FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Moose, SP Sisco, PH AF Moose, SP Sisco, PH TI Glossy15, an APETALA2-like gene from maize that regulates leaf epidermal cell identity SO GENES & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE leaf development; organ identity; heteroblasty; phase change; transposon-tagging ID DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; MADS-BOX GENE; FLORAL DEVELOPMENT; SHOOT DEVELOPMENT; PHASE-CHANGE; ARABIDOPSIS; EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; FLOWERS; PLANTS AB Vegetative development in many plants progresses through distinct juvenile and adult phases. In maize, the transition from juvenile to adult shoot development affects a variety of leaf epidermal cell traits. These include epicuticular waxes, leaf hairs, and cell wall characteristics. Previous genetic and phenotypic analyses have shown that the maize Glossy15 (Gl15) gene is required for the expression of juvenile epidermal traits after leaf 2. We report here the molecular cloning of the Gl15 gene using a defective Suppressor-Mutator (dSpm) element insertion as a transposon-tag. Consistent with the gl15 mutant phenotype, the pattern of Gl15 mRNA expression was correlated with a juvenile leaf epidermal cell identity and was regulated by upstream factors such as Corngrass1. The Gl15 gene encodes a putative transcription factor with significant sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis regulatory genes APETALA2 and AINTEGUMENTA, which act primarily to regulate floral organ identity and ovule development. This finding expands the known functions of APETALA2-related genes to include the control of both vegetative and reproductive lateral organ identity and provides molecular support for the hypothesis that leaves and floral organs are related structures derived from a common growth plan. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT GENET,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 42 TC 134 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 9 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 SN 0890-9369 J9 GENE DEV JI Genes Dev. PD DEC 1 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 23 BP 3018 EP 3027 DI 10.1101/gad.10.23.3018 PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VX613 UT WOS:A1996VX61300007 PM 8957002 ER PT J AU Meglic, V Serquen, F Staub, JE AF Meglic, V Serquen, F Staub, JE TI Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) .1. A reevaluation of the US germplasm collection SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE isozymes; principal component analysis; cluster analysis; cucumber; Cucumis; Cucumis sativus; plant germplasm ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; LOCI; VARIABILITY; ISOZYMES AB Genetic variation within the U.S. cucumber collection (Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. and var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) was assessed by examing the variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci and comparing the results of this investigation with a similar previous analysis of 14 loci. About 29% (15 of 51) of the enzyme systems examined in an initial survey were polymorphic. Seven loci (Ak-2, Ak-3, Fdp-1, Fdp-2, Mpi-1, Pep-gl and Skdh) which were not previously used to estimate genetic diversity, were assessed. On average, 1.4 loci were polymorphic per enzyme system and 2.2 alleles were present per polymorphic locus. The frequency of polymorphisms was relatively low for Fdp-1(2) (0.01), Mpi-1(1) (0.03), and Skdh(1) (0.02). Principal component and cluster analyses of allelic variation at polymorphic loci separated a diverse array of 757 cucumber accessions from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm Systesm's (NPGS) collection into distinct groups by country (45 nations examined). All accessions of C. a, var. sativus were isozymically distinct from C. s. var. hardwickii, which were themselves dissimilar from each other. Data suggest that C. s. var. hardwickii is not a feral derivative of extant C. s. var. sativus populations. The allelic profile of C. a. var. sativus accessions originating from Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia were distinct from the other accessions examined. Allelic fixation has occurred at Pgd-2 in accessions from Burma, and at Ak-2 in accessions from Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. Some of the countries examined that were in close geographic proximity (e.g., Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong) contained accessions with similar isozyme profiles. Accessions are fixed for certain alleles [e.g., Gr (1) (100%), Fdp-1(1) (100%) and Mpi-2(2) (50%) for accessions from Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong]. Grouping countries by continent or sub-continent (i.e., North and South American, China, Eastern Europe, Western Europe) and by numbers of accessions examined (i.e., India/Burma, Iran, Japan, Turkey, and remaining accessions) was used to identify accessions with unique aIlozymic profiles [(PIs 209064 (USA), 257486 (China), 188749 (Egypt), 285607 (Poland), 369717 (Yugoslavia), 357844 (Poland), 255936 (Netherlands), 183127 (India), 200818 (Burma), 200815 (Burma), 137836 (Iran), 227013 (Iran), 227235 (Iran), 451976 (Japan), 181752 (Syria), 181874 (Syria), 169383 (Turkey), 171613 (Turkey)]. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,AGR RES SERV,USDA,VEGETABLE CROPS UNIT,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 44 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 533 EP 546 DI 10.1007/BF00138830 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VQ358 UT WOS:A1996VQ35800006 ER PT J AU Meglic, V Staub, JE AF Meglic, V Staub, JE TI Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) .2. An evaluation of selected cultivars released between 1846 and 1978 SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE isozymes; germplasm diversity; genetic markers; cucumber; Cucumis sativus ID ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATION; ISOZYME AB Genetic variation among 155 U.S. modern and heirloom cultivars was assessed from assays of 21 polymorphic isozyme loci. Four loci (Fdp-1, Mdh-1, Mpi-1 and Pgd-1) were monomorphic. Multivariate analyses partitioned cultivars into two distinct groups: those released before 1968, and those released after 1968. Cluster analysis produced a dendrogram with 14 nodes and 28 groups. Modern U.S. and European cultivars released after 1968 differed in isozyme frequencies. Isozymic profiles clearly discriminated some cultivars with unique attributes and/or pedigrees [e.g., 'Windermoor Wonder' (USA), 'Gergana' (The Netherlands), 'Seiram' (The Netherlands), 'Fancy Pak' (USA), 'Dasher 2' (USA), and WI 2757 (USA)]. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,AGR RES SERV,USDA,VEGETABLE CROPS UNIT,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 547 EP 558 DI 10.1007/BF00138831 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VQ358 UT WOS:A1996VQ35800007 ER PT J AU Zhang, XY Dong, YS Wang, RRC AF Zhang, XY Dong, YS Wang, RRC TI Characterization of genomes and chromosomes in partial amphiploids of the hybrid Triticum aestivum x Thinopyrum ponticum by in situ hybridization, isozyme analysis, and RAPD SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Thinopyrum ponticum; wheat; partial amphiploid; GISH; isozyme; RAPD ID WHEAT; AGROPYRON; MARKERS AB Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and Southern hybridization of genome-specific RAPD markers were used to demonstrate that the E genome (including E(e) and E(b) from Thinopyrum elongatum and Thinopyrum bessarabicum, respectively) and the St genome (from Pseudoroegneria species) were the two basic genomes in Thinopyrum ponticum. GISH also revealed that the centromeric region may be the critical area that discriminates the St genome from the E genome in Th. ponticum. Of the seven partial amphiploids isolated from backcrossed progenies of Triticum aestivum x Thinopyrum ponticum hybrids, two (lines 693 and 7631) have eight pairs of chromosomes from the E(e) and (or) E(b) genomes. Four partial amphiploids (lines 784, 68, 7430, and 40767-1) have an incomplete St genome, i.e., six pairs of chromosomes of St and one pair of chromosomes from E(e) or E(b) In a heptaploid individual of the partial amphiploid 40767-2, there were four pairs of St chromosomes, one pair of St/1B Robertsonian translocation chromosomes, one pair of St/E translocation chromosomes, and one pair of E(e) or E(b) chromosomes. The isoelectric focusing of Est-5, Est-4, beta-Amy-1, alpha-Amy-1, and alpha-Amy-2 and the RAPD data generated with 24 decamer primers on five partial amphiploids (lines 784, 693, 7631, 68, and 7430) indicated that lines 693 and 7631 had identical genomes from Th. ponticum. The partial amphiploid 784 probably had a set of chromosomes completely different from those of 693 and 7631. These results indicate that genome recombination usually occurred during the formation of new polyploid lines. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FOREST & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322. CHINESE ACAD AGR SCI,INST CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES,BEIJING 100081,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 28 TC 72 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1062 EP 1071 DI 10.1139/g96-133 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA WA161 UT WOS:A1996WA16100003 PM 18469955 ER PT J AU Echt, CS MayMarquardt, P Hseih, M Zahorchak, R AF Echt, CS MayMarquardt, P Hseih, M Zahorchak, R TI Characterization of microsatellite markers in eastern white pine SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Pinus strobus; forest genetics; simple sequence repeat; SSR; allelic diversity ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAS; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; TANDEM REPEATS; LOCI; INHERITANCE; VARIABILITY; ABUNDANCE; MUTATION; RAPD; PCR AB An enrichment cloning method was evaluated for the isolation of microsatellite loci from eastern white pine and the resulting markers were examined for polymorphisms. A 200-fold enrichment was achieved for highly abundant (AC)(n) repeats, but for much less abundant (ACAG)(n) repeats an enrichment of only 20-fold was obtained. Using a single set of PCR conditions, 19 microsatellite loci were identified from 77 primer pairs evaluated. Genotyping of 16 (AC)(n) loci in 16 unrelated white pines from the north-central United States revealed an average of 5.4 alleles per locus and an average observed heterozygosity of 0.515. Five loci were scored among megagametophytes from a single pine to obtain a haploid genotype of the segregating female meiotic products. All loci segregated according to Mendelian expectations and linkage was established for two of the loci. It was concluded that (AC)(n) loci are highly variable in this species and that SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers can be efficiently developed for genome mapping and population genetics studies. C1 RES GENET INC,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35801. RP Echt, CS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,INST FOREST BIOTECHNOL,5985 CTY RD K,RHINELANDER,WI 54501, USA. RI Echt, Craig/H-4684-2012 OI Echt, Craig/0000-0001-9330-4051 NR 39 TC 139 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1102 EP 1108 DI 10.1139/g96-138 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA WA161 UT WOS:A1996WA16100008 PM 8983182 ER PT J AU Kindiger, B Bai, D Sokolov, V AF Kindiger, B Bai, D Sokolov, V TI Assignment of a gene(s) conferring apomixis in Tripsacum to a chromosome arm: Cytological and molecular evidence SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE apomixis; Tripsacum; mapping; maize ID APOMICTIC MODE; ZEA-MAYS; MAIZE; GENOME; GRASSES; REPRODUCTION; INHERITANCE; POACEAE; HYBRIDS; MARKERS AB Attempts are underway to locate and transfer genes conferring diplosporous apomixis from Tripsacum to maize. The objective of this study was to evaluate several apomictic and sexual maize-Tripsacum hybrids for the presence or absence of Tripsacum chromosomes, PCR-RAPD generated markers, and RFLP markers that would have an association with apomictic development. Cytological and molecular analysis resulted in the identification of the Tripsacum chromosome arm carrying the gene(s) conferring diplosporous apomixis. Evaluations made on apomictic sexually derived maize + Tripsacum addition lines and an apomictic line possessing a Mz6L-Tr16L translocation were used to establish the location of the gene(s). Results of the study indicate that the successful transfer of a single Tripsacum chromosome is all that is necessary to maintain apomictic reproduction in a maize background. Additional use of this material may facilitate the development of an apomictic maize prototype and the eventual isolation of the gene(s). C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST CYTOL & GENET,NOVOSIBIRSK 630090,RUSSIA. RP Kindiger, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. OI Kindiger, Bryan/0000-0002-2938-3653 NR 34 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1133 EP 1141 DI 10.1139/g96-143 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA WA161 UT WOS:A1996WA16100013 PM 8983184 ER PT J AU McDonald, EV Pierson, FB Flerchinger, GN McFadden, LD AF McDonald, EV Pierson, FB Flerchinger, GN McFadden, LD TI Application of a soil-water balance model to evaluate the influence of holocene climate change on calcic soils, Mojave Desert, California, USA SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE deserts; soils; calcareous soils; water balance; Holocene; climate effects ID SIMULTANEOUS HEAT; QUATERNARY SOILS; DUST DEPOSITION; SOUTHERN NEVADA; UNITED-STATES; CARBONATE; TEMPERATURE; VALLEY; SYSTEM; BASIN AB We used a process-based soil-water balance model to simulate the downward flux of soil-water under varied conditions of climate, vegetation, and soil texture to determine the potential impact of episodic periods of wetter (pluvial) climate during the Holocene on calcic soils in the Mojave Desert that have a bimodal distribution of carbonate. Daily weather data associated with a relatively ''wet'' climate (years with extreme increases in annual rainfall, similar to 33 cm/yr) and ''dry'' climate (historic average annual rainfall, similar to 15 cm/yr) was used to simulate the affects of Pleistocene and Holocene climate change on soil-water balance. Linkages among atmospheric circulation patterns, regional increases in precipitation, and historic flooding in the Mojave Desert, California, suggest that historic wet years provide an analog for wetter climates that occurred during the last glacial period (latest Pleistocene) and episodically during Holocene periods of pluvial activity. Modeling results indicate that soil-water balance for dry and wet years strongly corresponds with the upper and lower zones of carbonate accumulation respectively. Soil-water only reached the lower zone of carbonate during a wet year when extreme increases in winter/spring storm activity resulted in a significant increase in precipitation and the downward flux of soil water. The linkage between increases in frontal storm activity and pluvial events suggests that the shallow zone of the bimodal distribution of carbonate is a result of periods of significant decreases in winter and spring rainfall and not primarily due to increases in Holocene temperature or the development of clay-rich horizons. Calculation of carbonate solubility and accumulation rates suggests that the bimodal distribution of carbonates in soils may have also been impacted by episodic periods of extreme increases in precipitation associated with perennial lakes during the Holocene. Results suggests that much of the carbonate in the upper 75 cm of Pleistocene soils may have accumulated during the late Holocene rather than throughout the entire Holocene. C1 USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,BOISE,ID 83712. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. RP McDonald, EV (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,MS D462,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 55 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3-4 BP 167 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00070-5 PG 26 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WE162 UT WOS:A1996WE16200001 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, Y Yakovchenko, V Rabenhorst, MC Pooley, C Sikora, LJ AF Pachepsky, Y Yakovchenko, V Rabenhorst, MC Pooley, C Sikora, LJ TI Fractal parameters of pore surfaces as derived from micromorphological data: Effect of long-term management practices SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE pore spaces; micromorphology; fractal analysis; shape analysis; soil management ID CLAY LOAM SOIL; IMAGE-ANALYSIS; CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; POROSITY; FLOW; ZERO; VITICULTURE; MACROPORES; PRINCIPLES; MORPHOLOGY AB Differences between soils in their porosity need to be quantified to diagnose changes related to management practices or to pedogenesis. Micromorphological data give abundant information on soil pore arrangement whereas fractal geometry presents tools to quantify irregular and rugged boundaries characteristic to soil pores. The objective of this work was (a) to verify applicability of the fractal scaling to irregular pore outlines revealed on soil thin sections, and (b) to test the capability of fractal parameters to reflect an influence of management practices on soil porosity. We sampled Comly silty loam soil in plots where nitrogen was supplied from conventional fertilizer sources, manure, legumes, and in uncultivated plots under grasses where no nitrogen has been supplied. Using slit-island technique, we have shown that fractal scaling was applicable to soil pore outlines revealed on thin sections, Piecewise-linear log-log relationships were found between pore area and pore perimeter. Small pores with areas less than 10(-9) m(-2) had fractal dimension D-1 between 1.06 and 1.12. Pores with areas exceeding 10(-9) m(2) had fractal dimension D-1 between 1.42 and 1.51. The boundary between two ranges corresponded to the boundary between vughy and rounded pores. Pores with rugged fractal outlines represent 15-30% of total pore number and provide 86-98% of the total visible pore area. Management practices affected only the number and the area of large elongated pores. Value of D-2 was larger in samples from the legume plots than in samples from other plots. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,REMOTE SENSING & MODELING LAB,BLDG 007 RM 008,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 36 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3-4 BP 305 EP 319 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00073-0 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WE162 UT WOS:A1996WE16200009 ER PT J AU Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Havstad, KM AF Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Havstad, KM TI Chemical composition of Flourensia cernua at four growth stages SO GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIVESTOCK; HERBIVORY; SORGHUM; TANNINS; FODDER; GRAIN; LAMBS; DIETS; GOATS AB Tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) is an abundant Chihuahuan Desert shrub but is used sparingly by livestock. Leaves were removed from forty tarbush plants harvested in each of 3 years during four growth stages: (1) early, (2) mid-point, (3) late and (4) curtailed growth (ten plants per growth stage each year). Plants were air dried and all leaves were removed. In vitro dry-matter (DM) disappearance was greater for the early growth stage than other stages (P < 0.05). The fibrous fraction increased with maturity, with neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents all less for the early growth stage (P < 0.05) than other stages. The latter three growth stages did not differ in NDF Or ADF content, but ADL content was lower for the mid-point growth stage than for the two later stages (P < 0.05). Calcium content increased with advancing season (P < 0.05), whereas phosphorus concentration exhibited an inverse pattern (P < 0.05). Nitrogen (N) content of tarbush was greatest in the early growth stage (P < 0.05) and declined substantially thereafter. Soluble N content was greater and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) content was lower for early growth (P < 0.05) than other stages. Insoluble N concentration followed a pattern similar to N, declining with advancing season (P < 0.05). When expressed as a fraction of total N, insoluble N decreased and soluble N increased with maturity (P < 0.05). Condensed tannin concentration tended (P < 0.10) to increase with advancing season. Total phenolic content was lowest for early growth (P < 0.05), and did not differ among the other stages. Chemical analysis revealed tarbush to be relatively high in N concentration. Fibre fractions, ADIN, ADL and condensed tannins were all generally low whereas total phenolic content of tarbush was quite high. Early use by livestock would be most advantageous in terms of nutrient availability (N, P and in vitro digestibility) and lowest total phenolic concentration. Year-to-year variability in chemical composition of tarbush appears to be substantial. It remains to be seen whether overriding intake deterrents would be beneficial to livestock, given the high phenolic concentration in tarbush. Tarbush has several characteristics that make it a suitable model for studying plant-animal interactions of desert shrubs. RP Estell, RE (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,JORNADA EXPT RANGE,DEPT 3JER,BOX 30003,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0142-5242 J9 GRASS FORAGE SCI JI Grass Forage Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 434 EP 441 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02078.x PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WT964 UT WOS:A1996WT96400012 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Gabert, A Wehner, TC AF Staub, JE Gabert, A Wehner, TC TI Plant variety protection: A consideration of genetic relationships SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; AMERICAN OAT GERMPLASMS; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; MAIZE INBREDS; RFLP DATA; DIVERSITY; PEDIGREE; LINES; ASSOCIATION; POPULATIONS C1 SUNSEEDS CO, BROOKS, OR 97305 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT HORT SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT HORT, USDA ARS, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 61 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1086 EP 1091 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400003 ER PT J AU McGiffen, ME Manthey, JA AF McGiffen, ME Manthey, JA TI The role of methanol in promoting plant growth: A current evaluation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARROT CELLS; CROP YIELD; DEHYDROGENASE; ETHANOL; FOLIAR; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACETALDEHYDE; GLYCINE; LEAVES C1 AGR RES SERV,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,USDA,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33883. RP McGiffen, ME (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 52 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1092 EP 1096 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400004 ER PT J AU Scorza, R AF Scorza, R TI Genome mapping of horticultural crops: Introduction to the Colloquium SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Scorza, R (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1098 EP 1098 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400005 ER PT J AU Havey, MJ King, JJ Bradeen, JM Bark, O AF Havey, MJ King, JJ Bradeen, JM Bark, O TI Molecular markers and mapping in bulb onion, a forgotten monocot SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALLIUM-CEPA L; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS; CYTOPLASMS; DIVERSITY; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; FISTULOSUM; KARYOTYPE; ISOZYMES RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1116 EP 1118 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400010 ER PT J AU Russo, VM AF Russo, VM TI Planting date, fertilizer rate, and harvest timing affect yield of Jalapeno and banana peppers SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annuum; culture; harvest timing AB Planting date, fertilizer rate, and timing of harvest can affect yield of Jalapeno and banana peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Seedlings of the Jalapeno 'Mitla' and Long yellow wax 'Sweet Banana #504' were transplanted in Apr. and July 1995 into beds fertilized with either a recommended or a higher rate. Fruit were harvested either three times or once, the latter corresponding to the last of several harvests. Significantly higher yields were produced from the July planting of both cultivars and with once-over harvesting, The recommended rate of fertilizer increased yield of 'Sweet Banana #504' and decreased that of 'Mitla' compared to the higher rate. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,S CENT AGR RES LAB,POB 159,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1124 EP 1125 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400012 ER PT J AU Acock, MC Wang, ZC Acock, B Jones, R AF Acock, MC Wang, ZC Acock, B Jones, R TI Gum yield as affected by capsule age, firmness, gum collecting methods, and phenotypes in opium poppy SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE opium poppy; yield AB The U.S. State Dept. annually publishes estimates of narcotic drug crop production worldwide. The areas under cultivation are well known but yields per unit land area are not. Determining opium gum yield from illicitly grown poppy Papaver somniferum L. is difficult and dangerous. Removing plants from the field and harvesting gum in a safe place would allow us to measure gum yield from one short field visit. To interpret these results in terms of total gum yield from the field, one must know how the measured gum is affected by gum collecting method, capsule age, and phenotype. Opium poppy seeds from three phenotypes (purple, white, and red-white flowers) were grown in a greenhouse and plants were either cut at the soil level or left intact for opium gum harvest at 7, 12, and 22 days after flowering (DAF). Capsule firmness was measured to estimate gum yield and capsule age, and the relationship between total gum yield and yield from the first lancing was examined. The average gum yield (8.4 mg . g(-1) dry weight capsule) for the purple-flowered phenotypes was 17% and 25% lower than for the white- and red/white-flowered phenotypes, respectively. Capsule firmness of the three phenotypes varied from approximate to 800 to 2300 N . m(-1) as the capsule aged. Gum yield and capsule firmness increased with capsule age but the timing of those changes differed among phenotypes. No significant correlations were found between capsule firmness and gum yield or between capsule firmness and age. Therefore, capsule firmness cannot be used to predict gum yield or capsule age. Gum yield from the first lancing was linearly correlated with total gum yield (r(2) = 0.82). Since this relationship changes with growing condition, it is insufficient to predict total gum yield. Gum yield from cut plants was significantly lower than from intact plants for all three phenotypes at 22 DAF and for white-flowered phenotypes at 12 DAF. No difference in gum yield was observed between cut and intact plants at 7 or 12 DAF for purple and red/white-flowered phenotypes. The relationship between gum yield from cut and intact plants was too variable to predict gum yield from intact plants by measuring gum yield from cut plants. RP Acock, MC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SYST REMOTE SENSING & MODELING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1156 EP 1159 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400022 ER PT J AU Spiers, JM AF Spiers, JM TI Established 'Tifblue' rabbiteye blueberries respond to irrigation and fertilization SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium ashei ID GROWTH AB The effects of varying rates of a complete fertilizer and irrigation on the growth and fruit yields of 'Tifblue' rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) established 3 years before treatment initiation were determined in a field study. Increased rates of irrigation resulted in increased plant growth and fruit yields. Five- and 6-year-old plants were more responsive to increasing irrigation rates than older plants. Irrigation water efficacy was greatest at lower rates and progressively less at higher rates of irrigation. Five- and 6-gear-old plants fertilized with the lowest rate (14N-4P-7K; 150 g/plant) grew and yielded less than those fertilized with higher rates. Older plants did not respond to fertilization rates higher than 150 g/plant. Yearly rates of fertilization above 300 g/plant did not influence plant growth or fruit yields. Fertilization and irrigation responses were independent. RP Spiers, JM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POB 287,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1167 EP 1168 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400025 ER PT J AU Farnham, MW Garrett, JT AF Farnham, MW Garrett, JT TI Importance of collard and kale genotype for winter production in southeastern United States SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cole crops; Brassica oleracea L; Acephala Group; leafy greens; vernalization; bolting AB Winter production of collard and kale (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) in the southeastern United States is limited by the tendency of these leafy green vegetables to bolt following vernalization. Collard and kale cultivars, landraces, and breeding lines were tested in four winter environments from 1992 to 1995 to determine differences among all included entries for winter production and tendency to bolt in a cold season environment. Essentially all entries survived the conditions of four winter environments. However, whether an entry reached harvest size depended on its date of 50% bolting. Collard typically bolted earlier than kale, Most kale entries reached a marketable size before bolting, while only the collard cultivars 'Blue Max' and 'Champion' and landraces G. Summersett and Mesic Zero consistently did the same. Several entries, for example, 'Squire' kale and G. Summersett collard, usually did not bolt. Results of this research indicate that significant genetic control of the long-standing (delayed bolting) phenotype is present in collard and kale. Successful winter production of these cole crops can be better ensured by using a long-standing genotype. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,PEEDEE RES & EDUC CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29501. RP Farnham, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1210 EP 1214 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400037 ER PT J AU McFerson, JR Walters, TW Eckenrode, CJ AF McFerson, JR Walters, TW Eckenrode, CJ TI Variation in Allium spp damage by onion maggot SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Delia antiqua; leek; Allium ampeloprasum; plant resistance to insects ID WHEAT APHID HOMOPTERA; PLANT-RESISTANCE; DIPTERA; ANTHOMYIIDAE; INSECTICIDES; MANAGEMENT; GREENBUG; FLY AB Nearly 350 germplasm accessions representing 25 Allium species were evaluated for damage by onion maggot (OM) [Delia antiqua (Meigen)] in field experiments in 1989. In 1990, 188 additional accessions and breeding lines were evaluated, and 36 entries from the 1989 evaluation were re-evaluated, In both years, there were no significant differences in OM damage to seedlings among accessions within the species tested, However, differences among species were highly significant, Allium cepa L. (bulb onion) seedlings had consistently high OM damage. Species with significantly less seedling damage than A. cepa included: A. altaicum Pall., A. angulosum L., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. pskemense B. Fedtsch,, A. scorodoprasum L., A. ampeloprasum L. (leek), A. fistulosum L. (bunching onion), A. schoenoprasum L. (chive), and A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spr. (garlic chive). Some species sustaining minimal damage as seedlings were nonetheless heavily damaged as mature plants by a later generation of OM. Allium cepa cultivars that were well-adapted to local conditions were heavily damaged as seedlings, but their bulbs were less damaged than those of poorly adapted A. cepa germplasm. Allium ampeloprasum seedlings and mature plants sustained low injury throughout both growing seasons. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FRUIT & VEGETABLE SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,GENEVA,NY 14456. RP McFerson, JR (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT,GENEVA,NY 14456, USA. RI Walters, Thomas/G-1348-2010 OI Walters, Thomas/0000-0002-2938-8542 NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1219 EP 1222 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400040 ER PT J AU Miller, WR McDonald, RE AF Miller, WR McDonald, RE TI Quality of 'Brightwell' and 'Tifblue' blueberries after gamma irradiation for quarantine treatment SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium ashei; rabbiteye; postharvest; quality; condition ID ELECTRON-BEAM IRRADIATION; RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES; STORAGE QUALITY RP Miller, WR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,US HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1234 EP 1234 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400045 ER PT J AU Galletta, GJ Maas, JL Enns, JM Scheerens, JC Rouse, RJ Heflebower, RF AF Galletta, GJ Maas, JL Enns, JM Scheerens, JC Rouse, RJ Heflebower, RF TI 'Latestar' strawberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria x ananassa; Phytophthora fragariae; red stele root rot resistance; fruit breeding ID CULTIVARS; FRUIT C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. UNIV MARYLAND,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,WYE RES & EDUC CTR,QUEENSTOWN,MD 21658. UNIV MARYLAND,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,WESTERN MARYLAND RES & EDUC CTR,KEEDYSVILLE,MD 21756. RP Galletta, GJ (reprint author), ARS,FRUIT LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1238 EP 1242 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400049 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Meglic, V Knerr, LD Crubaugh, LK AF Staub, JE Meglic, V Knerr, LD Crubaugh, LK TI Cucumber germplasm: Isozyme genetic stocks W6743, W6744, W6745 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; allozyme; genetic markers; seed purity assessment; plant variety protection RP Staub, JE (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1243 EP 1245 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400050 ER PT J AU Fery, RL Dukes, PD AF Fery, RL Dukes, PD TI 'Tender Cream' southernpea SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cowpea; Vigna unguiculata; insect resistance; cowpea curculio; Chalcodermus aeneus; Cercospora cruenta; rust; Uromyces phaseoli var vignae; powdery mildew; Erysiphe polygoni; southern blight; Sclerotium rolfsii; nematode resistance; root knot; Meloidogyne spp; blackeye cowpea mosaic virus; southern bean mosaic virus RP Fery, RL (reprint author), ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,USDA,2874 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1250 EP 1251 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG664 UT WOS:A1996WG66400053 ER PT J AU Wing, RE AF Wing, RE TI Corn fiber citrate: Preparation and ion-exchange properties SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE corn fiber; citric acid; agricultural residue; polysaccharide; thermochemical reaction AB Corn fiber (CF) was allowed to react thermochemically with citric acid (CA) to yield potentially biodegradable products possessing high ion-exchange capacity. The reaction variables studied were: citric acid level (0-100 g), reaction time (0-24 h), pH (1.5-8.3) and temperature (110-140 degrees C). Moisture content and pH were found to be controlling factors. Reaction efficiencies approaching 100% were achieved, while minimizing cross-linking and maximizing carboxyl content. Carboxyl content (0.5-3.6 mmol/g) was determined and copper-binding capacity (0.1-2.0 mmol/g) at pH 4.5 was evaluated for the various CF-CA products. RP Wing, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PLANT POLYMER RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 6 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 5 IS 4 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(96)00030-1 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WA026 UT WOS:A1996WA02600006 ER PT J AU Wang, XR Ding, XF Gopalakrishnan, B Morgan, TD Johnson, L White, FF Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Wang, XR Ding, XF Gopalakrishnan, B Morgan, TD Johnson, L White, FF Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Characterization of a 46 kDa insect chitinase from transgenic tobacco SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitinase; tobacco; transformation; gene; Manduca sexta; tobacco hornworm; bioassay; Oryzae philus mercator; merchant grain beetle ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BACILLUS-CIRCULANS WL-12; MANDUCA-SEXTA L; GLYCOPROTEINS; PROTEINS; EXPRESSION; PATHOGENS; SEQUENCE; RESIDUES AB A 46 kDa Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase was isolated from leaves of transgenic tobacco plants containing a recombinant insect chitinase cDNA, characterized, and tested for insecticidal activity. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Q-Sepharose anion-exchange chromatography and mono-S cation-exchange chromatography. Although the gene for the chitinase encoded the 85 kDa full-length chitinase as previously reported by Kramer et al. [Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23, 691-701 (1993)], the enzyme is produced in tobacco as a 46 kDa protein that is approximately four-fold less active than the 85 kDa chitinase. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 46 kDa chitinase is identical to that of the 85 kDa chitinase. The former enzyme is not glycosylated, whereas the latter contains approximately 25% carbohydrate. The pH and temperature optima of the 46 kDa chitinaseare similar to those of the 85 kDa chitinase, The former enzyme is more basic than the latter. The 46 kDa chitinase likely consists of the N-terminal catalytic domain of the 85 kDa chitinase and lacks the C-terminal domain that contains several potential sites for glycosylation. The 46 kDa chitinase is expressed in a number of plant organs, including leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Enzyme levels are higher in leaves and flowers than in stems and roots, and leaves from the middle portion of the plant have more chitinase than leaves from the top and bottom portions. Little or no enzyme is secreted outside of the plant cells because it remains in the intracellular space, even though its transit sequence is processed. When fed at a 2% dietary level, the 46 kDa chitinase caused 100% larval mortality of the merchant grain beetle, Oryzaephilis mercator. The results of this study support the hypothesis that insect chitinase is a biopesticidal protein for insect pests feeding on insect chitinase gene-containing transgenic plants. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. NR 33 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1055 EP 1064 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00056-2 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA WG403 UT WOS:A1996WG40300008 ER PT J AU Ritchie, JC Menenti, M Weltz, MA AF Ritchie, JC Menenti, M Weltz, MA TI Measurements of land surface features using an airborne laser altimeter: The HAPEX-Sahel experiment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SHRUB SAVANNA SITES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; CANOPY COVER; ROUGHNESS; HEIGHT; NIGER AB An airborne laser profiling altimeter was used to measure surface features and properties of the landscape during the HAPEX-Sahel Experiment in Niger, Africa in September 1992. The laser altimeter makes 4000 measurements per second with a vertical resolution of 5 cm. Airborne laser and detailed held measurements of vegetation heights had similar average heights and frequency distribution. Laser transects were used to estimate land surface topography, gully and channel morphology, and vegetation properties (height, cover and distribution). Land surface changes related to soil erosion and channel development were measured. For 1 km laser transects over tiger bush communities, the maximum vegetation height was between 45 and 6.5 m, with an average height of 2.1 m. Distances between the centre of rows of tiger bush vegetation averaged 100 m. For two laser transects, ground cover for tiger bush was estimated to be 22.5 and 30.1 per cent for vegetation greater than 0.5 m tall and 19.0 and 25.8 per cent for vegetation greater than 1.0 m tall. These values are similar to published values for tiger bush. Vegetation cover for 14 and 18 km transects was estimated to be 4 per cent for vegetation greater than 0.5 m tall. These cover values agree within 1-2 per cent with published data for short transects (<100 m) for the area. The laser altimeter provided quick and accurate measurements for evaluating changes in land surface features. Such information provides a basis for understanding land degradation and a basis for management plans to rehabilitate the landscape. C1 DLO,WINAND STARING CTR INTEGRATED LAND SOIL & WATER R,NL-6700 AA WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. USDA ARS,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Menenti, Massimo/0000-0001-9176-4556 NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 17 IS 18 BP 3705 EP 3724 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VW804 UT WOS:A1996VW80400011 ER PT J AU Keim, NL Belko, AZ Barbieri, TF AF Keim, NL Belko, AZ Barbieri, TF TI Body fat percentage and gender: Associations with exercise energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and mechanical work efficiency SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cycle ergometry; carbohydrate oxidation; fat oxidation; gender; energy utilization ID CALORIC RESTRICTION; WOMEN; RESPONSES; LIPOLYSIS; OBESE; MEN AB Energy expenditure GEE) was measured at specific steady-state work rates to determine if body fat percentage or gender was associated with exercise EE, substrate oxidation, or work efficiency. Body fat percentage (leaner vs. fatter men, 9-15% vs. 20-25% fat; leaner vs. fatter women, 16-24% vs. 32-48% fat) was not related to work efficiency or submaximal EE. Fatness affected substrate oxidation in men but not in women. Compared to fatter men, leaner men had higher fat oxidation (6.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.4 +/- 2.0 mg . kg fat-free mass [FFM](-1). min(-1); p < .01) and lower carbohydrate oxidation (26.6 +/- 4.2 vs. 39.3 +/- 5.0 mg . kg FFM(-1). min(-1); p < .01) at 60% VO2 max. When men and women of similar fatness and relative aerobic capacity were compared, men had higher EE measured as kilojoules per minute but similar rates of EE and substrate oxidation per kilogram of FFM at 40-60% VO(2)max. It was concluded that body FFM, not fatness, is a determinant of exercise EE, whereas fatness is associated with differences in exercise substrate oxidation in men. Along with aerobic fitness, gender and fatness should be considered in future studies of exercise substrate oxidation. RP Keim, NL (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 19 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 356 EP 369 PG 14 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA VW265 UT WOS:A1996VW26500004 PM 8953338 ER PT J AU Seale, JL VanZant, RS Conway, JM AF Seale, JL VanZant, RS Conway, JM TI Free-living, 24-hour, and sleeping energy expenditure in sedentary, strength-trained, and endurance-trained men SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy metabolism; oxygen consumption; carbon dioxide production; exercise; physical activity; doubly labeled water ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; INDIRECT-CALORIMETRY; METABOLIC-RATE; EXERCISE; FITNESS; WOMEN AB Fifteen adult male volunteers were assigned to sedentary, moderately strength-trained, and moderately endurance-trained groups (5 per group) to determine the effect of exercise training on energy expenditure GEE). Subjects were matched for age, weight, and height. Group appointments were based on activity questionnaires and American College of Sports Medicine standards. Subjects consumed a mixed diet of 40% fat, 20% protein, and 40% carbohydrate at weight maintenance intake for 3 weeks while continuing their exercise training programs. Then was no significant difference between groups for 24-hr EE measured in the controlled environment of a room-sized calorimeter. Free-living EE measured with (H2O)-H-2-O-18 in endurance- and strength-trained groups was significantly higher (19.4% and 35.1%, respectively) than in the sedentary group. Moderate endurance and strength training increased free-living EE but did not affect 24-hr EE when groups followed standardized activity schedules. These results suggest that increased EE caused by moderate exercise training is limited to the energy required to complete the exercise. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 370 EP 381 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA VW265 UT WOS:A1996VW26500005 PM 8953339 ER PT J AU Loeb, MJ Bell, RA Gelman, DB Kochansky, J Lusby, W Wagner, RM AF Loeb, MJ Bell, RA Gelman, DB Kochansky, J Lusby, W Wagner, RM TI Action cascade of an insect gonadotropin, testis ecdysiotropin, in male Lepidoptera SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Congress on Invertebrate Reproduction CY AUG 05-11, 1995 CL UNIV OF CALIF AT SANTA CRUZ, SANTA CRUZ, CA SP Int Soc Invertebrate Reprod HO UNIV OF CALIF AT SANTA CRUZ DE ecdysteroid; testes; G protein; second messenger ID ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; TOBACCO BUDWORM; INOSITOL-TRISPHOSPHATE; MELANOPLUS-SANGUINIPES; ECDYSTEROID PRODUCTION; MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; LARVAL TESTES; LEYDIG-CELL AB Testis sheaths from late last instar larvae and mid-developing pupae of Heliothis virescens and Lymantria dispar synthesize ecdysteroid in vitro. Gonadal ecdysteroid can stimulate the production of growth factors from the sheaths which, in turn, promote the growth and development of the genital tract. Ongoing basal synthesis is controlled by positive feedback to exogenous ecdysteroid; titers of this hormone approaching those of molting last instar larvae and developing pupae effect maximum synthesis. These findings suggest that circulating titers of ecdysteroid hormone promote gonadal ecdysteroidogenesis, and thus coordinate the actions of the gonads with metamorphic events in the whole animal. Synthesis of ecdysteroid by testes is initiated, however, by a brain neuropeptide, testis ecdysiotropin (TE). TE is a 21 amino acid peptide of molecular weight 2472 Da. TE boosts basal steroid synthesis by pupal testis sheaths as well. It acts primarily via G(i) protein and second messengers diacyl glycerol and low calcium influx, resulting in stimulation of phosphokinase C. G(s) protein and its resultant messenger, cyclic AMP, also play roles in activation and inhibition of ecdysteroidogenesis. The interplay of controlling systems probably serves to fine tune a system essential to gonadal development and function. RP USDA, INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0792-4259 EI 2157-0272 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1-3 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1080/07924259.1996.9672544 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA WG958 UT WOS:A1996WG95800021 ER PT J AU Marek, LJ Koskinen, WC AF Marek, LJ Koskinen, WC TI LC/MS analysis of 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-containing sulfonylurea herbicides in soil SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chlorsulfuron; metsulfuron-methyl; thifensulfuron-methyl; triasulfuron; LC/MS; electrospray; soil ID GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; METSULFURON-METHYL; WATER SAMPLES; MULTIRESIDUE DETERMINATION; SULFOMETURON METHYL; PACKED-COLUMN; CHLORSULFURON AB A multiresidue method for the determination of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuronmethyl, and triasulfuron in soil by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray/mass spectrometry (LC/ES/MS) is reported. A clay loam soil, spiked at 6.0 mu g kg-l with all four herbicides, was extracted with 0.1 M ammonium carbonate, and the extract was cleaned up by Cls-SPE. The herbicides were quantified using selected ion monitoring. The percent recoveries were as follows: chlorsulfuron, 80.1 +/- 7.9%; metsulfuron-methyl, 99.4 +/- 8.6%; thifensulfuron-methyl, 95.9 +/- 5.9%; and triasulfuron 100.5 +/- 24.3%. We have shown that we can analyze and confirm four 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-containing sulfonylurea herbicides in soil by LC/ES/MS. This multiresidue method should also be appropriate for other sulfonylurea and polar herbicides. C1 USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Marek, LJ (reprint author), MINNESOTA DEPT AGR,LAB SERV DIV,90 W PLATO BLVD,ST PAUL,MN 55107, USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 12 BP 3878 EP 3881 DI 10.1021/jf960279w PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VZ010 UT WOS:A1996VZ01000031 ER PT J AU Tawara, JN Johnston, JJ Goodall, MJ AF Tawara, JN Johnston, JJ Goodall, MJ TI Degradation of 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in watermelon bait. Identification and chemical characterization of novel N-glucoside and oxopropanimine SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 9-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride; CPTH; DRC-1339; N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-chloro-4-methylaniline; N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-2-oxopropanimine browning; Maillard reaction ID 3,4-DICHLOROANILINE; METABOLISM; CULTURES AB Stability of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) in watermelon bait was assessed. When exposed to light, the presence of CPTH accelerated nonenzymic browning (Maillard) reactions and degradation of the watermelon matrix. The addition of potassium metabisulfite appeared to hinder bait degradation. These experiments resulted in the identification and chemical characterization of two novel CPTH derivatives: N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-chloro-4-methylaniline and N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-2-oxopropanimine. C1 US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,USDA,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 12 BP 3983 EP 3988 DI 10.1021/jf960044k PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VZ010 UT WOS:A1996VZ01000051 ER PT J AU Gan, JY Yates, SR AF Gan, JY Yates, SR TI Degradation and phase partition of methyl iodide in soil SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE methyl iodide; methyl bromide; degradation adsorption; photohydrolysis; volatilization ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BROMIDE; HYDROLYSIS; BACTERIA AB Methyl iodide (CH3I) was recently proposed as a direct replacement for methyl bromide (CH3Br) in soil fumigation, but no information exists on its behavior and safety in the environment. In this study, we compared CH3I and CH3Br for their transformation and phase partitioning in soil and characterized processes that affect the dissipation of CH3I from water. In moist soil, the adsorption coefficient K-d of CH3I is greater, and the Henry's law constant K-H is smaller, than that of CH3Br. In the same soil, CH3I was about twice as persistent as CH3Br, and the persistence decreased with increasing soil organic matter content. Chemical reactions, likely nucleophilic substitutions on soil organic matter, were identified as the predominant-pathway through which CH3I and CH3Br were degraded under the concentrations studied. In water, CH3I degraded to I-2 and I- under 254-nm UV irradiation and dissipated rapidly (t(1/2) = 26 h) through volatilization and photohydrolysis under outdoor conditions. RP Gan, JY (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,SOIL PHYS & PESTICIDES RES UNIT,450 BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 38 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 12 BP 4001 EP 4008 DI 10.1021/jf960413c PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VZ010 UT WOS:A1996VZ01000054 ER PT J AU Ferguson, DL Turley, RB Triplett, BA Meredith, WR AF Ferguson, DL Turley, RB Triplett, BA Meredith, WR TI Comparison of protein profiles during cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) fiber cell development with partial sequences of two proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum L; Malvaceae; cotton; fiber; two-dimensional electrophoresis; proteins; malate dehydrogenase ID RESOLUTION 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; MALATE-DEHYDROGENASE; CLONING; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; TUBULIN AB Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to compare the protein profiles of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber cells at two developmental stages. In the first stage, the cells are elongating and synthesizing primary cell walls [14 days postanthesis (DPA)]; in the second stage, the cells are beginning secondary cell wall synthesis [21 DPA]. Forty-five proteins were found that differed in amount between the two stages; these proteins were characterized by their molecular weights, isoelectric points, and relative quantities at each stage. Two of the proteins that were present in higher amounts in the 21-DPA fiber were further studied by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. One of these proteins was identified as a cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase on the basis of N-terminal sequence similarity. These results provide a foundation for further studies of the proteins that participate in cotton fiber development. C1 USDA ARS,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 12 BP 4022 EP 4027 DI 10.1021/jf9602028 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VZ010 UT WOS:A1996VZ01000057 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA Ross, PF AF Dargatz, DA Ross, PF TI Blood selenium concentrations in cows and heifers on 253 cow-calf operations in 18 states SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE selenium; beef cattle; survey ID CATTLE AB This study was conducted to determine the geographic distribution of selenium deficiency among beef cows and heifers in selected states. Whole blood selenium concentrations were determined for cows and heifers on 253 cow-calf operations in 18 states. Overall, 7.8% of the samples were severely deficient, and another 10.4% of the samples were considered marginally deficient for selenium. Blood selenium concentrations varied by geographic region. Cattle from the southeastern states were more commonly considered severely or marginally deficient (18.6% and 23.8%, respectively) than cattle from other regions. Herds from the southeastern states were also more commonly considered severely or marginally deficient (14.9% and 20.9%, respectively) than herds from other regions. Blood selenium concentration also varied by whether selenium had been supplemented to the herd. We conclude that blood selenium levels for cattle vary by geographic region and selenium supplementation of the herd. C1 NATL VET SERV LAB,AMES,IA 50010. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,VET SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL & ANIM HLTH,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 9 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2891 EP 2895 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900004 PM 8994901 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Moseley, WM Solomon, MB AF Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Moseley, WM Solomon, MB TI Effects of Synovex-S(R) and recombinant bovine growth hormone (Somavubove(R)) on growth responses of steers .1. Performance and composition of gain SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE steers; beef; growth promoters; estrogens; somatotropin; tissue protein ID BEEF-CATTLE; SOMATOTROPIN; LAMBS; ESTRADIOL; TRAITS AB The influence of Synovex-S(R) (SYN) ear implant(200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate) and Somavubove(R) (SbV) recombinant bovine growth hormone (.1 mg/kg BW i.m., daily) on live animal performance, tissue growth, and the partitioning of energy gain was determined using a slaughter-balance protocol with 25 young MARC II x (Angus-Hereford crossbred) beef steers (initial BW 182 +/- 1.8 kg). Following 21 d of adjustment to individual pens and to a diet of 80% concentrate and 20% corn-grass (1:1) silages, five groups of five steers per group were assigned to initial slaughter or a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments of CTL (no implant + daily placebo i.m. injection of bicarbonate-saline), SYN (implant + placebo), SbV, or SYN + SbV and slaughtered at 56 d on treatment. Steers were fed (per kilogram BW.75 daily) 20 g of CP and 252 Kcal of ME and consumed 5.5 +/- .07 kg/d DM across treatments. Empty body and carcass gains were affected (SYN, P <.01; SbV, P <.01) by treatments (CTL, SYN, SbV, and SYN + SbV: 1.26, 1.43, 1.63, 1.78 kg/d, SEM = .05, and .78,.97,.97, 1.08 kg/d, SEM = .04, respectively). Noncarcass gain was .45,.48,.60, and .60 kg/d (SEM = .03; SbV, P <.01). For empty body, both protein and water gains were greater for SYN-implanted steers (P <.05) than for steers not implanted and for SbV-injected steers (P <.01) than for placebo-injected steers. Treatments did not influence the efficiency of energy gain. The proportional amount of energy deposited as protein was greater (P <.01) for SbV-injected steers than for placebo-injected steers. The proportional amount of protein deposited was not influenced by SYN(P >.10) however, means were numerically greater for SYN-implanted steers than for steers not implanted, the largest mean being for the SYN + SbV treatment group. Somavubove increased (P <.01) the efficiency of energy deposited as protein in both the empty body and carcass compared with steers not receiving SbV. Efficiency of energy deposited as protein in the empty body tended to be greater(P <.10) for SYN-implanted steers than for steers not implanted. The efficiency with which total feed energy was deposited as protein in empty body was 10% greater for the SYN group than for the CTL group, 21% greater for the SbV group than for the CTL group, and 37% greater for the combined SYN + SbV treatment than for the CTL group. The data from this study are interpreted to indicate that SYN and SbV act in an additive manner to improve growth and protein deposition in young growing steers. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UPJOHN CO,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2917 EP 2928 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900008 PM 8994905 ER PT J AU Ono, Y Solomon, MB Elsasser, TH Rumsey, TS Moseley, WM AF Ono, Y Solomon, MB Elsasser, TH Rumsey, TS Moseley, WM TI Effects of Synovex-S(R) and recombinant bovine growth hormone (Somavubove(R)) on growth responses of steers .2. Muscle morphology and proximate composition of muscles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE steers; beef; growth promoters; estrogens; somatotropin; muscle morphology ID 3 FIBER TYPES; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; TRENBOLONE ACETATE; BODY-COMPOSITION; 60 KILOGRAMS; 90 KILOGRAMS; BEEF STEERS; LONG-TERM; PERFORMANCE AB Twenty crossbred beef steers (initial BW 182 +/- 1.8 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial to determine the effects of implantation with Synovex-S(R) (SYN; 20 mg 17-beta estradiol benzoate + 200 mg progesterone, ear implant) and administration of recombinant bovine growth hormone (Somavubove(R) SbV,.1 mg . kgBW(-1). d(-1), i.m.) on the morphology of six muscles (longissimus, psoas major, supraspinatus, triceps brachii, semitendinosus, rectus femoris) of growing steers. Implantation with SYN decreased the percentage distribution of FOG fibers and increased FG fibers in the supraspinatus and rectus femoris muscles (P <.05). Steers treated with SYN had a larger area of SO and FG fibers in the psoas major muscle (P <.05). The administration of SbV decreased the percentage distribution of FOG fibers and increased FG fibers in the rectus femoris muscle (P <.05). Steers administered SbV had larger SO, FOG, and FG fibers in the psoas major muscle and SO fibers in the supraspinatus and semitendinosus muscles (P <.05). The combined administration of SYN and SbV had minimal, if any, effect on the percentage distribution of fiber types (P >.05) but increased (P < .05) the fiber areas of all muscles (18.5 to 54.8%) except the rectus femoris (P >.05). Proximate composition of the muscles was generally not affected (P >.05) by any of the treatments. The only observations were decreases in fat content for psoas major and rectus femoris muscles as a result of the combined administration of SYN and SbV. These results indicate that both growth-promoting agents, SYN and SbV, have a potential to increase muscle fiber size, but muscles respond differently to the administrations of SYN and SbV. However, when SYN and SbV are administered in combination, the combined effects result in an additive increase in muscle fiber hypertrophic response. C1 USDA ARS,PROD QUAL & DEV INST,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UPJOHN CO,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2929 EP 2934 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900009 PM 8994906 ER PT J AU Koohmaraie, M Doumit, ME Wheeler, TL AF Koohmaraie, M Doumit, ME Wheeler, TL TI Meat toughening does not occur when rigor shortening is prevented SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tenderness; sarcomeres; shortening; rigor; proteolysis ID MUSCLE PROTEINASES; LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; TENDERNESS; DEGRADATION AB The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that meat toughening during the first 24 h postmortem results from sarcomere shortening during rigor mortis development. Eleven market-weight lambs were used to measure changes in shear force of clamped longissimus during rigor development. Within 15 min of exsanguination, while attached at both ends, each longissimus was separated from the vertebrae body and clamped between three sets of metal plates to prevent muscle shortening (six clamped sections per lamb). Five of the clamped sections were placed at -1.1 degrees C for 0, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h. After storage at their respective times at -1.1 degrees C, the samples were placed at -30 degrees C for 90 min and then at -5 degrees C for 8 d. The sixth section (168-h section) was stored at -1.1 degrees C for the first 24 h, at 4 degrees C for 144 h, and then treated the same as other sampling times. Sections were sampled for pH, sarcomere length, shear force, and Western blot analyses before and after storage at -5 degrees C. Shear force values were the same (P >.05) from 0 to 24 h (4.5 kg at 0 h to 4.9 kg at 24 h) then declined(P <.05) to 3.3 kg at 168 h postmortem. As evident by lack of statistical difference in the sarcomere lengths, we were successful in holding the muscle length constant. Western blot analyses of nebulin, vinculin, and troponin-T indicated that minimum degradation occurred through 12 h, was slightly increased by 24 h, and was relatively extensive by 168 h postmortem. Although limited proteolysis occurred during storage at -5 degrees C for 8 d, this by itself had no effect on shear force. Results indicate that shear force values do not increase during rigor development when muscle is prevented from shortening; thus, the toughening that occurs during the first 24 h of slaughter is most likely due to sarcomere shortening. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 22 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2935 EP 2942 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900010 PM 8994907 ER PT J AU Field, RA McCormick, RJ Brown, DR Hinds, FC Snowder, GD AF Field, RA McCormick, RJ Brown, DR Hinds, FC Snowder, GD TI Collagen crosslinks in longissimus muscle from lambs expressing the callipyge gene SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lambs; tenderness; collagen; callipyge ID INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN; THERMAL-STABILITY; ANIMAL AGE; BOVINE; PYRIDINOLINE; TENDERNESS; LINKS; SEX AB The objective of this study was to determine whether increased amounts of collagen and(ori hydroxylysylpyridinoline crosslinks in longissimus muscle are partially responsible for decreased tenderness when callipyge lambs are compared to normal lambs. The longissimus muscle was used because we believe tenderness is a greater problem in loin chops of callipyge lambs than it is in other cuts. Ten normal and 10 half-sibling lambs expressing the callipyge gene were compared. Lambs were slaughtered at approximately 8 mo of age when they reached a target weight of 59 kg. Dressing percentages were higher for the leaner callipyge lambs that exhibited larger longissimus muscle areas and heavier leg weights (P <.01). Warner-Bratzler shear values for longissimus muscle from callipyge lambs mere higher (P <.01) than those from normal lambs. The higher shear values were not explained by amount of muscle collagen or by hydroxylysylpyridinoline crosslink concentration because both collagen percentage (P <.09) and crosslink concentration (P <.04) were lower in callipyge lambs. Therefore, attempts to modify shear values and make loin chops from callipyge lambs more acceptable to consumers should focus on the myofibrillar fraction of muscle. C1 USDA,ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. RP Field, RA (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ANIM SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2943 EP 2947 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900011 PM 8994908 ER PT J AU Wise, T Klindt, J Lunstra, DD Buonomo, FC Yen, JT AF Wise, T Klindt, J Lunstra, DD Buonomo, FC Yen, JT TI Thymic, gonadal, and endocrine relationships in gilts and boars administered porcine somatotropin SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; thymus; testes; testosterone; thymosin ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; SUSTAINED-RELEASE IMPLANT; SERUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE-SULFATE; LEYDIG-CELL STEROIDOGENESIS; THYMOSIN BETA-4; HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS; THYMULIN SECRETION; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; FOLLICULAR-FLUID; EPITHELIAL-CELLS AB We hypothesized that much of the positive effect of porcine somatotropin (pST) on the immune system would be offset by the pST/IGF stimulation of gonadal function and that there would be negative effects on thymic weight and function from increased androgens in males. Male and female hogs 178 boars, 90 gilts) representing three genetic lines (lean, obese, and crossbred meat type) received 0, 2, or 4 mg of recombinant pST/d via implant for 42 d. Blood samples were collected on 0, 7, 14, 28, and 42 d of the trial for changes in pST, IGF-I, IGF-II, thymosin beta 4, dehydroepiandrosterone/dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA/DHEASO(4)), and testosterone concentrations. Thymic, splenic, gonadal, and adrenal weights were collected at slaughter id 42). Thymic weights increased with dose of pST in both sexes (P <.01), but splenic weights were unaltered. Adrenal weights increased with dose of pST (P <.01), but gonadal weights showed no response to pST in either sex or any line. Overall, concentrations of pST, IGF, and thymosin beta 4 increased with dose of pST. Serum testosterone concentrations in boars declined with dose of pST in lean and obese lines, and DHEA/DHEASO(4) declined in all lines with pST treatment. Testicular testosterone concentrations were not different among lines or doses of pST, indicating no stimulatory effect of increased pST/IGF-I on Leydig cell function. Although pST and its effects through increased circulating IGF are thought. to be overall stimulants of growth and protein accretion, the actions on the tissues of the immune system (thymus/spleen) and steroidogenic tissues (adrenal/gonadal) can be selective. Increases in thymic weights and thymosin beta 4 concentrations from pST treatment in boars were partially due to the pST-induced decline in circulatory androgens, and the responses found in this in vivo model do not support pST/IGF effects documented in in vitro systems on Leydig cell function. C1 MONSANTO AGR CO, ST LOUIS, MO 63198 USA. RP Wise, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 76 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 2992 EP 3000 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900017 PM 8994914 ER PT J AU Wise, T Klindt, J Ford, JJ Buonomo, FC AF Wise, T Klindt, J Ford, JJ Buonomo, FC TI Effects of porcine somatotropin on circulating testosterone concentrations in boars and mechanism of action. SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; somatotropin; testosterone; testes ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; SUSTAINED-RELEASE IMPLANT; LEYDIG-CELL STEROIDOGENESIS; HORMONE SECRETION; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE-SULFATE; ENDOCRINE RESPONSES; CROSSBRED WHITE; PRIMARY CULTURE; SOMATOMEDIN-C AB Four experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST, growth hormone) on circulating testosterone concentrations in boars. In Exp. 1, jugular-cannulated obese boars were administered 4 mg recombinant(r) pST/d for 24 d before collection of samples at 15-min intervals over 6 h for measurement of pST, testosterone, and LH. Somatotropin treatment decreased plasma concentrations of testosterone and LH (P < .05). In Exp. 2, White composite boars were administered rpST with implants (4 mg/d) for 10 to 28, 16 to 28, or 22 to 28 wk of age. Reductions in testosterone concentrations were proportional to the length of time rpST was administered; boars treated for 18 wk had the lowest testosterone concentrations. Concentrations of LH declined throughout the study in rpST-implanted boars but remained static in untreated, control boars. In vitro production of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone/dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was unaffected by rpST treatment, and hCG stimulation of in vitro androgen secretion was similar in rpST and control treatments. In Exp. 3, i.v. injection of pituitary pST (USDA-B1; 5 mu g/kg BW) into jugular-cannulated White composite and Meishan boars resulted in an acute increase in circulating LH followed by an increase in testosterone concentrations, which then declined to below preinjection levels at 6 to 7 h after pST injection. Multiple injections, two or four per day, of 5 mu g pST/kg BW resulted in decreased testosterone concentrations in White composite boars, whereas in Meishan boars testosterone concentrations were unaffected (Exp. 4). Concentrations of LH were not different from control values in either breed, but in both breeds, four injections of pST per day produced lower LH concentrations than did two injections per day (P <.01). Depression of circulating concentrations of androgens in boars requires extended periods of pST treatment. C1 MONSANTO AGR CO, ST LOUIS, MO 63198 USA. RP Wise, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 3001 EP 3011 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900018 PM 8994915 ER PT J AU Fisher, DS AF Fisher, DS TI Modeling ruminant feed intake with protein, chemostatic, and distention feedbacks SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regulation of Voluntary Forage Intake in Ruminants at the ASAS 1995 Annual Meeting CY JUL, 1995 CL ORLANDO, FL SP ASAS DE nutritive value; forage quality; models; intake; chemostatic; distention AB Little progress has been made in modeling intake regulation in spite of the many mechanisms identified as important. A model with relatively simple inputs was developed that included compartments for protein, soluble carbohydrate, digestible fiber, and very slowly digesting fiber. Distention and chemostatic feedbacks were combined using a previously published equation. The ratio of current ruminal fill to a modulating parameter for ruminal fill represented distention feedback. The ratio of the current flow of available energy to a modulating parameter for chemostatic demand represented response to variation in protein, digestibility, and fiber chemostatic feedback. The modulating parameter for was similar to observations of animal responses. ruminal fill was based on literature reports of ruminal contents. Intake was adjusted based on current fill and energy flow relative to modulating parameters for fill and chemostatic feedback. The effect of the digestible organic matter(DOM) to CP ratio on DOM intake was modeled to adjust rates of digestion, rates of passage, and the chemostatic feedback. The model tested an integrated concept of intake regulation with only CP, TVDMD, and NDF as inputs. In spite of relatively simple inputs, the model behavior in response to variation in protein, digestibility, and fiber was similar to observations of animal responses. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL AGR & LIFE SCI,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Fisher, DS (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 12 BP 3076 EP 3081 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WE449 UT WOS:A1996WE44900025 PM 8994922 ER PT J AU Mace, RD Waller, JS Manley, TL Lyon, LJ Zuuring, H AF Mace, RD Waller, JS Manley, TL Lyon, LJ Zuuring, H TI Relationships among grizzly bears, roads and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GIS; grizzly bear; habitat; logistic regression; roads ID REGRESSION; DENSITY AB 1. Relationships between grizzly bears, habitat, and roads were investigated between 1990 and 1994 in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Relationships were examined at three levels of resource selection. 2. Differences existed between habitat and road features within, and those outside, the multi-year composite female grizzly bear home range. Using logistic regression, large resource selection probability functions were obtained for the subalpine zone within multiple-use lands having no roads. Selection probability was zero for private lands and declined as total road density increased. 3. Within seasonal ranges, most grizzly bears favoured low temperate and temperate elevation zones over the subalpine zone during all seasons. Relative to forested habitats, avalanche chutes were positively selected for during all seasons, but especially in spring. Shrub lands and cutting units were important to most bears during summer and autumn. Grizzly bears were more closely associated with higher total road densities during spring than during other seasons. When in low temperate habitats, most bears used habitats with lower total road density than occurred randomly. 4. Seasonal use by grizzly bears of areas within a 0.5 km buffer surrounding roads was evaluated. Most grizzly bears exhibited either neutral or positive selection for buffers surrounding closed roads and roads receiving <10 vehicles per day but avoided buffers surrounding roads having >10 vehicles per day. 5. Between 1988 and 1994, eight grizzly bears were killed by humans. These deaths were directly influenced by road access and unnatural food sources. These deaths, in addition to natural mortality, were too great to promote local population growth. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,INTERMT FOREST RES STN,MISSOULA,MT 59807. UNIV MONTANA,SCH FORESTRY,MISSOULA,MT 59812. RP Mace, RD (reprint author), MONTANA DEPT FISH WILDLIFE & PARKS,490 N MERIDIAN RD,KALISPELL,MT 59901, USA. NR 37 TC 145 Z9 152 U1 3 U2 42 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1395 EP 1404 DI 10.2307/2404779 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WH516 UT WOS:A1996WH51600015 ER PT J AU Wong, WW Butte, NF Hergenroeder, AC Hill, RB Stuff, JE Smith, EO AF Wong, WW Butte, NF Hergenroeder, AC Hill, RB Stuff, JE Smith, EO TI Are basal metabolic rate prediction equations appropriate for female children and adolescents? SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE whole body calorimetry; energy metabolism; Caucasians; African-Americans ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; OBESE; THERMOGENESIS; REQUIREMENTS AB The basal metabolic rate (BMR), which accounts for 50-70% of total energy expenditure, is essential for estimation of patient and population energy needs. Numerous equations have been formulated for prediction of human BMR. Most equations in current use are based on measurements of Caucasians performed more than four decades ago. We evaluated 10 prediction equations commonly used for estimation of BMR in 76 Caucasian and 42 African-American girls between 8 and 17 yr of age against BMR measured by whole-body calorimetry. The majority of the prediction equations (9 of 10) overestimated BMR by 60 +/- 46 kcal/day (range, 15-176 kcal/day). This overestimation was found to be significantly greater (P < 0.05) for African-Americans (77 +/- 17 kcal/day) than for Caucasians (25 +/- 17 kcal/day) in six equations, controlling for age, weight, and sexual maturity. We conclude that ethnicity is an important factor in estimation of the BMR and that the current prediction equations are not appropriate for accurate estimation of the BMR of individual female children and adolescents. RP Wong, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,BAYLOR COLL MED,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 81 IS 6 BP 2407 EP 2414 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA WB349 UT WOS:A1996WB34900011 PM 9018486 ER PT J AU Phillips, TW Phillips, JK Webster, FX Tang, R Burkholder, WE AF Phillips, TW Phillips, JK Webster, FX Tang, R Burkholder, WE TI Identification of sex pheromones from cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, and related studies with C-analis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carboxylic acids; Leguminosae; pulses; stored products; seed weevils; Callosobruchus maculatus; Coleoptera; cowpea weevil ID BEETLE AB Female cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus, produce a sex pheromone that elicits orientation and sexual behavior in males. Bioassay-directed isolation of the sex pheromone was conducted and compounds in the active fraction were identified and synthesized. Volatiles were collected from individual virgin females by adsorption on filter paper discs and hexane extraction. A bioassay was used in which the locomotory response of single males in glass vials was recorded upon exposure to treatments or controls. Crude extracts were subjected to silica gel column chromatography with solvents of increasing polarity; all activity eluted with methanol. Activity in the highly polar methanol fraction suggested a carboxylic acid or a compound with multiple polar functionality. Acid-base partitioning of the crude extract isolated all activity in the acid fraction, confirming that the pheromone was a carboxylic acid. The acid fraction was further fractionated by preparative GC with a Carbowax column. The most active GC fraction contained the following five 8-carbon acids identified by GC-MS and comparison with synthetic candidates: 3-methyleneheptanoic acid, (Z)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid, (E)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid, (Z)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid, and (E)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid. Each of the synthetic acids was active individually for males, and combinations of two or more of the acid pheromones had an additive effect. Upwind flight responses to natural and synthetic pheromones were observed in a flight tunnel. (Z)-3-Methyl-2-heptenoic acid was previously identified as the sex pheromone for the related C. analis, but this and the other four acid pheromones from C. maculatus were inactive for male C. analis. There was no cross-attraction between C. maculatus and C. analis in reciprocal studies using extracted volatiles from females of both species, GCMS analysis of C. analis female volatiles failed to detect any of the C. maculatus compounds but did find an unidentified C-8 acid with a GC retention time different from any of the C. maculatus pheromones. C1 SUNY SYRACUSE, COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY, DEPT CHEM, SYRACUSE, NY 13210 USA. RP Phillips, TW (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT ENTOMOL, USDA ARS, STORED PROD INSECTS RES UNIT, 237 RUSSELL LABS, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2233 EP 2249 DI 10.1007/BF02029543 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WA698 UT WOS:A1996WA69800006 PM 24227300 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J Hill, A Neal, JW Bentz, JA Roelofs, W AF Kochansky, J Hill, A Neal, JW Bentz, JA Roelofs, W TI The pheromone of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F) (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attractant; reproductive isolation; field trapping; (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal; (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol; eastern tent caterpillar; Malacosoma americanum; sex pheromone ID SEX-PHEROMONE; MOTH AB The pheromone system of the eastern tent caterpillar, M. americanum, has been identified as a mixture of (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal and the corresponding alcohol. Field data on the attractiveness of the aldehyde alone were not consistent, but mixtures of aldehyde and alcohol in varying proportions were attractive to males. Addition of small amounts of E,Z acetate to E,Z aldehyde had no effect on male response, but larger amounts reduced trap catch. Traps baited with Z,E, E,E, or Z,Z aldehydes were not more attractive than blank traps. Pherocon 1C traps fortified with extra adhesive and baited with lures consisting of 500 mu g (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal with either 250 or 100 mu g of the corresponding alcohol trapped as many as 100 males/trap/night with means of 15-20. Lures prepared from purified (94% E,Z) aldehyde and alcohol were more attractive than those prepared from unpurified (58% E,Z) materials. C1 NEW YORK STATE AGR EXPTL STN,DEPT ENTOMOL,GENEVA,NY 14456. USDA,FLORAL & NURSERY PLANTS RES UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Kochansky, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BEE RES LAB,BLDG 476,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2251 EP 2261 DI 10.1007/BF02029544 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WA698 UT WOS:A1996WA69800007 PM 24227301 ER PT J AU Warren, CE Wood, DL Seybold, SJ Storer, AJ Bros, WE AF Warren, CE Wood, DL Seybold, SJ Storer, AJ Bros, WE TI Olfactory responses of Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to insect and host-associated volatiles in the laboratory SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ips plastographus maritimus; Coleoptera; Scolytidae; bark beetle; Pinus radiata; host volatiles; aggregation pheromone; sex-specific response; attraction; interruption ID PARACONFUSUS BARK BEETLES; DENDROCTONUS-BREVICOMIS; ATTRACTION; PINE; COLONIZATION; COMPETITION; CHEMOTAXIS; PHEROMONES; SELECTION; BEHAVIOR AB Attraction of both sexes of Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier to bark-phloem-xylem discs of Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don, was demonstrated in the laboratory. Increasing concentrations of male and female volatiles trapped separately and released in a one-to-one ratio decreased attraction for both sexes combined. Attraction of both sexes to volatiles derived from males and females tunneling together in a one-to-one ratio increased with increasing concentration of extract. Attraction of males and females to male-infested discs and to trapped male volatiles increased with increasing dose of males or male extract. Attraction of males and females to female-infested discs and to trapped female volatiles was also demonstrated. The presence of females in male galleries reduced the attractiveness of infested disks to both sexes combined. Increasing numbers of females, tunneling separately from males in the same disc, reduced attraction of males, but not females. When a constant attractive dose of male volatiles was released with increasing doses of female volatiles, there was no difference in response of either sex when female volatiles were present compared with the response to male volatiles alone. When a constant attractive dose of male volatiles was released with increasing concentrations of volatiles derived from males and females tunneling together in a one-to-one ratio, attraction of I. p. maritimus decreased. Response of females was frequently higher than that of males to the same attractant source. Hence, both sexes produce an attractant, and both sexes tunneling together in the same gallery reduce attraction of males and females to an attractive dose of male attractant. C1 SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT SCI BIOL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,BERKELEY,CA 94701. