 2003 held at the TMS 2004 Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP ASM Int Mat Sci Crit Technol Sector, Mat & Proc Comm, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, High Temperature Alloys Comm, Titanium Comm, Struct Mat Div AB A gamma TiAl alloy with a high Nb content is being assessed as a compressor blade material. The microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Ti-45Al-X(Nb,B,C) (at.%) were evaluated in both an as-extruded condition and after a lamellar heat treatment. Tensile behavior of both as-extruded and lamellar heat treated specimens was studied in the temperature range of RT to 926 degreesC. In general, the yield stress and ultimate tensile strength reached relatively high values at room temperature and decreased with increasing deformation temperature. The fatigue strength of both microstructures was characterized at 650 degreesC and compared to a baseline TiAl alloy and to a Ni-base superalloy. Tensile and fatigue specimens were also exposed to 800 degreesC for 200 h in air to evaluate the alloy's environmental resistance. A decrease in ductility was observed at room temperature due to the 800 degreesC exposure but the 650 degreesC fatigue properties were unaffected. Compressive and tensile creep testing between 727 and 1027 degreesC revealed that the creep deformation was reproducible and predictable. Creep strengths reached superalloy-like levels at fast strain rates and lower temperatures but deformation at slower strain rates and/or higher temperature indicated significant weakening for the as-extruded condition. At high temperatures and low stresses, the lamellar microstructure had improved creep properties when compared to the as-extruded material. Microstructural evolution during heat treatment, identification of various phases, and the effect of microstructure on the tensile, fatigue, and creep behaviors is discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Draper, SL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-543-3 PY 2003 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BAG78 UT WOS:000222134100023 ER PT B AU Hales, SJ Saqib, M Alexa, JA AF Hales, SJ Saqib, M Alexa, JA BE Kim, YW Clemens, H Rosenberger, AH TI An innovative method for manufacturing gamma-TiAl foil SO GAMMA TITANIUM ALUMINIDES 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gamma Titanium Aluminides 2003 held at the TMS 2004 Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP ASM Int Mat Sci Crit Technol Sector, Mat & Proc Comm, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, High Temperature Alloys Comm, Titanium Comm, Struct Mat Div AB The manufacture and entrance into service of thin gage gamma-TiAl product has been hampered by the inherent low room temperature ductility of the material. In the present study a new approach was explored for the efficient manufacture of gamma-TiAl foil with improved ductility. The objective was to produce a very clean material (low interstitial content) with a highly refined, homogeneous microstructure placed in a fully lamellar condition. The processing route involved the use of RF plasma spray deposition of pre-alloyed powders, followed by consolidation via vacuum hot pressing and heat treatment. The approach took advantage of a deposition process which included no electrodes, no binders and high cooling rates. Results and discussion of the work performed to date are presented. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hales, SJ (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS 188A,2 W Reid St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-543-3 PY 2003 BP 257 EP 264 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BAG78 UT WOS:000222134100030 ER PT B AU Hales, SJ Vasquez, P AF Hales, SJ Vasquez, P BE Kim, YW Clemens, H Rosenberger, AH TI Synthesis of nano-crystalline gamma-TiAl materials SO GAMMA TITANIUM ALUMINIDES 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gamma Titanium Aluminides 2003 held at the TMS 2004 Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP ASM Int Mat Sci Crit Technol Sector, Mat & Proc Comm, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, High Temperature Alloys Comm, Titanium Comm, Struct Mat Div ID ALLOY; MILL AB One of the principal problems with nano-crystalline materials is producing them in quantities and sizes large enough for valid mechanical property evaluation. The purpose of this study was to explore an innovative method for producing nano-crystalline gamma-TiAl bulk materials using high energy ball milling and brief secondary processes. Nano-crystalline powder feedstock was produced using a Fritsch P4(TM) vario-planetary ball mill recently installed at NASA-LaRC. The high energy ball milling process employed tungsten carbide tooling (vials and balls) and no process control agents to minimize contamination. In a collaborative effort, two approaches were investigated, namely mechanical alloying of elemental powders and attrition milling of pre-alloyed powders. The objective was to subsequently use RF plasma spray deposition and short cycle vacuum hot pressing in order to effect consolidation while retaining nano-crystalline structure in bulk material. Results and discussion of the work performed to date are presented. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hales, SJ (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS188A,2 W Reid St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-543-3 PY 2003 BP 305 EP 310 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BAG78 UT WOS:000222134100036 ER PT B AU Lerch, B Draper, S Pereira, M Zhuang, W AF Lerch, B Draper, S Pereira, M Zhuang, W BE Kim, YW Clemens, H Rosenberger, AH TI Durability assessment of various gamma TiAl alloys SO GAMMA TITANIUM ALUMINIDES 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gamma Titanium Aluminides 2003 held at the TMS 2004 Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP ASM Int Mat Sci Crit Technol Sector, Mat & Proc Comm, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, High Temperature Alloys Comm, Titanium Comm, Struct Mat Div ID CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES; IMPACT DAMAGE; BEHAVIOR; STRENGTH; CRACKS AB Seven cast and one wrought gamma-alloys were ballistically impacted and tested under high cycle fatigue. The fatigue strength of each alloy was characterized as a function of initial Raw size and modeled using a threshold-based fracture mechanics approach. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Lerch, B (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-543-3 PY 2003 BP 477 EP 483 PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BAG78 UT WOS:000222134100058 ER PT J AU Ortiz, RM Houser, DS Wade, CE Ortiz, CL AF Ortiz, RM Houser, DS Wade, CE Ortiz, CL TI Hormonal changes associated with the transition between nursing and natural fasting in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PUPS; METABOLISM; 3,5,3'-TRIIODOTHYRONINE; RATS AB To better interpret previously described hormonal changes observed during the natural postweaning fast (2-3 months) endured by pups of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), we compared plasma cortisol, thyroid hormones, and leptin in pups (n = 5) measured during nursing and fasting periods. Blood samples were taken at four times; early (9 days postpartum) and late (18-22 days postpartum) nursing, and early (second week postweaning) and late (eighth week postweaning) fasting. Plasma cortisol increased 39% between early and late nursing and almost 4-fold by late fasting. After the early nursing period, cortisol and body mass were negatively correlated (y = 28.3 - 0.19x; R = 0.569; p = 0.027). Total thyroxine (tT(4)), free T-4 (fT(4)), total triiodothyronine (M) and reverse T-3 (rT(3)) were greatest at early nursing and reduced by late nursing and remained so throughout the fast, with the exception of tT(4), which increased between late nursing (17.7 +/- 2.1 ngmL(-1)) and late fasting (30.1 +/- 2.8 ngmL(-1)) periods. Leptin remained unaltered among the four sampling periods and was not correlated with body mass. Pups appear to exhibit a shift in the relationship between cortisol and body mass suggesting a potential role for cortisol in the regulation of body fat. The higher concentrations of tT(3) and tT(4) during early nursing may reflect enhanced growth and development during this period, however the increase late in fasting is likely physiologically insignificant and an artifact of reduced metabolic clearance of these hormones. Transition of the pups from nursing to fasting states is characterized by a striking lack of change in cortisol, thyroid hormones, and leptin suggesting that any metabolic alterations associated with this transition may occur independent of these hormones. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Neuroendocrinol Lab, Div Life Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Bioimimetica, La Mesa, CA 91942 USA. RP Ortiz, RM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM rudy@biology.ucsc.edu OI Houser, Dorian/0000-0002-0960-8528 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 58903-01] NR 29 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 EI 1095-6840 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 130 IS 1 BP 78 EP 83 AR PII S0016-6480(02)00572-5 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00572-5 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 641EV UT WOS:000180732600011 PM 12535628 ER PT S AU Gwaltney, DA Ferguson, MI AF Gwaltney, DA Ferguson, MI BE CantuPaz, E Foster, JA Deb, K Davis, LD Roy, R OReilly, UM Beyer, HG Standish, R Kendall, G Wilson, S Harman, M Wegener, J Dasgupta, D Potter, MA Schultz, AC Dowsland, KA Jonoska, N Miller, J TI Hardware evolution of analog speed controllers for a DC motor SO GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION - GECCO 2003, PT I, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2003) CY JUL 12-16, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Evonet, 5th NASA DoD Workshop Evolvable Hardware AB Evolvable hardware provides the capability to evolve analog circuits to produce amplifier and filter functions. Conventional analog controller designs employ these same functions. Analog controllers for the control of the shaft speed of a DC motor are evolved on an evolvable hardware plaform. utilizing a Field Programmable Transistor Array (FPTA). The performance of these evolved controllers is compared to that of a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. It is shown that hardware evolution is able to create a compact design that provides good performance, while using considerably less functional electronic components than the conventional design. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM David.A.Gwaltney@nasa.gov; Michael.I.Ferguson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40602-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2723 BP 442 EP 453 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX36S UT WOS:000185074200055 ER PT S AU Baugh, JW Kumar, SV AF Baugh, JW Kumar, SV BE CantuPaz, E Foster, JA Deb, K Davis, LD Roy, R OReilly, UM Beyer, HG Standish, R Kendall, G Wilson, S Harman, M Wegener, J Dasgupta, D Potter, MA Schultz, AC Dowsland, KA Jonoska, N Miller, J TI Asynchronous genetic algorithms for heterogeneous networks using coarse-grained dataflow SO GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION - GECCO 2003, PT I, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2003) CY JUL 12-16, 2003 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Evonet, 5th NASA DoD Workshop Evolvable Hardware AB Genetic algorithms (GAs) are an attractive class of techniques for solving a variety of complex search and optimization problems. Their implementation on a distributed platform can provide the necessary computing power to address large-scale problems of practical importance. On heterogeneous networks, however, the performance of a global parallel GA can be limited by synchronization points during the computation,, particularly those between generations. We present a new approach for implementing asynchronous GAs based on the dataflow model of computation - an approach that retains the functional properties of a global parallel GA. Experiments conducted with an air quality optimization problem and others show that the performance of GAs can be substantially improved through dataflow-based asynchrony. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Baugh, JW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Kumar, Sujay/B-8142-2015 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40602-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2723 BP 730 EP 741 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX36S UT WOS:000185074200088 ER PT S AU Hornby, GS AF Hornby, GS BE CantuPaz, E Foster, JA Deb, K Davis, LD Roy, R OReilly, UM Beyer, HG Standish, R Kendall, G Wilson, S Hartman, M Wegener, J Dasgupta, D Potter, MA Schultz, AC Dowsland, KA Jonoska, N Miller, J TI Generative representations for evolving families of designs SO GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION - GECCO 2003, PT II, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2003) CY JUL 12-16, 2003 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Evonet, 5th NASA DoD Workshop Evolvable Hardware AB Since typical evolutionary design systems encode only a single artifact with each individual, each, time the objective changes a new set of individuals must be evolved. When this objective varies in a way that can be parameterized, a more general method is to use a representation in which a single individual encodes an,entire class of artifacts. In addition to saving time by preventing the need for multiple evolutionary runs, the evolution of parameter-controlled designs can create families of artifacts with the same style and a reuse of parts between members of the family. In this paper an evolutionary design system is described which uses a generative representation to encode families of designs. Because a generative representation is an algorithmic encoding of a design, its input parameters are a way to control aspects of the design it generates. By evaluating individuals multiple times with different input parameters the evolutionary design system creates individuals in which the input parameter controls specific aspects of a design. This system is demonstrated on two design substrates: neural-networks which solve the 3/5/7-parity problem and three-dimensional tables of varying heights. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hornby, GS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40603-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2724 BP 1678 EP 1689 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX36T UT WOS:000185074300061 ER PT J AU Duncan, C Masek, J Fielding, E AF Duncan, C Masek, J Fielding, E TI How steep are the Himalaya? Characteristics and implications of along-strike topographic variations SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Himalaya; Bhutan; Nepal; topography; tectonics; erosion ID STEADY-STATE TOPOGRAPHY; EASTERN NEPAL HIMALAYA; THRESHOLD HILLSLOPES; RIVER INCISION; TECTONICS; PROFILES; BEDROCK; UPLIFT; MODEL; BELTS AB Differences in the topography of central Nepal and Bhutan are characterized by map and profile patterns of elevation, slope, relief, and stream gradients. Nepal exhibits a narrow hinterland zone of extreme relief, steep slopes and channels, and deep fluvial dissection and a wide foreland zone of lower relief; active shortening on the Main Frontal thrust occurs far outboard of the steep topography. In contrast, Bhutan has two high-relief zones separated by a narrow, low-relief step in the topographic and river profiles; the southern zone has the higher relief, rising abruptly from the Main Frontal thrust to a series of 4000 m peaks, whereas the northern zone consists of low-relief, high-elevation, plateau-like terrain cut by widely spaced, steep-walled valleys. Spatial relationships between these geomorphic features, and geologic contrasts, are used to examine scenarios of tectonic and surface-process interactions. The observations favor a model of along-strike segmentation in which timing differences in the varying balance)of uplift and erosion produce spatial differences of topographic and geologic patterns, although other interpretations are possible. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Duncan, C (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; OI Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JAN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 75 EP 78 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0075:HSATHC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 632UH UT WOS:000180241200019 ER PT J AU Slayback, DA Pinzon, JE Los, SO Tucker, CJ AF Slayback, DA Pinzon, JE Los, SO Tucker, CJ TI Northern hemisphere photosynthetic trends 1982-99 SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AVHRR; global warming; NDVI; northern latitudes; climate change; satellite vegetation index; global vegetation ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; VEGETATION INDEX; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; AVHRR DATA; CALIBRATION; CHANNEL-1; LATITUDES; GROWTH AB We examined trends in the averaged May-September AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1982 to 1999 for the northern hemisphere. NDVI is closely related to the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation; hence, trends in NDVI reflect trends in photosynthetic activity of land-surface vegetation. Linear and nonlinear trend analysis techniques were applied to four differently processed and corrected Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) NDVI data sets. The results were compared in order to evaluate the effects of trends in NDVI unrelated to vegetation activity. We consistently found significant positive trends in averaged NDVI for latitude bands above 35degreesN in all but one data set; this one data set lacked corrections for sensor drift and instrument calibration. An impressive improvement in data quality was achieved by applying calibration and corrections for atmospheric effects. Conservative estimates of the trends over the 1982-99 period range from 0.0015 to 0.0045 NDVI units year(-1) for global latitude bands from 35 to 75degreesN, with trends generally higher in the 1990s than in the 1980s; trends in NDVI were larger than trends explained by artefacts. In the 1980s, North American and Eurasian trends were roughly comparable, whereas in the 1990s the North American trends were generally higher. A pixel-level analysis shows the trends to be widespread, with large areas of Canada, Europe and northern Asia experiencing significant positive increases across all vegetated landcovers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Coll Swansea, Dept Geog, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. RP Slayback, DA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, SSAI, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Slayback, Daniel/E-7465-2011; Los, Sietse/G-8985-2012; OI Los, Sietse/0000-0002-1325-3555 NR 31 TC 235 Z9 264 U1 4 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00507.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 625EU UT WOS:000179804600001 ER PT S AU Keys, AS Crow, RW Ashley, PR AF Keys, AS Crow, RW Ashley, PR BE Suleski, TJ TI Binary-phase Fourier gratings for nonuniform array generation SO GRADIENT INDEX, MINIATURE, AND DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL SYSTEMS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gradient Index, Miniature, and Diffractive Optical Systems III CY AUG 06-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Dammarm gratings; Fourier gratings; diffractive optics; kinoforms; binary optics ID DAMMANN-GRATINGS; DESIGN; EFFICIENCY AB This effort describes a design method used to develop a binary-phase Fourier grating that generates an incoherent array of output source points with nonuniform user-defined intensities, symmetric about the zeroth order. Like the Dammann fanout grating approach, the binary-phase Fourier grating uses only two phase levels in its grating surface profile to generate the output array. Unlike the Dammann fanout grating approach, this method provides for the generation of nonuniform, user-defined intensities within the final fanout pattern. The process employs both simulated annealing and nonlinear optimization algorithms to locate solutions to the specified grating design problem. Because the desired grating output is incoherent, each source point of the grating response is assessed in terms of intensity, from which an overall efficiency is calculated. Efficiencies are calculated for each solution and are used to evaluate the relative value of each solution. A final design solution that produces an incoherent, symmetric, user-defined nine spot array is presented. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Keys, AS (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5050-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5177 BP 82 EP 91 DI 10.1117/12.507360 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY25Z UT WOS:000188513400010 ER PT S AU Rame, E AF Rame, E BE Narayanan, R TI A fluid dynamics approach to modeling liquid spreading SO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gravitational Effects in Physico-Chemical Processes held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, Comm Int Council Sci Unions ID CONTACT-LINE; SOLID-SURFACES; MOTION AB Predicting dynamic wetting -the displacement of one fluid by another immiscible fluid on a solid surface- is not a trivial task. The usual hydrodynamic assumptions -Newtonian, incompressible liquid, no-slip condition and rigid solid- give rise to a complicting singularity at the contact line (where the solid and the fluid-fluid interface meet) that prevents the use of the dynamic contact angle to determine the shape of the dynamic meniscus. This is a serious situation since dynamic wetting controls processes of interest not only on Earth but also in Space, where the location and movement of fluid in gas-liquid tanks is completely determined by the wetting behavior of the system. In this paper we review the modeling difficulties posed by this problem, and the efforts -theoretical and experimental- aimed at providing a method for predictive calculations of dynamic wetting and identifying controlling physics near the moving contact line. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res Fluids & Combust, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Rame, E (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res Fluids & Combust, MS 110-3, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2 BP 129 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00382-X PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BX86G UT WOS:000186667600002 ER PT S AU Balasubramaniam, R Subramanian, RS AF Balasubramaniam, R Subramanian, RS BE Narayanan, R TI Thermocapillary convection in a spherical container due to a stationary bubble SO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gravitational Effects in Physico-Chemical Processes held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, Comm Int Council Sci Unions ID VERTICAL TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT; MOTION; MICROGRAVITY; LIQUID; FLOW AB We analyze the velocity and temperature fields at steady state due to thermocapillary convection around a gas bubble that is stationary in a liquid present in a spherical container. The bubble is assumed to be located concentrically within the container. The temperature distribution on the container wall is such that the temperature field in the liquid in the absence of the bubble is linear. Our interest is in the effect of convective transport of energy on the velocity and temperature fields. We assume that buoyant convection is negligible. The relevant Reynolds and Marangoni numbers are assumed to be small compared with unity. When the size of the container is large compared with the size of the bubble, the situation may be considered an approximation to the case of a stationary bubble in an unbounded liquid. In this case, when the Reynolds and Marangoni numbers are set equal to zero, the velocity field far from the bubble decays inversely with distance from it. It can be shown that this behavior of the velocity field, coupled with the linear variation of the imposed temperature far away from the bubble, leads to an ill-posedness in the problem for the perturbation temperature field for small Marangoni numbers, when the Reynolds number is zero. When the size of the container is finite, we show that the ill-posedness disappears. We obtain a perturbation temperature field that satisfies all the boundary conditions, when the Marangoni number is small compared with unity, in contrast with the case in which the bubble is present in a liquid of unbounded extent. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res Fluids & Combust, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. RP Balasubramaniam, R (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res Fluids & Combust, 21000 Brookpk Rd,Mail Stop 110-3, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00377-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BX86G UT WOS:000186667600003 ER PT S AU Singh, NB Duval, WMB Thomas, ASW Glicksman, ME Adam, JD Zhang, H Golombeck, JC Watson, C Naumman, R Nelson, AE Cacioppo, C Griffin, J Jugrav, M Rolin, T Seaquist, J Daniel, N AF Singh, NB Duval, WMB Thomas, ASW Glicksman, ME Adam, JD Zhang, H Golombeck, JC Watson, C Naumman, R Nelson, AE Cacioppo, C Griffin, J Jugrav, M Rolin, T Seaquist, J Daniel, N BE Narayanan, R TI Microgravity experiment to understand the effect of convection on PVT crystal growth SO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gravitational Effects in Physico-Chemical Processes held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, Comm Int Council Sci Unions ID MERCUROUS CHLORIDE CRYSTALS; PHYSICAL VAPOR TRANSPORT AB We have carried out very extensive theoretical and experimental studies on the physical vapour transport (PVT) growth of mercurous chloride. A microgravity experiment on the growth of mercurous chloride was designed and performed in the Space Experiment Facility (SEF) transparent furnace that was flown on Spacehab 4 (STS 77). Growth ampoules and cartridges were designed and fabricated to meet the science requirements. Two crystals were grown at the same time in the same furnace in <110> orientation at an speed of 5.5 mm/day and 8 mm/day by physical vapor transport in the microgravity condition to reduce gravity driven convection. The direct observation was made on the interface during the growth of crystals. We observed convex and detached growth for both growth runs. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Northrop Grumman Corp, AMSDTC ES, Linthicum, MD 21090 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astronaut Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Automat & Robot, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Singh, NB (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Corp, AMSDTC ES, 1212 Winterson Rd, Linthicum, MD 21090 USA. OI Glicksman, Martin/0000-0002-2675-2759 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00380-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BX86G UT WOS:000186667600013 ER PT S AU Anthony, FM McCarter, DR Tangedahl, M Content, DA Hadjimichael, T AF Anthony, FM McCarter, DR Tangedahl, M Content, DA Hadjimichael, T BE Narayanan, R TI A lightweight frit bonded spherical silicon mirror demonstrates cryostability SO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gravitational Effects in Physico-Chemical Processes held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, Comm Int Council Sci Unions ID SBMD AB The excellent polishability, low density and relatively high stiffness of silicon make it an attractive candidate for optical applications that require superior performance. Assembly of silicon details by glass frit bonding permits significant weight reduction. Suitability of the glass bond was demonstrated by cryocycling glass bonded plates. Adaptability of the glass bonding was verified by fabrication of a 15cm diameter plano mirror. To demonstrate performance potential, a small concave lightweight glass frit bonded silicon mirror was fabricated and tested for cryostability. The test mirror was 12.5cm in diameter with a 60cm spherical radius and a maximum thickness of 2.5cm. A machined silicon core was used to stiffen the two faces of the sandwich. The experimental evaluation, in a liquid nitrogen cryostat, demonstrated cryostability performance of 38nm, which is significantly better than the 58nm required by the mirror specification. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 McCarter Technol Inc, Deer Pk, TX 77536 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Swales Aerosp Inc, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anthony, FM (reprint author), McCarter Technol Inc, 1312 Underwood Rd, Deer Pk, TX 77536 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2 BP 271 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00394-6 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BX86G UT WOS:000186667600022 ER PT S AU Marcin, MR AF Marcin, MR BE Cruise, M Saulson, P TI LISA phase measurement technique SO GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gravitational-Wave Detection CY AUG 23-25, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE phasemeter; LISA; GPS; TurboRogue (R) AB The LISA mission will form the equivalent of a Michelson interferometric beat signal from the 1064nm laser beams traversing the inter-spacecraft arms. The design gravitational wave sensitivity requires measurement of round trip path differences for each detector to be about 10 pm/rootHz over a frequency range from 10(-4) to 10(-1) Hz. Thus LISA's phasemeter must measure the beat signal phase to 10(-5) cycle/rootHz at 1mHz. Doppler shifts between spacecraft in their orbits are expected to range from 1 to 15 MHz. Phase measurement using the digital phase-locked loop approach incorporated in a modified TurboRogue(R) GPS receiver has been investigated in this study. It is found that only resolution in the range of 10(-4) to 10(-3) cycle/rootHz at 1 mHz is achievable with this hardware. Abrupt fluctuations in the phase measurement at the millicycle level are responsible for the limitation. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Marcin, MR (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4635-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4856 BP 67 EP 73 DI 10.1117/12.461497 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW50A UT WOS:000182225800007 ER PT S AU Kuhnert, AC Spero, R Abramovici, A Schumaker, B Shaddock, D AF Kuhnert, AC Spero, R Abramovici, A Schumaker, B Shaddock, D BE Cruise, M Saulson, P TI LISA laser noise cancellation test using time-delayed interferometry SO GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gravitational-Wave Detection CY AUG 23-25, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE LISA; time-delayed interferometry; gravitational wave detector; laser frequency stability AB The Laser-Interferometer-Space-Antenna (LISA) is a space-based interferometer with arm lengths of 5 * 109 in. Its design goal is to measure gravitational waves with a strain sensitivity of 10(-23) at 10 mHz (for SNR=5 and 1 year integration). Unlike in earth-based interferometers the arm lengths can differ by up to 2% or 10(8) m. For that reason frequency noise in the lambda - 1 mum laser will not cancel in the direct interference signal. A laser locked to a ULE reference cavity (CTEsimilar to3*10(-8)/degreesK) in a 1 muK/rootHz enviromnent will have about 10 Hz/rootHz frequency noise. The LISA sensitivity goal requires for the laser noise of less than 10(-5) Hz/rootHz, about a factor 10(-6) below what has been achieved (1). Cancellation of laser frequency noise can be achieved by time-delayed-interferometry (TDI)((2.3)). We describe a laboratory test of TDI with an unequal arm interferometer. The intent is to ascertain the performance limitations and proof-of-concept for 6 orders of magnitude frequency noise suppression. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kuhnert, AC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Shaddock, Daniel/A-7534-2011 OI Shaddock, Daniel/0000-0002-6885-3494 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4635-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4856 BP 74 EP 77 DI 10.1117/12.461501 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW50A UT WOS:000182225800008 ER PT S AU Shaddock, DA Young, BC Abramovici, A AF Shaddock, DA Young, BC Abramovici, A BE Cruise, M Saulson, P TI Bench top interferometric test bed for LISA SO GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gravitational-Wave Detection CY AUG 23-25, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE LISA optical bench; optical contacting; heterodyne interferometer AB The optical paths on the LISA bench must have a length instability of less than 10 pm/rootHz over time scales of 1 s to 1000 s. A small rigid interferometer has been constructed to measure the optical path length changes using various bonding techniques. The interferometer was constructed entirely from ultra-low expansion (ULE) glass by optically contacting ULE beamsplitters to a ULE bench. Preliminary results taken with the interferometer operating in air indicate optical path length fluctuations of approximately 100 pm/rootHz or less for frequencies between 1 mHz and 1 Hz. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaddock, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Shaddock, Daniel/A-7534-2011 OI Shaddock, Daniel/0000-0002-6885-3494 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4635-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4856 BP 78 EP 82 DI 10.1117/12.458563 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW50A UT WOS:000182225800009 ER PT S AU Dekens, FG Boghosian, M Abramovici, A AF Dekens, FG Boghosian, M Abramovici, A BE Cruise, M Saulson, P TI LISA: Pointing sensor development stand SO GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gravitational-Wave Detection CY AUG 23-25, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE LISA; space interferometry; pointing sensor AB We are developing a pointing sensor as part of the technology development effort for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. The sensor will measure the angle between two beams, by measuring the phase difference in the heterodyne frequency on different sides of the pupil plane. In LISA, one beam would be from the local laser, while the other beam comes from a different spacecraft. The beam coming from the other space craft will have a Doppler shift due to changes in the orbits of the satellites. The phase difference across the aperture will be measured to align the incoming and outgoing beams. We have characterized our pointing noise levels due to electronics over bandwidths of 0.001 to 1 Hz with a heterodyne frequency of 5 MHz. The LISA pointing requirement is on the order of 10 nrad/rootHz stability on the sky, with a worst case scenario of 1 nrad/rootHz. We present our first results, in which we have reached 4 micro-radians/rootHz on the detector. This is equivalent to 70 nrad/rootHz for LISA. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dekens, FG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4635-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4856 BP 83 EP 89 DI 10.1117/12.461499 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW50A UT WOS:000182225800010 ER PT S AU Abbate, SF Armstrong, JW Asmar, SW Barbinis, E Bertotti, B Fleischman, DU Gatti, MS Goltz, GL Herrera, RG Iess, L Lee, KJ Ray, TL Tinto, M Tortora, P Wahlquist, HD AF Abbate, SF Armstrong, JW Asmar, SW Barbinis, E Bertotti, B Fleischman, DU Gatti, MS Goltz, GL Herrera, RG Iess, L Lee, KJ Ray, TL Tinto, M Tortora, P Wahlquist, HD BE Cruise, M Saulson, P TI The Cassini gravitational wave experiment SO GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTION SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gravitational-Wave Detection CY AUG 23-25, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Doppler tracking; gravitational radiation ID DOPPLER TRACKING; PHASE SCINTILLATION; SPACECRAFT; RADIATION; SEARCH AB Doppler tracking experiments using the earth and a distant spacecraft as separated test masses have been used for gravitational wave (GW) searches in the low-frequency (similar to0.0001-0.1 Hz) band. The precision microwave tracking link continuously measures the relative dimensionless velocity, Deltav/c, between the earth and spacecraft. A GW incident on the system produces a characteristic signature in the data, different from the signatures of the principal noises. For 40 days centered about its solar opposition in December 2001, the Cassini spacecraft was tracked in a search for low-frequency GWs. Because of instrumentation upgrades on the spacecraft and on the ground, this joint NASA/ASI collaboration is the most sensitive Doppler tracking experiment to date. The improved sensitivity was mainly due to two technical upgrades. First, the use of a higher radio frequency tracking link (Ka-band, approximately 32 GHz) strongly suppressed noise from radiowave phase scintillation due to plasma irregularities along the line of sight. Second, the use of an advanced tropospheric calibration system allowed calibration/removal of most of the tropospheric phase scintillation. The new instrumentation should also allow broadening of the experiment's band to lower Fourier frequencies, where the GW sources radiate more strongly and, may appear with larger SNR. These upgrades support not only the GW experiment, but also a Cassini relativity experiment at solar conjunction and the Cassini radio science experiments at Saturn. Here we describe the GW experiment, including the transfer functions of the signals and noises to the Doppler observable, and present the noise statistics and compare them with the pre-experiment noise budget. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI IESS, Luciano/F-4902-2011 OI IESS, Luciano/0000-0002-6230-5825 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4635-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4856 BP 90 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.458566 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW50A UT WOS:000182225800011 ER PT S AU Chiao, MP Dekens, F Abramovici, A AF Chiao, MP Dekens, F Abramovici, A BE Cruise, M Saulson, P TI Optical displacement sensor (ODS), a LISA's inertial reference sensor candidate SO GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gravitational-Wave Detection CY AUG 23-25, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE displacement sensor; low frequency measurements AB We propose here an optical displacement sensor (ODS) as a supplemental or backup sensor for the LISA inertial reference sensor concept. This simple ODS consists of a laser diode and a quad-cell photodiode (both commercially available). The inertial mass' reflective surface directs the laser beam onto the quad-cell photodiode. Changes in the inertial mass' position and orientation are then extracted from ratios of the differences and sums of the quad-cell photodiode outputs. A simpler proto-type using a 200 microns wide slit has demonstrated a resolution of 10 nm/rootHz at 1 mHz and 1 nm/rootHz above 5 mHz. The electronics noise was 1 nm/rootHz at and above I mHz with simple and off the shelf electronics components. Although this ODS' current performance does not meet the LISA's system requirement, of 1 nm/Hz at 1 mHz, we think that is achievable in the near future. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chiao, MP (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4635-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4856 BP 98 EP 106 DI 10.1117/12.461494 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW50A UT WOS:000182225800012 ER PT S AU Hughes, SP Mailhe, LM Guzman, JJ AF Hughes, SP Mailhe, LM Guzman, JJ BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI A comparison of trajectory optimization methods for the impulsive minimum fuel rendezvous problem SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB In this paper we present a comparison of trajectory optimization approaches for the minimum fuel rendezvous problem. Both indirect and direct methods are compared for a variety of test cases. The indirect approach is based on primer vector theory. The direct approaches are implemented numerically and include Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), Quasi-Newton, and Nelder-Meade Simplex. Several cost function parameterizations are considered for the direct approach. We choose one direct approach that appears to be the most flexible. Both the direct and indirect methods are applied to a variety of test cases which are chosen to demonstrate the performance of each method in different flight regimes. The first test case is a simple circular-to-circular coplanar rendezvous. The second test case is an elliptic-to-elliptic line of apsides rotation. The final test case is an orbit phasing maneuver sequence in a highly elliptic orbit. For each test case we present a comparison of the performance of all methods we consider in this paper. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hughes, SP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 85 EP 104 PG 20 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600006 ER PT S AU Luquette, RJ Sanner, RM AF Luquette, RJ Sanner, RM BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI A nonlinear, six-degree of freedom, precision formation control algorithm, based on restricted three body dynamics SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB Precision Formation Flying is an enabling technology for a variety of proposed space-based observatories, including the Micro-Arcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission (MAXIM), the associated MAXIM pathfinder mission, Stellar Imager and the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). An essential element of the technology is the control algorithm. This paper discusses the development of a nonlinear, six-degree of freedom (6DOF) control algorithm for maintaining the relative position and attitude of a spacecraft within a formation. The translation dynamics are based on the equations of motion for the general restricted three body problem. The control law guarantees the tracking error convergences to zero, based on a Lyapunov analysis. The simulation, modelled after the MAXIM Pathfinder mission, maintains the relative position and attitude of a Follower spacecraft with respect to a Leader spacecraft, stationed near the L2 libration point in the Sun-Earth system. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Luquette, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 105 EP 114 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600007 ER PT S AU Thienel, J Sanner, RM AF Thienel, J Sanner, RM BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI A nonlinear observer for gyro alignment estimation SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB A nonlinear observer for gyro alignment estimation is presented. The observer is composed of two error terms, an attitude error and an alignment error. The observer is globally stable with exponential convergence of the attitude errors. The gyro alignment estimate converges to the true alignment when the system is completely observable. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thienel, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Code 572, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 115 EP 124 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600008 ER PT S AU Riedel, JE Guinn, J Delpech, M Dubois, JB Geller, D Kachmar, P AF Riedel, JE Guinn, J Delpech, M Dubois, JB Geller, D Kachmar, P BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI A combined open-loop and autonomous search and rendezvous navigation system for the CNES/NASA Mars Premier Orbiter Mission SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The CNES/NASA Mars Premier Orbiter Mission, at the time of this writing scheduled for launch in 2007, will carry a technology demonstration package that will validate methods of searching for and rendezvousing with a carried target representative of a possible future Mars Sample Return (MSR) Mission. The target will carry a radio beacon and be optically reflective, enabling a suite of radio and optical sensors to locate, track and subsequently autonomously rendezvous with the released target. The low fidelity battery-powered oscillator on the target will provide the capability for an initial crude detection of the small target with an unknown orbit, and through subsequent multi-spacecraft links through the Electra radio transceiver instruments aboard Premiere, and MRO or GMO, provide a high quality navigation capability. Long-range optical observations with the narrow-angle (1.5degree FOV) Navigation Camera provide a completely redundant and robust search capability, and subsequently tighter navigation performance. Though the search processes are open-loop Earth-based navigation operations, when the target is within 10km of the orbiter, the ground-based orbit determination fix will be transferred to the onboard autonomous rendezvous navigation system. Here, with limited onboard compute power available, and a very restricted budget, a completely autonomous unheard rendezvous system is being built to use the narrow-angle MRO-based Opnav Camera supplemented with a MER-based wide-angle camera. Though autonomous, the onboard algorithms have been greatly simplified, and make extensive and maximum use of ground-based computations in order to limit the scope of onboard software. Nevertheless, highly robust autonomous navigation performance is achieved. The key to the simplifications are a complete separation of the attitude-control and navigation problems, made possible by highly capable momentum wheels aboard Premiere, and the very high navigation performance of the Opnav Camera. This paper will describe the search methods to be used using the radio and optical observations, and will provide a description of the methods and performance of the autonomous onboard rendezvous navigation system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Riedel, JE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 139 EP 154 PG 16 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600010 ER PT S AU Wagenknecht, J Fredrickson, S Manning, T Jones, B AF Wagenknecht, J Fredrickson, S Manning, T Jones, B BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Design, development and testing of the miniature autonomous extravehicular robotic camera (Mini AERCam) guidance, navigation, and control system SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB Engineers at NASA Johnson Space Center have: designed;. developed, and tested a nanosatellite-class free-flyer intended for future external inspection and remote viewing of human spaceflight activities. The technology demonstration) system, known as the Miniature Autonomous Extravehicular Robotic Camera (Mini AERCam), has been integrated into the approximate form and function of a flight system. The primary focus has been to develop a system capable of providing external views of the International Space Station. The Mini AERCam system is spherical-shaped and less than eight inches in diameter. It has a full suite of guidance, navigation, and control hardware and software, and is equipped with two digital video cameras. and a high resolution still image camera. The vehicle is designed for either remotely piloted operations or supervised autonomous operations. Tests have been performed in both a six degree-of-freedom closed-loop orbital simulation and on an air-bearing table. The Mini AERCam system could also be used as a test platform for evaluating algorithms and relative navigation for autonomous proximity operations and docking around the Space Shuttle Orbiter or the ISS. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Wagenknecht, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mail Code EG2, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 187 EP 205 PG 19 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600013 ER PT S AU Kubitschek, DG Mastrodemos, N Synnott, SP AF Kubitschek, DG Mastrodemos, N Synnott, SP BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Deep impact flyby spacecraft instrument pointing in the presence of an inactive impactor spacecraft SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The engineering goal of the Deep Impact mission is to impact comet Tempel 1 on July 4, 2005, with a 350 kg active Impactor spacecraft (s/c). The relative velocity will be just over 10 km/s. The impact is expected to excavate a crater of approximately 20 m deep and 100 m wide. The science objective is that of exposing the interior material and understanding the properties of the nucleus. In order to achieve the engineering goal and science objective, Deep Impact will use the autonomous optical navigation (AutoNav) software system to guide the Impactor s/c to Tempel 1 intercept near the center of brightness (CB), while a second s/c, the Flyby s/c, uses identical software to determine its comet-relative trajectory providing the attitude determination and control system (ADCS) with the relative position information necessary to point the High Resolution Instrument (HRI) and Medium Resolution Instrument (MRI) at the expected impact site during encounter. If the Impactor s/c is determined to be functioning improperly prior to release, the issue of predicting the impact location to correctly point the instruments at key science epochs (TOI: Time of Impact; and TOFI: Time of Final Imaging), becomes important and therefore must be studied. This relies, fundamentally, on the ability to determine the trajectory of the Impactor s/c relative to the Flyby s/c by treating the Impactor s/c as an optical beacon, relative to which the Flyby s/c's trajectory is estimated using images of the Impactor s/c. Simulation results show that for an inactive Impactor s/c, the pointing error is improved from 519 murad (1 murad = 10(-6) radians) to 72.3 murad (3sigma) at TOI, and from 3.96 mrad (1 mrad = 10(-3) radians) to 441 murad (3sigma) at TOFI. Then compared to the baseline CB targeting/tracking approach, results show the pointing error contribution due to knowledge of the impact location changes from 60 murad to 72.3 murad (3sigma) at TOI, and from 495 murad to 441 murad (3sigma) at TOFI. This paper deals only with the pointing error contribution due to errors in predicting the impact location and describes the acquisition of optical data of the Impactor s/c and associated errors using the Flyby instruments; the expected uncertainty in predicting the impact location and the resulting pointing errors; and the algorithm for autonomously computing a pointing correction during encounter. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kubitschek, DG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 295 EP 312 PG 18 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600020 ER PT S AU Maghami, PG Markley, FL Houghton, MB Dennehy, CJ AF Maghami, PG Markley, FL Houghton, MB Dennehy, CJ BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Design and analysis of the ST7 disturbance reduction system (DRS) spacecraft controller SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The Space Technology 7 experiment will perform an on-orbit system-level validation of two specific Disturbance Reduction System technologies: a gravitational reference sensor employing a free-floating test mass and a set of micronewton colloidal thrusters. The Disturbance Reduction System is designed to maintain a spacecraft's position with respect to the free-floating test mass to less than 10 nm/rootHz, over the frequency range 10(-3) Hz to 10(-2) Hz. This paper presents the design and analysis of the coupled drag-free and attitude control system that closes the loop between the gravitational reference sensor and the micronewton thrusters while incorporating star tracker data at low frequencies. The effects of actuation and measurement noise and disturbances on the spacecraft and test masses are evaluated in a seven-degree-of-freedom planar model incorporating two translational and one rotational degrees of freedom for the spacecraft and two translational degrees of freedom for each test mass. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Maghami, PG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 485 EP 495 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600035 ER PT S AU Hyde, TT Maghami, PG AF Hyde, TT Maghami, PG BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Precision pointing for the laser interferometry space antenna mission SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission is a planned NASA-ESA gravitational wave detector consisting of three spacecraft in heliocentric orbit. Lasers are used to measure distance fluctuations between proof masses aboard each spacecraft to the picometer level over a 5 million kilometer separation. Each spacecraft and its two laser transmit/receive telescopes must be held stable in pointing to less than 8 nanoradians per root Hertz in the frequency band 0.1-100 mHz. The pointing error is sensed in the received beam and the spacecraft attitude is controlled with a set of micro-Newton thrusters. Requirements, sensors, actuators, control design, and simulations are described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GN&C Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hyde, TT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GN&C Syst Engn Branch, Code 591, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 497 EP 508 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600036 ER PT S AU Lee, SW Skulsky, ED Chapel, J Cwynar, D Gehling, R Delamere, A AF Lee, SW Skulsky, ED Chapel, J Cwynar, D Gehling, R Delamere, A BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Mars reconnaissance orbiter design approach for high-resolution surface imaging SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc ID AEROBRAKING AB The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) will explore Mars equipped with a suite of six scientific instruments and two engineering experiments, and supporting two additional facility investigations. One of the objectives of the MRO mission is to use the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) to provide 30 cm/pixel images of future Mars landing sites. To achieve such detail, MRO must meet some very challenging target-relative pointing and pointing stability requirements. A combination of analysis, operational constraints, and spacecraft design modifications were utilized to ensure that the necessary pointing requirements will be met. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, SW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-420, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 509 EP 528 PG 20 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600037 ER PT S AU Robertson, B Stoneking, E AF Robertson, B Stoneking, E BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Satellite GN&C anomaly trends SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB On-orbit anomaly records for satellites launched from 1990 through 2001 are reviewed to determine recent trends of un-manned space mission critical failures. Anomalies categorized by subsystems show that Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C) subsystems have a high number of anomalies that result in a mission critical failure when compared to other subsystems. A mission critical failure is defined as a premature loss of a satellite or loss of its ability to perform its primary mission during its design life. The majority of anomalies are shown to occur early in the mission, usually within one year from launch. GN&C anomalies are categorized by cause and equipment type involved. A statistical analysis of the data is presented for all anomalies compared with the GN&C anomalies for various mission types, orbits and time periods. Conclusions and recommendations are presented for improving mission success and reliability. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Robertson, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 570, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 531 EP 542 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600038 ER PT S AU Kenney, T Lee, A Donnelly, M Schroder, M McNally, M AF Kenney, T Lee, A Donnelly, M Schroder, M McNally, M BE Gravseth, IJ Culp, RD TI Performance of the star tracker light shades on the Earth observing satellite (EOS) Aqua SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2003 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2003 CL BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The TRW-built EOS Aqua spacecraft uses two Ball Aerospace CT-602 star trackers to provide attitude updates to the 3-axis, zero momentum, and controller. Two months prior to the scheduled launch of Aqua, Ball Aerospace reported an error in the model of the star tracker light shades. The light shades, which had been designed specifically for the EOS Common spacecraft, were not expected to meet the stray light rejection requirements of the mission, thus impacting the overall spacecraft pointing performance. What ensued was an effort to characterize the actual performance of the existing light shade design, determine what could be done within the physical envelope available, and incorporate changes to meet requirements. Changes were made based on this review activity and Aqua was successfully launched on May 4, 2002. The spacecraft is meeting all of its science pointing requirements. Reported here are the light shade design predictions, the solution trade space, and the measured on-orbit performance of these light shades. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kenney, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-502-4 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 113 BP 557 EP 568 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BX37D UT WOS:000185077600040 ER PT S AU Kaiser, ML AF Kaiser, ML BE Potgieter, MS Heber, B Fichtner, H Marsden, RG TI Solar radio emissions at solar maximum: Interplanetary perspective SO HELIOSPHERE AT SOLAR MAXIMUM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D1 1/D2 1/E3 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly/2nd Space Congress CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Commiss Space Res ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; WIND; CONTINUUM; BURSTS; EVENTS AB At frequencies below 10-15 MHz, radio astronomical observations of the sun are routinely performed in space because Earth's ionosphere effectively prohibits these low frequency emissions from reaching the ground. In terms of solar altitude, these frequencies correspond to about 2 R-S to 1 AU. At these low frequencies, a least four counterparts of the five classes of solar radio bursts typically observed by ground based telescopes can be detected, types I through IV, and type V bursts might possibly have been identified. All of these bursts observed from space vary considerably in occurrence rate between solar minimum and solar maximum. Some bursts, such as those associated with CMEs (types II and IV), are essentially not observed at all at solar minimum even though the CME rate only varies by about a factor of ten between maximum and minimum. The relatively common flare-associated radio bursts (type III) vary in occurrence rate rather substantially over the solar cycle, mimicking the variation in flare rate. However, the dominant emission in terms of occurrence rate or total energy at solar maximum is the interplanetary counterpart of type I storms, namely, type III storms. During the solar maximum years 2000-2001, more than 50% of all days in the year contain episodes of type III storms. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kaiser, ML (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 461 EP 465 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00330-2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX86J UT WOS:000186667900002 ER PT S AU MacDowall, RJ Lin, NG McComas, DJ AF MacDowall, RJ Lin, NG McComas, DJ BE Potgieter, MS Heber, B Fichtner, H Marsden, RG TI Heliospheric Langmuir wave observations from the ulysses spacecraft SO HELIOSPHERE AT SOLAR MAXIMUM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D1 1/D2 1/E3 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly/2nd Space Congress CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Commiss Space Res ID RADIO AB Langmuir waves are electrostatic plasma oscillations produced by unstable electron beams in the solar wind and elsewhere. Typical electron sources are solar flares, shocks, and magnetic holes. In this paper, we present an overview of the Langmuir waves observed by Ulysses during both its solar minimum and solar maximum orbits. Langmuir waves in magnetic holes are a major component of the total Langmuir wave population; they occur preferentially in fast solar wind and are observed by Ulysses to be most intense within 2 AU of the Sun. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. RP MacDowall, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI MacDowall, Robert/D-2773-2012 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 479 EP 483 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00331-4 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX86J UT WOS:000186667900005 ER PT S AU McDonald, FB Fujii, Z Heikkila, B Lal, N AF McDonald, FB Fujii, Z Heikkila, B Lal, N BE Potgieter, MS Heber, B Fichtner, H Marsden, RG TI The radial distribution of cosmic rays in the heliosphere at solar maximum SO HELIOSPHERE AT SOLAR MAXIMUM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D1 1/D2 1/E3 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly/2nd Space Congress CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Commiss Space Res ID OUTER HELIOSPHERE; MODULATION; INTENSITY; DEPENDENCE; GRADIENTS AB To obtain a more detailed profile of the radial distribution of galactic (GCRs) and anomalous (ACRs) cosmic rays, a unique' time in the 11-year solar activity cycle has been selected that of solar maximum. At this time of minimum cosmic ray intensity a simple, straight-forward normalization technique has been found that allows the cosmic ray data from IMP 8, Pioneer 10 (P-10) and Voyagers 1 and 2 (V1, V2) to be combined for the solar maxima of cycles 21, 22 and 23. This combined distribution reveals a functional form of the radial gradient that varies as G(0)/r with G(0) being constant and relatively small in the inner heliosphere. After a transition region between similar to10 and 20 AU, G(0) increases to a much larger value that remains constant between similar to25 and 82 AU. This implies that at solar maximum the changes that produce the 11-year modulation cycle are mainly occurring in the outer heliosphere between similar to15 AU and the termination shock. These observations are not inconsistent with the concept that Global Merged Interaction regions (GMIRs) are the principal agent of modulation between solar minimum and solar maximum. There does not appear to be a significant change in the amount of heliosheath modulation occurring between the 1997 solar minimum and the cycle 23 solar maximum. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McDonald, FB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 633 EP 638 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00342-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX86J UT WOS:000186667900027 ER PT S AU Woodgate, B Grady, C Bowers, B Weinberger, A AF Woodgate, B Grady, C Bowers, B Weinberger, A BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Imaging forming planetary systems: The HST/STIS legacy and prospects for future missions SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Hubble Space Telescope; spectrograph; coronagraph; protoplanetary disks and jets ID DISK; HERBIG AB The STIS coronagraph performance is measured as a function of angle from the star, reaching, 1 x 10(-8) per resolution element compared to the total stellar flux at 2 arcsec with optimal PSF subtraction. Highly structured envelopes, disks, jets and planetary clearings have been detected. Estimates of planet detectability with NGST show that Jupiter mass objects around the nearest stars should be detectable. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Woodgate, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 10 EP 19 DI 10.1117/12.457836 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900002 ER PT S AU Mennesson, B Shao, M Levine, BM Wallace, JK Liu, DT Serabyn, E Unwin, SC Beichman, CA AF Mennesson, B Shao, M Levine, BM Wallace, JK Liu, DT Serabyn, E Unwin, SC Beichman, CA BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Optical Planet Discoverer: How to turn a 1.5 m telescope into a powerful exo-planetary systems imager SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE extrasolar planets; interferometry; nulling; high dynamic range imaging; single-mode fibers; adaptive optics ID NULLING INTERFEROMETER; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; BROAD-BAND; SEARCH; LIGHT AB Optical Planet Discoverer (OPD) is a 1.5 m class space telescope concept working as a visible nulling-interferometer imager. It is designed to detect Jupiter-like planets orbiting main sequence stars 10 pc away in a few minutes of integration and carry out a low resolution (similar or equal to 20) spectroscopy of their atmosphere. OPD would fit in the budget envelope of a discovery class mission. It would serve as an efficient precursor to a Visible Terrestrial Planet Finder (VTPF), a scaled-up 4 in class version based on the same optical scheme and allowing direct detection of 10pc Earthlike planets in a few hours. We detail here OPD's optical principle layout, which is primarily driven by an integrated stellar light attenuation of 1e-6 in the final focal plane. The optical concept is based on a double-shearing nulling interferometer followed by an array of single-mode waveguides. The waveguides array ensures high residual starlight suppression - as already demonstrated, at the 1e-6 level by preliminary JPL visible LASER nulling experiments - together with diffraction limited imaging of the circumstellar environment over a similar or equal to 2 arcsec field. During the observations, the telescope is spun around the line of sight to allow for proper detection of fixed planetary signatures against residual off-axis speckle patterns at the 1e-9 level. Use of the single-mode waveguide array to filter out scattered starlight eliminates the requirements for pristine lambda/4000 rms wavefronts anywhere in the optical train. With OPD, stringent phase requirements apply only to scales larger than 5 cm - the equivalent size of the pupil. regions to be recombined and nulled in a given fiber -, so that phase specifications can-be met using low order active optics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mennesson, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 32 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.457646 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900004 ER PT S AU Lyon, RG Gezari, DY Melnick, GJ Nisenson, P Papaliolios, C Ridgeway, S Friedman, E Harwit, M Graf, P AF Lyon, RG Gezari, DY Melnick, GJ Nisenson, P Papaliolios, C Ridgeway, S Friedman, E Harwit, M Graf, P BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Extra-Solar Planetary Imager (ESPI) for space based Jovian planetary detection SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE coronagrapy; Terrestrial Planet Finder; exoplanets; exo-solar planets; delectability ID GIANT PLANETS; SPECTRA AB The Extra-Solar Planetary Imager (ESPI) is envisioned as a space based, high dynamic range, visible imager capable of detecting Jovian like planets. Initially proposed as a NASA Midex (NASA/Medium Class Explorer) mission (PI:Gary Melnick), as a space-based 1.5 x 1.5 m(2) Jacquinot apodized square aperture telescope. The combination of apodization and a square aperture telescope reduces the diffracted light from a bright central source increasing the planetary to stellar contrast over much of the telescope focal plane. As a result, observations of very faint astronomical objects next to bright sources with angular separations as small as 0.32 arcseconds become possible. This permits a sensitive search for exo-planets in reflected light. ESPI is capable of detecting a Jupiter-like planet in a relatively long-period orbit around as many as 160 to 175 stars with a signal-to-noise ratio > 5 in observations lasting maximally 100 hours per star out to similar to16 parsecs. We discuss the scientific ramifications, an overview of the system design including apodizing a square aperture, signal to noise issues and the effect of wavefront errors and the scalability of ESPI with respect to NASA s Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lyon, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 935, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1117/12.457843 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900005 ER PT S AU Hull, T Trauger, JT Redding, DC Green, JJ AF Hull, T Trauger, JT Redding, DC Green, JJ BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Eclipse architecture SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE coronagraphy; contrast; power-spectral-density; mid-spatial frequencies; stability AB The Eclipse instrument concept is being optimized to produce direct images of cool Jovian planets around several hundred candidate nearby stars, and consists of matched large telescope, wavefront sensing and control, and coronagraphic camera modules. Designed to fully comply with a Discovery Program budget and schedule, it operates in a wavelength band from 550 nm to 950 nm, and includes an unobscured telescope 1.8 m in diameter. Spaceborne direct exoplanet imaging is now practical through deformable mirror (DM) technology that permits a hundred-fold or more quasi-static correction of a Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-level primary mirror surface error at the mid-spatial frequencies that scatter starlight over its planet. Due to the stability of the spaceborne environment, wavefront error sensing can be accomplished in calibration runs preceding planet observation. Eclipse development is aided by a Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) testbed including many attributes of the flight article, and by validation of diffractive propagation algorithms that define system performance. As such, Eclipse both may serve as a pathfinder for envisioned larger instruments for terrestrial planet finding, and provide the first sensitive survey of nearby planetary systems. Eclipse is in the process of definition and design, and the results shown here may be modified with further analysis and design. The emphasis of this paper is our approach to the Eclipse Space Element, and the definition of a checklist of features for coronagraphic design. The ground element, and specific devices and algorithms, and the next stages of design will be subjects of future papers. It is not sufficient to design a system capable of providing 10(-9) contrast. A coronagraphic system must have sufficient stability that this level of contrast can be maintained over a reasonable observing interval. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hull, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 62 EP 71 DI 10.1117/12.457881 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900007 ER PT S AU Folkner, WM Buchman, S Byer, RL DeBra, D Dennehy, CJ Gamero-Castano, M Hanson, J Hruby, V Keiser, GM Kuhnert, A Markley, FL Houghton, M Maghami, P Miller, D Prakash, S Spero, R AF Folkner, WM Buchman, S Byer, RL DeBra, D Dennehy, CJ Gamero-Castano, M Hanson, J Hruby, V Keiser, GM Kuhnert, A Markley, FL Houghton, M Maghami, P Miller, D Prakash, S Spero, R BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Disturbance Reduction System: Testing technology for precision formation control SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE formation flying; colloidal microthrusters; disturbance reduction AB The Disturbance Reduction System (DRS) is a space technology demonstration within NASA's New Millennium Program. DRS is designed to validate system-level technology required for future gravity missions, including the planned LISA gravitational-wave observatory, and for formation-flying interferometers. DRS is based on a freely-floating test mass contained within a spacecraft that shields the test mass from external forces. The spacecraft position will be continuously adjusted to stay centered about the test mass, essentially flying in formation with the test mass. Colloidal microthrusters will be used to control the spacecraft position within a few nanometers, over time scales of tens to thousands of seconds. For testing the level of acceleration noise on the test mass, a second test mass will be used as a reference. The second test mass will also be used as a reference for spacecraft attitude. The spacecraft attitude will be controlled to an accuracy of a few milliarcseconds using the colloidal microthrusters. DRS will consist of an instrument package and a set of microthrusters, which will be attached to the European Space Agency's SMART-2 spacecraft with launch scheduled for August 2006. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Folkner, WM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1117/12.457878 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900022 ER PT S AU Shaklan, S Moody, D Green, J AF Shaklan, S Moody, D Green, J BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Residual wave front phase estimation in the reimaged Lyot plane for the eclipse coronagraphic telescope SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE coronagraph; wave front sensing; wave front control ID MASK AB Coronagraphs for extra-solar planet detection remove diffracted stellar light through the combination of a coronagraphic mask and a Lyot stop. When the entrance pupil contains a nearly perfect wave front, most of the stellar light is absorbed at the mask. Light scattered around the spot due to mid- and high-spatial frequency phase errors in the pupil appears at the Lyot plane as speckles whose amplitudes are proportional to the local wave front phase residuals. The speckles scale with optical wavelength but are not radially smeared. The Eclipse deformable mirror (DM) can be used to modify the Lyot amplitude distribution, providing a simple means of estimating the residual phase content and controlling the wave front. To reduce the detrimental noise carried by uncontrollable high-spatial frequency wave front components, the Lyot plane signal is filtered at the science plane to pass only the controllable spatial frequencies that contribute to the dark hole. The Lyot stop is then reimaged onto a detector. We demonstrate through simulations that this approach significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the planet measurement. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaklan, S (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1117/12.457649 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900023 ER PT S AU Lyon, RG Hollis, JM Dorband, JE AF Lyon, RG Hollis, JM Dorband, JE BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Comparative optical analysis of extra-solar planetary Imaging techniques SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE coronagraphy; apodization; Lyot coronagraphy; terrestrial planet finder; exoplanets; exo-solar planets.; detectability; occulters AB We discuss intermediary results of our on-going study of filled aperture coronagraphic imaging methods for detection and characterization of extra-solar planets from a space-based telescope. Chosen are three high contrast imaging methods which are currently under investigation as part of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder study. Developed are analytical and computational models for three techniques that include: (i) an apodized square aperture telescope, (ii) Lyot stop coronagraph, and (iii) Spergel/Kasdin pupil. Each of the techniques is quantitatively compared and contrasted utilizing the in-pixel contrast ratio, signal-to-noise, and detection zone as metrics. The results are parameterized with respect to planetary to angular separation, planet to stellar luminosity ratio, and aperture or baseline size. We ultimately desire a compact formalism to compare and contrast different techniques, for extra-solar planetary detection, on equal footing, from an optical detection theory point of view. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Space Data & Comp Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lyon, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Space Data & Comp Div, Code 930, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 251 EP 265 DI 10.1117/12.457645 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900025 ER PT S AU Green, JJ Redding, DC Shaklan, S Basinger, SA AF Green, JJ Redding, DC Shaklan, S Basinger, SA BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Extreme wave front sensing accuracy for the Eclipse coronagraphic space telescope SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE coronagraphic telescope; wave front sensing; phase retrieval; focus-diversity; wave front control AB The Eclipse coronagraphic telescope will allow for high contrast imaging near a target star to facilitate planet finding. One key element will be its high accuracy, high authority deformable mirror (DM) that controls the wave front error (WFE) down to an acceptable level. In fact, to achieve the desired contrast ratio of nine orders of magnitude (in intensity) to within 0.35 arcseconds of the target star, the WFE in the telescope must be controlled to level below 1Angstrom rms within the controllable bandwidth of the DM. To achieve this extreme wave front sensing (WFS) accuracy, we employ a focus-diverse phase retrieval method extended from the Next Generation Space Telescope baseline approach. This method processes a collection defocused point-spread functions, measured at the occulting position in the Eclipse optical system, into a high accuracy estimate of the exit-pupil WFE. Through both simulation and hardware experiments, we examine and establish the key data requirements, such as the defocus levels and imaging signal-to noise level, that are necessary to obtain the desired WFS accuracy and bandwidth. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Green, JJ (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 306-336, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 266 EP 276 DI 10.1117/12.457883 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900026 ER PT S AU Hull, T Trauger, JT Macenka, SA Moody, D Olarte, G Sepulveda, C Tsuha, W Cohen, D AF Hull, T Trauger, JT Macenka, SA Moody, D Olarte, G Sepulveda, C Tsuha, W Cohen, D BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Eclipse telescope design factors SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE coronagraphy; Gregorian; Power-Spectral-Density; mid-spatial frequencies; stability AB Very high contrast imagery, required for exoplanet image acquisition, imposes significantly different criteria upon telescope architecture than do the requirements imposed upon most spaceborne telescopes. For the Eclipse Mission, the fundamental figure-of-merit is a stellar contrast, or brightness reduction ratio, reaching a factor of 10(-9) or better at star-planet distances as close as the 4(th) Airy ring (0.4 arcsec). Factors necessary to achieve such contrast ratios are both irrelevant and largely ignored in contemporary telescope design. Although contemporary telescopes now meet Hubble Space Telescope (HST) performance at substantially lower mass and cost than HST, control of mid-spatial-frequency (MSF) errors, crucial to coronagraphy, has not been emphasized. Accordingly, roughness at MSF has advanced little since HST. Fortunately, HST primary mirror smoothness would nearly satisfy Eclipse requirements, although other aspects of HST are undesirable for stellar coronagraphy. Conversely, the narrow field required for Eclipse eases other drivers of traditional telescope design. A systematic,approach to telescope definition, with primary and sub-tier figures-of-merit, will be discussed in the context of the Eclipse Mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hull, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 277 EP 287 DI 10.1117/12.457884 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900027 ER PT S AU Gezari, DY Nisenson, P Papaliolios, CD Melnick, GJ Lyon, RG Harwit, M Ridgway, ST Woodruff, R AF Gezari, DY Nisenson, P Papaliolios, CD Melnick, GJ Lyon, RG Harwit, M Ridgway, ST Woodruff, R BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI ExPO: A discovery-class apodized square aperture (ASA) Extrasolar Planet Observatory SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The Extrasolar Planet Observatory (ExPO) is envisioned as a Discovery-class space telescope for the direct detection and characterization of extra-solar planets. ExPO would also demonstrate the feasibility of a number of technologies which could be critical to the ultimate success of the Terrestrial. Planet Finder (TPF) mission. ExPO would detect a wide range of planet types (gas planets, ice planets, super-Earths and Earth-like planets) in the visible and near infrared, and do spectrophotometry and spectroscopy on. many of the detected objects.). The apodized square aperture (ASA) coronagraphic space telescope is designed to resolve faint companions near much brighter point-like sources by achieving very high dynamic range (contrast >10(9)) imaging at separations as small as 0.1 arcsec. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gezari, DY (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 302 EP 310 DI 10.1117/12.457672 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900030 ER PT S AU Gezari, D Lyon, R Woodruff, R Labeyrie, A AF Gezari, D Lyon, R Woodruff, R Labeyrie, A BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Large sparse aperture densified pupil hypertelescope concept for groundbased detection of extrasolar planets SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE hypertelescope; densified pupil; interferometry; wavefront sensing; optical control; exoplanets AB A concept is presented for a 10-meter sparse aperture hypertelescope to detect extrasolar planets by direct imaging from the ground through the turbulent atmosphere. The telescope achieves high dynamic range with good image quality very close to bright stellar sources using pupil densification techniques and real-time atmospheric correction. Active correction of the perturbed wavefront is greatly simplified by several unique design features of the telescope: 1) use of an array of 19 small subaperture flat mirrors, 2) mounting the flats on a steerable parabolic truss structure (eliminating the need for large pathlength corrections), 3) operating in the near-infrared (1-3 mum), and 4) making the subaperture flats comparable in size to the seeing cells. These features relax the requirements on the wavefront sensing and control system. This paper describes the general concept. The details of design and implementation will be addressed separately. C1 NASA Goddard, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gezari, D (reprint author), NASA Goddard, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Lyon, Richard/D-5022-2012 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 324 EP 333 DI 10.1117/12.457673 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900033 ER PT S AU Wilson, DW Maker, PD Trauger, JT Hull, TB AF Wilson, DW Maker, PD Trauger, JT Hull, TB BE Schultz, AB Lyon, RG TI Eclipse apodization: realization of occulting spots and Lyot masks SO HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING FOR EXO-PLANET DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Contrast Imaging for Exo-Planet Detection CY AUG 23-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE occulting spots; coronagraphs; high-energy beam sensitive glass; electron-beam lithography ID BEAM-SENSITIVE GLASS AB A key element in the Eclipse coronagraph is the apodized occulting spot. For exo-planet detection in the presence of a sun-like star, the specification for intensity transmittance at the center of the spot is less than 1 X 10(-8) (optical density > 8). It must also taper smoothly with a desired functional form to avoid diffiraction. artifacts in the angular region of planet detection. From a fabrication point of view, these requirements are very challenging. A candidate technology for fabricating such spots is electron-beam exposure of high-energy beam sensitive (BEBS) glass (a product of Canyon Materials, San Diego, CA). In this work, we have calibrated HEBS glass optical density as a function of electron-beam exposure and attained optical densities up to 7.66 without saturation. We then fabricated occulting spots having various functional forms including circular Gaussian, one-dimensional sinc(2), and circular sinc(2). Preliminary quantitative analysis of the circular sinc(2) occulting spot is encouraging. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilson, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4639-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4860 BP 361 EP 370 DI 10.1117/12.457886 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50C UT WOS:000182226900037 ER PT S AU Kodis, MA Abraham, DS Morabito, DD AF Kodis, MA Abraham, DS Morabito, DD BE Gold, SH Nusinovich, GS TI Deep Space C-3: High power uplinks SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY AND HIGH POWER RF SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Workshop on High Energy Density and High Power RF CY JUN 22-26, 2003 CL BERKELEY SPRINGS, WV SP Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect, Naval Res Lab, US DOE AB The uplink transmitters of the Deep Space Network (DSN) perform three key functions in support of space missions: navigation, command uplink, and emergency recovery. The transmitters range in frequency from S-band to Ka-band, and range in RF transmit power from 200W to 400kW. Future improvements to the uplink transmitters will focus on higher frequency transmitters for high data rate communications, high power X-band uplinks for emergency recovery, and/or in-phase uplink arraying for either application. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kodis, MA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0164-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 691 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BY28N UT WOS:000188784000006 ER PT S AU McKernan, B Yaqoob, T AF McKernan, B Yaqoob, T BE Li, XD Trimble, V Wang, ZR TI New Chandra/HST-STIS results on seyfert I AGN: Photoionized outflows SO HIGH ENERGY PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA IN ASTROPHYSICS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 214th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY AUG 06-10, 2002 CL Suzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Astronom Union ID X-RAY; SPECTROSCOPY AB We present soft X-ray results from observations with Chandra (HETGS) of the Seyfert I AGN NGC 4593 and Mrk 509. We discuss the photoionized outflows associated with Seyfert I AGN in terms of their absorption spectral signatures and discuss their kinematics, column density and ionization state. We discuss the link between UV and X-ray absorbers in Mrk 509 (which was simultaneously observed with Chandra and HST-STIS). We also briefly discuss the possibility of absorption due to neutral Fe embedded in the warm absorber of NGC 4593 versus an interpretation of the data in terms of soft X-ray relativistic emission lines. We conclude with a summary of what is being learnt about warm absorbers in type I AGN from high resolution spectroscopy. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McKernan, B (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-157-5 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 214 BP 259 EP 264 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BY65T UT WOS:000189431800041 ER PT S AU Padmanabhan, U Yaqoob, T AF Padmanabhan, U Yaqoob, T BE Li, XD Trimble, V Wang, ZR TI New Chandra results on seyfert I galaxies: Fe-K lines SO HIGH ENERGY PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA IN ASTROPHYSICS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 214th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY AUG 06-10, 2002 CL Suzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Astronom Union ID XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATION; GRATING SPECTROMETER AB We present measurements of the Fe-Kalpha line for nine Seyfert I galaxies using Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) data. The centroid energies are narrowly dispersed (6.403 +/- 0.062 keV) and indicate an origin of the line cores in cold matter. If all the lines in this sample were the peaks of a relativistically broadened disk line, it would require unrealistically fine tuning. However, at least three of the nine AGN clearly show a complex Fe-Kalpha line with an underlying broad component, possibly from a disk. In the others, an apparently narrow Fe-Kalpha line (even if it is resolved by Chandra) may still be due to the peak of a disk line. To distinguish this scenario from an origin in distant matter requires variability information. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Padmanabhan, U (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-157-5 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 214 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BY65T UT WOS:000189431800042 ER PT S AU Jin, HQ Jost, G AF Jin, HQ Jost, G BE Veidenbaum, A Joe, K Amano, H Aiso, H TI Support of multidimensional parallelism in the OpenMP programming model SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on High Performance Computing/3rd International Workshop on OpenMP: Experiences and Implementations (WOMPEI 2003) CY OCT 20-22, 2003 CL TOKYO, JAPAN AB OpenMP is the current standard for shared-memory programming. While providing ease of parallel programming, the OpenMP programming model also has limitations which often effect the scalability of applications. Examples for these limitations are work distribution and point-to-point synchronization among threads. We propose extensions to the OpenMP programming model which allow the user to easily distribute the work in multiple dimensions and synchronize the workflow among the threads. The proposed extensions include four new constructs and the associated runtime library. They do not require changes to the source code and can be implemented based on the existing OpenMP standard. We illustrate the concept in a prototype translator and test with benchmark codes and a cloud modeling code. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Jin, HQ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM hjin@nas.nasa.gov; gjost@nas.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20359-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2858 BP 511 EP 522 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY17J UT WOS:000188038200046 ER PT S AU Djomehri, MJ Biswas, R AF Djomehri, MJ Biswas, R BE Pinkston, TM Prasanna, VK TI Performance analysis of a hybrid overset multi-block application on multiple architectures SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING - HIPC 2003 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on High Performance Computing CY DEC 17-20, 2003 CL HYDERABAD, INDIA AB This paper presents a detailed performance analysis of a multi-block overset grid CFD application on multiple state-of-the-art computer architectures. The application is implemented using a hybrid MPI+OpenMP programming paradigm that exploits both coarse and fine-grain parallelism. The hybrid model also extends the applicability of multi-block programs to large clusters of SMP nodes. Extensive investigations were conducted on Cray SX-6, IBM Power3 and Power4, and SGI Origin3000 platforms. Overall results for complex vortex dynamics simulations demonstrate that the SX-6 achieves the highest performance and outperforms the RISC-based architectures; however, the best scaling performance was achieved on the Power3. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, CSC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Djomehri, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, CSC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM djomehri@nas.nasa.gov; Rupak.Biswas@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20626-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2913 BP 383 EP 392 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BY20R UT WOS:000188242800041 ER PT B AU Nguyen, QN AF Nguyen, QN BE Opila, E Hou, P Maruyama, T Pieaggi, B Shifler, D Wuchina, E TI Oxidation of ultra high temperature ceramics in water vapor SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION AND MATERIALS CHEMISTRY IV SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry held at the 203rd Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2003 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Electrochem Soc AB Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) including HfB2 + 20(v)/(0) SiC (HS), ZrB2 + 20(v)/(0) SiC (ZS), and ZrB2 + 30(v)/(0) C + 14(v)/(0) SiC (ZCS) have been investigated for use as potential aeropropulsion engine materials. These,materials were oxidized in water vapor (90%) using a cyclic vertical furnace at 1 atm. The total exposure time was 10 hours at temperatures of 1200, 1300, and 1400degreesC. CVD SiC was also evaluated as a baseline for comparison. Weight change, X-ray diffraction analyses, surface and cross-sectional SEM and EDS were performed. These results are compared with tests ran in a stagnant air furnace at temperatures of 1327degreesC for 100 minutes, and with high pressure burner rig (HPBR) results at 1100 and 1300degreesC at 6 atm for 50 h. Low velocity water vapor does not make a significant contribution to the oxidation rates of UHTCs when compared to stagnant air. The parabolic rate constants at 1300degreesC, range from 0.29 - 16.0 mg(2)cm(4)/h for HS and ZCS respectively, with ZS results falling somewhere in the middle. Comparison of results for UHTCs tested in the furnace in 90% water vapor with HPBR results was difficult due to significant sample loss caused by spallation in the increased velocity of the HPBR. Total recession measurements are also reported for the two test environments. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nguyen, QN (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-399-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2003 VL 2003 IS 16 BP 398 EP 407 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BAI93 UT WOS:000222476400036 ER PT B AU Beichman, C AF Beichman, C BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI Recommended Architectures for the terrestrial planet finder SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO AB The primary conclusion from an intensive, two year period of study is that with suitable technology investment, starting now, a mission to detect terrestrial planets around nearby stars could be launched within a decade. A visible light coronagraph using an 8-10m telescope, or an infrared nulling interferometer, operated on either a similar to 40 m structure or separated spacecraft, could survey over 150 stars, looking for habitable planets and signs of primitive life. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Beichman, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 101 EP 108 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000015 ER PT B AU Woodgate, BE Blades, JC AF Woodgate, BE Blades, JC BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI Ultraviolet and visible detectors SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO ID MICROCHANNEL AB In order to build new ultraviolet observatories in space with substantially better performance than those currently flying or in near term development, more sensitive ultraviolet detectors with large formats are required. NEW opportunities for technological developments exist to substantially improve the performance of ultraviolet detectors, particularly with new photocathodes and silicon microchannel plates. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Astron & Solar Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Woodgate, BE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Astron & Solar Phys, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Woodgate, Bruce/D-2970-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 271 EP 280 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000036 ER PT B AU Mather, J AF Mather, J BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI Starting a UV mission: Building from NGST technology SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO AB The Next Generation Space Telescope project provides many lessons for the the design of a new space ultraviolet telescope. I describe the NGST, discuss why it was not itself an ultraviolet telescope, and outline the needed technological advances and design studies to enable a UV telescope. The most important area for investment is in detectors, which govern the required choices in the entire mission design. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Infrared Astron Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mather, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Infrared Astron Branch, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 302 EP 308 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000040 ER PT B AU Hasan, H AF Hasan, H BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI Hubble science legacy workshop: Closing remarks SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO AB Objectives and expected outcomes of the Workshop are stated. The advisory structure of NASA's Office of Space Science (OSS) is outlined. The Workshop is placed in context of the OSS strategic planning process. C1 NASA, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Hasan, H (reprint author), NASA, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 331 EP 334 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000044 ER PT B AU Carpenter, KG Lyon, RG Schrijver, CJ Mundy, L Allen, RJ Rajagopal, J AF Carpenter, KG Lyon, RG Schrijver, CJ Mundy, L Allen, RJ Rajagopal, J BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI The Stellar Imager (SI): An ultra-high angular resolution ultraviolet/optical observatory SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO AB The Stellar Imager (SI) is envisioned as a space-based, ultraviolet-optical interferometer composed of 10 or more one-meter class elements distributed with a maximum baseline of 0.5 km and providing a resolution of 60 micro-arcseconds at 1550 Angstrom. It will image stars and binaries with sufficient resolution to enable long-term studies of stellar magnetic activity patterns and their evolution with time, for comparison with those on 1 he Sun. It will also sound their interiors through astro-seismology to image internal structure, differential rotation, and large-scale circulations. SI will enable us to understand the various effects of magnetic fields of stars, the dynamos that generate these fields, and the internal structure and dynamics of the stars in which these dynamos operate. The ultimate goal of the mission is to achieve the best-possible forecasting of solar activity as a driver of climate and space weather on time scales ranging from months up to decades, and an understanding of the impact of stellar magnetic activity on life in the Universe. The road to that goal will revolutionize our understanding of stars and stellar systems, the building blocks of the Universe. Fitting naturally within the NASA and ESA long-term time lines, SI complements defined missions, and with them will show us entire other solar systems, from the central star to their orbiting planets. In this paper we describe the scientific goals of the mission, the performance requirements needed to address those goals, and the design concepts now under study. We also note other fields of astrophysics that would benefit from a long-baseline interferometer in space and report on the current status of the mission concept development efforts. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Carpenter, KG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Carpenter, Kenneth/D-4740-2012; Lyon, Richard/D-5022-2012 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 355 EP 358 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000050 ER PT B AU Gull, TR AF Gull, TR BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI High angular resolution combined with excellent spectral performance: A necessity for the next ultraviolet /visible space telescope SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO AB For complex astronomical objects with fine detail, excellent angular resolution combined with appropriately-matched spectral resolution can provide much useful information and insight on physical conditions within the structures. The performance of future large ultraviolet/optical space telescopes must include instruments that simultaneously provide both excellent spectral performance and excellent angular performance. Two examples of spatially resolved spectroscopy, accomplished with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, are described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gull, TR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012 OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 379 EP 382 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000056 ER PT B AU Im, M AF Im, M BE Sembach, KR Blades, JC Illingworth, GD Kennicutt, RC TI Resolving star forming regions in distant galaxies: A case study with Blue Spheroid Candidates out to z=1 SO HUBBLE'S SCIENCE LEGACY: FUTURE OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hubbles Science Legacy - Future Optical/Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL UNIV CHICAGO, CHICAGO, IL SP AURA, NASA, ESA HO UNIV CHICAGO ID FIELD AB Blue Spheroid Candidates (BSCs) are galaxies which morphologically resemble early-type galaxies, but have blue colors. Theories predict the existence of massive early-type galaxies with active star formation induced by recent merger events, and some speculate that BSCs might be such objects. Alternatively, they could simply be starbursting low-mass galaxies. In order to distinguish between these two possibilities, we study the kinematics, structural properties, and masses of ten BSCs using Keck and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. Our study reveals that BSCs are likely to be low mass systems (M < 10(10)Mcircle dot) rather than direct progenitors of the present-day massive ellipticals. Although our study reveals important clues on the nature of BSCs, precise measurement of their dynamical mass is very challenging due to the small size of the objects and the lack of spatially-resolved spectra. Getting such information requires a large, optical space telescope, or future adaptive optics observations with large ground-based telescopes. C1 CALTECH, SIRTF Sci Ctr, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Im, M (reprint author), CALTECH, SIRTF Sci Ctr, JPL, Mail Stop 220-6, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-136-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 291 BP 387 EP 390 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW77N UT WOS:000183133000058 ER PT S AU Xing, J AF Xing, J BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN TI Contrast discrimination and contrast appearance require different visual mechanisms SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VII CY JAN 21-24, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE image quality; image fidelity; contrast perception; contrast matching; visual models ID SPATIAL INTERACTIONS; PERCEIVED CONTRAST; IMAGE QUALITY; SUPPRESSION; ENHANCEMENT; MODEL AB Image fidelity refers to the ability of discriminating the differences between two images, while image quality refers to the preference of one image over another image. Many image fidelity predictors adapted the results from contrast discrimination experiments. It is questionable whether these models can be used for image quality assessment. Image quality judgment mostly occurs to suprathreshold images and the judgment generally cares about the image appearance rather than the subtle differences between two images. In this report, we presented psychophysical evidence that image perception and discrimination have different mechanism in terms of spatial interactions. We built an image processing model of the primary visual system to simulate contrast perception and contrast discrimination at the suprathreshold level. By introducing different neuronal integration mechanisms (i.e., decision rules) to the same model structure, the model was able to predict the perceived contrast and contrast discrimination thresholds of a target embedded in a complex image. Our simulations showed that the contextual effect was significant in contrast perception and thus should not be ignored by the models of image quality measurement. With further calibrations, the 2-D output of the model can be used to as an image quality metric to predict perceptual differences in images. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Xing, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Jose State Univ Fdn, MC 262-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4807-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5007 BP 41 EP 50 DI 10.1117/12.473940 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07D UT WOS:000184179500005 ER PT S AU Arend, L AF Arend, L BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN TI Assuring quality of color graphics for aerospace interfaces SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VII CY JAN 21-24, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE color standards; color guidelines; aerospace; color graphics AB Aerospace information displays require some form of quality assurance due to public safety concerns. However, the color design methodologies, standards, and guidelines employed in development of earlier displays are insufficient to guide current designs, which have reached map-like complexity. For these displays designers can only assure legibility and good attention management with designs that consider relations among all of the graphic elements. Quality assurance needs to focus on performance in context rather than graphic elements. We are investigating web-based color-guidance tools to help advance the design and review processes. Individual performance issues that guidance statements address are demonstrated in the context of a hyperlinked network of supporting information at varying levels of technical detail. Draft color designs can be developed and modified in this environment using web-based design tools that visualize the consequences of particular choices and the interactions among the chosen colors. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Arend, L (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4807-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5007 BP 190 EP 198 DI 10.1117/12.477765 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07D UT WOS:000184179500019 ER PT B AU Vesely, EJ Bhat, BN McPherson, WB Grethlein, CE AF Vesely, EJ Bhat, BN McPherson, WB Grethlein, CE BE Moody, NR Thompson, AW Ricker, RE Was, GS Jones, RH TI Reproducibility and repeatability of tensile and low cycle fatigue properties in propulsion grade hydrogen SO HYDROGEN EFFECTS ON MATERIAL BEHAVIOR AND CORROSION DEFORMATION INTERACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Hydrogen Effects on Material Behavior and Corrosion Deformation Interactions CY SEP 22-26, 2002 CL Moran, WY SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Struct Mat Div, TMS ASM Environm Effects Comm, European Federat Corros, Environm Sensit Fracture Working Grp, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sandia Natl Labs AB Hydrogen has the potential of increased use in the future as an environmentally friendly fuel. It has, however, shown a tendency to embrittle some materials. To be used in a safe manner and to exploit its full potential, it will be necessary to develop a database of material properties in hydrogen environment. The tests needed to produce this data are extremely costly to perform (tensile tests cost 25 times and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests are 55 times as expensive). Moreover, there is presently a lack of universal test methods to ensure standardized data within the hydrogen community. Each of the industries that work with hydrogen (aerospace, petroleum, fuel cells, etc.) performs tests by their own laboratory-developed methods, thus rendering cross-comparisons of material property data highly questionable. It is extremely important that data generated in a hydrogen environment be done to a standard that reduces variance to a minimum and allows direct comparison of test results from different laboratories. Doing so will assure that all data generated can be used to further our understanding of the hydrogen effects and to make sure components/products designed for hydrogen are the safest and most reliable possible. This paper will review the results of two 'round-robin' programs conducted by NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center. These two programs examined the reproducibility and repeatability of tensile and LCF test results in high-pressure hydrogen environments. The studies indicated that even with the tightest controls available from current commercial standards, the reproducibility (between different laboratories) and repeatability (within a laboratory) of results of the tensile tests exhibited five times the variance as in standard ambient air tests. The variance with the LCF tests were on the same order as with air tests, but that was due to the large variation present in the last Interlaboratory air program. The paper concludes with a recommendation for a program that would allow the development of improved test methods, leading to lower variance in the generation of mechanical property data in the future. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Vesely, EJ (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-501-8 PY 2003 BP 427 EP 436 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BAF66 UT WOS:000222027500040 ER PT S AU Bowman, RC Reiter, JW Prina, M Kulleck, JG Lanford, WA AF Bowman, RC Reiter, JW Prina, M Kulleck, JG Lanford, WA BE Myneni, GP Chattopadhyay, S TI Hydride compressor sorption cooler and surface contamination issues SO HYDROGEN IN MATERIALS AND VACUUM SYSTEMS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Hydrogen in Materials and Vacuum Systems CY NOV 11-13, 2002 CL NEWPORT NEWS, VA SP AVS Mid Atlantic Chapter, Deutsch Elekt Synchrotron, Reference Met Co Inc, Tokyo Dankai Co Ltd, Wah Chang, Jefferson Lab, Old Dominion Univ Phys Dept, Coll William & Mary ID THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION; STAINLESS-STEELS; HYDROGEN CONTENT; VACUUM; PERMEATION AB A continuous-duty hydrogen sorption cryocooler is being developed for the Planck spacecraft, a mission to map the cosmic microwave background beginning in 2007. This cryocooler uses six individual compressor elements (CEs) filled with the hydriding alloy LaNi4.78Sn0.22 to provide high-pressure (50 bar) hydrogen to a Joule-Thomson (J-T) expander and to absorb low-pressure (similar to0.3 bar) gas from liquid hydrogen reservoirs cooled to similar to18K. Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (QMS) showed methane in these hydride beds after cycling during initial operation of laboratory tests of the Planck engineering breadboard (EBB) cooler. These contaminants have caused problems involving plugged J-T expanders. The contaminants probably come from reactions with residual hydrocarbon species on surfaces inside the hydride bed. The hydride bed in each CE is contained in an annular volume called a "gas-gap heat switch," which serves as a reversible, intermittent thermal path to the spacecraft radiator, The gas-gap is either "off" (i.e., its pressure <1.3 Pa), or "on" (i.e., hydrogen gas at similar to4 kPa). The hydrogen pressure is varied with an independent hydride actuator containing ZrNiHx. Early EBB cooler tests showed increasing parasitic heat losses from the inner beds, suggesting residual pressures in the gas gap during its "off" state. The pressure was shown to be due to hydrogen from outgassing from metallic surfaces in the gas gap and hydrogen permeation through the inner sorbent bed wall. This gas accumulation has serious end-of-life implications, as the ZrNi actuator has limited storage capacity and any excess hydrogen would necessarily affect its operation. This paper summarizes experiments on the behavior of hydrogen in the gas gap switch and formation of methane in the CE sorbent beds. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bowman, RC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0137-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 671 BP 275 EP 291 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BX20E UT WOS:000184582200025 ER PT B AU Guo, X Stoica, A Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D AF Guo, X Stoica, A Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D BE Hamza, MH TI Development of consistent equivalent models by mixed model search SO IASTED: PROCEEDINGS OF THE IASTED INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODELLING AND SIMULATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IASTED International Conference on Modelling and Simulation CY FEB 24-26, 2003 CL PALM SPRINGS, CA SP Int Assoc Sci & Technol Dev, TC Modelling & Simulat, World Modelling & Simulat Forum DE evolvable hardware; mixtrinsic evolution; reconfigurable circuits AB This paper introduces a new approach to the development of equivalent models. Models of various accuracy and simulation speed may be needed in different contexts of design and analysis, or within different simulators. The models may be of similar or different nature, and could be for example structural or behavioral. Traditional model development and tuning is manual, and proceeds by finding one of the models, which is then used to derive equivalent model(s), e.g. a simpler behavioral model. It is not guarantied that this simpler equivalent model is consistent with the thing it models in the first place (although it may be an approximation of the more complex model). This paper offers a means to automate modeling and derive the two or more equivalent models simultaneously and consistent with each other. The approach presented here relies on search algorithms to automatically explore the space of possible solutions in different model search spaces, alternating the evaluation of models of different type and resulting in models that have consistent behavior. This mixed-model search (MMS) approach is demonstrated with an example in which an evolutionary algorithm used as the search method automatically determines consistent equivalent models for a problem in which a software model and a hardware model would be otherwise inconsistent. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Guo, X (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PRESS PI CALGARY PA B6, STE 101, 2509 DIEPPE AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T3E 7J9, CANADA BN 0-88986-337-7 PY 2003 BP 626 EP 631 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science GA BY15F UT WOS:000187954400108 ER PT J AU Kaasalainen, S Piironen, J Kaasalainen, M Harris, AW Muinonen, K Cellino, A AF Kaasalainen, S Piironen, J Kaasalainen, M Harris, AW Muinonen, K Cellino, A TI Asteroid photometric and polarimetric phase curves: empirical interpretation SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE asteroids; meteorites; photometry; polarimetry ID LIGHTCURVE OBSERVATIONS; SYSTEM AB A method for interpretation of asteroid phase curves, based on empirical modeling and laboratory measurements, is outlined and preliminary results are presented. A linear-exponential function is used to describe the opposition peaks and negative polarization surges of various asteroids and laboratory samples and a statistical algorithm is used in parameter estimation. The linear-exponential function describes well the phase curves, but dense phase angle coverage, particularly at small phase angles must be obtained to improve the results. Major emphasis should also be put on laboratory study: with an extensive library of laboratory measurements, a stronger connection between the phase curve properties and surface characteristics is possible. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Helsinki, Observ, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Osserv Astron Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy. RP Kaasalainen, S (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Observ, POB 14, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RI Kaasalainen, Mikko/G-4236-2014; Cellino, Alberto/N-1570-2015 OI Cellino, Alberto/0000-0002-6645-334X NR 33 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2003 VL 161 IS 1 BP 34 EP 46 AR PII S0019-1035(02)00020-9 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00020-9 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 645NA UT WOS:000180983200003 ER PT J AU Bandfield, JL Smith, MD AF Bandfield, JL Smith, MD TI Multiple emission angle surface-atmosphere separations of Thermal Emission Spectrometer data SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR; TES OBSERVATIONS; MARTIAN SURFACE; SNC METEORITES; MU-M; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRA; SOILS; IDENTIFICATION; AEROBRAKING AB A method for separating the spectral signatures of the Martian surface and atmosphere was developed and is applied to multiple emission angle data returned from the MGS TES instrument. This method includes correlated-k and index gas removal algorithms that may be applied to all nadir-pointing TES data. Initial results have provided new and refined measurements of the spectral shapes of atmospheric dust and the Martian surface. Surface temperatures and atmospheric dust opacities are also retrieved with improved accuracy over single observation temperature and opacity retrievals. Low-albedo surfaces display absorptions consistent in both shape and depth with previous studies. These surfaces may be closely modeled using a combination of previously derived basalt, andesitic, and high-albedo surface spectral shapes. Short wavelengths display no significant absorptions, indicating both the coarse particulate nature of the surface and the lack of significant amounts of carbonate. Moderate- and high-albedo surfaces have spectral shapes distinctive of fine particulate silicate materials. No single material can match the entire high-albedo surface spectrum, though there are clear indications of a material that closely matches intermediate to calcic plagioclase and an emission peak at similar to 1620 cm(-1) due to bound water. The lack of residual restrahlen silicate absorptions indicates that minerals such as olivine or pyroxene are not present in high-albedo surfaces at significant (but unknown) abundances. High-albedo surface results presented here are in agreement with and complementary to shorter wavelength observations. The Martian dust is composed of both primary and secondary minerals. Either chemical weathering has not completely altered its source material or the soil is a mixture of altered and unaltered sources. Further laboratory studies are needed to better establish detection limits and behavior of mineral mixtures of fine particulates in the thermal infrared portion of the spectrum. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bandfield, JL (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012 NR 58 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2003 VL 161 IS 1 BP 47 EP 65 AR PII S0019-1035(02)00025-8 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00025-8 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 645NA UT WOS:000180983200004 ER PT J AU Haberle, RA Murphy, JR Schaeffer, J AF Haberle, RA Murphy, JR Schaeffer, J TI Orbital change experiments with a Mars general circulation model SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars' atmosphere; Mars' climate; Mars' surface ID MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; ASTRONOMICAL THEORY; CHAOTIC OBLIQUITY; SAHARAN DUST; SIMULATIONS; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; HISTORY; STORMS AB We use a Mars general circulation model to examine the effect of orbital changes on the planet's general circulation and climate system. Experiments are performed for obliquities ranging from 0degrees to 60degrees for two different longitudes of perihelion. Each experiment simulates a full Mars year assuming a fixed atmospheric dust distribution and fixed amount of CO2 in the atmosphere/cap system. We find that global mean surface temperatures and pressures decline with increasing obliquity due to the increasing extent of the winter polar caps. The seasonal CO, cycle and intensity of the solstice circulation amplify considerably with increasing obliquity such that global dust storms are likely at both solstices. The most significant feature of the high obliquity solstice circulations is the development of an intense low-level jet associated with the return branch of the Hadley circulation. Model surface stresses are used to map regions of preferred dust lifting, which are defined in terms of an annual deflation potential. For the present obliquity, the model-predicted regions of high deflation potential are in good agreement with Cantor et al.'s (2001, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23653-23688) observations, which gives us some confidence in the model's ability to predict where lifting might occur when Mars' orbit parameters are different than they are today. In general we find that the dust lifting potential increases sharply with obliquity and is greatest at times of high obliquity when perihelion coincides with northern summer solstice. Over an obliquity cycle, the model global annual deflation potential ranges from several tenths of a millimeter at 0degrees obliquity to almost 15 mm at 60degrees obliquity. Much higher values are possible when the atmosphere is very dusty. We find a strong correlation between the deflation potential and surface thermal inertia: regions of high deflation potential correspond to regions of high thermal inertia (high rock abundance), and regions of low deflation potential correspond to regions of low thermal inertia (high dust/sand abundance). Furthermore, while the regions of preferred lifting (high deflation potential) expand somewhat with increasing obliquity and dust loading, the central parts of Tharsis, Arabia, and Elysium show no tendency for significant lifting at any obliquity or longitude of perihelion. These regions may therefore be very old and represent net long-term sinks for atmospheric dust. It is the topography of the planet, through its influence on surface pressure and wind systems, which ultimately determines where dust accumulates. Finally, as was found by Fenton and Richardson (2001, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 32885-32909), we find no tendency for the development of east-southeasterly winds at the Pathfinder site for any of our orbital change experiments. This suggests that the ancient wind regime discussed by Greeley et al. (2000, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 1829-1840) was produced by other factors, such as polar wander. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Raytheon ITTS, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Haberle, RA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 41 TC 137 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2003 VL 161 IS 1 BP 66 EP 89 AR PII S0019-1035(02)00017-9 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00017-9 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 645NA UT WOS:000180983200005 ER PT J AU Hanner, MS Hayward, TL AF Hanner, MS Hayward, TL TI Infrared observations of Comet 81P/Wild 2 in 1997 SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE comets; infrared observations ID DUST; COMETS; PHOTOMETRY AB Comet 81P/Wild 2 was observed in the thermal infrared over 6 months during its 1997 perihelion passage. The comet was most active in late February, about 3 months preperihelion; dust production declined by a factor of 3 between February and August. For the GIOTTO Halley dust size distribution, maximum dust production rate was similar to2 X 106 g/s. The comet displayed a 10-mum silicate feature about 25% above the continuum, similar to several other Jupiter-family comets, but much lower than that seen in a number of Oort cloud comets. NASA's STARDUST sample return mission will encounter P/Wild 2 98 days postperihelion in January 2004. Based on our observations at a similar point in the orbit and the Halley size distribution, we predict that the mass fluence on the spacecraft for a 150 km miss distance will be about 8 x 10(-6) g/cm(2) for particles up to 1 cm in radius. The corresponding areal coverage will be about 10(-4). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. AURA, Gemini Observ, La Serena, Chile. RP Hanner, MS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM msh@jpl.nasa.gov; thayward@gemini.edu NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2003 VL 161 IS 1 BP 164 EP 173 AR PII S0019-1035(02)00018-0 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00018-0 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 645NA UT WOS:000180983200011 ER PT J AU Buratti, BJ Johnson, LL AF Buratti, BJ Johnson, LL TI Identification of the lunar flash of 1953 with a fresh crater on the Moon's surface SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE moon; surface; cratering; impact processes ID STORM AB A 1953 telescopic photograph of a flash on the Moon is the only unequivocal record of the rare crash of an asteroid-sized body onto the lunar surface. We estimate that this event would create an impact feature up to several km in size and that the diameter of the impacting body would be about 20 in. Such an event would cause regional devastation if it occurred on Earth. Although not detectable with ground-based telescopes, the lunar crater should be visible in space-based images of the Moon. A search of images from the Clementine mission reveals an similar to 1.5-km high-albedo, blue, fresh-appearing crater with an associated ejecta blanket at the location of the flash. The identification of this crater offers an opportunity to investigate subsurface unaltered lunar soils. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Pomona Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Buratti, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2003 VL 161 IS 1 BP 192 EP 197 AR PII S0019-1035(02)00027-1 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00027-1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 645NA UT WOS:000180983200014 ER PT B AU Focardi, P Neto, A McGrath, WR AF Focardi, P Neto, A McGrath, WR BE Bonefacic, D TI Electromagnetic model for twin slot terahertz mixers SO ICECOM 2003, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications (ICECom 2003) CY OCT 01-03, 2003 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA SP Minist Sci & Technol Republic Croatia, Croatian Telecom Inc, VIPnet doo, City Zagreb, Ist Italiano Cultura Zagabria, Storm Comp doo, Transmitters & Relays (OIV), Micro Link doo, IEEE Reg 8, Univ Zagreb, Fac Elect Engn & Comp, Int Ctr Croatian Univ AB Twin slot antennas coupled to superconducting devices are currently being developed for terahertz mixers and direct detectors for astronomical observations. Although these mixers show promising performance in terms of noise temperature, they usually also show a considerable downward shift in the center frequency, especially when compared with calculations obtained with commonly used simplified models. This discrepancy is actually due to a variety of reasons. The impact of the bolometer-to-CPW transition, the RF choke filter and the radiation losses in the CPW line have been demonstrated in a recent study to be some of the most important reasons of the disagreement between calculations and measurements. In this paper we discuss these effects and other features, such as the silicon lens, obtaining a more robust model suitable not only for analysis but also for the synthesis of these circuits. A complete set of terahertz mixers at four different center frequencies, between 600 GHz and 2.5 THz, have been fabricated following the guidelines provided by our model and are currently being tested. The preliminary results of power coupling measured at 2.5 THz are still not as good as expected, however they show that our model is going in the right direction. With respect to previous designs, the new mixers have now a much better efficiency in terms of power coupling to the superconducting device and the center frequency shift is now decreased roughly from 30% to 10%. By the time that this paper will be published in the conference proceedings we will have more data, and we will be able to present a more extensive comparison between our calculations and measurements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Focardi, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KOREMA PI ZAGREB PA UNSKA 3, ZAGREB, 00000, CROATIA BN 953-6037-39-4 PY 2003 BP 316 EP 319 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BAF48 UT WOS:000222016900077 ER PT B AU Hammoud, A Patterson, RL Gerber, S Elbuluk, M AF Hammoud, A Patterson, RL Gerber, S Elbuluk, M GP IEEE TI Electronic components and circuits for extreme temperature environments SO ICECS 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 10TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems CY DEC 14-17, 2003 CL Sharjah, U ARAB EMIRATES SP IEEE, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Univ Sharjah, Etisalat Coll Engn, Emirates Telecommun Corp, Amer Univ Sharjah, Thuraya Satellite Telecommun Co, Dubai Elect & Water Author AB Planetary exploration missions and deep space probes require electrical power management and control systems that are capable of efficient and reliable operation in very low temperature environments. Presently, spacecraft operating in the cold environment of deep space carry radioisotope heating units in order to maintain the surrounding temperature of the on-board electronics at approximately 20 degreesC. Electronics capable of operation at cryogenic temperatures will not only tolerate the hostile environment of deep space but also reduce system size and weight by eliminating or reducing the radioisotope heating units and their associate structures; thereby reducing system development as well as launch costs. In addition, power electronic circuits designed for operation at low temperatures are expected to result in more efficient systems than those at room temperature. This improvement results from better behavior and tolerance in the electrical and thermal properties of semiconductor and dielectric materials at low temperatures. The Low Temperature Electronics Program at the NASA Glenn Research Center focuses on research and development of electrical components, circuits, and systems suitable for applications in the aerospace environment and deep space exploration missions. Research is being conducted on devices and systems for reliable use down to cryogenic temperatures (as low as -243 degreesC or 30 K). Some of the commercial-off-the-shelf as well as developed components that are being characterized includes passive and active devices and circuits. An overview of the NASA Glenn Research Center Low Temperature Electronic Program will be presented in this paper. Selected data obtained through in-house components and circuits testing will also be discussed. C1 QSS Grp Inc, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP QSS Grp Inc, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8163-7 PY 2003 BP 44 EP 47 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BAB96 UT WOS:000221510600012 ER PT B AU Heineck, JT Walker, SM Yaste, DM AF Heineck, JT Walker, SM Yaste, DM GP IEEE TI The develpoment of a 3C-PIV system for the Pressure Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst AB A three-component particle image velocimetry (3C-PIV) system was designedinstalled in the 12-foot (3.7 m) Pressure Tunnel at NASA Ames Research. Center. The system was designed for the testing of a 1/8(th) scale tractor-trailer model called the Generic Conventional Model (GCM). The 12-foot PWT can be pressurized to 6 atmospheres to enable the testing of Reynolds number effects. The data requirements forced a complex system design. Furthermore, the system had to reside inside the plenum where components sensitive to high pressure had to be isolated. Data were obtained in the gap between the tractor and the trailer where Reynolds number effects were suspected to occur. Sample data from this experiment are presented in this paper. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Heineck, JT (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 1 EP 1 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000001 ER PT B AU Wernet, MP Johns, WT Bridges, J AF Wernet, MP Johns, WT Bridges, J GP IEEE TI Dual PIV systems for space-time correlations in hot jets SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst ID PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY AB Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) has developed into a production grade research tool, which is being used at NASA GRC to improve our understanding of the decay of turbulence in jet flows a critical element for understanding the acoustic properties of the flow. Two independent DPIV systems were installed in the GRC Small Hot Jet Acoustic Rig (SHJAR), enabling correlations in time and space. The data reported here were collected at a Mach number of 0.9 and temperature ratios of 0.86 and 2.7. The DPIV systems were mounted on independent traverse systems to facilitate image acquisition over a range of time delays and spatial separations. The collected DPIV data illustrate the differences in first order flow properties of cold and hot jets. The velocity fields from the two DPIV systems were then cross-correlated to determine the degree of correlation remaining in the flow as the downstream convection distance was increased. Increasing the physical spacing and time delays between the DPIV system acquisitions provided velocity fields containing information on the decay of turbulence in the flow. The DPIV results show that there are significant differences in the mean axial velocity component and turbulent kinetic energy for cold and hot flows at the same Mach number. The data also illustrate the decay of turbulence along the jet axis as revealed by the cross-correlations of the phase delayed and spatially separated DPIV vector maps. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Wernet, MP (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2003.1274862 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000017 ER PT B AU O'Byrne, S Danehy, PM Houwing, AFP AF O'Byrne, S Danehy, PM Houwing, AFP GP IEEE TI PLIF temperature and velocity distributions in laminar hypersonic flat-plate flow SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SHOCK TUNNEL AB Rotational temperature and velocity distributions have been measured across a hypersonic laminar flat-plate boundary layer, using planar laser-induced fluorescence. The measurements are compared to a finite-volume computation and a first-order boundary layer computation, assuming local similarity. Both computations produced similar temperature distributions and nearly identical velocity distributions. The disagreement between calculations is ascribed to the similarity solution not accounting for leading-edge displacement effects. The velocity measurements agreed to within the measurement uncertainty of 2% with both calculated. distributions. The peak measured temperature was 200 K lower than the computed values. This discrepancy is tentatively ascribed to vibrational relaxation in the boundary layer. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP O'Byrne, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 136 EP 147 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2003.1274863 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000018 ER PT B AU Jordan, JD Watkins, AN Fleming, GA Leighty, BD Schwartz, RJ Ingram, JL Grinstead, KD Oglesby, DM AF Jordan, JD Watkins, AN Fleming, GA Leighty, BD Schwartz, RJ Ingram, JL Grinstead, KD Oglesby, DM GP IEEE TI Rapid technology assessment via unified deployment of global optical and virtual diagnostics SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst ID PRESSURE-SENSITIVE PAINT AB This paper discusses recent developments in rapid technology assessment resulting from an active collaboration between researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Wright Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) and the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). This program targets the unified development and deployment of global measurement technologies coupled with a virtual diagnostic interface to enable the comparative evaluation of experimental and computational results. Continuing efforts focus on the development of seamless data translation methods to enable integration of data sets of disparate file format in a common platform. Results from a successful low-speed wind tunnel test at WPAFB in which global surface pressure distributions were acquired simultaneously with model deformation and geometry measurements are discussed and comparatively evaluated with numerical simulations. Intensity- and lifetime-based pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and projection moire interferometry (PMI) results are presented within the context of rapid technology assessment to enable simulation-based RD. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jordan, JD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 190 EP 201 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2003.1274868 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000023 ER PT B AU Grinstead, JH Driver, DM Raiche, GA AF Grinstead, JH Driver, DM Raiche, GA GP IEEE TI Radial profiles of arcjet flow properties measured with laser-induced fluorescence of atomic nitrogen SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst AB Radial profile measurements of absolute atomic nitrogen density, temperature, and velocity using two photon laser-induced fluorescence in the NASA Ames Aerodynamic Heating Facility (AHF) are reported. Improvements in experimental technique and calibration procedure significantly reduced measurement uncertainties compared to previous efforts. The addition of a traversing system within the AHF test cabin permitted, for the first time, radial measurements of the three flow properties during a single arcjet run. Typical measurement uncertainties are 12% for absolute N density, 10-30% for temperature, and 3% for velocity. Details of the measurement technique, optical configuration, data analysis procedures, and results of two repeated demonstration runs in air/Ar flows are presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Grinstead, JH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 278 EP 286 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2003.1274878 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000033 ER PT B AU O'Byrne, S Danehy, PM Cutler, AD AF O'Byrne, S Danehy, PM Cutler, AD GP IEEE TI N-2/O-2/H-2 dual-pump cars: Validation experiments SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst ID STOKES-RAMAN-SCATTERING; MODELESS DYE-LASER; TEMPERATURE-MEASUREMENTS; SPECTROSCOPY; NITROGEN; FLAME AB The dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) method is used to measure temperature and the relative species densities of N-2, O-2 and H-2 in two experiments. Average values and root-mean-square (RMS) deviations are determined. Mean temperature measurements in a furnace containing air between 300 and 1800 K agreed with thermocouple measurements within 26 K on average, while mean mole fractions agree to within 1.6 % of the expected value. The temperature measurement standard deviation averaged 64 K while the standard deviation of the species mole fractions averaged 7.8% for O-2 and 3.8% for N-2, based on 200 single-shot measurements. Measurements have been performed in a hydrogen-air flat-flame burner for fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions. A preliminary comparison is shown between the fitted data and an adiabatic, equilibrium computation. For fuel-lean conditions, good agreement was found for temperature. Temperatures measured under fuel-rich conditions were about 50 K higher than the computation. Mole-fractions for N-2 agreed with the computation to within 3%. Measured O-2 mole fractions were systematically high while measured H-2 mole fractions were systematically low by 10-15% compared to the computation. For an equivalence ratio of 2.8, the standard deviation of 58 single-shot temperature measurements was 108 K, or 5.8%, and the standard deviations of H-2 and N-2 Mole fractions were 9.8% and 3.8% of the measured values, respectively. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP O'Byrne, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2003.1274879 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000034 ER PT B AU Watkins, AN Jordan, JD Leighty, BD Ingram, JL Oglesby, DM AF Watkins, AN Jordan, JD Leighty, BD Ingram, JL Oglesby, DM GP IEEE TI Development of next generation lifetime PSP imaging systems SO ICIASF'03 RECORD: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSTRUMENTATION IN AEROSPACE SIMULATION FACILITIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Niedersachs Minist Wissensch Kultur, Deutsche Forsch Gemeinsch, German Dutch Wind Tunnels, Univ Gottingen, Measurement Valley, IEEE, AIAA, Co Exhibiting Instrumentat Syst ID PRESSURE-SENSITIVE PAINT AB This paper describes a lifetime PSP system that has recently been developed using pulsed light-emitting diode (LED) lamps and a new interline transfer CCD camera technology. This system alleviates noise sources associated with lifetime PSP systems that use either flash-lamp or laser excitation sources and intensified CCD cameras for detection. Calibration curves have been acquired for a variety of PSP formulations using this system, and a validation test was recently completed in the Subsonic Aerodynamic Research Laboratory (SARL) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB). In this test, global surface pressure distributions were recovered using both a standard intensity-based method and the new lifetime system. Results from the lifetime system agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with those measured using the intensity-based method. Finally, an advanced lifetime imaging technique capable of measuring temperature and pressure simultaneously is introduced and initial results are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Watkins, AN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8149-1 PY 2003 BP 372 EP 382 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2003.1274889 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY48Y UT WOS:000189348000044 ER PT J AU O'Neill, MJ McDanal, AJ Piszczor, MF George, PJ Edwards, DL Brandhorst, HW Eskenazi, MI Botke, MM Jaster, PM AF O'Neill, MJ McDanal, AJ Piszczor, MF George, PJ Edwards, DL Brandhorst, HW Eskenazi, MI Botke, MM Jaster, PM TI The stretched lens array (SLA) - A low-risk, cost-effective concentrator array offering wing-level performance of 180 W/kg and 300 w/m(2) at 300 VDC SO IEEE AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS MAGAZINE LA English DT Article AB At IECEC 2001, this team presented a paper on the new stretched lens array (SLA), including its evolution from the successful SCARLET array on the NASA/JPL Deep Space 1 spacecraft. Since that conference, the SLA team has made significant advances in SLA technology, including component-level improvements, array-level optimization, space, environment exposure testing, and prototype hardware fabrication and evaluation. This paper describes the evolved version of the SLA, highlighting recent improvements in the lens, solar cell, photovoltaic receiver, rigid panel structure, and complete solar array wing. In addition to excellent durability in the space environment, the near-term SLA will provide outstanding wing-level performance parameters: > 180 W/kg specific power > 300 W/m(2) Power density > 300 V operational voltage > 85% savings in cell area (cm(2)/W) and Cell-related cost ($/W) compared to planar arrays > 9kW/m(3) stowed power at launch. This paper provides more details on SLA and on the key advances made in SLA technology. C1 ENTECH Inc, Keller, TX 76248 USA. NASA Glenn, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA Marshall, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Space Power Inst, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. AEC ABLE, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. 3M Co, St Paul, MN 55144 USA. RP O'Neill, MJ (reprint author), ENTECH Inc, 1077 Chilolm Trail, Keller, TX 76248 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0885-8985 J9 IEEE AERO EL SYS MAG JI IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.1109/MAES.2003.1167322 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 634HT UT WOS:000180334500001 ER PT J AU Ponchak, GE Bacon, A Papapolymerou, J AF Ponchak, George E. Bacon, Andrew Papapolymerou, John TI Monolithic Wilkinson Power Divider on CMOS Grade Silicon With a Polyimide Interface Layer for Antenna Distribution Networks SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Coplanar waveguide (CPW); planar transmission lines; power divider; silicon; Wilkinson AB Using an optimized finite ground coplanar waveguide layout on a CMOS grade silicon wafer with a 20-m-thick polyimide interface layer and embedded passives, a Wilkinson power divider is built. The measured characteristics show an insertion loss of only 0.57 dB at 12.5 GHz and better than 15 dB return loss and isolation. C1 [Ponchak, George E.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Bacon, Andrew; Papapolymerou, John] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Ponchak, GE (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM papapol@ece.gatech.edu FU Yamacraw Design Center of the State of Georgia; NSF under SGER [0196376] FX This work was supported in part by the Yamacraw Design Center of the State of Georgia and the NSF under SGER Award 0196376. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1536-1225 J9 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR JI IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. PY 2003 VL 2 BP 167 EP 169 DI 10.1109/LAWP.2003.819043 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA V22HH UT WOS:000208265800047 ER PT B AU Kenny, BH Kascak, PE Jansen, R Dever, T AF Kenny, BH Kascak, PE Jansen, R Dever, T GP IEEE IEEE TI A flywheel energy storage system demonstration for space applications SO IEEE IEMDC'03: IEEE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electronic Machines and Drives Conference CY JUN 01-04, 2003 CL MADISON, WI SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, IEEE Power Elect Soc, IEEE Power Engn Soc ID VELOCITY ESTIMATION; DRIVES AB A novel control algorithm for the charge and discharge modes of operation of a flywheel energy storage system for space applications Is presented. The motor control portion of the algorithm uses sensorless field oriented control with position and speed estimates determined from a signal injection technique at low speeds and a back EMF technique at higher speeds. The charge and discharge portion of the algorithm use command feed-forward and disturbance decoupling, respectively, to achieve fast response with low gains. Simulation and experimental results are presented. C1 Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kenny, BH (reprint author), Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7817-2 PY 2003 BP 1314 EP 1320 PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BW96X UT WOS:000183794800195 ER PT S AU Yamada, T Meyyappan, M AF Yamada, T Meyyappan, M BE Deprettere, E Bhattacharyya, S Cavallaro, J Darte, A Thiele, L TI Nanotechnology in the development of future computing systems SO IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLICATION-SPECIFIC SYSTEMS, ARCHITECTURES, AND PROCESSORS, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLICATION-SPECIFIC SYSTEMS, ARCHITECTURES AND PROCESSORS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors CY JUN 24-26, 2003 CL THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS SP IEEE Comp Soc ID JUNCTION CARBON NANOTUBES; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT; DIODE; LOGIC AB Nanoelectronics based on carbon nanotubes and organic molecules as the conducting material has been receiving increasing attention as an alternative to silicon CMOS based computing technology. These new device technologies require development of novel circuits and architectures to be technically feasible and economically viable. This article provides an overview of this subject along with opportunities and challenges. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Yamada, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, MS 229-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1063-6862 BN 0-7695-1992-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ASAP PY 2003 BP 120 EP 124 DI 10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212835 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX14Y UT WOS:000184434400012 ER PT B AU Johnson, S Acosta, R Sands, O Reinhart, R Hall, CS AF Johnson, S Acosta, R Sands, O Reinhart, R Hall, CS GP IEEE IEEE TI Dynamic communication system characterization of phased array antennas SO IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHASED ARRAY SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology CY OCT 14-17, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA SP IEEE Boston Sect, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, IEEE Antennas & Propagat Soc, IEEE Commun Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Phased Array Antenna (PAA) systems offer many advantages when used on a Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite system. Technology advancements to reduce the power, weight, and cost of these systems make phased arrays a competitive alternative compared to the gimbled reflector system commonly used in science missions. However, the operational characteristics of LEO communications links that employ a PAA are not fully understood. For example, theoretical and computer simulation analysis of a phased array antenna operating in a communication link predict 3-4 dB of degradation of BER performance for high rate systems. The degrading effect of large scan angles on high data rate comunications is being investigated in a laboratory environment. In these experiments a LEO environment is simulated by dynamically scanning the array while simultaneously rotating the range pedestal in the complimentary direction. Such investigation reduces the operational risk of deploying high frequency PAA technology. This characterization bounds the degradation associated with operating the phased array systems in this environment, and provides for the opportunity to system engineer the communication link. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Johnson, S (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7827-X PY 2003 BP 58 EP 63 DI 10.1109/PAST.2003.1256957 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BX97B UT WOS:000187062300010 ER PT B AU Amoozegar, F Jamnejad, V Cesarone, R AF Amoozegar, F Jamnejad, V Cesarone, R GP IEEE IEEE TI Prospects for tracking spacecrafts within 2 million km of earth with phased array antennas SO IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHASED ARRAY SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology CY OCT 14-17, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA SP IEEE Boston Sect, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, IEEE Antennas & Propagat Soc, IEEE Commun Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Recent advances in space technology for Earth observations, global communications, and positioning systems have created heavy traffic at a variety of orbits. These include smart sensors in low Earth orbits (LEO), Internet satellites in LEO and GEO orbits, Earth observing satellites in high Earth orbits (HEO), observatory class satellites at Lagrangian libration points, and those heading for deep space. In such an integrated operations environment, future ground tracking antenna networks, such as JPL/NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) may be. required to provide highly agile beams, flexible scheduling, and the capability for simultaneous tracking of multiple spacecrafts at various orbits. In this paper the possibility of cost-effectively replacing the DSN's 26-m antennas with a network of phased array antennas capable of tracking various types of spacecrafts that are within 2 million km of Earth is examined. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Amoozegar, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7827-X PY 2003 BP 88 EP 93 DI 10.1109/PAST.2003.1256962 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BX97B UT WOS:000187062300015 ER PT B AU Reinhart, RC Johnson, SK Acosta, RJ Sands, S AF Reinhart, RC Johnson, SK Acosta, RJ Sands, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Phased array antenna-based system degradation at wide scan angles SO IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHASED ARRAY SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology CY OCT 14-17, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA SP IEEE Boston Sect, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, IEEE Antennas & Propagat Soc, IEEE Commun Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Phased array antennas offer a number of advantages to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) missions compared to traditional gimbaled reflectors including electronic and vibration free beam steering, graceful degradation, smaller volume and multibeam capability. However, the Monolithic Microwace Integrated Circuit (MMIC)-based phased array antennas also present challenges to mission designers because of reduced power efficiency, higher costs, and system effects that result in link degradations. The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) continues to pioneer aerospace communications technologies to address the challenges of array antennas to improve efficiency, reduce costs [Ref. 1], and better understand system effects [Ref. 2 and Ref. 3]. This paper addresses the degenerative system effects between high-rate modulated data and signal timing delays caused by antenna beam steering at wide scan angles. Conventional phase shifters used in MMIC-based phased array antennas are physically limited to 360degrees of phase shift. Often, depending on the size of the array and/or specified beam angle, the required phase shift of some elements may exceed 360degrees. In these instances, the actual phase shift obtained is the remainder of the phase request, modulo 2pi. The modulo 2pi result causes a delayed carrier signal radiated from the element whose phase shifter requires a phase shift greater than 360degrees. Multiple delayed signals can radiate from the antenna depending on the size of the array and scan angle. The array antenna system performance described in this report is characterized by measuring the bit error rate (BER) of the link from modulator to demodulator through the phased array antenna across a link inside an anechoic chamber. The array antenna introduces intersymbol interference (ISI) into the link due to the modulo 2pi effect of the phase shifters. The ISI is observable in the BER versus Eb/No curve as a "flaring" or additional insertion loss at high Eb/No. Theoretical calculations and computer simulations indicate as much as 3-4 dB degradation due to ISI when the data rate is an appreciable fraction of carrier frequency (>2 Gbps at K-band). Data rates more characteristic of near term systems (e.g. < 1 Gbps) result in somewhat lower losses. Results presented here were obtained for 220 Mbps and 622 Mbps through a K-band (20 GHz), 91-element, phased array antenna. Discussion is provided where results agree and disagree with the simulation results for the data rate and carrier frequency used. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Reinhart, RC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 54-8, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7827-X PY 2003 BP 446 EP 451 DI 10.1109/PAST.2003.1257023 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BX97B UT WOS:000187062300076 ER PT J AU Filman, RE AF Filman, RE TI Weather forecast SO IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Filman, RE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1089-7801 J9 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT JI IEEE Internet Comput. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 7 IS 1 BP 4 EP 6 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 635GP UT WOS:000180391400001 ER PT J AU Wu, CL Liu, Y Kellogg, KH Pak, KS Glenister, RL AF Wu, CL Liu, Y Kellogg, KH Pak, KS Glenister, RL TI Design and calibration of the SeaWinds scatterometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID A SATELLITE SCATTEROMETER; SPACEBORNE SCATTEROMETERS; NSCAT; OCEAN AB The SeaWinds Scatterometer is a Ku-band Earth orbiting remote sensing radar. It has a! 1 m dish antenna shared by two beams with respective nadir look angles of 40 and 46 deg, scanning azimuthally to provide greater than 90% daffy coverage of the Earth at an altitude of 800 km. The first sensor was launched in 1999 and produces sea surface wind field to 2 m/s accuracy at 25 km resolution. The design and calibration of the SeaWinds radar is described here. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wu, CL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9251 J9 IEEE T AERO ELEC SYS JI IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 BP 94 EP 109 DI 10.1109/TAES.2003.1188896 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 655TX UT WOS:000181569700007 ER PT J AU Gandhi, T Yang, MT Kasturi, R Camps, O Coraor, L McCandless, J AF Gandhi, T Yang, MT Kasturi, R Camps, O Coraor, L McCandless, J TI Detection of obstacles in the flight path of an aircraft SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID INFORMATION; EXPANSION; FLOW AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), along with members of the aircraft industry, recently developed technologies for a new supersonic aircraft. One of the technological areas considered for this aircraft is the use of video cameras and image-processing equipment to aid the pilot in detecting other aircraft in the sky. The detection techniques should provide high detection probability for obstacles that can vary from subpixel to a few pixels in size, while maintaining a low false alarm probability in the presence of noise and severe background clutter. Furthermore, the detection algorithms must be able to report such obstacles in a timely fashion, imposing severe constraints on their execution time. Approaches are described here to detect airborne obstacles on collision course and crossing trajectories in video images captured from an airborne aircraft. In both cases the approaches consist of an image-processing stage to identify possible obstacles followed by a tracking stage to distinguish between true obstacles and image clutter, based on their behavior. For collision course object detection, the image-processing stage uses morphological filter to remove large-sized clutter. To remove the remaining small-sized clutter, differences in the behavior of image translation and expansion of the corresponding features is used in the tracking stage. For crossing object detection, the image-processing stage uses low-stop filter and image differencing to separate stationary background clutter. The remaining clutter is removed in the tracking stage by assuming that the genuine object has a large signal strength, as well as a significant and consistent motion over a number of frames. The crossing object detection algorithm was implemented on a pipelined architecture from DataCube and runs in real time. Both algorithms have been successfully, tested on flight,tests conducted by NASA. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Flight Management & Human Factors Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Gandhi, T (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NR 19 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9251 J9 IEEE T AERO ELEC SYS JI IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 BP 176 EP 191 DI 10.1109/TAES.2003.1188902 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 655TX UT WOS:000181569700013 ER PT J AU Barrowes, BE Ao, CO Teixeira, FL Kong, JA AF Barrowes, BE Ao, CO Teixeira, FL Kong, JA TI Sparse matrix/canonical grid method applied to 3-D dense medium simulations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE fast methods; random media; sparse matrix/canonical grid (SMCG); spheroid; three-dimensional (3-D) scattering ID ELECTROMAGNETIC-WAVES; SCATTERING; DISTRIBUTIONS; ALGORITHM; PARTICLES AB The sparse matrix/canonical grid (SMCG) Method, which has been shown to be an efficient method for calculating the scattering from one-dimensional and two-dimensional random rough surfaces, is extended to three-dimensional (3-D) dense media scattering. In particular, we study the scattering properties of media containing randomly positioned and oriented dielectric spheroids. Mutual interactions between scatterers are formulated using a Method of Moments solution of the volume integral equation. Iterative solvers for the resulting system matrix normally require (O) over dot (N-2) operations for each matrix-vector multiply. The SMCG method reduces this complexity to O(N log N) by defining a neighborhood distance, r(d), by which particle interactions are decomposed into "strong" and "weak." Strong interaction terms are calculated directly requiring O(N) operations for each iteration. Weak interaction terms are approximated by a multivariate Taylor series. expansion of the 3-D background dyadic Green's function between any given pair of particles. Greater accuracy may be achieved by increasing r(d), using a higher order Taylor expansion, and/or increasing mesh density at the cost of more interaction terms, more fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and longer FF%TS, respectively. Scattering, results, computation times, and accuracy for large-scale problems with r(d) up to 2 gridpoints, 14 x 14 x 14 canonical grid size, fifth-order Taylor expansion, and 15 000 discrete scatterers are presented and compared against full solutions. C1 MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ohio State Univ, Electrosci Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Barrowes, BE (reprint author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Teixeira, Fernando/F-9545-2011 OI Teixeira, Fernando/0000-0002-1562-1462 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1 BP 48 EP 58 DI 10.1109/TAP.2003.809094 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 657FQ UT WOS:000181655600006 ER PT J AU Pain, B Yang, G Cunningham, TJ Wrigley, C Hancock, B AF Pain, B Yang, G Cunningham, TJ Wrigley, C Hancock, B TI An enhanced-performance CMOS imager with a flushed-reset photodiode pixel SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE CMOS imager; image lag; image sensor; linearity; photodetector; reset noise ID SENSORS; NOISE AB A new front-end for photodiode-based CMOS imagers is presented. Degradation in imaging performance due to conventional. hard- and soft-reset of pixels is analyzed. To overcome these limitations, the design and operation of a flushed-reset pixel is described. The flushed-reset pixel combines the best of hard- and soft-reset to simultaneously provide excellent radiometric accuracy, high linearity, no image lag, high saturation level, and reduced read-noise. The new front-end is implemented by changes to the column-circuitry only, leaving the pixel unchanged, preventing degradation of any unrelated imaging performance. It is compatible with large format imager implementation, has minimal impact on the frame-rate, and does not introduce any additional hot-carrier stress in the pixel. Data from a large format (512(2)) imager demonstrates the efficacy of the flushed-reset pixel approach. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pain, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bpain@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9383 EI 1557-9646 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD JAN PY 2003 VL 50 IS 1 BP 48 EP 56 DI 10.1109/TED.2002.806969 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 655GF UT WOS:000181542400008 ER PT J AU Fieguth, PW Menemenlis, D Fukumori, I AF Fieguth, PW Menemenlis, D Fukumori, I TI Mapping and pseudoinverse algorithms for ocean data assimilation SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE climatological models; data assimilation; interscale transforms; pseudoinverse methods; remote sensing; sparse pseudoinverses ID TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER; CIRCULATION MODEL; ALTIMETER DATA; SEA-LEVEL AB Among existing ocean data assimilation methodologies, reduced-state Kalman filters are a widely studied compromise between resolution, optimality, error specification, and computational feasibility. In such reduced-state filters, the measurement update takes place on a coarser grid than that of the general circulation model (GCM); therefore, these filters require mapping operators from the GCM grid to the reduced state and vice versa. The general requirements are that the state-reduction and interpolation operators be pseudoinverses of each other, that the coarse state define a closed dynamical system, that the mapping operations be insensitive to noise, and that they be appropriate for regions with irregular coastlines and bathymetry. In this paper, we describe three efficient algorithms for computing the pseudoinverse: a fast Fourier transform algorithm that serves for illustration purposes, an exact implicit method that is recommended for most applications, and an efficient iterative algorithm that can be used for the largest problems. The mapping performance of 11 interpolation kernels is evaluated. Surprisingly, common kernels such as bilinear, exponential, Gaussian, and sine perform only moderately well. We recommend instead three kernels, smooth, thin-plate, and optimal interpolation, which have superior properties. This study removes the computational bottleneck of mapping and pseudoinverse algorithms and makes possible the application of reduced-state filters to global problems at state-of-the-art resolutions. C1 Univ Waterloo, Dept Syst Design Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fieguth, PW (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Syst Design Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808058 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 653ZZ UT WOS:000181468200004 ER PT J AU Margomenos, A Herrick, KJ Herman, MI Valas, S Katehi, LPB AF Margomenos, A Herrick, KJ Herman, MI Valas, S Katehi, LPB TI Isolation in three-dimensional integrated circuits SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE finite ground coplanar (FGC) waveguide; isolation; micromachining; packaging ID COPLANAR WAVE-GUIDES; TRANSMISSION-LINES; MICROSTRIP LINE; LEAKAGE; FINITE; MODE AB The necessity for high-density integrated-circuit (IC) design makes the issue of circuit isolation a critical one. In multilayer structures, surface waves excited by planar discontinuities induce parasitic currents on adjoining interconnects, therefore, causing a parasitic coupling, which becomes a limiting factor as density increases and size reduces. This paper presents a study of those proximity effects on interconnect geometry for X- and W-bands. Various configurations of finite ground microstrip lines, finite ground coplanar (FGC) waveguides, and transitions have been analyzed for silicon and Duroid substrates. The results included in this paper illustrate the implications of parasitic coupling associated with interconnects printed in parallel or perpendicular configurations, lines located in close proximity to open-end discontinuities, vias etched near FGC lines, and finally vertical transitions through wafers. Theoretical and experimental results, in terms of reduced isolation, are provided, showing the advantages of the use of FGC lines over conventional microstrip lines since, in the cases investigated, they offer 8 dB higher isolation. Additionally, open-end effects are demonstrated to increase coupling,by as much as 6 dB, while vertical transitions through wafers cause a parasitic coupling in the order of 3 dB. The results presented in this study can be employed in order to reduce parasitic interference between interconnects. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Raytheon RF Components, Microwave Device Res Lab, Andover, MA 01810 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Margomenos, A (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2002.806942 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 633RL UT WOS:000180296200004 ER PT B AU Ellsworth, D Moran, PJ AF Ellsworth, D Moran, PJ BE Turk, G VanWijk, JJ Moorhead, R TI Accelerating large data analysis by exploiting regularities SO IEEE VISUALIZATION 2003, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Visualization 2003 Conference CY OCT 19-24, 2003 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc Tech Comm Visualizat & Graph, ACM SIGGRAPH DE regularity finding; data models; object-oriented; C plus; templates; scientific visualization; paging; demand-driven evaluation AB We present techniques for discovering and exploiting regularity in large curvilinear data sets. The data can be based on a single mesh or a mesh composed of multiple submeshes (also known as zones). Multi-zone data are typical in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Regularities include axis-aligned rectilinear and cylindrical meshes as well as cases where one zone is equivalent to a rigid-body transformation of another. Our algorithms can also discover rigid-body motion of meshes in time-series data. Next, we describe a data model where we can utilize the results from the discovery process in order to accelerate large data visualizations. Where possible, we replace general curvilinear zones with rectilinear or cylindrical zones. In rigid-body motion cases we replace a time-series of meshes with a transformed mesh object where a reference mesh is dynamically transformed based on a given time value in order to satisfy geometry requests, on demand. The data model enables us to make these substitutions and dynamic transformations transparently with respect to the visualization algorithms. We present results with large data sets where we combine our mesh replacement and transformation techniques with out-of-core paging in order to achieve analysis speedups ranging from 1.5 to 2. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ellswort@nas.nasa.gov; patrick.j.moran@nasa.gov NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8120-3 PY 2003 BP 561 EP 568 DI 10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250420 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY35V UT WOS:000189041100069 ER PT B AU Wright, J Burleigh, S Maruya, M Maxwell, S Pischel, R AF Wright, J Burleigh, S Maruya, M Maxwell, S Pischel, R BE Turk, G VanWijk, JJ Moorhead, R TI Visualization experiences and issues in deep space exploration SO IEEE VISUALIZATION 2003, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Visualization 2003 Conference CY OCT 19-24, 2003 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc Tech Comm Visualizat & Graph, ACM SIGGRAPH AB Visualization tools play a key role in the exploration of outer space. Since it is difficult and expensive to send humans to other planets, immersive visualization of such hostile environments is as close as we will get for some time. Visualization is also used in a variety of supporting roles for deep space missions, from simulation and rehearsal of planned operations to analysis of spacecraft state to analysis of science data returned from a variety of instruments. The panelists will discuss their experiences in collecting data in deep space, transmitting it to Earth, processing and visualizing it here, and using the visualization to drive the continued mission. This closes the loop, making missions more responsive to their environment, particularly in-situ operations on planetary surfaces and within planetary atmospheres. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Visualizat & Sci Applicat Grp, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wright, J (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Visualizat & Sci Applicat Grp, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8120-3 PY 2003 BP 619 EP 621 DI 10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250430 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY35V UT WOS:000189041100079 ER PT B AU Del Rosario, R Davis, JM Keys, LK AF Del Rosario, R Davis, JM Keys, LK GP IEEE IEEE TI Concurrent and collaborative engineering implementation in an R&D organization SO IEMC-2003: MANAGING TECHNOLOGICALLY DRIVEN ORGANIZATIONS: THE HUMAN SIDE OF INNOVATION AND CHANGE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Engineering Management Conference CY NOV 02-04, 2003 CL ALBANY, LA SP IEEE Engn Management Soc DE project management; management of technology; R&D management; concurrent engineering; collaborative product development ID PRODUCTS AB The new economy is driving federal research laboratories to implement new ways for the management of their Research & Development (R&D) activities. This situation is very similar to that documented by many other organizations involved in R&D activities, where researchers are being asked to be relevant, to be more application-oriented, and to consider themselves key partners in the strategic management of the business. In addition, R&D is being asked to meet the same challenges as the rest of the organization, namely: 1) to reduce time to market; 2) reduce cost; 3) improve quality; 4) increase reliability; and 5) increase focus on customer needs. Concurrent Engineering (CE), and Collaborative Engineering (or Collaborative Product Development - CPD) have emerged as new paradigms with significant impact in the development of new products and processes. With documented and substantiated success in the automotive and technology industries CE and, most recently, CPD are being touted as innovative management philosophies for many other business sectors including Research and Development. This paper introduces two independent research initiatives conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) in Cleveland, Ohio investigating the application of CE and CPD in an R&D environment. Since little research has been conducted in the use of CE and CPD in sectors other than the high mass production manufacturing, the objective of these independent studies is to provide a systematic evaluation of the applicability of these paradigms (concurrent and collaborative) in a low/no production, service environment, in particular RD. C1 NASA, Glenn Res ctr, Aeronaut Directorate, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Del Rosario, R (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res ctr, Aeronaut Directorate, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8150-5 PY 2003 BP 242 EP 246 DI 10.1109/IEMC.2003.1252269 PG 5 WC Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA BY12Z UT WOS:000187837600050 ER PT B AU Feather, MS Menzies, T Connelly, JR AF Feather, MS Menzies, T Connelly, JR GP IEEE IEEE TI Identifying fruitful connections between and among researchers and practitioners SO IEMC-2003: MANAGING TECHNOLOGICALLY DRIVEN ORGANIZATIONS: THE HUMAN SIDE OF INNOVATION AND CHANGE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Engineering Management Conference CY NOV 02-04, 2003 CL ALBANY, LA SP IEEE Engn Management Soc AB Many organizations look to research to yield new and improved products and practices. Connecting practitioners who have the need for research results to the researchers producing those results is important to guiding research and utilizing its results. Likewise, connecting researchers working on related topics to one another, and connecting practitioners with related needs to one another, is important to establishing communities of shared interests. We present an approach that helps identify fruitful such connections. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Feather, MS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8150-5 PY 2003 BP 451 EP 455 DI 10.1109/IEMC.2003.1252313 PG 5 WC Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA BY12Z UT WOS:000187837600094 ER PT B AU Schubert, S Rienecker, M Mlynczak, M Miller, T Schoeberl, M AF Schubert, S Rienecker, M Mlynczak, M Miller, T Schoeberl, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Ocean and atmosphere: Predicting monthly to seasonal climate variability and the oceanic and atmospheric causes and effects SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB One major Earth System Model component is a coupled model that provides a predictive framework and describes the ocean-atmosphere circulations, and the water and energy cycles. Major future predictive capabilities will extend predictions well past the present limits of weather predictability, to include monthly to seasonal predictions of climate variability and the oceanic and atmospheric causes and effects of this variability. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Schubert, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 142 EP 144 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500048 ER PT B AU Peterson, DL Curran, PJ Mlynzcak, M Miller, R AF Peterson, DL Curran, PJ Mlynzcak, M Miller, R GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The biosphere: A decadal vision SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 145 EP 150 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500049 ER PT B AU Le Moigne, J Cole-Rhodes, A Johnson, K Eastman, R Morisette, J Netanyahu, NS Stone, H Zavorin, I AF Le Moigne, J Cole-Rhodes, A Johnson, K Eastman, R Morisette, J Netanyahu, NS Stone, H Zavorin, I GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Earth science imagery registration SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The study of global environmental changes involves the comparison, fusion, and integration of multiple types of remotely-sensed data at various temporal, radiometric, and spatial resolutions. Results of this integration may be utilized for global change analysis, as well as for the validation of new instruments or for new data analysis. Furthermore, future multiple satellite missions will include many different sensors carried on separate platforms, and the amount of remote sensing data to be combined is increasing tremendously. For all of these applications, the first required step is fast and automatic image registration, and as this need. for automating registration techniques is being recognized, it becomes necessary to survey all the registration methods which may be applicable to Earth and space science problems and to evaluate their performances on a large variety of existing remote sensing data as well as on simulated data of soon-to-be-flown instruments. In this paper we present one of the first steps toward such an exhaustive quantitative evaluation. First, the different components of image registration algorithms are reviewed, and different choices for each of these components are described. Then, the results of the evaluation of the corresponding algorithms combining these components are presented on several datasets. The algorithms are based on gray levels or wavelet features and compute rigid transformations (including scale, rotation, and shifts). Test datasets include synthetic data as well as data acquired over several EOS Land Validation Core Sites with the IKONOS and the Landsat-7 sensors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Appl Informat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Le Moigne, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Appl Informat Sci Branch, Code 935, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 161 EP 163 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500053 ER PT B AU Liu, WT Tang, WQ AF Liu, WT Tang, WQ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Air-sea interaction with multiple sensors - Seasat legacy SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE air-sea-interaction; hurricane; El-Nino; Kelvin waves; rain; wind ID RANGE CORRECTION; TEMPERATURE; MISSION AB By flying a number of ocean observing sensors together, Seasat demonstrated potential of not only sensor synergism, but also science synergism, which has illuminated the path of spacebased air-sea interaction studies in more than two decades since its demise. Two topics - El Nino and tropical cyclone, are discussed as examples of the science synergism inspired by Seasat. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Liu, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 300-323, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 248 EP 250 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500082 ER PT B AU Williams, D Goward, S Irons, J Masek, J AF Williams, D Goward, S Irons, J Masek, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The first four years of the landsat 7 mission: A review SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Williams, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 920, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Irons, James/D-8535-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 251 EP 251 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500083 ER PT B AU Moghaddam, M McDonald, K Cihlar, J Chen, WJ AF Moghaddam, M McDonald, K Cihlar, J Chen, WJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Mapping wetlands of the north American boreal zone from satellite radar imagery SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The accurate assessment of spatial and temporal distributions of wetlands can have a large impact in improving the estimates of the global net carbon exchange. This paper presents the methodology and sample results for the first large-scale wetlands map of the north American boreal zone, derived from JERS-1 and ERS-2 SAR imagery. The finished product will be a consistent baseline map, which can be subsequently used for time-series analyses when continuous satellite radar observations become available. The wetlands class maps are generated using a combination of optimization-based class rule definitions and a supervised classification algorithm. The wetlands class types are those defined by the Canadian Wetlands Classification System. Results are validated at a number of study sites and compared to existing local-scale wetlands maps. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moghaddam, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 261 EP 263 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500087 ER PT B AU van Zyl, JJ Njoku, EG Jackson, TJ AF van Zyl, JJ Njoku, EG Jackson, TJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Quantitative analysis of SMEX'02 AIRSAR data for soil moisture inversion SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE SME02; soil moisture; polarimetry; SAR AB In July 2002, the AIRSAR system flew several data acquisition flights during the SMEX'02 field experiment in Iowa. The test site was chosen specifically because of the varying vegetation cover to allow more quantitative testing of the radar inversion algorithms under these conditions. Field conditions were generally favorable for this experiment, and data were acquired during an initial dry period, followed by a wet period after significant rain, and again followed by a drier period. This paper discusses in detail the characteristics of the AIRSAR data acquired, and provides an initial quantitative assessment of the accuracy of the radar inversion algorithms under these vegetated conditions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP van Zyl, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 404 EP 406 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500133 ER PT B AU O'Neill, PE Joseph, A De Lannoy, G Lang, R Utku, C Kim, E Houser, P Gish, T AF O'Neill, PE Joseph, A De Lannoy, G Lang, R Utku, C Kim, E Houser, P Gish, T GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Soil moisture retrieval through changing corn using active passive microwave remote sensing SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP O'Neill, PE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 407 EP 409 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500134 ER PT B AU van Zyl, JJ Kim, Y AF van Zyl, JJ Kim, Y GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The use of polarimetric and interferometric SAR data in floodplain mapping SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE polarimetry; interferometry ID TOPOGRAPHY AB Recent advances in polarimetric SAR show promise for augmenting the capability of traditional interferometric SAR. In particular, a polarimetric topography technique provides useful slope information, and polarimetric interferometry may be used to decompose the response into vegetation and ground surface contributions. Here we discuss an integrated approach that utilizes the combined capability of regular (single channel) interferometry, polarimetric interferometry and polarimetric topographic mapping for topographic mapping of flood-prone areas. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP van Zyl, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 443 EP 445 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500146 ER PT B AU Buckner, JL AF Buckner, JL GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI NASA advanced component technology program, investments in remote sensing technologies SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Investments in remote sensing technologies have become increasingly important as Earth Scientists strive to better understand changes of the Earth System on a global scale. This paper discusses investments in active and passive remote sensing technologies that will provide new measurement capabilities for advanced observing satellites systems. Such measurements will enable more reliable predictions of weather, climate and other globally important elements of the Earth's system. The Earth Science Technology Office, Advanced Component Technology program manages this portfolio of technology developments for the Earth Science Enterprise. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Buckner, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Technol Off, Mail Code 407, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 494 EP 496 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500163 ER PT B AU Yueh, SH Wilson, WJ Njoki, E Kona, KS Bahadori, K Rahmat-Samii, Y AF Yueh, SH Wilson, WJ Njoki, E Kona, KS Bahadori, K Rahmat-Samii, Y GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Compact dual-frequency microstrip antenna feed for future soil moisture and sea surface salinity missions SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE microstrip antenna; soil moisture; sea surface salinity ID OCEAN SALINITY AB The development of a compact, lightweight, dual-frequency antenna feed for future soil moisture and sea surface salinity (SSS) missions is described. The design is based on the microstrip stacked-patch array (MSPA) to,be used to feed a large lightweight deployable rotating mesh antenna for spaceborne L-band (similar to1 GHz) passive and active sensing systems. This paper describes the design of a single-element stacked patch element and the 7-element array configuration. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yueh, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 497 EP 499 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500164 ER PT B AU Moghaddam, M Rodriguez, E Rahmat-Samii, Y Moller, D Hoffman, J Huang, J Saatchi, S AF Moghaddam, M Rodriguez, E Rahmat-Samii, Y Moller, D Hoffman, J Huang, J Saatchi, S GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Microwave observatory of subcanopy and subsurface (MOSS): A low-frequency radar for global deep soil moisture measurements SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Measurements of deep and subcanopy soil moisture are critical in understanding the global water and energy cycle, as well as the interactions of the carbon and water cycles, but are presently not available on a synoptic basis. In this paper, a low-frequency UHF/VHF radar mission concept is presented and technology challenges to implement it are discussed. This mission concept is currently being studies under a NASA/ESTO instrument incubator program (IIP) project. The progress of several aspects of the project are discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moghaddam, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 500 EP 502 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500165 ER PT B AU Thompson, WL Hall, WG Piepmeier, JR Johnson-Bey, CT AF Thompson, WL Hall, WG Piepmeier, JR Johnson-Bey, CT GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Low-power radio-frequency SiGe analog-to-digital converter SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB A low-power, radio-frequency analog-to-digital converter (RF-ADC) for soil moisture remote sensing was designed and fabricated. The RF-ADC is the fundamental component used in a direct-sampling digital radiometer, which is proposed to minimize the power dissipation and system complexity for synthetic thinned array radiometer. The circuit was implemented using 0.8-mum 35-GRz silicon germanium BiCMOS technology. The total power dissipation was 222 mW. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thompson, WL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 503 EP 505 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500166 ER PT B AU Gosselin, RB Seufert, SE Dod, LR AF Gosselin, RB Seufert, SE Dod, LR GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Design of a resonant edge-slot waveguide array for the lightweight rainfall radiometer (LRR) SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Several X-band resonant edge-slot waveguide arrays were designed and fabricated for the passive X-band radiometer being flown on the NASA Lightweight Rainfall Radiometer (LRR) aircraft mission. The advantage of this antenna for aperture synthesis between adjacent linear arrays is described along with detailed description of a modem technique for designing resonant edge-slot waveguide arrays. What made this achievement most noteworthy was this historically difficult design was accomplished at very low cost without manufacturing any hardware prototypes and the antenna was very well-optinidzed. This paper will summarize the development effort, and present engineering design curves used to create this low-sidelobe antenna design and data measured from the radiometer antenna. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gosselin, RB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Code 555, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 509 EP 511 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500168 ER PT B AU Mlynczak, M Johnson, D Bingham, G Jucks, K Traub, W Gordley, L Harries, J AF Mlynczak, M Johnson, D Bingham, G Jucks, K Traub, W Gordley, L Harries, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The far-infrared spectroscopy of the tropospheere (FIRST) project SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; SYSTEM AB The radiative balance of the Earth is influenced strongly by radiative cooling associated with emission of radiation by water vapor at far-infrared (far-IR) wavelengths greater than 15 mum and extending out beyond 60 mum. The distribution of water vapor and cirrus clouds and associated far-IR radiative forcings and feedbacks are well-recognized as major uncertainties in understanding and predicting future climate. Despite this fundamental importance, far-IR emission (spectra or band-integrated) has rarely been directly measured from space, airborne, or ground-based platforms. Current and planned operational and research satellites typically observe the mid-infrared only to about 15.4 mum. The Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Troposphere (FIRST) project is an investment by NASA through the Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) to develop a space-based capability to measure the infrared spectrum to 100 mum. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Mlynczak, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 21 Langley Blvd,Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 512 EP 514 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500169 ER PT B AU Amzajerdian, F Kavaya, MJ Singh, U Yu, JR AF Amzajerdian, F Kavaya, MJ Singh, U Yu, JR GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar for space-based global wind field mapping SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB A space-based 2-micron Coherent Doppler lidar can have a significant impact on climate research and numerical weather forecasting. This paper describes the key challenges of deploying such an instrument in space, and provides a status of the technology development activities. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Amzajerdian, F (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 515 EP 517 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500170 ER PT B AU Cairns, B AF Cairns, B GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Polarimetric remote sensing of aerosols SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID RESEARCH SCANNING POLARIMETER; REFLECTANCE; SENSITIVITY; MULTIANGLE; RETRIEVAL; OCEAN AB In this paper we summarize the capabilities of multi-angle, multi-spectral polarimetric remote sensing using passive solar reflectance measurements. The approaches required to retrieve aerosol properties over ocean and land are described together with the types of cloud property retrieval that are possible. C1 Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Cairns, B (reprint author), Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. OI Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 518 EP 520 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500171 ER PT B AU Middleton, EM McMurtrey, JE Campbell, PKE Corp, LA Butcher, LM Chappelle, EW AF Middleton, EM McMurtrey, JE Campbell, PKE Corp, LA Butcher, LM Chappelle, EW GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Foliar reflectance and fluorescence responses for plants under nitrogen stress determined with active and passive systems SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; LEAVES; LEAF; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Leaves of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants were examined in a set of four experiments conducted in the summer of 2001 at USDA in Beltsville, MD. Red edge reflectance spectra and red (R) and far-red (FR) fluorescence emissions were acquired for adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, in conjunction with foliar chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and C/N ratio. A red edge first derivative ratio was strongly related to chlorophyll content, Amax, and ON ratio. R/FR fluorescence emission ratios also were related to Amax and C/N levels, and enabled species discrimination. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Middleton, EM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Campbell, Petya/G-4931-2013; Campbell, Petya/L-7486-2013 OI Campbell, Petya/0000-0002-0505-4951; Campbell, Petya/0000-0002-0505-4951 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 594 EP 597 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500196 ER PT B AU Hildebrand, P Schoeberl, M Wiscomb, W Albjerg, M Mlynczak, M Raymond, C Ferraro, R Miller, T Miller, R Petersen, D AF Hildebrand, P Schoeberl, M Wiscomb, W Albjerg, M Mlynczak, M Raymond, C Ferraro, R Miller, T Miller, R Petersen, D GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The future Global Earth Observing System: System requirements and architecture SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB This paper summarizes the observational requirements for a future Earth System Observational and Modeling capability, in terms of the observed variables, the needed precision, and spatial-temporal resolution. Architectural approaches are discussed, including an open-systems, evolutionary, sensor-web approach. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hildebrand, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 610 EP 614 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500201 ER PT B AU Emery, W Abdalati, W Hildebrand, P AF Emery, W Abdalati, W Hildebrand, P GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI 20,000 leagues under the sea: A journey to the future of observing the deep oceans SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Future observations of the global ocean will move beyond measurements of the ocean surface topography, winds, roughness, sea surface temperature, and surface salinity to include in situ and remotely sensed measurements of the deep ocean. These important measurements will quantify the deep ocean circulation and its implication for the oceanic transport of heat, and the relationships between ocean circulation variability and climate change. New measurement technologies will include remote sensing measurements of ocean mass through global gravity observations, innovative measurement of oceanic vertical structure with satellite relayed data from in-situ profiling floats, and remote measurement of the ocean surface boundary layer at higher temporal resolution. C1 NASA, Headquarters, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Emery, W (reprint author), NASA, Headquarters, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. OI Emery, William/0000-0002-7598-9082 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 615 EP 617 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500202 ER PT B AU Chen, CW Raymond, CA Madsen, SN AF Chen, CW Raymond, CA Madsen, SN GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Observational Architectures for enabling earthquake forecasting SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Observational architectures for allowing the eventual forecasting of earthquakes are discussed. Current science requirements suggest that L-band InSAR systems with short repeat periods would be best suited to such measurements. Constellations of such sensors in orbits around 2000-5000 km altitude might provide optimal Earth coverage for interferometry, while higher orbits around 10,000-40,000 km might approach the goal of around-the-clock coverage for disaster-response applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chen, CW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 618 EP 620 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500203 ER PT B AU Johnston, GI AF Johnston, GI GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The advantages of new vantages for earth science - Earth observation mission vantages: Options SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB All observing missions must perform certain basic functions. Among these, missions observe by physically interacting with the environment, and must place themselves at an appropriate vantage to obtain these observations. This paper examines current and proposed vantages used for Earth science observation missions. The paper identifies key aspects of value for these vantages and uses these aspects to suggest other vantages that may be of interest for future Earth observation missions. For space missions the three key aspects are (1) range/continuity of coverage, (2) lighting/time of day, and (3) ground-track geolocation. For example, the Deep Space Climate Observer uses the Sun-Earth Lagrange point to achieve distant/continuous coverage with constant, near noon lighting. The advance of technologies such as solar sails, long-duration balloons, and unpiloted air vehicles will enable the consideration of vantages not currently possible. The author hopes that an improved understanding of the value for Earth science of new vantages will facilitate the identification, development, and adoption of new mission capabilities to achieve these vantages. C1 NASA, Headquarters, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Johnston, GI (reprint author), NASA, Headquarters, Off Earth Sci, Mail Code YF, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 621 EP 623 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500204 ER PT B AU Lansing, F Kantak, A AF Lansing, F Kantak, A GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Smart Data Node in the Sky (SDNITS): Communications system SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The design of the telecommunications network to serve the high data producing, spatially diverse satellites must be defined, so that the high volume of data is conveniently and efficiently transferred to the desired location on ground from a system of satellites. The system consists of multiple satellites in different orbits; these orbits may be circular, elliptical or geosynchronous in nature. Each of the satellites in the network generates high data volume that needs to be transmitted to the ground station in near real time to be distributed to the users. Each satellite's orbit must be selected so that it supports the maximum science data generation and at the same time helps communications between the satellite and ground. These satellites embody the high data volume science satellites of the future. In this paper we will discuss: the steps for adequately designing such a complex telecommunications system "Smart Data Node In The Sky (SDNITS)"; algorithm development for this process; specifications to be levied on the interfacing subsystems; type of the system e.g., the usual Radio Frequency system or a laser communications system. Within the Radio Frequency system, usual residual or suppressed carrier system or a spread spectrum system would be needed etc. Preliminary design parameter values such as the power amplifier rating, antenna size and slewing, Doppler frequency and rate, ground station antenna slewing and acceleration, visibility times at the ground station and for satellite-satellite communications and overall system performance are also presented in this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lansing, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 624 EP 626 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500205 ER PT B AU Hartley, J AF Hartley, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Earth remote sensing technologies in the twenty-first century SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB An Earth System Model of increasing capability and predictive power will depend on ever more sophisticated observing systems. These observing systems will require increased resolution in the spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal domains. There is a need for improvement of individual system capabilities and for the deployment of large numbers of sensors. Many new technologies will be required to accomplish this. Projecting decades into the future is difficult; however, because fundamental physical limits provides constraints on future progress, it is possible to outline the general form of future remote sensing systems and the technologies they will rely on. Several trends are expected to continue far into the future: miniaturization and integration of electronics, increases in computational power, progress in large apertures, increases in transmitter power for active systems, miniaturization of optics, and increases in frequency tunability and flexibility. Ultimately, the size of an observing platform will be dictated solely by the physics of its parts. These technology challenges for future global Earth observation can best be met through the combined efforts of the international community. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hartley, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Technol Off, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 627 EP 629 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500206 ER PT B AU Ferraro, R Deluca, C Sato, T Guilyardi, E Brasseur, G AF Ferraro, R Deluca, C Sato, T Guilyardi, E Brasseur, G GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Modeling The Earth System - Critical computational technologies that enable us to predict our planet's future SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE frameworks; Earth Modeling; coupled models AB The wealth of data to be collected from future Earth Observing systems is only the beginning of the process of being able to predict what will happen to our environment in response to natural and human induced changes. The models employed today will evolve to couple detailed processes in the solid earth, land surface, biosphere, atmosphere and oceans at orders of magnitude higher resolution into prediction systems that can be validated against these observations. These systems will stress the technology requirements for data movement, access, ingestion, computing throughput, and model construction. The Japanese Earth Simulator is the most recent advance in the technology that will support a whole Earth modeling capability, but is only the first step. Future demands will require 5 orders of magnitude improvement in computing technology over that of the Earth Simulator. Model complexity will demand software technologies that do not exist today for composing applications from individually complex models in many disciplines, and validating their efficacy. This paper examines the computing technology requirements-both hardware and software-that result from such prediction systems. C1 NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Ferraro, R (reprint author), NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 630 EP 633 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500207 ER PT B AU Habib, S AF Habib, S GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Earth science futuristic trends and implementing strategies SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB For the last several years, there is a strong trend among the science community to increase the number of space-based observations to get a much higher temporal, spectral and spatial resolution. Such information will eventually be useful in higher resolution models that can provide predictability with higher precision. Such desirability puts a tremendous burden on any single implementing entity in terms of budget, technology readiness and computing power. The health of planet Earth is not governed by a single country, but in reality, is everyone's business living on this planet. Therefore, with this notion, it is becoming an impractical problem by any single organization/country to undertake. So far, each country per their means has proceeded along satisfactorily in implementing or benefiting directly or indirectly from the Earth observation data and scientific products. However, time has come that this is becoming a humongous problem to be undertaken by a single country. Therefore, this paper gives some serious thoughts in what options are there in undertaking this tremendous challenge. The problem is multi-dimensional in terms of budget, technology availability, environmental legislations, public awareness, and communication limitations. Some of these issues are introduced, discussed and possible implementation strategies are provided in this paper to move out of this predicament. A strong emphasis is placed on international cooperation and collaboration to see a collective benefit for this effort. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Habib, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 634 EP 636 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500208 ER PT B AU Ramapriyan, HK AF Ramapriyan, HK GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI NASA's Earth science data systems - Past, present and future SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The present state in NASA's Earth science data and information systems has evolved over the last two decades from a rather disparate and disconnected set of data providers through significant efforts by several organizations. In the 1980s NASA's Earth science data were generally held by principal investigators or at specialized, non-interoperable data systems. Considerable progress has been made during the last decade in data access, interoperability, and management of very large volumes of data. Today, a suite of Earth observing satellites, funded research investigations, and data systems are operating to provide an unprecedented amount of data and information products to a broad user community. Many lessons have been learned in the process of this evolution to-date and are being applied for the benefit of data systems' evolution in the near-term. Also, visions for the longer-term future are being studied. Embryonic technologies of today are relevant to support such visions. Future data systems with "Intelligent Archives" could support true knowledge building systems in support of NASA's future Earth science goals. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ramapriyan, HK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 637 EP 639 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500209 ER PT B AU Bambacus, M Percivall, G AF Bambacus, M Percivall, G GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Enabling decision support with geospatial standards SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE interoperabilty; standards; decision support AB Geospatial interoperability specifications and standards are increasing the discovery, access and use of remotely sensed data. NASA has been contributing remote sensing needs and solutions to the development of geographic information standards. Of particular importance are the ISO TC211 - Geographic Information, the Federal Geographic Data Committee, and the Open GIS Consortium. Geospatial standards define the basis for common data models and for interoperable protocols and services. Well-defined open interfaces are a key element in a system engineering approach to building interoperable systems. These standards and the products that conform to them provide a basis for interoperability of remote sensed data sources and services for application communities. Application communities need Internet-enabled interactive and interoperable access to data from observations and models for decision support systems Bringing data archives and real-time, active sensors on-line supports the flow of geospatial information supporting policy makers, operational managers (including all sectors of governments), and the citizens of the our world. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geospatial Interoperabil Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bambacus, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geospatial Interoperabil Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 648 EP 650 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500212 ER PT B AU Ullman, R McDonald, K Bedet, JJ Conover, H Doyle, A Enloe, Y Evans, JD Suresh, R Yang, JL AF Ullman, R McDonald, K Bedet, JJ Conover, H Doyle, A Enloe, Y Evans, JD Suresh, R Yang, JL GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A proposed strategy for evolution of ESE Data Systems (SEEDS) standards process SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE component; standards; dataformats; interoperability; data distribution AB Following the successful deployment. of the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) is developing a Strategy for the Evolution of ESE Data Systems (SEEDS). SEEDS seeks to coordinate best practices in data systems technologies throughout NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, while deferring decisions on implementation to individual projects within the Enterprise. To meet these potentially contradictory goals of technology coordination and implementation independence, SEEDS would employ processes based on community moderated input, review, and consensus. This paper outlines a possible SEEDS standards process, as proposed by the authors and refined in a series of NASA-sponsored public workshops. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ullman, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 663 EP 665 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500217 ER PT B AU Chang, ATC Kelly, REJ Foster, JL Hall, DK AF Chang, ATC Kelly, REJ Foster, JL Hall, DK GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Global SWE monitoring using AMSR-E data SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE snow; remote sensing; passive microwave; AMSR-E; hydrology AB We demonstrate the "baseline" global snow snow water equivalent retrieval (SWE) algorithm using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer EOS (AMSR-E). Daily, pentad and monthly records for March 2003 of AMSR-E SWE estimates are generated and gridded to the 25 km EASE-grid projection. The estimates are tested using ground measurements from the World Meteorological Organization Global Telecommunications Network. Preliminary bias characteristics are evaluated. A fraction of the error is related to uncertainties about the grain size state and uncertainties about grain size changes through the winter season that directly affect the parameterization of the snow depth estimation in algorithm. The algorithm includes the need for a correction of forest cover and this effect is clearly observed in the retrieval. AMSR-E has twice the spatial resolution of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager and is able to characterize snow variability at the local scale. Development of the algorithm is focused on a dynamic parameterization of the snow grain size and density via a dense media radiative transfer model plus the inclusion of a high quality forest correction data set. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chang, ATC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 680 EP 682 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500223 ER PT B AU Xiong, X Salomonson, VV Barnes, WL AF Xiong, X Salomonson, VV Barnes, WL GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI An overview of MODIS on-orbit calibration and instrument performance SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE MODIS; EOS; Terra; Aqua; calibration; sensor; radiometry; soalr diffuser; blackbody ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER AB The MODIS ProtoFlight Model on-board the EOS Terra spacecraft was launched on December 18, 1999 and the Flight Model 1 on-board the EOS Aqua spacecraft was launched on May 04, 2002. Together they have produced over 5 years of calibrated data sets from which many land, oceans, and atmosphere products have been developed and provided to the science community and public users for better understanding of both long- and short-term changes in the global environment. Overall, both Terra and Aqua MODIS have been performing well with constant on-orbit calibration and characterization efforts. The Level 1B algorithms and the corresponding production code used to generate the calibrated data sets are mature and stable. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 860 EP 862 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500283 ER PT B AU Chu, DA Kaufman, YJ Remer, LA Tanre, D Jeong, MJ AF Chu, DA Kaufman, YJ Remer, LA Tanre, D Jeong, MJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Multi-year MODIS observation of global aerosols from EOS Terra/Aqua satellites: Validation, variability, and application SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID AIRBORNE SIMULATOR; SMOKE AB The multi-year MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) measurements are full of exciting aerosol events, such as the well-known Asian/Saharan dust outbreaks, biomass burning in South Africa, Southeast Asia, Central America, and Southern African, and air pollution all over the world. The MODIS aerosol optical depths (tau(a)) are validated against AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) and other radiometer/sunphotometer (e.g., airborne sunphotometer, shadowband radiometer, microtops, etc.) measurements within the expected retrieval errors of Deltatau(a) = +/- 0.05+/-0.2 tau(a) (e.g., 25% for tau(a) =1) over land and Deltatau(a) = +/-0.03+/-0.05 tau(a) (e.g., 8% for tau(a) =1) over ocean. The comparisons of monthly MODIS V4 (Version 4) and GACP (Global Aerosol Climatology Project) AVHRRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) aerosol optical depths with AVHRR show that the differences of aerosol loading are generally larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere from March to August 2000, whereas more comparable results are found between September 2000 and February 2001 in both hemispheres. Similar conclusions can also be drawn from regional analysis, except in pristine oceans in the northern hemisphere where MODIS and AVHRR aerosol retrievals are in agreement throughout the year. The preliminary results of correlating MODIS aerosol optical depths with PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter < 2.5 mum) mass concentrations measured at surface are promising with the correlation coefficients found as high as 0.8-0.9 in many metropolitan areas. MODIS ability to provide the pseudo-synoptic movement of aerosol-laden air mass can greatly improve air quality assessment and forecast. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chu, DA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 913 SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Jeong, Myeong/B-8803-2008 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 863 EP 865 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500284 ER PT B AU Nirala, ML AF Nirala, ML GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Optimal precipitation estimation using multi-sensor microwave datasets SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID SENSOR AB The quantification and variability of water cycle and its mechanisms are key scientific issues. Systematic errors and biases in precipitation measurement can be eliminated using merging techniques from multisatellite data and data assimilation techniques. Microwave measurement data sources are used in this investigation to merge precipitation estimates from several satellites to produce optimal precipitation datasets. The emphasis of the research is on several case studies with different synoptic conditions and backgrounds to enhance the global precipitation measurement. Analysis and detection of severe snowfall in high latitudes and light rain over desert using AMSU-B and AMSR-E data are discussed. Space-based precipitation estimation is validated using ground-based radar (WSR88D) and rain gauge data for different cases representing different synoptic conditions and surface types. Three-hourly global precipitation assimilation scheme for a land-atmosphere couple model system using merged, satellite-based precipitation is explained and the sensitivity of the couple system to the precipitation assimilation is explored. The high-frequency passive microwave, such as 150 GHz, is useful particularly for ice and mixed precipitation. Results of the comparative study of precipitation totals based on multisensor estimate, Doppler radar estimate and gauge data are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nirala, ML (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 875 EP 877 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500288 ER PT B AU Tanelli, S Im, E Durden, SL Facheris, L AF Tanelli, S Im, E Durden, SL Facheris, L GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Measuring vertical rainfall velocity through spaceborne doppler radar: Performance analysis and system requirements SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB In this paper we will present the results of the trade studies on the performances of a spaceborne Doppler radar in measuring vertical rainfall velocity. Particular emphases will be placed on: 1) the choice of the PRF vs. antenna size ratio, 2) the choice of the observational strategy, 3) the choice of the operating frequency; and the 4) processing strategy. The results show that accuracies of 1 m/s or better can be achieved with the currently available technology and with careful selection the system parameters. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tanelli, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 878 EP 880 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500289 ER PT B AU Ranson, KJ Sun, G Kharuk, VI Kovacs, K AF Ranson, KJ Sun, G Kharuk, VI Kovacs, K GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Multi-sensor approach for assessing the taiga-tundra boundary SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE taiga-tundra transition zone; landsat ETM; RADARSAT; MISR AB Monitoring the dynamics of the tundra-taiga boundary is critical for our understanding of the causes and consequences of the changes in this area. Because of its inaccessibility, remote sensing data will play an important role. In this study we examined the use of several remote sensing techniques for identifying the existing tundra- taiga ecotone. These include Landsat, MISR and RADARSAT data. High-resolution IKONOS images were used for local ground 9 truth. It was found that on Landsat ETM+ summer images, reflectance from tundra and taiga at band 4 (NIR) is similar, but different at other bands such as red, and MIR bands. When the incidence angle is small, C-band HH-pol backscattering coefficients from both tundra and taiga are relatively high., The backscattering from tundra targets decreases faster 9 than taiga targets when the incidence angle increases, because the tundra targets look smoother than taiga. Because of the shading effect of the vegetation, the MISR data, both multi-spectral data at nadir looking and multi-angle data at red and NIR bands, clearly show the transition zone. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ranson, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 969 EP 971 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500319 ER PT B AU King, RL Birk, RJ AF King, RL Birk, RJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Science for society: Delivering Earth system science knowledge for decision support in the year 2025 SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The Earth Science Enterprise Applications Program mission is as follows: Expand and accelerate the realization,of societal and economic benefits from Earth science, information, and technology. The Applications Program serves its mission, the Earth Science Enterprise and the Nation by benchmarking practical uses of NASA sponsored observations from remote sensing systems and predictions from scientific research for decision makers. This mission in 2003 will still need to be accomplished in 2025 as the understanding of Earth system science increases and as new and/or continuing challenges face the citizens of the home planet. The ESE Applications Strategy builds on the strategies and results of the ESE Research Program and of the ESE Technology Program. Therefore, as these programs develop a vision for the future, it is important for the Applications Program to consider the vision of NASA for 2025 and have its own vision for how the decision makers of 2025 may use the visionary observation and prediction products to serve society. This paper will propose an architecture for an Earth Resources Management Infrastructure to serve decision makers in the Year 2025. C1 NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP King, RL (reprint author), NASA, Off Earth Sci, Code YO,300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1035 EP 1037 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500341 ER PT B AU Tokay, A Wolff, DB Fisher, B Wang, JX Marks, D Silberstein, D Bashor, P Augustine, D Makofski, D Pippitt, J Kelley, B Shupp, L AF Tokay, A Wolff, DB Fisher, B Wang, JX Marks, D Silberstein, D Bashor, P Augustine, D Makofski, D Pippitt, J Kelley, B Shupp, L GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI An overview of the keys area precipitation project (KAPP) SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tokay, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1148 EP 1150 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500378 ER PT B AU Tanner, AB Wilson, WJ Pellerano, FA AF Tanner, AB Wilson, WJ Pellerano, FA GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Development of a high stability L-band radiometer for ocean salinity measurements SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE microwave radiometer; noise equivilant delta-T; NEDT AB An NEDT analysis of a Dicke radiometer with noise diode injection is presented. The analysis is formulated for a calibration that would form separate running averages of receiver noise temperature and of gain in order to minimize the NEDT and maximize the antenna observation duty cycle relative to the reference and noise diode duty cycles. Results are applied to the Aquarius ocean salinity radiometer problem to show that near ideal total-power radiometer performance is possible. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tanner, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1238 EP 1240 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500407 ER PT B AU Piepmeier, JR Kim, EJ AF Piepmeier, JR Kim, EJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Calibration of passive microwave hybrid coupler-based polarimeters SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID RADIOMETER AB Passive microwave polarimeters, or polarimetric radiometers, are important tools for Earth remote sensing. They have found utility in ocean surface wind-vector remote sensing and polarization basis rotation systems for compensating instrument or ionospheric induced rotation. The hybrid coupler-based polarimeter is a specific class of polarimeter that ultilizes a 180-degree hybrid coupler to affect a correlation between the received vertical and horizontal polarization signals. This type of polarimeter requires at least four calibration states for complete calibration. One state must be a polarized signal, such as the application of a correlated noise source. The phase balance of the noise source directly determines the quality of the calibration. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Piepmeier, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1244 EP 1246 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500409 ER PT B AU Yueh, SH Stiles, B Liu, WT AF Yueh, SH Stiles, B Liu, WT GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI QuikSCAT wind retrievals for tropical cyclones SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE scatterometer; tropical cyclone ID RAIN; MODEL AB The use of QuikSCAT data for wind retrievals of tropical cyclones is described. The evidence of QuikSCAT sigma(0) dependence on wind direction for >30 m/s wind speeds is presented. The QuikSCAT sigma(0)s show a peak-to-peak wind direction modulation of similar to1 dB at 35 m/s wind speed, and the amplitude of modulation decreases with increasing wind speed. A correction of the QSCAT1 model function for above 23 m/s wind speed is proposed. We explored two microwave radiative transfer models to correct the effects of rain for wind retrievals. Both radiative transfer models have been used to retrieve the ocean wind vectors from the collocated QuikSCAT and SSM/I rain rate data for several tropical cyclones. The resulting wind speed estimates of these tropical cyclones show improved agreement with the wind fields derived from the best track analysis for up to about 15 mm/h SSM/I rain rate. A comparative analysis of maximum wind speed estimates suggests that other rain parameters likely have to be considered for further improvements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yueh, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1250 EP 1252 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500411 ER PT B AU Winker, DM Pelon, J AF Winker, DM Pelon, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The CALIPSO mission SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE space lidar; climate; clouds; aerosols ID AEROSOLS; LIDAR AB The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite will fly in a polar orbit as part of the Aqua constellation to vertically profile aerosols and clouds using the first satellite lidar dedicated to atmospheric sensing. The payload also includes passive visible and infrared sensors, which will use data from the Lidar to improve their retrieval accuracies. These measurements will be used to improve our knowledge of the role of aerosols and clouds in the climate system. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Winker, DM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1329 EP 1331 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500436 ER PT B AU Murphy, RE Henegar, J Wharton, S Guenther, B Kealy, PM AF Murphy, RE Henegar, J Wharton, S Guenther, B Kealy, PM GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Extending Climate Data Records from the EOS era into the NPOESS era SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB In preparation for the future National Polar Orbiting Operational Satellite System (NPOESS) NASA and the Integrated Program Office are conducting the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP), a mission to provide risk reduction for the NPOESS and data continuity for global change researchers. We summarize the sensor capabilities, orbital characteristics, and the data that will produce the Climate Data Records (CDRs). We describe NASA plans to work with the IPO and its systems contractor, Northrop Grumman Space Technologies, on sensor characterization and calibration, algorithm evolution and the production of CDRs. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Murphy, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1332 EP 1334 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500437 ER PT B AU Irons, JR Speciale, NJ McCuistion, JD Masek, JG Markham, BL Storey, JC Lencioni, DE Ryan, RE AF Irons, JR Speciale, NJ McCuistion, JD Masek, JG Markham, BL Storey, JC Lencioni, DE Ryan, RE GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Data specifications for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE Landsat; specification AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to procure data from a privately-owned and commercially-operated remote sensing system for the next Landsat mission, the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). Data requirements are documented in an LDCM Data Specification. The specifications require delivery of data covering 250 Landsat scenes on a daily basis. The data are to be acquired in a manner that affords seasonal coverage of the global land mass. Data are required for the heritage reflective Thematic Mapper (TM) spectral bands plus two new bands, a blue band for coastal zone observations and a short wave infrared band for cirrus cloud detection. The specifications do not require thermal data, representing a departure from the TM heritage. The specification also requires data providing a 30 in ground sample distance for each of the spectral bands with the exception of the new cirrus cloud band at 120 m. An absolute uncertainty of 5 percent or less is required for radiometrically corrected LDCM data and the commercial operator is required to deliver data that can be registered to a cartographic projection with an uncertainty of 65 m or less. Procuring data from a commercial operator represents a new approach for the 30-year-old Landsat Program. The LDCM Data Specification will ensure that the procured data provides continuity of the Landsat data stream and advances the mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Irons, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Irons, James/D-8535-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1335 EP 1337 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500438 ER PT B AU Bryant, N Zobrist, A Logan, T AF Bryant, N Zobrist, A Logan, T GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Automatic co-registration of space-based sensors for precision change detection and analysis SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB A variety of techniques were developed at JPL to assure sub-pixel co-registration of scenes and orthorectification of satellite imagery to other georeferenced information to permit precise change detection and analysis of low (e.g. 1-4km weather satellite) and moderate (e.g. 30m Landsat) resolution space sensors. The methodology employs the additive composition of all pertinent dependent and independent parameters contributing to image-to-image tiepoint misregistration within a satellite scene. Mapping and orthorectification (correction for elevation effects) of satellite imagery defies exact projective solutions because the data are not obtained from a single point (like a camera) but as a continuous process from the orbital path. Standard image processing techniques can apply approximate solutions with sufficient accuracy, but some advances in the state-of-the-art had to be made for precision change-detection and time-series applications. The basic technique first involves correlation and warping of raw satellite data to an orthorectified Landsat data base to give an approximate mapping. Then digital elevation models are used to correct perspective shifts due to height and view-angle. The image processing approach requires from three (e.g. geosynchronous weather satellite imagery) to six (e.g. polar weather satellite imagery) sequential processing steps that warp the dataset by resampling pixel values. To avoid degradation of the data by multiple resampling, each warp is represented by an ultrafine grid of tiepoints. For successive warps, the grids can be composed mathematically into a single grid such that only one re-sampling occurs. Ultra-fine grids can currently be up to 1000 x 1000, or one million points. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bryant, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1371 EP 1373 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500450 ER PT B AU Kim, YJ van Zyl, J AF Kim, YJ van Zyl, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A soil moisture algorithm using tilted Bragg approximation SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB A successful soil moisture algorithm using radar data must identify the soil moisture effect and the surface roughness dependence explicitly since rough surface scattering depends on both the roughness and the dielectric constant of an imaged surface. For bare surfaces, several algorithms have been developed to estimate soil moisture using polarimetric radar data. These algorithms were empirically derived from either experimental data or numerical data instead of starting from rough surface scattering theories. In this paper, we present a soil moisture algorithm theoretically derived using the tilted Bragg approximation. With appropriate approximations using the tilted Bragg theory, we have derived both co- and cross- polarization. ratios. Then, a soil moisture algorithm is developed based on these two ratios. This new algorithm is compared with the existing empirical methods using input data from the IEM (Integral Equation Method) and experimental radar data. We also briefly discuss the effect of vegetation on this soil moisture algorithm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kim, YJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1402 EP 1404 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500461 ER PT B AU Winker, DM Hostetler, CA Hunt, WH AF Winker, DM Hostetler, CA Hunt, WH GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Cloud-aerosol LIdar with orthogonal polarization (CALIOP) SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE lidar; remote sensing; clouds; aerosols AB The Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP, pronounced identically to the word "calliope") is the primary instrument on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite, which is scheduled to launch in late 2004. CALIOP will provide vertical profiles of total backscatter at two wavelengths, from which aerosol and cloud backscatter and extinction will be retrieved. The instrument also measures the linear depolarization of the backscattered return, allowing discrimination of cloud phase and the identification of the presence of non-spherical aerosols. This paper provides information on basic instrument characteristics and performance estimates for CALIOP. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Radiat & Aerosols Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Winker, DM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Radiat & Aerosols Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1514 EP 1516 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500496 ER PT B AU Noel, V Hu, YX Chiriaco, M AF Noel, V Hu, YX Chiriaco, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Synergies of CALIOP with aqua-train instruments SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE remote sensing; cirrus; depolarization ratio; lidar ID LIDAR; CLOUDS AB The Aqua-Train satellite constellation will allow global monitoring of atmospheric components from several active and passive remote sensing instruments, some of them never available before on this scale, eg the polarization sensitive lidar CALIOP. By themselves, the Aqua Train instruments will provide extended retrievals of atmospheric properties. However, combining the measurements of these instruments will allow the development of specific techniques and algorithms, taking into account the strong points of some instruments to correct the weaknesses of others. Moreover, already-existing techniques can gain a lot from this approach. This paper shows how the CALIOP lidar can be used in synergy with other instruments of the Aqua Train. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Noel, V (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012; OI Noel, Vincent/0000-0001-9494-0340 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1523 EP 1525 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500499 ER PT B AU Omar, AH Winker, DM Won, JG Vaughan, MA Hostetler, CA Reagan, JA AF Omar, AH Winker, DM Won, JG Vaughan, MA Hostetler, CA Reagan, JA GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Selection algorithm for the CALIPSO lidar aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID OCEAN AB The extinction-to-backscatter ratio (S-a) is an important parameter used in the determination of the aerosol extinction and subsequently the optical depth from lidar backscatter measurements. We outline the algorithm used to determine S. for the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar and Infrared imager Pathfinder Spaceborne Observations (CALIPSO) lidar. S-a of the CALIPSO lidar will either be selected from a look-up table or calculated using the lidar measurements depending on the characteristics of aerosol layer. When lofted layers are encountered, S. is computed directly from the integrated backscatter and transmittance. In all other cases, the CALIPSO observables: the depolarization ratio delta, the layer integrated attenuated backscatter gamma, and the mean layer total attenuated color ratio chi, together with the surface type, are used to aid in aerosol typing. Once the type is identified, a look-up-table developed primarily from worldwide observations, is used to determine the S-a value. For aerosols in non-polar regions, CALIPSO aerosol models include desert dust, biomass burning, background, polluted continental, polluted dust, and marine aerosols. The polar aerosols are classified into three groups: arctic, polluted arctic, and antarctic aerosols. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Omar, AH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MailStop 401 A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Omar, Ali/D-7102-2017 OI Omar, Ali/0000-0003-1871-9235 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1526 EP 1530 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500500 ER PT B AU Abshire, JB Abshire, JB Sun, XL Riris, H Sirota, M McGarry, J Palm, S Ketchum, EA Follas, RB AF Abshire, JB Abshire, JB Sun, XL Riris, H Sirota, M McGarry, J Palm, S Ketchum, EA Follas, RB GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS) on the ICESat mission: Pre-launch and on-orbit measurement performance SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB GLAS is a space lidar on NASA's ICESat Mission, which was was launched into a 590 km altitude circular polar orbit on January 12, 2003. This talk will summarize the as-built characteristics of GLAS and its pre-launch and on-orbit scientific measurement performance. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser Remote Sensing Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Abshire, JB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser Remote Sensing Branch, Mail Code 924, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; McGarry, Jan/C-4109-2013; Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1534 EP 1536 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500502 ER PT B AU Spinhirne, J Welton, E Palm, S Hlavka, D Hart, W Mahesh, A AF Spinhirne, J Welton, E Palm, S Hlavka, D Hart, W Mahesh, A GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Atmospheric measurements by the geoscience laser altimeter system: Initial results SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System launched in early 2003 is the first satellite instrument in space to globally observe the distribution of clouds and aerosol through laser remote sensing. The instrument is a basic backscatter lidar that operates at two wavelengths, 532 and 1064 nm. The mission data products for atmospheric observations include the calibrated, observed, attenuated backscatter cross section for cloud and aerosol; height detection for multiple cloud layers; planetary boundary layer height; cirrus and aerosol optical depth and the height distribution of aerosol and cloud scattering cross section profiles. The data will enhance knowledge in several areas of atmospheric science, in particular the distribution, transport and influence of atmospheric aerosol. Measurements of the coverage and height of polar and cirrus cloud should be significantly more accurate than previous global measurement. Initial results from the first several months of operation show the detailed height structure of clouds and aerosol on a global basis as expected. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Spinhirne, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1537 EP 1539 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500503 ER PT B AU Moghaddam, M Lucas, RM AF Moghaddam, M Lucas, RM GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Quantifying the biomass of Australian subtropical woodlands using SAR inversion models SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB This paper presents an approach to quantifying the biomass (crown and stem) and structure of mixed species woodlands in Australia that is based on an inversion algorithm for SAR data. When applied to AIRSAR data acquired in 2000 over selected woodlands in Queensland, a close correspondence with ground-based estimates of biomass was observed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moghaddam, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1619 EP 1621 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500531 ER PT B AU Stocker, EF AF Stocker, EF GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A precipitation processing system for the global precipitation measurement mission SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE GPM; PPS; measurement-based; precipitation; processing-systems AB The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a major NASA initiative in establishing its programs on a "measurement-based" approach rather than the traditional "mission-based" approach. It also provides the opportunity to examine the appropriateness of precipitation measurement as a systematic measurement to support both ongoing research and applications. GPM will be an international partnership to offer an "unorthodox" constellation of satellites carrying radiometers. Each of the partner-contributed assets may have specific research objectives other than those of the GPM mission. Each partner will control the satellite they contribute. Control is distributed rather than centered in a single GPM control center. GPM facilitates an important effort to evolve to measurement-based missions. To support the research carried out in this new environment, NASA will provide a precipitation focused processing system that will be evolved to support GPM as well as other precipitation activities as required. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Change Data Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stocker, EF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Change Data Ctr, Code 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1704 EP 1706 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500559 ER PT B AU Meneghini, R Rincon, R Liao, L AF Meneghini, R Rincon, R Liao, L GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI On the use of the log-normal particle size distribution to characterize global rain SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Meneghini, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 975, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1707 EP 1709 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500560 ER PT B AU Li, L Njoku, E Im, E Chang, P St Germain, K AF Li, L Njoku, E Im, E Chang, P St Germain, K GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A preliminary survey of radio-frequency interference over the U.S. in Aqua AMSR-E data SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB A spectral difference method is used to quantify the magnitude and extent of radio-frequency interference (RFI) observed over the U.S. in the Aqua AMSR-E radiometer channels. A survey using data from the AMSR-E instrument launched in May 2002 shows the interference to be widespread in the C-band (6.9 GHz) channels. The RFI is located mostly, but not always, near large highly populated urban areas. The locations of interference are persistent in time, but the magnitudes show temporal and directional variability. Strong and moderate RFI can be identified relatively easily using an RFI index derived from the spectral difference between the 6.9 and 10.7 GHz; channels. Weak RFI is difficult to distinguish however from natural geophysical variability. These findings have implications for future microwave sensing at C-band, particularly over land areas. An innovative concept for radiometer system design is also discussed as a possible mitigation approach. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Li, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1736 EP 1738 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500570 ER PT B AU Piepmeier, JR Midon, A Caroglanian, A Ugweje, OC AF Piepmeier, JR Midon, A Caroglanian, A Ugweje, OC GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Radio frequency survey of the 21-cm wavelength (1.4 GHz) allocation for passive microwave observing SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Because of the need to develop 1.4-GHz radiometers, a set of RF surveys was conducted in and around our laboratories. In this paper, a measurement campaign and analysis of radio frequency interference (RFI) in the 21 cm wavelength allocation for passive microwave observing, was undertaken. The experimental setup and measurement procedure are outlined and measured data are interpreted. Significant signals were discovered within and surrounding the allocated spectrum at 1.4 GHz. Some implications for remote sensing are discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Piepmeier, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1739 EP 1741 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500571 ER PT B AU Le Vine, DM Haken, M AF Le Vine, DM Haken, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI RFI at L-band in synthetic aperture radiometers SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; SOIL-MOISTURE; ESTAR AB The spectral window at 1.413 GHz (L-band) is critical for passive remote sensing of soil moisture and sea surface salinity. Although this band is protected for passive use, RFI is a common problem. The problem is exacerbated for synthetic aperture radiometers which tend to use relatively small antennas with a wide field of view. Examples are presented here from observations with ESTAR (synthesis across track) and the new 2D-STAR (synthesis in both dimensions) illustrating the greater susceptibility of the latter to RFI. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Le Vine, DM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 975, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1742 EP 1744 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500572 ER PT B AU Whiteman, D Wang, Z Barnet, C Hoff, R McMillan, W Veselovskii, I McCann, K Russo, F Gambacorta, A Lightner, K Maddy, E Comer, J Kolb, N DeSlover, D Jedlovec, G Cadirola, M AF Whiteman, D Wang, Z Barnet, C Hoff, R McMillan, W Veselovskii, I McCann, K Russo, F Gambacorta, A Lightner, K Maddy, E Comer, J Kolb, N DeSlover, D Jedlovec, G Cadirola, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Use of Raman lidar for validation of aqua retrievals and the study of AIRS radiances SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Raman Lidar profiles of water vapor and clouds have been coupled with radiosonde measurements of temperature and pressure for use in studying preliminary retrievals from the Aqua satellite as well as raw radiances of the AIRS sensor. Comparisons presented here indicate that the current water vapor retrievals have unresolved biases in the upper troposphere and that calibration differences of 10% and more exist among upper tropospheric measurement systems contributing to uncertainties in the validation of AIRS radiances. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Whiteman, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RI Maddy, Eric/G-3683-2010; Gambacorta, Antonia/E-7937-2011 OI Maddy, Eric/0000-0003-1151-339X; Gambacorta, Antonia/0000-0002-2446-9132 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1757 EP 1759 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500577 ER PT B AU McCuistion, JD Wende, CD Irons, JR AF McCuistion, JD Wende, CD Irons, JR GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Landsat data continuity mission: Creating a unique government-industry partnership for global research SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB For over 30 years Landsat satellites have continually collected synoptic images of the Earth Is continental surfaces to support global change research. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is the component of the Landsat Program that will follow Landsat-7, and is being conducted in a collaborative effort with private industry for the production of a commercially owned and operated system. This paper explores the managerial, and political challenges faced by the LDCM Team in developing the approaches and strategies to implement the mission. It also covers the acquisition strategy, the opportunity for private industry expansion of the remote sensing marketplace, and lessons learned to-date. C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP McCuistion, JD (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1891 EP 1893 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500620 ER PT B AU Im, E Durden, SL Wu, CL AF Im, E Durden, SL Wu, CL CA CloudSat Radar Team GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Development status of the cloud profiling radar for the CloudSat mission SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The Cloud Profiling Radar, the primary science instrument of the CloudSat Mission, is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. Shortly after the scheduled launch in November 2004, this instrument will acquire a global time series of vertical atmospheric cloud structure at 500-m vertical resolution and 1.4-km horizontal resolution throughout the nominal 2 year mission life. The cloud detection sensitivity of this instrument is expected to reach -28 dBZ. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1898 EP 1900 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500622 ER PT B AU Liao, L Meneghini, R AF Liao, L Meneghini, R GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Evaluation of TRMM PR attenuation by radar mirror image SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID PRECIPITATION RADAR; PATH ATTENUATION; RAIN AB The Mirror Image (MI) rain return, an echo below the ocean surface observed by the TRMM PR through the double reflection of the radar pulse from the surface, is used for the estimation of rain path attenuation. Two MI algorithms are discussed and then applied to the PR measurements over the ocean for the case of stratiform rain. The MI estimates of the path attenuation are compared with those from the PR standard algorithm based on 15 days of PR measurements. It is concluded that the estimates of the path attenuation from the MI algorithms are in reasonable agreement with those given by the PR algorithm. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Caelum Res Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Liao, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Caelum Res Corp, Code 975, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1963 EP 1965 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500643 ER PT B AU Amitai, E Liao, L Wolfe, DB Marks, DA Silberstein, DS AF Amitai, E Liao, L Wolfe, DB Marks, DA Silberstein, DS GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Challenges and proposed solutions for validation of spaceborne rain rate estimates SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID RADAR AB The method of using probability density functions (PDF) of rain rates (R) for validation of rain rate estimates from different sensors at different scales is investigated. Distributions of rain volume by R as derived from the TRMM spaceborne radar are compared with those based on collocated data from ground-based radar observations. The uncertainties in the ground-based radar PDF are reduced upon adjustment to the gauge-based R distribution. This paper discusses how to better represent the actual R distribution at the scale of a radar pixel using ground observations. Utilizing super dense gauge networks will further reduce the uncertainties, and will permit better evaluation of instantaneous rainfall products based on ground and space observations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Amitai, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 1966 EP 1968 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500644 ER PT B AU Memarsadeghi, N Mount, DM Netanyahu, NS Le Moigne, J AF Memarsadeghi, N Mount, DM Netanyahu, NS Le Moigne, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A fast implementation of the ISOCLUS algorithm SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Memarsadeghi, N (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Code 588, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 2057 EP 2059 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500674 ER PT B AU Im, E Smith, EA Durden, SL Tanelli, S Huang, J Rahmat-Samii, Y Lou, M AF Im, E Smith, EA Durden, SL Tanelli, S Huang, J Rahmat-Samii, Y Lou, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Instrument concept of NEXRAD in space (NIS) - A geostationary radar for hurricane studies SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID MEASURING MISSION TRMM AB The current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) are equipped to make cloud top measurements only. In contrast, a millimeter-wave radar allows 3-D measurements of precipitation associated with hurricanes and other convective systems. It also provide important inputs for numerical weather prediction models for improving the accuracy of weather nowcasting and forecasting. Recently, a novel instrument concept and the associated critical technologies are being developed for a 35-GHz Doppler radar for detailed monitoring of hurricanes and severe storms from a geostationary orbit. This instrument is designed to be capable of producing rainfall rate at 13-km horizontal resolution and 300-m vertical resolution, and the line-of-sight Doppler velocity at 0.3 m/s precision, of the 3-D hurricane structure once per hour throughout its life cycle. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 2146 EP 2148 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500703 ER PT B AU Wilson, WJ Yueh, SH Dinardo, S Chao, Y Li, F AF Wilson, WJ Yueh, SH Dinardo, S Chao, Y Li, F GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Precision ocean salinity measurements using the passive active L/S-band aircraft instrument SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE sea surface salinity; microwave radiometers AB Ocean salinity measurements using the Passive Active L/S-band instrument flying on the NCAR C-130 aircraft were made in July 2002 near Monterey, CA. When the radiometer data were corrected for the SST using the Klein and Swift salinity model and surface roughness effects using the L-band scatterometer, the retrieved salinity measurements had an RMS difference of 0.2-0.3 psu when compared with the R/V Point Sur ship measured salinity data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilson, WJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 2792 EP 2794 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500918 ER PT B AU Yueh, SH Wilson, WJ Edelstein, W Farra, D Johnson, M Pellerano, F LeVine, D Hilderbrand, P AF Yueh, SH Wilson, WJ Edelstein, W Farra, D Johnson, M Pellerano, F LeVine, D Hilderbrand, P GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Aquarius instrument design for sea surface salinity measurements SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE sea surface salinity; microwave radiometer; scatterometer AB Sea surface salinity is a key parameter for the study of ocean circulation, global water cycle and hence climate changes. In response to these measurement needs, Aquarius was selected recently for the third NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Announcement of Opportunity for a planned launch date in September 2008. The characteristics of the Aquarius instrument are provided in this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yueh, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 2795 EP 2797 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500919 ER PT B AU Rodriguez, E Pollard, B AF Rodriguez, E Pollard, B GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Centimetric sea surface height accuracy using the wide-swath ocean altimeter SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE radar interferomefty; allimefty; ocean circulation AB In this paper, we present error sources and predicted performance of the Wide-Swath Ocean altimeter, an instrument which has been proposed as an experiment for the NASA/CNES Ocean Surface Topography Mission. The data obtained by this instrument will allow the detailed study of ocean mesoscale phenomena, with a space-time resolution which cannot be achieved by a single conventional nadir altimeter. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rodriguez, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3011 EP 3013 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500993 ER PT B AU Dungan, JL Kao, DL Pang, A AF Dungan, JL Kao, DL Pang, A GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Modeling and visualizing uncertainty in continuous variables predicted using remotely sensed data SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID PROPAGATION; PRODUCTS AB dThe use of remotely sensed images to map continuous biophysical variables, such as those related to terrestrial vegetation amount, sea surface temperature, and many other targets of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), includes variable, parametric, positional, spatial support and structural sources of uncertainty. A complete description of uncertainty will lead to a probability distribution at each location, allowing the exploration of the spatial dimension of uncertainty, that is, where the field is not well quantified. To achieve this purpose, convenient visualization tools axe required. We have produced such a tool, called PDFVis, that facilitates the display of probability density functions (pdfs) on a per-grid-cell basis. The density estimate from Monte-Carlo generated realizations is interactively displayed as well as parametric and non-parametric summaries of the pdf field (such as mean, median, quartiles, standard deviation, number of modes, and locations of modes). Shaded surface renderings of pdfs along a transect can also be projected onto a plane. This tool will become more useful as richer descriptions of spatial uncertainty become available. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Dungan, JL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Dungan, Jennifer/G-9921-2016 OI Dungan, Jennifer/0000-0002-4863-1616 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3017 EP 3019 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500995 ER PT B AU Krainak, MA Stephen, MA Martino, AJ Lancaster, RS Allan, GR Lunt, DL AF Krainak, MA Stephen, MA Martino, AJ Lancaster, RS Allan, GR Lunt, DL GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Tunable solid-etalon filter for the ICESat/GLAS 532 nm channel lidar receiver SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB We report on the tunable solid-etalon filter used in the ICESat/GLAS 532 nm channel lidar receiver. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser & Electroopt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser & Electroopt Branch, MC 554, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3020 EP 3022 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500996 ER PT B AU Ranson, KJ AF Ranson, KJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI NASA's EOS Terra mission update SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB NASA launched the Terra spacecraft, first major platform for the Earth Observing System, in December 1999 The platform has five instruments that acquire global data for a wide variety of scientific studies of the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. The Terra mission initiated a process of long-term measurements designed to assess and monitor the health of the Earth. This paper provides an overview of the Terra mission and the status of the spacecraft and instruments during the past year. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ranson, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3023 EP 3024 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500997 ER PT B AU Savtchenko, A Ouzounov, D Gopalan, A Yuan, D Nickless, D Ostrenga, D AF Savtchenko, A Ouzounov, D Gopalan, A Yuan, D Nickless, D Ostrenga, D GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI MODIS data from terra and aqua satellites SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) mission is entering it's fourth year of successful operation and has yielded staggering amounts of data types and volumes. After the first MODIS launch in November 1999 on board the Terra satellite, a second instrument was brought to orbit on board of the Aqua satellite in May 2002. Both instruments can provide global coverage in 250-1000m resolutions in just one day. The distribution of all MODIS data by any single NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) is not feasible. Thus, the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) DAAC produces Level 1A and 1B, and distributes the latter as well as the higher levels of Ocean and Atmosphere products. Our goal is to give a generic picture of MODIS products and services available from GES DAAC, intended for users introducing themselves to the MODIS mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES, DAAC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Savtchenko, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES, DAAC, Code 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ouzounov, Dimitar/A-5929-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3028 EP 3030 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293500999 ER PT B AU Guenther, B Xiong, X Barnes, WL Murphy, RE AF Guenther, B Xiong, X Barnes, WL Murphy, RE GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A calibration algorithm design and analysis for VIIRS thermal emissive bands based on the EOS MODIS approach SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE calibration; infrared; thermal infrared; VIIRS; MODIS AB The Visible and Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a key instrument for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). NPOESS is the next generation of US polar orbiting operational weather satellites. The VIIRS sensor has 22 spectral bands with wavelengths from 0.4 to 12 mum and nadir spatial resolution of 0.375 km (5 bands) and 0.75 km (17 bands). The first flight of the VIIRS will be on the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP), and the NPP data sets provide a bridge from the Earth Observing System (EOS) MODIS research and development program into NPOESS operational program. For the VIIRS Thermal Emissive Bands (TEB) in the infrared, the major change in the VIIRS design from MODIS is a transition to a rotating telescope foreoptics to replace a single-element scan mirror. The VIIRS TEB calibration equation for earth observations is developed using principals on which the MODIS TEB calibration is developed. The primary difference in the radiometric calibration concepts for VIIRS compared to MODIS is a weakly coupled sensitivity on VIIRS to the telescope optics temperatures. C1 UMBC, GEST, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Guenther, B (reprint author), UMBC, GEST, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3036 EP 3038 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501003 ER PT B AU Xiong, X Murphy, R Sun, J Esposito, J Barnes, W Guenther, B AF Xiong, X Murphy, R Sun, J Esposito, J Barnes, W Guenther, B GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The impact of solar diffuser screen on the radiometric calibration of remote sensing systems SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE solar diffuser; screen; MODIS; MRS; EOS; NPOESS; radiometric calibration AB Solar diffusers (SD) are frequently used for the on-orbit calibration of reflective solar bands in space-born remote sensing radiometers. To avoid sensor saturation due to viewing directly reflected sunlight on to the SD while keeping the same optical path and field of view as the scene observations, an attenuation screen, consisting of a two dimensional array of pinholes, is often used in front of the solar diffuser. The screen is either fixed or retractable. The illumination on the SD through the screen pinholes is not uniform due observation geometry and the moving spacecraft platform. We illustrate the effect of the SD screen on the sensor's radiometric calibration by examining the sensor's response variation using actual on-orbit observations taken from the NASA's EOS MODIS. Lessons learned from this analysis will undoubtedly benefit future design and applications. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3043 EP 3045 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501005 ER PT B AU Bidwell, SW Adams, WJ Bibyk, IK Everett, DF Smith, EA Yuter, SE AF Bidwell, SW Adams, WJ Bibyk, IK Everett, DF Smith, EA Yuter, SE GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Validation and error characterization for the Global Precipitation Measurement SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bidwell, SW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Yuter, Sandra/E-8808-2015 OI Yuter, Sandra/0000-0002-3222-053X NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3136 EP 3138 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501035 ER PT B AU Rincon, RF Lang, RH Meneghini, R AF Rincon, RF Lang, RH Meneghini, R GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A three-parameter inversion of the drop size distribution using NASA/TRMM microwave link data SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Attenuation measurements at 25 and 38 GHz performed with the NASA/TRMM Microwave Link provide information about the drop size distribution (DSD) along the propagation path. Additional path-average measurements along the Link path, such as a third attenuation measurement or the rain rate from well-calibrated raingauges, can provide further DSD information. This paper explores an inversion procedure for determining simultaneously three parameters of a gamma DSD by using three measurements. Also, some preliminary results obtained using Link data are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3166 EP 3168 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501045 ER PT B AU Lin, B Wong, T Wielicki, BA Hu, YX AF Lin, B Wong, T Wielicki, BA Hu, YX GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The decadal tropical mean radiation data and the Iris hypothesis SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB This study examines the evidence of the strong negative climate feedback of the Iris hypothesis using decadal satellite observations of tropical mean radiative energy budget anomalies, and finds that the decadal satellite measurements do not support the Iris effect. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lin, B (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3211 EP 3212 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501060 ER PT B AU Ranson, KJ Sun, G Kovacs, K Kharuk, VI AF Ranson, KJ Sun, G Kovacs, K Kharuk, VI GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI MODIS NDVI response following fires in Siberia SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE MODIS; NDVI; forest fire disturbance AB The Siberian boreal forest is considered a carbon sink but may become an important source of carbon dioxide if climatic warming predictions are correct. The forest is continually changing through various disturbance mechanisms such as insects, logging, mineral exploitation, and especially fires. Patterns of disturbance and forest recovery processes are important factors regulating carbon flux in this area. NASA's Terra MODIS provides useful information for assessing location of fires and post fire changes in forests. MODIS fire (MOD14), and NDVI (MOD13) products were used to examine fire occurrence and post fire variability in vegetation cover as indicated by NDVI. Results were interpreted for various post fire outcomes, such as decreased NDVI after fire, no change in NDVI after fire and positive NDVI change after fire. The fire frequency data were also evaluated in terms of proximity to population centers, and transportation networks. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ranson, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3290 EP 3292 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501087 ER PT B AU Leptoukh, G Ouzounov, D Savtchenko, A Ahmad, S Lu, L Pollack, N Liu, Z Johnson, J Qin, JC Cho, SM Li, JY Kempler, S Teng, B Gonzalez, L AF Leptoukh, G Ouzounov, D Savtchenko, A Ahmad, S Lu, L Pollack, N Liu, Z Johnson, J Qin, JC Cho, SM Li, JY Kempler, S Teng, B Gonzalez, L GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI HDF/HDF-EOS data access, visualization and processing tools at the GES DAAC SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB To help users of remote sensing data, the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (GES DAAC) has developed a series of desktop and on-line tools. These are presented in this article. Various HDF readers for AIRS and MODIS data have been written in IDL, C and Fortran. HDFLook for AIRS and MODIS works as a desktop application as well as an integral part of various subsetting systems. AIRS QuickLook is an on-line package that allows users to view AIRS/HSB/AMSU Level-1B data online by specifying a channel prior to obtaining data. AIRS Online Channel/Variable subsetter provides on-line subsetting of the AIRS Level 1B and Level 2 data products. OASIS (Online data AnalySIS) is an IDL-based HTML/CGI interface for search, selection, and simple analysis of earth science data. TRMM Online Visualization and Analysis System is designed for quick exploration, analyses, and visualization of TRMM Level-3 and other precipitation products. WebGIS is online web software that implements the Open GIS Consortium (OGC) standards for requesting rendered maps from OGC-compliant servers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES, DAAC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leptoukh, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES, DAAC, Code 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ouzounov, Dimitar/A-5929-2012 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3571 EP 3573 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501179 ER PT B AU Timucin, DA AF Timucin, DA GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A Bayesian approach to sensor characterization SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The physical model of a generic electro-optic sensor is derived and incorporated into a Bayesian framework for the estimation of key instrument parameters from calibration data. The sensor characterization thus achieved enables optimal subsequent removal of instrument effects from field data, leading to the highest possible accuracy in the retrieved physical quantities. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Timucin, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3775 EP 3777 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501245 ER PT B AU Zhou, DK Smith, WL AF Zhou, DK Smith, WL GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Geophysical parameter retrieval and validation SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi ID NAST-I AB The methodology for retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition profiles, and surface thermal properties from observed radiance spectra is reported. These retrieval parameters are determined using a three-stage approach that combines three algorithms: (1) statistical physical-eigenvector-regression, (2) simultaneous non-linear matrix inversion, and (3) trace species profile enhancement. NAST-I aboard a high altitude aircraft has been successfully collecting data during many field campaigns. NAST-I provides relatively high spectral resolution (0.25 cm(-1)) measurements in the spectral region of 645-2700 cm(-1) with moderate spatial resolution (a linear resolution equal to 13% of the aircraft altitude at nadir) and cross track scanning (producing a swath width on the Earth's surface of approximately twice the aircraft altitude). Retrieval results from several NAST-I field campaigns are presented in conjunction with co-incident ground and in-situ measurements for validation. These results demonstrate the ability of the NAST interferometer to reveal fine-scale horizontal features with relatively high vertical resolution. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 3884 EP 3886 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501281 ER PT B AU Hussein, ZA Durden, SL Im, E AF Hussein, ZA Durden, SL Im, E GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Design and development of a dual-frequency (Ku/Ka), dual-polarization, wide-angle scanning airborne rain radar antenna system SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB A compact, dual-frequency (Ku/Ka-band), dualpolarization, wide-angle scanning antenna system has been developed as part of an airborne instrument for measuring rainfall. This system is an upgrade version of a prior single frequency airborne rain radar instrument, and was designed to generate spatially coincident horizontally and vertically polarized beams at both frequencies with 3-dB beamwidths that match within 25 percent, and have low-sidelobe levels over a wide scan angle at each polarization-and-frequency combination. The calculated results, as well as the measured electrical performance over wide-angle scanning, are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hussein, ZA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 4249 EP 4251 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501401 ER PT B AU Doiron, TA Piepmeier, JR AF Doiron, TA Piepmeier, JR GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Hybrid synthetic/real aperture antenna for high resolution microwave imaging SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB Observations of key hydrological parameters at the spatial and temporal scales required in the post-2002 era face significant technological challenges. These measurements are based on relatively low frequency thermal microwave emission (at 1.4 GHz for soil moisture and salinity, 10 GHz and up for precipitation, and 19 and 37 GHz for snow). The long wavelengths at these frequencies coupled with the high spatial and radiometric resolutions required by the various global hydrology missions necessitate the use of very large apertures. Two-dimensional Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometry (2-D STAR), though promising in the long term, has many technical challenges in the areas of power, and sensitivity for very large apertures (i.e. greater than 300 wavelengths). This paper will discuss an alternative approach to the pure 2-D STAR, which uses an offset parabolic cylinder reflector fed by multiple elements to form a 1-D STAR. In essence a single STAR element is composed of a feedhorn and parabolic cylinder reflector. The elements are sparsely arrayed and thus can share a single reflector. This antenna would have no moving parts once deployed, have much higher sensitivity than a Y-shaped 2-D STAR of equivalent size, many fewer receivers than that 2-D STAR, and the reflector could be made of a thin film and lightweight deployment system for high packing density. The instrument using this approach would be a cross track push broom imager. An overview of the design parameters, potential deployment mechanisms and applications will be presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Doiron, TA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Code 555, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 4368 EP 4370 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501441 ER PT B AU Berkoff, TA Welton, EJ Campbell, JR Scott, VS Spinhirine, JD AF Berkoff, TA Welton, EJ Campbell, JR Scott, VS Spinhirine, JD GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Lnvestigation of overlap correction techniques for the micro-pulse lidar NETwork (MPLNET) SO IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi AB The Micro-Pulse Lidar NETwork (MPLNET) uses elastic-scaffering lidars stationed at sites around the globe to produce aerosol and cloud vertical profiles on a continuous year-round basis. Processing of MPLNET data requires a correction for the lidar overlap function in the 0-6 km range, to take into account the loss in near-field receiver efficiency. This correction is normally determined from recording horizontal profiles that require a similar to10 km clear line-of-sight and homogenous atmospheric conditions, limiting the practicality in which successful corrections can be obtained. An alternative overlap correction method using a secondary receiver is considered that eliminates the need for horizontal measurements. A review of both methods is presented, including a discussion of signal uncertainties. C1 Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Berkoff, TA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, GSFC Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Scott, Vibart/B-5086-2013 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7929-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2003 BP 4395 EP 4397 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY01Z UT WOS:000187293501450 ER PT B AU Heap, S Williger, G Dave, R Weymann, R AF Heap, S Williger, G Dave, R Weymann, R BE Rosenberg, JL Putman, ME TI The IGM-galaxy connection: The line of sight to 3C 273 SO IGM/GALAXY CONNECTION: THE DISTRIBUTION OF BARYONS AT Z(EQUAL)0 SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the IGM/Galaxy Connection - The Distribution of Baryons at z=0 CY 2002 CL NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, BOULDER, CO HO NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES ID ALPHA ABSORBERS; SPECTROSCOPY; CLOUDS AB Despite excellent new data on the Lya forest towaxd 3C 273 gained from high-resolution STIS spectra, the connection between the Lyalpha forest and galaxies remains elusive. Specifically, we find: (1) no correlation of Lyalpha absorbers with galaxies except for the Virgo cluster of galaxies; (2) no significant clustering of Lyalpha absorbers; (3) no Lyalpha void larger than 5500 km s(-1) across, i.e., no larger than what would be expected from a random distribution of absorbers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heap, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI heap, sara/E-2237-2012 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1289-6 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2003 VL 281 BP 75 EP 76 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW93K UT WOS:000183698900013 ER PT B AU Williger, GM Heap, SR Weymann, RJ Dave, R Tripp, TM AF Williger, GM Heap, SR Weymann, RJ Dave, R Tripp, TM CA STIS IDT BE Rosenberg, JL Putman, ME TI The Ly alpha forest toward PKS 0405-123 SO IGM/GALAXY CONNECTION: THE DISTRIBUTION OF BARYONS AT Z(EQUAL)0 SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the IGM/Galaxy Connection - The Distribution of Baryons at z=0 CY 2002 CL NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, BOULDER, CO HO NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES ID ABSORPTION-LINES; QUASAR; EVOLUTION AB We present results from similar to 7 km s(-1) resolution STIS spectra for the bright, low-z QSO PKS 0405-123 (z = 0.574, V = 14.9), as part of a STIS Investigation Definition Team (IDT) key project to determine the physical properties of weak Lyalpha forest systems at low redshift. We detect 59 (47) Lyalpha absorbers at 4.0sigma significance to an 80% completeness limit of log(N-HI) = 13.3 (13.1) over 0.002 < z < 0.423 (0.020 < z < 0.234). We find 4 intervening OVI systems, which will be useful in studies of hot intergalactic gas. We do not distinguish between metal and Lyalpha-only systems in the following analysis. The redshift density is consistent with previous measurements for log N-HI greater than or equal to 14.0, but exhibits twice as many systems at 13.1 < log N-HI < 14.0 compared to the mean number density of lines at z < 0.07 toward 15 extragalactic objects. The difference possibly arises from cosmic variance. The Doppler parameter distribution has = 48 +/- 21 km s(-1); line blending possibly inflates the value. We find evidence for Lyalpha-Lyalpha clustering in our sample on a scale of Deltav less than or equal to 250 km s(-1) and there is evidence for a void in the Lyalpha forest at 0.032 < z < 0.081 with probability of occurrance in random simulations P = 0.0005. We find line-of-sight velocity correlations of up to 250 km s(-1) between Lyalpha absorbers with log(N-HI) greater than or equal to 13.1 and 45 galaxies taken from the literature and unpublished data at 0 < z < 0.47; the transverse distances cover up to 1.5 h(70)(-1) Mpc in the local frame. The Lyalpha-galaxy clustering is (s)tronger for higher log(N-HI) systems. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Williger, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI heap, sara/E-2237-2012 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1289-6 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2003 VL 281 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW93K UT WOS:000183698900048 ER PT S AU Jovanovic, VM AF Jovanovic, VM BE Serpico, SB TI Global earth mapping with NASA's Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) SO IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR REMOTE SENSING VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing VIII CY SEP 24-27, 2002 CL AGIA PELAGIA, GREECE SP SPIE DE calibration; geometric; global; mapping; orthorectification; photogrammetry AB The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) is a part of the payload for NASA's Terra spacecraft launched in December 1999. The MISR instrument continuously acquires a systematic, global, multi-angle imagery in reflected sunlight in order to support and improve studies of the Earth ecology and climate. This paper focuses on the photogrammetric aspect of the data production and discusses quality of the global mapping as evaluated during the first two years of the mission. Usually, remote sensing image data has been only radiometrically and spectrally corrected, as a part of standard processing, prior to being distributed to investigators. In the case of the spaceborne MISR instrument with its unique configuration of nine fixed pushbroom cameras, continuous and autonomous coregistration and geolocation of image data are required prior to application of scientific retrieval algorithm. In order to address this problem, the MISR ground data processing system includes photogrammetric processing. From the entire MISR production system, three segments can be singled out as photogrammetric in nature. These are 1) in-flight geometric calibration, 2) georectification, and 3) cloud height retrieval. The data obtained through in-flight geometric calibration significantly simplify georectification part of the standard processing. Georectification gives fundamental input to scientific retrieval including cloud-top height retrieval. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jovanovic, VM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4667-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4885 BP 22 EP 33 DI 10.1117/12.463053 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW50E UT WOS:000182227400004 ER PT S AU Zavorin, I Stone, HS Le Moigne, J AF Zavorin, I Stone, HS Le Moigne, J BE Dougherty, ER Astola, JT Egiazarian, KO TI Evaluating, performance of automatic techniques for subpixel registration of remotely sensed imagery SO IMAGE PROCESSING: ALGORITHMS AND SYSTEMS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image Processing - Algorithms and Systems II CY JAN 21-23, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE subpixel image registration; multisensor; accuracy assessment AB We describe two approaches of systematic performance assessment of a specific image registration algorithm. One approach involves generating radiometrically different synthetic images by convolving one of them with a point-spread function, while the other consists of registration of three or more images to obtain multiple estimates of registration parameters. We present experimental results that indicate that different-radiometry synthetic data is more difficult to register and so it provides better testing than same-radiometry data used in our previous work. They also show that the multiple-estimate methodology, that we call triangulation, may be used not only to measure self-consistency of a given registration algorithm, but also to obtain estimates of ground truth information for images for which, if available at all, the ground truth is known only approximately. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC, GEST Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zavorin, I (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC, GEST Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4814-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5014 BP 306 EP 316 DI 10.1117/12.477752 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW93T UT WOS:000183702100030 ER PT S AU Rajkumar, T Bardina, J AF Rajkumar, T Bardina, J BE Bell, AJ Wickerhauser, MV Szu, HH TI Training data requirement for a neural network to predict aerodynamic coefficients SO INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSES, WAVELETS, AND NEURAL NETWORKS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Independent Component Analyses, Wavelets, and Neural Networks CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE neural network; aerodynamic coefficients; design of network architecture; training data requirements AB Basic aerodynamic coefficients are modeled as functions of angle of attack, speed brake deflection angle, Mach number, and side slip angle. Most of the aerodynamic parameters can be well-fitted using polynomial functions. We previously demonstrated that a neural network is a fast. reliable way of predicting aerodynamic coefficients. We encountered few under fitted and/or over fitted results during prediction. The training data for the neural network are derived from wind tunnel test measure. merits and numerical simulations. The basic questions that arise are: how many training data points are required to produce an efficient neural network prediction, and which type of transfer functions should be used between the input-hidden layer and hidden-output layer. In this paper, a comparative study of the efficiency of neural network prediction based on different transfer functions and training dataset sizes is presented. The results of the neural network prediction reflect the sensitivity of the architecture, transfer functions, and training dataset size. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SAIC, Moffett Field, CA 94305 USA. RP Rajkumar, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SAIC, Moffett Field, CA 94305 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4962-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5102 BP 92 EP 103 DI 10.1117/12.486343 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BW93S UT WOS:000183701900011 ER PT S AU Juergens, J Adamovsky, G Floyd, B AF Juergens, J Adamovsky, G Floyd, B BE Culshaw, B Marcus, MA Dakin, JP Crossley, SD Knee, HE TI Performance evaluation of fiber Bragg gratings at elevated temperatures SO INDUSTRIAL AND HIGHWAY SENSORS TECHNOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Industrial and Highway Sensors Technology CY OCT 28-30, 2003 CL Providence, RI SP SPIE DE fiber optics; fiber Bragg grating; annealing; thermal cycle; temperature sensors; strain sensors ID OPTICAL-FIBER AB The development of integrated fiber optic sensors for smart propulsion systems demands that the sensors be able to perforin in extreme environments. In order to use fiber optic sensors effectively in an extreme environment one must have a thorough understanding of the sensor's limits and how it responds under various environmental conditions. The sensor evaluation currently involves examining the performance of fiber Bragg gratings at elevated temperatures. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are periodic variations of the refractive index of an optical fiber. These periodic variations allow the FBG to act as an embedded optical filter passing the majority of light propagating through a fiber while reflecting back a narrow band of the incident light. The peak reflected wavelength of the FBG is known as the Bragg wavelength. Since the period and width of the refractive index variation in the fiber determines the wavelengths that are transmitted and reflected by the grating.. any force acting on the fiber that alters the physical structure of the grating will change what wavelengths are transmitted and what wavelengths are reflected by the grating. Both thermal and mechanical forces acting on the grating will alter its physical characteristics allowing the FBG sensor to detect both temperature variations and physical stresses, strain.. placed upon it. This ability to sense multiple physical forces makes the FBG a versatile sensor. This paper reports on test results of the performance of FBGs at elevated temperatures. The gratings looked at thus far have been either embedded in polymer matrix materials or freestanding with the primary focus of this paper being on the freestanding FBGs. Throughout the evaluation process, various parameters of the FBGs performance were monitored A and recorded. These parameters include the peak Bragg wavelength, the power of the Bragg wavelength, and total power returned by the FBG. Several test samples were subjected to identical test conditions to allow for statistical analysis of the data. Test procedures, calibrations, and referencing techniques are presented in the paper along with directions for future research. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Juergens, J (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5161-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5272 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1117/12.525232 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BY85W UT WOS:000189480100011 ER PT J AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Y TI Actuation of biologically inspired intelligent robotics using artificial muscles SO INDUSTRIAL ROBOT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE robotics; artificial intelligence AB Humans throughout history have always sought to mimic the appearance, mobility, functionality, intelligent operation, and thinking processes of biological creatures, Advancements in artificial muscles, artificial intelligence, artificial vision and many other biomimetic related fields are leading to many benefits for humankind. One of the newest among these fields is the artificial muscle, which is the moniker for electroactive polymers. The potential of these materials is enormous and, as challenges are addressed and new effective materials are introduced, capabilities that were considered as science fiction are becoming engineering reality. This paper covers the current state-of-the-art and challenges to make biomimetic robots use artificial muscles. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 12 PU EMERALD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0143-991X J9 IND ROBOT JI Ind. Robot PY 2003 VL 30 IS 4 BP 331 EP 337 DI 10.1108/01439910310479702 PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA 701QL UT WOS:000184178200009 ER PT J AU O'Malley, MK Ambrose, RO AF O'Malley, MK Ambrose, RO TI Haptic feedback applications for Robonaut SO INDUSTRIAL ROBOT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE aerospace industry; tactile sensors; robotics AB Robonaut is a humanoid robot designed by the Robotic Systems Technology Branch at NASAs Johnson Space Center in a collaborative effort with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. This paper describes the implementation of haptic feedback into Robonaut and Robosim, the computer simulation of Robotonaut. In the first experiment, we measured the effects of varying feedback to a teleoperator during a handrail grasp task. Second, we conducted a teleoperated task, inserting a flexible beam into an instrumented receptacle. In the third experiment, we used Robonaut to perform a two-arm task where a compliant ball was translated in the robot's workspace. The experimental results are encouraging as the Dexterous Robotics Lab continues to implement force feedback into its teleoperator hardware architecture. C1 Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Dexterous Robot Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. EM omalleym@rice.edu; robert.o.ambrose1@jsc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY BD16 1WA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0143-991X EI 1758-5791 J9 IND ROBOT JI Ind. Robot PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 BP 531 EP 542 DI 10.1108/01439910310506800 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA 754YM UT WOS:000187361100008 ER PT S AU Wolf, J Casey, SC Davidson, JA AF Wolf, J Casey, SC Davidson, JA BE Strojnik, M TI Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy - SOFIA SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XI CY AUG 06-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Infrared Astronomy; Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy; SOFIA AB The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) will carry a 2.5 meter effective aperture telescope onboard a Boeing 747SP aircraft to altitudes of 41,000 to 45,000 ft, above most of the atmosphere's IR-absorbing water vapor. SOFIA will start its astrophysical observations in early 2005, flying from Moffett Field, California with a suite of specialized cameras and spectrometers covering wavelengths between 0.3 and 600 gm. A high-speed visible range CCD camera will use the airborne observatory to chase the shadows of celestial bodies. during occultations. The SOFIA telescope was designed and built in Germany and has been delivered to the U.S. in September 2002. Its integration into the B747SP is well advanced so flight-testing will start in mid of 2004. After an initial test phase dedicated to the recertification of the modified aircraft, functional and performance tests of the telescope and other scientific systems will commence. At NASA's Ames Research Center the ground support facilities for the observatory are being prepared. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, SOFIA Project Off, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wolf, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, SOFIA Project Off, Mail Stop 144-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5025-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5152 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1117/12.514769 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY02A UT WOS:000187293600007 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM BE Strojnik, M TI Large format multiband QWIP focal plane arrays SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XI CY AUG 06-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE long-wavelength infrared; mid-wavelength infrared; narrow-band; multi-band; broad-band; infrared camera; focal plane array; quantum well infrared photodetectors ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTOR; WAVELENGTH; CAMERA AB A 640x512 pixel, long-wavelength cutoff, narrow-band (Deltalambda/lambdasimilar to10%) quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a four-band QWIP FPA in the 4-15 mum spectral region, and a broad-band (Deltalambda/lambdasimilar to42%) QWIP FPA having a 15.4 mum cutoff have been demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss the electrical and optical characterization of these FPAs, and their performance. In addition, we discuss the development of a very sensitive (NEDTsimilar to10.6 mK) 640x512 pixel thermal imaging camera having a 9 mum cutoff. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5025-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5152 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1117/12.504633 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY02A UT WOS:000187293600028 ER PT S AU Abedin, MN Refaat, TF Zawodny, J Sandford, SP Singh, UN Bandra, S Gunapala, SD Bhat, I Barnes, NP AF Abedin, MN Refaat, TF Zawodny, J Sandford, SP Singh, UN Bandra, S Gunapala, SD Bhat, I Barnes, NP BE Strojnik, M TI Multicolor focal plane array detector technology: A review SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XI CY AUG 06-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE review paper; two-color; multi-color; UV-far infrared; HgCdTe; GaAs/AlGaAs; atmospheric chemistry ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTOR; BEAM EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; HGCDTE PHOTODIODES; 2-COLOR DETECTORS; MBE TECHNOLOGY; BAND; PERFORMANCE; PHOTOCONDUCTORS; COLOR; FPAS AB A major concern today is to accurately measure CO2, O-3, H2O, and CH4 in the atmosphere for the prediction of climate and weather. These measurements are critical for understanding the Earth's atmosphere, atmospheric chemistry, and systemic forces driving climactic changes. For these measurements, detectors with high quantum efficiency and near background limited performance detectivity over a wide wavelength range are necessary. In this article, we will review the state-of-the-art single and multicolor detector technologies over a wide spectral-range, for use in space-based and airborne remote sensing applications. Simultaneous detection in multi-wavelength bands with a single focal plane array (FPA) will result in reduction or elimination of heavy and complex optical components now required for wavelength differentiation in atmospheric remote sensors leading to smaller, lighter, simpler instruments with better performance. Discussions are focused on current and the most recently developed FPA in addition to emphasizing future development in UV-to-Far infrared multicolor FPA detectors for next generation space-based instruments to measure water vapor and greenhouse gases. This novel detector component will make instruments designed for these critical measurements more efficient while reducing complexity and associated electronics and weight. Finally, we will discuss the on-going detector technology efforts at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Abedin, MN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5025-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5152 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1117/12.505887 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY02A UT WOS:000187293600029 ER PT S AU Rafol, SB Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Ting, DZ Mumolo, JM Reininger, FM AF Rafol, SB Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Ting, DZ Mumolo, JM Reininger, FM BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Strojnik, M TI Characterization of QWIP (10-16 mu m) broadband FPA SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXV111, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXVIII CY JUL 07-11, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE DE broadband QWIP detector; intersubband transitions; infrared (IR); long-wavelength infrared (LWIR); very long-wavelength (VLWIR); gallium arsenide (GaAs); quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP); focal plane arrays; infrared imaging ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTOR; PLANE ARRAY CAMERA AB An optimally designed GaAs/AlGaAs broadband (10-16 mum) Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector QWIP Focal Plane Array FPA is fabricated and hybridized to a 640 x 512 Read Out Integrated Circuit (ROIC) with 25 um pixel pitch. The substrate-thinned and LCC mounted FPA was loaded into a dewar and cooled to liquid Neon temperature (similar to28 K) for characterization. The temperature of the FPA was stabilized at 35 K several minutes after power was applied. We will report on the NEDeltaT, QE, uniformity, and D* result. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rafol, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4588-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4820 BP 273 EP 281 DI 10.1117/12.450911 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW42G UT WOS:000181952000032 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Shott, CA Jones, R Laband, S Woolaway, J Fastenau, JM Liu, AK Jhabvala, M Choi, KK AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Shott, CA Jones, R Laband, S Woolaway, J Fastenau, JM Liu, AK Jhabvala, M Choi, KK BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Strojnik, M TI 640x512 pixel four-band, broad-band, and narrow-band. quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXV111, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXVIII CY JUL 07-11, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE DE focal plane Arrays; QWIPs; long-wavelength infrared (LWIR); hand-held camera ID CAMERA AB A 9 mum cutoff 640x512 pixel hand-held quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) camera has been demonstrated with excellent imagery. Based on the single pixel test data, a noise equivalent differential temperature (NETD) of 8 mK is expected at 65K operating temperature with f/2 optics at 300K background. This focal plane array has shown background limited performance (BPLI) at 72K operating temperature with the same optics and background conditions. In this paper, we discuss the development of this very sensitive long wavelength infrared (LWIR) camera based on a GaAs/AlGaAs QWIP focal plane array and its performance in quantum efficiency, NETD, uniformity, and operability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4588-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4820 BP 306 EP 317 DI 10.1117/12.453574 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW42G UT WOS:000181952000036 ER PT S AU Abedin, MN Refaat, TF Joshi, RP Sulima, OV Mauk, M Singh, UN AF Abedin, MN Refaat, TF Joshi, RP Sulima, OV Mauk, M Singh, UN BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI Characterization and analysis of InGaAsSb detectors SO INFRARED TECHNOLOLGY AND APPLICATIONS XXIX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Infrared Technology and Applications XXIX Conference CY APR 21-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE IR detectors; InGaAsSb; characterization; model ID MIDINFRARED WAVELENGTHS; INASSBP PHOTODETECTORS; GAINASSB; LASER AB Profiling of atmospheric CO2 at 2 mum wavelength using the LIDAR technique, has recently gained interest. Although several detectors might be suitable for this application, an ideal device would have high gain, low noise and narrow spectral response peaking around the wavelength of interest. This increases the detector signal-to-noise ratio and minimizes the background signal, thereby increasing the device sensitivity and dynamic range. Detectors meeting the above idealized criteria are commercially unavailable for this particular wavelength. In this paper, the characterization and analysis of Sb-based detectors for 2 mum lidar applications are presented. The detectors were manufactured by AstroPower, Inc., with an InGaAsSb absorbing layer and AlGaAsSb passivating layer. The characterization experiments included spectral response, current versus voltage and noise measurements. The effect of the detectors bias voltage and temperature on its performance, have been investigated as well. The detectors peak responsivity is located at the 2 mum wavelength. Comparing three detector samples, an optimization of the spectral response around the 2 pm wavelength, through a narrower spectral period was observed. Increasing the detector bias voltage enhances the device gain at the narrow spectral range, while cooling the device reduces the cut-off wavelength and lowers its noise. Noise-equivalent-power analysis results in a value as low as 4 x 10(-12) W/Hz(1/2) corresponding to D* of 1 x 10(10) cm/Hz(1/2)/W, at -1 V and 20degreesC. Discussions also include device operational physics and optimization guidelines, taking into account peculiarity of the Type II heterointerface and transport mechanisms under these conditions. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Abedin, MN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4933-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5074 BP 332 EP 342 DI 10.1117/12.486345 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY23C UT WOS:000188359400034 ER PT S AU Broberg, SE Pagano, TS Aumanna, HH Strow, L Gaiser, SL AF Broberg, SE Pagano, TS Aumanna, HH Strow, L Gaiser, SL BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI Atmospheric sounding at JPL: Current and future technologies SO INFRARED TECHNOLOLGY AND APPLICATIONS XXIX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Infrared Technology and Applications XXIX Conference CY APR 21-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE hyperspectral; infrared; atmospheric; sounding AB JPL is currently managing the instrument operations, calibration and data system for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua spacecraft. Aqua was launched on May 4, 2002 from Vandenberg Air Force Base. AIRS has 2378 infrared channels with high spectral resolution (1200) covering the 3.7 to 15.4 micron wavelength range. AIRS data are used to produce temperature and humidity profiles useful in predicting weather and monitoring climate. We discuss lessons learned on AIRS in the development and operations as well as plans for next generation systems including SIRAS, a wide field hyperspectral infrared imaging spectrometer which offers AIRS spectral performance at 24x higher spatial resolution. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Broberg, SE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4933-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5074 BP 600 EP 611 DI 10.1117/12.487261 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY23C UT WOS:000188359400061 ER EF