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2299 EP 2316 DI 10.1007/BF02029548 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WA698 UT WOS:A1996WA69800011 PM 24227305 ER PT J AU Klein, WH Charney, JJ McCutchan, MH Benoit, JW AF Klein, WH Charney, JJ McCutchan, MH Benoit, JW TI Verification of monthly mean forecasts for fire weather elements in the contiguous United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SPECIFICATION; HEIGHT AB The authors first review a system for specifying monthly mean anomalies of midday temperature (T), dewpoint (D), and wind speed (W) at a large network of surface stations across the United States. Multiple regression equations containing approximately three terms were derived for each element and month from concurrent fields of 700-mb height anomaly (H) observed over North America and vicinity, plus the previous month's observed local anomaly of T, D, or W, during the 20-year period 1964-1983. Results of testing this forecast system on prognostic values of H prepared twice a month at the National Weather Service from 1973 to 1990 and on observed values of H during the independent period from 1984 to 1990 are presented. The authors pooled the data for all months and 122 stations to compute Heidke skill scores (HSS) for two, three, four, and five classes for each weather element. All scores showed skill that dropped steadily as the number of classes increased. In all cases skill was highest for T and lowest for W, the same result as that obtained in the original derivation. In order to examine the distribution of skill, we computed the HSS separately for each class. The skill scores for the first and last classes were greater than those for the middle class for all elements and months. It is encouraging that forecasts above the 90th percentile, the most critical category for fire potential, consistently showed greater skill than forecasts for any other class. Geographical and seasonal variations of skill based on prognostic height was also examined. The results showed that skill is strongly dependent on location, month, and weather element. Mean annual scores were positive for each element in all parts of the country, while monthly scores were highest in January and lowest in October. Although the forecasts based on prognostic heights were more skillful than climatology for all weather elements, they improved over month-to-month persistence only for T and D. If the height forecasts had been perfect, the skill scores for these elements would have been about two to three times as large as those for prognostic heights and four to five times as large as the persistence scores. When the test period was divided into two subperiods, values of HSS were considerably higher in the later period, despite a drop in persistence scores from the early to the later period. The authors attribute this improvement to increased accuracy of medium-range numerical model predictions during the 1980s. C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,RIVERSIDE,CA. RP Klein, WH (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT METEOROL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 12 BP 3317 EP 3327 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<3317:VOMMFF>2.0.CO;2 PN 2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WF072 UT WOS:A1996WF07200008 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Judd, FW Escobar, DE Davis, MR AF Everitt, JH Judd, FW Escobar, DE Davis, MR TI Integration of remote sensing and spatial information technologies for mapping black mangrove on the Texas gulf coast SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE color-infrared videography; geographic information system; global coast ID AVICENNIA-GERMINANS AB Black mangrove [Auicennia germinans (L.) L.] occurs at several locations along the Texas gulf coast. A hard freeze in December 1989 severely damaged this species, but the extent of damage has not been determined. Airborne color-infrared (CIR) video imagery was used with global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies for distinguishing and mapping the current distribution of black mangrove. Black mangrove populations could be easily distinguished on CIR video imagery. The integration of a GPS with the video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of black mangrove populations to be recorded on each image. The GPS coordinates were entered into a GIS to map black mangrove populations along the Texas coast. Major black mangrove concentrations near Port Isabel-South Bay and Port Aransas on the lower and lower-mid Texas coast, respectively, had fully recovered from the freeze. A remnant population of an historical black mangrove concentration on the upper-mid Texas coast near Port O'Connor, that was devastated by a 1983 freeze, was severely damaged and reduced in number by the 1989 freeze. The integration of videography, GPS, and GIS are valuable tools that can enable coastal resource managers to develop regional maps showing the distribution of black mangrove over large areas. C1 UNIV TEXAS,PAN AMER COASTAL STUDIES LAB,S PADRE ISL,TX 78597. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA TW334 UT WOS:A1996TW33400007 ER PT J AU Kozempel, M AF Kozempel, M TI Viscosity and density of lactulose solutions SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE viscosity; density; lactulose; boric acid AB The density and viscosity of solutions of lactulose and solutions of lactulose and boric acid were determined using calibrated viscometers and a nominal 10-ml pycnometer, respectively. These data were necessary for the development of the recovery section of a continuous pilot plant process to produce lactulose, a valuable pharmaceutical, from lactose. RP Kozempel, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,ENGN SCI RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2152 EP 2154 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WC505 UT WOS:A1996WC50500010 PM 9029352 ER PT J AU Eppard, PJ Veenhuizen, JJ Cole, WJ ComensKeller, PG Hartnell, GF Hintz, RL Munyakazi, L Olsson, PK Sorbet, RH White, TC Baile, CA Collier, RJ Goff, JP Horst, RL AF Eppard, PJ Veenhuizen, JJ Cole, WJ ComensKeller, PG Hartnell, GF Hintz, RL Munyakazi, L Olsson, PK Sorbet, RH White, TC Baile, CA Collier, RJ Goff, JP Horst, RL TI Effect of bovine somatotropin administered to periparturient dairy cows on the incidence of metabolic disease SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovine somatotropin; milk fever; lactation; mastitis ID VITAMIN-D METABOLISM; GROWTH FACTOR-I; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; 2 LACTATIONS; MILK FEVER; HYPOCALCEMIA; SOMETRIBOVE; RESPONSES; EFFICACY; INSULIN AB Thirty-eight dry, pregnant Jersey cows were assigned to diet and bST treatment in a 2 x 2 factorial design. During the dry period, half of the cows were fed a normal TMR (0.4% Ca; 0.3 to 0.4% P), and half of the cows were fed a high Ca TMR (1.5 to 1.6% Ca; 0.4 to 0.7% P). The high Ca diets were designed to induce milk fever and were relatively cationic (194 to 293 meq/kg) compared with the normal diets (-131 to 30 meq/kg). A standard dairy diet was fed to all cows postcalving. Cows received subcutaneous injections of either an oil-based excipient or 500 mg of bST in an oil-based excipient every 14 d from 28 d before expected calving until approximately 14 d postcalving. Peripartal bST treatment decreased the incidence of clinical mastitis, did not affect incidence of milk fever, and increased the duration, but not the incidence, of ketosis in mature Jersey cows. Blood data confirmed the clinical responses and indicated that treated cows mobilized more bone Ca than did controls, as was evidenced by increased hydroxyproline concentrations. Treatment with bST did not affect blood concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, Ca, or Mg. High Ca diets increased the incidence of milk fever and downer cow syndrome compared with normal diets. The effect of bST on mastitis and milk production must be considered as preliminary given the small size of the study. Although bST treatment increased Ca mobilization, the effect was insufficient to prevent milk fever in this model. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Eppard, PJ (reprint author), MONSANTO CO,PROTIVA,A UNIT,ST LOUIS,MO 63167, USA. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2170 EP 2181 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WC505 UT WOS:A1996WC50500013 PM 9029355 ER PT J AU Bigner, DR Goff, JP Faust, MA Burton, JL Tyler, HD Horst, RL AF Bigner, DR Goff, JP Faust, MA Burton, JL Tyler, HD Horst, RL TI Acidosis effects on insulin response during glucose tolerance tests in Jersey cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE insulin; metabolic acidosis; glucose; ketosis AB The effect of metabolic alkalosis and acidosis on insulin response to glucose tolerance tests was determined for cows fed a high cation diet to induce a state of metabolic alkalosis or a high anion diet to induce a state of metabolic acidosis. The glucose tolerance test (500 mg of glucose/kg of BW infused i.v. over 10 min) caused a rapid increase in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Plasma glucose concentrations were highest, and plasma insulin concentrations were lowest, during metabolic acidosis. These results suggest that insulin secretion is impaired during metabolic acidosis, which may reduce tissue uptake of glucose. Correction of metabolic acidosis by oral administration of sodium bicarbonate prior to glucose tolerance testing increased blood pH and bicarbonate concentrations and partially restored insulin response to the glucose tolerance test. Interestingly, sodium bicarbonate also caused an elevation in plasma cortisol concentrations. We concluded that glucose utilization is altered in cows with metabolic acidosis. The correction of acidosis associated with diseases such as diarrhea and ketosis may improve the therapeutic benefit of glucose infusions used to treat these diseases. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2182 EP 2188 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WC505 UT WOS:A1996WC50500014 PM 9029356 ER PT J AU Nadeau, EMG Buxton, DR Lindgren, E Lingvall, P AF Nadeau, EMG Buxton, DR Lindgren, E Lingvall, P TI Kinetics of cell-wall digestion of orchardgrass and alfalfa silages treated with cellulase and formic acid SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE silage; cellulase; cell wall; digestibility ID DRY-MATTER; DAIRY-COWS; PHENOLIC MONOMERS; DEGRADING ENZYMES; FERMENTATION; FORAGES; DEGRADATION; INOCULANT; GRASS; DIGESTIBILITY AB The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of cellulase (from Trichoderma longibrachiatum) combined with formic acid, applied before ensiling, on the subsequent concentration and composition of the cell wall and on the extent and rate of in situ cell-wall digestion of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.). Treated and control forages of both plant species were ensiled for at least 60 d before being ruminally digested by two fistulated cows. Analyses of NDF, ADF, and acid detergent lignin were conducted sequentially on original and digested samples. Data were fitted with a first-order, nonlinear model to estimate extents and rates of digestion of potentially digestible NDF, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The concentration of indigestible residue and the discrete lag time before digestion were also determined for the cell-wall components. After ensiling, the mean NDF concentration of treated silages was 19% lower than that of control silages; the effect was greater for orchardgrass than for alfalfa. The extent of digestion of NDF, cellulose, and hemicellulose, respectively, was 33, 37, and 27% lower for treated silages than for control silages. Treatment effects on the extent of digestion varied between plant species. Cellulose from treated orchardgrass was digested 19% more slowly than cellulose from the control silage. Indigestible residue concentrations of NDF, cellulose, and hemicellulose, respectively, were 7, 8, and 7% lower in treated silages than in control silages. Thus, extensive cell-wall degradation by cellulase during ensiling resulted in less digestible cell-wall material for ruminal digestion but greater total cell-wall degradation, including that during ensiling and ruminal incubation, especially during early digestion in the rumen. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT ANIM NUTR & MANAGEMENT,S-75323 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2207 EP 2216 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WC505 UT WOS:A1996WC50500017 PM 9029359 ER PT J AU Burton, JL Nonnecke, BJ Dubeski, PL Elsasser, TH Mallard, BA AF Burton, JL Nonnecke, BJ Dubeski, PL Elsasser, TH Mallard, BA TI Effects of supplemental chromium on production of cytokines by mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chromium; cytokines; mononuclear cells; immunomodulation ID STRESSED FEEDER CALVES; DAIRY-COWS; IMMUNE REGULATION; IFN-GAMMA; LYMPHOCYTES; PROLIFERATION; PICOLINATE; EXPRESSION; INSULIN; PERIPARTURIENT AB This study determined whether supplementing the diets of dairy cows during the peripartum period with organic trivalent Cr influenced the capacity of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce activation cytokines in response to stimulation with mitogens in vitro. Nine cows were fed 0.5 ppm of Cr/d per cow from 6 wk prepartum to 16 wk postpartum; 10 other periparturient cows served as unsupplemented controls. Mononuclear leukocytes, enriched from peripheral blood during wk 0, 2, 4, and 6 of lactation, were cultured with or without the T-lymphocyte mitogen, concanavalin A. Culture supernatants, harvested at 24, 48, or 72 h, were assayed for interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The cytokines were barely detectable in the supernatants from the unstimulated cultures, but supernatants from mitogen-stimulated cultures contained higher concentrations of each cytokine. For cows fed Cr, concentrations of all three cytokines in the culture supernatants of the mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells decreased significantly relative to values for unsupplemented cows, particularly around peak lactation for the 24- and 48-h cultures. Theses results extended our previous observations and supported the hypothesis that organic Cr is immunomodulatory in high producing cows. C1 ARS,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. ARS,USDA,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20507. UNIV GUELPH,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,LACOMBE RES CTR,LACOMBE,AB T4L 1W1,CANADA. RP Burton, JL (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2237 EP 2246 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WC505 UT WOS:A1996WC50500020 PM 9029362 ER PT J AU Walker, LR Zimmerman, JK Lodge, DJ GuzmanGrajales, S AF Walker, LR Zimmerman, JK Lodge, DJ GuzmanGrajales, S TI An altitudinal comparison of growth and species composition in hurricane-damaged forests in Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cecropia; disturbance; elfin forest; litter; tropical forests ID LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; MONTANE RAIN-FORESTS; SUBTROPICAL WET FOREST; TROPICAL FOREST; PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; ELFIN WOODLAND; CLOUD FOREST; WOODY DEBRIS AB 1 The controls over above-ground primary productivity following hurricane damage were investigated in a lowland subtropical wet forest (350-500 m altitude) and a lower montane elfin forest (1050 m) in Puerto Rico. Responses of understorey and canopy vegetation to addition of a complete nutrient fertilizer (both altitudes) or hurricane debris removal (lowland only) were monitored for 47-50 months. Treatments were initiated 1-6 months after Hurricane Hugo severely damaged both forests (18 September 1989). 2 Fertilization stimulated leaf litter production in both forests, but the recovery to prehurricane levels occurred earlier in the lowland forest (20 months after initiation of treatment) than in the elfin forest (38 months). Debris removal also increased leaf litter production in the lowland forest. 3 Tree diameter growth was 10-fold greater at low than at high altitude but the only treatment effect was a time by treatment interaction in the lowland forest, indicating that diameters of trees in the debris removal treatment did not increase as rapidly as in the control or fertilizer treatments. 4 Fertilization altered understorey biomass in the elfin forest (graminoids increased 10-fold, bryophytes decreased three-fold) but not in the lowland forest. Debris removal had no effect on understorey biomass in the lowland forest although woody seedling densities were highest in the debris removal plots. In control plots, understorey biomass was 12-fold greater at high than at low altitude. Saplings of a pioneer tree, Cecropia schreberiana were three- to five-fold denser in fertilized plots than in control or debris removal plots in the lowland forest. 5 The study showed that establishment of woody species by seeds was more important to posthurricane regeneration in the lowland than in the elfin forest and that the recovery of forest productivity was less responsive to increased nutrient availability in the elfin forest. Opportunistic, rapid responses to nutrient addition by Cecropia (low altitude) or graminoids (both high and low altitude) contrasted with the relatively slow responses of mature forest trees. These results suggest that factors regulating primary productivity following disturbance are influenced not only by the physical characteristics of the site but also by the range of potential species-specific responses represented in the flora. C1 UNIV PUERTO RICO,TERRESTRIAL ECOL DIV,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. US FOREST SERV,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,PALMER,PR 00721. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Walker, LR (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT BIOL SCI,POB 454004,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154, USA. NR 80 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 84 IS 6 BP 877 EP 889 DI 10.2307/2960559 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WB583 UT WOS:A1996WB58300007 ER PT J AU Carter, MCA Robertson, JL Haack, RA Lawrence, RK Hayes, JL AF Carter, MCA Robertson, JL Haack, RA Lawrence, RK Hayes, JL TI Genetic relatedness of North American populations of Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tomicus piniperda; random amplified polymorphic DNA; genetic variation; exotic insects ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; RAPD-PCR; MARKERS AB We used DNA fingerprinting by random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) DNA and electrophoretic characterization of esterase isozymes to investigate the genetic relatedness of North American populations of the exotic bark beetle Tomicus piniperda (L.). Cluster analyses of genetic distances among populations identified the Illinois population as an outlier population with mean genetic distances to other populations averaging 0.895 (where complete dissimilarity = 2), compared with genetic distance averages of 0.595 among populations excluding Illinois. When genetic distance means and geographical distance between populations were compared, the results suggested that T. piniperda populations in the United States were established separately in Illinois near Lake Michigan and in Ohio along Lake Erie. Molecular markers indicated that insects derived from the 2 founder groups were interbreeding in contiguous regions in western Indiana. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,BERKELEY,CA 94701. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,E LANSING,MI 48823. US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,USDA,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. RP Carter, MCA (reprint author), PORTLAND STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,POB 751,PORTLAND,OR 97207, USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1345 EP 1353 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200001 PM 8986124 ER PT J AU Behle, RW McGuire, MR Shasha, BS AF Behle, RW McGuire, MR Shasha, BS TI Extending the residual toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis with casein-based formulations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Spodoptera exigua; Bacillus thuringiensis; casein; formulations; rainfastness ID LEPIDOPTERA; VIRUS AB We evaluated the extension of the residual insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with 2 sprayable formulations based on casein. One formulation contained native casein in a basic solution (pH > 8.5); the other had a water soluble ammonium salt of casein in the presence of ammonium zirconium carbonate as a cross-linking agent. Formulations were applied to cotton leaves, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'DES 119', in a greenhouse and subjected to simulated rain in a modified spray chamber and artificial sunlight from a simulator. Activity was assessed based on mortality of neonate European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), that were fed treated cotton leaves. Performance of some formulations was also evaluated against beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Leaves treated with the casein formulations (0.5% wt:vol) of B. thuringiensis resisted wash-off, often retaining >60% of the original insecticidal activity of unexposed treatments compared with <20% of the original activity for unformulated and commercially formulated B. thuringiensis preparations. The casein formulations also provided some protection from light-induced degradation compared with unformulated B. thuringiensis, although the amount of protection was less than that provided by other experimental formulations. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOACT AGENTS RES UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. BRADLEY UNIV, DEPT BIOL, PEORIA, IL 61625 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1399 EP 1405 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200009 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, JD AF Vandenberg, JD TI Standardized bioassay and screening of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diuraphis noxia; microbial control; entomopathogenic fungus ID SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; CEREAL AB Two hyphomycetous fungi with potential as biocontrol agents were used in bioassays against the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov). Dose-response assays were done using 5-7 concentrations of 2 isolates each of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroeus (Wize) Brown & Smith. A sensitive assay technique was developed in which adult aphids. 0-2 d of age, were sprayed with fungal spore suspensions on cut barley leaf sections. LC(50) estimates were 91 and 282 spores per square centimeter for two B. bassiana isolates and 46 and 56 spores per square centimeter for two P. fumosoroseus isolates. Slopes ranged from 1.43 to 1.76. Aphids were significantly less susceptible to B. bassiana than to P. fumosoroseus, indicated by the lack of overlap among fiducial limits. LT(50)s varied inversely with dose for all 4 isolates and ranged from 4.6 d to 12.2 d for B. bassiana, and from 3.3 d to 12.2 d for P. fumosoroseus, depending on isolate and dose. In standardized screening assays, relative potencies ranged from 0.2 to 2.1 among 23 isolates of B. bassiana, and from 0.3 to 3.7 among 14 isolates of P. fumosoroseus. Use of this assay method will facilitate studies of biotic and abiotic factors that influence Russian wheat aphid susceptibility to fungal infection in the laboratory and in the field. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,PLANT PROTECT RES UNIT,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14850, USA. RI Van den Berg, Johnnie/M-7256-2013 OI Van den Berg, Johnnie/0000-0002-6831-3180 NR 14 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1418 EP 1423 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200011 ER PT J AU TamezGuerra, P McGuire, MR MedranoRoldan, H GalanWong, LJ Shasha, BS Vega, FE AF TamezGuerra, P McGuire, MR MedranoRoldan, H GalanWong, LJ Shasha, BS Vega, FE TI Sprayable granule formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; formulation; cornstarch; corn flour; spray dry; microencapsulation ID LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE AB Spray-dried Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki formulations, composed of citric or lactic acid, pregelatinized corn flour, cornstarch, isopropyl alcohol, sugar, and corn oil, were used in leaf and diet incorporation bioassays to determine the effects of solar radiation and rain on insecticidal activity. In diet incorporation tests against Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Heliothis virescens (F.), and Spodoptera exigua (Cramer), insecticidal activity of spray-dried B. thuringiensis did not decrease when compared with unformulated technical B. thuringiensis. Cotton leaf bioassay tests using Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) showed that insecticidal activity of formulations exposed to 8 h of artificial solar radiation was significantly higher than technical B. thuringiensis exposed to solar radiation, suggesting that the formulations provided protection against solar radiation. In cotton leaf bioassays, when 5 different starches were used individually in the formulations, insecticidal activity was significantly reduced in only 1 case after exposure to solar radiation. Cotton leaf bioassays also showed a reduction in insecticidal activity caused by exposure to solar radiation as the amount of active ingredient (wt:wt) in the formulation increased. Throughout all tests, rainfastness of formulations was not consistently better than technical B. thuringiensis alone. C1 NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS RES UNIT,USDA ARS,PEORIA,IL 61604. UNIV AUTONOMA NUEVO LEON,FAC CIENCIAS BIOL,DEPT MICROBIOL,S NICOLAS DE LOS GARZA,NUEVO LEON,MEXICO. INST TECNOL DURANGO,DEPT BIOTECNOL,DURANGO,MEXICO. BRADLEY UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PEORIA,IL 61606. OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1424 EP 1430 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200012 ER PT J AU Vail, KM Williams, DF Oi, DH AF Vail, KM Williams, DF Oi, DH TI Perimeter treatments with two bait formulations of pyriproxyfen for control of pharaoh ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Monomorium pharaonis; insect growth regulator; perimeter baiting; marker; pyriproxyfen ID INSECT GROWTH-REGULATOR; COLONY DEVELOPMENT; FENOXYCARB; BLATTELLIDAE; DICTYOPTERA AB Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, was formulated into 2 types of baits and applied to the exterior of buildings for control of natural infestations of the Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Pyriproxyfen baits were formulated at 0.5 and 1% by weight in an unprocessed peanut oil attractant applied to a pregel defatted corn grit carrier and at 0.25% in a composite bait consisting of unknown ingredients. Both baits effectively controlled the ants. Worker numbers were reduced between 84.5 and 93.3% at 2.5 wk after the 2nd bait application when the 0.25% pyriproxyfen composite bait was applied to apartment buildings with separate apartments. Outdoor worker numbers were reduced 84% 2 wk after the 2nd bait application when 0.5% pyriproxyfen bait was applied to a large building with separate wings. A reduction of >85% in worker number was not observed in the 1% pyriproxyfen treatment until 8 wk after the 2nd bait application; however, no ants were ever found indoors in this treatment. Dyes in the pyriproxyfen oil treatments were used to determine if ants foraged from one treatment area to the next. Calco oil dyes used as markers in the oil bail were detectable in the postpharyngeal gland of the queens and workers for up to 14 wk after baiting in the field and 17 wk after baiting in the laboratory A perimeter treatment applied to large buildings with separate wings was more difficult to evaluate than treatments applied to separate buildings containing multiple apartments because contaminated ants from treated areas, as indicated by the presence of dye, were found in the controls. C1 USDA ARS, CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. AUBURN UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. RP Vail, KM (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE, POB 1071, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1501 EP 1507 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200023 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Yu, SJ AF Valles, SM Yu, SJ TI German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) gut contents inhibit cytochrome P450 monooxygenases SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Blattella germanica; microsomal oxidase; enzyme inhibitor; cytochrome P450 ID FALL ARMYWORM AB German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), guts contents inhibited cytochrome P450-catalyzed methoxyresorufin O-demethylation and aldrin epoxidation. Inhibitory activity was associated mainly with midgut contents of nymphs. However, midgut content preparations from both nymphs and adults were inhibitory to methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity when evaluated in vitro. A direct relationship between food consumption and loss of enzyme activity in final instar male nymphs was observed when microsomes were prepared with midgut contents in situ. Cytochrome c reductase activity was increased in the presence of midgut contents. These data suggest that the inhibitory factor is possibly a digestive enzyme or some other entity released into the midgut in response to feeding. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of gut cleaning before microsome preparation to ensure accurate assays to cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in German cockroaches. C1 USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1508 EP 1512 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200024 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA Ruff, JP AF Hogsette, JA Ruff, JP TI Permethrin-impregnated yarn: Longevity of efficacy and potential use on cylindrical fiberglass stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) traps SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Stomoxys calcitrans; Williams traps; toxicant devices; cylinder traps; stable fly control ID STOMOXYS-CALCITRANS DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; STICKY TRAPS; HORN FLIES; POPULATIONS; ADULTS AB Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated orlon yarn against stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was 6-8 wk under simulated field conditions. Numbers of stable flies captured on corrugated cylindrical fiberglass traps painted with all adhesive indicated that these traps are attractive enough to be used in the field with treated yam applied. Reasons for variability of yarn impregnation and the use of yam on cylinder traps are discussed. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1521 EP 1525 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200026 ER PT J AU Oi, DH Williams, DF AF Oi, DH Williams, DF TI Toxicity and repellency of potting soil treated with bifenthrin and tefluthrin to red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; quarantine; control; soil; nursery; commodity treatment AB The LC(50) an LC(90) of bifenthrin in potting soil for female alates of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were 1.1 and 5.2 ppm. respectively. For tefluthrin, the LC(50) and LC(90) were 8.5 and 19.0 ppm, respectively. These results may provide a basis for setting minimum residue levels for the enforcement of quarantine regulations. Pots filled with soil treated with either bifenthrin or tefluthrin at the label rate of 25 ppm were exposed to small colonies of S. invicta without alternative nesting sites. After 48 h, 6% of the bifenthrin-treated pots adn 24% of the tefluthrin-treated pots were considered infested under quarantine standards. When exposure was lengthened to 2 wk. all pots were uninfested. Implications for the imported fire ant quarantine program are discussed. C1 USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1526 EP 1530 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200027 ER PT J AU Purcell, MF Schroeder, WJ AF Purcell, MF Schroeder, WJ TI Effect of Silwet L-77 and diazinon on three tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and associated endoparasitoids SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tephritidae; silicone surfactants; diazinon; insecticides; parasitoids ID ORGANOSILICONE SURFACTANT; FLY PARASITOIDS; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; INSECTICIDES AB Tests were done in the laboratory to determine the toxicity of the organosilicone surfactant Silwet L-77 against three tephritid fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and B. cucurbitae (Coquillett). The biological activity of Silwet was compared with diazinon by exposing C. capitata puparia to sand treated with each chemical within 1 h, 7 d, and 14 d after treatment. Tests were also done to determine the effect of Silwet against the endoparasitoids Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri), and Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri). Silwet killed C. capitata and B. dorsalis at concentrations within the range of field application rates. Response of B. cucurbitae was the most variable and very high concentrations were required to kill >90% of puparia. A 75% decrease in mortality of C. capitata puparia occurred 14 d after sand treatment with diazinon. In contrast, Silwet remained as toxic to C. capitata puparia at 14 d as on the 1st d of treatment. All 3 parasitoid species were susceptible to diazinon and Silwet when greater than or equal to 0.001 and greater than or equal to 0.05% (AI) respectively, (wt:vol in water) were added to sand. Because Silwet has very low mammalian toxicity, it is of considerable interest for larger scale testing for fruit flies. However, more work is needed at the field level to determine possible adverse effects to nontarget species. RP Purcell, MF (reprint author), USDA ARS, TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB, POB 4459, HILO, HI 96720 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1566 EP 1570 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200032 ER PT J AU Kindler, SD Hammon, RW AF Kindler, SD Hammon, RW TI Comparison of host suitability of western wheat aphid with the Russian wheat aphid SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Homoptera; Diuraphis tritici; Diuraphis noxia; plant interaction; damage ID HOMOPTERA; RESISTANCE; DIURAPHIS; DAMAGE AB The western wheat aphid, Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), and the Russian wheat Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), are pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Both species similar distribution pattern in the United States. However, D. noxia is a perennial economic pest of wheat, whereas D. tritici is, at most, an occasional economic pest of wheat. The economic importance of D. noxia depends in part on its ability to use alternative plant species as oversummering hosts. We studied the survival and reproduction of D. tritici on numerous cool- and warm-season grasses, legumes, and forbs, and also compared D. tritici with D. noxia on some common Bromus spp. and Agropyron spp. to see if the 2 aphid species differ in their reproduction and survivorship on the same grass species. D. tritici survived on 36 of 40 cool-season grass species, 7 of 19 warm-season grass species, and none of the 33 legumes or 13 forbs. The natality of D. tritici compared with D. noxia on several species of brome grasses and wheatgrasses was generally significantly lower for D. tritici than D. noxia. D. tritici preferred wheat compared with 3 other cereals, whereas wheat and barley were equally suitable as hosts for D. noxia. Rye, Secale cereale L., was essentially a nonhost for D. tritici. After 14 d, aphid populations were significantly higher for D. noxia on all 4 cereals compared with D. tritici populations on the same hosts. In a separate experiment to compare damage of D. tritici with D. noxia on different growth stages of wheat, we found that D. tritici was significantly more deleterious than D. noxia to the yield potential and yield components of wheat, particularly when infestation occurred at the 7-leaf plant growth stage and the jointing growth stage. The economic importance of D. noxia compared with D. tritici to U.S. wheat production may be caused in part by its ability to survive and increase on cool-season grasses and cereals better than D. tritici. RP Kindler, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT SCI & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1621 EP 1630 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200040 ER PT J AU Simmons, AM McCreight, JD AF Simmons, AM McCreight, JD TI Evaluation of melon for resistance to Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; host plant resistance; vegetable; plant breeding ID SWEET-POTATO; WHITEFLY HOMOPTERA; TABACI; IDENTIFICATION; GERMPLASM; ARIZONA; COTTON AB An experiment was conducted during 2 yr to develop a rapid and reproducible method of screening melon, Cucumis melo L., germplasm for resistance to Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Multiple tests were conducted on plant response and response by insect for 31 selected melon entries when exposed to B. argentifolii in an open-choice greenhouse test for 2 wk. Frequency distributions of susceptible and resistant entries and their F-1, F-2, and backcross families indicated genetic variation for resistance. Whitefly immature density, plant condition, and change in whole plant biomass were good indicators of plant resistance. Data for root, stem, and leaf biomass, stern length, and plant moisture were inconsistent. Resistance plants had lower whitefly density, were in better condition, and sustained less reduction in size and biomass as compared with susceptible plants. This method allows the testing of germplasm and segregating populations throughout the year rather than in one portion of the year as has been done in the field. RP Simmons, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1663 EP 1668 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ492 UT WOS:A1996VZ49200045 ER PT J AU More, TA Averill, JR Stevens, TH AF More, TA Averill, JR Stevens, TH TI Values and economics in environmental management: A perspective and critique SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE values; contingent valuation; existence value; intrinsic value AB Several categories of non-market value have been identified for forests and other natural environments: use value, option value, altruism, bequest value, existence value and intrinsic value. In this paper, we view these values from a psychological perspective. Non-market values arise because natural resources play important roles in furthering human goals. This goal perspective contrasts with intrinsic value-the idea that natural objects have value as ends in themselves regardless of their relationship to man. Because of the lack of precise definitions, elements of intrinsic value are often mixed with existence value, creating confusion in the literature. These resource values need to be examined on a logical as well as an empirical basis. We argue that careful scrutiny reveals problems with both existence value and intrinsic value so that it is important to question their role in policy formation and analysis. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT RESOURCE ECON, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA. RP More, TA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, NE FOREST EXPT STN, BURLINGTON, VT 05402 USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 48 IS 4 BP 397 EP 409 DI 10.1006/jema.1996.0086 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VX300 UT WOS:A1996VX30000007 ER PT J AU Schwanz, P Kimball, BA Idso, SB Hendrix, DL Polle, A AF Schwanz, P Kimball, BA Idso, SB Hendrix, DL Polle, A TI Antioxidants in sun and shade leaves of sour orange trees (Citrus aurantium) after long-term acclimation to elevated CO2 SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ascorbate; catalase; CO2 enrichment; global change; glutathione; superoxide dismutase ID PICEA-ABIES L; CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; RISING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; NORWAY SPRUCE; HIGH LIGHT; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; PHOTOOXIDATIVE STRESS; CUZN-SUPEROXIDE; NEEDLES AB Antioxidative systems and the contents of pigments, malondialdehyde, soluble protein, and carbohydrate were investigated in sun- and shade-acclimated leaves of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) trees that had been grown for 7.5 years under ambient and elevated (+300 mu mol mol(-1)) atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Sun-acclimated leaves contained higher ascorbate, glutathione and soluble carbohydrate contents and higher catalase activities than shade-acclimated leaves. The activities of superoxide dismutases, which belonged to the family of Cu/Zn-isozymes, were similar in sun- and shade-acclimated leaves and decreased in response to enhanced CO2. In shade-acclimated leaves, none of the other parameters studied was affected by elevated CO2. In sun-acclimated leaves elevated CO2 caused increases in carbohydrate and ascorbate contents. There was no evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation as assessed from the determination of the malondialdehyde contents under either conditions. C1 UNIV FREIBURG,INST FORSTBOT & BAUMPHYSIOL,D-79085 FREIBURG,GERMANY. ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,USDA,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,USDA,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. NR 57 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 47 IS 305 BP 1941 EP 1950 DI 10.1093/jxb/47.12.1941 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WD705 UT WOS:A1996WD70500014 ER PT J AU Linz, GM Blixt, DC Bergman, DL Bleier, WJ AF Linz, GM Blixt, DC Bergman, DL Bleier, WJ TI Responses of Red-winged Blackbirds, Yellow-headed Blackbirds and Marsh Wrens to glyphosate-induced alterations in cattail density SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVERTEBRATES; AGGRESSION; WETLANDS AB The effects of herbicide-induced changes in wetland emergent vegetation on densities of territorial male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), and Marsh Wrens ( Cistothorus palustris) were assessed in northeastern North Dakota. In 1990 and 1991, 23 cattail-dominated wetlands were randomly assigned to 0% (reference wetlands), 50%, 70%, or 90% areal spray coverages with glyphosate herbicide. Two pears post-treatment, densities of redwings were higher in the reference wetlands ((x) over bar = 1.59 +/- 0.24 [SE]/ha) than in the 90% treated wetlands ((x) over bar = 0.55 +/- 0.14/ha, P = 0.063). Yellowheads were more abundant in reference wetlands ((x) over bar = 3.80 +/- 0.83/ha) than in treated wetlands ((x) over bar = 2.05 +/- 0.40/ha, P = 0.061). Likewise, wrens were more abundant in reference wetlands ((x) over bar = 2.21 +/- 0.27/ha) than in treated wetlands ((x) over bar = 0.66 +/- 0.13/ha, P = 0.001). Percent coverage of live emergent vegetation (largely cattails, Typha spp.) was positively correlated with blackbird and wren numbers (P less than or equal to 0.1). Results of this study suggest that numbers of these three wetland-dwelling species were limited by altering cattail density. Staggering vegetation management treatments on large wetland complexes may help diversify the stages of cattail regeneration and provide heterogenous nesting and foraging habitat for these birds. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Linz, GM (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,N DAKOTA FIELD STN,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,USDA,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. RI Bergman, David/C-6874-2015 OI Bergman, David/0000-0002-6757-643X NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 67 IS 1 BP 167 EP 176 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TR662 UT WOS:A1996TR66200017 ER PT J AU Reid, JA Horn, RB Forsman, ED AF Reid, JA Horn, RB Forsman, ED TI A method for replacing tail-mounted radio transmitters on birds SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED OWLS AB A method of attaching radio transmitters to the tail feathers is described that permits easy removal and replacement of the transmitter without damaging the feathers. The transmitter is placed inside a piece of surgical tubing that is then epoxied to the tail feathers. Transmitter replacement is accomplished by slicing the tubing lengthwise, removing the old transmitter and inserting a new one. RP Reid, JA (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 67 IS 1 BP 177 EP 180 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TR662 UT WOS:A1996TR66200018 ER PT J AU Nisbet, DJ Corrier, DE Ricke, SC Hume, ME Byrd, JA Deloach, JR AF Nisbet, DJ Corrier, DE Ricke, SC Hume, ME Byrd, JA Deloach, JR TI Maintenance of the biological efficacy in chicks of a cecal competitive-exclusion culture against Salmonella by continuous-flow fermentation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE continuous flow culture; competitive exclusion; Salmonella; propionic acid; chickens; cecal bacteria ID DIETARY LACTOSE; BROILER CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL CULTURE; INTESTINAL FLORA AB A competitive-exclusion culture was isolated by the continuous-flow culture of chicken cecal bacteria. The original continuous flow culture and a continuous-flow culture derived from a lyophilized sample of it that had been stored for 180 days at -70 degrees C were provided to day-old chicks. Experiments utilizing the original culture were performed after 5, 30, 100, and 365 days of continuous-flow conditions and the lyophilized culture after 5 days of continuous-flow culture. In all experiments chicks were challenged with 10(4) CFU of Salmonella typhimurium at 3 days of age. At 10 days of age the chicks were killed and cecal contents analyzed for fermentation parameters and for S. typhumurium colonization. Ten-day-old chicks provided with the original or the lyophilized culture had significantly increased cecal propionic acid (P < 0.05) and decreased Salmonella cecal colonization (P < 0.05) compared to untreated controls in all experiments. The results indicate that continuous-flow cultures can be used as a practical method to maintain competetive-exclusion cultures without loss of efficacy, and continuous-flow cultures stored in a lyophilized form can be reconstituted and still maintain efficacy. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Nisbet, DJ (reprint author), ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,USDA,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 25 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 59 IS 12 BP 1279 EP 1283 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WB353 UT WOS:A1996WB35300005 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR AF Cutter, CN Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR TI Application of Carnatrol(TM) and Timsen(TM) to decontaminate beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE beef; copper sulfate; quaternary ammonium; decontamination ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; TISSUE AB The spray application of two commercial decontaminating agents for reducing bacterial populations associated with fecal contamination on beef was examined in two separate experiments. Individual pieces of prerigor lean beef tissue were inoculated with fresh bovine feces and subjected to a 15-s spray wash (75 Ib/in(2), 20 degrees C) with water or various concentrations of Carnatrol(TM), composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate, or Timsen(TM), 40% N-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride in 60% stabilized urea, and stored under refrigerated (5 degrees C) conditions. When Carnatrol(TM) was applied to beef tissue at 20, 40, and 80 ppm, bacterial populations were not statistically different (P greater than or equal to 0.05) than water-treated populations at days 0, 1, and 2. When Carnatrol(TM) was applied to tissues at 160 ppm, bacterial populations were statistically different (P less than or equal to 0.05) from water-treated tissue on all of the days examined; however, reductions were not greater than 0.58, 0.42, and 0.35 log CFU/cm(2) at days 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Remaining bacterial populations resulting from spray applications of Timsen(TM) to tissues at 200, 400, and 800 ppm were not statistically different than remaining bacterial populations of water-treated tissues at days 0, 1, 2, or 3. Reductions in bacterial populations associated with Timsen(TM) were no greater than 0.40 log CFU/cm(2) on any of the days examined. This study demonstrates that under conditions used in this study, spray washes with either of the two commercially available decontaminating agents were no more effective than water washes for reducing bacterial populations associated with fecal contamination on beef tissue. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 59 IS 12 BP 1339 EP 1342 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WB353 UT WOS:A1996WB35300017 ER PT J AU Haight, RG AF Haight, RG TI Wildlife models: Predicting the effects of habitat restoration SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL; VIABILITY; POPULATION; LANDSCAPE; BIOLOGY RP Haight, RG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 94 IS 12 BP 4 EP 6 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VW228 UT WOS:A1996VW22800004 ER PT J AU Teck, R Moeur, M Eav, B AF Teck, R Moeur, M Eav, B TI Forecasting ecosystems with the forest vegetation simulator SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID MODEL C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,INTERMOUNTAIN RES STN,MOSCOW,ID. US FOREST SERV,FOREST HLTH TECHNOL ENTERPRISE TEAM,FOREST HLTH PROTECT,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO. RP Teck, R (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST MANAGEMENT SERV CTR,WASHINGTON OFF TIMBER MANAGEMENT,FT COLLINS,CO 80524, USA. NR 29 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 94 IS 12 BP 7 EP 10 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VW228 UT WOS:A1996VW22800005 ER PT J AU Diaz, NM AF Diaz, NM TI Landscape metrics: A new tool for forest ecologists SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,GIFFORD PINCHOT NATL FORESTS,GRESHAM,OR 97030. US FOREST SERV,USDA,COLUMBIA RIVER GORGE NATL SCEN AREA,GRESHAM,OR 97030. RP Diaz, NM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,MT HOOD NATL FOREST,2955 DIV ST,GRESHAM,OR 97030, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 94 IS 12 BP 12 EP 16 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VW228 UT WOS:A1996VW22800006 ER PT J AU Saenz, D AF Saenz, D TI Dietary overview of Hemidactylus turcicus with possible implications of food partitioning SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OVERLAP AB A stomach content analysis was conducted on Hemidactylus turcicus, the Mediterranean gecko, from 19 April 1990 to 15 October 1990, on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas. Geckos (N = 167) were placed into four size groups based on snout-vent-length (less than or equal to 29 mm, 30-39 mm, 40-49 mm, and greater than or equal to 50 mm) and three microhabitat groups based on perch height (those occupying perch sites < 1.52 m, greater than or equal to 1.52 m to less than or equal to 3.05 m, and > 3.05 m). Stomach contents were analyzed and sex, size, and microhabitat groups were compared using Schoener's percent overlap index. Volumetrically, the most important prey items taken were Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Isopoda. Geckos of different size groups showed some differences in diet. The greatest difference occurred between the smallest and largest size groups. A significant positive correlation was found between gecko size and prey size (r = 0.24, P = 0.0008). Differences in the diets of geckos inhabiting different microhabitats were very evident. Geckos occupying high perch sites ate more flying prey while geckos at lower perch sites ate more ground-dwelling prey. RP Saenz, D (reprint author), STEPHEN F AUSTIN STATE UNIV, COLL FORESTRY, USDA, FOREST SERV, SO RES STN, NACOGDOCHES, TX 75962 USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 461 EP 466 DI 10.2307/1565688 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WB859 UT WOS:A1996WB85900001 ER PT J AU Juste, RA Ott, TL Kwang, J Bazer, FW delaConchaBermejillo, A AF Juste, RA Ott, TL Kwang, J Bazer, FW delaConchaBermejillo, A TI Effects of recombinant interferon-tau on ovine lentivirus replication SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; ISOGENEIC TWIN LAMBS; TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ALPHA; CELLS; PATHOGENESIS; MACROPHAGES; THERAPY AB As a pregnancy recognition signal, sheep trophoblast cells secrete a type I interferon, ovine interferon-tau (Ov-IFN-tau), which has potent antiviral activity, We studied the effects of a recombinant protein (rOv-IFN-tau) on the replication of ovine lentivirus (OvLV) in goat synovial membrane cells, The amount of provirus DNA, as measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the virus titers, and the number of OvLV-induced syncytia were 76.5%, 82%, and 95%, respectively, lower in cultures treated with rOv-IFN-tau than in placebo-treated controls (p < 0.01), rOv-IFN-tau also reduced OvLV reverse transcriptase activity and protected cells from OvLV-induced cell lysis, but the effect was less dramatic, The antiviral activity increased with the concentration up to a maximum with 256 antiviral units of rOv-IFN-tau per ml. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT PATHOBIOL,AGR EXPT STN,SAN ANGELO,TX 76901. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RI Juste, Ramon/C-3570-2008 OI Juste, Ramon/0000-0001-6037-5873 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 12 BP 989 EP 994 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA VZ423 UT WOS:A1996VZ42300002 PM 8973999 ER PT J AU Feil, VJ AF Feil, VJ TI Synthesis of C-14-Labeled levamisole and C-13-labeled tetramisole SO JOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS & RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS LA English DT Article DE [C-14]levamisole; [C-13]tetramisole; [-]-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl[C-14-UL]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole [+/-]-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl[C-13(6)]imidazo[2,1-b]-thiazole AB The syntheses of C-14-ring labeled levamisole ([-]-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl[C-14-UL]imidazo[2,1-b] thiazole) from acetophenone-ring-UL-C-14 in 5 steps plus resolution with a 7.5% overall yield, and C-13(6)-ring labeled tetramisole ([+/-]-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl[C-13(6)]imidazo[2,1-b] thiazole) from benzene-C-13(6) in 6 steps with a 9.0% overall yield are described. RP Feil, VJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0362-4803 J9 J LABELLED COMPD RAD JI J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1071 EP 1076 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA VU411 UT WOS:A1996VU41100003 ER PT J AU Goldmann, A Message, B Tepfer, D Molyneux, RJ Duclos, O Boyer, FD Pan, YT Elbein, AD AF Goldmann, A Message, B Tepfer, D Molyneux, RJ Duclos, O Boyer, FD Pan, YT Elbein, AD TI Biological activities of the nortropane alkaloid, calystegine B-2, and analogs: Structure-function relationships SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; SUGARS; IDENTIFICATION; DERIVATIVES; SOLANACEAE; RHIZOGENES; NITROGEN; PLASMID AB Calystegines, polyhydroxy nortropane alkaloids, are a recently discovered group of plant secondary metabolites believed to influence rhizosphere ecology as nutritional sources for soil microorganisms and as glycosidase inhibitors. Evidence is presented that calystegines mediate nutritional relationships under natural conditions and that their biological activities are closely correlated with their chemical structures and stereochemistry. Assays using synthetic (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of calystegine B-2 established that catabolism by Rhizobium meliloti, glycosidase inhibition, and allelopathic activities were uniquely associated with the natural, (+)-enantiomer. Furthermore, the N-methyl derivative of calystegine B-2 was not catabolized by R. meliloti, and it inhibited alpha-galactosidase, but not beta-glucosidase, whereas the parent alkaloid inhibits both enzymes. This N-methyl analog therefore could serve to construct a cellular or animal model for Fabry's disease, which is caused by a lack of alpha-galactosidase activity. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. INRA,LAB BIOL RHIZOSPHERE,F-78026 VERSAILLES,FRANCE. UNIV PARIS 05,CHIM & BIOCHIM PHARMACOL & TOXICOL LAB,F-75270 PARIS 06,FRANCE. UNIV ARKANSAS,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. NR 47 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 59 IS 12 BP 1137 EP 1142 DI 10.1021/np960409v PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA WA559 UT WOS:A1996WA55900007 PM 8988598 ER PT J AU Sikora, EJ Noel, GR AF Sikora, EJ Noel, GR TI Hatch and emergence of Heterodera glycines in root leachate from resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diapause; emergence; Glycine max; hatch; Heterodera glycines; nematode race; resistance; soybean; soybean cyst nematode ID POTATO CYST NEMATODES; GLOBODERA-ROSTOCHIENSIS; TEMPERATURE; DORMANCY; GROWTH; EGGS AB Egg hatch and emergence of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Heterodera, a glycines races 3 and 4 from cysts exposed to soybean root leachate of cv. Fayette (resistant to H. glycines) and H. glycines-susceptible cultivars A2575, A3127, and Williams 82 were determined in three sets of experiments. In the first experiment, cysts of both race 3 and race 4 were exposed to leachate of 8-week-old plants for a 2-week period. In the second experiment, cysts from populations of races 3 and 4 were raised on cultivars A2575, A3127, and Williams 82. Cysts then were exposed to leachate from 8-week-old plants for a 2-week period in all possible race-per-cultivar combinations. In the third experiment, cysts of races 3 and 4 were exposed at 4-day intervals to leachate from plants as the plants developed eloped 7 to 59 days after planting. In experiments 1 and 2, leachate from 8-week-old Williams 82 and A3127 stimulated more hatch and emergence of H. glycines than leachate from A2575, Fayette, or the control. In the first experiment, cumulative hatch and emergence were greater for race 3 than for race 4. In experiment 2, no apparent relationship developed between leachate from a cultivar and the population developed on that cultivar in terms of stimulation of hatch and emergence. In the third experiment, A2575 stimulated more hatch and emergence of both race 3 and race 4 than A3127, Fayette, and Williams 82. Leachate fi om Fayette stimulated less hatch and emergence of both race 3 and race 4. Hatch and emergence were greatest during the initial 12 days of the experiment. C1 USDA ARS,CROP PROTECT RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Sikora, EJ (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AUBURN,AL 36949, USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 501 EP 509 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WB860 UT WOS:A1996WB86000011 PM 19277168 ER PT J AU Brodie, BB AF Brodie, BB TI Effect of initial nematode density on managing Globodera rostochiensis with resistant cultivars and nonhosts SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cropping system; density; ecology; Globodera rostochiensis; golden nematode; integrated control; potato; potato cyst nematode; rotation ID POTATO CYST-NEMATODE; HOST PLANT-RESISTANCE; INTEGRATED CONTROL; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PALLIDA; NEMATICIDE; REPRODUCTION; CLONES AB Cropping systems in which resistant potato cultivars were grown at different frequencies in rotation with susceptible cultivars and a nonhost (oats) were evaluated at four initial nematode population densities (Pi) for their ability to maintain Globodera rostochiensis at a target level of <0.2 egg/cm(3) of soil. At a Pi of 0.1 to 1 egg/cm(3) of soil, cropping systems with 2 successive years of a resistant cultivar every 3 years of potato production reduced and maintained G. rostochiensis at <0.2 egg/cm(3) of soil. At a Pi of 1 to 4 eggs/cm(3) of soil, 2 successive years of a resistant cultivar followed by 1 year of oats for every 4 years of production were necessary to reduce and maintain G. rostochiensis populations at <0.2 egg/cm(3) of soil. At a Pi greater than 4 eggs/cm(3) of soil, 2 successive years of a resistant cultivar plus 1 year of oats reduced G. rostochiensis densities to <0.2 egg/cm(3) of soil, but the population increased above that density after cropping 1 year to a susceptible cultivar. The numbers of cysts and eggs per cyst in the final population (Pf) of G. rostochiensis were influenced by initial density and the frequency of growing a susceptible cultivar in a cropping system. The lowest number of cysts and eggs per cyst in the final G. rostochiensis population occurred with a cropping system consisting of 2 successive years of a resistant cultivar followed by oats with a susceptible cultivar grown the fourth year of production. RP Brodie, BB (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 510 EP 519 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WB860 UT WOS:A1996WB86000012 PM 19277169 ER PT J AU France, RA Brodie, BB AF France, RA Brodie, BB TI Characterization of Pratylenchus penetrans from ten geographically isolated populations based on their reaction on potato SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biotype; egression; lesion nematode; pathotype; potato; Pratylenchus penetrans; reproduction; resistance; Solanum tuberosum ID ALFALFA; CULTIVARS AB Single female cultures of Pratylenchus penetrans were established from soil and root samples collected from 10 geographically isolated locations in North America. The resultant isolates were used to evaluate nematode egression from and multiplication on roots of potato clones to distinguish intraspecific differences among isolates. The 10 nematode isolates were statistically separated into four groups based on percentage of nematodes that egressed from the P. penetrans-resistant potato clone L118-2. The Cornell (CR), Wisconsin (WI), Long Island (LI), and Adirondack (AD) isolates, selected as representative isolates of each of the four groups, exhibited 53%, 39%, 25%, and 10% egression from L118-2, respectively. Reproduction of these four isolates was measured on three potato cultivars (Russet Burbank, Butte, and Hudson) and two breeding lines (NY85 and L118-2). The LI and AD isolates reproduced well on all five potato clones. The CR isolate reproduced well on Russet Burbank and NY85 but significantly less on Butte, Hudson, anti L118-2. Reproduction of the WI isolate was less than the LI and AD isolates but was less than the CR isolate on all potato clones tested except Russet Burbank. Reproduction of the WI isolate on Russet Burbank was less than the other three isolates. Based on these results, four distinct intraspecific variants of P. penetrans are proposed: Cornell, Wisconsin, Long Island, and Adirondack. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 520 EP 526 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WB860 UT WOS:A1996WB86000013 PM 19277170 ER PT J AU Davis, EL Koenning, SR Burton, JW Barker, KR AF Davis, EL Koenning, SR Burton, JW Barker, KR TI Greenhouse evaluation of selected soybean germplasm for resistance to North Carolina populations of Heterodera glycines, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and Meloidogyne species SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; Meloidogyne incognita; M-arenaria; M-javanica; reniform nematode; resistance; root-knot nematode; Rotylenchulus reniformis; soybean; soybean cyst nematode ID UNITED-STATES; CULTIVARS; REGISTRATION; NEMATODES AB Selected soybean genotypes were evaluated far resistance to North Carolina populations of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita races 3 and 4, M. arenaria races 1 and 2 M. javanica, and the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis in two greenhouse tests. Populations of cyst nematode used in the first test were cultures from field samples originally classified as races 1-5, and those used in the second test included inbred cyst lines that corresponded to races 1, 3, and 4. The original race classification of some cyst populations shifted after repeated culture on susceptible 'Lee 68' soybean. Most of the cyst-resistant soybean cultivars tested were susceptible to M. arenaria and M. javanica. Exceptionally large galls were induced by M. arenaria on roots of Asgrow 5979, Hartwig, and CNS soybean. Hartwig soybean and PI 437654 were resistant to all cultured field populations of cyst nematodes in a first greenhouse test. In the second test, cyst indices of 11.3% and 19.4% were observed on roots of PI 437654 and Hartwig, respectively, when infected with an inbred line (OP50) of H. glycines corresponding to race 4. The cyst-resistant soybean germplasm tested, including Hartwig and PI 437654, supported only low numbers of reniform nematodes. The most severe soybean root necrosis observed, however, was associated with reniform nematode infection. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP SCI, USDA ARS, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. RP Davis, EL (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, BOX 7616, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 SU S BP 590 EP 598 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WC414 UT WOS:A1996WC41400003 PM 19277179 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Yield loss in soybean caused by Heterodera glycines SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; resistance; soybean; soybean cyst nematode; yield loss ID CULTIVARS AB Yields of four soybean cultivars were measured for 4 years in a field infested with Heterodera glycines race 3 and in a field infested with H. glycines race 14. Cultivars included Hutcheson (susceptible to both races), Deltapine 415 (resistant to race 3 and susceptible to race 14), Asgrow 5979 (resistant to both races), and Harwig (resistant to both races as well as most other known races of H. glycines). Although no above-ground symptoms of nematode infection were visible, mean yield was 16-32% greater for Asgrow 5979 than for Hutcheson. Yield for Deltpine 415 was similar to that of Asgrow 5979 in the field infested with race 3 and similar to that of Hutcheson in the race 14-infested field. Hartwig produced lower yields than Asgrow 5979 in both fields. Yield differences, particularly between Asgrow 5979 and Hutcheson, were attributed primarily to nematodes because both cultivars have been shown to produce similar yields in the absence of H. glycines. This study illustrates the importance of knowing which race of the nematode is prevalent in a field and demonstrates that the nematode can cause significant yield loss in the absence of visible symptoms of infection. RP Young, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NEMATOL RES,605 AIRWAYS BLVD,JACKSON,TN 38301, USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 SU S BP 604 EP 607 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WC414 UT WOS:A1996WC41400005 PM 19277181 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Advising growers in selection of Heterodera glycines-resistant soybean cultivars SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; races; resistance; soybean; soybean cyst nematode ID RACES AB Female indices were measured on six soybean cultivars with resistance to Heterodera glycines derived from PI 88788. Cultivars were inoculated with four isolates of race 6, 3 of race 9, 2 of race 4, and one of race 14. Changes in female index from slightly < or > 10% of the test cultivars compared to 'Lee' resulted in a change of most of the race designations after at least three generations on 'Essex.' Variation due to race was the greatest source of variation in the analysis of the data and was three to nine times the second largest source of variation. In most cases. female indices for the cultivars within a race were not different (P = 0.05). This study suggests that one cultivar can serve as a type cultivar for a common source of H. glycines resistance. Value of race designations was demonstrated. RP Young, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOYBEAN RES UNIT,605 AIRWAYS BLVD,JACKSON,TN 38301, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 SU S BP 608 EP 611 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WC414 UT WOS:A1996WC41400006 PM 19277182 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Selhub, J Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH AF Tucker, KL Selhub, J Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH TI Dietary intake pattern relates to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE folate; homocysteine; elderly humans; breakfast cereal; fruits and vegetables ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK; POPULATION; DISEASE; MEN AB We examined the relationship between intake of food group (and supplement) sources of folate and plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations among 885 elderly subjects in the Framingham Heart Study. Dietary data were collected by food-frequency questionnaire, and blood samples analyzed for folate and homocysteine concentrations. Top contributors to total folate intake were ranked. Mean folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations were estimated for users vs. non-users of supplements, and key foods-those which both contribute to total folate intake and are known to be good sources of folate-and examined statistically with adjustment for age, gender and total energy intake. Plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations were also determined by quintile of intake frequency for breakfast cereals and for fruits and vegetables. Plasma folate was significantly greater and homocysteine lower in women than in men. Despite somewhat greater plasma folate concentrations with age, homocysteine was significantly higher in those over 80 y of age than in younger subjects. Major contributors to folate intake were cold breakfast cereals (13.3%), multivitamins (12.8%) and orange juice (12.4%). Users of supplements, breakfast cereals, or green leafy vegetables had significantly greater plasma folate and lower homocysteine levels than non-users. Plasma folate concentration was also greater in those who drank orange juice. We identified clear dose-response relationships for both plasma folate and homocysteine with increased quintile of breakfast cereal and of fruit and vegetable use. Frequent consumption of these foods is associated with higher folate and lower homocysteine concentrations. C1 FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038] NR 19 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 126 IS 12 BP 3025 EP 3031 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WD494 UT WOS:A1996WD49400011 PM 9001370 ER PT J AU Gangloff, MB Lai, CD VanCampen, DR Miller, DD Norvell, WA Glahn, RP AF Gangloff, MB Lai, CD VanCampen, DR Miller, DD Norvell, WA Glahn, RP TI Ferrous iron uptake but not transfer is down-regulated in Caco-2 cells grown in high iron serum-free medium SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Caco-2; iron uptake; iron transfer; ferritin; serum free ID FERRIC IRON; MOUSE DUODENUM; UPTAKE INVITRO; NONHEME-IRON; LINE CACO-2; ABSORPTION; TRANSPORT; INVIVO; MODEL; RAT AB Caco-2 cells in culture provide an attractive model for the study of human iron absorption. Because iron status has a marked effect on human iron absorption, we devised serum-free growth conditions that allow manipulation of Caco-2 cell iron stores while maintaining growth. Caco-2 cells were cultured in serum-free media containing 0-20 mu mol/L added iron. Intracellular ferritin, measured by radioimmunoassay, increased 100-fold with the addition of 20 mu mol/L iron to the serum-free growth medium. Iron uptake and transfer across Caco-2 cell monolayers were measured from balanced salt solutions of ferrous and ferric forms of iron. Uptake from ferrous, but not ferric, iron was inversely related to cell ferritin concentration and culture medium iron concentration. Kinetic analysis of uptake data from solutions of ferrous and ferric iron revealed saturable and nonsaturable components for ferrous iron, but only a nonsaturable component for ferric iron. Uptake by the nonsaturable pathway was not affected by cell ferritin concentration for either form of iron. Maximal uptake from a ferrous iron solution via the saturable pathway was nearly 100% greater in cells cultured under low compared with high iron conditions. Iron transfer across Caco-2 monolayers was not proportional to iron uptake, but was related to monolayer permeability. Iron uptake by Caco-2 cells was a reliable indicator of relative iron availability. We observed no difference in iron transfer that was related to the iron status of the cell monolayer. The lack of this effect suggests that this model may be inadequate for studies of iron transfer. C1 USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,INST FOOD SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 36 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 126 IS 12 BP 3118 EP 3127 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WD494 UT WOS:A1996WD49400023 PM 9001382 ER PT J AU Fayer, R AF Fayer, R TI Introduction of Steve J. Upton as the Henry Baldwin Ward Medalist for 1996 SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,AGR RES SERV,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,IMMUN & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 82 IS 6 BP 865 EP 865 PG 1 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VZ289 UT WOS:A1996VZ28900003 PM 8973392 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Pathogenicity and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for rats SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICE; PARASITE; STRAINS AB Rats are considered to be 1 of the most resistant hosts for Toxoplasma gondii infection, but relative infectivity of T. gondii for rats is not known. Therefore, infectivity and pathogenicity of oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii were studied in Sprague Dawley weaned rats (similar to 130 g). Groups of 5 rats were each inoculated orally with 1 to 1 million infective oocysts. Three of the 5 rats fed 1 million oocysts died of acute toxoplasmosis between 6 and 9 days after ingesting oocysts; all other rats survived. Tissue cysts were found in brains of all rats fed greater than or equal to 10 oocysts and in 3 of 6 rats fed 1 oocyst. The average number of tissue cysts in brains of rats was 300, 180, 528, 600, 396, 1,200, and 2,650 in rats fed 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, or 1 million oocysts, respectively. Microscopic lesions were seen in brains of all T. gondii-infected rats and the frequency of lesions was usually proportional to the dose. Antibodies (greater than or equal to 1:512) to T. gondii were detected in sera of all infected rats 29 days after ingestion of oocysts by the modified agglutination test, the commercially available latex agglutination test, and the indirect hemagglutination test. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB, INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI, AGR RES SERV, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 82 IS 6 BP 951 EP 956 DI 10.2307/3284205 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VZ289 UT WOS:A1996VZ28900016 PM 8973405 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FELINE TOXOPLASMOSIS; CYSTS; IMMUNITY; MICE AB Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are highly infective to intermediate hosts including humans, pigs, and mice, but are considered less infective for cats, the definitive host. To determine infectivity of T. gondii oocysts for cats, 20 2- to 3-mo-old T. gondii-free cats in groups of 4 were fed graded doses of oocysts estimated to have 1, 10, 100, 1,000, or 10,000 mouse infective oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii. Feces of cats were examined;or at least 35 days after feeding oocysts. All cats were killed, necropsied, their sera were tested for T. gondii antibodies, and tissues were bioassayed in mice. Three of the 4 cats fed 10,000 oocysts, 3 of the 4 cats fed 1,000 oocysts, and 2 of the 4 cats each fed 100 oocysts shed 7.3-162 million T. gondii oocysts in their feces, with a prepatent period of 18-44 days. Based on bioassay and antibody production, all 4 cats fed 10,000 oocysts, 3 of 4 cats fed 1,000 oocysts, 2 of 4 cats fed 100 oocysts, and 0 of 8 cats fed 1 or 10 oocysts acquired T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by the modified agglutination test in all 9 bioassay-proven T. gondii-infected cats and in none of the 11 cats without demonstrable T. gondii. In a series of other experiments, the age of the car at the time of oocyst feeding and the administration of corticosteroids were found to have no influence on the prepatent periods after ingestion of oocysts. A review of published and unpublished data indicated that the minimum prepatent period to shedding of oocysts after the ingestion of oocysts by cats is 18 days. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,AGR RES SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 66 Z9 73 U1 5 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 82 IS 6 BP 957 EP 961 DI 10.2307/3284206 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VZ289 UT WOS:A1996VZ28900017 PM 8973406 ER PT J AU Yan, GY Phillips, TW AF Yan, GY Phillips, TW TI Influence of tapeworm infection on the production of aggregation pheromone and defensive compounds in Tribolium castaneum SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HORNWORM MANDUCA-SEXTA; APANTELES-CONGREGATUS; CONFUSUM COLEOPTERA; GENETIC STRAINS; TENEBRIONIDAE; BEETLES AB Recent studies suggest that parasites affect host development, reproduction, and behavior through alterations of host hormones and pheromones, or other hormone-triggered biochemical events. We previously reported that Hymenolepis diminuta infection affects surface-seeking and cannibalism behaviors, and reduces male sperm precedence of Tribolium castaneum beetles. This study examined the quantitative effects of H. diminuta on the production of aggregation pheromone and 3 defensive compounds in male T. castaneum beetles, using 2 wild-caught, geographically distinct T. castaneum strains; For the c-Madison strain, infected beetles exhibited a 2- to 22-fold increase in defensive compounds; conversely, no changes were observed in strain c-Africa. Parasite infection did not significantly influence aggregation pheromone secretion in either strain. Because defensive compounds function as repellents or deterrents to other insects, parasite-induced increases in the secretion of defensive compounds may be a physiologic clue for the behavioral changes in infected T. castaneum beetles. Significant among-strain variation in defensive compound production seen in infected beetles suggests that caution is needed before generalizing about changes in volatile production and in host behavior induced by a parasite. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,STORED PROD INSECT RES UNIT,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Yan, GY (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ANIM HLTH & BIOMED SCI,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1037 EP 1039 DI 10.2307/3284221 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VZ289 UT WOS:A1996VZ28900032 PM 8973421 ER PT J AU Duffy, BK Weller, DM AF Duffy, BK Weller, DM TI Biological control of take-all of wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the USA using hypovirulent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and fluorescent pseudomonads SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID ROOT COLONIZATION; SUPPRESSION AB Hypovirulent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici strain L108hv, five strains of Pseudomonas spp., and a mixture of four of these bacterial strains were used individually and in combination for the suppression of take-all of wheat. In the growth chamber, L108hv and all five individual bacterial strains provided a significant reduction in take-all severity compared with an untreated control. Combination of L108hv and the bacteria did not significantly enhance the suppressiveness of either agent. In the field at Pullman, WA, 108hv significantly reduced crown root infection of winter wheat but not seminal root infection, while the reverse was true for a mixture of bacterial strains suggesting these agents may be more effective at different stages in disease development. In a second field trial at Pullman, yield of spring wheat was increased by 20.8%. In contrast, in two field trials at Mt. Vernon, WA, L108hv had no effect on take-all of spring wheat. We conclude that specific biocontrol agents may be better suited for certain environments and that biocontrol treatments should be customized for the target site. C1 ETH ZURICH,INST PLANT SCI,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. ARS,USDA,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 144 IS 11-12 BP 585 EP 590 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1996.tb00303.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV205 UT WOS:A1996XV20500012 ER PT J AU Martin, WE Shields, DJ Tolwinski, B Kent, B AF Martin, WE Shields, DJ Tolwinski, B Kent, B TI An application of social choice theory to USDA Forest Service decision making SO JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING LA English DT Article AB To meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the U.S.D.A. Forest Service has changed the way forest plans are developed. The focus of this paper is to address the group-decision problem using social choice theory, specifically the voting models of Condorcet and Borda. The elements of a social choice problem are voters, alternatives, preferences, and aggregation. A case study from the Shoshone National Forest is used to demonstrate the use of the voting models from social choice theory. The solutions derived from the analysis are strategy and coalitional strategy proof implying that behaviors intended to influence the outcome, such as vote trading, would be unsuccessful. (C) Society for Policy Modeling, 1996. C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,FT COLLINS,CO. ORE MINERAL IND,GOLDEN,CO. RP Martin, WE (reprint author), COLORADO SCH MINES,DIV ECON & BUSINESS,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0161-8938 J9 J POLICY MODEL JI J. Policy Model. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 18 IS 6 BP 603 EP 621 DI 10.1016/S0161-8938(95)00132-8 PG 19 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA VZ979 UT WOS:A1996VZ97900002 ER PT J AU Koszewski, NJ Reinhardt, TA Horst, RL AF Koszewski, NJ Reinhardt, TA Horst, RL TI Vitamin D receptor interactions with the murine osteopontin response element SO JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RETINOID-X-RECEPTOR; RAT 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3 RECEPTOR; HUMAN OSTEOCALCIN GENE; THYROID-HORMONE; DNA-BINDING; SEQUENCE ELEMENTS; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; ACCESSORY FACTOR; NUCLEAR-PROTEIN; DIRECT REPEATS AB The nature of the DNA binding interactions of the human vitamin D receptor (hVDR) with the murine osteopontin vitamin D response element (mOP VDRE) was examined. Both recombinant hVDR and human retinoid X receptor beta (hRXR beta) proteins were obtained from baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells. Mixing extracts of the two recombinant proteins resulted in the strong, specific formation of a slower migrating complex in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Crude extracts of the expressed hVDR alone were also capable of binding with high affinity to the mOP sequence, and this binding was enhanced in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin 1 D-3 (1,25-(OH)(2)D-3). Competition experiments confirmed the specificity of this interaction and revealed that the human osteocalcin VDRE was a poor competitor for this binding. Ethylation interference footprint analyses of hVDR/hRXR beta and hVDR complexes revealed only subtle differences in how these two different VDR-containing complexes interacted with the mOP VDRE. The footprints displayed contact points in both halves of the direct repeat format, confirming the dimeric and major groove interactions of both types of complexes. DNA affinity chromatography of labelled hVDR extracts revealed a peak eluting at ca. 290 mM KCl that was capable of rebinding to the mOP sequence in gel shift experiments. Ultraviolet (UV) light-crosslinking experiments of hVDR extracts alone to radiolabelled DNA were consistent with the existence of a homodimeric hVDR interaction. Additionally, these experiments confirmed the direct interaction of a hVDR/hRXR beta heterodimer when mixed extracts were utilized. From these results we infer that homodimers of the hVDR which respond with enhanced DNA binding to particular vitamin D response elements when exposed to 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 are possible. This may be of functional significance when RXR proteins are limiting or RXR Ligand is present within a cell. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Koszewski, NJ (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV NEPHROL BONE & MINERAL METAB,800 ROSE ST,LEXINGTON,KY 40536, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK47883] NR 48 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-0760 J9 J STEROID BIOCHEM JI J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 59 IS 5-6 BP 377 EP 388 DI 10.1016/S0960-0760(96)00127-6 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA WD950 UT WOS:A1996WD95000004 PM 9010343 ER PT J AU Johson, EJ Krinsky, NI Russell, RM AF Johson, EJ Krinsky, NI Russell, RM TI Serum response of all-trans and 9-cis isomers of beta-carotene in humans SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; serum; metabolism; human ID HUMAN PLASMA; INGESTION; RETINOL; ACCUMULATION; VEGETABLES; MIXTURE; CANCER; CHICKS; BLOOD; RATS AB Objective: Little work has been performed on the serum response of various carotene isomers. The present study was carried out to examine the serum response of all-trans and 9-cis isomers of beta-carotene (BC) using frequent blood sample collections at early time points. Methods: Serum responses of all-trans BC and a mixture of BC isomers containing 80% 9-cis BC were studied in 15 men by measuring the serum concentrations of BC at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 24 hours after a single large oral dose of all-trans BC or 9-cis BC. Results: The serum response to an oral dose of all-trans BC (120 mg) significantly increased from baseline at 24 hr (p < 0.004). After an oral dose of a mixture of BC isomers (120 mg, 80% 9-cis BC), the peak concentration of 9-cis BC was significantly greater that baseline values (p < 0.016). Conclusions: Increases in serum all-trans BC levels, in part, may be due to greater intestinal absorption, whereas the inability to measure a significant increase in the concentration of 9-cis BC may indicate poor absorption, isomerization to all-trans BC, or a very rapid tissue uptake. C1 TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Johson, EJ (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 620 EP 624 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VV298 UT WOS:A1996VV29800011 ER PT J AU Bailey, DG Gosselin, JA AF Bailey, DG Gosselin, JA TI The preservation of animal hides and skins with potassium chloride SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 92nd Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 16-20, 1996 CL GRAND TRAVERSE RESORT, MI SP Amer Leather Chem Assoc RP Bailey, DG (reprint author), ARS,HIDES LIPIDS & WOOL RES UNIT,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 9 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 91 IS 12 BP 317 EP 333 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA XF387 UT WOS:A1996XF38700001 ER PT J AU Mount, GA Biery, TL Haile, DG AF Mount, GA Biery, TL Haile, DG TI A review of ultralow-volume aerial sprays of insecticide for mosquito control SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID DROPLET SIZE; MALATHION; ARKANSAS; AEROSOLS AB This review of research on ultralow-volume (ULV) aerial sprays for mosquito control is a component of an Aerial SPray EXpert system (ASPEX). Topics include application volume, adulticiding, larviciding, droplet size, and meteorology. The review discusses the efficacy of ULV aerial sprays against many important pest and Vector species of mosquitoes in a wide range of locations and habitats in the USA and in some countries of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Nine conclusions were drawn from this review. 1) ULV applications are as effective for mosquito control as highly-diluted, water-based sprays. 2) More acres can be sprayed per aircraft load with the ULV method than with dilute sprays. 3) High-altitude ULV sprays using wide or stacked swaths could be used in emergencies if wind speed and direction data at appropriate altitudes are available to accurately place the spray. 4) Successful adult mosquito control can be achieved in dense foliage or open housing with ULV aerial sprays, but doses of insecticide must be increased 5) ULV aerial application of mosquito larvicides can be used successfully in large areas. 6) The optimum droplet size for adult mosquito control is 5-25 mu m volume median diameter (VMD). 7) For mosquito adulticiding, near optimum atomization of ULV sprays is achieved with flat-fan nozzles oriented straight down or slightly forward for high-speed aircraft (greater than or equal to 150 mph) or rotary atomizers on slow-speed aircraft (<150 mph). 8) Optimum atomization minimizes paint spotting. 9) Maximum adult mosquito control is achieved just after sunrise and just before sunset with 2-10 mph crosswinds. C1 USAF RESERVE,AERIAL SPRAY BRANCH,VIENNA,OH 44473. RP Mount, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 78 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 601 EP 618 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WH630 UT WOS:A1996WH63000001 PM 9046465 ER PT J AU Undeen, AH White, SE Fukuda, T AF Undeen, AH White, SE Fukuda, T TI Egg production by Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda: Mermithidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Egg production by the mermithid nematode Srelkovimermis spiculatus, a parasite of mosquitoes, was examined over a period of 34 days. Oviposition did not occur in the absence of males. Egg production was best when males were continuously present (6.4 x 10(3) +/- 0.9 x 10(3) eggs/female). Fewer eggs were produced when males were removed after 7 days (2.8 x 10(3) +/- 0.2 x 10(3) eggs/female) and oviposition partially recovered after males were returned II days later (4.4 x 10(-3) +/- 0.5 x 10(3) eggs/female). The nematodes deposited substantially more eggs in sand (6.4 x 10(3) +/- 0.9 x 10(3)/female) than in water (1.9 x 10(3) +/- 0.3 x 10(3)/female). RP Undeen, AH (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED CTR,AGR & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 736 EP 738 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WH630 UT WOS:A1996WH63000022 PM 9046486 ER PT J AU Hayes, DG Kleiman, R AF Hayes, DG Kleiman, R TI Supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of new crop seed oils and their reactions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 08, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE esters; Euphorbia lagascae oil; lesquerella oil; meadowfoam oil; supercritical fluid chromatography; triglycerides; vernonia oil ID VERNONIA-GALAMENSIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CAPILLARY SFC; FATTY-ACIDS; TRIGLYCERIDES; TEMPERATURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; LESQUERELLA; SELECTIVITY; ESTOLIDES AB Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with an open tubular column of nonpolar stationary phase separated triglycerides from crambe, meadowfoam, Euphorbia lagascae, and vernonia oils based on their molecular weight. The triglyceride compositions were consistent with the literature. SFC proved also to be a valuable tool in analyzing lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions where lesquerella oil and estolides were among the substrates employed. Analyte molecular weights could be estimated from a retention time- (or elution density-) molecular weight calibration curve. An increase in isothermal column temperature during SFC pressure or density programming improved the resolution of high-molecular-weight (>600 Da) analytes but yielded poorer resolution for analytes of molecular weight < 200. A simultaneous pressure and temperature ramping program proved superior in enhancing resolution in several instances. RP Hayes, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 73 IS 12 BP 1691 EP 1697 DI 10.1007/BF02517974 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VY896 UT WOS:A1996VY89600013 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO Shockley, MW Bagby, MO AF Dunn, RO Shockley, MW Bagby, MO TI Improving the low-temperature properties of alternative diesel fuels: Vegetable oil-derived methyl esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; cloud point; cold filter plugging point; diesel fuel; kinematic viscosity; low-temperature flow test; methyl esters; pour point; soybean oil; winterization ID CRYSTALLIZATION AB This work explores near-term approaches for improving the low-temperature properties of triglyceride oil-derived fuels for direct-injection compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Methyl esters from transesterified soybean oil were evaluated as a neat fuel and in blends with petroleum middle distillates. Winterization showed that the cloud point (CP) of methyl soyate may be reduced to -16 degrees C. Twelve cold-flow additives marketed for distillates were tested by standard petroleum methodologies, including CP, pour point (PP), kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and low-temperature flow test (LTFT). Results showed that additive treatment significantly improves the PP of distillate/methyl ester blends; however, additives do not greatly affect CP or viscosity. Both CFPP and LTFT were nearly linear functions of CP, a result that compares well with earlier studies with untreated distillate/methyl ester blends. In particular, additives proved capable of reducing LTFT of neat methyl esters by 5-6 degrees C. This work supports earlier research on the low-temperature properties; that is, approaches for improving the cold flow of methyl ester-based diesel fuels should continue to focus on reducing CP. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 117 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 73 IS 12 BP 1719 EP 1728 DI 10.1007/BF02517978 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VY896 UT WOS:A1996VY89600017 ER PT J AU Ueyoshi, K Roads, JO Fujioka, F Stevens, DE AF Ueyoshi, K Roads, JO Fujioka, F Stevens, DE TI Numerical simulation of the Maui Vortex in the trade winds SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID HAWAIIAN CLOUD BANDS; PAST 3-DIMENSIONAL OBSTACLES; AIR-FLOW; ISOLATED TOPOGRAPHY; WINDWARD SLOPES; LARGE ISLANDS; DYNAMICS; WAKE; VORTICES AB On the island of Maui, the dispersion of air pollutants associated with the field burning of biomass is complicated because the persistent Maui Vortex in the lee of Haleakala tends to trap smoke making pollution concentration worse in the central valley. In the present study we describe the spatially as well as temporally continuous short-term climatology of the airflow in the central valley of Maui during a summer month under trade wind conditions; simulated by a high-resolution mesoscale model initialized and forced by large-scale objective analyses. These simulations are compared with station observations. Under persistent trade wind conditions, an eddy would form in the central valley, and would remain steady and stationary regardless of the time of the day with little indications of vortex shedding even if the Froude number Fr = U/NH < 0.4, where U is the uniform flow speed, H the height of the obstacle, and N the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. However, vortex shedding could occur if the West Maui mountains were removed. Two major factors contributing to formation, maintenance, and steadiness of the Maui Vortex, solar heating and the accelerated northerly flow over the valley resulting from deflection of the trades by West Maui, are discussed. Suggestions are made for preferred synoptic conditions for field burning. C1 US FOREST SERV, FOREST FIRE LAB, USDA, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. UNIV HAWAII MANOA, DEPT METEOROL, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. RP Ueyoshi, K (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 EI 2186-9057 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 723 EP 744 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WK275 UT WOS:A1996WK27500001 ER PT J AU Collins, JK Biles, CL Wann, EV PerkinsVeazie, P Maness, N AF Collins, JK Biles, CL Wann, EV PerkinsVeazie, P Maness, N TI Flavour qualities of frozen sweetcorn are affected by genotype and blanching SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE peroxidase; isozymes; isoelectric focusing; sensory; blanching ID VEGETABLES; CORN AB Peroxidase activity is used by the food processing industry as an indicator of adequacy of the blanching process and to predict off-flavour development in frozen food. Research reported herein showed that total peroxidase activity did not parallel flavour changes in frozen unblanched supersweet (sh2) or sugary enhanced (su1/se) sweet corn genotypes. Frozen corn-on-the-cob of 'Florida Staysweet' (sh2), 'Merit' (standard sweet-su1) and 'Bodacious' (su1/se), blanched and unblanched, was subjected to sensory evaluation and peroxidase analysis following frozen storage up to 12 months. Trained taste panellists rated the unblanched sh2 and su1/se corn as acceptable up to 8 months of frozen storage. Kernels were cut from cobs after 0 and 12 months of storage. Proteins were extracted from acetone powders of kernels and separated by isoelectric focusing and native PAGE. Banding patterns differed according to genotype and storage duration. These results suggested molecular differences in peroxidase isozymes among the sweet corn genotypes which could be involved in off-flavour development. All genotypes contained a peroxidase isozyme having a molecular mass of 80 kDa and pi of 4.5. The su1/se and sh2 genotypes produced an additional peroxidase band of 13.8 kDa. An additional peroxidase isozyme (pl 5.4) appeared in extracts from the su1 genotype after 12 months storage. Although changes in total peroxidase activity may not predict flavour changes in all genotypes, the presence or absence of certain peroxidase isozymes may be useful in predicting off-flavour development in su1 frozen corn. C1 E CENT UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ADA,OK 74821. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP Collins, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SCARL,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 72 IS 4 BP 425 EP 429 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199612)72:4<425::AID-JSFA678>3.0.CO;2-L PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WA294 UT WOS:A1996WA29400005 ER PT J AU Lim, C AF Lim, C TI Substitution of cottonseed meal for marine animal protein in diets for Penaeus vannamei SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NILOTICUS LINN; TILAPIA; OREOCHROMIS AB Solvent-extracted cottonseed meal was used in shrimp Penaeus vannamei diets at levels of 0, 13.3, 26.5, 39.8, 53.0 and 66.3%, substituting on an equal nitrogen basis for 0, 20, 10, 60, 80 and 100% of animal protein mix (53% menhaden fish meal, 34% shrimp waste meal and 13% squid meal). The feeds were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 3,100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily for 8 wk. Shrimp fed the three lowest dietary levels of cottonseed meal (0, 13.3 and 26.5%) had similar weight gain, feed consumption and survival. The performance of shrimp was adversely affected when diets containing more than 26.5% cottonseed meal, or 1,100 ppm free gossypol, were fed. Shrimp fed the diet with 39.8% cottonseed meal or 1,600 ppm free gossypol had depressed weight gain, reduced feed intake and high mortality. The groups receiving the two highest dietary levels of cottonseed meal lost weight by the end of week 4 and all shrimp in these treatments died within 6 to 8 wk. These adverse effects were probably due to the toxicity of free gossypol. Shrimp appeared to accumulate gossypol in the body as evidenced by light yellow-green coloration in shrimp fed diets containing cottonseed meal. RP Lim, C (reprint author), ARS,USDA,FISH DIS & PARASITES RES LAB,POB 952,AUBURN,AL 36831, USA. NR 29 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 27 IS 4 BP 402 EP 409 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00624.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WB432 UT WOS:A1996WB43200004 ER PT J AU Zsak, L Lu, Z Kutish, GF Neilan, JG Rock, DL AF Zsak, L Lu, Z Kutish, GF Neilan, JG Rock, DL TI An African swine fever virus virulence-associated gene NL-S with similarity to the herpes simplex virus ICP34.5 gene SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY RESPONSE GENE; GROWTH ARREST; STRAIN 17SYN+; DNA; NEUROVIRULENCE; DIFFERENTIATION; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION AB We described previously an African swine fever virus (ASFV) open reading frame, 23-NL, in the African isolate Malawi Lil 2011 whose product shared significant similarity in a carboxyl-terminal domain with those of a mouse myeloid differentiation primary response gene, MyD116, and the herpes simplex virus neurovirulence-associated gene, ICP34.5 (M. D. Sussman, Z. Lu, G. Kutish, C. L. Afonso, P. Roberts, and D. L. Rock, J. Virol. 66:5586-5589, 1992). The similarity of 23-NL to these genes suggested that this gene may function in some aspect of ASFV virulence and/or host range. Sequence analysis of additional pathogenic viral isolates demonstrates that this gene is highly conserved among diverse ASFV isolates and that the gene product exists in either a long (184 amino acids as in 23-NL) or a short form (70 to 72 amino acids in other examined ASFV isolates). The short form of the gene, NL-S, encodes the complete highly conserved, hydrophilic, carboxyl-terminal domain of 56 amino acids common to 23-NL, MyD116, and ICP34.5. Recombinant NL-S gene deletion mutants and their revertants were constructed from the pathogenic ASFV isolate E70 and an E70 monkey cell culture-adapted virus, MS44, to study gene function, Although deletion of NL-S did not affect viral growth in primary swine macrophages or Vero cell cultures in vitro, the null mutant, E70/43, exhibited a marked reduction in pig virulence, In contrast to revertant or parental E70 where mortality was 100%, all E70/43-infected animals survived infection, With the exception of a transient fever response, E70/43-infected animals remained clinically normal and exhibited a 1,000-fold reduction in both mean and maximum viremia titers. All convalescent E70/43-infected animals survived infection when challenged with parental E70 at 30 days postinfection. These data indicate that the highly conserved NL-S gene of ASFV, while nonessential for growth in swine macrophages in vitro, is a significant viral virulence factor and may function as a host range gene. C1 USDA ARS, PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR, GREENPORT, NY 11944 USA. NR 55 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 70 IS 12 BP 8865 EP 8871 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA VT704 UT WOS:A1996VT70400072 PM 8971015 ER PT J AU Trott, DJ Atyeo, RF Lee, JI Swayne, DA Stoutenburg, JW Hampson, DJ AF Trott, DJ Atyeo, RF Lee, JI Swayne, DA Stoutenburg, JW Hampson, DJ TI Genetic relatedness amongst intestinal spirochaetes isolated from rats and birds SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; SWINE-DYSENTERY; GEN-NOV; SPIROCHETOSIS; IDENTIFICATION; PATHOGENICITY; ASSOCIATION; INFECTION; DISEASE; CHICKS AB Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to determine genetic relationships amongst 32 intestinal spirochaetes (Serpulina spp.) isolated from rats (17), rheas (7), chickens (4), ducks (2), a swan (1) and a flamingo (1). The strains were divided into 20 electrophoretic types (ETs), with a mean genetic diversity per locus of 0.62. The results were compared with those previously published for porcine intestinal spirochaetes. One strain from a healthy rat, and three rhea strains which were recovered from cases of necrotizing typhlitis, were grouped in the same ETs as certain porcine strains of Serpulina hyodysenteriae. The rhea strains could be differentiated from these by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fifteen of the rat strains were genetically and phenotypically closely related. In contrast the avian strains were genetically more heterogeneous, with pathogenic isolates located in three different genetic groups. C1 ARS,USDA,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Trott, DJ (reprint author), MURDOCH UNIV,SCH VET STUDIES,MURDOCH,WA 6150,AUSTRALIA. RI Hampson, David/A-9464-2008 OI Hampson, David/0000-0002-7729-0427 NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 23 IS 6 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb01352.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VZ471 UT WOS:A1996VZ47100015 PM 8987903 ER PT J AU Li, CY Strzelczyk, E Pokojska, A AF Li, CY Strzelczyk, E Pokojska, A TI Nitrogen-fixing endophyte Frankia in Polish Alnus glutinosa (L) Gartn SO MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Alnus glutinosa; Frankia; symbiosis; nitrogen fixation; nodulation ID ACTINORHIZAL AB The first succesful isolation of Frankia from the nodules of Polish Alnus glutinosa have been described. The fine structures of endophyte (thick-walled spherical vesicles of 6 mu m diameter, numerous sporangia, various in shape, 60-80 mu m length, aseptate and highly branched filaments 1-3 mu m) have been studied by light and scanning microscopy. The pure culture in BAP medium without combined nitrogen showed nitrogenase activity (94.51 nmoles of ethylene was formed from acetylene per 1.0 ml of packed cells per hr). The isolate was capable of forming N-2-fixing symbiotic root nodules on Alnus glutinosa seedlings. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0944-5013 J9 MICROBIOL RES JI Microbiol. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 151 IS 4 BP 371 EP 374 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WG983 UT WOS:A1996WG98300005 ER PT J AU Muschietti, J Eyal, Y McCormick, S AF Muschietti, J Eyal, Y McCormick, S TI Tomato pollen-specific receptor-like kinases SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 SU S BP 1756 EP 1756 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WB018 UT WOS:A1996WB01801753 ER PT J AU Seals, DF Vigil, EL Randall, SK AF Seals, DF Vigil, EL Randall, SK TI Expression of vacuolar membrane and protein storage proteins in embryos of drought-stressed cotton seeds SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 INDIANA UNIV PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 SU S BP 1758 EP 1758 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WB018 UT WOS:A1996WB01801756 ER PT J AU Daudu, PA Yokoyama, WH Pearson, DA AF Daudu, PA Yokoyama, WH Pearson, DA TI beta-glucan from barley inhibits soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 secretion by human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells in vitro. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,WRRC,ALBANY,CA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT FD SCI & TECHNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 SU S BP 3511 EP 3511 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WB018 UT WOS:A1996WB01803500 ER PT J AU Doyle, JJ Kanazin, V Shoemaker, RC AF Doyle, JJ Kanazin, V Shoemaker, RC TI Phylogenetic utility of histone H3 intron sequences in the perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine: Leguminosae) SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID SUBGENUS GLYCINE; CHLOROPLAST-DNA; GENUS GLYCINE; GENOMIC RELATIONSHIPS; SYSTEMATICS; CONGRUENCE; PHASEOLEAE; CONFIDENCE; ALIGNMENTS; FAMILIES AB Histone H3 loci form a large multigene family in most plant species. In Glycine, some of these loci possess introns, whose sequences can provide characters for assessing phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus. Phylogenetic analyses of two closely related H3-B loci revealed a complex evolutionary pattern, producing trees from which species relationships could not be inferred readily. The single H3-D locus, in contrast, provided data suitable for the construction of gene trees whose topologies were sufficiently similar to other hypotheses of relationships within the subgenus Glycine to give confidence that evolution at this locus is tracking species phylogenies. H3-D topologies identified several of the same groupings found in previous phylogenetic studies using the chloroplast genome. However, histone H3-D and chloroplast genome data sets were in other respects incongruent, as revealed by both topological differences and numerical measures of congruence. The principal difference involved Glycine falcata, whose chloroplast genome belongs to one of the three strongly supported clades in the subgenus, but whose histone H3-D allele was sister to those of the remaining members of the subgenus. The H3-D topology is more in keeping with the morphologically, ecologically and genetically divergent nature of this species. The H3-D locus appears to be a useful source of phylogenetic characters for interspecific studies in Glycine, providing resolution among taxa whose relationships were unresolved in previous studies. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV, LH BAILEY HORTORIUM, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, DEPT AGRON, AMES, IA 50011 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, FCR, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 50 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 EI 1095-9513 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 438 EP 447 DI 10.1006/mpev.1996.0092 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA WB057 UT WOS:A1996WB05700010 PM 8975698 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Proctor, RH Bai, GH McCormick, SP Shaner, G Buechley, G Hohn, TM AF Desjardins, AE Proctor, RH Bai, GH McCormick, SP Shaner, G Buechley, G Hohn, TM TI Reduced virulence of trichothecene-nonproducing mutants of Gibberella zeae in wheat field tests SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID TRICHODIENE SYNTHASE; GENE DISRUPTION; PULICARIS; SCAB AB We have analyzed the role of trichothecene toxins in the virulence of the fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum) on wheat (Triticum aestivum), Trichothecene-nonproducing mutants of G. zeae were obtained by disrupting Tri5, the gene encoding trichodiene synthase, which catalyzes the first committed step in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway, Trichothecene-nonproducing mutants appear to be normal in growth and development under laboratory conditions, One such mutant was selfed to generate a meiotic revertant that lost the disruption vector and recovered trichothecene production. In the present study, virulence was assessed in 1994 and 1995 by controlled field inoculation of G. zeae spore suspensions into flowering wheat heads, Trichothecene-nonproducing (Tri5(-)) mutants were less virulent than the trichothecene-producing (Tri5(+)) parental and revertant strains in their ability to cause head scab on field-grown wheat, Although trichothecene-nonproducing strains colonized wheat heads, the infected heads showed less disease by several parameters we tested, including head bleaching symptoms, seed weight, seed viability, and trichothecene contamination, This evidence indicates that trichothecenes are virulence factors in wheat head scab. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 18 TC 236 Z9 245 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 9 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1094/MPMI-9-0775 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA VX338 UT WOS:A1996VX33800002 ER PT J AU Paterson, AH Lan, TH Reischmann, KP Chang, C Lin, YR Liu, SC Burow, MD Kowalski, SP Katsar, CS DelMonte, TA Feldmann, KA Schertz, KF Wendel, JF AF Paterson, AH Lan, TH Reischmann, KP Chang, C Lin, YR Liu, SC Burow, MD Kowalski, SP Katsar, CS DelMonte, TA Feldmann, KA Schertz, KF Wendel, JF TI Toward a unified genetic map of higher plants, transcending the monocot-dicot divergence SO NATURE GENETICS LA English DT Letter ID DETAILED RFLP MAP; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CHROMOSOMAL SEGMENTS; LINKAGE MAPS; GENOME; ORGANIZATION; ANGIOSPERMS; RICE; SEQUENCES; SYNTENY C1 UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,NEWARK,DE 19711. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,AMES,IA 50011. TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Paterson, AH (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,PLANT GENOME MAPPING LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. OI Lin, Yann-rong/0000-0001-6833-8276 NR 31 TC 131 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 1061-4036 J9 NAT GENET JI Nature Genet. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 14 IS 4 BP 380 EP 382 DI 10.1038/ng1296-380 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VV730 UT WOS:A1996VV73000010 PM 8944014 ER PT J AU Pastor, J Downing, A Erickson, HE AF Pastor, J Downing, A Erickson, HE TI Species-area curves and diversity-productivity relationships in beaver meadows of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY; COMPETITION; NITROGEN; WETLANDS AB Species richness (S) increases with area (A) as shown in the well-known power function proposed by Arrhenius: S=cA(z). We show that the exponent of the species area curves, z, was negatively correlated with aboveground annual production (biomass) but the coefficient of the curves, c, was positively correlated with production in two communities dominated by grasses and sedges in beaver meadows in northern Minnesota. The parameters of the species-area power function were not correlated with water table depth nor with soil nutrient availabilities. We then show that the often-reported unimodal relationship between richness and productivity can be derived from the negative correlation of z and the positive correlation of c with productivity. We also show that the productivity corresponding to maximum richness declines with increasing area sampled. All other correlations of c and z with productivity yield either monotonically increasing or decreasing richness with increasing productivity. The relationships between richness and productivity depend on the area censused and the correlations of the coefficient and exponent of the species-area curve with productivity. Interpretations of diversity-productivity relationships are sensitive to plot size and require specification of the species-area relationship for the community in question. C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,CHICAGO,IL 60637. US FOREST SERV,INST TROP FORESTRY,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. RP Pastor, J (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,NAT RESOURCES RES INST,DULUTH,MN 55811, USA. RI Pastor, John/F-6241-2011 NR 27 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 23 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD DEC PY 1996 VL 77 IS 3 BP 399 EP 406 DI 10.2307/3545930 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WE613 UT WOS:A1996WE61300005 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Brossy, JJ Sanders, ML Dubey, JP Plos, A Stoskopf, MK AF Graczyk, TK Brossy, JJ Sanders, ML Dubey, JP Plos, A Stoskopf, MK TI Immunological survey of babesiosis (Babesia peircei) and toxoplasmosis in Jackass penguins in South Africa SO PARASITE-JOURNAL DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE DE PARASITOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Babesia peircei; Jackass penguins; African black-footed penguin; Spheniscus demersus; Toxoplasma gondii; ELISA; SDS-PAGE ID DETECTING ANTI-PLASMODIUM; EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE; SPHENISCUS-DEMERSUS; MALARIA; ELISA; ASPERGILLUS; INFECTIONS; EXPOSURE; BIRDS AB Babesia peircei was extracted from nucleated erythrocytes of naturally infected Jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus) from South Africa (SA). Babesia peircei glycoprotein-enriched fractions were obtained by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity column chromotography and separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). At least 14 protein bands (9, 11, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 43, 62, 90, 120, 204, and 205 kDa) were observed, with the major protein at 25 kDa. Blood samples of 191 adult S. demersus were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing B. peircei glycoprotein-enriched fractions to defect anti-B. peircei IgG. The samples originated from three groups of free-ranging penguins (n = 110), 1 group of penguins (n = 66) which were rescued after offshore oil-spill contaminations and rehabilitated at the South African National foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), and the final group from SANCCOB-resident penguins (n = 15). The overall B. peircei seroprevalence was 65 %, and the mean seropositivity ranged from 60 to 71 % among the five penguin groups. The ELISA appeared to be specific for B. peircei IgG as tested against Haemoproteus columbae IgG and avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum, and P. elongatum) IgG. Toxoplasma gondii antibody (Ab) were defected by the direct agglutination test using killed T. gondii tachyzoites. All birds were seronegative for T. gondii Ab. The lack of T. gondii-positive penguins was due to the appropriate sanitary conditions and anti-Toxoplasma prevention procedures utilized by the SANCCOB. C1 UNIV CAPE TOWN,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,ZA-7925 CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV CAPE TOWN,INST AFRICAN ORNITHOL,ZA-7700 RONDEBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,ENVIRONM MED CONSORTIUM,RALEIGH,NC 27606. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,615 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU PRINCEPS EDITIONS PI ISSY MOULINEAUX PA 64 AVENUE CHARLES DE GAULLE, 92130 ISSY MOULINEAUX, FRANCE SN 1252-607X J9 PARASITE JI Parasite-J. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 3 IS 4 BP 313 EP 319 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA WB075 UT WOS:A1996WB07500002 ER PT J AU Campbell, MA Suttle, JC Sell, TW AF Campbell, MA Suttle, JC Sell, TW TI Changes in cell cycle status and expression of p34(cdc2) kinase during potato tuber meristem dormancy SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE cdc genes; cell cycle; cell division; G(1); block; potato; p34 kinase; Solanum tuberosum ID SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; DIVISION; PROTEIN; P34CDC2; BUDS; HOMOLOG; SITES; GENES AB Potato (Solanum tuberosum L, cv. Russet Burbank) tubers undergo a period of endodormancy that is characterized by cell division arrest. At the time of harvest, the tubers used in this study were completely endodormant (i.e. 0% sprouting). After 120 days of storage at 3 degrees C, tubers transferred to 20 degrees C had begun to exit endodormancy and exhibited ca 50% sprouting, After 223 days of 3 degrees C storage, tubers transferred to 20 degrees C were completely nondormant and exhibited 100% sprouting. Based on flow cytometry, about 70% df nuclei isolated from endodormant meristems are arrested in the G(1)/G(0) phase of the cell cycle. Storage of tubers at 3 degrees C did not alter the cell cycle position nor did transfer of tubers from 3 to 20 degrees C for 7 days prior to analysis,unless tubers had been stored for at least 223 days. After 223 days of cold (3 degrees C) storage, tubers transferred to 20 degrees C for 7 days showed sprout growth in excess of 5 mm and an increase in the percentage of nuclei in the Gz phase of the cell cycle. Uptake and incorporation of H-3-thymidine into DNA was low in all tubers up until 120 days postharvest. After that time, only tubers incubated at 20 degrees C for 7 days prior to analysis exhibited an increase in H-3-thymidine incorporation. This increase coincided with visible sprout growth, demonstrating that cell cycle shifts in tuber meristems relate directly to sprout growth and not the breakage of the endodormancy per se. Using degenerate primers, a portion of a p34(cdc2) homolog was amplified from RNA isolated from log-phase potato suspension culture cells by polymerase chain reaction. Northern analysis with this probe demonstrated that mRNA levels for two p34(cdc2) homologs were present throughout the endodormant period. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that levels of at least four proteins containing a PSTAIRE epitope (i.e. cdc2-like) were present at reduced levels in endodormant meristems and increased in reactivated tuber meristems that showed a shift in cell cycle kinetics based on flow cytometry and increased H-3-thymidine incorporation. These results indicate that the temporal shift in competence for cell division in potato meristems induced by dormancy is not accompanied by alterations in the level of mRNA for p34(cdc2) homologues but is correlated with a change in the level of PSTAIRE-containing proteins. This suggests that during endodormancy cell division in potato tuber meristems is regulated indirectly by posttranscriptional regulation of genes controlling the cell cycle. C1 USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. PENN STATE UNIV,BEHREND COLL,DIV SCI,ERIE,PA 16563. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 743 EP 752 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.980410.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VZ268 UT WOS:A1996VZ26800010 ER PT J AU Huber, SC Kaiser, WM AF Huber, SC Kaiser, WM TI 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside activates nitrate reductase in darkened spinach and pea leaves SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside; 5'-AMP gluconeogenesis; glycolysis; nitrate reductase; pea; Pisum sativum; protein phosphatase; protein phosphorylation; spinach; Spinacia oleracea ID ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES; PROTEIN-KINASE; RAPID MODULATION; HIGHER-PLANTS; IN-VITRO; INHIBITION; AMP; PHOSPHORYLATION; NUCLEOTIDES; ROOTS AB Nitrate reductase (NR) activity is modulated in vivo by phosphorylation (inactivation)/dephosphorylation (activation) in response to light/dark signals. The dephosphorylation of phospho-NR in vitro, catalyzed by endogenous protein phosphatases, is known to be stimulated by 5'-AMP suggesting that this metabolite may be an important regulator of the activity of NR, e.g. under anoxia. To determine whether 5'-AMP might be a regulatory metabolite in vivo, excised spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and pea (Pisum sativum) leaves were provided 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) via the transpiration stream, and the apparent phosphorylation status of NR was assessed by assay of activity in the presence of free Mg2+. NR was activated in darkened spinach leaves in a time- and concentration-dependent manner when leaves were fed AICAR; there was also an accumulation of nitrite in treated leaves in the dark. The activation by AICAR could be blocked by several type 2A protein phosphatase inhibitors (microcystin-LR, okadaic acid and cantharidin), and was not the re suit of a reduction of kinase activity by lack of ATP because cellular adenylates were unaffected. It was confirmed that AICAR-P, but not AICAR, mimicked 5'-AMP in the activation of phospho-NR in vitro. Our results are consistent with the notion that AICAR is converted to the monophosphorylated derivative, which accumulates in cells and acts as a structural analog of 5'-AMP. Our results suggest that a rise in cytosolic [5'-AMP] may be sufficient to activate NR in vivo. AICAR should be a useful compound for identifying AMP-regulated processes in plant systems. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV WURZBURG,JULIUS VON SACHS INST BIOWISSENSCH,D-97082 WURZBURG,GERMANY. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA,ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 833 EP 837 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.980422.x PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VZ268 UT WOS:A1996VZ26800022 ER PT J AU Mason, JR Nolte, DL Bryant, BP AF Mason, JR Nolte, DL Bryant, BP TI Effectiveness of thirteen vertebrate repellents as rodent trigeminal stimulants SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE chemosensory; electrophysiology; irritation; rat; repellent; trigeminal ID CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; NERVE RESPONSES; BIRD REPELLENT; RAT; ANTHRANILATE; AVOIDANCE AB Repellent chemicals are presumed to activate trigeminal neurons, including polymodal nociceptors, but few data are available that bear on this notion. In the present experiment, we assessed multi-unit and single-unit responses of neurons in the rat lingual trigeminal nerve to 13 candidate repellents and a thermal stimulus. All of the chemicals evoked trigeminal responses, and neural activity was predictable from available behavioral data. These results are consistent with the view that repellents are irritants. The results also suggest that electrophysiological methods may represent a useful method for screening candidate repellent compounds. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,USDA,APHIS,ADC,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. USDA,APHIS,ADC,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,OLYMPIA,WA 98512. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1449 EP 1452 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(96)00253-3 PG 4 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA VU616 UT WOS:A1996VU61600010 PM 8946489 ER PT J AU Grabber, JH Quideau, S Ralph, J AF Grabber, JH Quideau, S Ralph, J TI p-coumaroylated syringyl units in maize lignin: Implications for beta-ether cleavage by thioacidolysis SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; Gramineae; maize; lignin; p-coumaric acid; beta-ether cleavage; thioacidolysis ID BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY; LIGNIFICATION; EXPRESSION; MUTATION; BM3 AB Recent NMR studies of lignin isolated from maize demonstrated that p-coumarate esters are attached exclusively to the gamma-position of phenylpropane side chains. Thioacidolysis/desulphuration experiments have revealed that p-coumarate units are attached primarily (ca 90%) to syringyl moieties in maize lignin. In model studies with guaiacylglycerol and syringylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ethers, cleavage of beta-ether linkages by thioacidolysis was reduced 40% by gamma-acylation of phenylpropane side chains with p-coumarate. Our results indicate that gamma-p-coumarate esters significantly reduce the yields of syringyl products recovered after thioacidolysis of grass lignins. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FORESTRY,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Grabber, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 23 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD DEC PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1189 EP 1194 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00431-1 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VW865 UT WOS:A1996VW86500010 ER PT J AU Zook, M Johnson, K Hohn, T Hammerschmidt, R AF Zook, M Johnson, K Hohn, T Hammerschmidt, R TI Structural characterization of 15-hydroxytrichodiene, a sesquiterpenoid produced by transformed tobacco cell suspension cultures expressing a trichodiene synthase gene from Fusarium sporotrichioides SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Nicotiana tabaccum; Solanaceae; tobacco; biosynthesis; sesquiterpenoids; trichodiene ID BACTERIAL EXPRESSION; C-13 ASSIGNMENTS; CYCLASE GENE; NMR; H-1; METABOLISM; CULMORUM; CLONING AB Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) cell suspension cultures transformed with a gene encoding trichodiene synthase, a sesquiterpene synthase from the fungus Fusarium sporotrichioides, produced a novel sesquiterpenoid derived from the in vivo production of trichodiene. Mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses identified the new compound as 15-hydroxytrichodiene. The in vivo hydroxylation of trichodiene by transformant tobacco cell suspension cultures demonstrates that the introduction of a foreign sesquiterpene synthase gene can result in the production of novel sesquiterpenoid metabolites. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,E LANSING,MI 48824. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RE UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Zook, M (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD DEC PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1235 EP 1237 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00382-2 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VW865 UT WOS:A1996VW86500018 PM 8987907 ER PT J AU Cruz, CMV Ardales, EY Skinner, DZ Talag, J Nelson, RJ Louws, FJ Leung, H Mew, TW Leach, JE AF Cruz, CMV Ardales, EY Skinner, DZ Talag, J Nelson, RJ Louws, FJ Leung, H Mew, TW Leach, JE TI Measurement of haplotypic variation in Xanthomonas oryzae within a single field by rep-PCR and RFLP analyses SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic variation; population genetics; rice bacterial ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CAMPESTRIS PV ORYZAE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; BACTERIAL-BLIGHT; DNA ELEMENT; SEQUENCES; RICE; GENOMES; PHYLOGENIES; PATHOVARS AB The haplotypic variation of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in a farmer's field that had endemic bacterial blight in the Philippines was evaluated at a single time. The genomic structure of the field population was analyzed by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction with oligonucleotide primers corresponding to interspersed repeated sequences in prokaryotic genomes and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the insertion sequence IS1113. The techniques and specific probes and primers were selected because they grouped consistently into the same lineages a set of 30 selected X. oryzae pv, oryzae strains that represented the four distinct RFLP lineages found in the Philippines did. Strains (155) were systematically collected from a field planted to rice cv. Sinandoment, which is susceptible to the indigenous pathogen population. Two oi the lour Philippine lineages, B and C, which included race 2 and races 3 and 9, respectively, were detected in the field. Lineage C was the predominant population (74.8%). The haplotypic diversities of 10 of the 25 blocks were significantly greater than the total haplotypic diversity of the collection in the entire field; however, between individual blocks the haplotypic diversities were not significantly different. Haplotypes from both lineages were distributed randomly across the field. Analysis of genetic diversity at the microgeographic scale provided insights into the finer scale of variation of X. oryzae, oryzae, which are useful in designing experiments to study effects of host resistance on the population structure oi the bacterial blight pathogen. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,THROCKMORTON PLANT SCI CTR 4024,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. INT RICE RES INST,DIV ENTOMOL & PLANT PATHOL,MANILA 1099,PHILIPPINES. KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,US DOE,PLANT RES LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1996 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1352 EP 1359 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VW296 UT WOS:A1996VW29600011 ER PT J AU Swegle, M Mattoo, AK AF Swegle, M Mattoo, AK TI Identification and amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of a novel ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase from rice SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amino acid sequence; chloroplast; ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (EC 1.18.1.2); Oryza saliva; photosynthesis; rice ID NADP+ OXIDOREDUCTASE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; REDUCTASE; CDNA; SPINACH; PURIFICATION; FAMILY; POLYPEPTIDE; CHLOROPLAST; ANTIBODIES AB A 37-kDa protein purified from rice thylakoid membranes has been identified as a ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase based on its catalysis of the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium via NADPH and its recognition by antibodies against ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase. Amino acid sequences determined from tryptic fragments of the enzyme further confirm the identity of the protein and show the presence of unique sequences at the amino-terminus. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,REE,PLANT MOL BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 37 IS 8 BP 1183 EP 1187 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA VY112 UT WOS:A1996VY11200020 PM 9032969 ER PT J AU Coleman, CE Herman, EM Takasaki, K Larkins, BA AF Coleman, CE Herman, EM Takasaki, K Larkins, BA TI The maize gamma-zein sequesters alpha-zein and stabilizes its accumulation in protein bodies of transgenic tobacco endosperm SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID LYSINE-CONTAINING ZEINS; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION; STORAGE VACUOLES; BODY FORMATION; PLANTS; GENE; EXPRESSION; FLOURY-2; MODIFIER; SEEDS AB Zeins are seed storage proteins that form accretions called protein bodies in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of maize endosperm cells, Four types of zeins, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, aggregate in a distinctive spatial pattern within the protein body, We created transgenic tobacco plants expressing alpha-zein, gamma-zein, or both to examine the interactions between these proteins leading to the formation of protein bodies in the endosperm, Whereas gamma-zein accumulated in seeds of these plants, stable accumulation of alpha-zein required simultaneous synthesis of gamma-zein, The zein proteins formed accretions in the endoplasmic reticulum similar to those in maize endosperm, Protein bodies were also found in protein storage vacuoles, The accumulation of both types of zeins peaked early in development and declined during maturation, Even in the presence of gamma-zein, there was a tu mover of alpha-zein, suggesting that the interaction between the two proteins might be transitory, We suggest that gamma-zein plays an important role in protein body formation and demonstrate the utility of tobacco for studying interactions between different zeins. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 47 TC 109 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 8 IS 12 BP 2335 EP 2345 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA WB351 UT WOS:A1996WB35100016 PM 8989886 ER PT J AU Johnson, KB Mehlenbacher, SA Stone, JK Pscheidt, JW Pinkerton, JN AF Johnson, KB Mehlenbacher, SA Stone, JK Pscheidt, JW Pinkerton, JN TI Eastern filbert blight of European hazelnut: It's becoming a manageable disease SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ANISOGRAMMA-ANOMALA; INFECTION; SUSCEPTIBILITY C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Johnson, KB (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,2082 CORDLEY HALL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 29 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1308 EP 1316 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100001 ER PT J AU Coyne, CJ Mehlenbacher, SA Hampton, RO Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB AF Coyne, CJ Mehlenbacher, SA Hampton, RO Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB TI Use of ELISA to rapidly screen hazelnut for resistance to eastern filbert blight SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ANISOGRAMMA-ANOMALA; EUROPEAN HAZELNUT; PHOMOPSIS-LONGICOLLA; INFECTION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PROTEINS AB A rapid and accurate screening system was developed to more rapidly identify resistance to eastern filbert blight based on an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of greenhouse-inoculated hazelnut. Polyclonal antibodies were obtained from rabbits following immunization with antigens from pure cultures of Anisogramma anomala, the pathogen. One-thousand-fold dilution of the antiserum produced positive reactions to 1.7 x 10(5) dilutions of A. anomala-infected hazelnut tissue extracts, but did not react to 1.7 x 10(2) dilutions of healthy hazelnut tissue extracts. Symptomless plants infected by A. anomala were detected by the indirect ELISA 3 to 5 months after inoculation, an improvement over the 13- to 27-month incubation period required for susceptible genotypes to develop external symptoms of infection (cankers). ELISA was more sensitive and efficient than conventional microscopic assays (i.e., visualizing A. anomala mycelium in hand-sectioned plant tissue) in both healthy and infected extracts. The screening system was tested on selected progenies from populations segregating for a single, dominant resistance gene. ELISA detected 100% of the infections while microscopic examination detected only 36% of the infected samples. ELISA rapidly and reliably identifies hazelnut progeny with a gene conferring a high level of resistance derived from the cv. Gasaway. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. ARS,USDA,HORT CROPS LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1327 EP 1330 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100004 ER PT J AU Kraft, JM Boge, WL AF Kraft, JM Boge, WL TI Identification of characteristics associated with resistance to root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches in pea SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Pisum sativum; root disease; root vigor ID REGISTRATION; GERMPLASMS; LINES AB Previous attempts to quantify resistance in pea to Aphanomyces euteiches have involved oospore counts in infected root tips and disease severity ratings to separate resistant from susceptible lines. In a controlled environment with known zoospore inoculum levels, differences in oospore production in infected roots, rate of lesion development in taproots, and zoospore germination in seedling exudates were evident in resistant and susceptible pea lines. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements of infected root tissue within a visible lesion revealed a positive, linear regression of lesion length on ELISA readings at 405 nm (R(2) = 0.91). Zoospore germination was reduced in seedling exudates from resistant but not from susceptible pea lines. Resistance in pea roots to A. euteiches is associated with reduced oospore production, pathogen multiplication, zoospore germination, and slower lesion development. RP Kraft, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL SCI LAB,24106 N BUNN RD,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1383 EP 1386 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100016 ER PT J AU Jensen, SG Lane, LC Seifers, DL AF Jensen, SG Lane, LC Seifers, DL TI A new disease of maize and wheat in the high plains SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; PROTEINS AB Dent corn, sweet corn, and blue corn showing severe viruslike symptoms were found in Texas, Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, Nebraska, and Utah in 1993 and 1994. The disease can be devastating to susceptible genotypes, and was also found in wheat. Pathogen nucleoproteins from the infected tissue were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealing the coat protein of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and a unique, approximately 32-kDa protein. Extraction of symptomatic tissue and purification by density gradient centrifugation yielded a product with a nearly pure 32-kDa protein but no defined viruslike structure. Neither electron microscopy of leaf dip preparations nor density gradient purification trials consistently revealed particles other than WSMV. An antiserum has been prepared to the 32-kDa antigen. The pathogen, which we have termed the high plains virus, is transmitted by eriophyid mites. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. KANSAS STATE UNIV,HAYS,KS 67601. RP Jensen, SG (reprint author), USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 19 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1387 EP 1390 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100017 ER PT J AU Caesar, AJ AF Caesar, AJ TI Identity, pathogenicity, and comparative virulence of Fusarium spp. Related to stand declines of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in the northern plains SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE rangeland; weeds ID RHIZOCTONIA; DISEASE AB Strains of Fusarium spp. causing root disease and crown rot on leafy spurge in natural epidemics and in association with stand declines were identified as F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. proliferatum. These species predominated among Fusarium spp. isolated from stunted and diseased feeder roots and crowns. There were significant differences in virulence for strains among and within each species. Two strains of F. oxysporum belonged to the same vegetative compatibility group. Ten of 11 strains of Fusarium originated from noncropped or wild areas. These results indicate that Fusarium spp. capable of causing disease on leafy spurge vary as to species, virulence, and compatibility group and are found in a number of sites where this troublesome perennial weed occurs. RP Caesar, AJ (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, RANGE WEEDS & CEREALS UNIT, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1395 EP 1398 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100019 ER PT J AU Uyemoto, JK Connell, JH Greer, CA AF Uyemoto, JK Connell, JH Greer, CA TI Effects of union mild etch, a newly recognized disorder, on almond scions growing on Marianna 2624 rootstock SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tree size; union disorder; yield efficiency ID RNA AB Symptoms of union mild etch (UME) disease appeared on young trees of almond (Prunus dulcis) and consisted of light green to yellow drooped leaves that detached prematurely from current-season shoots otherwise exhibiting normal growth and development. Concomitantly, a mild etching was observed in the woody cylinder at the junction of the almond scions and the plum rootstock, Marianna 2624 (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana). Affected trees were diagnosed in several orchards; one orchard had a 75% incidence and some trees died the same year they were diagnosed. However, many trees appeared to recover, with partial or complete lack of symptoms. Transmission attempts by grafting bud chips and bark patches to healthy almond/Marianna 2624 trees proved unsuccessful. Similarly, assays for viral, phytoplasma, and root rot pathogens were negative. The causal agent of UME is currently unknown. Measurements of tree trunks and nut harvests over four seasons showed that UME-affected Mission trees had significantly lower yields and less vegetative growth than healthy trees. C1 UNIV CALIF COOPERAT EXTENS,OROVILLE,CA 95965. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Uyemoto, JK (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1406 EP 1408 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100022 ER PT J AU Yang, SM Jong, SC Dugan, FM AF Yang, SM Jong, SC Dugan, FM TI A new pathogen of plantain. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 ATCC,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. RP Yang, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BLDG 1301,FT DETRICK,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1429 EP 1429 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV461 UT WOS:A1996VV46100030 ER PT J AU VielleCalzada, JP Nuccio, ML Budiman, MA Thomas, TL Burson, BL Hussey, MA Wing, RA AF VielleCalzada, JP Nuccio, ML Budiman, MA Thomas, TL Burson, BL Hussey, MA Wing, RA TI Comparative gene expression in sexual and apomictic ovaries of Pennisetum ciliare (L) Link SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apomixis; apospory; differential display; megagametophyte; sexuality ID DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; EMBRYO SACS; APOMIXIS; BUFFELGRASS; FERTILIZATION; RNA; PCR AB Limited emphasis has been given to the molecular study of apomixis, an asexual method of reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization. Most buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link syn = Cenchrus ciliaris L.) genotypes reproduce by obligate apomixis (apospory); however, rare sexual plants have been recovered. A modified differential display procedure was used to compare gene expression in unpollinated ovaries containing ovules with either sexual or apomictic female gametophytes. The modification incorporated end-labeled poly(A)(+) anchored primers as the only isotopic source, and was a reliable and consistent approach for detecting differentially displayed transcripts. Using 20 different decamers and two anchor primers, 2268 cDNA fragments between 200 and 600 bp were displayed. From these, eight reproducible differentially displayed cDNAs were identified and cloned. Based on northern analysis, one cDNA was detected in only the sexual ovaries, two cDNAs in only apomictic ovaries and one cDNA was present in both types of ovaries. Three fragments could not be detected and one fragment was detected in ovaries, stems, and leaves. Comparison of gene expression during sexual and apomictic development in buffelgrass represents a new model system and a strategy for investigating female reproductive development in the angiosperms. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,CROP BIOTECHNOL CTR,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT BIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. OI Wing, Rod/0000-0001-6633-6226 NR 21 TC 41 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1085 EP 1092 DI 10.1007/BF00041392 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA WD344 UT WOS:A1996WD34400010 PM 9002607 ER PT J AU Park, SH Pinson, SRM Smith, RH AF Park, SH Pinson, SRM Smith, RH TI T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of rice following Agrobacterium inoculation of isolated shoot apices SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium tumefaciens; rice; shoot apex; transgenic plants ID ORYZA-SATIVA-L; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE GENE; TRANSGENIC RICE; MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; TUMEFACIENS; METHYLATION; PROMOTER; PROTOPLASTS AB This paper establishes that the isolated shoot meristem of monocotyledons can be infected and transformed using Agrobacterium. Since this explant from nearly any cereal cultivar can rapidly regenerate into a plant, using this explant effectively eliminates the genotype regeneration restrictions eo cereal crop transformation allowing direct transformation of elite germplasm. Shoot apices of Oryza sativa L. Tropical Japonica, cv. Maybelle were explants used for cocultivation, and gene transfer was accomplished using Agrobacterium containing plasmids for the bar gene expression driven by the CaMV 35S promoter or by the rice actin 1 promoter. Experiments to determine the survival rates of isolated shoot apices on media containing the herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium (PPT), established that no shoot apices survived on 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l PPT. After shoot apices were cocultivated with Agrobacterium, 2.8% (overall 20 out of 721 shoot apices) survived on 0.5 mg/l PPT. Results demonstrated that the use of the actin 1 promoter-based expression vector and an extra-wounding treatment of the meristematic cells appeared to be most effective in promoting transformation. Integration, expression and transmission of the transferred foreign genes in primary, R1 and R2 generation plants were confirmed by molecular analyses and herbicide application tests. A germination test of R2 progeny from one of the transgenic plants (R1) established a phenotype segregation ratio showing a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern. Inactivation of the transferred foreign gene in R2 progeny appeared to result from transgene methylation. C1 USDA ARS,BEAUMONT,TX 77713. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 30 TC 72 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1135 EP 1148 DI 10.1007/BF00041397 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA WD344 UT WOS:A1996WD34400015 PM 9002612 ER PT J AU Visser, EJW Cohen, JD Barendse, GWM Blom, CWPM Voesenek, LACJ AF Visser, EJW Cohen, JD Barendse, GWM Blom, CWPM Voesenek, LACJ TI An ethylene-mediated increase in sensitivity to auxin induces adventitious root formation in flooded Rumex palustris Sm SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS-L; ADAPTIVE RESPONSES; GROWTH; PLANTS; ACID; TRANSPORT; CUTTINGS; SUBMERGENCE; HYPOCOTYLS; ECOLOGY AB The hormonal regulation of adventitious root formation induced by flooding of the root system was investigated in the wetland species Rumex palustris Sm. Adventitious root development at the base of the shoot is an important adaptation to flooded conditions and takes place soon after the onset of flooding. Decreases in either endogenous auxin or ethylene concentrations induced by application of inhibitors of either auxin transport or ethylene biosynthesis reduced the number of adventitious roots formed by flooded plants, suggesting an involvement of these hormones in the rooting process. The rooting response during flooding was preceded by increased endogenous ethylene concentrations in the root system. The endogenous auxin concentration did not change during flooding-induced rooting, but a continuous basipetal transport of auxin from the shoot to the rooting zone appeared to be essential in maintaining stable auxin concentrations. These results suggest that the higher ethylene concentration in soil-flooded plants increases the sensitivity of the root-forming tissues to endogenous indoleacetic acid, thus initiating the formation of adventitious roots. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, HORT CROPS QUAL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Visser, EJW (reprint author), UNIV NIJMEGEN, DEPT ECOL, TOERNOOIVELD 1, NL-6525 ED NIJMEGEN, NETHERLANDS. RI Voesenek, Laurentius/B-9661-2011; Visser, Eric/C-3827-2008; OI Visser, Eric/0000-0002-4763-3775; Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 34 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 112 IS 4 BP 1687 EP 1692 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VY304 UT WOS:A1996VY30400034 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM Baker, AJM Kochian, LV AF Lasat, MM Baker, AJM Kochian, LV TI Physiological characterization of root Zn2+ absorption and translocation to shoots in Zn hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator species of Thlaspi SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTACT MAIZE SEEDLINGS; ZINC; CADMIUM; PLANTS; COMPARTMENTATION; TRANSPORT; KINETICS; INFLUX AB Radiotracer techniques were employed to characterize Zn-65(2+) influx into the root symplasm and translocation to the shoot in Thlaspi caerulescens, a Zn hyperaccumulator, and Thlaspi arvense, a nonaccumulator. A protocol was developed that allowed us to quantify unidirectional Zn-65(2+) influx across the root-cell plasma membrane (20 min of radioactive uptake followed by 15 min of desorption in a 100 mu M ZnCl2 + 5 mM CaCl2 solution). Concentration-dependent Zn2+ influx in both Thlaspi species yielded nonsaturating kinetic curves that could be resolved into linear and saturable components. The linear kinetic component was shown to be cell-wall-bound Zn2+ remaining in the root after desorption, and the saturable component was due to Zn2+ influx across the root-cell plasma membrane. This saturable component followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with similar apparent Michaelis constant values for T. caerulescens and T. arvense (8 and 6 mu M, respectively). However, the maximum initial velocity for Zn2+ influx in T. caerulescens root cells was 4.5-fold higher than for T. arvense, indicating that enhanced absorption into the root is one of the mechanisms involved in Zn hyperaccumulation. After 96 h 10-fold more Zn-65 was translocated to the shoot of T. caerulescens compared with T. arvense. This indicates that transport sites other than entry into the root symplasm are also stimulated in T. caerulescens. We suggest that although increased root Zn2+ influx is a significant component, transport across the plasma membrane and tonoplast of leaf cells must also be critical sites for Zn hyperaccumulation in T. caerulescens. C1 CORNELL UNIV, USDA ARS, US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. UNIV SHEFFIELD, DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI, SHEFFIELD S10 2TN, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 24 TC 261 Z9 318 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 112 IS 4 BP 1715 EP 1722 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VY304 UT WOS:A1996VY30400037 ER PT J AU Carlson, JL Bakst, MR Ottinger, MA AF Carlson, JL Bakst, MR Ottinger, MA TI Developmental stages of primary oocytes in turkeys SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE oocyte maturation; germinal vesicle; meiosis; oogenesis; turkey hen ID RAPID GROWTH PHASE; OVARIAN FOLLICLES; HENS AB Little is known about the growth and differentiation of the primary oocyte in the sexually mature chicken or turkey hen. In this study, primary oocytes from turkey hens in egg production were examined by light and electron microscopy. Based on oocyte and germinal vesicle (GV) diameters and organelle morphology and distribution, the sequential development of the primary oocyte was divided into five stages. No Balbiani body was observed in Stage I oocytes (< 80 mu m in diameter). Pleomorphic mitochondria were localized around the GV and multivesicular bodies were scattered in the ooplasm. By Stage II (81 to 150 mu m), the Balbiani body was observed adjacent to the GV. Pleomorphic mitochondria, macrobodies, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were associated with the Balbiani body. Lipid droplets were predominantly localized to the periphery of the oocyte. The Balbiani body was partially dispersed by Stage III (151 to 350 mu m) and associated organelles appeared in clusters in the ooplasm. Golgi and SER were observed immediately subjacent to the oolemma. Stage IV oocytes (351 to 500 mu m) were characterized by the absence of the Balbiani body, a more centrally located GV, and the redistribution of the mitochondria to the periphery of the oocyte. Throughout the ooplasm was vesicular SER. By Stage V (501 to 800 mu m), zonation of the organelles was completed with the mitochondrial ring immediately subjacent to the oolemma and a concentric layer of lipid droplets subjacent to the mitochondrial ring. The GV was in the periphery of the oocyte. Organelle and inclusion redistribution and organelle pleomorphism were presumed to be reflective of increasing metabolic and transport requirements of the growing oocyte in the mature turkey hen. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1569 EP 1578 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA WB425 UT WOS:A1996WB42500022 PM 9000285 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, GW AF WILLIAMS, GW TI LONG,GEORGE,S. - TIMBER STATESMAN - TWINING,CE SO PUBLIC HISTORIAN LA English DT Book Review RP WILLIAMS, GW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CALIF PRESS PI BERKELEY PA JOURNALS DEPT 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 SN 0272-3433 J9 PUBL HISTORIAN JI Public Hist. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 97 EP 99 PG 3 WC History SC History GA UA237 UT WOS:A1996UA23700012 ER PT J AU Zhan, X Kustas, WP Humes, KS AF Zhan, X Kustas, WP Humes, KS TI An intercomparison study on models of sensible heat flux over partial canopy surfaces with remotely sensed surface temperature SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SEMIARID RANGELANDS; FIFE; ENERGY; VEGETATION AB Using remotely sensed surface temperature to estimate the sensible heat flux over partial canopy covered surfaces, one faces the problem of how the bare soil and plant foliage temperatures contributing to the radiometric surface temperature are related to the turbulent transport of sensible heat across the surface-atmosphere interface. To solve this problem, several sensible hear models, using radiometric surface temperature, have appeared in the literature. In this study, using the observational data from three interdisciplinary field experiments [the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE), Monsoon '90 and Washita '92], the performance of four models using average values of their parameters in predicting land surface sensible heat flux was evaluated. By analyzing the sensitivity of the models to common parameters and input variables, reasons for differences in the performances of the models and the potential to improve the agreement with observations have been ascertained. From the comparisons of modeled versus measured sensible heat flux for the different surfaces, the dual-source model in Norman et al. (1995) had the best agreement with its mean absolute percent difference (MAPD) values being similar to the observational accuracy (i.e., similar to 20%). Front the sensitivity analysis the model appears to have the greatest potential for operational applications since it requires relatively few parameters and Is not very sensitive to the uncertainty in most of the model parameters. The single-source models in Kustas et al. (1989) and Troufleau et al. (1996) require accurate estimates of the surface roughness z(0m) and empirical relationships to account for differences between aerodynamic and radiometric temperature. Therefore, it may be difficult to improve their performance without some independent means of estimating the empirical coefficients and a reliable method for determining z(0m). Estimates from the dual-source model in Lhomme et al. (1994) tend to produce the largest scatter with the observations. This may be related to the fact that the model is more sensitive to variations in most of the parameters common in dual-source models. In addition, its response to high surface-air temperature differences in the sensitivity analysis differs from all other models. Therefore, it may be more difficult to obtain reliable estimates from this model on an operational basis. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1996. C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,DEPT GEOG,NORMAN,OK 73019. RP Zhan, X (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BLDG 007,RM 104,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Zhan, Xiwu/F-5487-2010 NR 28 TC 72 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 58 IS 3 BP 242 EP 256 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00049-1 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VV513 UT WOS:A1996VV51300002 ER PT J AU McNutt, TL Johnson, LA AF McNutt, TL Johnson, LA TI Electrophoretic gel analysis of Hoechst 33342 stained and flow cytometrically sorted bovine sperm membrane proteins SO REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS LA English DT Article ID X-CHROMOSOME-BEARING; SEX PRESELECTION; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; BINDING-PROTEINS; MAMMALIAN SPERM; POTENTIAL ROLE; SPERMATOZOA; EGG; IDENTIFICATION AB Little information is available concerning the influence that Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometric sorting procedures have on the sperm membrane. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the current methods used to stain and flow-separate sperm into separate populations affect the membrane protein composition. Bovine sperm were diluted in HEPES-PVA buffer and incubated unstained (US) or stained with Hoechst 33342 (S) at 5 mu g per 10 x 10(6) sperm for 1 h at 35 degrees C. As a control (C), sperm were washed once in HEPES-PVA buffer with no incubation. Stained sperm were also sorted (S-sort) using an EPICS V/750 series flow cytometer/cell sorter, modified for sperm sorting. Sperm membranes from the four treatments were harvested utilizing deoxycholic acid (Na salt) treatment. Membrane proteins harvested from 30 x 10(6) sperm were lyophilized and separated by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Membrane protein banding profiles from one-dimensional separation for the four groups showed three variations. A 97 kDa membrane protein seen in C, US and S sperm membranes was absent in S-sort sperm. A doublet protein of seminal plasma origin (110 kDa), appeared as two distinct bands in US and S, but was modified in C and S-sort. Another doublet protein of seminal plasma origin (180 kDa), was present in C, US and S samples but not in S-sort sperm membranes. Two-dimensional electrophoretic protein maps illustrated a loss of seminal plasma proteins, of various molecular weights and pH values, in C and possibly S-sort, which were present in US and S: 66 kDa, pH 5.5; 45 kDa, pH 5.5; 30 kDa, pH 4.5-5.5 proteins. Additionally, there were seminal plasma proteins of low molecular weight (< 29 kDa, pH 6.0, 6.3 and 6.9) which appeared to remain adsorbed to the sperm surface. A protein at 41 kDa, pH 6.1 was present in C, but absent in US and S maps, and a decrease in the amount of a 51 kDa, pH 6.5 protein was observed. The appearance of two proteins in US and S maps (66 kDa, pH 6.1 and 29 kDa, pH 6.8), were not seen in C protein maps. Proteins present on the sperm surface appear to change during the process of staining and sorting. These membrane changes may influence sperm function and thus sperm-oocyte interactions. C1 USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. AUGUSTA COLL,DEPT BIOL,AUGUSTA,GA 30904. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0936-6768 J9 REPROD DOMEST ANIM JI Reprod. Domest. Anim. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 703 EP 709 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1996.tb01442.x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA WB189 UT WOS:A1996WB18900002 ER PT J AU Mooney, PH Roahrig, J Gray, TW AF Mooney, PH Roahrig, J Gray, TW TI The de/repoliticization of cooperation and the discourse of conversion SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURE AB In recent years, several agricultural cooperatives have undergone significant restructuring. Some have been taken through a conversion process and have been reorganized as ''investor-oriented firms'' (IOFs). This phenomenon has attracted the interest of agricultural economists, but it has not been analyzed by sociologists. This article examines the discourse with which agricultural economists have approached the conversion issue. Drawing upon Fraser's discussion of ''needs talk,'' and inspired by Kloppenburg's analysis of the agricultural scientific complex, an argument is made that a reprivatization discourse of neoclassical economics has effectively depoliticized discussion about the future of cooperative enterprise. It is further argued that a repoliticization of cooperation is necessary in order to assure the protection of extra-economic values and oppositional discourse that is embedded in the historical development of cooperative practices and institutions. We focus here on the role of expert discourse as it relates to the reinvention of cooperative institutions in the agricultural economy. It is argued that this discourse would be improved by greater attention to historical and sociological forces, rather than remaining narrowly focused on economism. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT BUSINESS ADM,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. USDA,RURAL BUSINESS COOERAT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Mooney, PH (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT SOCIOL,LEXINGTON,KY 40506, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOC PI BELLINGHAM PA C/O RABEL J BURDGE, TREASURER, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT SOCIOL ARNTZEN HALL R-510, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225-9081 SN 0036-0112 J9 RURAL SOCIOL JI Rural Sociol. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 61 IS 4 BP 559 EP 576 PG 18 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA WU344 UT WOS:A1996WU34400001 ER PT J AU Christensen, M Meyer, SE Allen, PS AF Christensen, M Meyer, SE Allen, PS TI A hydrothermal time model of seed after-ripening in Bromus tectorum L SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE after ripening; Bromus tectorum L; dormancy loss; hydrothermal time; modelling; seed germination; water potential ID CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; WATER RELATIONS; GERMINATION; POTENTIALS AB Bromus tectorum L. is an invasive winter annual grass with seeds that lose dormancy through the process of dry after-ripening. This paper proposes a model for after-ripening of B. tectorum seeds based on the concept of hydrothermal time. Seed germination time course curves are modelled using five parameters: a hydrothermal time constant, the fraction of viable seeds in the population, base temperature, mean base water potential and the standard deviation of base water potentials in the population. It is considered that only mean base water potential varies as a function of storage duration and incubation temperature following after-ripening. All other parameters are held constant throughout after-ripening and at all incubation temperatures. Data for model development are from seed germination studies carried out at four water potentials (0, -0.5, -1.0 and -1.5 MPa) at each of two constant incubation temperatures (15 and 25 degrees C) following different storage intervals including recently harvested, partially after-ripened (stored for 4, 9 or 16 weeks at 20 degrees C) and fully after-ripened (stored for 14 weeks at 40 degrees C). The model was fitted using a repeated probit regression method, and for the two seed populations studied gave R(2) values of 0.898 and 0.829. Germination time course curves predicted by the model generally had a good fit when compared with observed curves at the incubation temperature/water potential treatment combinations for different after-ripening intervals. Changes in germination time course curves during after-ripening of B. tectorum can largely be explained by decreases in the mean base water potential. The simplicity and good fit of the model give it considerable potential for extension to simulation of after-ripening under field conditions. C1 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT AGRON & HORT, PROVO, UT 84602 USA. USDA, FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, SHRUB SCI LAB, PROVO, UT 84606 USA. NR 22 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 155 EP 163 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WB045 UT WOS:A1996WB04500003 ER PT J AU Farrant, JM Pammenter, NW Berjak, P Farnsworth, EJ Vertucci, CW AF Farrant, JM Pammenter, NW Berjak, P Farnsworth, EJ Vertucci, CW TI Presence of dehydrin-like proteins and levels of abscisic acid in recalcitrant (desiccation sensitive) seeds may be related to habitat SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE abscisic acid; dehydrin; desiccation-tolerance; LEA proteins; recalcitrant seeds ID ZIZANIA-PALUSTRIS; AVICENNIA-MARINA; ORYZA-SATIVA; TOLERANCE; GERMINATION; DEHYDRATION; EXPRESSION; EMBRYOS; WATER; MATURATION AB The presence of dehydrins could not be demonstrated in axes of mature, undried recalcitrant seeds of the tropical wetland species Avicennia marina, Barringtonia racemosa, Bruguiera exaristata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora stylosa, but were present in the temperate species Acer saccharinum, Aesculus hippocastanum, Araucaria angustifolia, Camellia sinensis, Castanea sativa, Poncirus trifoliata and Zizania palustris. They were also present in axes of Castanospermum australe (of tropical origin) seeds which underwent development in a temperate climate, and were produced in response to drying in axes of Barringtonia racemosa but not Avicennia marina. The presence of dehydrins was associated with high abscisic acid contents. These proteins may provide protection against low temperatures in temperate seeds and against water loss to which the seeds may be naturally exposed. The presence of dehydrins was unrelated to the evolutionary status of the families studied. C1 UNIV NATAL,DEPT BIOL,PLANT CELL BIOL RES UNIT,ZA-4014 DALBRIDGE,SOUTH AFRICA. USDA,ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. RP Farrant, JM (reprint author), UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT BOT,PRIVATE BAG,ZA-7700 RONDEBOSCH,SOUTH AFRICA. RI Pammenter, Norman/E-9357-2010; Berjak, Patricia/E-9362-2010 NR 47 TC 45 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WB045 UT WOS:A1996WB04500005 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW Wergin, WP Erbe, EF AF Yaklich, RW Wergin, WP Erbe, EF TI Observation of unique structures between the endosperm and embryo in seeds of Glycine max SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Glycine max (L) Merr; soybean; seed coat; cotyledon; microscopy ID PHOTOSYNTHATE TRANSFER; CELLS; COAT AB Openings are present on the inside surface of the endosperm cell wall adjacent to the developing cotyledon. The objective of this study was to determine if the openings were present during seed growth, maturation and imbibition by observing the inside surface of the endosperm with low temperature scanning electron microscopy. The openings were found to be present throughout seed development, maturation and imbibition. The openings were not formed by attachment to the cotyledon surface. However, the inner surface of the endosperm was occasionally attached to the surface of the embryo. At seed maturity, outgrowths on the cotyledon cell wall surface were embedded in the cell wall of the inside surface of the endosperm. These structures were also observed in the imbibing seed. These points of contact between the endosperm and embryo of soybean seeds may align the embryo, endosperm and seed coat during growth, desiccation and imbibition. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BLDG 008,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 183 EP 189 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WB045 UT WOS:A1996WB04500006 ER PT J AU Allison, RF Schneider, WL Greene, AE AF Allison, RF Schneider, WL Greene, AE TI Recombination in plants expressing viral transgenes SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE bromoviruses; plant viruses; risk assessment; RNA recombination ID BROME MOSAIC-VIRUS; LONG-DISTANCE MOVEMENT; CAPSID PROTEIN; RNA; TRANSCRIPTS AB When a segment of a specific viral genome is expressed in a transgenic plant, the plant is often resistant to that virus. This promising method of deriving virus resistance appears also to provide an opportunity for RNA recombination. Several reports confirm that the viral transgenic transcript is available to a challenging virus for recombination. Using cowpea chlorotic mottle virus as a model, modifications of the transgene significantly reduced the recovery of viable recombinants from transgenic plants. Several recommendations are made for reducing the involvement of the transgene in RNA recombination events. (C) 1996 Academic Press Ltd. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,GENET PROGRAM,E LANSING,MI 48824. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Allison, RF (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 IS 6 BP 417 EP 422 DI 10.1006/smvy.1996.0050 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA WN664 UT WOS:A1996WN66400008 ER PT J AU Rajkai, K Kabos, S VanGenuchten, MT Jansson, PE AF Rajkai, K Kabos, S VanGenuchten, MT Jansson, PE TI Estimation of water-retention characteristics from the bulk density and particle-size distribution of Swedish soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; TEXTURE; CONDUCTIVITY; PARAMETERS; MODEL AB A Swedish soils database containing soil-water retention data, particle-size fractions, dry bulk. density, and organic matter content was analyzed in order to find a relatively simple predictor of the soil-water retention curve (SWRC), As a SWRC model we chose a three-parameter function selected hom nine van Genuchten-type retention models that were fitted to the measured retention data by nonlinear parameter optimization. Cumulative particle-size (CP) data were described by a logistic distribution model, Additionally, the mean and standard deviation of the CP distribution were estimated directly from the measured particle-size data, Regression equations were subsequently used to estimate the parameters in the selected SWRC model from available soil properties, particle-size data, and CP distribution parameters, Four alternative pedotransfer models were formulated to estimate the SWRC curve from the basic soil properties, These models predicted the SWRC curves from either the original soil data or from the CP distribution parameters, A mean estimation error of less than 2.5% was used to indicate a good estimation, The highest ratio (67%) of good estimations and the lowest ratio (12%) oh poor estimations were obtained when both the original soil properties and the CP model parameters were used, Our study shows that the resulting simple SWRC model gives a good description and a usable prediction of the retention properties of Swedish soils for a wide range of soil textures. C1 ARS, USDA, SALIN LAB, RIVERSIDE, CA USA. SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT SOIL SCI, S-75007 UPPSALA, SWEDEN. RP Rajkai, K (reprint author), HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI, RES INST SOIL SCI & AGR CHEM, POB 35, H-1025 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; Rajkai, Kalman/B-3724-2014; Jansson, Per-Erik/A-4856-2012 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; Jansson, Per-Erik/0000-0002-9727-4037 NR 47 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 161 IS 12 BP 832 EP 845 DI 10.1097/00010694-199612000-00003 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WB173 UT WOS:A1996WB17300003 ER PT J AU Swan, JB Kaspar, TC Erbach, DC AF Swan, JB Kaspar, TC Erbach, DC TI Seed-row residue management for corn establishment in the northern US corn belt SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE seedling emergence; residue management; tillage ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE SYSTEMS; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; SURFACE RESIDUE; WATER-CONTENT; GROWTH; EMERGENCE; YIELD; PRODUCTIVITY; ROTATION; MOISTURE AB In the northern US Corn Belt, plant residue retained on the soil surface increases risk of poor stand establishment and growth of corn (Zea mays, L.). This limits adoption of no-tillage and other conservation tillage systems which are effective in reducing soil erosion. Field and laboratory research has shown that surface residue reduces soil heat unit accumulation by reducing soil heat flux, and conserves soil water by reducing evaporation rate, Surface residue also hinders planter operation and uniformity of seed placement, Removing excessive or non-uniform plant residue from the seed row increases germination and emergence rate by improving seed depth uniformity and by increasing soil heat unit accumulation, Appropriate use of planter attachments to manage surface plant residue has been shown to improve conditions in the seed zone for reliable corn establishment in the northern US Corn Belt. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Swan, JB (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 63 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01046-X PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VZ862 UT WOS:A1996VZ86200005 ER PT J AU Lehrsch, GA Robbins, CW AF Lehrsch, GA Robbins, CW TI Cheese whey effects on surface soil hydraulic properties SO SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE soil; infiltration; hydraulic conductivity; wheat; Triticum aestivum; whey; application to land ID SODIC SOIL; ACID WHEY; COTTAGE AB Whey, the liquid byproduct of cheese production, can improve the physical condition of sodic soils or those susceptible to erosion by increasing their aggregate stability. The effects of whey on soil hydraulic properties, however, are not known. In this experiment, we used tension infiltrometers to determine whey effects on infiltration rates of water (at suctions greater than or equal to 30 mm of water) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities of Ap horizons of a Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid) after a winter wheat crop. In the summer of 1993 near Kimberly, ID, USA, liquid whey was flood-applied at either 0, 200, 400, or 800 t/ha to plots planted to wheat the previous September. At suctions of 60 and 150 mm, infiltration rates decreased linearly by about 0.7 mu m/s with each additional 100 t/ha of whey applied. As whey applications increased, hydraulic conductivities at 60 mm suction increased slightly but as applications exceeded 400 t/ha decreased significantly. We concluded that summer whey applications up to 400 t/ha would not adversely affect surface hydraulic properties. RP Lehrsch, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,3793 N 3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0266-0032 J9 SOIL USE MANAGE JI Soil Use Manage. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 205 EP 208 DI 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1996.tb00544.x PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WG905 UT WOS:A1996WG90500006 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Burke, RA AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Burke, RA TI Pink bollworm adult and larval susceptibility to steinernematid nematodes and nematode persistence in the soil in laboratory and field tests in Arizona SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; GELECHIIDAE; RHABDITIDA; NOCTUIDAE AB Percentages of infected pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (PEW) adults emerging from pupae placed on soil treated with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) or S. riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston were 16.7-34.0% and 20.7-26.7%, respectively. Some (0-13%) pupae that did not produce adults were also infected. Under laboratory conditions in moist soil, PEW larval mortalities were 91.9% on the day of treatment and 5.1% on day 35 following treatment for larvae released on soil surfaces treated with S. riobravis and 50.0 and 7.0%, respectively, for larvae buried 1.7 cm in the soil. Mortalities for larvae released on soil surfaces treated with S. carpocapsae were 90.5% on the day of treatment and 38.5% on day 35 following treatment. Mortality of larvae buried 1.7 cm in the soil was 31.0% on the day of treatment and 3.0% on day 35 following treatment. When soil treated with S. riobravis was allowed to dry between PEW larval releases on soil surfaces or burial in soil, but wetted on the day of larval exposure, percentage mortalities ranged from 37.3-97.8% for larvae exposed on the soil surface and 62-84% for buried larvae over a 35-day test period. Also, under laboratory conditions S. riobravis parasitized higher percentages of PEW larvae buried in the soil than S. carpocapsae but S. carpocapsae parasitized higher numbers of larvae released on the soil surface than did S. riobravis. Under field conditions, with irrigations about every 14-21 days, PEW larval mortalities after exposure to soil samples from plots treated with S. riobravis at the rate of 5 nematodes per cm(2) of soil surface were 50% on the day of treatment and 2.5% on day 90 following treatment. Larval mortality percentages after exposure to soil samples from plots treated with S. carpocapsae at the rate of 5 per cm(2) of soil surface were 32.5, 15.3, 5.3 and 2.5, respectively, for the day of treatment and day 1, 7, and 15 following treatment. No further mortality occurred in bioassays conducted up to 90 days following treatment. With plots treated with 25 nematodes per cm(2) of soil surface, PEW larval mortalities ranged from 100% on the day of treatment to 7.5% on day 63 following treatment with S. riobravis and 92.5% on the day of treatment to 5% on day 7 following treatment with S. carpocapsae. Percentages of larval mortality after exposure to soil samples from plots treated with S. riobravis increased after each irrigation, but did not increase after exposure to soil samples from plots treated with S. carpocapsae. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PWA,4135 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 357 EP 368 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100001 ER PT J AU Smith, WJ Smith, CW Meagher, RL AF Smith, WJ Smith, CW Meagher, RL TI Abaxial surface and emulsified leaf pH of cotton, Gossypium spp. SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BEMISIA-TABACI HOMOPTERA; HOST-PLANT-RESISTANCE; ALEYRODIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; SELECTION; NOCTUIDAE AB The abaxial surface pH of the uppermost main stem leaf measuring at least 3 cm and the oldest fully expanded main stem leaf from the lower canopy of seventeen genotypes were determined when plants, grown under greenhouse conditions, were typically at the first square stage of growth and four weeks later. Emulsified leaf pH was determined on the crude extract after grinding leaf tissue in deionized water. Only minor differences were found in abaxial leaf surface or emulsified leaf pH relative to plant age or leaf position. Abaxial leaf surface pH ranged from 8.24 to 9.63 and emulsified leaf pH ranged from 5.75 to 6.56 among the seventeen genotypes evaluated. C1 USDA ARS,CVAVE,GAINESVILLE,FL. RP Smith, WJ (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,HEEP CTR,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 369 EP 376 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100002 ER PT J AU Cohen, AC Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Freeman, T Buckner, J Nelson, D AF Cohen, AC Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Freeman, T Buckner, J Nelson, D TI Cotton leaf surface features serve as behavioral cues to silverleaf whiteflies SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID HOMOPTERA; ALEYRODIDAE; CULTIVARS; LINES AB We examined cotton leaves for correlations between surface structures and veins, using light and electron microscopy. Using Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring egg placement, nymphal positions and crawler (first-instar nymph) behavior, we evaluated the responses of whitefly nymphs to leaf surface features. Two kinds of epidermal cells predominated the leaf abaxial surface: those underlying vascular bundles and those underlying the areoles (regions between veins). Lamina trichomes (simple and complex) originated from elongated epidermal cells overlaying the veins, including even the most minute (single-stranded) veins. All 2,000 lamina trichomes (non-glandular) that we examined originated from vascular bundle-associated epidermal cells. Areoles of fully expanded leaves had perimeters of 2,463 mm (+/- 0.1113 S.E., N = 10) and a mean area of 0.382 mm(2) (+/- 0.0374). Epidermal cells underlying areoles were isodiametric while those underlying veins were elongated. Eggs were generally deposited on the elongated epidermal cells associated with bundles or on cells within ca. 30 mu m of those vascular bundle-associated epidermal cells. Crawlers walked about 2300 mu m per minute until they settled upon feeding sites that were immediately under the minor veins, never more than about 60-80 mu m from the edge of the abaxial bundle-associated epidermal cells. Crawlers spent at least 80% of their time in contact with bundle-associated epidermal cells, apparently making contact with these cells either with legs or antennae. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,ELECT MISCROSCOPE FACIL,FARGO,ND 58105. USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Cohen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100003 ER PT J AU Beerwinkle, KR Shaver, TN Lingren, PD Raulston, JR AF Beerwinkle, KR Shaver, TN Lingren, PD Raulston, JR TI Free-choice olfactometer bioassay system for evaluating the attractiveness of plant volatiles to adult Helicoverpa zea SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; CABBAGE-LOOPER; CORN-EARWORM; FEMALES LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE MOTHS; FLIGHT TUNNEL; HOST; RESPONSES; EMERGENCE; POLLEN AB A bioassay system to quantitatively evaluate adult Helicoverpa tea (Boddie) behavioral responses to plant volatile attractants is described. The system is comprised of two- and six-choice olfactometers, a purified air source, air flow controls, and an environmental room. The olfactometers are designed to provide for the testing and evaluation of volatiles from a variety of natural and synthetic sources. Results from selected bioassays of volatiles from natural plant sources and chemically-formulate plant mimics as attractants for adult H. zea are presented to illustrate operational characteristics of the system. RP Beerwinkle, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F & B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 395 EP 405 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100005 ER PT J AU Beerwinkle, KR Lopez, JD McKibben, GH AF Beerwinkle, KR Lopez, JD McKibben, GH TI Seasonal responses of boll weevils to pheromone traps in cropped and adjacent uncropped areas of East-Central Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID WINTER HABITAT; COLEOPTERA-CURCULIONIDAE; EMERGENCE PROFILE; ROLLING PLAINS AB Boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, pheromone trapping studies were conducted in a large, relatively isolated area of contiguous row-crop farms (cropped area) and the surrounding uncropped area in the Brazos River Valley of Burleson and Brazos counties near College Station, TY during 1990 and 1991. Results indicated that variations in the timing and magnitudes of the mean weekly trap captures in the cropped and uncropped areas were similar during the early and midseason periods until September when harvest of cotton began. Trap response patterns were characterized by an early-season period of peak weekly mean weevil captures of 20 or less during late April through May, followed by a midseason period of near-zero captures from early June through mid-July, and then a late-summer period of increasing captures that began in late July and peaked in early September at levels more than five times those obtained in the early season. During the late-summer period, weevil captures were uniform at relatively high levels, within-years, over the cropped area and the uncropped area out to distances of 20 km in 1990 and 13 km in 1991. After the beginning of harvest with the associated habitat destruction, the timing of variations in catch patterns for the traps in the cropped and uncropped areas remained similar; however, the magnitudes of mean weekly captures in the cropped area increased to levels of more than five times those obtained in the uncropped area. The magnitudes of mean weekly captures throughout the year in 1990 were less than half those obtained in traps at the same locations in 1991, probably because of the detrimental effects of abnormally cold temperatures in the area during December 1989. RP Beerwinkle, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,SPA,SCRL,2771 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 407 EP 419 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100006 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Escobar, DE Summy, KR Alaniz, MA Davis, MR AF Everitt, JH Escobar, DE Summy, KR Alaniz, MA Davis, MR TI Using spatial information technologies for detecting and mapping whitefly and harvester ant infestations in south Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID VIDEO; PLANT AB This paper describes the application of airborne videography with global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies for detecting and mapping whitefly (Bernesia sp.) infestations in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus F. Smith) infestations in pasture lands in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Plant canopy reflectance measurements made on cotton plants with no whitefly-produced deposits of sooty mold fungus (Capnodium sp.), those with low-moderate levels, and those with high levels showed that plants with low-moderate and high levels of sooty mold generally had lower visible and near-infrared reflectance than plants with no sooty mold. Whitefly infestations could be detected in color-infrared and black-and-white near-infrared video imagery based on the presence of whitefly-produced deposits of sooty mold fungus on the cotton foliage, which gave the cotton a dull magenta to gray-black image tonal response. Harvester ant infestations could be easily distinguished in black-and-white red video imagery where the ant mounds had a distinct light gray to white image response. The integration of the GPS with the video imagery permitted latitude-longitude coordinates of whitefly and harvester ant infestations to be recorded on each image. The GPS latitude-longitude coordinates were entered into a GIS to map whitefly and harvester ant infestations in cotton fields and pasturelands, respectively. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 421 EP 432 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100007 ER PT J AU Laster, ML Hardee, DD Schneider, JC AF Laster, ML Hardee, DD Schneider, JC TI Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Influence of sterile backcross releases on suppression SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; GENETIC-CONTROL; POPULATIONS; MODEL AB A pilot test to suppress a wild tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), population by rearing and releasing insects with a sterile male trait was conducted during 1991-94. Backcross moths with the sterile trait were released in a 16.7-km square area in Washington and Sunflower Counties, Mississippi, in 1992 and in Bolivar County in 1993. Pheromone traps were used to monitor insect populations in both areas during both years and the non-release area served as the control. Moth releases were directed at the overwintered tobacco budworm emergence and were placed in the field 2 April to 15 May in 1992 and 12 April to 25 May in 1993. Approximately 69,000 moths per day were released in 1992 and 70,000 per day in 1993. A 3.0:1.0 released:wild ratio was achieved in 1992. This ratio dropped to 1.3:1.0 and 1.0:2.3 during June and July, respectively, due to moth movement into and out of the release area. Continued monitoring of this area in 1993 showed a 1.0:2.2 backcross:wild ratio (29.9% (1)Department of Entomology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762. sterility) carried over the winter. This ratio dropped to 1.0:5.2 backcross:wild in June, increased to 1.0:4.7 and 1.0:3.4 during July and August, respectively. A 2.6:1.0 released:wild ratio was achieved for the Bolivar County release in 1993. This ratio declined to 1.0:1.6 in June, 1.0:3.6 in July and 1.0:4.0 in August. Continued monitoring in 1994 showed that male sterility in the overwintered populations across both release areas was 12.1%. RP Laster, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 433 EP 444 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100008 ER PT J AU Fincher, GT AF Fincher, GT TI Ivermectin pour-on for cattle: Effects on some dung-inhabiting insects SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID HORN FLY DIPTERA; TREATING CATTLE; AVERMECTIN; MUSCIDAE; BEETLES; IMPACT; FAUNA AB Dung from two steers treated with the recommended therapeutic dose of a pour-on formulation of ivermectin was bioassayed with the horn fly Haematobia irritans (L.) and the introduced dung beetles Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onthophagus gazella (F.). Emergence of adult horn flies reared on dung from the treated steers was significantly reduced for 5-6 wk compared with emergence of flies reared on dung from an untreated steer. There were no effects on mean numbers of brood balls produced by either dung beetle species. However, emergence of adult E. intermedius and O. gazella from brood balls made with dung from treated steers was reduced for 1-2 wk and 2-3 wk, respectively. RP Fincher, GT (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 445 EP 450 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100009 ER PT J AU Danka, RG Villa, JD AF Danka, RG Villa, JD TI Comparative susceptibility of Africanized honey bees from south Texas to infestation by Acarapis woodi SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TRACHEAL MITES; HYMENOPTERA; RESISTANCE; COLONIES; APIDAE; RENNIE AB The proportion of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier hybridized with European subspecies) that became infested with honey bee tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi [Rennie]), the number of female mites per infested bee, and the number of immature mites produced per each test bee were more similar to those of resistant European bees than susceptible European bees when groups of young bees were exposed to mites in infested colonies. Mean mite reproduction in the three bee types did not differ. Thus the mite resistance of Africanized bees was founded on a disruption of the migratory phase but not the reproductive phase of the mite life cycle, as has been found previously when resistant bees were compared with susceptible bees. Although Africanized bees from the southern United States somewhat resist infestation by A, woodi, this protection does not exceed that of commercially available European stocks. RP Danka, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,1157 BEN HUR RD,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820, USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 451 EP 456 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG151 UT WOS:A1996WG15100010 ER PT J AU Stefferud, JA Propst, DL AF Stefferud, JA Propst, DL TI Fish fauna of the Bavicora Basin, Chihuahua, Mexico SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CHUB RP Stefferud, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,TONTO NATL FOREST,2324 E MCDOWELL RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85006, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 41 IS 4 BP 446 EP 450 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB168 UT WOS:A1996XB16800020 ER PT J AU Myers, GC Arola, RA Horn, RA Wegner, TH AF Myers, GC Arola, RA Horn, RA Wegner, TH TI Chemical and mechanical pulping of aspen chunkwood, mature wood and juvenile wood SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE chemical pulping; chemithermomechanical pulping; chips; comminution; juvenile wood; kraft pulping; mature wood; mechanical properties; mechanical pulping; NSSC pulping; optical properties; paper properties; populus; thermomechanical pulping AB Chunking is a comminution technology developed at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Houghton, MI, to enhance the economics and subsequent utilization of harvesting small-diameter trees from noncommercial or poor-quality stands. Chunkwood, the product of chunking, has previously been evaluated for fuel, forest road building, and flake products and as a lightweight aggregate for concrete. The objective of this study was to explore the technical feasibility of using chunked small-diameter aspen, high in juvenile wood content, as a raw material for chemical and mechanical pulps. Blocky chunkwood particles were destructured by crushing prior to chemical pulping by the kraft and neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) processes and mechanical pulping by the thermomechanical pulping (TMP) and chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) processes. Conventional 19-mm chips, prepared from mature and juvenile wood aspen, were pulped by the same chemical and mechanical pulping processes for comparison purposes. Chunkwood yielded pulps lower in quality to chipped mature wood for kraft, NSSC, TMP, and CTMP, but better in quality to that obtained from chipped juvenile wood. Chunkwood consumed more energy in producing TMP and CTMP than chipped mature and juvenile woods. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP Myers, GC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 161 EP 168 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA VY296 UT WOS:A1996VY29600030 ER PT J AU Zauscher, S Caulfield, DF Nissan, AH AF Zauscher, S Caulfield, DF Nissan, AH TI The influence of water on the elastic modulus of paper .1. Extension of the H-bond theory SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE elastic strength; equations; hydrogen bonds; forecasts; measurement; moisture content; paper; solids content; theories; water AB In Part 1, the theory of hydrogen-bond-dominated solids is extended to explain phenomena concerning the elastic behavior of paper, based on the postulate that the number density of effective hydrogen bonds, normalized to an average bond stiffness, is higher for ultrasonic modulus measurements than for quasi-static measurements. This leads to the predictions: (1) The measured elastic modulus of a sheet of paper will depend upon whether the modulus is measured quasi-statically using load-elongation methods or ultrasonically using the time of flight method, and that the ultrasonic modulus, E(u), will exceed the quasi-static modulus, E(s), (E(u) > E(s)). (2) The rate of change of modulus with increasing moisture content, w, follows the rule: In[E] = A - (C.I.) w, where the negative slope of the curve In[E] vs. w is constant over a wide range of moisture contents. But again this slope will also differ whether measured quasi-statically or ultrasonically, with (C.I.)(s) > (C.I.)(u). (3) Moreover, the extended theory predicts that the ratio of moduli at zero moisture content is related to the ratio of slopes by the expression: {[E(o)](u) / [E(o)](s)}(3) =[(C.I.)(s) + /] / [(C.I.)(u) + I]. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Zauscher, S (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,MAT SCI PROGRAM,1415 ENGN DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. RI Zauscher, Stefan/C-3947-2008 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 79 IS 12 BP 178 EP 182 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA VY296 UT WOS:A1996VY29600032 ER PT J AU Cardamone, JM Bao, GP Marmer, WN Dudley, RL BulanBrady, J AF Cardamone, JM Bao, GP Marmer, WN Dudley, RL BulanBrady, J TI Pretreatment of wool/cotton for union dyeing .2. Fiber reactive quaternary ammonium compounds SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE cotton; dye fixatives; union dyeing; wool ID WOOL AB Commercial dye fixatives, including those with fiber reactivity and amino, quaternary, and cationic nitrogen, were examined as pretreatment compounds for ionic dye attraction in dyeing wool/cotton to union shades. Some fixatives were ionically bound to wool and cotton and some were chemically bound through epoxide and azetidinium ring openings or through guanidino functions to impart amino and quaternary ammonium functionality. A monomeric fiber-reactive quaternary (FRQuat) fixative with quaternary ammonium and epoxide reactivity was examined as a prototype because of its simple structure and small molecular size. C1 PHILADELPHIA COLL TEXT & SCI,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19144. RP Cardamone, JM (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LN,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 12 BP 19 EP 24 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VZ208 UT WOS:A1996VZ20800006 ER PT J AU Lorenzen, LL Lin, SF Shoemaker, RC AF Lorenzen, LL Lin, SF Shoemaker, RC TI Soybean pedigree analysis using map-based molecular markers: Recombination during cultivar development SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE soybean; cultivar development; recombination; molecular markers AB An analysis of the genome structure of soybean cultivars was conducted to determine if cultivars are composed of large regions of chromosomes inherited intact from one parent (indicative of minimal recombination) or if the chromosomes are a mixture of one parent's DNA interspersed with the DNA from the other parent (indicative of maximal recombination). Twenty-one single-cross-derived and 5 single-backcross-derived soybean cultivars and their immediate parents (47 genotypes) were analyzed at 89 RFLP loci to determine the minimal number and distribution of recombination events detected, Cultivars derived from single-cross and single-backcross breeding programs showed an average of 5.2 and 8.0 recombination events per cultivar, respectively. A homogeneity Chi-square test based upon a Poisson distribution of recombination events across 13 linkage groups indicated that the number of recombinations observed among linkage groups was random for the single-cross cultivars, but not for the single-backcross-derived cultivars, A two-tailed t-test demonstrated that for some linkage groups, the number of recombinations per map unit exceeded the confidence interval developed from a t-distribution of recombinations standardized for map unit distance. Paired t-tests of the number of recombinations observed between linkage-group ends and the mid-portion of the linkage groups indicated that during the development of the cultivars analyzed in this study more recombinations were associated with the ends of linkage groups than with the middle region. Detailed analysis of each linkage group revealed that large portions of linkage groups D, F, and G were inherited intact from one parent in several cultivars. A portion of linkage group G, in contrast, showed more recombination events than expected, based on genetic distance. These analyses suggest that breeders may have selected against recombination events where agronomically favorable combinations of alleles are present in one parent, and for recombination in areas where agronomically favorable combinations of alleles are not present in either parent. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. OI Lin, Shun-Fu/0000-0002-4358-5024 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 93 IS 8 BP 1251 EP 1260 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA WA539 UT WOS:A1996WA53900009 PM 24162537 ER PT J AU Katzir, N DaninPoleg, Y Tzuri, G Karchi, Z Lavi, U Cregan, PB AF Katzir, N DaninPoleg, Y Tzuri, G Karchi, Z Lavi, U Cregan, PB TI Length polymorphism and homologies of microsatellites in several Cucurbitaceae species SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE simple sequence repeats (SSR); microsatellites; DNA markers; Cucumis melo L; cucurbitaceae; melon ID SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; CUCUMIS-SATIVUS L; LINKAGE MAP; MOLECULAR MARKERS; ABUNDANCE; ISOZYME; GENOMES; LOCI; AMPLIFICATION; VARIABILITY AB The objectives of this research were to assess (1) the degree of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) DNA length polymorphism in melon (Cucumis melo L.) and other species within the Cucurbitaceae family and (2) the possibility of utilizing SSRs flanking primers from single species to other genera or species of Cucurbitaceae. Five melon (CT/GA)(n) SSRs were isolated from a genomic library. Two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) SSRs were detected through a search of DNA sequence databases, one contained a (CT)(8) repeat, the other a (AT)(13) repeat. The seven SSRs were used to test a diverse sample of Cucurbitaceae, including 8 melon, 11 cucumber, 5 squash, 1 pumpkin, and 3 watermelon genotypes. Five of the seven SSRs detected length polymorphism among the 8 melon genotypes. PCR amplification revealed between three and five length variants (alleles) for each SSR locus, with gene diversity values ranging from 0.53 to 0.75. Codominant segregation of the alleles among F-2 progeny was demonstrated for each of the five SSR loci. Four of the seven SSRs detected polymorphism among the 11 cucumber genotypes, with gene diversity values ranging between 0.18 and 0.64. Primers specific to SSRs of C. melo and C. sativus also amplified DNA extracted from genotypes belonging to other genera of the Cucurbitaceae family. C1 AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,INST HORT,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Katzir, N (reprint author), NO RES CTR,DEPT VEGETABLE CROPS,AGR RES ORG,POB 90000,IL-31900 HAIFA,ISRAEL. NR 41 TC 131 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 93 IS 8 BP 1282 EP 1290 DI 10.1007/BF00223461 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA WA539 UT WOS:A1996WA53900013 PM 24162541 ER PT J AU BrownGuedira, GL Badaeva, ED Gill, BS Cox, TS AF BrownGuedira, GL Badaeva, ED Gill, BS Cox, TS TI Chromosome substitutions of Triticum timopheevii in common wheat and some observations on the evolution of polyploid wheat species SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Triticum timopheevii; Triticum aestivum; chromosome substitution; C-banding ID C-BANDING TECHNIQUE; AESTIVUM; RESISTANCE; KARYOTYPE; RELATIVES; PHYLOGENY; ORIGIN; GENES; RYE; DNA AB Whether the two tetraploid wheat species, the well known Triticum turgidum L. (macaroni wheat, AABB genomes) and the obscure T. timopheevii Zhuk. (A(t)A(t)GG), have monophyletic or diphyletic origin from the same or different diploid species presents an interesting evolutionary problem. Moreover, T. timopheevii and its wild form T. araraticum are an important genetic resource for macaroni and bread-wheat improvement. To study these objectives, the substitution and genetic compensation abilities of individual T. timopheevii chromosomes for missing chromosomes of T. aestivum 'Chinese Spring' (AABBDD) were analyzed. 'Chinese Spring' aneuploids (nullisomic-tetrasomics) were crossed with a T. timopheevii x Aegilops tauschii amphiploid to isolate T. timopheevii chromosomes in a monosomic condition. The F-1 hybrids were backcrossed one to four times to Chinese Spring aneuploids without selection for the T. timopheevii chromosome of interest. While spontaneous substitutions involving all A(t)- and G-genome chromosomes were identified, the targeted T. timopheevii chromosome was not always recovered. Lines with spontaneous substitutions from T. timopheevii were chosen for further backcrossing. Six T. timopheevii chromosome substitutions were isolated: 6A(t) (6A), 2G (2B), 3G (3B), 4G (4B), 5G (5B) and 6G (6B). The substitution lines had normal morphology and fertility. The 6A(t) of T. timopheevii was involved in a translocation with chromosome 1G, resulting in the transfer of the group-1 gliadin locus to 6A(t). Chromosome 2G substituted for 2B at a frequency higher than expected and may carry putative homoeoalleles of gametocidal genes present on group-2 chromosomes of several alien species. Our data indicate a common origin for tetraploid wheat species, but from separate hybridization events because of the presence of a different spectrum of intergenomic translocations. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 93 IS 8 BP 1291 EP 1298 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA WA539 UT WOS:A1996WA53900014 PM 24162542 ER PT J AU Paisley, LG Wells, S Schmitt, BJ AF Paisley, LG Wells, S Schmitt, BJ TI Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea antibodies in 256 US cow-calf operations: A survey SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhea; sero-prevalence; beef cattle ID BVD VIRUS-INFECTION; DAIRY HERDS; CATTLE; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE AB Outbreaks of acute bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) characterized by high morbidity and mortality in cattle of all ages have been reported ih eastern Canada and several areas in the United States. Because of the severity of the outbreaks the US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary Services (USDA:APHIS:VS), with the cooperation of several other agencies, institutions and individuals has taken several steps to monitor the disease and compile and disseminate information regarding BVD to all concerned parties. Toward that end an analysis was made of the vaccination practices and of the prevalence of BVD antibodies in US beef cow calf operations. The results of the analysis of data obtained from the Cow-calf Health and Productivity Audit (CHAPA) suggest that more than 90% of US beef cow/calf operations and more than 68% of animals have been exposed to BVD virus either through vaccination or natural exposure. Those herds and animals that have not been previously exposed may be at high risk should a virulent strain of BVD be introduced. C1 USDA,APHIS,VS,CEAH,FT COLLINS,CO. NVSL,DIAGNOST VIROL LAB,AMES,IA. RP Paisley, LG (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,VS,NRO,1 WINNERS CIRCLE,SUITE 100,ALBANY,NY 12205, USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 8 BP 1313 EP 1323 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(96)00312-3 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA VW138 UT WOS:A1996VW13800001 ER PT J AU Harrington, CA DeBell, DS AF Harrington, CA DeBell, DS TI Above- and below-ground characteristics associated with wind toppling in a young Populus plantation SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LA English DT Article DE wind damage; root morphology; stem form; thigmomorphogenesis; clonal deployment ID MECHANICAL PERTURBATION; PINUS-TAEDA; CLONES; GROWTH; THIGMOMORPHOGENESIS; TRICHOCARPA; MORPHOLOGY; PHENOLOGY; HYBRIDS; DAMAGE AB Damage from a dormant-season windstorm in a 3-year-old Populus research trial differed among four clones and three spacings and between monoclonal and polyclonal plots. Clonal differences in susceptibility to toppling (or leaning) were associated with both above- and below-ground characteristics. Susceptible clones had less taper in the lower stem and more weight in branches on the upper stem. The most susceptible clone also had the most above-ground biomass per unit of cross-sectional root area. The other susceptible clone had the least root system development in the windward quadrants. Wind toppling was least at the closest spacing. Apparently, mutual support was more important than individual tree characteristics from which the most damage would be expected at the closest spacing. Differences between paired trees of the same clone and spacing which did or did not topple were primarily associated with distribution of root systems by compass quadrant or depth. At the closest spacing where crown sway would have been minimized, trees which did not topple had greater cross-sectional root area in the windward direction than trees which did topple. At the widest spacing where crown sway would have been greatest, windfirm trees had greater cross-sectional root area than non-windfirm trees in both the windward and leeward directions. Toppling was reduced in polyclonal plots; this reduction may have been the result of more rapid stand differentiation in the polyclonal plots or reduction in the ''domino effect'' by inclusion of more windfirm clones in the mixture. RP Harrington, CA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3625 93RD AVE SW,OLYMPIA,WA 98512, USA. RI Harrington, Constance/G-6161-2012 NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0931-1890 J9 TREES-STRUCT FUNCT JI Trees-Struct. Funct. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VZ207 UT WOS:A1996VZ20700007 ER PT J AU Huber, SC Bachmann, M Huber, JL AF Huber, SC Bachmann, M Huber, JL TI Post-translational regulation of nitrate reductase activity: A role for Ca2+ and 14-3-3 proteins SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; LIGHT-DARK MODULATION; IN-VITRO; PARTIAL-PURIFICATION; INHIBITOR PROTEIN; RAPID MODULATION; HIGHER-PLANTS; SPINACH; PHOSPHORYLATION; INACTIVATION AB The control of nitrate reductase (NR) activity by reversible protein phosphorylation is a two-stage process: the enzyme is reversibly phosphorylated, and the phosphorylated form then binds an inhibitor protein. Recent results indicate that the phosphorylation reaction is Ca2+-dependent and that the inhibitor is a member of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. These results suggest the convergence of several signal transduction pathways in the control of nitrate assimilation. Recent results also implicate metabolites and 5'-AMP as possible effecters regulating the phosphorylation status of NR in vivo. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES CTR,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 41 TC 106 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 1 IS 12 BP 432 EP 438 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(96)10046-7 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VX151 UT WOS:A1996VX15100009 ER PT J AU Clary, WP Shaw, NL Dudley, JG Saab, VA Kinney, JW Smithman, LC AF Clary, WP Shaw, NL Dudley, JG Saab, VA Kinney, JW Smithman, LC TI Response of a depleted sagebrush steppe riparian system to grazing control and woody plantings SO USDA FOREST SERVICE INTERMOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE livestock grazing; riparian restoration; Salix lasiandra; Salix exigua; Poa pratensis; Agrostis stolonifera; small wildlife; stream channel ID COMMUNITIES AB To find out if a depleted riparian system in the sagebrush steppe of eastern Oregon would respond quickly to improved management, five management treatments were applied for 7 years, ranging from ungrazed to heavily grazed treatments, including in some cases, planting of woody species. While the results varied, all treatments were too limited to significantly restore the damaged areas within the 7-year span. Although some improvements were made in woody plant densities, little meaningful change occurred in the frequencies of herbaceous wetland plants, densities of small wildlife, or stream channel morphology. We concluded the restoration would take many years, possibly decades, without increased revegetation efforts and continued reductions in grazing in this riparian system damaged over 150 years. RP Clary, WP (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, RIPARIAN STREAM ECOL & MANAGEMENT RES WORK UNIT, USDA, BOISE, ID USA. NR 85 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU USDA FOR SERV INT EXP STA PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA SN 0146-3551 J9 USDA FOR SERV INT R JI USDA For. Serv. Intermt. Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD DEC PY 1996 IS 492 BP 1 EP + PG 0 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WJ101 UT WOS:A1996WJ10100001 ER PT J AU Max, TA Schreuder, HT Hans, T Hazard, JW Oswald, DD Teply, J Alegria, J AF Max, TA Schreuder, HT Hans, T Hazard, JW Oswald, DD Teply, J Alegria, J TI The Pacific Northwest Region - Vegetation and inventory monitoring system SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE sampling; plot design; fixed-area plots; line intersect sampling; monitoring; National Forest System; Pacific Northwest AB A grid sampling strategy was adopted for broad-scale inventory and monitoring of forest and range vegetation on National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest Region, USDA Forest Service. This paper documents the technical details of the adopted design and discusses alternative sampling designs that were considered. A less technical description of the selected design will be given elsewhere. The grid consists of a regular, square spacing with 5.47 kilometers (3.4 mi) between grid points. The primary sampling unit (PSU), established at each grid sampling point, consists of a circular, 1-hectare (2.47-acre) plot. The PSU is subsampled with a set of different-sized fixed-area subplots, as well as line transects, to assess all components of vegetation. The design is flexible and can be used with many types of maps. The theory of point and change estimation is described, as well as estimates of variation that assess the statistical precision of estimates. RP Max, TA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,POB 3890,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD DEC PY 1996 IS 493 BP 1 EP & PG 23 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WJ099 UT WOS:A1996WJ09900001 ER PT J AU Dahlberg, JA Wasylikowa, K AF Dahlberg, JA Wasylikowa, K TI Image and statistical analyses of early sorghum remains (8000 BP) from the Nabta Playa archaeological site in the western desert, southern Egypt SO VEGETATION HISTORY AND ARCHAEOBOTANY LA English DT Article DE sorghum; image analysis; early agriculture; Egypt; Sudan AB Carbonized grains of sorghum, with consistent radiocarbon dates of ca. 8000 B.P., have been excavated at an early Holocene archaeological site (E-75-6) in Nabta Playa near the Egyptian-Sudanese border. The objective of the investigations reported here was to classify these early sorghum grains within the known wild or domesticated races or working groups of sorghum through the use of image-analysis procedures. Image-analysis is a non-destructive analytical method that can provide rapid, repeatable, and accurate measurements of ancient cereal grains. Measurements were taken on samples representing the five major domesticated sorghum races, eight wild relatives, and samples from the Nabta Playa and Jebel et Tomat excavation sites. Statistical and clustering techniques indicated significant differences existed among the sorghums with respect to the various measurements made. Sorghum from Nabta Playa was significantly smaller, with respect to most measurements, than either the wild relatives or the five cultivated sorghums. Smaller grain size and the lack of any spikelets containing attached branchlets of the inflorescence or rachis fragments suggest that the material harvested and eaten at the Nabta Playa site were of a wild type. C1 POLISH ACAD SCI,W SZAFER INST BOT,PL-31512 KRAKOW,POLAND. RP Dahlberg, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,TARS,BOX 70,MAYAGUEZ,PR, USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 5 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0939-6314 J9 VEG HIST ARCHAEOBOT JI Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 5 IS 4 BP 293 EP 299 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA WE902 UT WOS:A1996WE90200003 ER PT J AU Goff, WL Johnson, WC Wyatt, CR Cluff, CW AF Goff, WL Johnson, WC Wyatt, CR Cluff, CW TI Assessment of bovine mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils for induced L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide production SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine; monocyte subpopulations; nitric oxide; cytokines ID INTERFERON-GAMMA; DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGEN; OXIDATIVE-METABOLISM; MURINE MACROPHAGES; SUPEROXIDE ANION; CELLS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; EXPRESSION; RELEASE; IDENTIFICATION AB Microbicidal activity of reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates has been described from both murine and human cytokine activated macrophages. An L-arginine-dependent pathway of nitric oxide generation has recently been described from bovine bone marrow-derived and monocyte-derived macrophages in response to a phagocytic stimulus. We have investigated the induction and release of both reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates from bovine neutrophils, and blood and spleen mononuclear phagocytes in response to either a phagocytic or cytokine stimulus. Mononuclear phagocytes were poor producers of hydrogen peroxide (a measure of reactive oxygen intermediate production) under conditions that readily caused release by neutrophils. In contrast, nitrite, as a measure of nitric oxide production, could not be induced from neutrophils under any stimulation conditions, while mononuclear phagocytes responded to both a phagocytic stimulus and cytokines with the induction of nitric oxide synthase message and production of nitric oxide. There appeared to be two populations of monocytes that differed both in their adherent characteristics and their level of cytokine-induced nitric oxide production. Both populations stained with a single monoclonal antibody. However, the population that had not adhered to plastic within 3 h responded to cytokine stimulation, producing up to 3 times more nitric oxide on a per cell basis than the readily adherent population. Cytokine induction required the presence of interferon-gamma and either tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lipopolysaccharide. L-arginine dependence was demonstrated by inhibition with an L-arginine analog and restoration with addition of excess L-arginine. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. RP Goff, WL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, ANIM DIS RES UNIT, 337 BUSTAD HALL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 41 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05629-2 PG 18 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA WC536 UT WOS:A1996WC53600005 PM 9014305 ER PT J AU Kwang, J Rosati, S Yang, S Juste, RA delaConchaBermejillo, A AF Kwang, J Rosati, S Yang, S Juste, RA delaConchaBermejillo, A TI Recognition of ovine lentivirus gag gene products by serum from infected sheep SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHENOTYPICALLY DISTINCT LENTIVIRUSES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CORE PROTEIN; ANTIGENIC DOMAINS; ANEMIA VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; PURIFICATION; RESPONSES; ELISA AB In order to localize the immunodominant regions, 12 ovine lentivirus (OLV) gag-coding gene fragments were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and then tested in a Western blot (WE) assay against a panel of sera collected from US and Italian OLV-infected sheep. The most immunoreactive regions were mapped to the amino-terminal of p25 and carboxyl-terminal of p14. In addition, we found that the reactivity pattern between US and Italian sheep was very similar, suggesting the antigenic domain between US and Italian isolates in the gag gene structures could be conserved. Given the broad immunoreactivity of the amino-terminal of p25, this region could serve as an ideal diagnostic antigen for the serological identification of OLV-infected sheep. C1 UNIV TURIN,DEPT ANIM PROD EPIDEMIOL & ECOL,TURIN,ITALY. TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,SAN ANGELO,TX 76901. RP Kwang, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Juste, Ramon/C-3570-2008; OI Juste, Ramon/0000-0001-6037-5873; Rosati, Sergio/0000-0002-8315-0316 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05622-X PG 8 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA WC536 UT WOS:A1996WC53600010 PM 9014310 ER PT J AU Rosati, S Kwang, J Tolari, F Keen, J AF Rosati, S Kwang, J Tolari, F Keen, J TI Characterization of enzootic nasal tumor virus capsid antigen SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE enzootic nasal tumor; type-D retrovirus; capsid antigen; recombinant ID SHEEP PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS; PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MAEDI-VISNA; PROTEIN; RETROVIRUS; ANTIBODY; GOATS; COEXISTENCE; DNA AB The RT-PCR was carried out on tumor tissue from sheep with enzootic nasal tumor (ENT), using primers designed from conserved amino acid regions of related type D retroviruses. A 591 bp PCR fragment, corresponding to 90% of the capsid antigen was cloned, sequenced and expressed in E. coli. Alignment with ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC) virus showed 93% nucleotide and 96% amino acid homology. No amplification occurred when DNA from ovine fetal cell line was used as template. The recombinant protein, highly expressed in a prokaryotic system, reacted in immunoblot with mouse antiserum to Mason Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) p27, as well as sera from OPC and ENT diseased animals. Preliminary application of this antigen in ELISA suggested its potential use to detect seropositive animals in infected flocks. C1 USDA,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP Rosati, S (reprint author), UNIV TURIN,DIPARTIMENTO PROD ANIM EPIDEMIOL & ECOL,TURIN,ITALY. OI Rosati, Sergio/0000-0002-8315-0316 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 53 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 269 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(96)01218-7 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA WC537 UT WOS:A1996WC53700005 PM 9008337 ER PT J AU Cray, WC Thomas, LA Schneider, RA Moon, HW AF Cray, WC Thomas, LA Schneider, RA Moon, HW TI Virulence attributes of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy heifer feces SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin; verotoxin ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; TOXIN GENES; O157-H7; CATTLE; PROBES; MODEL; CELLS AB Escherichia coli isolates from 1,305 (of 6,894) fecal samples collected during the 1991-1992 USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project were tested for virulence attributes associated with human enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and the enterotoxin commonly associated with diarrhoea in newborn calves. Single, random isolates from each heifer were hybridized to probes derived from the 60 mDa EHEC plasmid (CVD 419), E. coli attaching and effacing gene (eae), Shiga-like toxin (sit) genes I and II, and E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin a (STaP). Seventy-seven of the 1305 isolates (5.9%) were sir-positive. Most (81.8%) sit-positive E. coli were also CVD 419 and ene-positive. Only 2 of the sit-positive E. coli isolates were STaP-positive. C1 USDA, APHIS, NATL VET SERV LABS, AMES, IA 50010 USA. RP Cray, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT, POB 70, AMES, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 EI 1873-2542 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 53 IS 3-4 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(96)01261-8 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA WC537 UT WOS:A1996WC53700015 PM 9008347 ER PT J AU Piccone, ME Chen, HH Roos, RP Grubman, MJ AF Piccone, ME Chen, HH Roos, RP Grubman, MJ TI Construction of a chimeric Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus containing the leader gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BINDING-PROTEIN COMPLEX; POLIOVIRUS INFECTION; DA STRAIN; CLEAVAGE; TRANSLATION; INITIATION; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; POLYPEPTIDE; P220 AB The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader coding region (Lb) was cloned into a full-length cDNA of the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) replacing the complete L coding region of TMEV. This construct, pDAFSSC1-Lb, was engineered to contain cleavage sites, at the 3' end of the Lb coding region, for both the FMDV Lb and the TMEV 3C proteases. Transcripts derived from this construct were translated in a cell-free system. Analysis of the translation products showed efficient synthesis and processing of TMEV structural and nonstructural proteins as well as a major band that comigrated with FMDV Lb and was reactive with Lb antiserum. A small plaque virus was recovered from BHK-21 cells transfected with RNA derived from pDAFSSC1-Lb. RT-PCR of RNA isolated from DAFSSC1-Lb virus demonstrated a product corresponding in size and sequence to FMDV Lb. DAFSSC1-Lb virus grew slower than parental virus, DAFSSC1, and to a lower titer. The pattern or viral proteins synthesized in DAFSSC1-Lb virus-infected cells was very similar to the pattern in DAFSSC1 virus-infected cells except that significant amounts of FMDV Lb were produced. In addition, extracts from DAFSSC1-Lb-virus-infected cells cleaved an exogenous source of the translation initiation factor, p220, while DAFSSC1-virus-infected extracts did not. Chimeric viruses that contain coding regions from different picomaviral genera may be valuable tools in investigating the function of particular viral proteins and in studying disease pathogenesis. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,NAA,GREENPORT,NY 11944. UNIV CHICAGO,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL,CHICAGO,IL 60637. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD DEC 1 PY 1996 VL 226 IS 1 BP 135 EP 139 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0637 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA VV435 UT WOS:A1996VV43500016 PM 8941332 ER PT J AU Maeda, K Ono, M Kawaguchi, Y Niikura, M Okazaki, K Yokoyama, N Tokiyoshi, Y Tohya, Y Mikami, T AF Maeda, K Ono, M Kawaguchi, Y Niikura, M Okazaki, K Yokoyama, N Tokiyoshi, Y Tohya, Y Mikami, T TI Expression and properties of feline herpesvirus type 1 gD (hemagglutinin) by a recombinant baculovirus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE FHV-1; glycoprotein D; hemagglutinin ID VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN-D; CELL-SURFACE RECEPTORS; SIMPLEX VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; IDENTIFICATION; NEUTRALIZATION; PENETRATION; ADSORPTION; INFECTION AB We constructed a recombinant baculovirus expressing feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) go in insect cells (Sf9 cells). The expressed product was identified as FHV-1 go by a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the FHV-1 go, and had an apparent molecular mass of approximately 49 kDa, which was less than that of the authentic FHV-1 go. When the FHV-1 go protein were expressed in Sf9 cells and CRFK cells in the presence of tunicamycin, the FHV-1 go exhibited a molecular mass of 41 kDa. It was shown that the go protein was transported to the surface of recombinant virus-infected Sf9 cells when examined by membrane-immunofluorescence analysis, and that the go expressed on the surface of Sf9 cells adsorbed feline erythrocytes. Mice inoculated with a lysate of Sf9 cells expressing FHV-1 go induced antibodies with virus-neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibition activities. Therefore, the expressed go appears to be biologically authentic. These data suggested that recombinant FKV-1 go produced in Sf9 cells may be a useful immunogen as a feline vaccine. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC AGR,DEPT VET MICROBIOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN. UNIV CHICAGO,MARJORIE B KOVLER VIRAL ONCOL LABS,CHICAGO,IL 60637. USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. HOKKAIDO UNIV,SCH VET MED,DEPT VET HYG & MICROBIOL,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN. CHEMO SERO THERAPEUT RES INST,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN. OI Okazaki, Katsu/0000-0002-5390-2580 NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 80 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01376-7 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA WF444 UT WOS:A1996WF44400008 PM 9029779 ER PT J AU Bianco, PA Davis, RE Casati, P Fortusini, A AF Bianco, PA Davis, RE Casati, P Fortusini, A TI Prevalence of aster yellows (AY) and elm yellows (EY) group phytoplasmas in symptomatic grapevines in three areas of northern Italy SO VITIS LA English DT Article DE phytoplasma; Mycoplasma; flavescence doree; PCR ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; FLAVESCENCE-DOREE; DNA PROBES; 16S RDNA; MLO; DISEASE; PLANT; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION AB Flavescence doree (FD) and others important grapevine yellows (GY) diseases are known to occur in northern Italy. In this communication we report the results of an extended survey of naturally yellows diseased grapevines growing in three provinces of northern Italy, Vicenza, Brescia and Pavia. The plants were sampled at the end of June and the beginning of August. Direct PCR assay using group-specific primers for universal phytoplasma 16S rDNA amplification or for amplification of 16S rDNA from 16SrI (aster yellows and related phytoplasmas), 16SrIII (X-disease and related phytoplasmas) and 16SrV (elm yellows and related phytoplasmas) phytoplasma groups, and RFLP analysis of amplified DNA, were conducted. Phytoplasmas belonging to group 16SrV were detected only in grapevines in the Vicenza province; whereas, phytoplasmas belonging to group 16SrI subgoup G were found in grapevines in all three provinces. C1 USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. RP Bianco, PA (reprint author), UNIV MILAN,IST PATOL VEGETALE,CNR,CTR MIGLIORAMENTO SANITARIO COLTURE AGRARIE,VIA CELORIA 2,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. OI Casati, Paola/0000-0001-6152-8712; Bianco, Piero Attilio/0000-0002-9541-1923 NR 35 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN PI SIEBELDINGEN PA INST REBENZUCHTUNG GEILWEILERHOF, D-76833 SIEBELDINGEN, GERMANY SN 0042-7500 J9 VITIS JI Vitis PD DEC PY 1996 VL 35 IS 4 BP 195 EP 199 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA WG042 UT WOS:A1996WG04200008 ER PT J AU Wemple, BC Jones, JA Grant, GE AF Wemple, BC Jones, JA Grant, GE TI Channel network extension by logging roads in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE forest hydrology; drainage networks; logging roads; culverts; gullies ID SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; SURFACE SEDIMENT; COAST RANGE; CALIFORNIA; SLOPE AB Based on field surveys and analysis of road networks using a geographic information system (GIS), we assessed the hydrologic integration of an extensive logging-road network with the stream network in two adjacent 62 and 119 km(2) basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. Detailed surveys of road drainage for 20 percent of the 350 km road network revealed two hydrologic flow paths that link roads to stream channels: roadside ditches draining to streams (35 percent of the 436 culverts examined), and roadside ditches draining to culverts with gullies incised below their outlets (23 percent of culverts). Gully incision is significantly more likely below culverts on steep (greater than or equal to 40 percent) slopes with longer than average contributing ditch length. Fifty-seven percent of the surveyed road length is connected to the stream network by these surface flowpaths, increasing drainage density by 21 to 50 percent, depending on which road segments are assumed to be connected to streams. We propose a conceptual model to describe the hydrologic function of roads based on two effects: (1) a volumetric effect, increasing the volume of water available for quickflow and (2) a timing effect, altering now-routing efficiency through extensions to the drainage network. This study examines the second of these two effects. Future work must quantify discharge along mad segments connected to the stream network in order to more fully explain road impacts on basin hydrology. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Wemple, BC (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,PEAVY HALL 154,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 31 TC 141 Z9 149 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1195 EP 1207 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WA717 UT WOS:A1996WA71700009 ER PT J AU GarciaMartino, AR Scatena, FN Warner, GS Civco, DL AF GarciaMartino, AR Scatena, FN Warner, GS Civco, DL TI Statistical low flow estimation using gis analysis in humid montane regions in Puerto Rico SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE modeling/statistics; low stream flows; surface water hydrology; forest hydrology; geographic information systems; watershed characterization ID DRAINAGE-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS AB Statistical analysis of watershed parameters derived using a Geographical Information system (GIS) was done to develop equations for estimating the 7d-10yr, 30d-10yr, and 7d-2yr low flow for watersheds in humid montane regions of Puerto Rico. Digital elevation models and land use, geology soils, and stream network coverages were used to evaluate 21 geomorphic, 10 stream channel, 9 relief, 7 geology, 4 climate, and 2 soil parameters for each watershed. To assess which parameters should be used for further investigation, a correlation analysis was used to determine the independence and collinearity among these parameters and their relationship with low flows. Multiple regression analyses using the selected parameters were then performed to develop the statistical models of low flows. The final models were selected in the basis of the Mallow Cp statistic, the adjusted R(2), the Press statistic, the degree of collinearity, and an analysis of the residuals. In the final models, drainage density, the ratio of length of tributaries to the length of the main channel, the percent of drainage area with northeast aspect, and the average weighted slope of the drainage were the most significant parameters. The final models had adjusted standard errors of 58.7 percent, 59.2 percent, and 48.6 percent for the 7d-10yr 30d-10yr, and 7d-2yr low flows respectively. For comparison, the best model based on watershed parameters that can be easily measured without a GIS had an adjusted standard error of 82.8 percent. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,LAB EARTH RESOURCES INFORMAT SYST,STORRS,CT 06269. RP GarciaMartino, AR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,CALL BOX 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1259 EP 1271 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WA717 UT WOS:A1996WA71700014 ER PT J AU English, DBK Bowker, JM AF English, DBK Bowker, JM TI Economic impacts of guided whitewater rafting: A study of five rivers SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE economic impacts; whitewater rafting; visitor expenditures; river recreation ID RECREATION DEMAND AB This paper presents estimates of the statewide economic impacts of guided whitewater railing on five rivers in six states: the Nantahala (North Carolina), Gauley (West Virginia), Kennebec (Maine), Middle Fork of the Salmon (Idaho), and Chattooga (Georgia-South Carolina). Except for the Chattooga and Middle Fork, rafting is dependent on upstream dam releases. Guide fees range from about $15 per trip on the Nantahala to over $1,000 on the Middle Fork. Economic impacts per nonresident 1000 visitors increase along with length of the railing trip and remoteness of the river. Total industrial output per 1000 nonresident visitors ranged from $95,000 on the Nantahala to over $2.5 million on the Middle Fork. However, because of differences in annual visitation levels, total impacts were greatest at the Nantahala, at over $14 million in 1993. Multipliers for all economic measures were relatively consistent over the rivers. Employment multipliers (Type III) ranged from 1.67 to 1.90, income multipliers from 2.0 to 2.4, and industrial output multipliers from 2.1 to 2.5. RP English, DBK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1319 EP 1328 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WA717 UT WOS:A1996WA71700019 ER PT J AU Carey, AB Curtis, RO AF Carey, AB Curtis, RO TI Conservation of biodiversity: A useful paradigm for forest ecosystem management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation; forest; management; Pacific Northwest ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; HABITAT; OREGON; YOUNG RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, USDA, 3625 93RD AVE SW, OLYMPIA, WA 98512 USA. NR 60 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 BP 610 EP 620 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA WD879 UT WOS:A1996WD87900006 ER PT J AU Servheen, G Cochnauer, T Adams, J Stotts, B McLaughlin, W Sanyal, N AF Servheen, G Cochnauer, T Adams, J Stotts, B McLaughlin, W Sanyal, N TI Development and implementation of an integrated process for improved fish and wildlife management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE cooperation; integrated fish and wildlife management; management processes; partnerships; policy ID RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; PERSPECTIVES; DIVERSITY C1 US FOREST SERV,ELK CITY,ID 83525. US FOREST SERV,KOOSKIA,ID 83539. UNIV IDAHO,DEPT RESOURCE RECREAT & TOURISM,MOSCOW,ID 83844. RP Servheen, G (reprint author), IDAHO DEPT FISH & GAME,1540 WARNER AVE,LEWISTON,ID 83501, USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 BP 667 EP 672 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA WD879 UT WOS:A1996WD87900013 ER PT J AU Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Saenz, D Schaefer, RR AF Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Saenz, D Schaefer, RR TI Red-cockaded woodpecker nesting success, forest structure, and southern flying squirrels in Texas SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CAVITY-TREE SELECTION; RAT SNAKES; BEHAVIOR; HABITAT; PINES; AGE AB For several decades general opinion has suggested that southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) have a negative effect on Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) through competition for cavities and egg/nestling predation. Complete removal of hardwood trees from Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavity tree clusters has occurred on some forests because southern flying squirrel abundance was presumed to be associated with the presence and abundance of hardwood vegetation. In some locations, southern flying squirrels have been captured and either moved or killed in the name of Red-cockaded Woodpecker management. We determined southern dying squirrel occupancy of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities in loblolly (Pinus taeda)-shortleaf (P. echinata) pine habitat (with and without hardwood midstory vegetation) and longleaf pine (P. palustris) habitat (nearly devoid of hardwood vegetation) during spring, late summer, and winter during 1990 and 1991. Flying squirrel use of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities was variable and was not related to presence or abundance of hardwood vegetation. Woodpecker nest productivity was not correlated with flying squirrel use of woodpecker cavities within clusters. In addition, we observed six instances where Red-cockaded Woodpeckers successfully nested while flying squirrels occupied other cavities in the same tree. Our results suggest that complete removal of hardwoods from woodpecker cluster areas in loblolly and shortleaf pine habitat may not provide benefits to the woodpeckers through reduction of flying squirrel numbers. Reduction of hardwood midstory around cavity trees, however, is still essential because of the woodpecker's apparent innate intolerance of hardwood midstory foliage. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,SO RES STN,USDA,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 34 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 108 IS 4 BP 697 EP 711 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WC226 UT WOS:A1996WC22600008 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM AF Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM TI Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium; copper; iron; magnesium; manganese; nitrate; pH; phosphate; potassium; sodium; sulfate; tillage; zinc ID NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; CONTINUOUS CORN; ORGANIC-CARBON; PHOSPHORUS; WHEAT; SEQUENCE; RESIDUE; SYSTEMS; BIOMASS AB Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0-0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15-0.3 m). At a depth of 0-0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0-0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0-0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,1420 EXPT STN RD,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677, USA. NR 23 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 30 PY 1996 VL 39 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01056-2 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VZ569 UT WOS:A1996VZ56900007 ER PT J AU Bachmann, M Huber, JL Athwal, GS Wu, K Ferl, RJ Huber, SC AF Bachmann, M Huber, JL Athwal, GS Wu, K Ferl, RJ Huber, SC TI 14-3-3 proteins associate with the regulatory phosphorylation site of spinach leaf nitrate reductase in an isoform-specific manner and reduce dephosphorylation of Ser-543 by endogenous protein phosphatases SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE binding site; 14-3-3 protein; inhibitor protein; isoform specificity; nitrate reductase; protein phosphatase; regulatory phosphorylation site ID INHIBITOR PROTEIN; SYNTHASE; LEAVES; INACTIVATION; MODULATION; BINDING; PLANTS; KINASE AB Three lines of evidence indicate that the 14-3-3 proteins that inactivate the phosphorylated form of spinach leaf NADH:nitrate reductase (NR) bind to the enzyme at the regulatory phosphorylation site (Ser-543), First, a phosphorylated synthetic peptide based on the regulatory site can prevent and also reverse the inactivation of phospho-NR caused by 14-3-3 proteins, Second, sequence-specific and phosphorylation-dependent binding of the aforementioned synthetic peptide to the 14-3-3 proteins was demonstrated in vitro, Third, 14-3-3 proteins were required for the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of IVR (as assessed by activity measurements) in the presence of NR-kinase and leaf protein phosphatases, Lastly, we demonstrate specificity of recombinant Arabidopsis 14-3-3 isoforms in the interaction with phospho-NR: omega > chi > upsilon >>> phi, psi. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI & BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT HORT SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 22 TC 107 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD NOV 25 PY 1996 VL 398 IS 1 BP 26 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01188-X PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA VV878 UT WOS:A1996VV87800005 PM 8946947 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, U Leonard, N Jones, E Kasarda, DD Weir, DG OFarrelly, C Feighery, C AF Srinivasan, U Leonard, N Jones, E Kasarda, DD Weir, DG OFarrelly, C Feighery, C TI Absence of oats toxicity in adult coeliac disease SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CELIAC-DISEASE C1 ST JAMES HOSP,DEPT IMMUNOL,DUBLIN 8,IRELAND. ST JAMES HOSP,DEPT HISTOPATHOL,DUBLIN 8,IRELAND. USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. ST JAMES HOSP,DEPT GASTROENTEROL,DUBLIN 8,IRELAND. TRINITY COLL DUBLIN,DUBLIN,IRELAND. ST VINCENTS HOSP,EDUC & RES CTR,DUBLIN 4,IRELAND. NR 5 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 8 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD NOV 23 PY 1996 VL 313 IS 7068 BP 1300 EP 1301 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VV153 UT WOS:A1996VV15300024 PM 8942690 ER PT J AU Lipman, RD Donohue, LR Hoppe, P Bronson, RT AF Lipman, RD Donohue, LR Hoppe, P Bronson, RT TI Evidence that lysosomal storage of proteolipids is a cell autonomous process in the motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mouse, a model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis SO NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE mnd Mice; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; cell autonomous; chimera; bone marrow transplantation; proteolipid ID MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE; BATTEN-DISEASE; SUBUNIT-C; MICE; TRANSPLANTATION AB The motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mouse has been documented to accumulate proteolipid and thus is a model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis [Dunn, W.A., Raizada, M.K., Vogt, E.S. and Brown, E.A., Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 12 (1994) 185-196; Faust, J.R., Rodman, J.S., Daniel, P.F., Dice, J.F. and Bronson, R.T., J. Biol. Chem., 269 (1994) 10150-10155]. While accumulation of proteolipid in the hippocampus of chimeric mice composed of mnd and +/+ cells was found to be proportional to the contribution of mnd in the brain, accumulation within individual cells was the same for cells from chimeric and age-matched mnd mice. Bone marrow transplantation was used to altering the milieu of circulating factors to determine whether this might modify the disease phenotype in mnd mice. Transplantation of bone marrow in neonatal or young mice did not reduce the age-associated accumulation of proteolipid within hippocampal neurons. The results of these experiments indicate that mnd results in a cell autonomous defect. C1 JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609. RP Lipman, RD (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3940 J9 NEUROSCI LETT JI Neurosci. Lett. PD NOV 22 PY 1996 VL 219 IS 2 BP 111 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13185-2 PG 4 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA VW517 UT WOS:A1996VW51700011 PM 8971792 ER PT J AU Hatano, T Hemingway, RW AF Hatano, T Hemingway, RW TI Association of (+)-catechin and catechin-(4 alpha->8)-catechin with oligopeptides SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID BRADYKININ; POLYPHENOL; NMR AB NOE studies on the complexation of (poly)flavanoids with peptides containing proline residues in aqueous solutions reveal site specific approach directed by hydrophobic interaction of the aromatic rings of catechin and its dimer, catechin-(4 alpha --> 8)-catechin, to conformationally accessible regions of peptides without strong preference for interaction with proline residues. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PD NOV 21 PY 1996 IS 22 BP 2537 EP 2538 DI 10.1039/cc9960002537 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VW461 UT WOS:A1996VW46100018 ER PT J AU Oka, K IshimuraOka, K Chu, M Chan, L AF Oka, K IshimuraOka, K Chu, M Chan, L TI Transcription of the human hepatic lipase gene is modulated by multiple negative elements in HepG2 cells SO GENE LA English DT Article DE HeLa; promoter activity; regulatory element; DNase I protection assay; mutagenesis ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION; RELEASABLE LIVER-LIPASE; HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; POST-HEPARIN PLASMA; TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE; DNA-BINDING; REGULATORY ELEMENTS; ENHANCER ELEMENTS; TRANSGENIC MICE AB The expression of the hepatic lipase (HL) gene is highly tissue specific. In order to identify cis-acting elements which regulate the expression of this gene in the liver, multiple deletion mutants of the 5'-flanking region of the HL gene fused to the human growth hormone gene were transfected in HepG2 cells, which normally produce HL. Transient expression assays indicated the presence of negative (at nucleotides (nt) -1576/-1342 and -623/-407) and positive (at nt -1862/-1576 and -50/-9) regulatory elements. Transfection of HeLa cells, which do not produce HL, with the same deletion constructs resulted in a similar pattern of promoter activities. However, additional negative (nt -138/-50) and positive (nt -407/-138) elements were found. DNase I footprint analysis of the proximal and distal HL promoter sequences with HepG2 and HeLa cell nuclear extracts identified seven protected regions: A, nt -1540/-1527; B, -1505/-1473; C, -1467/-1460; D, -592/-577; E, -565/-545; F, -234/-220; and G, -70/-48. Sites A, B, C, D and E were located within regions containing negative regulatory elements. In order to determine which nuclear factor interacts with the negative elements, sites B, D and E were mutated and the effects of mutation on competition in a gel retardation assay and on promoter activity were studied. When the binding motif for AP1 in sites B, D and E was mutated, the specific DNA-protein complexes were not competed with the mutant oligonucleotides and promoter activity increased twofold. The magnitude of the increase is less than expected from the deletion analysis, and simultaneous mutations did not cause further increase in promoter activity, which suggests that other sites are involved in this negative modulation. These results suggest that the transcription of the HL gene in HepG2 cells is negatively modulated by multiple cis-acting negative elements and AP1-like nuclear factor may play some role in this modulation. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Oka, K (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-16512]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-07664] NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD NOV 21 PY 1996 VL 180 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00408-8 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VY054 UT WOS:A1996VY05400011 PM 8973349 ER PT J AU Karmaker, AC Youngquist, JA AF Karmaker, AC Youngquist, JA TI Injection molding of polypropylene reinforced with short jute fibers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; COMPOSITES; WOOD AB Composites with polypropylene (PP) and jute fiber were prepared by injection molding technique. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene was added as coupling agent to improve the adhesion between jute fiber and PP. A high fiber attrition was noted during injection molding, which had negative effects on the mechanical properties of the composites. The coupling agent improved the tensile and bending strengths, however the elastic and bending moduli were found not to be influenced by the coupling agent. The role of the average fiber length in strengthening of the composites was interpreted with help of the critical fiber length. Fracture surfaces of the composites, and the fiber orientations, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, respectively. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons,Inc. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,US FOREST SERV,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Karmaker, AC (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT,INST MAT SCI,STORRS,CT 06269, USA. NR 20 TC 169 Z9 170 U1 5 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD NOV 21 PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 1147 EP 1151 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961121)62:8<1147::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-I PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA VN879 UT WOS:A1996VN87900002 ER PT J AU Price, JC Steven, M Andrieu, B Jaggard, K AF Price, JC Steven, M Andrieu, B Jaggard, K TI Visible near-infrared radiation parameters for sugar-beets SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; VEGETATION AB A two-stream description of the interaction of radiation with vegetation and an underlying surface is applied to experimental data from a sugar-beet canopy. The two parameters of the theory (reflectance of a dense canopy, and the attenuation coefficient for radiation in the canopy) are determined for chlorotic and normal sugar-beets, thereby allowing estimation of leaf area index from remotely-sensed reflectance measurements. Comparison with previous results for corn suggest that the parameters are species dependent. C1 UNIV NOTTINGHAM,DEPT GEOG,NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD,ENGLAND. INRA,BIOCLIMATOL STN,MONTFAVET,FRANCE. FRC,BROOMS BARN EXPT STN,BURY ST EDMUNDS,SUFFOLK,ENGLAND. RP Price, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Andrieu, Bruno/J-7737-2012 OI Andrieu, Bruno/0000-0002-7933-9490 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 20 PY 1996 VL 17 IS 17 BP 3411 EP 3418 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VR683 UT WOS:A1996VR68300007 ER PT J AU Antolic, S KojicProdic, B Cohen, JD AF Antolic, S KojicProdic, B Cohen, JD TI 2-(2,5-dichlorophenylhydrazono)glutaric acid and 2-(3,5-dichlorophenylhydrazono)glutaric acid SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article AB The title compounds, C11H10Cl2N2O4, are constitutional isomers which exhibit similar molecular geometry. The configuration about the N=C bond is E in both molecules. The same packing pattern was found in both structures. Hydrogen-bonded dimers, formed around the inversion centres via O-H ... O interactions of carboxyl groups, are connected into infinite chains. The intramolecular N-H ... Cl hydrogen bond observed only in the 2,5-dichlorophenyl derivative contributes to the planarity of the molecule. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Antolic, S (reprint author), RUDJER BOSKOVIC INST,DEPT MAT SCI & ELECT,POB 1016,ZAGREB 10001,CROATIA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0108-2701 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR C JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C-Cryst. Struct. Commun. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 52 BP 2832 EP 2835 DI 10.1107/S0108270196008013 PN 11 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA VX598 UT WOS:A1996VX59800075 ER PT J AU McLaren, CE Kambour, EL Houwen, B Lukaski, HC McLaren, GD AF McLaren, CE Kambour, EL Houwen, B Lukaski, HC McLaren, GD TI Patient-specific sequential analysis of hematological data: Detection of recovery from iron-deficiency anemia. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MOORHEAD STATE UNIV,MOORHEAD,MN 56560. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX. LOMA LINDA UNIV,LOMA LINDA,CA 92350. USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. UNIV N DAKOTA,SCH MED,FARGO,ND. VET ADM MED CTR,FARGO,ND. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 10 SU 1 BP 2777 EP 2777 PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VT986 UT WOS:A1996VT98600038 ER PT J AU Ma, J Stampfer, MJ Hennekens, CH Frosst, P Selhub, J Horsford, J Malinow, MR Willett, WC Rozen, R AF Ma, J Stampfer, MJ Hennekens, CH Frosst, P Selhub, J Horsford, J Malinow, MR Willett, WC Rozen, R TI Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, plasma folate, homocysteine, and risk of myocardial infarction in US Physicians SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE folate; homocysteine; myocardial infarction; genetics; epidemiology ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; FOLIC-ACID; VASCULAR-DISEASE; HOMOCYST(E)INE; HYPERHOMOCYST(E)INEMIA; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINAEMIA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; PREVALENCE; DEFICIENCY; COMMON AB Background Hyperhomocysteinemia appears to be an independent risk factor for coronary disease. Elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHCY) can result from genetic or nutrient-related disturbances in the transsulfuration or remethylation pathways for homocysteine metabolism. The enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the predominant circulatory form of folate, which serves as a methyl donor for remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. A common mutation in MTHFR recently has been identified. Methods and Results We assessed the polymorphism in MTHFR, plasma tHCY, and folate using baseline blood levels among 293 Physicians' Health Study participants who developed myocardial infarction (MI) during up to 8 years of follow-up and 290 control subjects. The frequency of the three genotypes was (-/-) (homozygous normal), 47%; (+/-) (heterozygous), 41%; and (+/+) (homozygous mutant), 12%, with a similar distribution among both MI case patients and control subjects. Compared with those with genotype (-/-), the relative risk (RR) of MI among those with (-/-) was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.5), and it was 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) for the (+/+) genotype; none of these RRs were statistically significant. However, those with genotype (+/+) had an increased mean tHCY level (mean+/-SEM, 12.6+/-0.5 nmol/mL), compared with those with genotype (-/-) (10.6+/-0.3) (P<.01). This difference was most marked among men with low folate levels (the lowest quartile distribution of the control subjects): those with genotype (+/+) had tHCY levels of 16.0+/-1.1 nmol/mL, compared with 12.3+/-0.6 nmol/mL (P<.001) for genotype (-/-). Conclusions In this population, MTHFR polymorphism was associated with higher homocysteine levels but not with risk of MI. A gene-environment interaction might increase the risk by elevating tHCY, especially when folate intake is low. C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT AMBULATORY CARE & PREVENT,BOSTON,MA 02115. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV PREVENT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. OREGON REG PRIMATE RES CTR,BEAVERTON,OR 97006. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,DEPT HUMAN GENET,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,DEPT PEDIAT,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,DEPT BIOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. RP Ma, J (reprint author), BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CHANNING LAB,DEPT MED,180 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-40360, CA-42182] NR 38 TC 398 Z9 406 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 10 BP 2410 EP 2416 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VT114 UT WOS:A1996VT11400012 PM 8921781 ER PT J AU Lin, CR Buongiorno, J Vasievich, M AF Lin, CR Buongiorno, J Vasievich, M TI A multi-species, density-dependent matrix growth model to predict tree diversity and income in northern hardwood stands SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE growth, population; ecological diversity; economics; forest ecosystems; management strategies ID ECONOMIC RETURNS; FOREST STANDS; MANAGEMENT; BIODIVERSITY; PERFORMANCE; LAND AB A density-dependent matrix model of stand growth is presented. The model was calibrated with re-measured plots in the northern hardwood forests in Wisconsin. Trees were divided into shade-tolerant, intermediate, and shade-intolerant species in twelve diameter classes. Model predictions were tested against post-sample observations for short-term (15-year) and long-term (steady-state) accuracy. This growth model was then applied to study stand growth dynamics with and without management. Starting with the current average stand state, the predicted stand basal area of an unmanaged stand rose steadily to a maximum, dropped gradually, and finally reached a steady state. The time paths of basal area and tree size diversity were highly and positively correlated. Instead, tree species diversity decreased when size diversity and basal area increased, and vice-versa. When harvesting was introduced, it was found that more intensive harvest increased the diversity of tree species, while decreasing the diversity of tree size. A 20-year cutting cycle could produce higher economic returns than a IO-year cutting cycle, with similar size and species diversity. Harvesting most of the saw timbers every 20 years could be a good compromise between economics and tree diversity, at the stand level. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FORESTRY,MADISON,WI 53706. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,E LANSING,MI 48823. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 193 EP 211 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00190-5 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL664 UT WOS:A1996VL66400014 ER PT J AU MoralesRamos, JA Legaspi, BC Carruthers, RI AF MoralesRamos, JA Legaspi, BC Carruthers, RI TI Modification of the random-search type II functional response equation for incorporation into simulation models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE host-parasite interaction; parameter estimation; parasitism; search strategies ID POPULATION AB Because of the assumptions implicit in the Royama-Rogers' Type II Random Search Parasitoid Equation (RSPE), the estimates of parameters are valid only within an area unit equal to the experimental area used to estimate them. This assumption was tested using different values of N-t (host density) and P-t (parasitoid density), while maintaining the host:parasitoid ratio constant at 10:1. If the RSPE is valid at any area unit, then the value of F(N-t,P-t) (probability of being parasitized) should be constant at all values of N, and P, provided that the N,: P, ratio remains constant. Instead, the value of F(N-t, P-t) showed an asymptotic rise to a plateau. This result supports the assumption that the RSPE validity is limited by the area unit in which its parameters are estimated. Such a limitation precludes the incorporation of this Type TT equation into an age-structured simulation model. A modification to the RSPE which lacks these space-dependence limitations is proposed. The modification consisted of the division of the coefficient d by parasitoid density (P-t). This modification transforms the instantaneous rate of discovery into a per capita basis. RP MoralesRamos, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00200-6 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL664 UT WOS:A1996VL66400017 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Heinrichs, AJ AF Losinger, WC Heinrichs, AJ TI Management variables associated with high mortality rates attributable to respiratory tract problems in female calves prior to weaning SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HERDS AB Objective-To identify risk factors associated with high mortality rates attributable to respiratory problems in female calves prior to weaning. Design-Cross-sectional national survey. Sample Population-1,685 dairies. Procedure-Dairies that had greater than or equal to 3 female calves that were born by a herd member or purchased during a 3-month period were classified into operations with high or law mortality rates attributable to respiratory tract problems in female calves prior to weaning. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify management practices associated with high mortality rates caused by respiratory tract problems. Results-1,363 of 47,057 (2.9%) calves died of respiratory tract problems during a S-month period. Management variables associated with high mortality rates caused by respiratory tract problems were housing of greater than or equal to 7 calves in a group and rolling herd average for milk production of less than or equal to 9,072 kg. Also, dairies located in the West or Southeast had higher mortality rates. Clinical Implications-Dairy operators that house calves in large groups prior to weaning may need to pay close attention to respiratory tract illness in their calves. Herds with high milk production have lower mortality from respiratory tract illness than herds with low milk production. Dairies in the West and Southeast have higher mortality attributable to respiratory tract problems than dairies in other regions of the country. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,CTR ANIM HLTH,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL,555 S HOWES ST,STE 200,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 209 IS 10 BP 1756 EP 1759 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VT305 UT WOS:A1996VT30500029 PM 8921037 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA TI Soil organic matter pools with conventional and zero tillage in a cold, semiarid climate SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE carbon mineralization; microbial biomass; nitrogen mineralization; organic matter; semiarid; tillage ID LONG-TERM IMPACTS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NITROGEN; QUALITY; CARBON; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS AB Conservation of soil organic matter (SOM), especially in high-SOM surface soils of the Canadian Prairies, is essential for maintaining soil quality and regulating soil CO, emissions. We determined the depth distribution (0-50, 50-125, and 125-200 mm) of soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), basal soil respiration (BSR), and net N mineralization in four Boralfs subjected to shallow conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT). Tillage regimes were initiated 4, 4, 7, and 16 years prior to these measurements on a limed clay loam, unlimed clay loam, loam, and silt loam, respectively, located in northern Alberta and British Columbia. Soils under ZT were an average of 4% denser and 24% wetter than under CT. SOC content to a depth of 200 mm was 6.5 kg m(-2) under CT and 11% greater under ZT in the limed clay loam, but not different between tillage regimes in the unlimed clay loam (7.1 kg m(-2)), silt loam (5.1 kg m(-2)), and loam (4.3 kg m(-2)). BSR averaged 4.0 and 3.1 g CO2-C per square meter per day under CT and ZT, respectively. The portions of SOC and SMBC as BSR under ZT were lower than under CT. However, net N mineralization averaged 3.4 and 4.1 g m(-2) per 24 days under CT and ZT, respectively. The cold, semiarid climate of the Canadian Prairies appears to have hindered any acceleration of decomposition of SOM and crop residues owing to soil disturbance with CT. Therefore, SOC and active soil C pools were not enriched by minimized soil disturbance, unlike results obtained from more temperate and humid climates. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,NO AGR RES CTR,BEAVERLODGE,ALTA TOH 0C0,CANADA. USDA ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. NR 23 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01055-0 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VY619 UT WOS:A1996VY61900001 ER PT J AU Merritt, ME Christensen, AM Kramer, KJ Hopkins, TL Schaefer, J AF Merritt, ME Christensen, AM Kramer, KJ Hopkins, TL Schaefer, J TI Detection of intercatechol cross-links in insect cuticle by solid-state carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 NMR SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MANDUCA-SEXTA L; SCLEROTIZATION; PUPAL; LARVAL; C-13 AB Solid-state NMR has been used to detect an intercatechol covalent bond in sclerotized cuticle of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Rotational-echo, double-resonance (REDOR) C-13 and N-15 NMR, in combination with H-1-C-13 dipolar modulation and N-15-N-15 dipolar restoration at the magic angle, were used to examine hornworm pupal exuviae labeled with beta-[N-15]alanine and either [beta-C-13]dopamine or [alpha-C-13, N-15]dopamine. The REDOR spectra showed the incorporation of N-beta-alanyldopamine into insect cuticle by the formation of a variety of covalent bonds. One of these bonds links the terminal nitrogen of one N-beta-alanyldopamine molecule to the beta carbon of another to form an intercatechol covalent bond. This result is interpreted in terms of a novel structure for stabilized cuticle that postulates protein-catechol-catechol-protein cross-links. REDOR spectra also showed oxygen substitution at both alpha and beta carbons of N-beta-alanyldopamine, consistent with the possibility of intercatechol oxygen bridges in dimeric or oligomeric forms of catecholamines in the cuticle . C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD NOV 13 PY 1996 VL 118 IS 45 BP 11278 EP 11282 DI 10.1021/ja961621o PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VT466 UT WOS:A1996VT46600036 ER PT J AU Mendelson, KG Contois, LR Tevosian, SG Davis, RJ Paulson, KE AF Mendelson, KG Contois, LR Tevosian, SG Davis, RJ Paulson, KE TI Independent regulation of JNK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases by metabolic oxidative stress in the liver SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS; GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; MAP KINASE; C-JUN; TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; RESPONSE ELEMENT; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; DIOXIN RECEPTOR; PHOSPHORYLATION AB The stress-activated protein kinases JNK and p38 mediate increased gene expression and are activated by environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. Using an in vivo model in which oxidative stress is generated in the liver by intracellular metabolism, rapid protein-DNA complex formation on stress-activated AP-1 target genes a-as observed, Analysis of the induced binding complexes indicates that c-fos, c-fun, and ATF-2 were present, but also two additional jun family members, JunB and JunD. Activation of JNK precedes increased AP-1 DNA binding, Furthermore, JunB was shown to be a substrate far JNK and phosphorylation requires the N-terminal activation domain. Unexpectedly, p38 activity was found to be constitutively active in the liver and was down-regulated through selective dephosphorylation following oxidative stress. One potential mechanism for p38 dephosphorylation is the rapid stress-induced activation of the phosphatase MKP-1, which has high affinity for phosphorylated p38 as a substrate. These data demonstrate that there are mechanisms for independent regulation of the JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways after metabolic oxidative stress in the liver. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MEYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PROGRAM MOL MED,WORCESTER,MA 01605. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA 58396, R01 CA 65861, R01 CA065861]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK 50442] NR 39 TC 177 Z9 180 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 12 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 23 BP 12908 EP 12913 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.23.12908 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VT054 UT WOS:A1996VT05400044 PM 8917518 ER PT J AU Mayne, ST Handelman, GJ Beecher, G AF Mayne, ST Handelman, GJ Beecher, G TI beta-carotene and lung cancer promotion in heavy smokers - A plausible relationship? SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PEROXYL RADICAL OXIDATION; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; SUPPLEMENTATION C1 YALE CANC CTR,NEW HAVEN,CT. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Mayne, ST (reprint author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,60 COLL ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA. NR 27 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD NOV 6 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 21 BP 1513 EP 1515 PG 3 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VQ465 UT WOS:A1996VQ46500002 PM 8901847 ER PT J AU Biely, P Cote, GL Kremnicky, L Greene, RV Dupont, C Kluepfel, D AF Biely, P Cote, GL Kremnicky, L Greene, RV Dupont, C Kluepfel, D TI Substrate specificity and mode of action of acetylxylan esterase from Streptomyces lividans SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE acetylxylan esterase; substrate specificity; acetylated methyl glycoside; action mode; Streptomyces lividans ID CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS; XYLAN; LIPASE; DEACYLATION; SYSTEMS; SUGARS AB The substrate specificity of purified acetylxylan esterase (AcXE) from Streptomyces lividans was investigated on partially and fully acetylated methyl glycopyranosides. The enzyme exhibited deacetylation regioselectivity on model compounds which provided insights pertaining to its function in acetylxylan degradation, The enzyme catalyzed double deacetylation of methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside and methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside at positions 2 and 3, Two methyl xylopyranoside diacetates, which had a free hydroxyl group at position 2 or 3, i.e. the derivatives that most closely mimic monoacetylated xylopyranosyl residues in acetylxylan, were deacetylated 1 to 2 orders of magnitude faster than methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside and methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside. These observations explain the double deacetylation. The second acetyl group is released immediately after the first one is removed from the fully acetylated methyl beta-D-xylo- and -glucopyranoside. The results suggest that in acetylxylan degradation the enzyme rapidly deacetylates monoacetylated xylopyranosyl residues, but attacks doubly acetylated residues much more slowly, Evidence is also presented that the St, lividans enzyme could be the first real substrate-specific AcXE. C1 SLOVAK ACAD SCI,INST CHEM,BRATISLAVA 84238,SLOVAKIA. ARS,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,PEORIA,IL. UNIV QUEBEC,INST ARMAND FRAPPIER,LAVAL,PQ,CANADA. NR 16 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD NOV 4 PY 1996 VL 396 IS 2-3 BP 257 EP 260 DI 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01080-0 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA VT127 UT WOS:A1996VT12700030 PM 8914998 ER PT J AU Kelly, TC Lu, YC Teasdale, J AF Kelly, TC Lu, YC Teasdale, J TI Economic-environmental tradeoffs among alternative crop rotations SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cropping systems; simulation; environmental hazard; economics; nitrogen; pesticides; erosion ID COVER AB Simulated long-term impacts of different cropping systems are evaluated and analyzed in terms of the tradeoffs among net returns and different components of environmental quality. The cropping systems are modeled after the BARC Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Farm. EPIC was used to obtain crop yields, soil erosion, and the environmental fate of nitrogen, phosphorous, and herbicides in response to weather and management practices over a simulated 30 year period. This procedure provides a way to estimate the environmental impact of cropping rotations, and to analyze the tradeoffs between competing objectives, whether they are farm income, erosion control, or the reduction of multiple hazards. The results indicate that the no-till rotation provides the greatest net returns, followed by the conventional rotation, The net returns on the two cover crop rotations are lowest. In terms of environmental impacts, no-till rotation dominates all other rotations with lowest nitrogen loss, and the covercrop rotations perform best in terms of erosion and phosphorous loss. However because herbicides are necessary to control weeds in no-till, the pesticide hazard index is very high, suggesting a tradeoff between pesticide hazard and other environmental considerations. To provide decision makers with better information, an environmental hazard index was constructed to analyze the tradeoffs between potential chemical contamination and net returns, Depending on preference structure, any one of three rotations could be preferred: no-till; manure at medium application rates; and cover crop without fertilizer. C1 USDA ARS,SYST RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. MASSEY UNIV,DEPT AGR & HORT SYST MANAGEMENT,PALMERSTON,NEW ZEALAND. USDA ARS,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 60 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01064-X PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VZ127 UT WOS:A1996VZ12700003 ER PT J AU Pausch, RC Mulchi, CL Lee, EH Meisinger, JJ AF Pausch, RC Mulchi, CL Lee, EH Meisinger, JJ TI Use of C-13 and N-15 isotopes to investigate O-3 effects on C and N metabolism in soybeans .2. Nitrogen uptake, fixation, and partitioning SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone; Glycine max; soybean; legume; N-15; isotope; rhizobium; nitrogen fixation; root nodule; carbon translocation; partitioning ID SOIL-MOISTURE DEFICIT; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; OZONE; GROWTH; YIELDS; PHOTOSYNTHATE; ALLOCATION; INJURY; STRESS AB Short- and long-term N uptake/partitioning dynamics were studied using stable isotope techniques to investigate the uncertain mechanism(s) of O-3 action on plant yield and photosynthate partitioning. Glycine max [L.] Merr.(soybean) plants were grown in N-15 enriched soil within open-top chambers and exposed to one of three O-3 regimes: half-ambient, ambient, or 2 X ambient, The seasonal 7 h average O-3 concentrations (nl l(-1)) were 25, 43, and 76 nl l(-1), respectively. Nitrogen fixation was estimated using the N-15 isotope dilution method utilizing a non-nodulating soybean isoline as the control. Macro-kjeldahl technique was used for determining N concentration. Short-term plant responses were investigated by evaluating the following parameters: % N, total N, total N fixed, total N fixed per organ dry weight, the proportion of N-fixed/soil N, and the fraction of N derived through rhizobial N-fixation on an individual organ (leaves, stems, roots, pods, and nodules) and whole plant basis at two reproductive growth stages. Long-term plant responses were investigated by characterizing the same N parameters of the mature grain. Ozone significantly affected both short- and long-term N uptake/partitioning dynamics. Ozone exposure reduced the amount of N derived from N-fixation, but did not significantly affect total N or % N for organs and whole plants. For mature grain, O-3 significantly decreased seed yield and all N parameters except N-fixed/soil N, but the responses were dependent upon year. Our results suggest that total nodule activity was affected rather than specific activity. Total N uptake was maintained despite significant decreases in % N-fixed and N-fixed/soil N. We conclude that N-fixation was inhibited by reduced photosynthate translocation to nodules. The photosynthate translocated was sufficient to maintain moderate rates of soil N uptake, but not adequate to maintain high rates of N-fixation, the latter costing more energy. Thus, soybeans damaged by the exposures imposed here, relied more heavily on soil N to meet their total N requirements when photosynthate translocation was inhibited. The long-term negative effects for mature seed also indicate a significant reduction in photosynthate and total N translocated to nodules, and an increased reliance on soil N. In summation, these findings and those of our companion carbon study, support the hypothesis that the mechanism of chronic O-3 action involves an inhibition of carbon translocation from leaves to other organs. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 60 IS 1 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01062-6 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VZ127 UT WOS:A1996VZ12700006 ER PT J AU Rao, SC AF Rao, SC TI Evaluation of nitrification inhibitors and urea placement in no-tillage winter wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CORN YIELD; NITRAPYRIN; NITROGEN; SYSTEMS AB Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine] (NP) slow the nitrification process, thus reducing N losses from leaching and denitrification. In field studies (1990-1994) on a Renfrow silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustolls) near El Reno, OK, we evaluated these two NIs and their placement effects on nitrification of applied urea in soils and on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields. Urea at 60 kg N ha(-1) treated with or without NIs was placed 3 to 4 cm below the seed (BL) at seeding or was broadcast (BR) after seeding on the day of seeding, with no N as control. Mineral N forms were determined in the 0- to 30-cm soil zone in fall and spring. Differences in soil mineral N concentration below the 10-cm depth were minimal (but higher than the control) in all N treatments. In the 0- to 10-cm depth, BL placement of NI-treated urea significantly reduced nitrification in the fall compared with BR urea with or without NIs, except in 1994. Soil mineral N content in spring was similar with either placement of NI-treated urea, but was significantly greater than untreated BR urea. Warm temperatures and dry soil in the fall tended to reduce the effectiveness of surface-applied NIs. The highest NH4+ percentage in total soil mineral N was observed with DCD BL or NP BL, followed by NP BR and DCD BR. Urea treated with NIs increased grain yield from 7 to 31% above untreated urea. Grain yield was highest with DCD BL (31%), followed by DCD BR (26%) and NP BR (24%), compared with the broadcast untreated urea. Grain N yield was 140 g kg(-1) greater with DCD-N than with untreated urea. Deep placement of DCD under no-till winter wheat in the southern Great Plains can reduce nitrification and increase N availability under varying year-to-year environmental conditions and can improve wheat grain yield and grain N compared with surface broadcast of urea with or without NI. RP Rao, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAZINGLANDS RES LAB,POB 1199,EL RENO,OK 73036, USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 904 EP 908 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200009 ER PT J AU Blumenthal, JM Russelle, MP AF Blumenthal, JM Russelle, MP TI Subsoil nitrate uptake and symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by alfalfa SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN NUTRITION; FIXED NITROGEN; GROWTH; SOIL; QUANTIFICATION; FERTILIZATION; NODULES; ROOTS; YIELD AB Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) is a deeply rooted perennial that may be able to remove NO3 from the subsoil beneath the rooting zone of annual crops, Our main objectives were to characterize the potential of two alfalfa cultivars (Agate and Ineffective Agate, an ineffectively nodulated near isoline of Agate) to remove NO3 from the subsoil and to evaluate the influence of available subsoil NO3 on symbiotic N-2 fixation, Low (approximate to 0.3 mM) or high (20 mM) NO3-N concentrations were supplied through a subsoil irrigation system installed in a Hubbard loamy sand soil (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploboroll) at Becker, MN, Nitrate uptake and N-2 fixation were evaluated during two regrowth periods using N-15, During fall regrowth in the establishment gear, supply of 20 mM N-15-enriched NO3 through subsoil irrigation did not decrease symbiotic N-2 fixation; during summer regrowth of the first production year, symbiotic N-2 fixation decreased only 40% (from 7.77 to 4.60 g N m(-2)), Even though it had higher yields, Agate alfalfa removed less subsoil NO3-N (1.52 and 5.51 g N m(-2)) than did Ineffective Agate (3.12 and 7.13 g N m(-2)) in each of two harvests where N-15 was applied. Root length and mass after 2 yr were not altered by NO3 treatment or cultivar, This is the first time that direct measurements of subsoil nitrate removal have been made in the field for an N-2-fixing crop, Because it is unlikely that differences in NO3 uptake efficiency could account for such cultivar differences, we propose that assimilation of atmospheric N-2 reduced the capacity of the fixing crop to absorb NO3. These results suggest that non-N-2-fixing alfalfa cultivars would be more useful for bioremediation of nitrate-contaminated sites than standard cultivars. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, USDA ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, PLANT SCI RES UNIT, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. RP Blumenthal, JM (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE, 439 BORLAUG HALL, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 909 EP 915 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200010 ER PT J AU Johnson, WC Todd, JW Culbreath, AK Mullinix, BG AF Johnson, WC Todd, JW Culbreath, AK Mullinix, BG TI Role of warm-season weeds in spotted wilt epidemiology in the southeastern Coastal Plain SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS; FLUE-CURED TOBACCO; VIRUS; THYSANOPTERA; MANAGEMENT; GEORGIA; HOSTS; DISEASE; LETTUCE; HAWAII AB The role of endemic weeds in the epidemiology of spotted wilt must be determined in order to develop an integrated system to manage the disease. Field studies were conducted from 1990 through 1992 to determine concurrently the incidence of spotted wilt and population dynamics of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on seven warm season weeds and three crop species planted in microplots. Weeds examined were Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. Irwin & Barneby (syn. Cassia obtusifolia L.] (sicklepod), C. occidentalis L. [syn. S. occidentalis (L.) Link.] (coffee senna), Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory), Ipomoea lacunosa L. (pitted morningglory), Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida), Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. (Florida beggarweed), and Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur). Crops evaluated were Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut), Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco), and Capsicum annuum L. (bell pepper). All of the weed species were endemic to the southeastern Coastal Plain and all crops were commercially produced in the vicinity of the test site. Most of the weeds were closely related to species identified as hosts of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV). TSWV was rarely detected in any of the weed species, while incidence in all crops increased at a linear rate throughout the growing season. Order of spotted wilt incidence in crops was peanut > tobacco > bell pepper. Thrips species diversity differed among weeds and crops. Thrips vectors were highly attracted to susceptible crops, especially peanut. While the weed species we studied were susceptible to spotted wilt, they were not preferred hosts for the thrips vectors. Any occurrence of spotted wilt in weeds is probably due to random feeding by the vector. The warm-season weeds studied did not contribute significantly to the epidemiology of spotted wilt. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. RP Johnson, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 928 EP 933 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200013 ER PT J AU Hussey, MA Bashaw, EC AF Hussey, MA Bashaw, EC TI Performance of buffelgrass germplasm with improved winter survival SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Lack of winter hardiness in buffelgrass [Cenchrus ciliaris L.; syn. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] currently limits the utilization of this species in Texas and northern Mexico. This study was conducted to assess differences in field survival and yield potential of buffelgrass germplasm believed to have increased levels of winter hardiness. To document differences in held winter survival seedlings of five buffelgrass genotypes ('Common', 'Llano', 'Nueces', PI 409704, and T-7040) were established at six locations in Texas ranging from 28 to 34 degrees N latitude. The winter-hardy species Pennisetum orientale L. cv. Cowboy was included as a check. The buffelgrass entries PI 409704 and T-7040 (a 2n + n hybrid between 409704 and an unknown male parent) had greater field survival than the cultivars Common, Llano, and Nueces, but were less winter hardy than Cowboy at the three locations (Knox City, Stephenville, and Vernon) north of College Station. All entries survived the winter at Beeville, College Station, and Uvalde. Yield at two cutting heights was evaluated over a 3-yr period at College Station. The rhizomatous cultivars Llano and Nueces had the greatest yield when harvested at 50 mm, while no significant differences existed among Llano, Nueces, PI 409704, and T-7040 when harvested at 150 mm. Defoliation height influenced winter survival of Common buffelgrass at College Station. During the winter of 1987-1988, 60 and 20% of the Common plants failed to survive at the 50- and 150-mm defoliation heights, respectively. Defoliation height did not affect crown nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (CHO). The most winter-hardy entry, Cowboy, had the highest CHO; the least winter-hardy entry, Common, had the lowest. These results suggest that winter-hardy pentaploid buffelgrass germplasm such as PI 409704 have the potential to expand the current range of buffelgrass. C1 USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Hussey, MA (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 944 EP 946 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200016 ER PT J AU Zhu, YP Sheaffer, CC Barnes, DK AF Zhu, YP Sheaffer, CC Barnes, DK TI Forage yield and quality of six annual Medicago species in the North-Central USA SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; QUEENSLAND; PASTURES AB Annual medics (Medicago spp.) have been extensively used as winter annual forage and green manure crops in Mediterranean regions, but their potential use in the north-central USA has not been evaluated. Our objective was to determine the summer and fail forage yield and forage quality of spring- and summer-seeded annual medics. Twelve commercial annual medic cultivars from Australia (representing five species) and 'George' black medic (M. lupulina L.), 'Nitro' alfalfa (M. sativa L.), and 'Arlington' red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were seeded in spring and summer at Rosemount and Morris, MN, in 1991 and at St. Paul and Pecker, MN, in 1992. Forage yields were taken at a single harvest in summer (when most medics were reproductive) from spring-seeded stands and in the fall first frost (0 degrees C) from summer-seeded stands. Forage yields of spring and summer-seeded annual medics ranged from 1.2 to 5.7 and 0.5 to 5.5 Mg ha(-1), respectively, depending on location and species. Barrel medic (M. truncatula Gaertn.), snail medic [M. scutellata (L.) Mill.], and burr medic (M. polymorpha L.) cultivars were among the highest yielding, while Nitro alfalfa, George black medic, and Arlington red clover were consistently among the lowest yielding forage species. George black medic, Harbinger strand medic (M. littoralis Rohde ex Loisel.), and Kelson snail medic were among the highest in forage crude protein (CP) concentration for both summer and fall harvests. Forage fiber concentrations of all annual medics except Sava snail medic were equal to or lower than those in Nitro alfalfa. Our results indicate that annual medics have the potential for producing high yields of quality forage in the north-central USA and might be used as short-season annual crops for harvest in fall and summer when traditional forage supplies are inadequate. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 24 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 955 EP 960 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200019 ER PT J AU Dabney, SM Schreiber, JD Rothrock, CS Johnson, JR AF Dabney, SM Schreiber, JD Rothrock, CS Johnson, JR TI Cover crops affect Sorghum seedling growth SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE SYSTEMS; PLANT RESIDUES; CORN; SOIL; LEGUME; YIELD; GERMINATION; MULCH AB Recently killed cover crops often interfere with crop seedling growth. Controlled-environment and field studies were conducted to characterize the nature and persistence of cover crop interference with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seedling growth and to test several seed-zone management practices that might alleviate detrimental effects. Germination, root and shoot length, and disease incidence of sorghum germinated at 25 degrees C for 5 d in soil collected 2, 4, 7, 14, 23, and 32 d after killing cover crops indicated legume cover crops were more detrimental to seedling growth than were nonlegumes. Surface residues, subsurface residues, and residue leachates contributed to the deleterious effects. Seedling shoot disease incidence of 50% persisted through 32 d when legume residues were mixed into soil or placed on top of soil at planting, but disappeared by 7 to 14 d if residues were removed. Pathogenic organisms isolated from lesions on seedlings indicated legume cover crops increased damage due to Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. In a no-till field study, stand density was reduced 15% and aboveground seedling dry weight was reduced 45%, from 85 to 45 mg plant(-1) 28 d after planting, when sorghum was planted 1 d after killing crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) compared with planting 21 d or longer after killing. Insecticide, activated charcoal, or CaO2 seed coating improved sorghum stand density 15%, but did not affect seedling size. In-furrow fungicide drench had no effect on stand density, but phytotoxic effects of the fungicide reduced shoot and root growth rates in both field and controlled-environment studies. Residue removal combined with selected in-furrow treatments may allow the interval between cover-crop killing and successful no-till planting to be reduced to less than 7 d. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. N MISSISSIPPI BRANCH EXP STN,HOLLY SPRINGS,MS 38635. RP Dabney, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 961 EP 970 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200020 ER PT J AU Hall, MH Jung, GA Shaffer, JA Everhart, JR AF Hall, MH Jung, GA Shaffer, JA Everhart, JR TI Fall harvest management on 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass quality SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB Forage production of 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass [Bromus catharticus M. Vahl; syn. B. unioloides Kunth, B. willdenowii Kunth] (Matua, for short) during the fall months is excellent, but highly management dependent. Unfortunately, fall harvest management effects on the quality of this grass are relatively unknown. Our objectives were to determine the effects of fall harvest management on forage quality of Matua prairie grass during the fall and following spring. Two field experiments were conducted on Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs). Experiment 1 addressed date of fall harvest and residual stubble height; Experiment 2 addressed frequency of fall harvest and residual stubble height effects on forage quality in the fall and spring. Delaying fall harvest of Matua prairie grass caused forage crude protein (CP) content to decline by about 30%; however, delaying fall harvest had no or little effect on acid-detergent fiber (ADF), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), or in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Grasslands Matua quality in the spring was unaffected or inconsistently affected by fall harvest management. Delaying harvest of Matua prairie grass in the spring reduced forage quality but not to the extent reported for other cool-season forage grasses. Our findings indicate that Matua offers considerable latitude in fall and spring harvest management with regards to obtaining quality forage; however, these finding should be considered along with previous findings that fall han est management has a large effect on winter survival of Matua. C1 USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Hall, MH (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,116 ASI BLDG,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 971 EP 975 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ372 UT WOS:A1996VZ37200021 ER PT J AU McNulty, SG Vose, JM Swank, WT AF McNulty, SG Vose, JM Swank, WT TI Potential climate change effects on loblolly pine forest productivity and drainage across the southern United States SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; MODELS AB PnET-IIS, a well validated, physiologically based, forest ecosystem model combined soil and vegetation data with six climate change scenarios. The model predicted annual net primary productivity and drainage on loblolly pine sites in the southern US states of Texas, Mississippi, Florida and Virginia. Climate scenario air temperature changes were +2 degrees C to +7 degrees C > historic (1951 to 1984) values and climate scenario precipitation changes were -10% to +20% > historic values. Across the sites, increasing air temperature would have much greater impact on pine forest hydrology and productivity than would changes in precipitation. These changes could seriously impact the structure and function of southern United States forests by decreasing net primary productivity and total leaf area. Water use per unit area would increase, but total plant water demand would decrease because of reduced total leaf area, thus increasing regional pine forest drainage. An average annual air temperature increase of 7 degrees C, caused a considerable reduction in the loblolly pine range. C1 US FOREST SERV, COWEETA HYDROL LAB, OTTO, NC 28763 USA. RP McNulty, SG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INTEGRATED IMPACTS PROGRAM, RES BRANCH, 1509 VARS DR, RALEIGH, NC 27606 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD NOV PY 1996 VL 25 IS 7 BP 449 EP 453 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VY419 UT WOS:A1996VY41900005 ER PT J AU Canning, PN Vroomen, H AF Canning, PN Vroomen, H TI Measuring welfare impacts from equilibrium supply and demand curves: An antidumping case study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE antidumping; applied welfare economics; multiple distortions; terms of trade ID UNITED-STATES; POTASH DISPUTE; ECONOMICS AB In this paper we present an applied welfare analysis in the tradition of Harberger that confronts the notable exceptions to the appropriate use of a single market measure for general equilibrium welfare analysis. We bring together the results of several elaborative studies on Harberger's 1971 essay and present some empirical remedies that address the notable exceptions to the appropriate use of estimates made in a single market. A case study involving a U.S. antidumping suit against Canadian exports of potash is presented. C1 FERTILIZER INST,ECON SERV,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Canning, PN (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1026 EP 1033 DI 10.2307/1243858 PG 8 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA WE436 UT WOS:A1996WE43600016 ER PT J AU Huang, KS AF Huang, KS TI A further look at flexibilities and elasticities: Reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article RP Huang, KS (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1130 EP 1131 DI 10.2307/1243872 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA WE436 UT WOS:A1996WE43600030 ER PT J AU Apgar, J Makdani, D Sowell, AL Gunter, EW Hegar, A Potts, W Rao, D Wilcox, A Smith, JC AF Apgar, J Makdani, D Sowell, AL Gunter, EW Hegar, A Potts, W Rao, D Wilcox, A Smith, JC TI Serum carotenoid concentrations and their reproducibility in children in Belize SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE alpha-carotene; beta-carotene; beta-cryptoxanthin; lutein; zeaxanthin; reproducibility ID VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; BETA-CAROTENE; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; SEASONAL-VARIATION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; RETINOL; WOMEN; MEN; LYCOPENE AB Suggestions that carotenoid-containing foods are beneficial in maintaining health have led to Several studies of circulating carotenoid concentrations of adults. Because few data are available for children, we report serum carotenoid concentrations of 493 children in Belize. Carotenoid concentrations were determined as part of a survey of vitamin A status of children, most between 65 and 89 mo of age. Reproducibility was tested by collecting a second blood sample 2 wk after the first collection from a subset of children (n = 23) who consumed their habitual diet with no treatment during the interim. Predominant serum carotenoids were lutein/zeaxanthin and beta-carotene; which ac counted fur 26% and 24% of median total carotenoids, respectively. The three provitamin A carotenoids, alpha- and beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, constituted 51% of median total carotenoid concentrations. Partial correlations of each carotenoid with lasting retinol concentration indicated that beta-carotene had the highest correlation. Concordance correlation coefficients (r(c)) for lasting carotenoid concentrations determined 2 wk apart were greater than or equal to 0.89 for lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and alpha- and beta-carotene. The r(c) for lutein/zeaxanthin and total carotenoids was lower, 0.59 and 0.68 respectively, because of higher lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations at the second sampling than at the first. The reproducibility of the concentrations suggests both that individuals have characteristic profiles and that serum carotenoid concentrations ran be measured randomly over greater than or equal to 2 wk without significant bias. C1 BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY. LINCOLN UNIV,JEFFERSON CITY,MO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. BELIZE VIS CTR,BELIZE CITY,BELIZE. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 64 IS 5 BP 726 EP 730 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VP753 UT WOS:A1996VP75300009 PM 8901792 ER PT J AU Santos, MS Meydani, SN Leka, L Wu, DY Fotouhi, N Meydani, M Hennekens, CH Gaziano, JM AF Santos, MS Meydani, SN Leka, L Wu, DY Fotouhi, N Meydani, M Hennekens, CH Gaziano, JM TI Natural killer cell activity in elderly men is enhanced by beta-carotene supplementation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE natural killer cell activity; cytotoxicity; beta-carotene; carotenoids; aging; natural immunity ID HUMANS; CANCER; ACID; RETINOIDS; IMMUNITY; SUBSETS AB Natural killer (NK) cell activity has been postulated to be an immunologic link between beta-carotene and cancer prevention. In a cross-sectional, placebo-controlled, double-blind study we examined the effect of 10-12 y of beta-carotene supplementation (50 mg on alternate days) on NK cell activity in 59 (38 middle-aged men, 51-64 y; 21 elderly men, 65-86 y) Boston area participants in the Physicians' Health Study. No significant difference was seen in NK cell activity due to beta-carotene supplementation in the middle-aged group. The elderly men had significantly lower NK cell activity than the middle-aged men; however, there was no age-associated difference in NK cell activity in men supplemented with beta-carotene. beta-carotene-supplemented elderly men had significantly greater NK cell activity than elderly men receiving placebo. The reason for this is unknown: however, it was not due to an increase in the percentage of NK cells, nor to an increase in interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor expression, nor to IL-2 production. beta-carotene may be acting directly on one or more of the lytic stages of NK cell cytoxicity, or on NK cell activity-enhancing cytokines other than IL-2, such as IL-12. Our results show that long-term beta-carotene supplementation enhances NK cell activity in elderly men, which may be beneficial for viral and tumoural surveillance. C1 TUFTS UNIV, JEAN MAYER USDA, NUTR IMMUNOL LAB, JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA. HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, BOSTON, MA USA. TUFTS UNIV, SACKLER SCH GRAD BIOMED SCI, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. VET ADM MED CTR, DEPT MED, W ROXBURY, MA USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-26490, HL-34595]; NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209] NR 31 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 64 IS 5 BP 772 EP 777 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VP753 UT WOS:A1996VP75300017 PM 8901800 ER PT J AU Norman, HS Sischo, WM Pitcher, P Nesselrodt, A Day, RL AF Norman, HS Sischo, WM Pitcher, P Nesselrodt, A Day, RL TI Spatial and temporal epidemiology of pseudorabies virus infection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AUJESZKYS DISEASE VIRUS; SWINE HERDS; ERADICATION PROGRAM; TRANSMISSION; ILLINOIS AB Objective-To examine the pattern of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in Pennsylvania and identify the area factors associated with herd quarantine status. Sample Population-123 PRV-quarantined commercial swine herds identified between 1986 and 1993 were selected as cases, and 162 uninfected herds were selected as controls. Procedure-Herd location, demographics, and temporal vaccination and quarantine data for a case-control study were obtained from producer questionnaires and state records, using a database of swine herds from 2 Pennsylvania counties. Any herd that was on quarantine as of Jan 1, 1991, or quarantined subsequent to this date, was defined as a case. A herd was defined as a control if it had never been quarantined for PRV. Controls were group matched to cases by year. Study herds were centered in a circle, or buffer zone, with a 1.61-km (1-mile), 3.22-km (2-mile), or 6.44-km (4-mile) radius, and densities of operation types, quarantined herds, nonquarantined herds, and vaccinated herds in the buffer zone were compared. The analytical outcome was the probability of a herd being quarantined, conditional on the buffer zone density of herds quarantined, herds not quarantined, and herds in which a PRV vaccine Was used, These density variables were categorized into high, medium, and low, or just high and low categories. Confounding by year was assessed in the analysis. Analysis was performed, using unconditional logistic regression. Results-Decreased density of PRV-quarantined herds in the study region was associated with reduced risk of a herd becoming quarantined, whereas increased density of nonquarantined, presumably uninfected herds was associated with decreased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. Decreased density of vaccinated herds was associated with increased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. In addition, being a farrow-to-finish study herd was associated with increased probability of becoming quarantined, compared with being a feeder pig producer study herd. Conclusions-Associations with quarantine status and area densities of vaccinated, nonquarantined, and quarantined herds indicate the importance of area spread in PRV control. These effects are seen most strongly at a 3.22-km (2-mile) radius, but also are seen at a 6.44-km (4-mile) radius. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT VET SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,CTR ANIM HLTH & PROD,KENNETT SQ,PA 19348. APHIS,VET SERV,USDA,HARRISBURG,PA 17108. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1563 EP 1568 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VQ497 UT WOS:A1996VQ49700016 PM 8915430 ER PT J AU Shuster, DE Lee, EK Kehrli, ME AF Shuster, DE Lee, EK Kehrli, ME TI Bacterial growth, inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil recruitment during coliform mastitis in cows within ten days after calving, compared with cows at midlactation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; BOVINE INTERFERON-GAMMA; DAIRY-COWS; PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; SERUM; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; IDENTIFICATION AB Objective-To define causes of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis after parturition. Animals-12 healthy Holstein cows assigned to 2 groups. Group-1 cows (n = 6) had carved between 6 and 10 days earlier. Group-2 cows (n = 6) were in midlactation. Procedure-Cows from each group were paired and challenge exposed with Escherichia coli in 1 mammary gland. Mastitis severity was determined by bacterial concentration in milk, pyrexia, and milk production. Measures of host defense were neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine production. Results-After challenge exposure, group-1 cows had more rapid E coli growth, higher peak bacterial concentration, and higher fever. Leukocyte recruitment was poor in 1 group-1 cow that had peracute mastitis. In contrast, leukocyte recruitment in 5 other group-1 cows began sooner than that in group-2 cows. In these group-1 cows, prechallenge-exposure milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were significantly lower than those in group-2 cows. Prechallenge-exposure SCC were correlated to stimulated CD18 expression (R(2) = 0.79), and both measures correlated inversely with bacterial growth rate (R(2) = -0.75). Values for tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and interleukin 8 in group-1 cows after challenge exposure were greater than or equal to those in group-2 cows. Conclusions-Weak leukocyte recruitment to the mammary gland is associated with increased severity of coliform mastitis. Impaired production of cytokines measured is not a cause of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis in early lactation. Clinical Relevance-Low milk SCC after calving may increase susceptibility to severe coliform mastitis. C1 ARS, USDA, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT, AMES, IA 50010 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENTAT MED, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 47 TC 167 Z9 171 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1569 EP 1575 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VQ497 UT WOS:A1996VQ49700017 PM 8915431 ER PT J AU Harp, JA Jardon, P Atwill, ER Zylstra, M Checel, S Goff, JP DeSimone, C AF Harp, JA Jardon, P Atwill, ER Zylstra, M Checel, S Goff, JP DeSimone, C TI Field testing of prophylactic measures against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in carves in a California dairy herd SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HEALTH MONITORING-SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; MICE; ANIMALS; CALVES; GAMMA AB Objective-To test the ability of oral vaccination or probiotic treatment with lactic acid-producing bacteria to protect carves from Cryptosporidium parvum infection under field conditions. Animals-134 Holstein calves born on a dairy farm where cryptosporidiosis was endemic. Procedure-Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups at birth. Calves in the vaccine group received an oral dose of C parvum vaccine within several hours of birth. Calves in the bacteria group received an oral dose of lactic acid-producing bacteria daily for the first 10 days after birth. Control calves were not treated. Air calves were monitored for diarrhea and fecal shedding of C parvum oocysts for 3 weeks. Results-There were no significant differences in the incidence of diarrhea and oocyst shedding among the 3 groups. Conclusions-Neither vaccination nor probiotic treatment was effective in preventing C parvum infection in calves under-field conditions. High numbers of C parvum in the environment may have overwhelmed any potential benefits oi these regimens. Further work is necessary to develop effective prophylaxis against C parvum under field conditions. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,VET MED TEACHING & RES CTR,TULARE,CA 93274. UNIV LAGOS,CATTEDRA MALATTIE INFETT,LAQUILA,ITALY. RP Harp, JA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 17 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1586 EP 1588 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VQ497 UT WOS:A1996VQ49700020 PM 8915434 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Olsen, SC Gilsdorf, MJ Philo, LM Clarke, PR Cheville, NF AF Palmer, MV Olsen, SC Gilsdorf, MJ Philo, LM Clarke, PR Cheville, NF TI Abortion and placentitis in pregnant bison (Bison bison) induced by the vaccine candidate, Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; MUTANT STRAINS; RESPONSES; CATTLE; PATHOGENESIS; IMMUNE; MICE AB Objective-To determine the ability of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after SC vaccination. Animals-10 pregnant bison cows, 3 to 10 years old and at 3 to 8 months' gestation. Procedure-Pregnant bison cows on a Montana ranch were vaccinated SC with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Two COWS, identified prior to the study, were euthanatized and examined 5 weeks alter vaccination to obtain optimal histologic samples of placenta. Other cows were euthanatized and examined after abortion, After euthanasia, tissue specimens were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tissue and fluid specimens for bacteriologic culture were also collected during necropsy. Results-Of 8 cows, 2 aborted at 68 and 107 days after vaccination. Aborting cows had endometritis. Strain RB51 was isolated from reproductive tissues and supramammary lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen; however, fetal bronchial lymph nodes and amniotic fluid contained strain RB51, Cows examined 5 weeks after vaccination had placentitis and endometritis, with numerous bacteria within trophoblastic epithelial cell that were immunoreactive for strain RB51 antigen, Strain RB51 was isolated from placentomes and numerous lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen 5 weeks after vaccination; however, strain RB51 was isolated from numerous lymph nodes and lung, allantoic fluid, and rectal swab specimens. Conclusions-The vaccine candidate B abortus RB51 has tropism for the bison placenta, and can cause placentitis, which induces abortion in pregnant bison. The vac cine dose used was similar to that being tested in cattle, but may not be appropriate for pregnant bison. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,VET SERV,RIVERDALE,MD 20737. IOWA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1604 EP 1607 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VQ497 UT WOS:A1996VQ49700024 PM 8915438 ER PT J AU Eldredge, EP Holmes, ZA Mosley, AR Shock, CC Stieber, TD AF Eldredge, EP Holmes, ZA Mosley, AR Shock, CC Stieber, TD TI Effects of transitory water stress on potato tuber stem-end reducing sugar and fry color SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE leaf water potential; leaf press; sprinkler irrigation; Solanum tuberosum L; Russet Burbank; soil water potential; dark end ID IRRIGATION; QUALITY; YIELD; SOIL AB Potatoes grown for processing in irrigated regions of the Pacific Northwest sometimes develop undesirably high concentrations of reducing sugars in tuber stem ends due to hot weather and water stress during tuber development. Such tubers usually produce french fries with dark stem ends or sugar ends. In order to better quantify the relationship between water stress and stem-end sugar levels for Russet Burbank, single episodes of transitory water stress were established by delaying irrigations until soil water potentials ranging from -32 to -107 kPa were reached during early tuber bulking. To determine when the increase in reducing sugars occurred, tubers were sampled before transitory stress, at maximum stress, after stress was relieved with sprinkler irrigation, and post harvest. Reducing sugar concentrations did not increase in tuber stem ends until two weeks or longer after the plant water stress was relieved. Increased reducing sugar concentrations were positively associated with decreased soil crater potential (drier soil). Tubers were sliced and fried at harvest and six weeks post-harvest. Decreasing soil water potential (drier soil) was associated with progressively darker fry colors at harvest and post harvest. Significant darkening in the average stem-end fry color light reflectance of tubers at harvest as observed at -80 kPa in 1988 and -69 kPa in 1989. The effect of imposed water stress on tuber stem-end reducing sugar concentrations was most pronounced post harvest. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT NUTR & FOOD MANAGEMENT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. USDA,WATER QUAL PROJECT,PAYETTE,ID 83661. RP Eldredge, EP (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,MALHEUR EXPT STN,595 ONION AVE,ONTARIO,OR 97914, USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 517 EP 530 DI 10.1007/BF02851697 PG 18 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WA106 UT WOS:A1996WA10600003 ER PT J AU Fecso, RS Kalsbeek, WD Lohr, SL Scheaffer, RL Scheuren, FJ Stasny, EA AF Fecso, RS Kalsbeek, WD Lohr, SL Scheaffer, RL Scheuren, FJ Stasny, EA TI Teaching survey sampling SO AMERICAN STATISTICIAN LA English DT Article DE experience-based learning; statistical education ID STATISTICAL EDUCATION AB In recent years the focus of research in survey sampling has changed to include a number of nontraditional topics such as nonsampling errors. In addition, the availability of data from large-scale sample surveys, along with computers and software to analyze the data, have changed the tools needed by survey sampling statisticians. It has also resulted in a diverse group of secondary data users who wish to learn how to analyze data from a complex survey. Thus it is time to reassess what we should be teaching students about survey sampling. This article brings together a panel of experts on survey sampling and teaching to discuss their views on what should be taught in survey sampling classes and how it should he taught. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOSTAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH,TEMPE,AZ 85287. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT STAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Fecso, RS (reprint author), USDA,NATL AGR STAT SERV,FAIRFAX,VA 22030, USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0003-1305 J9 AM STAT JI Am. Stat. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 50 IS 4 BP 328 EP 340 DI 10.2307/2684930 PG 13 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA VZ175 UT WOS:A1996VZ17500010 ER PT J AU Rossi, JE Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Kouakou, B Park, KK Wang, ZS Galloway, DL Johnson, ZB AF Rossi, JE Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Kouakou, B Park, KK Wang, ZS Galloway, DL Johnson, ZB TI Effects of forage level in broiler litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate in Holstein steers at different live weights SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle; by-products, animal waste; intake; digestibility, by products ID NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER; POULTRY LITTER; DIGESTION; MARKERS; CALVES; WHEAT AB Sixteen Holstein steers were used in a split-plot experiment to determine influences of dietary inclusion of broiler litter and level of forage in litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate at different body weights. Body weight (BW) at the end of four 3 week periods, separated by periods of 3 weeks or more, was 151 +/- 2.3, 190 +/- 3.1, 252 +/- 3.7 and 298 +/- 3.8 kg in Period 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, All steers consumed approximately 1% BW (dry matter) of ground corn; bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay (76% neutral detergent fiber) was consumed ad libitum (Control) or at 0.3 (L), 0.6 (M) or 0.9% BW (H; dry matter); and L, M and H steers consumed ad libitum deep-stacked broiler litter (29% crude protein, 19% ash and 43% neutral detergent fiber), Intake of organic matter (OM) was increased (P < 0.05) by dietary inclusion of litter in each period (Period 1: 4.20, 4.93, 4.75 and 4.92; Period 2: 5.63, 5.97, 6.43 and 6.64; Period 3: 6.92, 8.05, 8.15 and 8.58; Period 4: 7.89, 9.60, 9.58 and 9.55 kg day(-1) for Control, L, M and H, respectively). Digestible OM intake did not differ between Control and litter diets but increased linearly (P < 0.05) as level of hay in liner diets increased (3.91, 3.81, 4.05 and 4.06 kg day(-1) for Control, L, M and H, respectively; SE 0.067). Particulate passage rate for Yb-labeled hay was greater(P < 0.05) for diets with than without litter, and changed quadratically (P = 0.05) as hay level in litter diets increased (3.45, 5.42, 4.31 and 4.85% h(-1) for Control, L, M and H, respectively). In conclusion, optimal forage level in broiler litter-based diets for high digestible OM intake by growing Holstein steers appeared to be at least 0.6% BW (i.e. 15% of dry matter intake). C1 USDA,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,AGR SERV,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2-4 BP 163 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(96)00967-4 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VW796 UT WOS:A1996VW79600009 ER PT J AU Woodson, WD Jackson, JJ Ellsbury, MM AF Woodson, WD Jackson, JJ Ellsbury, MM TI Northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) temperature requirements for egg development SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica barberi; development; degree-days; Weibull distribution ID MODEL; DIABROTICA; ARTHROPODS; DIAPAUSE; TIME AB Temperature-dependent development of laboratory-wintered eggs of northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, was described using data from constant temperature laboratory experiments. Median development of postdiapause eggs at constant temperatures of 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, and 30 degrees C required 59, 30, 24, 17, 15.5, 14, and 14 d, respectively. Linear and nonlinear models were fitted to temperature versus developmental rate data. Variation in developmental rates across temperatures was modeled with a cumulative Weibull distribution. Mean developmental rate was linear between 15 and 27 degrees C, optimal at 27 degrees C, and decreased at 30 degrees C. The thermal threshold for development (10.9 degrees C) was determined by extrapolation with median egg hatch occurring after 238 DD (10.9). RP Woodson, WD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,RURAL ROUTE 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 89 IS 6 BP 898 EP 903 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VX617 UT WOS:A1996VX61700015 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG AF Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG TI Culturing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of glucose as a simple means of evaluating the acid tolerance of stationary-phase cells SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; APPLE CIDER; O157-H7; PH; SURVIVAL; FATE; ADAPTATION; RESISTANCE; MAYONNAISE; O157/H7 AB Prior growth of seven enterohemorrhagic and one nonenterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli in tryptic soy broth with (TSB+G) and without (TSB-G) 1% glucose was evaluated for its effect on acid tolerance. The final pHs of 18-h TSB+G and TSB-G cultures were 4.6 to 5.2 and 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Cells were then transferred to brain heart infusion broth adjusted to pH 2.5 or 3.0 with HCl, incubated at 37 degrees C for up to 7 h, and assayed periodically for viable populations with brain heart infusion and MacConkey agars. All enterohemorrhagic strains were acid resistant (<0.5 log decline after 7 h) when initially cultured in TSB+G, but substantial differences in acid tolerance were observed among strains cultured in TSB-G (log declines ranged from <0.3 to >3.8). The results indicated that prior growth in a medium with and without a fermentable carbohydrate is a convenient way of studying the induction of acid tolerance, that acid inactivation is preceded by a period of acid injury, and that pH-independent and pH-dependent stationary-phase acid tolerance phenotypes may exist among strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LN,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 20 TC 163 Z9 164 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 11 BP 4009 EP 4013 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VQ859 UT WOS:A1996VQ85900015 PM 8899990 ER PT J AU Goto, T Wicklow, DT Ito, Y AF Goto, T Wicklow, DT Ito, Y TI Aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by a Sclerotium-producing Aspergillus tamarii strain SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLAVUS GROUP AB The production of aflatoxins B-1 and B-2 by Aspergillus tamarii (subgenus Circumdati section Flavi) is reported for the first time. The fungus was isolated from soil collected from a tea (Camellia sinensis) field in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. Three single-spore cultures, NRRL 25517, NRRL 25518, and NRRL 25519, were derived from subcultures of the original isolate 19 (MZ2). Each of these single-spore cultures of A. tamarii produced aflatoxins B-1 and B-2 and cyclopiazonic acid, as well as black, pear-shaped sclerotia. The demonstration of aflatoxin production by A. tamarii is examined in connection with A. tamarii phylogenetic relationships, chemical ecology, and potential use in food fermentations. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NATL FOOD RES INST,WHOLESOMENESS EVALUAT LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. NATL RES INST VEGETABLES ORNAMENTAL PLANTS & TEA,DIS CONTROL LAB,KANAYA,SHIZUOKA 428,JAPAN. NR 30 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 11 BP 4036 EP 4038 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VQ859 UT WOS:A1996VQ85900020 PM 8899995 ER PT J AU Bacon, CW Porter, JK Norred, WP Leslie, JF AF Bacon, CW Porter, JK Norred, WP Leslie, JF TI Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; SECTION LISEOLA; FUMONISIN B-1; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; MATING POPULATIONS; MONILIFORME; CORN; STRAINS; SWINE AB Fusaric acid is a mycotoxin with low to moderate toxicity, which is of concern since it might be synergistic with other cooccurring mycotoxins. Fusaric acid is widespread on corn and corn-based food and feeds and is frequently found in grain, where Fusarium spp. are also isolated. We surveyed 78 strains of Fusarium moniliforme, F. crookwellense, F. subglutinans, F. sambucinum, F. napiforme, F. heterosporum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. proliferatum for their ability to produce fusaric acid. Strains in Fusarium section Liseola also were assigned to mating population of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. The fungi could be divided into three classes, low (<100 mu g/g), moderate (100 to 500 mu g/g), and high (>500 mu g/g), based on the amounts of this mycotoxin produced in culture on autoclaved cool. Strains of mating populations C from rice consistently produced moderate to high concentrations of fusaric acid. Two isolates, one each from mating populations C and D, produced fusaric acid in excess of 1,000 mu g/g of corn. No isolates of any of the Fusarium species examined were negative for the production of fusaric acid on autoclaved corn. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP Bacon, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 46 TC 190 Z9 201 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 11 BP 4039 EP 4043 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VQ859 UT WOS:A1996VQ85900021 PM 8899996 ER PT J AU Mohammed, SI Johnson, DE Aronson, AI AF Mohammed, SI Johnson, DE Aronson, AI TI Altered binding of the Cry1Ac toxin to larval membranes but not to the toxin-binding protein in Plodia interpunctella selected for resistance to different Bacillus thuringiensis isolates SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; DELTA-ENDOTOXINS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; CROSS-RESISTANCE; BOMBYX-MORI; SPECIFICITY AB Immunoblotting and cytochemical procedures were used to determine whether toxin binding was altered in strains of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, selected for resistance to various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Each of these B. thuringiensis subspecies produces a mixture of protoxins, primarily Cry1 types, and the greatest insect resistance is to the Cry1A protoxins, In several cases, however, there was also resistance to toxins not present in the B. thuringiensis strains used for selection, The Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins bound equally well over a range of toxin concentrations and times of incubation to a single protein of ca, 80-kDa in immunoblots of larval membrane extracts from all of the colonies. This binding protein is essential for toxicity since a mutant Cry1Ac toxin known to be defective in binding and thus less toxic bound poorly to the 80-kDa protein, This binding protein differed in size from the major aminopeptidase N antigens implicated in toxin binding in other insects. Binding of fluorescently labeled Cry1Ac or Cry1Ab toxin to larval sections was found at the tips of the brush herder membrane prepared from the susceptible but not from any of the resistant P. interpunctella. Accessibility of a major Cry1A-binding protein appears to be altered in resistant larvae and could account for their broad resistance to several B. thuringiensis toxins. C1 ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,USDA,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. RP Mohammed, SI (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 11 BP 4168 EP 4173 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VQ859 UT WOS:A1996VQ85900039 PM 8900008 ER PT J AU Skory, CD Freer, SN Bothast, RJ AF Skory, CD Freer, SN Bothast, RJ TI Properties of an intracellular beta-glucosidase purified from the cellobiose-fermenting yeast Candida wickerhamii SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-SEQUENCE SIMILARITIES; BOUND AROMA COMPOUNDS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GENE; CELLODEXTRINS; FERMENTATION; CLASSIFICATION; PURIFICATION; LUSITANIAE; HYDROLYSIS AB An intracellular beta-glucosidase was isolated from the cellobiose-fermenting yeast, Candida wickerhamii. Production of the enzyme was stimulated under aerobic growth, with the highest level of production in a medium containing cellobiose as a carbohydrate source. The molecular mass of the purified protein was approximately 94 kDa. It appeared to exist as a dimeric structure with a native molecular mass of about 180 kDa. The optimal pH ranged from 6.0 to 6.5 with p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (NpGlc) as a substrate. The optimal temperature for short-term (15-min) assays was 35 degrees C, while temperature-stability analysis revealed that the enzyme was labile at temperatures of 28 degrees C and above. Using NpGlc as a substrate, the enzyme was estimated to have a K-m of 0.28 mM and a V-max of 525 mu mol product min(-1) mg protein(-1). Similar to the extracellular beta-glucosidase produced by C. wickerhamii, this enzyme resisted end-product inhibition by glucose, retaining 58% of its activity at 100 mM glucose. The activity of the enzyme was highest against aryl beta-1,4-glucosides. However, p-nitrophenyl xylopyranoside, lactose, cellobiose, and trehalose also served as substrates for the purified protein. Activity of the enzyme was stimulated by long-chain n-alkanols and inhibited by ethanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butanol. The amino acid sequence, obtained by Edman degradation analysis, suggests that this beta-glucosidase is related to the family-3 glycosyl hydrolases. RP Skory, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 353 EP 359 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VW432 UT WOS:A1996VW43200006 PM 8987723 ER PT J AU GoodrichTanrikulu, M Stafford, AE Lin, JT McKeon, TA AF GoodrichTanrikulu, M Stafford, AE Lin, JT McKeon, TA TI Metabolism of ricinoleate by Neurospora crassa SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACIDS; BIOSYNTHESIS; MUTANTS AB Neurospora crassa is a potential expression system for evaluating fatty-acid-modifying genes from plants producing uncommon fatty acids. One such gene encodes the hydroxylase that converts oleate to ricinoleate, a fatty acid with important industrial uses. TO develop this expression system, it is critical to evaluate the metabolism and physiological effects of the expected novel fatty acid(s). We therefore examined effects of ricinoleate on lipid biosynthesis and growth of N. crassa. Ricinoleate inhibited growth and reduced levels of phospholipids and of 2-hydroxy fatty acids in glycolipids, but led to increased lipid accumulation on a mass basis. To evaluate incorporation and metabolism of ricinoleate, we followed the fate of 14 mu M-3 mM [1-C-14]ricinoleate. The fate of the [C-14]ricinoleate was concentration-dependent. At higher concentrations, ricinoleate was principally incorporated into triacylglycerols. At lower concentrations, ricinoleate was principally metabolized to other compounds. Thus, N. crassa transformants expressing the hydroxylase gene can be detected if the level of hydroxylase expression allows both growth and ricinoleate accumulation. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 382 EP 387 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VW432 UT WOS:A1996VW43200010 PM 8987727 ER PT J AU Seng, JE Gandy, J Turturro, A Lipman, R Bronson, RT Parkinson, A Johnson, W Hart, RW Leakey, JEA AF Seng, JE Gandy, J Turturro, A Lipman, R Bronson, RT Parkinson, A Johnson, W Hart, RW Leakey, JEA TI Effects of caloric restriction on expression of testicular cytochrome P450 enzymes associated with the metabolic activation of carcinogens SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dietary restriction; testes; cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase; CYP2A1; dealkylase; Leydig cell hyperplasia ID RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; FISCHER-344 RATS; LEYDIG-CELLS; TESTOSTERONE 7-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; CHOLESTEROL 7-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; PROSTATE MICROSOMES; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; FOOD RESTRICTION AB Previous work demonstrated that microsomal cytochrome P4502A1 (CYP2A1) is expressed in rat testicular Leydig cells. The present study investigates the effects of diet, age, and strain on rat testicular CYP2A1 expression and assesses the potential role of testicular CYP2A1 in the metabolic activation of carcinogens. In ad libitum-fed 18-week-old Fischer 344 rats, testicular CYP2A1 immunoreactive protein and testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity (7 alpha-TOHase) exhibited a circadian variation with a daytime maximum and a night-time minimum (82.2 +/- 42.0 and 21.9 +/- 4.5 pmol 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone/min/mg protein, respectively). Caloric restriction (to 60% of ad libitum consumption), which reduces the severity of Leydig cell tumors in rats, decreased expression of both CYP2A1 and testicular 7 alpha-TOHase >80% and eliminated their circadian variation. Conversely, caloric restriction induced a circadian rhythm in testicular 7-benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity. Testicular microsomes from ad libitum-fed rats having peak diurnal 7 alpha-TOHase activity had significantly greater (30%) microsome-mediated aflatoxin B-1-DNA binding activity compared to microsomes prepared from nocturnal phase ad libitum-fed or calorically restricted rats which expressed low 7 alpha-TOHase activity. In 12-month-old Fischer 344 rats, high CYP2A1 expression was correlated with severe Leydig cell hyperplasia (r = 0.80), whereas CYP2A immunoreactive protein and 7 alpha-TOHase were expressed at lower levels in Sprague-Dawley than in Fischer 344 rats and were undetectable in pig, monkey, and human testes. These are strains/species that do not exhibit significant Leydig cell hyperplasia. This suggests that caloric intake, strain, and circadian factors may all mediate testicular CYP2A1 expression in the rat and that CYP2A1 may in turn influence carcinogen activation and pathological status in the testis. C1 NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT PHARMACOL TOXICOL,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. UNIV KANSAS,MED CTR,CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,DEPT PHARMACOL TOXICOL & THERAPEUT,KANSAS CITY,KS 66160. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05318]; PHS HHS [E503765, NIA 224-86-0001] NR 59 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 335 IS 1 BP 42 EP 52 DI 10.1006/abbi.1996.0480 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VT732 UT WOS:A1996VT73200006 PM 8914833 ER PT J AU Michaelson, GJ Ping, CL Kimble, JM AF Michaelson, GJ Ping, CL Kimble, JM TI Carbon storage and distribution in tundra soils of Arctic Alaska, USA SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEMS AB Tundra soil carbon stores ranged from a low of 16 kg C m(-3) for a northern foothills ridge top site to a high of 94 kg C m(-3) for a Barrow coastal plain tundra. Relatively low carbon stores were found in riparian shrubland, barren mountain slope, and alpine slope soils (3, 4 and 10 kg C m(-3), respectively). Coastal plain and foothills tundra soils averaged 62 and 44 kg C m(-3), respectively. Active layer to permafrost partitioning of carbon stores varied, but when the carbon stores of the permafrost (to 1 m) were considered along with those of the active layer, carbon store estimates for the tundra are nearly doubled. Cryoturbation played a key role in the distribution of soil carbon stocks. Carbon stores over the pattern cycle of three coastal plain polygon types were found to be similar (59-60 kg C m(-3)). However, the carbon stores of coastal plain thaw lake basin soils ranged widely from 16 to 64 kg C m(-3). In the foothills, carbon stores increased from ridge top to down-slope positions, and increased or stayed nearly constant from midslope to watertrack positions. On the average, the largest carbon stores were in the Cf, Oa, and Bg/Oa soil genetic horizons with average stores to 1 m of 15, 13, and 13 kg C m(-2), respectively. Carbon stores for the Kuparuk River drainage were calculated for the pedon (1 m) and for the active layer only, the results were 2.5 and 1.4 times higher, respectively, than if generalized tundra carbon stores from the literature were used in the calculation. The results of this study indicate that the Arctic terrestrial carbon pool size estimates that have been used recently could be low by a factor of 2 or more if the lower soil horizon stores are ignored. C1 NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT SERV,NATL SOIL SURVEY CTR,USDA,LINCOLN,NE 68508. RP Michaelson, GJ (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS,PALMER RES CTR,AGR & FORESTRY EXPT STN,533 E FIREWEED,PALMER,AK 99645, USA. NR 21 TC 134 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 38 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 414 EP 424 DI 10.2307/1551852 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA VZ657 UT WOS:A1996VZ65700002 ER PT J AU Mata, P Alonso, R LopezFarre, A Ordovas, JM Lahoz, C Garces, C Caramelo, C Codoceo, R Blazquez, E deOya, M AF Mata, P Alonso, R LopezFarre, A Ordovas, JM Lahoz, C Garces, C Caramelo, C Codoceo, R Blazquez, E deOya, M TI Effect of dietary fat saturation on LDL oxidation and monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells in vitro SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dietary fat; lipid oxidation; monocyte; low density lipoprotein; monounsaturated fatty acid ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMA-LIPIDS; ACID COMPOSITION; SERUM-LIPIDS; OLEATE-RICH; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHOLESTEROL; MEN; ATHEROGENESIS AB Forty-two healthy men and women were subjected to four consecutive dietary periods differing in the fat content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6) [PUFA(n-6)] and (n-3) [PUFA(n-3)]. Plasma lipids, vitamin E, and in vitro LDL oxidation were examined during each period. Adhesion of human monocytes to cultured human endothelial cells was used as a functional test to identify differences in the biological properties of LDL from each dietary period. Consumption of an SFA-rich diet resulted in higher LDL cholesterol (4.06+/-0.85 mmol/L, P<.05) than did consumption of MUFA- (3.59+/-0.75 mmol/L), PUFA(n-6)- (3.44+/-0.77 mmol/L), or PUFA(n-3)- (3.31+/-0.8 mmol/L) rich diets. HDL cholesterol was lower during both PUFA-rich diets (1.24+/-0.28 and 1.27+/-0.28 mmol/L for n-6 and n-3, respectively) than during the SFA- (1.32+/-0.36 mmol/L) and MUFA- (1.32+/-0.34 mmol/L) rich diets. LDL resistance to copper-induced oxidation, expressed as lag time, was highest during the MUFA-rich diet (55.1+/-7.3 minutes) and lowest during the PUFA(n-3)- (45.3+/-7 minutes) and SFA- (45.3+/-6.4 minutes) rich diets. LDL induction of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells was lower during the MUFA-rich diet than the other periods. The highest monocyte adhesion was obtained during the PUFA(n-3) and SFA dietary periods. In conclusion, an MUFA-rich diet benefits plasma lipid levels compared with an SFA-rich diet. Furthermore, this diet results in an increased resistance of LDL to oxidation and a lower rate of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells than the other dietary fats examined. C1 FDN JIMENEZ DIAZ,INST INVEST MED,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Mata, P (reprint author), FDN JIMENEZ DIAZ,UNIDAD LIPIDOS,AVDA REYES CATOLICOS 2,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 42 TC 90 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11 BP 1347 EP 1355 PG 9 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VT354 UT WOS:A1996VT35400005 PM 8911273 ER PT J AU Ho, AK Peng, R Ho, AA Duffield, R DombrinkKurtzman, MA AF Ho, AK Peng, R Ho, AA Duffield, R DombrinkKurtzman, MA TI Interactions of fumonisins and sphingoid bases with GTP-binding proteins SO BIOCHEMICAL ARCHIVES LA English DT Article ID MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER AREAS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; INHIBITION; MECHANISMS; CALMODULIN; PHOSPHORYLATION; SPHINGOLIPIDS; SPHINGANINE; BIOMARKER AB Fumonisins(FBs), mycotoxins of Fusarium moniliforme,and sphingoid bases, sphingosine(So) and sphinganine(Sa), were shown to interact with GTP-binding proteins in rat brain plasma membranes and bovine retina rod outer segments(ROS). A [H-3]-Gpp(NH)p binding assay was used to estimate the total G proteins and [gamma-P-32]-GTP was used to assay GTPase activities in ROS. The effects of FBs differed significantly from the sphingoid bases on [H-3]-Gpp(NH)p binding and were found to depend on phosphorylating conditions and Ca2+ in the incubation medium. FB1 produced a concentration-dependent increase in [H-3]-Gpp(NH)p binding whereas both Sa and So showed inhibition with an inhibitory concentration of 50%(IC50) of 7.5 x 10(-5) M. To mimic the effects of FB1 inhibition of ceramide synthase in vivo leading to increase in the Sa:So ratios. we determined the effects of FB1 and HFB1 on [H-3]-Gpp(NH)p binding in the presence of a range of Sa:So ratios(1:1 to 39:1). HFB1, but not FB1, was found to reverse the increase in G protein binding observed with the increases in Sa:So ratios. Both FB1 and HFB1 effects on G protein binding and with the changing Sa:So ratio were abolished under Ca2+-free conditions and in the presence of EGTA(0.45 mM), indicating the effects were Ca2+-dependent. Both FB1 and HFB1 were shown to inhibit GTPase activity of the ROS with IC50 at 1.1 x 10(-4) M and 1.2 x 10(-4) M, respectively, whereas Sa and So alone produced only 23% and 21.3% inhibition at 10(-4) M, respectively. However, in the presence of HFB1(10(-4) M), instead of additive effects, the inhibition observed with Sa:So increases was partially reversed. These findings demonstrated the interactions among FBs and sphingoid bases with G proteins and suggest a role of Ca2+-calmodulin in their interactions. They further suggest that Fbs may have uncoupling effects on the second messenger in he cGMP cascade of the photoreceptor cells. Copyright (c) 1996 M.B.R. Press, Inc. C1 ARS, MYCTOXIN RES UNIT, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, USDA, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. RP Ho, AK (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS, COLL MED, DEPT BIOMED & THERAPEUT SCI, PEORIA, IL 61605 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MBR PRESS INC PI KENYON PA PO BOX P, KENYON, MN 55946-000P USA SN 0749-5331 J9 BIOCHEM ARCH JI Biochem. Arch. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 BP 249 EP 260 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VW231 UT WOS:A1996VW23100005 ER PT J AU Quideau, SA Chadwick, OA Graham, RC Wood, HB AF Quideau, SA Chadwick, OA Graham, RC Wood, HB TI Base cation biogeochemistry and weathering under oak and pine: A controlled long-term experiment SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biogeochemical processes; calcium; chaparral; magnesium; Mediterranean ecosystem; weathering rate ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; CARBON; DISSOLUTION; ECOSYSTEM; BIOMASS; DECOMPOSITION; DEPOSITION; NITROGEN; CLIMATE AB Large earthen-walled lysimeters at the San Dimas Experimental Forest in southern California present a unique opportunity to assess vegetation effects on biogeochemical processes and cation release by weathering in controlled soil-vegetation systems where archived samples of soil parent material are available for comparison. The lysimeters were filled in 1937 with homogenized fine sandy loam derived on site from the weathering of diorite, and planted in 1946 with scrub oak (Quercus dumosa) and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri). Changes in base cation contents were measured in above-ground biomass, and total and exchangeable soil pools to a depth of 1 meter. All cations in the non-exchangeable soil pool decreased relative to the initial fill material, indicating release by weathering. Sodium and K were depleted from both exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools of the soils. Plant uptake of Na was minimal, whereas K storage in vegetation exceeded the loss from the exchangeable soil pool. In both soil-vegetation systems, but especially for oak, there was an increase in exchangeable Ca and Mg. For all base cations, storage in above-ground biomass was greater for oak, whereas losses by weathering from the non-exchangeable soil poor were greater under pine. Strong evidence supports biocycling as a controlling mechanism resulting in greater Ca and Mg release by weathering under pine. In addition, decreases in non-exchangeable Ca and Mg were strongly correlated to decrease in Si under oak, whereas no correlation was observed under pine. We conclude that weathering reactions or stoichiometry differed between vegetation types. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOG,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. USDA,FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP Quideau, SA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. RI Quideau, Sylvie/C-9646-2015 OI Quideau, Sylvie/0000-0002-2297-9024 NR 69 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD NOV PY 1996 VL 35 IS 2 BP 377 EP 398 DI 10.1007/BF02179961 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA VW594 UT WOS:A1996VW59400005 ER PT J AU Garrett, WM Guthrie, HD AF Garrett, WM Guthrie, HD TI Expression of androgen receptors and steroidogenic enzymes in relation to follicular growth and atresia following ovulation in pigs SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; GRANULOSA-CELLS; ATRETIC FOLLICLES; PROGESTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS; PREOVULATORY MATURATION; DNA FRAGMENTATION; PORCINE FOLLICLES; ANTIBODY KI-67; RAT OVARY; APOPTOSIS AB Among the new antral follicles that develop after ovulation in pigs, the incidence of atresia, based on granulosa cell apoptosis, increases between Days 5 and 7 of the estrous cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine how follicular growth and atresia affected the expression of some key enzymes regulating follicular steroidogenesis and androgen receptor on Days 3, 5, and 7 after the onset of estrus. Ovaries were frozen in liquid propane for subsequent sectioning and immunohistochemical analysis. Ninety-six follicles were classified according to size as small (< 3 mm), medium (3-5 mm), or large (> 5 mm). Follicles in the active stages of the cell cycle were identified by the presence of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen Ki-67 in granulosa cells, Follicles with apoptotic cells were identified by in situ 3'-end labeling of DNA. Staining intensity of antigens on sections was assigned a numeric value (0-3). Follicles assigned a value > 1 for 3'-end labeling in their granulosa cells were classified atretic. The percentage of atretic follicles increased (p less than or equal to 0.05) from 5% on Days 3 and 5 to 41% on Day 7. Expression of Ki-67 in granulosa cells was more strongly (p less than or equal to 0.05) associated with nonatretic follicles (98% expressing) than with atretic follicles (41% expressing). Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450(arom)) was localized predominantly in granulosa cells of nonatretic follicles and was undetectable in atretic follicles. Androgen receptor in granulosa cells and expression of P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C-17-20 lyase (P450(c17)) in theca interna were lower (p less than or equal to 0.001) in atretic follicles than in nonatretic follicles. The expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) was localized to the theca interna and was unaffected by follicle atresia. In nonatretic small follicles, the expression of P450(arom), and P450(c17), decreased (p < 0.01) between Days 3 and 7 while expression of Ki-67 was unchanged. In nonatretic follicles, increased follicle size was associated with a decrease (p < 0.01) in androgen receptor expression and increases (p < 0.01) in P450(arom), P450(c17), and 3 beta HSD expression. In conclusion, increased expression of steroidogenic enzymes was associated with follicular growth. Loss of P450(arom), expression in vivo is an early event in atresia and is followed by decreased cell proliferation, and decreased expression of androgen receptor and P450(c17). C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 38 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 55 IS 5 BP 949 EP 955 DI 10.1095/biolreprod55.5.949 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA VN488 UT WOS:A1996VN48800003 PM 8902204 ER PT J AU Dobrinsky, JR Johnson, LA Rath, D AF Dobrinsky, JR Johnson, LA Rath, D TI Development of a culture medium (BECM-3) for porcine embryos: Effects of bovine serum albumin and fetal bovine serum on embryo development SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID BLASTOCYST STAGE; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PIG EMBRYOS; IN-VITRO; INVITRO; SWINE; GLUTAMINE; GLUCOSE; PROTEIN; ACID AB Media are available that can deliver modest porcine embryonic development from a single-cell zygote to the blastocyst stage. However, few embryos develop to hatched blastocysts by Day 7 in vitro, indicating deficiencies in media that inhibit early embryonic development. A defined culture medium, Beltsville Embryo Culture Medium (BECM-3), was developed to support porcine zygote development to the blastocyst stage. When fetal bovine serum was added by late Day 5 (late morula/early blastocyst stage), 80% of total embryos cultured from Day 2 developed into hatched blastocysts by Day 8. There was also a significant increase in the mean cell number of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts when culture was performed in BECM-3-based media in the absence of BSA fraction V. These studies provide a chemically defined foundation for elucidating key developmental components of preimplantation pig embryos. C1 INST TIERZUCHT & TIERVERHALTEN,D-3057 NEUSTADT,GERMANY. RP Dobrinsky, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BLDG 200,RM 22,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 31 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 55 IS 5 BP 1069 EP 1074 DI 10.1095/biolreprod55.5.1069 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA VN488 UT WOS:A1996VN48800018 PM 8902219 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Christenson, RK McGuire, WJ AF Vallet, JL Christenson, RK McGuire, WJ TI Association between uteroferrin, retinol-binding protein, and transferrin within the uterine and conceptus compartments during pregnancy in swine SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; PURPLE PHOSPHATASE; SECRETORY RESPONSE; GENE-EXPRESSION; ESTROUS-CYCLE; PIG; ENDOMETRIAL; PROGESTERONE; UTERUS; GILTS AB The association between uteroferrin (UF, measured as acid phosphatase [AP] activity), retinol-binding protein (REP), and transferrin (TF) within the intrauterine environment during the estrous cycle and pregnancy was examined. Pregnant gilts were killed on Days 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90. Cyclic gilts were killed on Days 7, 10, 13, and 16. On Days 7 through 19, each uterine horn was flushed with 20 mi Minimum Essential Medium. On Days 25 through 90, serum and allantoic fluid samples were collected from each fetus within each gill and pooled for each gilt. Uterine flushings, allantoic fluid, and fetal serum samples were assayed for AP, REP, and TF. Endometrium was collected from all gilts and cultured with [H-3]-leucine; conditioned medium was measured for nondialyzable radioactive macromolecules, AP, and REP. In uterine flushings, AP, REP, and TF were low on Day 7, and then increased markedly (p < 0.01) by Day 13 in both cyclic and pregnant gilts. After log transformation of the data, AP was highly correlated with REP (r = 0.99) and TF (r = 0.91, p < 0.01). Secretion of REP and AP by endometrium in culture also increased (p < 0.01) during this period and was similar in cyclic and pregnant gills, and REP and AP secretion were highly correlated (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). Endometrial tissue did not secrete detectable amounts of TF in culture. Concentrations of all three proteins were low in allantoic fluid on Day 25, after which time they increased to Day 40, and then either stabilized to Day 70 followed by a decrease to Day 90 (AP and TF) or decreased to Day 90 (REP). Endometrial secretion of both AP and REP increased between Day 25 and 30. Then, AP increased further to Day 40 and did not change to Day 60, while REP did not change from Day 30 to Day 60. Both decreased from Day 60 to 70, did not change to Day 80, and then increased again to Day 90. The association of REP and TF concentrations with AP in various maternal and conceptus compartments during pregnancy is consistent with the hypothesis that one function of these two proteins may be to protect maternal and fetal tissues from lipid peroxidation that is a possible consequence of iron transport via endometrial secretion of UF. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,USDA ARS,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 35 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 55 IS 5 BP 1172 EP 1178 DI 10.1095/biolreprod55.5.1172 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA VN488 UT WOS:A1996VN48800030 PM 8902231 ER PT J AU Niemela, P Mattson, WJ AF Niemela, P Mattson, WJ TI Invasion of North American forests by European phytophagous insects - Legacy of the European crucible? SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SPECIES-RICHNESS; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; EVOLUTIONARY; PATTERNS; LEPIDOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; SUCCESSION; SPECIATION; ECOSYSTEMS; SPRUCE C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,US FOREST SERV,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP Niemela, P (reprint author), UNIV JOENSUU,FAC FORESTRY,FIN-80101 JOENSUU,FINLAND. NR 103 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 741 EP 753 DI 10.2307/1312850 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA VP002 UT WOS:A1996VP00200007 ER PT J AU Temesgen, B Eschrich, K AF Temesgen, B Eschrich, K TI Simplified method for ligase-free cloning of PCR products SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; 6-PHOSPHOFRUCTO-2-KINASE FRUCTOSE-2,6-BISPHOSPHATASE; LINEARIZED PLASMIDS; LIGATION C1 UNIV LEIPZIG,D-7010 LEIPZIG,GERMANY. RP Temesgen, B (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD NOV PY 1996 VL 21 IS 5 BP 828 EP & PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VR346 UT WOS:A1996VR34600017 PM 8922623 ER PT J AU Pond, WG Krook, LP Ho, H Su, DR Schoknecht, PA AF Pond, WG Krook, LP Ho, H Su, DR Schoknecht, PA TI Bone density and tissue lead accretion in growing rats fed low high calcium with or without supplemental clinoptilolite SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM ZEOLITE-A; PHOSPHORUS; PROTECTION; CADMIUM; PLASMA; GROWTH; SWINE C1 CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RP Pond, WG (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 57 IS 5 BP 713 EP 721 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VJ027 UT WOS:A1996VJ02700005 PM 8791545 ER PT J AU Gitzendanner, MA White, EE Foord, BM Dupper, GE Hodgskiss, PD Kinloch, BB AF Gitzendanner, MA White, EE Foord, BM Dupper, GE Hodgskiss, PD Kinloch, BB TI Genetics of Cronartium ribicola .3. Mating system SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE isozymes; RAPDs; RFLPs; Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; white pine blister rust ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; DNA; VARIABILITY; SPACER; NUMBER AB Lack of genetic markers has hindered the study of the mating system of Cronartium ribicola, an exotic forest pathogen infecting natural and cultivated white pines throughout North America. Isozymes, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), and restriction length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to study the mating system of this rust. Heterozygosity (outcrossing) in diploid telia was demonstrated by analysis of cultures derived from the meiotic products (basidiospores) of individual telia. Families of basidiospores cultured from single telia were used to test for Mendelian segregation and for conformance or loci to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A total of 18 polymorphic loci were identified with three marker systems. All except for three RAPD loci showed Mendelian segregation in the single-telium families. To quantify the level of outcrossing, gene and genotype frequencies were calculated for families from a single population. Up to 24 families were surveyed with isozymes, 14 with RAPDs, and 18 with RFLPs. Except for one isozyme locus (MPI) in one sample, all 14 loci tested with these families were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating random mating. Further studies, with a different sample from the same population, showed all three isozyme loci to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The three marker systems were consistent as to the amount of variation detected. Resistance selection and breeding programs must consider the implications of genetic recombination that outcrossing affords the rust. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,BERKELEY,CA 94701. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,PLACERVILLE,CA 95667. FORESTRY CANADA,PACIFIC FORESTRY CTR,VICTORIA,BC V8Z 1M5,CANADA. OI Gitzendanner, Matthew/0000-0002-7078-4336 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1852 EP 1859 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV338 UT WOS:A1996VV33800020 ER PT J AU Shelton, MG Cain, MD AF Shelton, MG Cain, MD TI Distinguishing features of loblolly and shortleaf pine seeds: Implications for monitoring seed production in mixed stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Monitoring seed production in mixed loblolly pine - shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L,. and Pinus echinata Mill., respectively) stands may require identifying individual seeds by species. Although;;loblolly pine seeds are on average heavier and larger than those of shortleaf pine, there is considerable overlap ii? these properties for individual seeds. In this study the properties of six: seed lots of each species from Arkansas and Louisiana were examined. Seed weight for loblolly pine averaged twice that of shortleaf pine, but seed length and width differed by only 13 and 27%, respectively. Seed-coat thickness was the most consistent difference observed between the two species: large shortleaf pine seeds had thinner seed coats than small loblolly seeds, but this property was slow and tedious to measure. By contrast. differences in seed-coat thickness were readily detected when conducting a cut test for seed soundness by subjectively assessing the force required to cut the seed, In a blind test. 12 evaluators estimated within +/-10% of thr known composition of 10-seed subsamples 86% of the time for the cut test compared with only 57% when using seed appearance alone; inexperienced evaluators Were only slightly lower in accuracy than experienced ones. Use of the cut test as a subjective estimate of the force required to cut the seed appears to be reasonably accurate in distinguishing these two species for most purposes. RP Shelton, MG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, SO RES STN, MONTICELLO, AR 71656 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 26 IS 11 BP 2056 EP 2059 DI 10.1139/x26-232 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VV332 UT WOS:A1996VV33200020 ER PT J AU Cornick, NA Allison, MJ AF Cornick, NA Allison, MJ TI Assimilation of oxalate, acetate, and CO2 by Oxalobacter formigenes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biosynthesis; carbon assimilation; metabolism ID SP-NOV; METHANOSARCINA-BARKERI; CLOSTRIDIUM; BACTERIA; DEGRADATION; METABOLISM AB Oxalobacter-formigenes is the only well-documented oxalate-degrading bacterium isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The production of ATP by Oxalobacter formigenes is centered around oxalate metabolism and oxalate is required for growth. A small amount of acetate (0.5 mM) is also required. Oxalate is decarboxylated to formate plus CO2 in nearly equimolar amounts. Experiments were conducted to determine which potential carbon sources (oxalate, acetate, formate, CO2) were assimilated by Oxalobacter formigenes and which metabolic pathways were operative in carbon assimilation. Measurements of the specific activities of total cell carbon after growth with different C-14-labeled precursors indicated that at least 54% of the total cell carbon was derived from oxalate and at least 7% was derived from acetate. Carbonate was also assimilated, but formate was not a significant source of cell carbon. Labeling patterns in amino acids from cells grown in [C-14]oxalate or (CO3)-C-14 were different; however, in both cases C-14 was widely distributed into most cellular amino acids. Carbon from [C-14]acetate was less widely distributed and detected mainly in those amino acids known to be derived from alpha-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate. Cell-free extracts contained citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities. The labeling observed in amino acids derived from acetate is in agreement with the function of these enzymes in biosynthesis and indicates that the majority of acetate carbon entered into amino acid biosynthesis via well-known pathways. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AGR RES SERV,US DEPT AGR,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50011. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1081 EP 1086 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA VV339 UT WOS:A1996VV33900001 PM 8941983 ER PT J AU Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF Alfatafta, AA Gloer, JB AF Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF Alfatafta, AA Gloer, JB TI Ochratoxin A: An antiinsectan metabolite from the sclerotia of Aspergillus carbonarius NRRL 369 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ochratoxin A; Aspergillus carbonarius; sclerotia; Helicoverpa tea; Carpophilus hemipterus; antiinsectan; chemical defense ID PENICILLIC ACID; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; KOJIC ACID; AFLATOXIN-B1; MYCOTOXINS; OCHRACEUS; TOXICITY AB Ochratoxin A, a known mycotoxin with demonstrated toxicity to insects, has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius NRRL 369. The sclerotia, harvested from a solid substrate fermentation of corn kernels at 28 degrees C, produced quantities of ochratoxin A exceeding 50 ppm/g dry weight of sclerotia. Evidence is presented that ochratoxin A accounts for the activity of the methanol extract against larvae of the detritivorous beetle Carpophilus hemipterus (Nitidulidae) (75% reduction in feeding rate) and corn ear worm Helicoverpa tea (50% mortality with 99% reduction in weight gain among surviving larvae) when incorporated into a pinto bean diet at levels less than those occurring naturally in the sclerotia. C1 UNIV IOWA,DEPT CHEM,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. RP Wicklow, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 28 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1100 EP 1103 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA VV339 UT WOS:A1996VV33900004 PM 8941986 ER PT J AU Hilderbrand, GV Farley, SD Robbins, CT Hanley, TA Titus, K Servheen, C AF Hilderbrand, GV Farley, SD Robbins, CT Hanley, TA Titus, K Servheen, C TI Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BONE-COLLAGEN; FOOD-HABITS; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; CARBON ISOTOPES; GRIZZLY BEARS; URSUS-ARCTOS; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-C-13; DELTA-N-15; TURNOVER AB The potential use of stable-isotope analyses (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) to estimate bear diets was assessed in 40-day feeding trials using American black bears (Ursus americanus). Bear plasma and red blood cells have half-lives of similar to 4 days and similar to 28 days, respectively. The isotopic signature of bear plasma is linearly related to that of the diet, and with the exception of adipose tissue, there is no isotopic fractionation across bear tissues. Isotopic analyses were used to estimate the diets of three bear populations: Pleistocene cave bears (U. speleaus) in Europe, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) inhabiting the Columbia River drainage prior to 1931, and brown bears (U. arctos) of Chichagof and Admiralty islands, Alaska. Cave bears were omnivores with terrestrially produced meat contributing from 41 to 78% (58+/-14%) of their metabolized carbon and nitrogen. Salmon contributed from 33 to 90% (58+/-23%) of the metabolized carbon and nitrogen in grizzly bears from the Columbia River drainage. Finally, most brown bears on Chichagof and Admiralty islands feed upon salmon during the late summer and fall; however, a subpopulation of bears exists that does not utilize salmon. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT NAT RESOURCE SCI, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. US FOREST SERV, FORESTRY SCI LAB, JUNEAU, AK 99801 USA. ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME, DIV WILDLIFE, DOUGLAS, AK 99824 USA. UNIV MONTANA, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, FORESTRY SCI LAB, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. RP Hilderbrand, GV (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 46 TC 297 Z9 305 U1 6 U2 47 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2080 EP 2088 DI 10.1139/z96-236 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VQ081 UT WOS:A1996VQ08100016 ER PT J AU Nair, PP Lohani, A Norkus, EP Feagins, H Bhagavan, HN AF Nair, PP Lohani, A Norkus, EP Feagins, H Bhagavan, HN TI Uptake and distribution of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols in human colonic epithelial cells in vivo SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; BETA-CAROTENE; CANCER; SERUM AB Studies suggest that micronutrients such as the tocopherols, retinol, and the carotenoids have a chemopreventive action against colonic carcinogenesis and that they may be essential for the functioning and structural integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelium. In this study, we have determined the concentrations of tocopherols, retinol, and the carotenoids in human colonic epithelial cells using a noninvasive procedure developed in this laboratory (G. P. Albaugh et al., Int. J. Cancer, 52: 347-350, 1992). In subjects on a normal diet, almost all of these micronutrients were restricted to cells in the density range of rho 1.065-1.090 and rho 1.090-1.110. The lighter fraction (rho 1.033-1.064), representing the most senescent subpopulation, retained these micronutrients only when the subjects were on diets rich in vegetables. Cells isolated from subjects on their usual diets gave the following values expressed as ng/10(7) cells: alpha-tocopherol, 93-151; gamma-tocopherol, 152-280; retinol, 12-20; lutein, 4-18; cryptoxanthin, not detected; lycopene, 0-17; alpha-carotene, 3-7; and beta-carotene, 6-9. Peak responses in specific micronutrients following 5 days on a high carotenoid diet showed a lag period of at least 5 days, corresponding to the turnover rates of the epithelium itself. The evidence suggests that uptake of these micronutrients by the colonic mucosa occurs in the deep cryptal zone where the actively proliferating cells extract the nutrients from the systemic circulation. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,DIV HUMAN NUTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,ROCHE VITAMINS & FINE CHEM,NUTLEY,NJ 07110. OUR LADY MERCY MED CTR,BRONX,NY 10046. RP Nair, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 5 IS 11 BP 913 EP 916 PG 4 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VR596 UT WOS:A1996VR59600010 PM 8922300 ER PT J AU Seitz, LM Sauer, DB AF Seitz, LM Sauer, DB TI Volatile compounds and odors in grain sorghum infested with common storage insects SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ORYZAEPHILUS-MERCATOR COLEOPTERA; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; IDENTIFICATION; TENEBRIONIDAE; SURINAMENSIS; CUCUJIDAE; BEETLES; OATS AB Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), and rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus) were placed in sorghum (1 kg, 14% mc) for 5, 7, and 10 weeks at 27 degrees C. Infested samples were analyzed for insect numbers, frass, odor, and volatiles. Volatiles from whole grain at 60 degrees C were collected on Tenax absorbent, thermally desorbed, and analyzed by gas chromatography using infrared and mass detectors for component identification. Odor was assessed by sensory panels at the Federal Grain Inspection Service and in our own laboratory. Lesser grain borer caused severe off-odor and red flour beetle caused some off-odor. The other three insects caused little or no objectionable odor, even though infestation was heavy. High concentrations of 2-pentanol and the known aggregation pheromones, dominicalure 1 and 2, were consistently present in samples infested with lesser grain borer. These compounds were only a partial cause of the odor from lesser grain borer. Several metabolites from lesser grain borer not previously reported were tentatively identified. The presence and absence of some previously reported insect pheromones and metabolites are discussed. RP Seitz, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAIN MKT & PROD RES CTR,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 73 IS 6 BP 744 EP 750 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VT580 UT WOS:A1996VT58000016 ER PT J AU Champagne, ET AF Champagne, ET TI Rice starch composition and characteristics SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID AMYLOSE-LIPID COMPLEXES; ORYZA-SATIVA-L; WAXY GENE; OXIDIZED STARCHES; FINE-STRUCTURE; GRANULES; GELATINIZATION; FRACTIONS; ENDOSPERM; AMYLOPECTINS RP Champagne, ET (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,FOOD PROC & SENSORY QUAL RES UNIT,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 63 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 41 IS 11 BP 833 EP 838 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VY478 UT WOS:A1996VY47800006 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Bostom, AG Selhub, J Rozen, R AF Jacques, PF Bostom, AG Selhub, J Rozen, R TI Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation and coronary artery disease - Response SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Letter C1 MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. RP Jacques, PF (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 9 BP 2323 EP 2323 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN754 UT WOS:A1996VN75400078 ER PT J AU Lahoz, C Osgood, D Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Lahoz, C Osgood, D Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Frequency of phenotype-genotype discrepancies at the apolipoprotein E locus in a large population study SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; genetics; lipids; genetic epidemiology ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; E POLYMORPHISM; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; E ALLELES; PLASMA; ISOFORMS; COMMON AB Apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotypes were determined in a random subset of 1041 subjects enrolled in the Framingham Offspring Study by using DNA amplification followed by restriction isotyping. The results were compared with the apoE phenotypes previously assessed by isoelectric focusing. Discrepancies in apoE allele assignment were found in 98 subjects (9.4%). Both genotype and phenotype were reassessed in these subjects, Genotype misclassification was observed in 20 subjects, whereas the initial phenotype assignment was modified in 46 subjects. No concordance between apoE phenotype and genotype remained in 32 subjects (3.07%). Both methods resulted in similar apoE allele frequencies. Furthermore, no differences were observed regarding the average allelic effect on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or HDL cholesterol concentrations; however, a significant difference was noted on triglyceride concentrations. Our results indicate that most discrepancies between genotype and phenotype assessment of apoE polymorphism were due to sample mishandling, data entry, and technical difficulties rather than true discordances. C1 FRAMINGHAM STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. RP Lahoz, C (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HV-83-03] NR 38 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1817 EP 1823 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA VQ332 UT WOS:A1996VQ33200014 PM 8906082 ER PT J AU Dellasala, DA Hagar, JC Engel, KA McComb, WC Fairbanks, RL Campbell, EG AF Dellasala, DA Hagar, JC Engel, KA McComb, WC Fairbanks, RL Campbell, EG TI Effects of silvicultural modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and wintering bird communities, Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE breeding birds; canopy gaps; old growth; precommercial thinning; southeast Alaska; temperate rainforest; wintering birds; young growth ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; WESTERN HEMLOCK; POPULATIONS; VEGETATION; HABITAT; GROWTH; ECOLOGY; DENSITY; SUMMER; SITE AB We inventoried breeding and wintering bird communities in four treatments of temperate rainforest on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska during 1991-1992 and 1992-1993. The four forest treatments sampled included: (1) young growth (20 years) originating from clearcut logging with no silvicultural modification (non-modified), (2) young growth (20 years) precommercially thinned along uniformly-spaced thinning grids (thinned), (3) young growth (20 years) with gaps in the overstory canopy created by felling trees in 0.05-ha openings (gapped), and (4) virgin old growth (greater than or equal to 150 years). Of 16 common breeding bird species observed, six showed significant responses to young-growth modifications. One species was more abundant and two species were less abundant in thinned sites, while one species was more abundant and two species were less abundant in gapped sites than at least one of the other treatments. None of the three common wintering species of birds observed was influenced by young-growth modification. Breeding bird communities, in general, were less similar between young- and old-growth treatments than among young-growth treatments. Three of the 16 common breeding bird species were more abundant in old growth than each of the young-growth treatments and one uncommon species was detected almost exclusively in old growth during both the breeding and wintering seasons. Four other breeding bird species were more abundant in young-growth treatments than in old growth. Higher use of old growth by wintering birds was related to winter severity. To enhance habitat for wintering and breeding birds we recommend: (1) thinning young growth along variable-spaced grids to create additional canopy layers and improve snow-intercept properties of young growth for canopy-foraging birds, (2) retention of old-growth clumps in clearcuts for bird species associated with old-growth structure, and (3) long-term conservation of old-growth temperate rainforest for breeding and wintering birds positively associated with old growth. C1 FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRONM CORP, BELLEVUE, WA 98004 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US FOREST SERV, JUNEAU, AK 99802 USA. NR 59 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 706 EP 721 DI 10.2307/1369853 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VY467 UT WOS:A1996VY46700004 ER PT J AU Latta, SC Wunderle, JM AF Latta, SC Wunderle, JM TI Ecological relationships of two todies in Hispaniola: Effects of habitat and flocking SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE foraging behavior; mixed-species flocks; Hispaniola; Todus; insectivores; habitat use ID MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS; WOODLAND; WINTER; FOREST; PARUS; BIRDS; TITS AB We studied microhabitat use, foraging and social behavior of Broad-billed (Todus subulatus) and Narrow-billed (T. angustirostris) Todies in two areas of sympatry in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic. Solitary Broad-billed and Narrow-billed Todies occupied distinct microhabitats in both shade coffee plantations and native pine forest while generally sharing similar foraging strategies. In both habitats, Broad-billed Todies foraged higher in the vegetation and occurred in more outer horizontal positions with lower foliage density than did their congener. Movement rates and feeding rates differed significantly between the two species, with the Narrow-bill being the more active species. Changes in foraging behavior by both species of todies were observed when they associated with mixed-species flocks in pine forest. We noted a decrease in some measures of spatial overlap of todies in interspecific flocks, but other feeding behaviors tended to converge. C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,PALMER,PR 00721. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 769 EP 779 DI 10.2307/1369857 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VY467 UT WOS:A1996VY46700008 ER PT J AU Castle, SJ Henneberry, TJ Toscano, NC AF Castle, SJ Henneberry, TJ Toscano, NC TI Suppression of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestations in cantaloupe and cotton with sprinkler irrigation SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE integrated control; imidacloprid; population suppression; rainfall ID POPULATIONS; YIELD AB A series of field experiments were conducted to evaluate Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) infestations in both sprinkler and furrow irrigated cantaloupe and cotton plots under conditions of intense whitefly pressure in Imperial Valley, CA. Various fungal pathogen and insecticide treatments also were compared within each irrigation regime. A consistent finding throughout all experiments was that densities of immature whiteflies were significantly reduced in sprinkler irrigated plots. This was most evident in sprinkler irrigated cantaloupe plots treated with the insecticide imidacloprid, as plants survived whitefly infestations to produce marketable fruit in these plots only; Similarly, whitefly densities in imidacloprid- treated/sprinkler-irrigated cotton were significantly lower than all other treatments. Spray applications of insect fungal pathogens were for the most part indistinguishable from the untreated control in terms of densities of whiteflies. Results from the first cantaloupe trial indicate that sprinkler irrigation on a daily schedule resulted in consistently lower whitefly infestations compared to a biweekly schedule. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP Castle, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4151 HIGHWAY 86,BRAWLEY,CA 92227, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 657 EP 663 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(96)00037-3 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VE524 UT WOS:A1996VE52400009 ER PT J AU Hansen, NC Jolley, VD Berg, WA Hodges, ME Krenzer, EG AF Hansen, NC Jolley, VD Berg, WA Hodges, ME Krenzer, EG TI Phytosiderophore release related to susceptibility of wheat to iron deficiency SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENOTYPIC EVALUATION; INEFFICIENT OATS; PLANTS; EFFICIENCY; STRESS; STRATEGIES; CORN AB Some wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend, Thell.) genotypes when grazed by livestock and subsequently used for grain production develop Fe deficiency chlorosis and decline in grain yield. Wheat is known to release phytosiderophores (compounds involved in Fe mobilization and uptake) in response to Fe deficiency stress. These studies conducted in environmental growth chambers correlated the release of phytosiderophore from the roots of eight wheat genotypes with field chlorosis scores from Oklahoma grazing trials. Plants were grown hydroponically in low Fe nutrient solutions and phytosiderophore release was measured with an Fe-binding assay, Since grazing exacerbates Fe deficiency chlorosis development, the eight genotypes were tested both with and without clipping. Phytosiderophore release with time was summed to improve correlation compared with individual daily measurements. The field chlorosis scores and the sum of the first six phytosiderophore release measurements (Days 6 to II after imposition of low Fe treatment) from unclipped wheat were not correlated (r = -0.17, P = 0.70), but the sum of the Last five days (13 to 17) was highly correlated with field chlorosis scores (r = -0.82, P = 0.01). Clipping did not greatly improve the relationship (r = -0.83, P = 0.008). Correlation coefficients were more consistent for individual days when plants were clipped, Three-day sums of phytosiderophore release provided good correlations when data were collected in the latter stages of Fe deficiency development (Day II). Identification of chlorosis resistant lines by monitoring phytosiderophore release will by-pass years of field trials and should be implemented by plant breeders where wheat is managed concurrently for forage and grain production on calcareous soils. C1 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT AGRON & HORT,PROVO,UT 84602. ARS,USDA,WOODWARD,OK 73801. OKLAHOMA WHEAT COMMISS,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73105. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1473 EP 1476 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100009 ER PT J AU Venuto, BC Smith, RR Grau, CR AF Venuto, BC Smith, RR Grau, CR TI Temperature dependent reaction and selection response of two red clover populations to fusarium wilt SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend,) has been associated with stand reduction and decreased persistence in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), Previous research has also indicated that reaction of red clover to isolates of F. oxysporum is temperature dependent, The objectives of this study were to determine if temperature altered the interaction phenotype of two red clover populations inoculated with a single-conidium isolate of F. oxysporum and to determine if selection at divergent temperatures resulted in a different response for the two populations. Two populations of red clover, C11 and 'Arlington', were inoculated in 1992 with a single-conidium isolate of F. oxysporum and grown in controlled environment chambers (16 and 28 degrees C) at Madison, WI. Resistant phenotypes were selected from each population at each temperature and recombined to form advanced populations for subsequent cycles of evaluation and selection. Three cycles of selection (1992-1994) demonstrated that response to the pathogen was consistently and significantly greater at 28 degrees C for both populations. However, the two red clover populations responded differently to the temperature of the selection environment, Significant population x selection temperature interactions were found for Cycle 1 and Cycle 2 plants, Given the genetic homogeneity of the pathogen, the difference in population response to selection temperature is probably due to the existence of distinct mechanisms of resistance in the host populations. These results have important implications for the development of durable red clover resistance to F. oxysporum. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGRON,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Venuto, BC (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,DEPT AGRON,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1477 EP 1481 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100010 ER PT J AU Johnson, LD MarquezOrtiz, JJ Barnes, DK Lamb, JFS AF Johnson, LD MarquezOrtiz, JJ Barnes, DK Lamb, JFS TI Inheritance of root traits in alfalfa SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHARACTERS AB Root growth patterns influence nutrient uptake, productivity, and persistence in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Inheritance of traits affecting root growth patterns in alfalfa are not wed understood. Objectives of this research were to determine the affects of plant spacing and geographic location on root traits in alfalfa, to determine the inheritance of seven root morphological traits of alfalfa, and to evaluate the association between root traits, fall dormancy, and seedling year herbage yield. Progenies of diallels and design II matings were planted during May 1991 at two locations in 30-cm rows with 2.5 cm between plants within the row. Plants were evaluated for seedling year herbage yield and fall dormancy. During October 1991, they were dug and evaluated for taproot diameter (TD), lateral root number (LRN), lateral root diameter (LRD), lateral root position (LRP), fibrous root mass (FRM), percentage of determinate taproots (PDT), and determinate taproot position (DTP). Border effects were determined by evaluating single plants from the ends of the plots separately from plants in the middle of the plots. Extra space on plot borders affected root morphology, but few progeny x border interactions were found. Location affected root morphology, and a few location x cross interactions were observed for TD and LRP. Additive genetic effects were important in controlling inheritance for TD, LRN, LRD, LRP, and FRM. These traits had moderate (45) to high (87) heritabilities. No genetic variances were detected for PDT or DTP. Taproot diameter was the root trait most highly correlated with fall dormancy (0.46-0.50) and seedling year herbage yield (0.61-0.75). Selection for LRN, LRD, and FRM at one location with uniform plant spacing should be successful, Multiple location selection programs may be more appropriate for TD and LRP. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ARS,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. CAL W SEED,WOODLAND,CA 95776. CELALA,INIFAP,TORREON 27000,COAHUILA,MEXICO. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1482 EP 1487 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100011 ER PT J AU Ray, IM Karn, JF Dara, ST AF Ray, IM Karn, JF Dara, ST TI Heritabilities of nutritive quality factors and interrelationships with yield in tetraploid crested wheatgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FORAGE YIELD; INTERMEDIATE; GENOTYPE AB Detailed information on the genetic variation of forage quality traits and their relationship with forage yield under seeded competitive conditions is limited in crested wheatgrass. This research was conducted to determine the heritabilities (h(2)), of forage quality parameters in tetraploid crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer err Link) Schultes] grown under competitive conditions, Genetic correlations among nutritive quality traits and yield were also determined. Thirty randomly selected half-sib families from a genetically broad-based crested wheatgrass population were evaluated at one location from 1991 to 1992 in single-row plots that were 1.5 m long, spaced 38 cm apart, and seeded at a rate of 90 seed m(-1). Heritabilities were determined for elude protein, in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose based on the means of the 30 families, Variation among families was significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) for all traits. Heritability estimates (approaching narrow sense heritability) for IVDDM, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose were 50, 53, 63, 68, and 72%, respectively. Genetic correlations indicated that digestibility was positively associated with crude protein (r = 0.65; P < 0.01) and negatively influenced by NDF and ADF (r = -0.79 and -1.04; P < 0.01). Genetic correlations between forage quality traits and yield were low under competitive conditions indicating that independent selection for each trait would result in improved forage quality and yield. interaction variance components were significantly different from zero, and rank correlations between years were low for most forage quality traits. The data indicated that maximum gain in nutritive quality improvement in crested wheatgrass may require multiple gears of evaluation. C1 ARS,USDA,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,MANDAN,ND 58554. TORO CO,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55420. RP Ray, IM (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON & HORT,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1488 EP 1491 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100012 ER PT J AU Scott, GE Louie, R AF Scott, GE Louie, R TI Improved resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus by selection under greenhouse conditions SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ENDOSPERM COLOR; INBRED LINES; STRAIN-A; GENETICS; LINKAGE; GENES; CORN AB Maize dwarf mosaic, caused by maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), is the most widespread virus disease of maize (Zea mays L.) in the USA. The objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of selecting for resistance to MDMV under greenhouse conditions and to determine if the resistant selections had a gene, presumably Mdm1, for resistance to MDMV that was linked to the endosperm color locus, YI, on Chromosome 6. One resistant selection was developed from each of six different races of corn crossed with a susceptible hybrid, and two additional resistant selections were obtained out of a synthetic developed in Mississippi. AIL selections were resistant in field trials in Mississippi. All except one had a higher Level of resistance than the field resistant checks in greenhouse tests in Ohio. Three selections had infection levels similar to the highly resistant check inbred, Pa405. Except one, all resistant selections had a gene for resistance linked to the endosperm color locus on Chromosome 6. Apparently, the Mdm1 gene is common in many resistant lines, but the data on one line, Mp92:448, suggest resistance is possible without this gene. C1 USDA ARS,MISSISSIPPI AGR & FORESTRY EXPT STN,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,ARS,USDA,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP Scott, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MID S AREA,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1503 EP 1506 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100015 ER PT J AU Ouendeba, B Hanna, WW Ejeta, G Nyquist, WE Santini, JB AF Ouendeba, B Hanna, WW Ejeta, G Nyquist, WE Santini, JB TI Forage yield and digestibility of African pearl millet landraces in diallel with missing cross SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRAIN AB Shortage of nutritious forage is limiting animal production in the semiarid regions of Africa, This study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of heterosis for forage production and dry matter digestibility in African landraces of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br,]. Five landrace populations, 9 of 10 interpopulation crosses, and two hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete-block design with five replications for dry matter forage yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in 1989 and 1990 in Tifton, GA, Entries in only two replications were evaluated for digestibility. The missing cross was estimated, and both the traditional and Gardner-Eberhart analyses were performed, Highly significant difference between crosses (9.94 t ha(-1)) and parents (8.50 t ha(-1)), or average heterosis, as well as general combining ability was observed in the combined analyses for dry weight forage yield. No other partitions of entries for either trait were significant. Year x entries was significant for forage yield but not for IVDMD. All midparent and high-parent heterosis values were positive for forage yield but were nonsignificant. High-parent heterosis values ranged from 3.3 ('Iniari' x 'Mansori') to 22.9% (Iniari x 'P(3)Kolo') for dry matter forage yield. No heterosis was observed for IVDMD. Heterosis for forage yield did not affect IVDMD. These results suggest that use of pearl millet hybrids can contribute to increased forage production in semiarid Africa. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. ARS,USDA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31794. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1517 EP 1520 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100018 ER PT J AU Lewers, KS StMartin, SK Hedges, BR Widrlechner, MP Palmer, RG AF Lewers, KS StMartin, SK Hedges, BR Widrlechner, MP Palmer, RG TI Hybrid soybean seed production: Comparison of three methods SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MALE-STERILITY; REGISTRATION AB Improved methods to produce hybrid soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] seed could augment several types of research. Two previously described methods, the traditional method and the dilution method, require insect-facilitated cross-pollination of ms ms nuclear male-sterile plants. The traditional method requires it substantial time investment during flowering to remove fertile siblings, and the dilution method requires a substantial amount of land and pollen-parent seed. Because time, land, and seed are limited, a more efficient method would be valuable. The cosegregation method was developed, utilizing close genetic linkage between the W1 locus and the Ms6 locus. The W1_ seedling has a purple hypocotyl; the w1 w1 seedling has a green hypocotyl. The ms6 ms6 plant is male sterile and female fertile. Approximately? 97% of the purple-hypocotyl seedlings, W1_, in a line segregating for the w1 and ms6 alleles in coupling phase will be fertile, Ms6_, and can be removed as a pollen source at the first-trifoliolate stage. Our objective was to evaluate and compare the three methods of hybrid soybean seed production for seed yield, efficiency, and hybrid seed purity and quality. We used a randomized complete-block design (three replications per location, three locations, two years). The cosegregation method gave higher seed yield, better efficiency, and equal or better seed quality (percentage germination, 100-seed weight) than the other methods. Male-sterile plants yielded an average of 28.6 seeds plant(-1) with the cosegregation method, 18.2 seeds plant(-1) with the traditional method, and 9.5 seeds plant(-1) with the dilution method. The cosegregation method wilt be useful in several research areas, including genetic control of complex traits, prediction of parental value, recurrent selection, and commercialization of hybrid soybean. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. PIONEER HI BRED LTD,CHATHAM,ON N7M 5L1,CANADA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,N CENT REG PLANT INTROD STN,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,FCR,AMES,IA 50011. RP Lewers, KS (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1560 EP 1567 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100026 ER PT J AU Livingston, DP AF Livingston, DP TI The second phase of cold hardening: Freezing tolerance and fructan isomer changes in winter cereal crowns SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HARDINESS; OAT; RYE; WHEAT; ACCUMULATION; LEAVES AB Cold-hardening plants at above freezing temperatures significantly contributes to their overall winter hardiness. However, little research has been conducted on hardening at temperatures below freezing, before freezing injury results. To determine the effect of hardening at below freezing temperatures, barley (Hardeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown and hardened under controlled conditions and freeze tested after being held at -3 degrees C from 1 to 7 d. A significant hardening effect was observed after exposure to below freezing temperatures. The biggest change, a reduction of 7 degrees C in the temperature at which 50% of the population survives, occurred after 7 d at -3 degrees C in the winter hardy oat cultivar, Wintok. The additional hardening appeared related to changes in carbohydrate concentration. While wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) wore not freeze tested, their changes in carbohydrates were even greater than oat and barley. In oat, the concentrations of all 15 fructan isomers of degree of polymerization 3 to 5 were lower after the below freezing treatment while the concentration of fructose and sucrose were higher. Some carbohydrate concentrations were highly correlated with freezing survival under these conditions, but the exact mechanisms behind this relationship are not understood. Controlled freeze tests which consistently quantitate the effect of individual mechanisms will allow plant breeders and geneticists to more effectively screen germplasm for winter hardiness genes. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Livingston, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SAA,BOX 7629,840 METHOD RD UNIT 3,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 25 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1568 EP 1573 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100027 ER PT J AU Bauer, PJ Bradow, JM AF Bauer, PJ Bradow, JM TI Cotton genotype response to early-season cold temperatures SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CULTIVAR AB Identifying cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes that are less sensitive to cool temperatures may improve productivity in areas where late-spring cold fronts are common. Our objectives were to compare commercially available genotypes for relative cold tolerance and to determine whether seedling growth response to cool temperature in a controlled environment was a valid predictor of held performance. Four genotypes, 'DPL 20' (early maturity), 'DPL 50' (mid), 'DPL 5690' (late), and 'DPL Acala 90' (late), were studied. Cotyledon area, root and shoot length, and root and shoot fresh weight were measured after 4-d-old seedlings were exposed to temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C for 6 d. The four genotypes were also evaluated in the field in 1991 and 1992 by planting in mid-April, early-May, and mid-May near Florence, SC. Root length was the only seedling trait for which the temperature response was genotype dependent. Root length of DPL 5690 and DPL Acala 90 was the same at all assay temperatures (mean = 4.3 cm). For DPL 20, root length aas 9.3 cm at 15 and 20 degrees C, 11.8 cm at 25 degrees C, and 14.3 cm at 30 degrees C. DPL 50 root length was 8.7 cm at 30 degrees C and averaged 6.4 cm at the other three temperature treatments. In the field, when DPL 20 emerged faster than the two late-maturity genotypes at planting dates that were followed by cold temperatures, it had lower lint yield. The results suggest that measuring the amount of seedling root length inhibition (rather than relative growth differences) caused by suboptimal temperatures may be useful for determining cold sensitivity in cotton. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA. RP Bauer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,2611 W LUCAS ST,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1602 EP 1606 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100032 ER PT J AU Springer, TL AF Springer, TL TI Allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of clovers by endophyte-free and -infected tall fescue SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; WHITE CLOVER; GRASSES; AUTOTOXICITY; PERFORMANCE; INHIBITION; ALFALFA; FESTUCA AB Reports of allelopathy by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on Trifolium species are inconsistent. Many tall fescue plants are infected with a fungal endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams), which may account for some of the inconsistencies. My objective was to investigate the allelopathic effect of extracts of endophyte-free (TF-E) and -infected (TF+E) tall fescue seeds on the seed germination and seedling growth (shoot, root, and root-hair length and root-hair density) of five Trifolium species (ball clover, T. nigrescens Viv.; crimson clover, T. incarnatum L.; red clover, T. pratense L.; subterranean clover, T. subterraneum L.; and white clover, T. repens L.). Extracts were prepared by passing 50 g of seed through a pulverizing mill, soaking the milled seed in 500 mL of deionized water, filtering, and sterilizing the solution. Differences among allelopathic effects for seed germination were attributed to legume species. Although the presence of fungal endophyte had no effect on seed germination, germination of hall, crimson, and red clover seed was significantly reduced in extracts of tall fescue seed. Differences among allelopathic effects for shoot and root lengths were attributed to legume species. Seedling shoot length was significantly increased and root length was significantly decreased for clover seedlings grown in tall fescue extracts. Differences among allelopathic effects for Foot-hair length and density were attributed to species and substrate (TF-E vs. TF+E) differences. There was a 34% reduction in root-hair length and a 45% reduction in root-hair density for clover seedlings grown in seed extracts compared with seedlings grown in water. Seed germination and seedling shoot and root lengths inadequately expressed the subtle allelopathic effects of the fungal endophyte. Micromorphological characters, such as root hairs, may be more sensitive in detecting allelopathic effects. RP Springer, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,6883 S STATE HIGHWAY 23,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927, USA. NR 37 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1639 EP 1642 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100037 ER PT J AU Feng, Q Stalker, HT Pattee, HE AF Feng, Q Stalker, HT Pattee, HE TI Plant recovery of selfs and interspecific hybrids of Arachis by in vitro culture of peg tips SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SECTION ARACHIS; EMBRYO RESCUE; A-STENOSPERMA; WIDE CROSSES; HYPOGAEA; EMBRYOGENESIS AB Embryo abortion is a barrier to interspecific hybridization between cultivated and wild species of Arachis L., and in vitro culture of embryos prior to abortion is potentially useful for overcoming this problem. In Arachis, the peg tips encase the embryos as they move from above to below ground. The objectives of this research were to enhance the in vitro techniques to rescue selfed embryos of Arachis species and to apply this technique to obtain hybrid plants. Arachis hypogaea L. and four diploid wild species-A. glandulifera Stalker, A. duranensis Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, A. batizocoi Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, and A. valida Krapov. and W.C. Gregory-which have different degrees of compatibility with A. hypogaea were used. Ten-day-old peg tips were cultured on the combined MS and B5 media with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA(3)), and and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for 90 d. In vitro-developed ovules, embryos, or seeds were subcultured to regenerate plants. The results indicated that A. hypogaea had higher frequencies of pod and seed production than the wild species. Arachis glandulifera produced more pods and seeds than the other three wild species, and no significant difference in pod and seed production was found among A. duranensis, A. valida, and A. batizocoi. Selfed plants were recovered from all five species. In vitro development of hybrid embryos to the cotyledonary stage was observed in all eight interspecific crosses among A. hypogaea and the four Arachis diploids. Mature hybrid plants were recovered from seven of eight combinations. This is in contrast to plants recovered from five of eight hybrid combinations (including reciprocals) when pods were left on the plant. Arachis glandulifera x A. hypogaea hybrids which previously had been attempted, but not obtained, were recovered through peg tip culture followed by somatic embryogenesis. This study demonstrated that Arachis hybrid proembryos can be rescued through peg tip culture. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1660 EP 1666 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100040 ER PT J AU Senior, ML Chin, ECL Lee, M Smith, JSC Stuber, CW AF Senior, ML Chin, ECL Lee, M Smith, JSC Stuber, CW TI Simple sequence repeat markers developed from maize sequences found in the GENBANK database: Map construction SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; BRASSICA-NAPUS L; LINKAGE MAP; MICROSATELLITE DNA; MOLECULAR MARKERS; HUMAN GENOME; RICE; AMPLIFICATION; POLYMERASE; ABUNDANCE AB Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are rapidly becoming an important class of DNA markers that are being widely used to map both pi ant and animal genomes. SSRs have the advantage of providing a codominant marker system based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. Although the presence of SSRs is now wed documented in the plant kingdom, a mapped set of primer sequences in maize (Zea mays L.) is not available. Polymorphic primer pairs developed from maize sequences in GENBANK were mapped to 42 loci in maize by means of either a B73 x Mo17, Mo17 x H99, or B73 x G35 recombinant inbred population. All SSR loci were found to be linked to one or more adjacent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and/or isozyme loci. Segregation followed a pattern of Mendelian inheritance with one SSR locus deviating from expected ratios at a 1% level of significance. The SSRs were distributed throughout the maize genome with no evidence of clustering. Each SSR marker detected a single locus. C1 PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT GENET,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Senior, ML (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,MOL MARKER FACIL,BOX 7620,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 58 TC 130 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1676 EP 1683 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100043 ER PT J AU Blackman, SA Brown, KL Manalo, JR Roos, EE AF Blackman, SA Brown, KL Manalo, JR Roos, EE TI Embryo culture as a means to rescue deteriorated maize seeds SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN SEEDS; WHEAT SEEDS; GERMINATION AB Seed germplasm is received and stored at genebanks, such as the National Seed Storage Laboratory, to ensure that genetic diversity is available for future plant breeders. On occasion, low viability seeds are received or seeds may deteriorate unexpectedly between scheduled viability tests, resulting in accessions that cannot be successfully regenerated with routine procedures. In 1993 and 1994, experiments were conducted with the objective of developing procedures to improve the survival of low viability maize (Zea mays L.) seeds and thus avoid the loss of potentially valuable genes. To develop a seed rescue protocol, the effects of various antibiotics, C and other nutrient sources, and hormones were evaluated on the growth of excised hybrid maize embryos in tissue culture. Kanamycin and thiram were effective against bacterial and fungal contamination and improved the growth of aged embryos. Among the C sources tested, only sucrose stimulated growth of isolated embryos but not whole seeds. Complete nutrient mixtures containing macro- and micronutrients and vitamins did not stimulate growth of whole embryos, but they stimulated the growth of isolated axes. Among the hormones tested, only gibberellic acid stimulated the growth of the primary root. The seed rescue protocol developed through these experiments was tested on eight endangered maize landrace populations from Argentina. Six of these eight populations contained sufficient seed numbers to compare the embryo culture protocol with whole seed germination. Embryo culture resulted in a twofold increase, an average (range = 0.9-4.0), in plant recovery compared with whole seed germination. This protocol can be used to rescue maize germplasm accessions with a germination percentage below that which results in successful field regeneration. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. WEYERHAEUSER TECH CTR,TACOMA,WA 98477. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1693 EP 1698 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100046 ER PT J AU Voigt, PW Tischler, CR Poverene, MM AF Voigt, PW Tischler, CR Poverene, MM TI Seed dormancy and its alleviation in lovegrass hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LEHMANN LOVEGRASS; GERMINATION AB Weeping Lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, was introduced to the Americas for soil conservation. It is a useful forage only if intensively managed. Apomictic lovegrass hybrids, developed from introductions with higher forage quality, need to be evaluated in multiple environments to determine their potential. Studies were to be established in Argentina the same year seed was produced in the USA. This could only be accomplished if seed dormancy was low. Seed of experimental strains were harvested in 1993 and 1994 at Temple, TX. Germination and/or emergence experiments were conducted in alternating light-dark and dark environments. A mixture of 2-chloroethanol and sodium hypochlorite (CHL) was evaluated as a dormancy breaking treatment. The lovegrass hybrids studied in these experiments varied widely in germination, because of seed dormancy. This dormancy was largely dissipated after 0.75 yr of storage in a temperature-controlled laboratory. Thus, this post-harvest dormancy is short-lived compared with that of 'A-68' lehmann lovegrass, Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees. Absence of Light during germination usually inhibited germination, but in a few genotypes it promoted germination. Seed treatment with CHL compensated for absence of light. Effects of CHL on emergence did not decrease with time, but the difference between treated and untreated seed decreased as the post-harvest dormancy declined with seed ageing. Concerns about obtaining adequate plants for establishment of plots in South America the same year seed was harvested were valid. Treatment of seed with CHL was a rapid, easy, and effective procedure for breaking seed dormancy in E. curvula and in E. lehmanniana and for obtaining the numbers of plants required for evaluation experiments. However, CHL is toxic and should only be used for seed treatment in Laboratories where human exposure to the chemical can be controlled. C1 USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502. UNIV NACL SUR,DEPT AGRON,RA-8000 BAHIA BLANCA,ARGENTINA. RP Voigt, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,POB 400,BEAVER,WV 25813, USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1699 EP 1705 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100047 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Newell, LC Jacobson, ET Watkins, JE Reece, PE Bauer, DE AF Vogel, KP Newell, LC Jacobson, ET Watkins, JE Reece, PE Bauer, DE TI Registration of 'Pronghorn' prairie sandreed grass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68510. USDA,NRCS,LINCOLN,NE 68510. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,PANHANDLE RES & EXT CTR,SCOTTSBLUFF,NE 69361. UNIV NEBRASKA,EXT EDUC,AINSWORTH,NE 69210. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,344 KEIM HALL,POB 830937,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1712 EP 1712 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100050 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Hopkins, AA Moore, KJ Johnson, KD Carlson, IT AF Vogel, KP Hopkins, AA Moore, KJ Johnson, KD Carlson, IT TI Registration of 'Shawnee' switchgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; GENOTYPE C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,344 KEIM HALL,POB 830937,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 5 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1713 EP 1713 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100051 ER PT J AU May, OL Howle, DS Green, CC Culp, TW AF May, OL Howle, DS Green, CC Culp, TW TI Registration of PD-3-14 germplasm line of upland cotton with high yield and fiber quality SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT AGRON,FLORENCE,SC 29501. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT SEED CERTIFICAT,CLEMSON,SC 29634. DELTA & PINE LAND CO,HARTSVILLE,SC 29550. RP May, OL (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,USDA ARS,2200 POCKET RD,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1718 EP 1718 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VZ261 UT WOS:A1996VZ26100058 ER PT J AU Benson, EB Reed, BM Brennan, RM Clacher, KA Ross, DA AF Benson, EB Reed, BM Brennan, RM Clacher, KA Ross, DA TI Use of thermal analysis in the evaluation of cryopreservation protocols for Ribes nigrum L germplasm. SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE genetic resources; tissue culture; vitrification; encapsulation; differential scanning calorimetry ID APICAL MERISTEMS; LIQUID-NITROGEN; SHOOT-TIPS; SOMATIC EMBRYOS; VITRIFICATION; SURVIVAL; RESISTANCE; RUBUS; CELLS AB Shoot-tips of Ribes nigrum cultivars 'Ben Tron' and 'Ben More' were capable of surviving and regenerating new shoots following cryopreservation. Recovery responses were significantly enhanced when vitrification methods of cryopreservation were used. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that vitrification phenomena were reproducible and that it was possible to stabilise the glassy state on rewarming. The potential for Ribes germplasm cryopreservation to be utilised in large scale conservation initiatives is evaluated in this study. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. SCOTTISH CROP RES INST,DEPT SOFT FRUIT GENET,DUNDEE DD2 5DA,SCOTLAND. RP Benson, EB (reprint author), UNIV ABERTAY DUNDEE,SCH MOL & LIFE SCI,KYDD BLDG,BELL ST,DUNDEE DD1 1HG,SCOTLAND. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 18 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU CRYO LETTERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 7 WOOTTON WAY, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB3 9LX SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 17 IS 6 BP 347 EP 362 PG 16 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA VZ604 UT WOS:A1996VZ60400003 ER PT J AU Skory, CD Freer, SN Bothast, RJ AF Skory, CD Freer, SN Bothast, RJ TI Expression and secretion of the Candida wickerhamii extracellular beta-glucosidase gene, bglB, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE beta-glucosidase; Candida wickerhamii; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ID ACID-SEQUENCE SIMILARITIES; BOUND AROMA COMPOUNDS; ENZYMATIC-HYDROLYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MESSENGER-RNAS; YEAST; CLONING; CLASSIFICATION; INVERTASE; CELLULOSE AB The yeast Candida wickerhamii exports a cell-associated beta-glucosidase that is active against cellobiose and all soluble cellodextrins. Because of its unique ability to tolerate end-product inhibition by glucose, the bglB gene that encodes this enzyme was previously cloned and sequenced in this laboratory Using several different promoters and constructs, bglB was expressed in the hosts Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression was initially performed in E. coli using either the lacZ or tac promoter. This resulted in intracellular expression of the BglB protein with the protein being rapidly fragmented. Secretion and glycosylation of active beta-glucosidase was achieved with several different S. cerevisiae constructs utilizing either the adh1 or the gal1 promoter on 2-mu replicating plasmids. When either the invertase (Suc2) or the BglB secretion signal was used, BglB protein remained associated with the cell wall and appeared to be hyperglycosylated. Expression in P. pastoris was also examined to determine if higher activity and expression could be achieved in a yeast host that usually does not hyperglycosylate. Using the alcohol oxidase promoter in conjunction with either the pho1 or the alpha-factor secretion signal, the recombinant enzyme was successfully secreted and glycosylated in P. pastoris. However, levels of protein expression from the chromosomally integrated vector were insufficient to detect activity. RP Skory, CD (reprint author), USDA AGR UTILIZAT RES,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 5 BP 417 EP 422 DI 10.1007/s002940050151 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VW727 UT WOS:A1996VW72700007 PM 8929394 ER PT J AU Zaidi, BR Imam, SH Greene, RV AF Zaidi, BR Imam, SH Greene, RV TI Accelerated biodegradation of high and low concentrations of p-nitrophenol (PNP) by bacterial inoculation in industrial wastewater: The role of inoculum size on acclimation period SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; LAKE WATER; MINERALIZATION; ENVIRONMENTS; DEGRADATION; ADAPTATION; SUCCESS; SOIL AB The effect of inoculum size on the acclimation period and rate and extent of p-nitrophenol (PNP) degradation at high (1-10 mg/L) and low (26 mu g/L) concentrations for two bacteria was determined in defined media as well as industrial wastewater. Increased inoculum size did not affect the acclimation period of either bacterium at high (1-10 mg/L) PNP concentrations. At low PNP concentrations (26 mu g/L), the two bacteria behaved differently. The acclimation period was shortened and both the rate and extent of mineralization of PNP were enhanced by increasing the Corynebacterium sp. inoculum size from 3 X 10(5) to 3 X 10(6) cells/ml. Addition of phosphate or elimination of predators also reduced the acclimation period. Conversely, increasing the inoculum size from 3 X 10(5) to 5 X 10(6) cells/ml of Pseudomonas putida lengthened the acclimation period and reduced both the rate and extent of mineralization. It is suggested that, in a given environment, the success of an introduced species to enhance the degradation of a chemical depends upon (i) concentration of the chemical, (ii) selection of an appropriate microorganism and (iii) utilization of a suitable inoculum size. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Zaidi, BR (reprint author), UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT MARINE SCI,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681, USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 5 BP 292 EP 296 DI 10.1007/s002849900116 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VN447 UT WOS:A1996VN44700003 ER PT J AU Turner, MG Wear, DN Flamm, RO AF Turner, MG Wear, DN Flamm, RO TI Land ownership and land-cover change in the southern Appalachian highlands and the Olympic peninsula SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE land use; land-cover change; landscape ecology; Olympic Peninsula; remote sensing; southern Appalachians; spatial analysis ID LANDSCAPE PATTERNS; FOREST LANDSCAPE; DYNAMICS; MANAGEMENT; GEORGIA AB Social and economic considerations are among the most important drivers of landscape change, yet few studies have addressed economic and environmental influences on landscape structure, and how land ownership may affect landscape dynamics. Watersheds in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the southern Appalachian highlands of western North Carolina were studied to address two questions: (1) Does landscape pattern vary among federal, state, and private lands? (2) Do land-cover changes differ among owners, and if so, what variables explain the propensity of land to undergo change on federal, state, and private lands? Landscape changes were studied between 1975 and 1991 by using spatial databases and a time series of remotely sensed imagery. Differences in landscape pattern were observed between the two study regions and between different categories of land ownership. The proportion of the landscape in forest cover was greatest in the southern Appalachians for both U.S. National Forest and private lands, compared to any landownership category on the Olympic Peninsula. Greater variability in landscape structure through time and between ownership categories was observed on the Olympic Peninsula. On the Olympic Peninsula, landscape patterns did not differ substantially between commercial forest and state Department of Natural Resources lands, both of which are managed for timber, but differed between U.S. National Forest and noncommercial private land ownerships. In both regions, private lands contained less forest cover but a greater number of small forest patches than did public lands. Analyses of land-cover change based on multinomial legit models revealed differences in land-cover transitions through time, between ownerships and between the two study regions. Differences in land-cover transitions between time intervals suggested that additional factors (e.g., changes in wood products or agricultural prices, or changes in laws or policies) cause individuals or institutions to change land management. The importance of independent variables (slope, elevation, distance to roads and markets, and population density) in explaining land-cover change varied between ownerships. This methodology for analyzing land-cover dynamics across land units that encompass multiple owner types should be widely applicable to other landscapes. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RI Turner, Monica/B-2099-2010 NR 51 TC 194 Z9 202 U1 5 U2 41 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 1150 EP 1172 DI 10.2307/2269599 PG 23 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR856 UT WOS:A1996VR85600020 ER PT J AU Wear, DN Turner, MG Flamm, RO AF Wear, DN Turner, MG Flamm, RO TI Ecosystem management with multiple owners: Landscape dynamics in a southern Appalachian watershed SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; land-cover dynamics; landscape ecology; simulation modeling; southern Appalachians; spatial analysis ID BIODIVERSITY; PATTERN AB Ecosystem management is emerging as an organizing theme for land use and resource management in the United States. However, while this subject is dominating professional and policy discourse, little research has examined how such system-level goals might be formulated and implemented. Effective ecosystem management will require insights into the functioning of ecosystems at appropriate scales and their responses to human interventions, as well as factors such as resource markets and social preferences that hold important influence over land and resource use. In effect, such management requires an understanding of ecosystem processes that include human actors and social choices. We examine ecosystem management issues using spatial models that simulate landscape change for a study site in the southern Appalachian highlands of the United States. We attempt to frame a set of ecosystem management issues by examining how this landscape could develop under a number of different scenarios designed to reflect historical land-cover dynamics as well as hypothetical regulatory approaches to ecosystem management. Scenarios based on historical change show that recent shifts in social forces that drive land cover change on both public and private lands imply a more stable and a more forested landscape. Scenarios based on two hypothetical regulatory instruments indicate that public land management may have only limited influence on overall landscape pattern and that spatially targeted approaches on public and private lands may be more efficient than blanket regulation for achieving landscape-level goals. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ZOOL,MADISON,WI 53706. FLORIDA MARINE RES INST,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP Wear, DN (reprint author), FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,POB 12254,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. RI Turner, Monica/B-2099-2010 NR 24 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 1173 EP 1188 DI 10.2307/2269600 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR856 UT WOS:A1996VR85600021 ER PT J AU Zielinski, WJ Stauffer, HB AF Zielinski, WJ Stauffer, HB TI Monitoring Martes populations in California: Survey design and power analysis SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE detection; forest carnivores; Martes; monitoring; occurrence; sign survey; statistical power ID STATISTICAL POWER; TRENDS; PATTERNS; SIZE; ABUNDANCE AB Fishers (Martes pennanti) and American martens (M. anericana) have been protected from trapping in California since the mid-1900s, yet in portions of each of their historic ranges their numbers are extremely low, perhaps due to the effects of timber harvest. We propose a method capable of detecting declines in the occurrence and distribution of fishers or martens using baited track-plate stations. The proposed sampling unit is a small grid of stations that has a high probability of detecting animals when they are present. These multistation units are sufficiently spaced to meet the assumption of independence for a binomial model. We propose a stratified random sampling design with strata sampled for proportions of occurrence at discrete points in time. Stratification is based on variation in occurrence by region and is estimated from preliminary survey data. A previously published bias adjustment is applied to the proportion of units with detections to adjust for possible failure to detect resident individuals at a sampling unit. A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to determine the sample size necessary to detect 20 and 50% declines, with 80% power, in the proportion of sampling units with occurrence. We assume a 10-yr sampling interval. Sensitivity analysis, using a range of values for means and standard deviations of strata proportions, determined that power was much more sensitive to changes in mean than the standard deviation. When the best current estimates of the fisher strata proportions were input for 10 strata (five regional and two habitat) in California, 115 and 17 sampling units per stratum were necessary to detect 20 and 50% declines, respectively. For some circumstances this sampling effort was also sufficient to achieve strata estimates with 5% error and to detect statistical differences between individual stratum proportions. The steps in the process of implementing a monitoring program for Pacific fishers in California are outlined as an example of the planning and preparation necessary to monitor changes in the distribution of a rare forest carnivore. C1 HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE,ARCATA,CA 95521. HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH,ARCATA,CA 95521. RP Zielinski, WJ (reprint author), FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,REDWOOD SCI LAB,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 57 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 6 IS 4 BP 1254 EP 1267 DI 10.2307/2269605 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR856 UT WOS:A1996VR85600026 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Evaluation of the hazard quotient method for risk assessment of selenium SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID BIOACCUMULATION; TOXICITY; FISH AB Environmental contamination with selenium from industrial and agricultural sources has poisoned fish and wildlife at several locations in the United States, Monitoring and risk assessment activities are currently being conducted by many state and Federal agencies, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends a hazard quotient (HQ) method (waterborne concentration divided by the national water quality criterion) to assess the toxic threat of individual waterborne elements, including selenium, An evaluation of the EPA HQ method was conducted by comparing it to a recently published protocol (Protocol) for selenium assessment. Hazard estimates obtained using HQ were found to be invalid because the EPA water quality criterion is outdated, and the procedure uses mean rather than maximum waterborne concentrations, The HQ method seriously underestimates hazard and could lead to risk management decisions that would not protect fish and wildlife from selenium toxicity, The Protocol method provides an accurate assessment because it evaluates hazard by examining multiple exposure pathways on a site-specific basis, Until a revised (lowered) national water quality criterion is available, the EPA HQ method should not be used for selenium, Even then, with the availability of the Protocol, HQ analysis should be restricted to data sets where water is the primary or sole source of information on environmental concentrations of selenium. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA TECH, US FOREST SERV, SO RES STN, COLDWATER FISHERIES RES UNIT, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. NR 30 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 EI 1090-2414 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 35 IS 2 BP 156 EP 162 DI 10.1006/eesa.1996.0095 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VV172 UT WOS:A1996VV17200009 PM 8950538 ER PT J AU Fleet, JC Cashman, K Cox, K Rosen, V AF Fleet, JC Cashman, K Cox, K Rosen, V TI The effects of aging on the bone inductive activity of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-HORMONE; VITAMIN-D; MESSENGER-RNA; FEMALE RATS; AGE; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIFFERENTIATION; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; PROLIFERATION; SUPPRESSION AB We examined the effects of aging on the ectopic bone-forming ability of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in rats and investigated the mechanism by which aging might affect this type of bone. Bone formation induced after 12 days of sc implantation of 5 mu g rhBMP-2 was reduced as animals aged from 1-16 months. The osteocalcin messenger RNA levels of implants also declined in aging animals. When the implant period was doubled, 16-month-old rats formed amounts of bone equivalent to those in 3-month-old rats. Increasing the dose of rhBMP-2 increased bone formation in older rats. To get a response comparable to that seen in 1-month-old rats given 5 mu g rhBMP-2 for 12 days, 3-month-old rats required 30 mu g rhBMP-2, whereas 16-month-old rats required 60 mu g. Treatment with either GH or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 during the 12-day implantation period returned the bone formation in 16-month-old rats to that in 3-month-old rats. These studies show that aging blunts rhBMP-2-induced bone formation in rats. We speculate that the decreased response may be due in part to a decrease in the number of mesenchymal stem cells present in older rats or to a change in the responsiveness of these target cells to rhBMP-2. C1 GENET INST INC, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02144 USA. RP Fleet, JC (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV, USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, MINERAL BIOAVAILABIL LAB,ROOM 824, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 39 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 137 IS 11 BP 4605 EP 4610 DI 10.1210/en.137.11.4605 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VN809 UT WOS:A1996VN80900011 PM 8895323 ER PT J AU Honda, J Han, MW Leppla, NC AF Honda, J Han, MW Leppla, NC TI Sodium polyacrylamide polyacrylate, a gelling agent in diets for cabbage looper omnivorous looper and western avocado leafroller SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE artificial diets; Water-Lock; gelling agents; Sabulodes aegrotata; Amorbia cuneana; Trichoplusia ni ID SCREWWORM DIPTERA; CALLIPHORIDAE AB Ingredient substitutions for agar or carrageenan in artificial diets for lepidopterous larvae were evaluated. A sodium polyacrylamide polyacrylate gelling agent, Water-Lock G-400, was compared with agar for solidifying diets of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), omnivorous looper, Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenee), and the western avocado leafroller, Amorbia cuneana Walsingham. Water-Lock G-400 is considerably less expensive than agar or carrageenan, it does not require heating to gel, and it is made from a dependable supply of agricultural starch. Sabulodes aegrotata pupae from larvae reared on agar were significantly heavier than those reared on Water-Lock G-400. However, the remainder of the variables observed (larval survival, developmental times, fecundity, sex ratio and pupal weights for A. cuneana and T. ni) were all independent of diet. Decreasing the total amount of ingredients in a Water-Lock-G-400 diet produced fewer and smaller T. ni pupae than did an agar diet when the larvae were reared using a mass production protocol. However, these lower values were still above acceptable levels for mass production and reduced the cost of diet production by 65%. Further ingredient substitutions impaired larval development (i.e., replacing pinto beans with soy protein or combinations of soy protein and alpha-cellulose), while others did not (i.e., excluding pinto beans and reducing water content and replacing pinto beans with alpha- cellulose or corn cob grits). Moisture control by adding corn cob grits to diets increased the yield of pupae, while removing water from diets increased survivorship and the yield of pupae. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RURAL DEV ADM,AGR SCI & TECHNOL INST,DEPT ENTOMOL,SUWON 441707,SOUTH KOREA. NATL BIOL CONTROL INST,RIVERDALE,MD 20737. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 81 IS 2 BP 175 EP 180 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR380 UT WOS:A1996VR38000006 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Lewis, TM AF Horton, DR Lewis, TM TI Effects of fenoxycarb on ovarian development, spring fecundity and longevity in winterform pear psylla SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE diapause; fenoxycarb; insect growth regulators; overwintering; fecundity; Cacopsylla pyricola ID PYRICOLA HOMOPTERA AB The insect growth regulator fenoxycarb prompts ovarian development in diapausing winterform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). We applied fenoxycarb to caged psylla in September, November, and December to test whether premature ovarian development reduced overwintering survival, spring fecundity, or spring longevity. Fenoxycarb prompted ovarian development in all treated psylla, with the largest effects occurring in the September-treated insects. Recovery of live psylla in spring was 46-95% in treated insects and 72-92% in controls; overwintered insects from the fenoxycarb treatments survived field temperatures below -20 degrees C despite having had mature ovaries. Fecundity and longevity of psylla were the same in treated and untreated insects, indicating that overwintering with mature ovaries did not cause reduced spring egglaying capacity. Several treated insects each deposited over 1900 eggs and survived more than 120 days. Due to their more advanced development, treated insects had higher oviposition rates than controls during the first 5 days after removal from the field. The largest impact on spring fitness was due to the effects of fenoxycarb on egg hatch. Eggs deposited on clean foliage by September-treated females were less likely to hatch than eggs deposited by controls, suggesting that fenoxycarb affected developing eggs within the female. Prospects for using fenoxycarb in fall to control pear psylla appear to be limited. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,5230 KONNOWAC PASS RD,WAPATO,WA 98951, USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 81 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR380 UT WOS:A1996VR38000007 ER PT J AU Schaefer, PW Barth, SE White, HB AF Schaefer, PW Barth, SE White, HB TI Predation by Enallagma civile (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) on adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article RP Schaefer, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BENEFICIAL INSECTS INTRO RES LAB,501 S CHAPEL ST,NEWARK,DE 19713, USA. RI White, Harold/B-8024-2008 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 107 IS 5 BP 275 EP 276 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT311 UT WOS:A1996VT31100006 ER PT J AU Schaefer, PW AF Schaefer, PW TI Releases of Dinorhynchus dybowskyi in USA (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and apparent failure to establish SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB During the period of 1979-1981, nymphs of Dinorhynchus dybowskyi were released at 4 sites in three states. At Wetherfield, CT, one egg mass (containing 48 eggs) was found indicating successful reproduction had occurred in at least one pair of released individuals. Those eggs successfully overwintered but only 15% hatched due to high mortality, including 21% parasitism by Anastatus japonicus (=disparis). Field surveys in 1982, 1983 and 1995 at former release sites all failed to reveal any evidence of D. dybowskyi establishment. RP Schaefer, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BENEFICIAL INSECTS INTRO RES LAB,NEWARK,DE 19713, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 107 IS 5 BP 277 EP 280 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT311 UT WOS:A1996VT31100008 ER PT J AU Gause, WC Lu, P Zhou, XD Chen, SJ Madden, KB Morris, SC Linsley, PS Finkelman, FD Urban, JF AF Gause, WC Lu, P Zhou, XD Chen, SJ Madden, KB Morris, SC Linsley, PS Finkelman, FD Urban, JF TI H-polygyrus: B7-independence of the secondary type 2 response SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Th2 cytokines; CD4(+) T cells; CD28; B7; costimulation ID CYTOKINE GENE-EXPRESSION; CD4+ T-CELLS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; GOAT ANTIBODY; IGE RESPONSE; MOUSE IGD; ANTIGEN; IL-4; MICE; INTERLEUKIN-4 AB The gastrointestinal nematode parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, has been used extensively in experimental studies of host immunity. The pronounced type 2 primary immune response to H. polygyrus is associated with elevated CD4(+), TCR-alpha/beta(+) T cell IL-4 production and elevated serum IgE levels that are blocked by inhibiting CD28/ CTLA4-B7 interactions following in vivo administration of the chimeric fusion protein, CTLA4Ig. In the present study, we have examined the in vivo effects of blocking CTLA4Ig ligands on the secondary type 2 mucosal host protective immune response to this parasite. Our results show that although CD4(+), TCR-alpha/beta(+) cells remain the primary source of elevated IL-4 during the secondary response, the protective immune response and the effector cell activity associated with it is B7-independent as CTLA4Ig administration al the time of challenge does not block (1) elevations in T cell IL-4 gene expression or protein secretion; (2) elevations in serum IgE levels, mucosal mastocytosis, or eosinophilia: or (3) host protection, as measured by adult worm burden and fecundity. These findings suggest that memory T helper cells do not require CD28-B7 interactions for their activation to effector cells that can mediate a host protective type 2 immune response. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT PEDIAT,BETHESDA,MD 20814. UNIV CINCINNATI,COLL MED,DEPT MED,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,DEPT CELLULAR IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98121. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Gause, WC (reprint author), UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,4301 JONES BRIDGE RD,BETHESDA,MD 20814, USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 21328] NR 27 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0014-4894 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 84 IS 2 BP 264 EP 273 DI 10.1006/expr.1996.0112 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VV584 UT WOS:A1996VV58400017 PM 8932776 ER PT J AU Kie, JG AF Kie, JG TI The effects of cattle grazing on optimal foraging in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ungulates in Temperate Forest Ecosystems CY APR 23-27, 1995 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Inst Forestry & Nat Res, Wageningen Agr Univ, Dept Terrestrial Ecol & Nat Conservat DE mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; black-tailed deer; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus; optimal foraging; competition ID PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; MOOSE; OPTIMIZATION; HERBIVORE; SHIFTS AB A previous study of different cattle stocking rates on activity patterns of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on summer range in California found that deer spent more time feeding and less time resting with increased cattle stocking rates (Kie et al., 1991). During a year of normal precipitation, deer spent more time feeding per day in late summer than in early summer in pastures grazed by cattle, In a drier year, deer spent less time feeding per day in late summer in grazed pastures. Deer increased their time spent feeding by including more feeding bouts each day, not by increasing the length of each foraging bout. Deer were also reluctant to forage at night, particularly when there was a full moon. Based on these results, we hypothesized that female mule deer act as time-minimizers when forage conditions are good, but shift to a energy-maximizing strategy when forage conditions are poor (Kie et al., 1991). Preliminary results from subsequent research on black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus) on Mediterranean-climate, foothill winter range found that deer acted as energy-maximizers and spent less time feeding with increasing cattle stocking rates during the fall and early winter when herbaceous forage was in limited supply, After mid-January when herbaceous plants began growing rapidly there appeared to be no competition for forage between deer and cattle, and increased cattle stocking rates had no effect on the time spent foraging by deer. These results were consistent with the original hypothesis. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,FRESNO,CA 93710. RP Kie, JG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,1401 GEKELER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03818-2 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WB333 UT WOS:A1996WB33300016 ER PT J AU Boroski, BB Barrett, RH Timossi, IC Kie, JG AF Boroski, BB Barrett, RH Timossi, IC Kie, JG TI Modelling habitat suitability for black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in heterogeneous landscapes SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ungulates in Temperate Forest Ecosystems CY APR 23-27, 1995 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Inst Forestry & Nat Res, Wageningen Agr Univ, Dept Terrestrial Ecol & Nat Conservat DE Odocoileus hemionus columbianus; habitat suitability; modelling; GIS ID HOME-RANGE AB The California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (CWHR) System is a set of standardized procedures including an information system describing the management status, distribution, life history, and habitat requirements of 643 species of terrestrial vertebrates regularly occurring in California. The original CWHR Database consisted of a series of non-spatial, matrix models, including one for black-tailed deer. A series of second-generation models incorporates explicit spatial relations for use within a geographic information system. These models were designed for landscapes larger than 60 000 ha with a minimum mapping unit of 0.8 ha. As part of our development of a third-generation model applicable to landscape depictions with a minimum mapping unit of 0.06 ha, we assessed the utility of a measure of landscape composition, and an interspersion index, both based on feeding and cover habitat suitability classes found within deer home ranges. General linear model analysis indicated that the percentage of the home range comprised by each class and the interspersion index were correlated (P < 0.05) with feeding-cover class, site, the interaction between feeding-cover class and site, and the interaction between home range type (actual or random) and site. The percentage of home ranges comprised by feeding-cover class and the level of interspersion within home ranges differed significantly by suitability class. We detected differences between actual deer home ranges and random home ranges of similar size only within the site that had significant separation in the composition of classes and the interspersion of classes. This suggests that landscape representations resulting in classes with similar composition levels and similar levels of interspersion at the scale of the animal's home range may hinder the assessment of habitat use within home ranges by promoting Type II errors. We demonstrated that organism-centered specifications for extent and grain can be defined from a generic structural representation of the landscape using functional-based models. Spatial extent was defined using the adaptive kernel home range estimator. Within this extent, habitat suitability classes based on feeding and cover produced the grain size for black-tailed deer (mean 0.44 ha, range 0.06-7.79 ha), Furthermore, this approach portrayed the low feeding-high cover matrix class exerting the dominant influence within home ranges. Thus, we suggest measures of landscape composition and interspersion may be useful for characterizing landscapes when assessing habitat use by deer. They may also be of value to natural resource managers attempting to predict the response of deer to proposed changes in land use. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Boroski, BB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,2081 E SIERRA AVE,FRESNO,CA 93710, USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03821-2 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WB333 UT WOS:A1996WB33300020 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA AF Hanley, TA TI Potential role of deer (cervidae) as ecological indicators of forest management SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ungulates in Temperate Forest Ecosystems CY APR 23-27, 1995 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Inst Forestry & Nat Res, Wageningen Agr Univ, Dept Terrestrial Ecol & Nat Conservat DE biodiversity; bioindicator; conservation; landscape; land-use analysis; planning; forest management; animal (deer) ecology ID UNGULATE; EUROPE AB Many species of forest-inhabiting deer offer strong potential as ecological indicators of forest management and diversity at broad, landscape scales. They have high potential value for land-use planning. Four main characteristics make such deer particularly suited as ecological indicators of forest management: (1) Their biology is well known, especially in relation to that of most other wildlife species; (2) They have relatively large, and often, seasonally migratory home ranges, therefore requiring management of landscapes rather than isolated patches of habitat; (3) They require a habitat that is diverse in food and cover, temporally, spatially, and genetically; and (4) They are important to people for both food and aesthetic value and are not an abstract concept such as 'biodiversity.' Deer species, therefore, often provide a means of evaluating land-use alternatives in biologically meaningful, theoretically sound, and socially relevant terms. Their potential should not be overlooked in efforts aimed at forest management in an ecosystem context and the maintenance of biologically diverse wildlife communities. RP Hanley, TA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,POB 20909,JUNEAU,AK 99802, USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 199 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03803-0 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WB333 UT WOS:A1996WB33300024 ER PT J AU Lanford, BL Stokes, BJ AF Lanford, BL Stokes, BJ TI Comparison of two thinning systems .2. Productivity and costs SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN PINE AB A side-by-side comparison of two popular thinning systems, a skidder system and a forwarder system, was made during winter logging conditions in southern Alabama. The first report of this study addressed stand and site impacts of these two thinning systems. This report focuses on productivity and costs while thinning an 18-year-old loblolly pine plantation. The skidder system used a feller-buncher with a shear head followed by a grapple skidder that transported bunches of trees and delimbed them with a gate delimber. A loader/slasher combination processed trees into 7.5-foot lengths and loaded tractor trailers. The forwarder system used two machines: a harvester and a forwarder. The harvester felled, delimbed, and bucked trees into 7.5-foot or cut-to-length pulpwood. The forwarder loaded processed wood and transported it to setout trailers. Production rates were sampled using time and production studies for each machine in the two systems. Production rates and estimated costs were combined for each system to give overall system costs. System production was limited by the woods transport vehicles, the single skidder for the skidder system, and the forwarder for the forwarder system. Weekly production rates were 261 cords for the skidder system and 249 cords with cut-to-length wood and 200 cords with 7.5-foot wood for the forwarder system. Cost per cord was slightly lower for the forwarder system using cut-to-length wood as compared to the skidder system, a difference of $0.14, and higher for the forwarder system in 7.5-foot wood, a difference of $3.77. C1 AUBURN UNIV,US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,ENGN RES UNIT,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Lanford, BL (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,ALABAMA AGR EXPT STN,SCH FORESTRY,M WHITE SMITH HALL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 11-12 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VX881 UT WOS:A1996VX88100014 ER PT J AU Geimer, RL Christiansen, AW AF Geimer, RL Christiansen, AW TI Critical variables in the rapid cure and bonding of phenolic resins SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORMALDEHYDE; PARTICLEBOARD AB Research conducted over the past 8 years on the curing and bonding characteristics of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is summarized and interpreted. PF resins exposed to controlled temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions exhibit faster cure rates with increases in RH. Chemical cure (exothermic activity measured by a differential scanning calorimeter), however, develops at a slower rate than mechanical cure (derived from stiffness measurements of a dynamic mechanical analyzer). Bond strength development (shown by lap shear tests of flake pairs) also lags behind mechanical cure but shows a peak rate at some optimum RH. Investigations have shown that boards can have maximum bending and internal bond strengths even though cure levels and flake pair bond strengths are relatively low. Conversely, boards with only marginal properties can result even at high levels of resin cure and flake bond strength. We believe the cured resin is substantially weakened by moisture, thus lowering its ability to counteract the internal forces. Extended press times are required to eliminate excess moisture and produce boards with adequate strength. Recommendations for future research are given. RP Geimer, RL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 11-12 BP 67 EP 72 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VX881 UT WOS:A1996VX88100018 ER PT J AU Vick, CB Geimer, RL Wood, JE AF Vick, CB Geimer, RL Wood, JE TI Flakeboards from recycled CCA-treated southern pine lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ADHESIVE; BONDS AB Large volumes of nonbiodegradable preservative-treated demolition wood must be disposed of in the near and distant future. Landfilling presents long-term problems, and burning is not acceptable, except in certified incinerators, because combustion products contain toxic chemicals. Recycling of treated wood into flakeboards suitable for siding, sheathing, and flooring for high decay-hazard applications may be practicable and a lower cost alternative to disposal in the environment. In this study, flakeboards were made of ring-cut flakes from recycled southern pine lumber that had been treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Flakes were bonded with a liquid phenol-formaldehyde resin. The preservative treatment lowered all property values substantially below those of untreated flakeboards. However, physical and mechanical properties of CCA-treated flakeboards were enhanced by spraying flakes with a 5 percent solids aqueous solution of hydroxymethylated resorcinol primer just before spraying and blending of the resin. RP Vick, CB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 8 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 11-12 BP 89 EP 91 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VX881 UT WOS:A1996VX88100022 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Schreuder, HT AF Williams, MS Schreuder, HT TI Prediction of gross tree volume using regression models with non-normal error distributions SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bias; prediction intervals; S-u distribution ID VARIANCE; WEIGHTS AB Previous work in weighted linear regression, where weight functions are used to obtain homogeneous variance on a transformed scale, has often assumed that the errors are normally distributed. In a study of four data sets, three of which were actual data sets with unknown error distributions and one an artificial set with a known error distribution, this assumption is incorrect. Consequently, we tested a transformation of the normal distribution, called the S-U distribution, and compared it with the normal as an alternative, For three of the four data sets studied,the S-U distribution was superior. Prediction intervals and biases for the regression estimators generated using the S-U and normal distributions were also evaluated, Results for the S-U distribution bettered those for the normal distribution in three of the four data sets. For the remaining data set, they were comparable. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,240 W PROSPECT,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 419 EP 430 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VR315 UT WOS:A1996VR31500003 ER PT J AU Clinton, BD Vose, JM Swank, WT AF Clinton, BD Vose, JM Swank, WT TI Shifts in aboveground and forest floor carbon and nitrogen pools after felling and burning in the southern Appalachians SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fire; site preparation; nutrient retention; Kalmia latifolia L; stand restoration ID PINE-HARDWOOD STANDS; BIOMASS; DECOMPOSITION; AVAILABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; FIXATION; LOCUST; LOSSES; WATER; SOIL AB Changes in aboveground and forest floor mass, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) pools were quantified on three sites in the southern Appalachians 2 yr after felling and burning, Before fel ling and burning, stands were characterized by sparse overstories and dense Kalmia latifolia L. understories, Two years after burning, foliar C and N pools had reached 25% and 29% of pretreatment levels, respectively. Foliar N concentrations were not different from pretreatment values, Standing wood C and N pools were 1% and 2%, respectively, of pretreatment values, Wood N concentrations were significantly higher on two sites, likely related to differences in fire intensity, Forest floor N content 2 yr after burning was 90% of pretreatment levels, most contained in unconsumed large woody material. Forest floor mass was significantly lower in the Oi layer and unchanged in the Oe+Oa layers. Forest floor N concentrations were generally lower after treatment. The site with the least intense fire and the lowest mass loss from the forest floor had the highest forest floor, foliage, and wood N concentrations 2 yr after burning. Site recovery after felling and burning was a function of five severity and the capacity for site-nutrient retention through plant uptake. RP Clinton, BD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 431 EP 441 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VR315 UT WOS:A1996VR31500004 ER PT J AU Nowak, DJ AF Nowak, DJ TI Estimating leaf area and leaf biomass of open-grown deciduous urban trees SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE allometric equations; urban vegetation; urban ecology AB Logarithmic regression equations were developed to predict leaf area and leaf biomass for open-grown deciduous urban trees based on stem diameter and crown parameters, Equations based on crown parameters produced more reliable estimates. The equations can be used to help quantify forest structure and functions, particularly in urbanizing and urban/suburban areas. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), SUNY COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,5 MOON LIB,SYRACUSE,NY 13210, USA. NR 6 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 23 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 504 EP 507 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VR315 UT WOS:A1996VR31500012 ER PT J AU Zainal, HA LaCroix, DE Wolf, WR AF Zainal, HA LaCroix, DE Wolf, WR TI Utilization of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to study the oxidation kinetics of selenomethionine SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID EXCHANGE AB Ion-exchange LC and spectroscopic supporting techniques have been successfully used to study the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation reactions of selenomethionine (SeMet). Oxidation of selenomethionine with both cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) proceeds through a stable intermediate which undergoes cyclization and C-Se bond cleavage to form 2-amino-4-butyrolactone. This stable intermediate was identified by IR spectroscopy as methionine dihydroxy selenide. The CH3-Se moiety of SeMet formed methyl selenic acid upon reaction with H2O2 and methyl selenocyanate (CH3SeCN), characterized by GC-MS, for the reaction with CNBr. Both reactions were of apparent first order with respect to the concentration of SeMet. A rate constant (k(1)) of 4.0 x 10(-3) s(-1) for the reaction of SeMet with H2O2 and 4.0 x 10(-4) s(-1) for the reaction with CNBr were determined at a temperature of 22 degrees C. Oxidation of methionine (Met) gives disparate kinetics and oxidation products from SeMet. Thus the differential rate method can be utilized to quantitatively separate SeMet in biological samples in the presence of much higher concentrations of Met. C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 356 IS 5 BP 311 EP 314 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VQ578 UT WOS:A1996VQ57800001 ER PT J AU Kim, YI Salomon, RN GraemeCook, F Choi, SW Smith, DE Dallal, GE Mason, JB AF Kim, YI Salomon, RN GraemeCook, F Choi, SW Smith, DE Dallal, GE Mason, JB TI Dietary folate protects against the development of macroscopic colonic neoplasia in a dose responsive manner in rats SO GUT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 95th Annual Meeting of the American-Gastroenterological-Association CY MAY 14-17, 1995 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Gastroenterol Assoc, Astra AB, Goteborg DE colorectal cancer; chemoprevention; folate; dimethylhydrazine; DNA methylation ID COLORECTAL-CANCER; DNA METHYLATION; FOLIC-ACID; 1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE; COORDINATE REGULATION; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; DEFICIENCY; CARCINOGENESIS; HOMOCYSTEINE AB Background and Aims-Diminished folate status is associated with enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis. This study investigated the potential chemopreventive role of dietary folate in the dimethylhydrazine colorectal cancer model. Subjects and Methods-Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing either 0, 2 (daily dietary requirement), 8 or 40 mg folate/kg diet for 20 weeks. After five weeks of diet, rats were injected with dimethylhydrazine (44 mg/kg) weekly for 15 weeks. Fifteen weeks after the first injection of dimethylhydrazine, all rats were killed. Folate status was determined, and the entire colorectum from each rat was analysed for macroscopic and microscopic neoplasms. Results-Plasma and colonic folate concentrations correlated directly with dietary folate levels (p<0 . 005). The incidence of microscopic neoplasms was similar among the four groups. However, the incidence and the average number of macroscopic tumours per rat decreased progressively with increasing dietary folate levels up to 8 mg/kg diet (p<0 . 05). In the strongly procarcinogenic milieu used in this study, folate supplementation at 20 times the basal requirement was associated with rates of macroscopic tumour development that were intermediate, and not statistically distinct, from rates observed at either 0 or 8 mg/kg diet. Conclusions-These data indicate that in this rat model, (a) increasing dietary folate up to four times the basal requirement leads to a progressive reduction in the evolution of macroscopic neoplasms from microscopic foci; and (b) folate supplementation beyond four times the requirement does not convey further benefit. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,DIV BIOSTAT,VITAMIN BIOAVAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV CLIN NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02111. HARVARD UNIV,MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA. FU NCI NIH HHS [1UO1 CA63812-01] NR 70 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 9 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0017-5749 J9 GUT JI Gut PD NOV PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 732 EP 740 DI 10.1136/gut.39.5.732 PG 9 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA WA445 UT WOS:A1996WA44500020 PM 9014775 ER PT J AU Stevens, MG Olsen, SC Palmer, MV Pugh, GW AF Stevens, MG Olsen, SC Palmer, MV Pugh, GW TI Immune responses and resistance to brucellosis in mice vaccinated orally with Brucella abortus RB51 SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID BALB/C MICE; SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; GAMMA-INTERFERON; MUTANT STRAINS; ROUGH MUTANT; CATTLE; INFECTION; PROTEINS; BRUCELLA-ABORTUS-2308; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AB Immune responses and resistance to infection with Brucella abortus 2308 (S2308) were measured in mice following oral or intraperitoneal (i.p.) vaccination with strain RB51 (SRB51). Bacteria persisted in the parotid lymph node for 4 weeks following oral vaccination of mice with 5 x 10(8) or 5 x 10(6) CFU of SRB51. Bacteria did not appear in the spleen during 12 weeks after oral vaccination, whereas they did appear in the spleen for 8 weeks following i.p. vaccination of mice with SRB51 (5 x 10(8) or 5 x 10(6) CFU). Increased resistance to S2308 infection occurred at 12 to 20 weeks in mice vaccinated i.p. with SRB51 (5 x 10(8) or 5 x 10(6) CFU) but occurred at 12 weeks only in mice vaccinated orally with SRB51 (5 x 10(8) CFU). Oral SRB51 vaccination induced lower levels of antibodies to the surface antigens of intact SRB51 bacteria that did i.p. vaccination. However, neither route of vaccination induced anamnestic antibody responses to the surface antigens of intact S2308 bacteria after challenge infection of the vaccinated mice with S2308. Mice vaccinated orally with SRB51 and challenged with S2308 at 12 to 20 weeks had lower and less persistent spleen cell proliferation and production of gamma interferon in response to S2308 and certain immunodominant S2308 proteins (32 to less than or equal to 18 kDa) than did mice vaccinated i.p. with SRB51. However, mice vaccinated orally or i.p. with SRB51 and challenged with S2308 had similar spleen cell tumor necrosis factor alpha production. These results indicate that oral vaccination of mice with SRB51 was effective in inducing protective immunity to S2308 infection, although the immunity was lower and less persistent than that induced by i.p. vaccination. The lower protective immunity induced by oral vaccination may have resulted from lower and less persistent cell-mediated immunity and gamma interferon production in response to S2308 and S2308 proteins. RP Stevens, MG (reprint author), ARS, ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, USDA, 2300 DAYTON AVE, AMES, IA 50010 USA. NR 45 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 64 IS 11 BP 4534 EP 4541 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VP428 UT WOS:A1996VP42800018 PM 8890203 ER PT J AU Wyatt, CR Davis, WC Knowles, DP Goff, WL Palmer, GH McGuire, TC AF Wyatt, CR Davis, WC Knowles, DP Goff, WL Palmer, GH McGuire, TC TI Effect on intraerythrocytic Anaplasma marginale of soluble factors from infested calf blood mononuclear cells SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CATTLE; INHIBITION; CYTOKINES; INFECTION AB Blood mononuclear cells lymphocytes and monocytes) were isolated from infected calves during in vivo control of acute anaplasmosis and cultured with Anaplasma marginale organisms. Supernatants from the cultures reduced the proportion of erythrocytes containing viable, marginale in vitro, indicating that an antibody-independent mechanism of rickettsemia control might occur during acute anaplasmosis. C1 USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Wyatt, CR (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 64 IS 11 BP 4846 EP 4849 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VP428 UT WOS:A1996VP42800065 PM 8890250 ER PT J AU Grant, RH Heisler, GM AF Grant, RH Heisler, GM TI Solar ultraviolet-B and photosynthetically active irradiance in the urban sub-canopy: A survey of influences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE UV radiation; modeling; urban climates ID RADIATION; SURFACE; MODELS; FOREST; FLUX AB Stratospheric ozone loss in mid-latitudes is expected to increase the ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation at the earth's surface. Impacts of this expected increase will depend on many factors, including the distribution of light in other wavelengths. Measurements of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UVB irradiance were made under clear skies at an open field and under the canopy of scattered trees in a suburban area in W. Lafayette, Indiana, USA (latitude 40.5 degrees). Results showed that when there was significant sky view, the UVB penetration into sub-canopy spaces differs greatly from that of PAR. The UVB T-canopy (transmittance; irradiance below canopy/irradiance in open) was inversely related to sky view. The UVB irradiance did not vary as greatly between shaded and sunlit areas as did PAR. Analysis of measurements made near a brick wall indicated that the leaf area of a canopy and the brick wall primarily acted to block fractions of the sky radiance and contributed little scattered UVB to the horizontal plant. A model was developed to predict the UVB and PAR T-canopy based on diffuse fraction, sky view, and porosity of the crown(s) through which the beam is penetrating. The model accounted for the UVB and PAR T-canopy to within 0.13 and 0.05 root mean squared error (RMSE), respectively. Analysis of the errors due to model assumptions indicated that care must be taken in describing the sky radiance distribution, the porosity of trees, the penetration of dif fuse radiation through porous trees, and the location of sky-obstructing trees and buildings. C1 SUNY COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,MOON LIB,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. RP Grant, RH (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0020-7128 J9 INT J BIOMETEOROL JI Int. J. Biometeorol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1007/BF01221393 PG 12 WC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology SC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology GA WH593 UT WOS:A1996WH59300007 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Boyd, R AF Uri, ND Boyd, R TI The impact of crude oil price fluctuations on unemployment in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE causality; crude oil; economic activity; price volatility; unemployment ID MACROECONOMY; TESTS AB This study begins by asking whether fluctuations in the price of crude oil have affected employment in the United States. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between unemployment and crude oil price volatility is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before measurable impacts of a percentage change in the real price of crude oil on the change in unemployment are exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in unemployment, the volatility of the price of crude oil and the percentage change in gross national product is examined. C1 OHIO UNIV,DEPT ECON,ATHENS,OH 45701. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM DIV,1301 NEW YORK AVE,NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0363-907X J9 INT J ENERG RES JI Int. J. Energy Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1003 EP 1014 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Energy & Fuels; Nuclear Science & Technology GA VR998 UT WOS:A1996VR99800009 ER PT J AU Dixon, ZR Burri, BJ Neidlinger, TR AF Dixon, ZR Burri, BJ Neidlinger, TR TI Nutrient density estimates from an average of food frequency and food records correlate well with serum concentrations of vitamins E and the carotenoids in free-living adults SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCES AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID PLASMA RETINOL; CANCER AB Dietary intakes are usually estimated by either a food frequency test, or by food records. We hypothesized that dietary intake estimates for fat soluble vitamins might be more accurate if information from both food frequency tests and food records were used. We estimated dietary intakes in 10 healthy adults by 4 food frequency questionnaires and ten 3-day food records collected over a year. Serum antioxidant nutrient concentrations (vitamins A, E, and the carotenoids) were measured by HPLC throughout the year. Few changes in intake occurred over the year. Estimates of nutrient densities correlated more often than estimates of nutrient intakes to serum nutrient concentrations. Nutrient density estimates derived from the average of food frequency and food record estimates were significantly correlated with serum nutrient concentrations more often than dietary estimates derived from either food frequency or food records alone. We suggest that nutrient density estimates derived from a combination of food frequency and food records may be useful for studies of free-living individuals. C1 WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,USDA,ARS,PWA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. FLORIDA INT UNIV,DEPT NUTR & DIETET,MIAMI,FL 33199. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0963-7486 J9 INT J FOOD SCI NUTR JI Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 47 IS 6 BP 477 EP 484 DI 10.3109/09637489609031876 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VU484 UT WOS:A1996VU48400004 PM 8933201 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Asay, KH AF Jensen, KB Asay, KH TI Cytology and morphology of Elymus hoffmanni (Poaceae: Triticeae): A new species from the Erzurum Province of Turkey SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS; HYBRID AB Cytological and morphological characteristics of a proposed new species, Elymus hoffmanni Jensen & Asay, are described. This species is cytologically stable and is genomically similar to Elymus repens (L.) Gould (SSSSHH) (= Agropyron repens [L.] P. Beauv. and Elytrigia repens [L.] Nevski) and the cultivar NewHy (SSSSHH), but morphologically different from E. repens. Elymus hoffmanni has longer leaves, shorter awns on the glumes, and less rhizome development, and it is taller than the cultivar NewHy. Elymus hoffmanni was crossed with E. repens and the cultivar NewHy hybrid wheatgrass (2n = 6x = 42). A natural hybrid between E. hoffmanni and the cultivar Hycrest crested wheatgrass (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) was identified from open-pollinated progeny of E. hoffmanni. Meiosis of E. hoffmanni was characterized as an autoallohexaploids with a mean chromosome association of 1.63 I + 17.87 II + 0.35 III + 0.67 IV + 0.04 V per cell. Mean chromosome associations were 1.88 I + 19.12 II + 0.16 III 0.46 + IV per sell in the hybrids of E. repens X E. hoffmanni, 1.63 I + 19.43 II + 0.22 III + 0.31 IV + 0.01 V per cell in NewHy X E. hoffmanni hybrids, and 9.22 I + 12.74 II + 0.40 III + 0.02 IV in E. hoffmanni X Hycrest hybrids. Based on chromosome pairing in hybrids with E. repens and NewHy and its morphological uniqueness from E. repens, we propose E. hoffmanni as a new species originating from a primitive hybrid between E. repens and the bluebunch wheatgrasses (Pseudoroegneria spp.) of Turkey. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 157 IS 6 BP 750 EP 758 DI 10.1086/297399 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WC486 UT WOS:A1996WC48600012 ER PT J AU Cao, GH Sofic, E Prior, RL AF Cao, GH Sofic, E Prior, RL TI Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; free radical; tea; vegetable ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; DIETARY BRUSSELS-SPROUTS; PLASMA VITAMIN-E; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS; DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; TUMOR PROMOTION; D-LIMONENE AB Previously, some fruits were shown to contain high antioxidant activities. In this paper, we report the antioxidant activities of 22 common vegetables, one green tea, and one black tea measured using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay with three different reactive species: a peroxyl radical generator, a hydroxyl radical generator, and CU2+, a transition metal. Based on the fresh weight of the vegetable, garlic had the highest antioxidant activity (mu mol of Trolox equiv/g) against peroxyl radicals (19.4) followed by kale (17.7), spinach (12.6), Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli flowers, beets, red bell pepper, onion, corn, eggplant (9.8-3.9), cauliflower, potato, sweet potato, cabbage, leaf lettuce, string bean, carrot, yellow squash, iceberg lettuce, celery, and cucumber (3.8-0.5); kale had the highest antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals followed by Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, beets, spinach, broccoli flowers, and the others. The green and black teas had much higher antioxidant activities against peroxyl radicals than all these vegetables. However, the tea also showed a prooxidant activity in the presence of CU2+, which was not found with any of the vegetables studied. C1 USDA ARS, TUFTS UNIV, JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT NUTR SCI, STORRS, CT 06269 USA. NR 55 TC 735 Z9 776 U1 16 U2 129 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3426 EP 3431 DI 10.1021/jf9602535 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VT710 UT WOS:A1996VT71000004 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Bartelt, RJ AF Robacker, DC Bartelt, RJ TI Solid-phase microextraction analysis of static-air emissions of ammonia, methylamine, and putrescine from a lure for the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Mexican fruit fly; Anastrepha ludens; lures; volatiles analysis; ammonia; methylamine; putrescine; 1-pyrroline; solid-phase microextraction ID TEPHRITIDAE; ATTRACTION; PHEROMONE; DIPTERA; WATER; FLIES; TRAP AB A method was developed to analyze ammonia, methylamine, and putrescine emanating from a lure for the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens). Lures were put into closed glass vessels containing 2% phosphoric acid to trap the basic volatiles. The phosphoric acid solution was then made basic, and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used to sample the dissolved chemicals and load them without solvent onto a thick-film gas chromatography column. Calculated emissions from the lures at 35 degrees C were 234-373 mu g/h for ammonia, 25.8-61.3 mu g/h for methylamine, and 15.0-19.4 ng/h for putrescine during the first 48 h after opening the tubes. 1-Pyrroline, a chemical not present in the lures by design, emanated at similar to 20 ng/h. Flame thermionic detection aided analysis of putrescine and 1-pyrroline. Experiments with standards indicated that determination errors of +/- 50% could be expected due to inherent problems associated with the analytical methods. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP QUAL & FRUIT INSECTS RES,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3554 EP 3559 DI 10.1021/jf9602838 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VT710 UT WOS:A1996VT71000027 ER PT J AU Schatzki, TF AF Schatzki, TF TI Distribution of aflatoxin in almonds SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE processing; tree nuts; 1993; survey; aflatoxin; DFA; Almond Board AB The aflatoxin levels in whole and/or broken natural almonds and in manufacturing stock almonds have been surveyed for the 1993 crop. Data were based on results for samples submitted to a nonprofit analysis laboratory serving the industry as well as in-house laboratory data of several large processors. The survey thus included data from processors accounting for 78% of total almond production in 1993. The overall aflatoxin level amounted to 0.67 ng/g, of which 33% came from finely diced and ground almonds and 11% from slivered and sliced almonds, while 49% was due to natural almonds of unknown grade. However, substantially all of the latter resulted from samples submitted by a single processor. A total of 1.7% of whole and/or broken natural almonds and 9.7% of manufacturing stock contained in excess of 1 ng/g aflatoxin. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3595 EP 3597 DI 10.1021/jf960120j PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VT710 UT WOS:A1996VT71000035 ER PT J AU Frear, DS Swanson, HR AF Frear, DS Swanson, HR TI Cytochrome p450-dependent hydroxylation of prosulfuron (CGA 152005) by wheat seedling microsomes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE wheat; microsomes; prosulfuron oxidation; cytochrome P450 ID METABOLISM; CHLORSULFURON; TRIASULFURON; OXIDATION; HERBICIDE; DICLOFOP; BARLEY; PLANTS; MAIZE; CORN AB Microsomes isolated from shoot tissues of etiolated wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. var. Olaf) oxidized the sulfonylurea herbicide prosulfuron (CGA 152005). One major and two minor enzymatic oxidation products were isolated and identified by negative ion FAB/MS and cochromatography (TLC and HPLC) with reference standards. Identification of the major oxidation product (I) as 1-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-5-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl]urea was confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy. Minor oxidation products were tentatively identified as 1-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenyl-sulfonyl]urea (II) and an intermediate oxidation product 1-[4-[(hydroxymethyl)oxy]-6-methyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenylsulfonyl]urea (III) that degraded to 1-(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenylsulfonyl]urea (IV). Microsomal oxidation of prosulfuron required NADPH and molecular oxygen. Constitutive enzyme activity was increased 5-28-fold by induction with ethanol and with the herbicide safeners naphthalic anhydride or cloquintocet-mexyl (CGA 185072) and by combinations of naphthalic anhydride or cloquintocet-mexyl with ethanol. Inhibition of enzyme activity by CO in the dark was reversible by light. Other inhibitors of prosulfuron oxidation included tetcyclacis, piperonyl butoxide, cytochrome c, polyclonal antibodies raised against wheat cytochrome c (P450) reductase, and the herbicides bifenox and linuron. Kinetic studies established that the apparent K-m for prosulfuron was 12.6 +/- 1.1 mu M and that bifenox and linuron were noncompetitive and mixed-type inhibitors of prosulfuron oxidation,respectively, with apparent K-i values of 210 and 59 mu M. RP Frear, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 44 IS 11 BP 3658 EP 3664 DI 10.1021/jf960186e PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VT710 UT WOS:A1996VT71000047 ER PT J AU Siler, DJ Cornish, K Hamilton, RG AF Siler, DJ Cornish, K Hamilton, RG TI Absence of cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies from subjects allergic to Hevea brasiliensis latex with a new source of natural rubber latex from guayule (Parthenium argentatum) SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE latex allergy; cross-reactivity; human IgE; mouse IgG; guayule latex ID PLANT SOURCES; SPINA-BIFIDA; PROTEINS; ANAPHYLAXIS; SENSITIVITY; ANTIGENS AB Background: Natural rubber latex sensitization is caused by proteins from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis, the Brazilian rubber tree. Alternative non-cross-reactive latex rubber sources are needed for the manufacture of nonallergenic medical devices (e.g., catheters) that require elasticity, which is not currently provided by synthetic materials. Methods: We have studied the ability of IgE antibodies from subjects allergic to Hevea latex and IgG antibodies from hyperimmunized mice to detect proteins derived from guayule (Parthenium argentatum), an alternative rubber source, using a direct binding and competitive inhibition RAST and Western blot analysis. Results: IgE antibodies from 62 subjects allergic to Hevea latex (46 adults and 16 children with spina bifida) and om serum pools of adults allergic to Hevea latex (n = 183), pediatric patients (n = 101), and patients with spina bifida (n = 53), as well as IgG antibodies from hyperimmunized mice, were unable to detect any proteins in guayule by RAST or Western blot analysis. No competitive inhibition of IgE anti-Hevea binding to Hevea solid phase was detected by the preincubation of sera from subjects allergic to Hevea latex with soluble guayule latex before RAST analysis. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that proteins in guayule latex are not cross-reactive with Hevea latex allergens. Devices that require the elasticity provided by rubber may be manufactured with guayule latex as an alternative rubber source for patients with Hevea latex allergy. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD. RP Siler, DJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 FU NIAID NIH HHS [U01-AI-31867] NR 29 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 98 IS 5 BP 895 EP 902 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80005-4 PN 1 PG 8 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA VU764 UT WOS:A1996VU76400005 PM 8939152 ER PT J AU Smith, CMM Harnly, JM AF Smith, CMM Harnly, JM TI Characterization of a modified two-step furnace for atomic absorption spectrometry for selective volatilization of iron species in hemin SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE atomic absorption spectrometry; two-step furnace; selective volatilization; heme iron; hematin; hemin ID LINEAR PHOTODIODE-ARRAY; GRAPHITE-FURNACE; CONTINUUM SOURCE; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; ATOMIZATION; PRESSURE AB A two-step furnace was modified by eliminating contact between the cup furnace and the integrated contact cuvette (ICC), thus maximizing the independence of the temperature control of the two components, Optimized cup and ICC temperatures were determined for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Pb. Efficient analyte transportation (--> 91%), from the cup to the ICC, was observed for an ICC-cup separation of up to 3 mm. Analyte transport was aided by an apparent convective flow of Ar into the hole in the bottom of the ICC, Despite this flow, the loss of Cd and Ph from the furnace appear to be limited by diffusion. The relative sensitivity for the modified two-step furnace was approximately 50% worse than that for the same ICC with atomization from a platform, Iron in a porphyrin complex (heme Fe) gave two absorbance peaks at approximately 300 degrees C and 2000 degrees C. Use of two-stage volatilization (the furnace temperature was held constant while the cup was heated to 300 degrees C and then 2000 degrees C) produced both peaks from a single atomization. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 11 IS 11 BP 1055 EP 1061 DI 10.1039/ja9961101055 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA VT965 UT WOS:A1996VT96500009 ER PT J AU VanTassell, CP VanVleck, LD AF VanTassell, CP VanVleck, LD TI Multiple-trait Gibbs sampler for animal models: Flexible programs for Bayesian and likelihood-based (co)variance component inference SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Gibbs sampler; variance components; Bayesian theory; computer software; genetics ID VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; LITTER SIZE; SELECTION; POPULATIONS; SIRE; PIGS AB A set of FORTRAN programs to implement a multiple-trait Gibbs sampling algorithm for (co)variance component inference in animal models (MTGSAM) was developed. The MTGSAM programs are available to the public. The programs support, models with correlated genetic effects and arbitrary numbers of covariates, fixed effects, and independent random effects for each trait. Any combination of missing traits is allowed. The programs were used to estimate variance components for 50 replicates of simulated data. Each replicate consisted of 50 animals of each sex in each of four generations, for 400 animals in each replicate for two traits. For MTGSAM, informative prior distributions for variance components were inverted Wishart random variables with 10 df and means equal to the simulation parameters. A total of 15,000 Gibbs sampling rounds were completed for each replicate, with 2,000 rounds discarded for burn-in. For multiple-trait derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML), starting values for the variance components were the simulation parameters. Averages of posterior mean of variance components estimated using MTGSAM with informative and flat prior distributions for variance components and REML estimates obtained using MTDFREML indicated that all three methods were empirically unbiased. Correlations between estimates from MTGSAM using flat priors and MTDFREML all exceeded .99. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 33 TC 137 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2586 EP 2597 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300004 PM 8923173 ER PT J AU Bennett, GL Gregory, KE AF Bennett, GL Gregory, KE TI Genetic (co)variances among birth weight, 200-day weight, and postweaning gain in composites and parental breeds of beef cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; growth; breeds; genetic parameters; milk yield ID PHENOTYPIC (CO)VARIANCES; ADVANCED GENERATIONS; GROWTH TRAITS; POPULATIONS; HETEROSIS; SELECTION; DYSTOCIA AB Genetic and environmental (co)variances for birth weight, adjusted 200-d weight, and postweaning gain were estimated in nine parental and three composite populations of beef cattle. The parental breeds were Angus (A), Braunvieh (B), Charolais(C), Gelbvieh(G), Hereford(H), Limousin (L), Pinzgauer (P), Red Poll (R), and Simmental (S). The composites were MARC I ( 1/4 B, 1/4 C, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A), MARC II (1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A), and MARC III ( 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, 1/4 A). Heritabilities of additive direct genetic effects for birth weight (.50) and postweaning gain (.49) were greater than for 200-d weight (.32). Heritabilities of additive maternal effects of .09 for birth weight and .10 for 200-d weight were much smaller than direct effect heritabilities. Heritabilities were larger in composites than in parental breeds far additive direct effects of all three traits but smaller for maternal 200-d weight. Correlations were high and positive for direct genetic effects of the three weight traits and higher in composites than in the parental;breeds. Correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects for both with other traits, birth weight and 200-d weight were near zero. Some differences in variances among populations were correlated with differences in weight and milk yield. Heavier populations had larger variances, supporting the use of logarithmic transformation of weights to stabilize variances among genetic groups. Increased average milk yield was correlated with decreased phenotypic variance of 200-d weight. Average milk yield was also implicated in the expression of direct and maternal genetic effects for 200-d weight and their covariance. Comparison of univariate and multivariate estimates of genetic variances suggested that it is important to include birth weight in multivariate analyses of all weight traits to account for increased preweaning mortality of calves with extremely heavy or light birth weights. Based on heritability estimates, within-herd selection in composites should be at least. as effective as in purebreds. Some differences among populations in genetic parameters were indicated, especially maternal 200-d weight and its correlations with other traits. RP Bennett, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 22 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2598 EP 2611 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300005 PM 8923174 ER PT J AU Barkhouse, KL VanVleck, LD Cundiff, LV Koohmaraie, M Lunstra, DD Crouse, JD AF Barkhouse, KL VanVleck, LD Cundiff, LV Koohmaraie, M Lunstra, DD Crouse, JD TI Prediction of breeding values for tenderness of market animals from measurements on bulls SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carcass quality; meat quality; crossbreeding; selection ID MYOFIBRIL FRAGMENTATION INDEX; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; CARCASS TRAITS; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; GENETIC-PARAMETERS; BOS-INDICUS; BEEF-CATTLE; CROSSBRED CATTLE; QUALITY AB Data were tenderness measures on steaks from 231 bulls (Group II) slaughtered after producing freezable semen and on 1,431 related steers and heifers (market animals, Group I) from Angus, Hereford, Pinzgauer, Brahman, and Sahiwal crosses from the Germ Plasm Evaluation project at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. Tenderness was assessed through Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (SF), taste panel tenderness (TPT), marbling score (MS), and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI). For all traits, as fraction Bos indicus inheritance increased, implied tenderness decreased. Heritability estimates were generally not significantly different from zero. Genetic correlations generally indicated favorable associations among the traits. The range in predicted breeding values of bulls for market animal tenderness was small and from -.34 to .32 kg for market animal shear force. Because of low estimates of heritability for SF or TPT, results from this experiment indicate that selection based on tenderness of steaks sampled from intact or late castrate males slaughtered following collection of freezable quality semen would not be very effective in improving average tenderness of steaks from steers or heifer progeny. If a mean of heritability estimates reported in the literature of .27 for shear value was assumed for market steer and heifer progeny instead of .02 as found in the present study, then selection based on estimates of shear force in young bulls would be relatively more effective in improving shear force of market progeny. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 42 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2612 EP 2621 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300006 PM 8923175 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Stegelmeier, BL Cheney, CD James, LF Molyneux, RJ AF Pfister, JA Stegelmeier, BL Cheney, CD James, LF Molyneux, RJ TI Operant analysis of chronic locoweed intoxication in sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; operant responding; poisonous plants; loco weed; Oxytropis; swainsonine ID ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE ACTIVITY; ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS; SWAINSONINE; MOLLISSIMUS; CATTLE; RATS AB Five sheep were fed a 10% locoweed (Oxcytropis sericea) pellet or alfalfa pellets for 3- to 5-wk periods to determine the effects of intermittent locoweed ingestion on operant responding; three controls were fed alfalfa pellets for 22 wk. Sheep were trained to respond to a multiple schedule with a fixed ratio (FR) 5 and fixed interval (FI) 50 s as major elements; performance was reinforced with rolled barley, Locoweed-treated sheep decreased (P < .05) FR response rate after 4 wk of locoweed feeding, but this decrease first appeared during the first recovery period (wk 6). The FR response rate of intoxicated sheep did not return to baseline during the remainder of the study and differed from controls during most of the study. Controls did not deviate ( P > .05) from their FR baseline except during wk 2. Sheep did not stabilize on the Fl component. As locoweed-treated sheep became progressively more intoxicated, they altered their pattern of FR responses, with longer post-reinforcement pauses, and a slower overall FR rate. Intoxicated sheep ingested an average of.21 mg swainsonine . kg(-1). d(-1). Overt signs of intoxication were noted when two sheep were stressed on wk 17. These two sheep had neuroviseral vacuolation typical of locoweed poisoning, whereas the three remaining locoweed-treated sheep that were euthanatized 5 wk later showed little histologic evidence of intoxication. Our findings indicate that ''on-off' or cyclic grazing of locoweed ranges should be approached cautiously. Such a grazing program may be feasible because of the rapid resolution of histologic pathology; however, an initial toxic insult of 4 wk seems to be excessive, even at low doses, because sheep may exhibit; persistent behavioral abnormalities that require >6 wk to resolve. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,LOGAN,UT 84322. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES LAB,ALBANY,CA 94701. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2622 EP 2632 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300007 PM 8923176 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM Adams, WR AF Lefcourt, AM Adams, WR TI Radiotelemetry measurement of body temperatures of feedlot steers during summer SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE body temperature; heat stress; steers; telemetry; feedlot ID DAIRY-COWS; RESPONSES; RHYTHMS; DRY AB Heat stress is a common problem for cattle. General consequences of heat stress include increased body temperatures and reduced feed intakes. As a measure of heat stress, core body temperatures of unshaded feedlot steers (crossbred Bos taurus) were monitored from mid-June to early November in Nebraska using transmitters implanted in the peritoneum of 10 steers (initially 10 mo of age). Steers were fed at 0630 and 1430 using a finishing diet of 1.52 NE(g) Mcal/kg with 13% protein and 4% roughage per day and housed in two open lots with stocking densities of 15.2 or 19.3 m(2)/steer. Core body temperatures, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured at 3-min intervals and mathematically filtered to produce 120 readings/d. For 94 usable daily records, body temperature means (39.04 +/- .12 degrees C), maxima (39.89 +/- .21 degrees C at 1836 +/- .73 h), minima (38.33 +/- .29 degrees C at 0823 +/- .38 h), and patterns were similar among steers. As daily maximum ambient temperatures increased, minimum body temperatures decreased slightly (.04 degrees C per 5 degrees C; P < .01). After daily maximum ambient temperatures reached a threshold of 25.6 degrees C, daily maximum body temperatures increased linearly with maximum ambient temperatures (.42 degrees C per 5 degrees C; P < .01). Sharp peaks in body temperature were often seen in the late evening (approximately 2200) after ambient temperature had decreased to well below maximum values. These evening peaks occurred on an average of 25% of the days, had amplitudes ranging from .7 to 3.5 degrees C relative to mean daily temperatures and lasted for 1.5 h. From a practical standpoint, we suggest that producers monitor meteorological forecast of peak ambient temperatures and make special efforts, such as spraying animals, when exceptionally hot weather is predicted. C1 ADAMS LAND & CATTLE CO,BROKEN BOW,NE 68822. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BLDG 200,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2633 EP 2640 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300008 PM 8923177 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Conway, JM Potts, WJE AF Mitchell, AD Conway, JM Potts, WJE TI Body composition analysis of pigs by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; body composition; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; DXA ID CONCORDANCE CORRELATION-COEFFICIENT; PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; REGIONAL CHANGES; MASS; INVIVO; VALIDATION AB Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was evaluated as a method for measuring body composition of pigs. Forty-eight female pigs (10.2 to 60.5 kg) were killed and the whole bodies scanned on a DXA instrument. The DXA measurements provided readings of total tissue mass, percentage of fat, fat tissue mass, lean body mass, and bone mineral content. By chemical analysis, the whole body fat content of the pigs ranged from 9.3 to 24.3%, giving rise to DXA R(ST) values (ratio of attenuation coefficients) ranging from 1.386 to 1.334. The average percentage body fat measured by DXA (18.2 +/- .9%) was not significantly different (P = .76) from the results by chemical analysis (17.8 +/- 6%); however, concordance correlation analysis revealed unacceptable accuracy in the DXA measurement due to a negative bias for smaller percentages and a positive bias for larger percentages. Total body fat measured by the two methods was also highly correlated (r = .989), and the average for DXA (7.31 +/- .62 kg) was not significantly different (P = .89) from the value for the chemical method (7.20 +/- .50 kg). The relationship between the DXA estimate of lean body mass and the amount of protein in the body by chemical analysis was described by the equation: kg protein = .227 . kg DXA lean -1.28, with a correlation coefficient (r) of .968. The DXA measurements of total tissue mass and actual body weights were highly correlated (r = .999), with an acceptable concordance at the .05 level. Scans were also analyzed for regional composition of the front and back legs. It was generally difficult to determine anatomically how well soft tissue described by DXA regions corresponded to those dissected. The DXA and chemical results for regional analysis of back legs were in better agreement than those for the front legs. These results indicate that DXA may be used as a reliable method for measuring body composition of pigs, but needs more extensive calibration and may be more appropriate for total body rather than regional analysis. C1 USDA ARS,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BIOMETR CONSULTING SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2663 EP 2671 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300011 PM 8923180 ER PT J AU Doumit, ME Lonergan, SM Arbona, JR Killefer, J Koohmaraie, M AF Doumit, ME Lonergan, SM Arbona, JR Killefer, J Koohmaraie, M TI Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of skeletal muscle calpastatin SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpastatin; ELISA; skeletal muscle ID CALPAIN SYSTEM; PROTEINS; TENDERNESS; CLEAVAGE; GROWTH AB An indirect antibody ELISA was developed for rapid and sensitive quantification of skeletal muscle calpastatin. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against recombinant calpastatin, corresponding to domains 2, 3, and 4 of bovine skeletal muscle calpastatin. Western blot analysis revealed that these antibodies specifically recognize an immunoreactive calpastatin protein of approximately 130 kDa in prerigor skeletal muscle extracts. The intensity of the immunoreactive bands corresponds qualitatively with assayable calpastatin activity. For ELISA development, optimum dilutions of sample, primary anti-calpastatin antibody, and peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody were determined by titration. A dilution optimum for coating of Immulon(R) 4 (Dynatech) plates was observed when heated muscle extracts were diluted to 2 to 4 mu g of protein/mL and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. Optimum primary (30 mu g IgG/mL) and secondary (Sigma A-6154; ; 1:1000 dilution) antibody incubations were for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Tetramethylbenzidine was used as substrate and A(450) of the stopped reaction product was recorded in an automated plate reader. Calpastatin ELISA results were linearly related to calpastatin activity (calpain inhibitory activity) of heated longissimus muscle homogenates from prerigor lamb (r(2) = .89; n = 40) and beef aged for 24 or 48 h (r(2) = .90; n = 47). Intra-assay CV was < 5% (n = 8) and inter-assay CV was < 6% (n = 5). This assay offers advantages of speed, simplicity, and sensitivity over conventional methodology for calpastatin quantification. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013; Lonergan, Steven/O-6233-2016 NR 17 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2679 EP 2686 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300013 PM 8923182 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Christenson, RK AF Vallet, JL Christenson, RK TI The effect of estrone and estradiol treatment on endometrial total protein, uteroferrin, and retinol-binding protein secretion during midpregnancy or midpseudopregnancy in swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE uterus; pigs; estrogen; endometrium ID UTERINE SECRETIONS; CATECHOL ESTROGEN; PIG; PROGESTERONE; PREGNANCY; CONCEPTUS; GILTS; ACID; PROSTAGLANDIN-F2-ALPHA; IMPLANTATION AB It has been hypothesized that conceptus estrogens influence endometrial protein secretion during pregnancy in swine. To test this hypothesis, the effect of estrone and estradiol treatment from d 30 to 60 of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy on endometrial protein secretion was investigated. Pregnant (P; n = 16) and pseudopregnant (PP) gilts (n = 18) received either sham treatment or estrone or estradiol implants (5 mg/d release rate; 60 d release) on d 30 of P or PP. Blood samples were collected on d 30, 40, 50, and 60 to measure estrone and estradiol. On d 60, gilts were hysterectomized. For P gilts, endometrium in apposition to one placenta from each uterine horn was collected. For PP gilts, each uterine horn was flushed with 40 mt of leucine-deficient minimal essential medium (MEM), and endometrial tissue was collected from each horn. Endometrial tissues were incubated in MEM in the presence of 50 mu Ci of [H-3]leucine to examine protein secretion. Estrone and estradiol treatments increased both plasma and endometrial concentrations of estrone (P < .01 except endometrium for P gilts) and estradiol (P < .01, respectively). Endometrium from P gilts secreted more nondialyzable macromolecules (NDM), acid phosphatase activity (AP, a measure of uteroferrin), and retinol-binding protein (REP) in culture than did endometrium from PP gilts. Estrone treatment increased (P < .01) endometrial NDM from P gilts but not that from PP gilts; estradiol had no effect. Both estrone and estradiol increased (P = .069) endometrial secretion of AP of PP but not of P gilts. Endometrial secretion of REP was not affected by either estrone or estradiol treatment. Neither estrone nor estradiol affected total protein or AP and estrone treatment decreased (P < .05) REP in uterine flushings from PP gilts. These data indicate that endometrium from P pigs secretes more protein than endometrium from PP pigs but neither estrone nor estradiol completely mimics the effect of pregnancy. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2765 EP 2772 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300023 PM 8923192 ER PT J AU Glenn, BP AF Glenn, BP TI The role of mentors for women in animal science: Perspectives from government SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mentor; workforce; diversity; animal science AB The purpose of a mentor is to empower individuals to succeed in a professional career in animal science. Effective mentorship programs in animal agriculture will guarantee that more qualified women are retained in our profession, and thereby contribute to workforce diversity. Good mentors are the single most significant contributor to building a successful career. Mentorship programs can be informal or formal. Effective informal mentoring depends on selection of a mentor with a positive attitude that can be a trusted advisor and good listener. The Beltsville Area of USDA, ARS, offers a Mentor Program in which employees voluntarily participate as mentors or proteges. The participants are paired according to individual objectives with the overall goal to enhance their career development. The program has approximately 35% of mentors and 88% of proteges that are women. A key to its success has been improving the supervisor's understanding of mentoring as it relates to employee productivity. There are many other programs within the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Program that affect women in science as government employees, including a special emphasis program called the Federal Women's Program, as well as annual evaluation for performance in Civil Rights, supervisory training, and flexible work schedules. Improving our mentorship of women in animal science will benefit animal agriculture. Behind successful women in animal science there has been encouragement from a network of mentors. RP Glenn, BP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2855 EP 2859 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT063 UT WOS:A1996VT06300032 PM 8923201 ER PT J AU Siragusa, GR Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Perino, LJ Koohmaraie, M AF Siragusa, GR Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Perino, LJ Koohmaraie, M TI Use of a newly developed rapid microbial ATP bioluminescence assay to detect microbial contamination on poultry carcasses SO JOURNAL OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE LA English DT Article DE ATP bioluminescence; rapid microbial test; poultry testing; HACCP testing; firefly luciferase ID BEEF AB A newly developed rapid microbial ATP bioluminescence test (R-mATP) was shown to be an adequate means to assay the microbial load of poultry carcasses. This assay utilizes differential extraction and filtration to separate somatic from microbial ATP in a very rapid timeframe. The assay requires approximately 5 min to complete; approximately 3.5 min to sample and 90 s analytical time. Correlation coefficient (r) between aerobic colony counts and R-mATP test results (n=329) was 0.82. Post-test probabilities to correctly classify carcasses with different levels of microbial contamination were as high as 98% for samples of greater than or equal to 3.5 log aerobic CFU per ml. Given the rapidity of this assay, the R-mATP holds potential for monitoring the microbial load of carcasses at poultry-processing critical control points. Other potential applications of this new version of the microbial ATP bioluminescence test are discussed. (C) 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,GREAT PLAINS VET EDUC CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 10 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0884-3996 J9 J BIOLUM CHEMILUM JI J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 11 IS 6 BP 297 EP 301 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1271(199611)11:6<297::AID-BIO422>3.0.CO;2-C PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA XQ047 UT WOS:A1996XQ04700001 PM 9343313 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI Thorne, BL Nelson, LJ AF Haverty, MI Thorne, BL Nelson, LJ TI Hydrocarbons of Nasutitermes acajutlae and comparison of methodologies for sampling cuticular hydrocarbons of Caribbean termites for taxonomic and ecological studies SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nasutitermes acajutlae; chemotaxonomy; Isoptera; Termitidae; tropical termites; gas chromatography; cuticular hydrocarbons; olefins; mass spectrometry ID ISOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE; RETICULITERMES; ZOOTERMOPSIS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; TERMOPSIDAE; CHARACTERS; CORNIGER AB Using data from the arboreal nesting Nasutitermes acajutlae (Holmgren), we propose standard collection and extraction methodology for characterization of cuticular hydrocarbons of termites under field conditions in the tropics. Specifically, we evaluated: (1) the effect of the duration and the number of extractions; (2) the effect of drying termites before extraction; (3) the effect of sample size; (4) the effect of solvents (ethanol versus hexane) on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Olefins comprise ca. 70% of the cuticular hydrocarbons of N. acajutlae. Hydrocarbons consist of two distinct groups: early-eluting components, primarily n-alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes, and late-eluting compounds, which consist almost exclusively of unsaturated components with one to six double bonds. Soldiers have more early-eluting compounds than workers or alates. Nests from the same island had qualitatively similar, but quantitatively dissimilar hydrocarbon mixtures. Brief extractions of 300 live workers in 10 mi of hexane for only 20 sec produced a hydrocarbon mixture equivalent to a 10-min extraction. Long-term extraction of 300 workers in hexane for two years resulted in different mixtures of hydrocarbons. Drying workers tended to enhance extraction of the less abundant unsaturated compounds such as C-41:4, and C-41:5. A single extraction of a minimum of 100 workers (live or dried), with hexane for 20 sec to 10 min is best; these extraction regimes resulted in mixtures of hydrocarbons that are quantitatively very similar. For quantitative comparisons, extracts from dried samples should not he compared to those from live samples. Storage in ethanol caused numerous unidentified, nonhydrocarbon compounds to he extracted either from the cuticle or from internal tissues. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ENTOMOL, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC SW RES STN, BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 EI 1573-1561 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2081 EP 2109 DI 10.1007/BF02040096 PG 29 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW741 UT WOS:A1996VW74100009 PM 24227217 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, SR TI Symantec norton antivirus 2.0 for Windows 95 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Software Review RP Heller, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1229 EP 1229 DI 10.1021/ci9501958 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA VU806 UT WOS:A1996VU80600028 ER PT J AU Thompson, RH AF Thompson, RH TI Simplifying fatty acid analyses in multicomponent foods with a standard set of isothermal GLC conditions coupled with ECL determinations SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EQUIVALENT CHAIN-LENGTHS; GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; METHYL-ESTERS; CAPILLARY COLUMN; AOCS METHOD; OILS; CIS; MARGARINES; ISOMERS; LIPIDS RP Thompson, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 47 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 34 IS 11 BP 495 EP 504 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VP983 UT WOS:A1996VP98300003 ER PT J AU Calder, JAM Reddy, GR Chieves, L Courtney, CH Littell, R Livengood, JR Norval, RAI Smith, C Dame, JB AF Calder, JAM Reddy, GR Chieves, L Courtney, CH Littell, R Livengood, JR Norval, RAI Smith, C Dame, JB TI Monitoring Babesia bovis infections in cattle by using PCR-based tests SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHAIN-REACTION AMPLIFICATION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; DNA PROBE; BIGEMINA; BLOOD; EQUI AB The sensitivity and specificity of PCR tests based on the small-subunit rRNA gene sequence of Babesia bovis were compared in a blind study of experimentally infected cattle with the corresponding parameters of the complement fixation (CF) test currently used in the United States to screen for bovine babesiosis. Cattle were experimentally infected with a single inoculum of a cloned laboratory strain of B. bovis. Blood samples were collected and tested over a period covering from the day of infection to 10 months postinfection, The level of parasitemia (percent infected erythrocytes) present in each sample was estimated from test results and was plotted as a function of time postinfection. These data are the first describing the course of infection by methods capable of detecting parasitemias in the range of 10(-7)%, which frequently occur in the carrier state, Parasitemias in the samples tested strongly influenced the sensitivity and negative predictive value of the PCR-based tests which varied with time postinfection, The average sensitivities of the three PCR-based tests for B. bovis ranged from 58 to 70% for a single determination, while the sensitivity of the CF test was only 6%. Both PCR-based and CF tests for B. bovis had high specificity values ranging from 96 to 100%. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT STAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AGR DIAG BACTERIOL,AMES,IA 50010. CTR DIS CONTROL,CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. PROMEGA CORP,MADISON,WI 53711. RI Calder, Jennifer/F-4508-2015 OI Calder, Jennifer/0000-0003-4758-611X NR 35 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2748 EP 2755 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VM556 UT WOS:A1996VM55600022 PM 8897177 ER PT J AU VanHekken, DL Strange, ED Lu, DP AF VanHekken, DL Strange, ED Lu, DP TI Functional properties of chemically phosphorylated whole casein SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calcium; casein; functionality; phosphorylation ID PROTEINS; MILK; ELECTROPHORESIS; RESOLUTION; MICELLES; GELS AB The functional properties of unmodified whole casein were compared with those of casein that had been chemically superphosphorylated using phosphorus oxychloride at three different pH values. Casein modified at pH 5, 7, and 9 had an additional 3.30, 4.78, and 6.75 mol of P bound/mol of casein, respectively, either as monophosphates when modified at pH 5 and 7 or as mono-, di-, and polyphosphates when modified at pH 9. Solubility studies indicated that the isoelectric point of the modified caseins shifted to the acid side of pH 4.6 as the amount of bound P increased. None of the modified caseins was as soluble in water at pH 7 as the unmodified control, and caseins modified at pH 5 and 7 had lower solubility than casein modified at pH 9. Compared with control casein, casein modified at pH 9 was more soluble in the presence of Ca2+, and caseins modified at pH 5 and 7 were less soluble. Superphosphorylated caseins had improved foam stability and poorer emulsion stability than the controls. Superphosphorylation of whole casein altered the ability of the casein to interact with its environment, as demonstrated by the changes in its functional properties, which could be of value in creating or improving food products. RP VanHekken, DL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,DAIRY PROD RES UNIT,WYNDMOOR,PA 19036, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1942 EP 1949 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WH167 UT WOS:A1996WH16700006 ER PT J AU OBrien, CN Guidry, AJ AF OBrien, CN Guidry, AJ TI Formulation of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres and their ingestion by bovine leukocytes SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microsphere; formulation; ingestion; leukocytes ID CONTROLLED-RELEASE; DELIVERY SYSTEMS; VACCINES; OPSONIZATION; ADJUVANTS AB This study determined optimal parameters for producing controlled-release microspheres and examined their suitability for vaccines via ingestion by bovine leukocytes. Microspheres elicit an immune response when ingested by antigen-presenting cells and provide sustained exposure of antigen to sensitized cells. Ingestion of microspheres is determined by their size (< 10 mu m), and antigen release is governed by composition. Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres were prepared using different polymer concentrations, stir rates, emulsifier concentrations, and emulsifier molecular masses. Microspheres that were < 10 mu m were prepared using a 6% 50:50 lactide to glycolide polymer solution emulsified at 12,000 rpm in a low molecular mass, 5% polyvinyl alcohol solution. Microspheres that were > 20 mu m were prepared using a 10% 85:15 lactide to glycolide polymer solution emulsified at 1200 rpm in a low molecular mass, 3% polyvinyl alcohol solution. Small microspheres released 90% of the antigen after 7 d, and large microspheres released only 24% of the antigen after 56 d. Both monocytes and neutrophils selectively ingested small microspheres that were opsonized with normal bovine serum (heated and unheated). Ingestion of microspheres that had been opsonized with fetal bovine serum (heated and unheated) was minimal. Lymphocytes did not ingest microspheres. Ingestion of small microspheres by bovine monocytes and sustained release of antigen by large microspheres suggested that microspheres have the ability to produce a sustained immune response with a single injection. C1 ARS,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1954 EP 1959 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WH167 UT WOS:A1996WH16700008 PM 8961102 ER PT J AU Romo, GA Casper, DP Erdman, RA Teter, BB AF Romo, GA Casper, DP Erdman, RA Teter, BB TI Abomasal infusion of cis or trans fatty acid isomers and energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE trans-C-18:1 fatty acids; energy metabolism; milk fat depression ID HOLSTEIN COWS; NET ENERGY; MILK; DIETARY; RATIONS; TALLOW; YIELD AB Diets for dairy cows that provide or induce formation of trans isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids result in reduced percentages of milk fat. The effect of abomasal infusion of trans-C-18:1 fatty acid isomers on energy utilization by mature cows was determined. Six multiparous Holstein cows in midlactation had ad libitum access to a basal diet containing 50% forage and 50% concentrate. Treatments were 1) no infusion, 2) infusion of 630 g/d of a fat mixture high in cis-C-18:1 isomers (64% cis-C-18:1; 68% high oleic sun-flower oil and 32% cocoa butter), and 3) infusion of 623 g/d of a fat mixture high in trans-C-18:1 isomers (42% trans-C-18:1; 90% partially hydrogenated soy-bean oil and 10% high linoleic safflower oil). The experiment was a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design with 4-wk periods. Measurements of energy balance were made in open circuit respiration chambers during wk 4 of each period. Fat infusion increased milk production by 2.5 kg/d; apparent digestibility of DM, OM, energy, ADF, and ash by 1 to 4 percentage units; metabolizable energy by 11%; and NE(L) of the diet by 15%. Milk fat percentage and yield were higher when cows were infused with cis-C-18:1 than when they were infused with trans-C-18:1 (4.12% and 1.41 kg/d vs. 3.15% and 1.06 kg/d, respectively). Infusion of fat increased milk production, but trans-C-18:1 reduced milk fat and energy output. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. ARS,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 79 IS 11 BP 2005 EP 2015 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA WH167 UT WOS:A1996WH16700015 PM 8961107 ER PT J AU Seybold, CA Mersie, W AF Seybold, CA Mersie, W TI Adsorption and desorption of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, hydroxyatrazine, and metolachlor in two soils from Virginia SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; GROUND-WATER; SANDY SOILS; SORPTION; DEGRADATION; ALACHLOR; METABOLITES; DISSIPATION; PRODUCTS AB The objective of this study is to characterize the adsorption-desorption properties of atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), hydroxyatrazine (HA), and metolachlor in the Emporia (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult) and Cullen (clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludult) soils. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were determined using the batch equilibrium procedure. Four solution concentrations (2.5, 7.5, 13.2, and 26.4 mu mol L(-1)) were prepared of each chemical and four 24-h desorption periods at each concentration followed immediately after the adsorption process. Organic carbon distribution coefficients (K-oc) ranged from 140 to 234 for atrazine, 80 to 110 for DEA, 128 to 130 for DIA, 493 to 609 for HA, and 162 to 190 for metolachlor. For desorption, all chemicals exhibited hysteresis. Hysteresis was quantified: omega = [1/n(ads) + 1/n(des) - 1] x 100. Soil type affected the degree of atrazine, DEA, and metolachlor hysteresis (omega), and initial concentration had a significant effect on omega only in the Cullen soil. The amount of chemical desorbed, expressed as the percentage of the amount adsorbed, was about 60% for DEA, 43% for atrazine, 40% for metolachlor, 37% for DIA, and 31 and 17% for HA on the Emporia and Cullen soils, respectively. Soil type and initial concentration had no significant effect on the percentage of chemical desorbed except for HA. The sorption properties for atrazine and metolachlor In these soils are similar. The tendency of HA to leach will be low in these soils compared with atrazine, while the tendency of DEA to leach will be high. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, AGR RES STN, PETERSBURG, VA USA. RP Seybold, CA (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, USDA, NCRC, ALS BLDG, RM 3017, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 52 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1179 EP 1185 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600015 ER PT J AU Schnabel, RR Cornish, LF Stout, WL Shaffer, JA AF Schnabel, RR Cornish, LF Stout, WL Shaffer, JA TI Denitrification in a grassed and a wooded, valley and ridge, riparian ecotone SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER NITRATE; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; BUFFER STRIPS; FOREST; DYNAMICS; INPUTS; SOILS AB Denitrification is one of the major mechanisms responsible for changes in NO3--N concentrations in shadow groundwater as subsurface flow passes from agricultural fields to the stream In this study, denitrification is examined in a grassed and wooded riparian ecotone common to the Valley and Ridge physiographic province in Pennsylvania. Denitrification rates of 102 and 10 mu g N kg(-1) soil d(-1) were measured using soil slurry and intact core incubation techniques, respectively. The grassed riparian site exhibited greater denitrification rates than the wooded site. Carbon amendments resulted in an increase in denitrification at the wooded site and suggest that denitrification may be C limited at this site. Denitrification generally decreased with distance away from the stream and also decreased with depth in the soil. Patterns of denitrification measured with tbe soil slurries corresponded closely to patterns of soil NO3- content. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Schnabel, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGE LAB,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 26 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1230 EP 1235 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600022 ER PT J AU Gaston, LA Locke, MA AF Gaston, LA Locke, MA TI Bentazon mobility through intact, unsaturated columns of conventional and no-till Dundee soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LYSIMETER EXPERIMENTS; ADSORPTION AB Potential ground and surface water contaminants include herbicides that are applied postemergence. Although applied to the plant canopy, a portion of any application reaches the soil either directly or via subsequent foliar washoff. This study examined the mobility of the postemergence herbicide bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2 dioxide] through intact columns of Dundee silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Aeric Ochraqualf) taken from conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT) field plots. Effects of sorption, biodegradation, and physical nonequlibrium on bentazon fate and transport were studied using miscible displacement experiments. Steady-state, unsaturated flow was established in 30 cm long by 10 cm in diam. columns, then narrow pulses of Br tracer and C-14-labeled bentazon were applied and displaced through the columns. Once bentazon pulses were eluted, the columns were sectioned and soil extracted for bentazon and metabolites. Despite development of bound residue typical Of bentazon degradation, HPLC analysis gave no evidence of bentazon metabolites in solution. preferential dow occurred in all soil columns and was well-described using a two-region, mobile-immobile water model Use of hatch sorption and degradation data)ed to predictions of bentazon mobility and residual C-14 in the soil columns that were generally consistent with the experimental data. Attempts to ht the transport data using different degradation rate constants for conducting and nonconducting regions offered no better description of the data than use of single rate constants. RP Gaston, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1350 EP 1356 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600039 ER PT J AU Rudorff, BFT Mulchi, CL Fenny, P Lee, EH Rowland, R AF Rudorff, BFT Mulchi, CL Fenny, P Lee, EH Rowland, R TI Wheat grain quality under enhanced tropospheric CO2 and O-3 concentrations SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; RED WINTER-WHEAT; OZONE; YIELD; VEGETATION; RESPONSES; FIELD AB It is expected that the progressive increase of tropospheric trace gases such as CO2 and O-3 will have a significant impact on agricultural production. The single and combined effects of CO2 enrichment and tropospheric O-3 on grain quality characteristics in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined in held studies using 3 m in diam. open-top chambers. Wheat cultivars 'Massey' (1991) and 'Saluda' (1992) were exposed to two CO2 concentrations (350 vs. 590 mu mol CO2 mol(-1); 12 h d(-1)) in combination with two O-3 regimes (charcoal-filtered air vs. ambient air + 40 +/- 20 nmol O-3 mol(-1), 7 h d(-1) Monday to Friday) from late March until maturity in June. Grain quality characteristics investigated included: test weight, milling and baking quality, flour yield, protein content, softness equivalent, alkaline water retention capacity, and cookie diameter. In general, exposure of plants to either elevated CO2 or weekly chronic O-3 episodes caused only small changes in grain quality. Milling and baking quality score were not significantly changed in response to treatments in both years. Flour yield was increased by elevated CO2 but this increase was counteracted when elevated CO2 was combined with chronic O-3 exposure. Flour protein contents were increased by enhanced O-3 exposure and reduced by elevated CO2. Softness equivalent was increased by 2.4% by enhanced O-3 exposure but unaffected by O-3 under elevated CO2. Although the single effect of either CO2 enrichment or chronic O-3 exposure had some impact on grain quality characteristic, it was noted that the combined effect of these gases was minor. It is Likely that the concomitant increase of CO2 and O-3 in the troposphere will have no significant impact on wheat grain quality. C1 NATL SPACE RES INST,REMOTE SENS DIV,BR-12201970 S JOSE CAMPOS,SP,BRAZIL. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,WOOSTER,OH 44691. USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1384 EP 1388 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600044 ER PT J AU Wendell, RR Ritchey, KD AF Wendell, RR Ritchey, KD TI High-calcium flue gas desulfurization products reduce aluminum toxicity in an Appalachian soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GYPSUM; INFILTRATION; CATIONS; GROWTH; OXISOL AB An acid Appalachian soil was amended with two flue gas desulfurization (GD) by-products, one consisting of wallboard-quality gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H(2)O) and the other containing CaSO3 . 5H(2)O as a major component. Soil columns treated with FGD by-products were leached with deionized H2O under unsaturated conditions. Aluminum amounts leached increased 25-fold over the control when CaSO4 . 2H(2)O FGD by-product was incorporated into the soil. Leachate pH decreased with FGD product treatment, but bulk soil pH increased, and exchangeable Al and total soil acidity decreased. Mean 4-d root lengths of sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) seedlings grown in the leached soils were as much as 440 and 310% the value of the control for CaSO3 . 0.5H(2)O and CaSO4 . 2H(2)O treatments, respectively. Mechanisms by which mitigation of Al toxicity occurs with addition of high-Ca FGD by-products to acid soils are discussed. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT LAB,BEAVER,WV 25813. NR 48 TC 19 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1401 EP 1410 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600047 ER PT J AU Latimer, SD Devall, MS Thomas, C Ellgaard, EG Kumar, SD Thien, LB AF Latimer, SD Devall, MS Thomas, C Ellgaard, EG Kumar, SD Thien, LB TI Dendrochronology and heavy metal deposition in tree rings of baldcypress SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LEAD DISTRIBUTION; TRACE-ELEMENTS; POLLUTION; CADMIUM; TRENDS; FOREST AB A chronology (1895-present) based on tree-ring increments was constructed for baldcypress (Tarodium distichum L.) trees in Bayou Trepagnier, in southern Louisiana. The best indicator of growth was precipitation in February of the preceding year and October of the 2 previous years. Crossdated cores were used to reconstruct large historical natural environmental perturbations (hurricanes). Heavy metals and organic pollutants from oil refineries and other sources contaminated the bayou commencing in the early 1900s. The: Pb and Zn content of 50 trees along Bayou Trepagnier, analyzed In the growth rings of tree cores using x-ray fluorescent spectrometry, produced an historical record of pollution. High levels of contamination of Pb, as well as Zn, could be correlated with establishment of petroleum refineries (1916) and dredging (1930-1950) of the area, which created spoil banks containing high levels (ca. 300-1600 mg/kg [ppm] Pb) of heavy metals. Concentrations of Pb, per tree, ranged from 0.6 to 14 mg/kg (ppm). Trees in the upper portion of the bayou (near the refinery) contained an average of 4.5 mg/kg (ppm) Pb; trees in the lower portion averaged 2.2 mg/kg (ppm). Concentrations of Zn per tree ranged from 1.7 to 14.8 mg/kg (ppm), but in contrast with Pb did not correlate with distance from pollution sources; trees averaged 5.5 and 5.4 mg/kg (ppm) Zn in the upper and lower portions, respectively, of Bayou Trepagnier. Levels of Pb and Zn in a control ecosystem, Stinking Bayou, were 1.0 and 5.2 mg/kg (ppm), respectively. C1 TULANE UNIV,CELL & MOL BIOL DEPT,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118. US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70113. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1411 EP 1419 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600048 ER PT J AU Rhea, SA Miller, WW Blank, RR Palmquist, DE AF Rhea, SA Miller, WW Blank, RR Palmquist, DE TI Presence and behavior of colloidal nitrogen and phosphorus in a sierra Nevada watershed soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; FOREST AB Soil colloids can play a significant role in the profile migration of organic and inorganic nutrient species, We investigated the presence of colloidal N and P in a Lake Tahoe basin ecosystem following 6 yr of drought, Artificial rainfall was used to determine the release and mobility of colloidal N and P in soils of the Incline Creek, Nevada, watershed, Colloidal, rather than inorganic nutrient species, were the dominant forms present in soil water extracts, Concentrations of colloidal N increased following rainfall simulation, whereas concentrations of colloidal P decreased, and both appeared to be influenced by the presence and dissolution of hydrophobic organic coatings, Colloidal N and P must be considered a potential source of mobile nutrients in soils of the Sierra Nevada. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DEPT ENVIRONM & RESOUR SCI,RENO,NV 89512. SRI,SHAPIRO,PORTLAND,OR. UNIV NEVADA,USDA ARS,RENO,NV 89512. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1449 EP 1451 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600054 ER PT J AU Long, SP Farage, PK Garcia, RL AF Long, SP Farage, PK Garcia, RL TI Measurement of leaf and canopy photosynthetic CO2 exchange in the field SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE leaf gas exchange; photosynthetic quantum efficiency; infrared gas analysis; canopy photosynthesis; integrating sphere ID QUANTUM YIELD; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PLANTS; LEAVES; C-3; TEMPERATURE; APPARATUS; MODEL AB The principles and limitations of leaf gas exchange measurements in portable gas exchange systems are described. Attention is given to the design and developments in infrared gas analysers used in portable systems, and the basic structure of single and dual beam instruments is presented. The significance of flow measurement in these systems and the principles of thermal mass flow measurement are illustrated, Considerations of leaf area measurement, chamber design and choice of materials are outlined, Two specific developments in field gas exchange systems are described and their significance in field measurements is illustrated with examples. (1) An integrating sphere leaf chamber for the determination of the quantum yield of photosynthesis, on the basis of absorbed light, is explained and equations for its use are developed. The significance of this approach is illustrated by a comparison of data for contrasting leaves plotted on an absorbed and incident light basis. This measurement of light-limited photosynthesis is also critical in understanding the contribution of shaded leaves to canopy photosynthesis. (2) A system for the measurement of canopy photosynthesis from arable crops and low stature natural vegetation is described, Results from a season-long study of wheat CO2 exchange are shown to illustrate its application. C1 ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,USDA,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP Long, SP (reprint author), UNIV ESSEX,JOHN TABOR LABS,DEPT BIOL & CHEM SCI,COLCHESTER CO4 3SQ,ESSEX,ENGLAND. RI Long, Stephen/A-2488-2008 OI Long, Stephen/0000-0002-8501-7164 NR 40 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 8 U2 48 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 47 IS 304 BP 1629 EP 1642 DI 10.1093/jxb/47.11.1629 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WA292 UT WOS:A1996WA29200002 ER PT J AU Palumbo, MS Beers, SM Bhaduri, S Palumbo, SA AF Palumbo, MS Beers, SM Bhaduri, S Palumbo, SA TI Thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp in liquid egg white SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE egg white; heat resistance; pathogens; Salmonella; L-monocytogenes ID WHOLE EGG; ENTERITIDIS; ALBUMIN; HENS; YOLK AB Survival of a five-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes and a six-strain mixture of Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and S. senftenberg (not 775W) in liquid egg white was determined by a submerged-vial technique at 51.5 degrees C and 53.2 degrees C with 0.875% added H2O2 and at 55.5 degrees C, 56.6 degrees C, and 57.7 degrees C with no additions, Survival at a range of pH values at 56.6 degrees C also was determined. Surviving bacteria were counted on tryptic soy agar and results expressed as D-values; log-unit reductions in counts in 3.5 min or 6.2 min were calculated from these D-values. Plate pasteurization of commercially broken egg white (pH 8.8) inoculated with a single strain of L. innocua or S. senftenberg also was performed. Heating under currently approved pasteurization conditions, 51.5 degrees C for 3.5 min with hydrogen peroxide, 55.6 degrees C for 6.2 min, or 56.7 degrees C for 3.5 min, resulted in a less than 3-log unit reduction of viable Salmonella spp, and a less than 0.5-log unit reduction of L. monocytogenes. At 53.2 degrees C with peroxide, plate pasteurization resulted in a 3.44-log unit reduction of S. senftenberg in 3.5 min. At 57.7 degrees C with no peroxide, the D-value for Salmonella spp. was 0.78 min when heated in submerged vials, and plate pasteurization reduced viable numbers by 3.64 log units in 3.5 min. Destruction of Listeria under these conditions was still less than 1 log unit. Variation in the pH of the egg white from 7.8 to 9.3 resulted in D-values for Salmonella spp. at 56.6 degrees C of 3.60 min to 1.08 min, respectively. D-values for L. monocytogenes under these conditions ranged from 10.4 min at pH 7.8 to 20.9 min at pH 9.3. The reduced heat sensitivity of Salmonella spp, at lower pH values should be considered in reevaluating pasteurization procedures. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. DELAWARE VALLEY COLL,DEPT FOOD SCI & MANAGEMENT,DOYLESTOWN,PA 18901. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1182 EP 1186 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VW029 UT WOS:A1996VW02900007 ER PT J AU Gamble, HR Patrascu, IV AF Gamble, HR Patrascu, IV TI Whole blood, serum, and tissue fluids in an enzyme immunoassay for swine trichinellosis SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Trichinella spiralis; pigs; serology; EIA ID EXCRETORY-SECRETORY ANTIGEN; LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; TRICHINOSIS; ELISA AB Two enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for trichinellosis in swine (a research version and a commercial kit obtained from LMD Agro-Vet) were used to test pig whole blood, serum, and tissue fluids as sample sources. Five pigs inoculated with 2,500 Trichinella spiralis were bled weekly and then sacrificed after 42 days. Blood and serum samples from each sampling time and tissue fluids collected at slaughter were tested in both EIA formats. Whether samples were undiluted or diluted, blood could be used as effectively as serum for detecting pigs infected with T. spiralis. Further, it was as effective to use tissue fluids as either blood or serum. With both tests, the research and commercial versions, it is possible to detect infected pigs by 28 days following infection. The results of this study suggest that a rapid EIA test such as the LMD Agro-Vet Trichinella Serology Microwell ELISA can be used as an effective tool for testing pigs for trichinellosis on the farm. Additionally, because it can enable the detection of antibodies in tissue fluids, this test could be used effectively to determine trichinellosis in meat samples following slaughter. C1 AMER ROMANIAN TECHNOL EXCHANGE,BUCHAREST,ROMANIA. RP Gamble, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1213 EP 1217 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VW029 UT WOS:A1996VW02900012 ER PT J AU Senter, SD Searcy, GK Young, LL AF Senter, SD Searcy, GK Young, LL TI Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in commercially processed chicken: An indicator of product end-point temperature SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE chicken; end-point temperature; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GOT ID BEEF AB Residual glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase (GOT) activity in laboratory-prepared samples of white and dark chicken meat heat treated to end-point temperatures (EPTs) of 70 to 75 degrees C were determined. Declines in activity with increasing EPTs occurred in both tissue types, activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in dark meat samples at all EPTs except 75 degrees C. Regression coefficients of GOT activities on EPTs of the laboratory prepares sampled were rearranged to estimate EPTs for poultry products obtained from a commercial processing plant. Desired EPTs of the commercial products were 71 and 74 degrees C for white and dark meat, respectively. Product EPTs estimated by measurement of residual GOT activities were 74 to 75 degrees C. Measurement of residual GOT activity appears to be a rapid, accurate means to estimate EPTs in commercially produced poultry products of uniform size and thickness. RP Senter, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POULTRY PROC & MEAT QUAL RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1230 EP 1232 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VW029 UT WOS:A1996VW02900016 ER PT J AU Chan, HT Maindonald, JM Laidlaw, WG Seltenrich, M AF Chan, HT Maindonald, JM Laidlaw, WG Seltenrich, M TI ACC oxidase in papaya sections after heat treatment SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE papaya; ACC oxidase; heat-treatment; enzyme inactivation ID ETHYLENE-FORMING ENZYME; FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; HOT-WATER IMMERSION; TEPHRITIDAE; CUCUMBERS AB The effect of heat treatment on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase in excised sections of papaya (Carica papaya L). 'Kapoho' fruit immersed in hot water baths was analyzed as kinetics of a set of consecutive reactions. Treatments were at 23, 28, 33, and 38 degrees C which would be encountered during initial treatments of whole fruits during heating to fruit-center temperatures of 47 degrees C and above. The response of ACC oxidase was considered as two consecutive reactions, one for production and one for degradation. Activation energies were compared to those reported at 43 degrees C to 51 degrees C. The implications of the analyses were confirmed by results for a whole-fruit hot-water dip. C1 HORT RES,MT ALBERT RES STN,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV CALGARY,DEPT CHEM,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA. RP Chan, HT (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1182 EP & PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VZ334 UT WOS:A1996VZ33400017 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Holsinger, VH TI Flow properties of encapsulated milkfat powders as affected by flow agent SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE encapsulation; butteroil; flowability; milk powder AB Food powders containing softer cores of fatty or flavor components present handling problems, as such powders are generally of very low density and mostly non free-flowing. Three classes of flow conditioners [silica, silicate and stearate], at three levels of concentration, were evaluated to determine effects on bulk and flow properties of sucrose, lactose and modified corn starch as well as butter oil powders encapsulated with the same materials. Silica and silicate were generally effective in improving bulk properties but only silica was effective in improving flowability of unencapsulated powders as well as lactose-encapsulated butteroil powder. Washing with isopropanol was effective in improving flow only with the lactose-encapsulated butteroil powder. Butteroil encapsulated in lactose had flow characteristics similar to lactose. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19118, USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1211 EP 1215 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb10962.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VZ334 UT WOS:A1996VZ33400023 ER PT J AU Morgan, AI Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ AF Morgan, AI Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ TI Ultra high temperature, ultra short time surface pasteurization of meat SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE meat; poultry; surface pasteurization; vacuum cooling ID BROILER CARCASSES AB A novel device killed with steam most surface organisms on fresh meat without cooking the surface. Treatment for 25 milliseconds with 145 degrees C thermally saturated steam in the absence of air, followed by vacuum cooling, produced a 4 log kill of an applied dose of 10(7) L. inocua on raw fresh chicken meat. Similar results were achieved on fresh beef and pork. Total cycle time <1 sec suggested that a single unit could serve a broiler processing line, after the chill tank, and before the clean cut-up line. RP Morgan, AI (reprint author), ARS,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1216 EP 1218 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb10963.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VZ334 UT WOS:A1996VZ33400024 ER PT J AU Montanari, L King, JW List, GR Rennick, KA AF Montanari, L King, JW List, GR Rennick, KA TI Selective extraction of phospholipid mixtures by supercritical carbon dioxide and cosolvents SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE extraction; supercritical fluid; cosolvent; phospholipids; soybean oil ID CO2; ETHANOL; CANOLA; OIL AB To optimize and enhance the value of a previously developed supercritical fluids (SF) process for removing oil from soybean flakes, we devised a two-step, sequential scheme for extraction of oil and phospholipid-containing fractions using SC-CO2 alone or with ethanol. PLs were selectively removed from the flakes using the SC-CO2/ethanol mixture. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were more readily solubilized in the SC-CO2/cosolvent mixtures than were phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. The extent of recovery of PC and PE was a function of the molar fraction of cosolvent. Some fractionation of constituent phospholipids could be achieved by varying the molar fraction of ethanol. The extracts from the SF process were characterized by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP) and HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. UNIV PERUGIA,IST IND AGR,I-06126 PERUGIA,ITALY. NR 37 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 10 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1230 EP & DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb10967.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VZ334 UT WOS:A1996VZ33400028 ER PT J AU Mobley, MS AF Mobley, MS TI Barriers to my participation in SAF SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Mobley, MS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,CONTROLLED CORRESPONDENCE UNIT,USDA,201 14TH ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 94 IS 11 BP 16 EP 16 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VQ090 UT WOS:A1996VQ09000009 ER PT J AU Richmond, JA Page, M Blount, LV AF Richmond, JA Page, M Blount, LV TI African Americans in the frame of forestry SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,ALBANY,CA. HAMPTON UNIV,HAMPTON,VA 23668. RP Richmond, JA (reprint author), N CAROLINA CENT UNIV,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,USDA,DURHAM,NC 27707, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 94 IS 11 BP 60 EP 60 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VQ090 UT WOS:A1996VQ09000018 ER PT J AU Kosslak, RM Dieter, JR Ruff, RL Chamberlin, MA Bowen, BA Palmer, RG AF Kosslak, RM Dieter, JR Ruff, RL Chamberlin, MA Bowen, BA Palmer, RG TI Partial resistance to root-borne infection by Phytophthora sojae in three allelic necrotic root mutants in soybean SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION; UNSTABLE MUTATION; GLYCINE-MAX; ROT; GLYCEOLLIN; MIMICS; PLANTS; MAIZE; GENES AB Disease lesion mimic mutations that affect aerial parts of plants have been characterized in several species, but root disease mimics have not been previously described, Our objective was to characterize genetically and physiologically three independently derived necrotic root mutants found in soybean, The three mutants were inherited as a single recessive gene, were allelic, and were not linked to any of seven marker traits tested, When inoculated via the hypocotyl, necrotic root plants were susceptible to hyphal infection by a compatible race of the fungal pathogen Phytophthora sojae. In contrast, the roots showed partial resistance to infection by P. sojae zoospores, which correlated with the accumulation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins and group 2 peroxidases under axenic conditions, However, activation of the defense response in roots of the necrotic root mutants was insufficient to prevent nodulation by the symbiotic microorganism Bradyrhizobium japonicum. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,FCR,AMES,IA 50011. RP Kosslak, RM (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 87 IS 6 BP 415 EP 422 PG 8 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VZ797 UT WOS:A1996VZ79700001 ER PT J AU Bush, AL Wise, RP AF Bush, AL Wise, RP TI Crown rust resistance loci on linkage groups 4 and 13 in cultivated oat SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID PUCCINIA-CORONATA; AVENA; MAP; CHROMOSOMES; TRITICEAE AB Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata, is the major fungal disease of oat, Resistance to crown rust is usually, but not always, controlled by single dominant genes in hexaploid oat (Avena spp,). Hexaploid oat lines A. byzantina cv. Kanota and A. sativa cv. Ogle were found to differ in their responses to the two crown rust isolates, PC54 and PC59. Seventy recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between these two lines were examined. Analysis of rust infection type data indicates that resistance to both of these isolates is due to multiple loci, with major effects exerted by two loci located on linkage groups 4 and 13 of the molecular map developed from this cross. Additionally, resistance to the two isolates could not be separated unequivocally and so resistance to both isolates is apparently influenced by each of the two loci identified, These results corroborate the growing evidence that the two homoeologous groups containing linkage groups 4 and 13 contain many disease resistance genes. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Bush, AL (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 87 IS 6 BP 427 EP 432 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VZ797 UT WOS:A1996VZ79700003 ER PT J AU Chen, XF Palmer, RG AF Chen, XF Palmer, RG TI Inheritance and linkage with the k2 and Mdh1-n loci in soybean SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID CHROMOSOME AB Mutants for tan saddle seed coat (k2), for yellow foliage (y20), and for malate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.37] 1 null (Mdh1-n) have occurred both separately and concurrently in soybean [Glycine max (L,) Merr.]. This study examines their relationships by testing allelisms, inheritance, and recombination among them. Isoline L67-3483 and genetic type T239 are tan saddle seed coat (k2) mutants, and genetic type T261 is a tan saddle seed coat (k2) and malate dehydrogenase null (Mdh1-n) mutant. Soybean accessions USDA PI 567.391 and PI 567,630A are two Mdh1-n mutants. Inheritance studies indicated that the three k2 mutants were allelic and the three Mdh1-n mutants were allelic, Both k2 and Mdh1-n were inherited as single nuclear recessive alleles. PI 567,630A was homozygous for a chromosome translocation. No linkage was detected between the k2 locus and the translocation breakpoint in PI 567,630A. An approximately 1 +/- 1.36% recombination rate between k2 and Mdh1-n was detected in the coupling phase in the crosses of T261 (k2 Mdh1-n) with wild type in about 5,400 F-2 plants. In the repulsion phase, however, no recombinants with tan saddle seed and Mdh1-n phenotypes were identified in 3,210 F-2 plants from crossing T239 (k2) or L67-3483 (k2) with PI 567.630A (Mdh1-n), These observations indicated that k2 and Mdh1-n are two closely linked loci separated by approximately 1 +/- 1.36 cM. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011. RP Chen, XF (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,INTERDEPT GENET PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 87 IS 6 BP 433 EP 437 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VZ797 UT WOS:A1996VZ79700004 ER PT J AU Black, WC Hatchett, JH Evans, BR Krchma, LJ AF Black, WC Hatchett, JH Evans, BR Krchma, LJ TI A linkage map of seven allozyme loci in the Hessian fly SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID MAYETIOLA-DESTRUCTOR; CYTOGENETICS; GENETICS C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 87 IS 6 BP 476 EP 481 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VZ797 UT WOS:A1996VZ79700013 ER PT J AU Jurd, L AF Jurd, L TI New anti-tumor agents .2. Benzopyranylamine compounds SO JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Pyrrolidine, morpholine and piperidine derived Mannich bases of types 1-3 react with acetone, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde to form 2-methyl and 3-methylbenzopyrans of types 4-8. Hydrolysis of these benzopyrans yields alcoholic benzopyrans which readily condense with a variety of amine, aniline and hydrazine derivatives to form diverse isomeric benzopyrans of types of 9 and 10. The benzopyrans 4-9 which contain a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl ring are active anti-tumor agents, particularly against human breast, CNS and colon cancer cell lines, total growth inhibition of these tumors often occurring in vitro at concentrations as low as 10(-5)-10(-6) moles/l. Because of their in vitro activities and unusual structures a number of these benzopyrans have been selected for in vivo Xenograft testing against breast and other susceptible human cancers. RP Jurd, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, 800 BUCHANAN ST, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-152X J9 J HETEROCYCLIC CHEM JI J. Heterocycl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1919 EP 1925 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WE320 UT WOS:A1996WE32000060 ER PT J AU Aradhya, MK Zee, FT Manshardt, RM AF Aradhya, MK Zee, FT Manshardt, RM TI Genetic diversity in Nephelium as revealed by isozyme polymorphism SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; COMPILATION AB Sixty-four accessions involving five taxa (four species and two taxonomic varieties) of Nephelium were fingerprinted, classified, and evaluated for infraspecific genetic diversity using isozyme polymorphism. All five taxa were polymorphic for most of the ten putative loci encoding eight enzymes. Number of alleles per locus ranged from three for Gpi-1 to nine for Gpi-2 with a total of 58 alleles. Fifty-five accessions possessed unique fingerprints, indicating significant level of diversity in the collection. On average, 86% of the loci were polymorphic and the expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.390 and 0.402, respectively. Multivariate analyses of the isozyme data revealed five distinct clusters representing the five taxa included in the study. Isozyme data suggest that N. hypoleucum is the closest relative of N. lappaceum var. lappaceum. Interestingly, the N. lappaceum var. pallens exhibits closer association with N. ramboutan-ake than with its sibling taxon N. lappaceum var. lappaceum. The isozyme results dispute the taxonomic relationship among the taxa of Nephelium. However, further taxonomic and evolutionary inferences would require a much broader survey on a larger sampling basis. C1 ARS,USDA,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,HILO,HI 96720. RP Aradhya, MK (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII MANOA,DEPT HORT,3190 MAILE WAY,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI JI J. Horticult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 71 IS 6 BP 847 EP 857 PG 11 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VT733 UT WOS:A1996VT73300002 ER PT J AU Hatta, M Beyl, CA Garton, S Diner, AM AF Hatta, M Beyl, CA Garton, S Diner, AM TI Induction of roots on jujube softwood cuttings using Agrobacterium rhizogenes SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORMATION; TUMEFACIENS; VIRULENCE; STRAINS; PLASMID; PLANTS; LARIX AB Cuttings from trees of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), particularly mature ones, root with great difficulty. A greenhouse experiment assessed the effects of two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4 and TR105) on softwood cuttings from two sources: ten year old trees of cv. Li and a tree approximately 40 years old of the cv. Contorta. The cuttings were collected and trimmed to 7.5 cm. Ten weeks after inoculation, both strain and source of cutting influenced visible symptoms of infection. Jujube cuttings were more responsive to TR105 than to A4, and the 'Li' cuttings were more responsive than 'Contorta' cuttings. Strain TR105 was very effective in increasing rooting percentages and root number. 'Li' cuttings had better rooting percentages, greater root number, and greater root length than did the 'Contorta' cuttings. Inoculation with A. rhizogenes may also possess great potential for promoting adventitious root formation in other difficult woody ornamental or fruit tree species. C1 ALABAMA A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,NORMAL,AL 35762. ALABAMA A&M UNIV,FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,NORMAL,AL 35762. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI JI J. Horticult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 71 IS 6 BP 881 EP 886 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VT733 UT WOS:A1996VT73300005 ER PT J AU HunterCevera, JC Jeffries, TW Eveleigh, DE AF HunterCevera, JC Jeffries, TW Eveleigh, DE TI Introduction SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 17 IS 5-6 BP R6 EP R6 DI 10.1007/BF01574686 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WM858 UT WOS:A1996WM85800001 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Molina, O AF Landolt, PJ Molina, O TI Host-finding by cabbage looper moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Learning of host odor upon contact with host foliage SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Trichoplusia ni; attraction; learning; host-finding; experience; oviposition ID ATTRACTION; FEMALES AB Mated female cabbage looper moths that were caged with cotton, celery, or soybean foliage were attracted significantly more often than inexperienced moths to the odor of the same species of plant the following night. Moths that were caged with cotton or celery foliage were attracted significantly more often the following night only to the foliage of the same species, and not to the foliage of the other plant species. Brief contact by a moth or a single oviposition on plant foliage was sufficient to increase subsequent attraction to plant foliage. This behavior appears to be associative learning of host odor. C1 USDA ARS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. NR 18 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 6 BP 899 EP 908 DI 10.1007/BF02208977 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WQ851 UT WOS:A1996WQ85100005 ER PT J AU Loeb, MJ Hakim, RS AF Loeb, MJ Hakim, RS TI Insect midgut epithelium in vitro: An insect stem cell system SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE midgut; stem cells; growth factors; cytokines ID LARVAL MIDGUT; MANDUCA-SEXTA; MOTH; DIFFERENTIATION AB Mixed cell cultures and stem cell cultures were prepared from midguts of Manduca sexta pharate fourth instar and mid-wandering fifth instar larvae. An extract prepared from the fat body was able to promote stem cell proliferation and affect differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. DNA synthesis activity was confirmed by use of [H-3]thymidine. Immunohistological localization of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog, indicated that dividing stem cells incorporated the label. In many cases, one of the daughter cells incorporated the label while the other did not; often this daughter appeared morphologically different from its sister cell. These results implied that one of the sister stem cells remained as a proliferating stem cell while the other sister was committed to differentiate. Studies strongly suggest that these midgut cell cultures comprise a true stem cell system, Cell-free conditioned medium from cultures of differentiating pharate fourth instar midgut cells induced development of larval columnar cells from mid-wandering fifth instar midgut stem cells. Conversely, conditioned medium from differentiating cultures of mid-wandering fifth instar midgut induced development of mid-wandering fifth instar low columnar cells from midgut stem cells isolated from pharate fourth instar larvae. Therefore, it appears that differentiating cells produce soluble cytokines which direct specific modes of differentiation by M. sexta stem cells. C1 HOWARD UNIV,DEPT ANAT,SCH MED,WASHINGTON,DC 20059. RP Loeb, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 42 IS 11-12 BP 1103 EP 1111 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(96)00050-9 PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA WD075 UT WOS:A1996WD07500015 ER PT J AU Jouvenaz, DP Lord, JC Undeen, AH AF Jouvenaz, DP Lord, JC Undeen, AH TI Restricted ingestion of bacteria by fire ants SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Serratia marcescens; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus sphaericus; Solenopsis invicta; fire ants; formicides; microbial insecticides; biological control ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA BUREN AB Fire ant queens and workers from colonies fed to repletion on Serratia marcescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bacillus sphaericus were aseptically dissected, and homogenates of their thoracic and gastric guts were plated on appropriate media to determine whether bacteria were ingested. All three species of bacteria were effectively excluded from the gut of both queens and workers. A small, slow-growing, Gramnegative bacterium, noted in some of the test queens, was subsequently isolated from the gut of 8 (13.8%) of 58 queens from field colonies. This bacterium was partially characterized, but was not identified. Implications for microbial formicide research are discussed. (C) 1996 Academic Press. Inc. C1 MYCOTECH CORP, BUTTE, MT 59702 USA. RP Jouvenaz, DP (reprint author), ARS, CTR MED AGR & VEET RES, USDA, POB 14565, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 68 IS 3 BP 275 EP 277 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0096 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VT141 UT WOS:A1996VT14100010 ER PT J AU Butt, TM Hajek, AE Humber, RA AF Butt, TM Hajek, AE Humber, RA TI Gypsy moth immune defenses in response to hyphal bodies and natural protoplasts of entomophthoralean fungi SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immune responses; hemocytes; phagocytosis; encapsulation; Entomophaga; gypsy moth; protoplasts; sugars ID ENTOMOPHAGA-AULICAE; ERYNIA-NEOAPHIDIS; SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; RECOGNITION; PATHOGEN; LARVAE AB Gypsy moth hemocytes phagocytosed and/or encapsulated walled entomophthoralean cells and protoplasts that were regenerating cell walls but rarely recognized the healthy protoplasts that lack cell walls. Experiments using lectin conjugates demonstrated different sugars localized at the surface of protoplasts, regenerating protoplasts, and walled cells. Protoplasts had few sugars, in small amounts, on their surfaces and these fungal cells evoked minimal cellular responses. Walled fungal cells had greater quantities of a variety of sugars in the cell walls and evoked the strongest defense response. Protoplasts of Entomophaga grylli, an orthopteran pathogen that cannot successfully develop in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, evoked a stronger hemocytic response in larvae than protoplasts of the lepidopteran pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga that is able to successfully develop in L. dispar. Sugars detected at the surface of E. grylli and E. maimaiga protoplasts were similar, so it is likely that the surface sugars we tested do not determine the differences in nonpathogen recognition between these fungal species. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Butt, TM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 68 IS 3 BP 278 EP 285 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0097 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VT141 UT WOS:A1996VT14100011 ER PT J AU Zollner, PA Smith, WP Brennan, LA AF Zollner, PA Smith, WP Brennan, LA TI Characteristics and adaptive significance of latrines of swamp rabbits (Sylvilagus aquaticus) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Sylvilagus aquaticus; latrine; logistic regression; swamp rabbit; territoriality; vigilance ID SITES AB Three different types of forests (mature, mixed upland, and cut-over) in central Arkansas were surveyed in June and October 1991 and February and May 1992 for latrines of swamp rabbits (Sylvilagus aquaticus). Swamp rabbits deposited >91% of their fecal pellets on logs. A greater density of pellets were found in February 1992 compared to other months. Length, height, diameter, decay class, and percent cover of moss on logs used as latrines by swamp rabbits were recorded. Logistic regression was used to predict the Likelihood that a log would be used as a latrine. Increasing decay class, percentage cover of moss, and diameter of logs were correlated with latrines of swamp rabbits. Height of logs did not distinguish between used and unused logs, but length and season were significant predictors of use of logs as latrines in forests of mature bottomland hardwood and cut-over bottomland. Spatial clumping of latrines and peak use during breeding were consistent with the hypothesis that latrines on logs serve as territorial markers. An alternative hypothesis that swamp rabbits elevated themselves on logs to increase their field of view and coincidentally deposited pellets on logs was tested experimentally with three obstruction treatments; visual + physical, only physical, and a control. Treatments were placed on I-m sections of 54 logs that had been used as latrines in at least 2 of the 4 monthly surveys. Surveys conducted for 4 months after the installation of obstructions showed a significant interaction between use of a log as a latrine, treatment type, and month of survey. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. US FOREST SERV,SO HARDWOODS LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RI Zollner, Patrick/A-8727-2010 OI Zollner, Patrick/0000-0001-8263-7029 NR 29 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 77 IS 4 BP 1049 EP 1058 DI 10.2307/1382785 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VU042 UT WOS:A1996VU04200012 ER PT J AU Winistorfer, SG AF Winistorfer, SG TI Product champions in government agencies SO JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT AB Innovation can bring productive change to the way business is done-a concept not easily accepted by government agencies. Barriers combine to stifle innovation and include the difficulty in providing services and programs to customers with competing interests, the leadership void created with recurrent turnover in top management, an emphasis on risk avoidance, and a focus on internal processes. Product champions are individuals who are committed, dedicated, willing, and able to take an innovation and carry it through the barriers that exist with the bureaucracy of government agencies. Only through active participation of product champions at all levels of the organization can productive innovation take place: top managers as the chief executive product champions, midlevel managers as the business innovation product champions, and employees at all levels as the technical innovation product champions. RP Winistorfer, SG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0742-597X J9 J MANAGE ENG JI J. Manage. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 12 IS 6 BP 54 EP 58 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(1996)12:6(54) PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA VP004 UT WOS:A1996VP00400025 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF Schmidtmann, ET AF Carroll, JF Schmidtmann, ET TI Silt fencing as a barrier to the dispersal of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) into pastures SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacklegged tick; dispersal; barrier; woods-pasture interface; mark-recapture ID LYME-DISEASE; TICK ACARI; NEW-YORK; WESTCHESTER-COUNTY; DAMMINI ACARI; NYMPHS AB Silt fence barriers were set along pasture fencelines and evaluated as a method of restricting the dispersal of blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, adults and nymphs from woodlands into adjacent horse pastures. The barriers received no acaricidal treatment for the Ist cohort of adults. Thereafter the woods side of the barriers was sprayed with cyfluthrin at the onset of each season of host seeking activity of nymphs and adults. When high densities of adults were present, the barriers significantly limited the numbers of ticks in pastures. Nymphs, however, were not significantly fewer in numbers in pasture areas associated with the barriers compared with control areas. Marked adult ticks released in woodlands and ecotones were recaptured on mowed verges and pastures, but there was little dispersal from the woods edge into the woods. C1 USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 921 EP 925 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA VR909 UT WOS:A1996VR90900008 PM 8961640 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF AF Carroll, JF TI Occurrence of larval Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) on tree trunks SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes scapularis; host-seeking; vertical distribution; climbing ID DAMMINI ACARI; TICK ACARI; HOST AB Host-seeking larvae of blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, were found on the trunks of 7 species of trees in a mixed deciduous woodland in Maryland. Where larvae were present around the bases of trees, larvae were found on 45.8% of the tree trucks. Almost 15% of the larvae found on tree trunks were approximate to 1-2 m above the ground. Larger trees harbored larvae more often than smaller trees. Trees having a circumference at breast height of greater than or equal to 1 m (0.96 m diameter) averaged 3.19 larvae. Because white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), the principal hosts of I. scapularis larvae, frequently nest in trees, it may not be detrimental to host-seeking larvae to ascend and remain on tree trunks. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 971 EP 975 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA VR909 UT WOS:A1996VR90900016 PM 8961648 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH Kunz, SE AF Pruett, JH Kunz, SE TI Thermal requirements for Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) egg development SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hypoderma lineatum; thermal environment; egg hatch AB This study was designed to define lower thermal limits for common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), egg development. The data collected in this study suggest that embryonic development was prolonged as temperature was lowered. No hatch was observed when eggs were incubated at a constant temperature of 20 degrees C. Measurements of cattle skin temperature and ovipositional behavior of the gravid female fly suggest that eggs are oviposited in a suitable thermal environment for successful embryonic development. Eggs oviposited on cattle held in an unheated barn hatched within 1 wk confirming that cattle can be successfully laboratory infested in unheated barns during winter in central Texas. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LAB,2700 FREDERICKSBURG RD,KERRVILLE,TX 78028, USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 976 EP 978 PG 3 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA VR909 UT WOS:A1996VR90900017 PM 8961649 ER PT J AU Whyte, AC Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF AF Whyte, AC Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF TI Sclerotiamide: A new member of the paraherquamide class with potent antiinsectan activity from the sclerotia of Aspergillus sclerotiorum SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID METABOLITE AB Sclerotiamide (1), a new fungal natural product related to the paraherquamides, was isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation of antiinsectan organic extracts from the sclerotia of Aspergillus sclerotiorum (NRRL 5167). The structure was determined primarily through H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC experiments. Sclerotiamide causes significant mortality and unusual physiological effects in dietary assays against the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea. C1 UNIV IOWA, DEPT CHEM, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [K04 CA01571] NR 13 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1093 EP 1095 DI 10.1021/np960607m PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VV628 UT WOS:A1996VV62800023 PM 8946752 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S AF Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S TI Roasted soybeans and an estrogenic growth promoter affect growth hormone status and performance of beef steers SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; estrogens; somatotropin; thyrotropin releasing hormone; soybeans ID FREE FATTY-ACIDS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PITUITARY-CELLS; GH SECRETION; CATTLE; COWS; RAT; SOMATOTROPIN; INHIBITION; GLUCOSE AB This study investigated the effects of a roasted soybean (RSB)-supplemented diet and an estrogen implant (SYN; Synovex-S(R) ear implant, 20 mg estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg progesterone) in young crossbred beef steers on their performance and plasma growth hormone (GH) response to challenge injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) + GB-releasing hormone (GHRH). Twenty individually fed steers (body weight 255 +/- 5 kg) were assigned to the following treatments: 1) no SYN and fed a soybean meal-supplemented diet, 2) no SYN and fed the RSB-supplemented diet, 3) plus SYN and soybean meal, and 4) plus SYN and RSB. Steers were fed 1.13 MJ metabolizable energy/kg metabolic body weight daily of an 18% protein diet. After a 5-wk growth period, all steers were challenged (intravenous injection) over a 3-wk period with three levels of a combination of TRH + GHRH (0.1 + 0.01, 1.0 + 0.1, 2.5 + 0.25 mu g/kg body weight, respectively). After an additional 3 wk, steers were reimplanted and a second 5-wk growth period was followed by a single challenge of the 1.0 + 0.1 TRH + GHRH dose level. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was greater when steers were fed the RSB compared with soybean meal (265 vs. 205 mu mol/L; P < 0.01; SEM = 9.5). Body weight gains for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.35, 1.21, 1.47 and 1.38 kg/d, respectively (RSB, P < 0.10; SYN, P < 0.07; SEM = 0.06). Gain/dry matter intake (g/kg) means were 184, 167, 197 and 184 (RSB, P < 0.04; SYN, P < 0.07; SEM = 7.5). Feeding roasted soybeans results in depressed area under the GH response curve [907, 555, 827 and 989 mu g/(L*min) (SYN x RSB, P < 0.03; SEM = 117)] and depressed peak response (37.2, 26.6, 33.5 and 41.1 mu g/L [SYN x RSB, P < 0.05; SEM = 4.5]), an effect alleviated by estrogen for young growing steers (Period 1) but not for heavier steers (Period 2). C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BARC E,BLDG 200,RM 102,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 126 IS 11 BP 2880 EP 2887 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VT726 UT WOS:A1996VT72600023 PM 8914961 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW Mitchell, AD McMurtry, JP AF Rosebrough, RW Mitchell, AD McMurtry, JP TI Dietary crude protein changes rapidly alter metabolism and plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in broiler chickens SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE chickens; lipogenesis; diets; metabolism ID INVITRO LIPOGENESIS; SOMATOMEDIN-C; HEPATIC LIPOGENESIS; FEEDING REGIMENS; LIPID-METABOLISM; BODY-COMPOSITION; IGF-I; ENERGY; HORMONE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE AB Although changes in dietary crude protein levels change metabolism in broiler chickens, there is little information concerning the time course of the process of adaptation. Therefore, male Indian River broiler chickens were fed diets containing either 120 or 210 g protein/kg from 7 to 28 d of age and then were fed the other level for an additional 12 d. Birds were bled and killed at 0, 2, 5, 7, 9 and 12 d following the reversals. Measurements taken at these intervals included in vitro lipogenesis, growth and feed consumption, hepatic enzyme activities and plasma metabolites and metabolites. Birds fed the lower level of crude protein were smaller and less efficient in growth from 7 to 28 d. Feeding these birds a higher protein diet from 28 to 40 d improved both growth and feed efficiency. Lipogenesis was also greater and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) less in birds fed the lower protein diet. Switching dietary treatments increased and decreased lipogenesis as birds were switched from high to low protein and from low to high protein diets, respectively. Half-maximal changes were observed 4 d after the reversal and maximal changes 7 d after the reversal. In contrast, switching dietary treatments decreased and increased plasma IGF-I as birds were switched from high to low protein and from low to high protein diets, respectively. Half-maximal changes were observed 2 d after the reversal. Of the three hepatic enzymes monitored, malic enzyme activity most closely followed the rapid changes in in vitro lipogenesis. Plasma IGF-I may be a more sensitive indicator of changes in dietary protein than changes in intermediary metabolism. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,LPSI,GBL,ROOM 212,BLDG 200,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 31 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 126 IS 11 BP 2888 EP 2898 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VT726 UT WOS:A1996VT72600024 PM 8914962 ER PT J AU Turley, RB Ferguson, DL AF Turley, RB Ferguson, DL TI Changes of ovule proteins during early fiber development in a normal and a fiberless line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; cotton; fiber initiation; ovule development; and trichomes ID ELECTROPHORESIS; DIFFERENTIATION; RESOLUTION; INITIATION; DATABASE AB Total protein was extracted from ovules during the temporal development of cotton fiber initiation and compared by 2-D PAGE. Comparisons were made between two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), i.e., a ''normal'' fiber-producing line (DPL 5690) and a fiberless line (SL 1-7-1). In all, 37 protein differences were found, and these were categorized into 5 groups. The groups have been designated either V-, D-, S-, B-, or E-types: V for varietal differences, which are proteins found at all ages but occurring in only one line; D for developmental differences unique to DPL 5690; S for developmental differences unique to SL 1-7-1; B (before anthesis) are proteins found in both lines that diminish postanthesis; and E (embryogenesis) are proteins found in both lines that accumulate postanthesis. Six V-type proteins have been identified, with five of these specific to the fiberless line. Sixteen D-type proteins were identified in which 14 (88%) accumulated postanthesis. Of the 14 proteins, 5 proteins were specific to the normal line. The data on the 5 proteins indicate that they are involved in early events of fiber development. Eight: S-type proteins were identified; however, unlike D-type proteins, only 2 (25%) accumulate postanthesis. Three B-type proteins were identified, each with the same molecular mass. Four E-type proteins were identified and, along with the B-type, are (probably) involved in ovule growth or associated with the changes taking place in the ovule at fertilization. Overall, these data provide a catalogue of 37 proteins, potentially important to future studies in fiber and ovule developmental physiology. RP Turley, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 345,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 149 IS 6 BP 695 EP 702 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VX552 UT WOS:A1996VX55200009 ER PT J AU Kie, JG Boroski, BB AF Kie, JG Boroski, BB TI Cattle distribution, habitats, and diets in the Sierra Nevada of California SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cattle home ranges; cattle habitats; cattle diets; Sierra Nevada; California ID MIXED CONIFER CLEARCUTS; RIPARIAN ZONE; RANGE; DEER; EXCLUSION; BEHAVIOR; PATTERNS; COVER AB Cattle have been used to control shrubs following timber harvesting in the Sierra Nevada of California, although their effectiveness varies between sites, Although cattle home ranges, habitat use, and diets are known for many forested ecosystems, the coniferous forests of the Sierra Nevada are different because shrubs are the most common understory species, with fewer herbaceous species than elsewhere in the western United States, As a first step in evaluating factors that influence cattle distribution and their potential effectiveness in controlling competing vegetation in the Sierra Nevada, we used radio-telemetry collars on cows to determine their home ranges and habitat use patterns, Mean home range size was 162.80 ha in 1986 and 278.83 ha in 1987, When choosing home ranges, cattle showed the greatest affinity for riparian habitat, followed by clearcuts, second-growth forest, and burned areas, Distances from streams to cattle locations were significantly (P<0,01) less ((X) over bar=59.3 m in 1986, and ((X) over bar=60.1 m in 1987) than were distances from streams to random points ((X) over bar=130.4 m), Based on microhistological analysis of fecal fragments, cattle diets included seeded grasses and shrubs mostly from upland sites, but forbs primarily from riparian sites, We suggest the need for water and the relative lack of herbaceous forage in the understory of mixed-conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada resulted in the strong, summer-long preference for riparian habitats, The effectiveness of grazing in controlling competing vegetation following timber harvest may be related to the proximity of the clearcuts to riparian habitats but this specific hypothesis remains to be tested. C1 US FOREST SERV, SW RES STN, FRESNO, CA 93710 USA. RP Kie, JG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, 1401 GEKELER LANE, LA GRANDE, OR 97850 USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 49 IS 6 BP 482 EP 488 DI 10.2307/4002286 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VT437 UT WOS:A1996VT43700001 ER PT J AU Ries, RE Hofmann, L AF Ries, RE Hofmann, L TI Perennial grass establishment in relationship to seeding dates in the Northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE smooth bromegrass; sideoats grama; western wheatgrass; blue grama; crested wheatgrass AB A 3-year field study with 5 species and 11 seeding dates per year was conducted to determine which dates resulted in successful stands when directly seeded into wheat stubble at each seeding date at Mandan, N.D. There was considerable range in the monthly highs and lows for many of the environmental parameters collected during this study. Significant seeding date x year interactions occurred due to changes in environmental conditions at each repeated seeding date. This indicates that while certain seeding dates during the year can be expected to provide good grass establishment because of cooler temperatures and more precipitation, failures can also occur at any seeding date when the expected favorable weather conditions fail to materialize. Stands were successful when the stems m(-2) were equal to or greater than the stems expected from 11 plants m(-2). Successful stands occurred 64, 58, 61, 52, and 45% of the time for smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss., 'Lincoln'), western wheatgrass [Agropyron smithii Rydb., 'Rodan'; syn. = Pascopyron smithii (Rydb.) Love], crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult., 'Nordan'], sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr., 'Pierre'], and blue grams (Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag ex Steud., native collection], respectively. The significant seeding date x year interaction indicated established seedling stems m(-2) varied greatly at the same seeding date in different years. This interaction explains why individuals favor different seeding dales based on their past experience. Successful seeding dates are summarized, but failures can occur at any specific date in a given year. RP Ries, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 49 IS 6 BP 504 EP 508 DI 10.2307/4002290 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VT437 UT WOS:A1996VT43700005 ER PT J AU Shaw, NL Hurd, EG Haferkamp, MR AF Shaw, NL Hurd, EG Haferkamp, MR TI Spiny hopsage fruit and seed morphology SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE chenopod; diaspore; Grayia spinosa; seed germination; utricle AB Rangeland seedings of spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa [Hook] Meg.) may be made with either bracted utricles or seeds, Problems have resulted from inconsistent use of terminology describing these 2 structures and the fact their germination and seedling emergence is not the same with similar environmental conditions and seeding techniques, We examined the flower, fruit, and seed morphology of spiny hopsage microscopically to resolve these discrepancies and provide a basis for discussing the functional roles of bracted utricle and seed components, The spiny hopsage fruit is a utricle consisting of a single disk-shaped seed contained within a thin pericarp, The utricle is enclosed in 2 papery bracteoles. Failure to recognize the obscure pericarp plus inaccurate use of terminology appear responsible for confusion in the literature, The presence and condition of seed and fruit structures can affect seeding requirements and embryo response to environmental conditions, Consequently, accurate identification of all structures associated with the fruit or seed combined with a review of seed biology and seedling establishment Literature is essential for designing effective wildland seeding practices. C1 USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301. RP Shaw, NL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,INTERMOUNTAIN RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,BOISE,ID 83702, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 49 IS 6 BP 551 EP 553 DI 10.2307/4002298 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VT437 UT WOS:A1996VT43700013 ER PT J AU Gibbs, R AF Gibbs, R TI The South as an American problem - Griffin,LJ, Doyle,DH SO JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Book Review RP Gibbs, R (reprint author), ECON RES SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02148-5023 SN 0022-4146 J9 J REGIONAL SCI JI J. Reg. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 668 EP 671 PG 4 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA VT525 UT WOS:A1996VT52500010 ER PT J AU Ingram, J Lee, J AF Ingram, J Lee, J TI The GCTE Soil Erosion Network: A Multi participatory research program (vol 51, pg 377, 1996) SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Correction, Addition RP Ingram, J (reprint author), USDA,EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 51 IS 6 BP 452 EP 452 PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA WF476 UT WOS:A1996WF47600005 ER PT J AU Sharpley, A Smith, SJ Zollweg, JA Coleman, GA AF Sharpley, A Smith, SJ Zollweg, JA Coleman, GA TI Gully treatment and water quality in the Southern Plains SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF; BIOAVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; PREDICTION; TRANSPORT; PAPER; SOILS AB Erosion of agricultural land and transport of associated fertilizer chemicals nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in runoff, can be detrimental to both soil productivity and water quality. In the Southern Plains, gully erosion is of concern due to periodically intense rainfall and a large acreage of erodible soils. As little information is available, we studied the loss of sediment, N, and P in runoff over 13 yr (1980-1992) from two adjacent extensively gullied native grass watersheds (3.8 and 5.7 ha of 5% slope and class 4 erosion) in the Little Washita River Basin, OK. In 1983, the gullies on one of the watersheds were treated by land shaping, Midland Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers] establishment, and construction of a runoff detention pond. Prior to gully treatment, greater (p > 0.05) amounts of sediment, N, and P were lost from the subsequently treated than untreated watershed. Following gully treatment, 27,500 kg sediment, 7.1 kg N, and 4.1 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) were lost from the gullied watershed, while only 4,900 kg sediment, 3.1 kg N, and 1.6 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) were lost from the treated watershed. While gully treatment had no effect on nitrate-N and ammonium-N loss, dissolved P and bioavailable P lasses were increased six- and three-fold, respectively. This was attributed to the application of fertilizer N and P to the treated watershed only. The loss of N and P in runoff from gullied and treated watersheds was accurately predicted using kinetic and enrichment ratio approaches with soil properties reflecting the main zone of runoff and soil interaction. Subsoil (5-20 nn) properties accurately predicted N and P release and transport in runoff from the gullied watershed, whereas accurate predictions for kilt treated watershed were obtained with surface soil (0-5 cm) properties. The cost of gully treatment was $1,098 ha(-1), with a reduced loss of 210 kg sediment, 5 g N, and 3 g P in the ensuing 10 years for every dollar spent on treatment. C1 USDA ARS, NATL AGR WATER QUAL LAB, DURANT, OK 74702 USA. RP Sharpley, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB, CURTIN RD, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 51 IS 6 BP 498 EP 503 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA WF476 UT WOS:A1996WF47600015 ER PT J AU Vick, BD Clark, RN AF Vick, BD Clark, RN TI Performance of wind-electric and solar-PV water pumping systems for watering livestock SO JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB The water pumping performance of two wind-electric systems is compared to the water pumping performance of two solar-PV systems. The wind-electric systems were rated at 1.0 kW and 1.5 kW at a wind speed of about 12 m/s, and the rotor diameters were 2.75 m and 3.05 m, respectively. The solar-PV systems were rated at 0.1 kW and 0.9 kW at a radiation level of about 1000 W/m(2), and the total solar panel surface ce at-eas were 1 and 17 m(2), respectively. Both wind-electric systems powered three-phase 230 V a-e induction motors with centrifugal pumps, The smaller of the solar-PV systems powered a d-c motor with a diaphragm pump, and the large, one powered a single phase 230 V a-e induction motor with a centrifugal pl(mp. Only a well[ pumping depth of 30 m was evaluated for both wind-electric and solar-Pv water pumping systems. The 0.1 kW and the 0.9 kW salar water pumping systems can provide enough water for 25 and 75 cattle, respectively, if the incident solar radiation is similar to that of Bushland, TX. The 1.0 kW and 1.5 kW wind-electric water pumping systems can provide enough water for 300 and 400 cattle, respectively, if the wind regime is similar to that of Bushland, TX. RP Vick, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0199-6231 J9 J SOL ENERG-T ASME JI J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans.-ASME PD NOV PY 1996 VL 118 IS 4 BP 212 EP 216 DI 10.1115/1.2871780 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA VV394 UT WOS:A1996VV39400004 ER PT J AU Yoon, JS Fung, EB Ritchie, LD Woodhouse, LR King, JC AF Yoon, JS Fung, EB Ritchie, LD Woodhouse, LR King, JC TI Urinary lactose excretion is not an index of lactation performance SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MILK; WOMEN C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. KEIMYUNG UNIV,DEPT FOOD & NUTR,TAEGU,SOUTH KOREA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT NUTR SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. CHILDRENS HOSP,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 96 IS 11 BP 1179 EP 1181 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00303-3 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WD526 UT WOS:A1996WD52600013 PM 8906146 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI Biocatalysis Symposium - Papers presented at the 87th AOCS annual meeting & expo, held in Indianapolis, Indiana. Introduction SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1345 EP 1345 DI 10.1007/BF02523495 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200001 ER PT J AU Gardner, HW AF Gardner, HW TI Lipoxygenase as a versatile biocatalyst SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 87th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY APR 30, 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE allene oxide synthase; free radical; hydroperoxide lyase; hydroperoxylinoleic acid; hydroxylinoleic acid; lipoxygenase; oxygenated fatty acids ID FATTY-ACID HYDROPEROXIDE; ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE; RICE BLAST DISEASE; LINOLEIC-ACID; SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE-1; 13(S)-HYDROPEROXY-9(Z),11(E)-OCTADECADIENOIC ACID; PLANT LIPOXYGENASE; CATALYZED TRANSFORMATION; POSITIONAL SPECIFICITY; LIPID HYDROPEROXIDES AB This review of lipoxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway enzymes focuses on the potential for the efficient production of useful compounds. Although the existence of lipoxygenase has been known for many years, only recently has there been progress toward understanding the conditions required to improve yields and immobilize its activity. Maintaining a high O-2 tension is necessary to obtain good yields of hydroperoxides; whereas, partial anaerobic conditions can lead to hy droperoxide decomposition. Fatty hydroperoxides, obtained from lipoxygenase action, can serve as precursors for further transformation by either enzymes or chemical reactions. Well over one-hundred products from lipoxygenase-generated hydroperoxides of linoleic acid alone have been described. Examples will be given of the formation of fatty acids with epoxide, hydroxy, ketone, cyclic, and multiple functional groups. The cleavage of fatty hydroperoxides into short-chain aldehydes and alcohols also will be described. Many of the products have biological activity, suggesting a significant physiological function for lipoxygenase. RP Gardner, HW (reprint author), USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 107 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1347 EP 1357 DI 10.1007/BF02523496 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200002 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI A novel compound, 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, from linoleic acid by a new microbial isolate Clavibacter sp ALA2 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 87th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY APR 30, 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE bioconversion; Clavibacter; linoleic acid; trihydroxy fatty acid; 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid; unsaturated fatty acids ID RICE BLAST DISEASE; C-18 FATTY-ACIDS; OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; NRRL B-14859; TRIHYDROXY; BIOCONVERSION; PLANT; IDENTIFICATION; CONVERSION AB A novel compound, 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (THOA), was produced from linoleic acid by microbial transformation at 25% yield. The newly isolated microbial strain that catalyzed this transformation was identified as Clavibacter sp. ALA2. The product was purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and its structure was determined by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and mass spectroscopy. Maximum production of THOA was reached after 85 h of reaction. THOA was not further metabolized by strain ALA2. This is the first report on 12,13,17-trihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid and its production by microbial transformation. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 26 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1359 EP 1362 DI 10.1007/BF02523497 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200003 ER PT J AU Hayes, DG Kleiman, R AF Hayes, DG Kleiman, R TI Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of lesquerolic acid wax and diol esters and their properties SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 87th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY APR 30, 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE alpha,omega-diol esters; esters; hydroxy acid esters; lesquerella oil; lesquerolic acid esters (properties of); lipase; Rhizomucor miehei lipase ID ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; FATTY-ACIDS; IMMOBILIZED LIPASES; ENZYMATIC-SYNTHESIS; VEGETABLE-OILS; CASTOR-OIL; MEDIA; ESTERIFICATION; WATER AB Lesquerolic acid wax and alpha,omega-diol esters were synthesized via immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme) catalyzed esterification of lesquerolic acid and alcoholysis of lesquerella oil. For each wax ester synthesis, when alcohol substrate was present at a slight (ca. 20%) stoichiometric excess and water content was kept low, over 94% of the hydroxy acyl groups were esterified. The extent of reaction and the ratio of monoester to diester produced for alpha,omega-diol reactions was controlled by the solubility of diet in the medium. This lat ter quantity increased as alcoholysis proceeded due to the formation of partial glycerides and monoesters, which increased the polarity of the medium. Alcoholysis reactions were significantly slower when the medium diol content was above saturation. As the diol chainlength increased, diet solubilization decreased, the ratio of monoester to diester decreased, and the extent of hydrolysis increased. Alcoholysis reactions involving either fatty alcohols or diols suffered from acyl migration, which lowered the purity of lesquerolic acid esters. Several lesquerolic acid esters, synthesized on a preparative scale and purified via column chromatography, were evaluated for their properties: density, viscosity, and melting point. Potential applications for lesquerolic acid esters are discussed. C1 USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1385 EP 1392 DI 10.1007/BF02523501 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200007 ER PT J AU Haas, MJ Scott, KM AF Haas, MJ Scott, KM TI Combined nonenzymatic-enzymatic method for the synthesis of simple alkyl fatty acid esters from soapstock SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 87th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY APR 30, 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE alcoholysis; esterification; fatty acid ester; lipase; phospholipid; soapstock; transesterification; triglyceride ID WATER ACTIVITY; ORGANIC MEDIA; LIPASE; ESTERIFICATION; HYDROLYSIS; SOLVENT; YIELDS AB Soapstock (SS) is a by-product of the extraction of oilseeds to produce edible oils. Annual U.S. production exceeds one-half million tons. A representative sample of SS consists of 45.1% water, 10.0% free fatty acids, 10.1% triglycerides, 1.8% diglycerides, 3.6% phosphatidylethanolamine, 2.2% phosphatidylinositol, 2.7% phosphatidylcholine, 14.0% solvent-insolubles and 10.5% other material, which was not characterized. A process has been developed that sequentially employs a nonenzymatic and an enzymatic step to convert the lipid-linked and the free fatty acids oi SS to the esters of monohydric alcohols. The first step of the process employed alcohol and potassium hydroxide to transesterify the glyceride- and phosphoglyceride-linked fatty acids of the substrate. Because water inhibited the reaction, it was necessary that the SS be dried before use. Nonetheless, even with some batches of SS with water contents below 1% (weight basis), ester hydrolysis accompanied esterification. Each of five examined simple primary alcohols participated effectively in the transesterification reaction, which proceeded rapidly at room temperature and was essentially complete within 1 h. The average ratio of transesterification to hydrolysis in four examined small primary alcohols was 4:1. However, in methanol this value was 99:1 due to the virtual absence of hydrolysis. Significant transesterification by a secondary alcohol (isopropanol) did not occur at room temperature. The minimum effective molar ratio of alcohol to lipid-linked fatty acids was 20:1. The minimum effective concentration of KOH was between 0.10 and 0.15N. The efficiency of the transesterification reaction exceeded 90% of theoretical maximum. The second step of the process involves lipase-mediated esterification of the free fatty acids in the preparation that are not esterified by the alkaline transesterification. Of four lipase preparations examined (Novo Lipozyme IM 20 and SP435, and Amano PS30 and CE), only SP-435 catalyzed significant esterification of the free fatty acids. The reaction was not catalyzed by heat-denatured enzyme. In the pH range between 6 and 13.5, the enzyme reaction proceeded best at pH 6, although also well at pH 7. The optimal water concentration was 0.70% (vol/vol). At an enzyme dosage of 1.1% (weight basis, relative to the dry weight of SS present) under optimal conditions and at 42 degrees C, 63% of the free fatty acids in a post-alcoholysis mixture were enzymatically esterified. The addition of molecular sieves did not increase esterification, which was probably retarded by the high viscosities of the reactions. Under the optimal conditions identified here, the degree of conversion of the fatty acids in SS to simple alkyl esters by the combined reaction scheme was 81%. Opportunities exist for further optimization of these reactions. RP Haas, MJ (reprint author), USDA,ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1393 EP 1401 DI 10.1007/BF02523502 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200008 ER PT J AU Huang, JK Dowd, PF Keudell, KC Klopfenstein, WE Wen, L Bagby, MO Lanser, AC Norton, RA AF Huang, JK Dowd, PF Keudell, KC Klopfenstein, WE Wen, L Bagby, MO Lanser, AC Norton, RA TI Biotransformation of saturated monohydroxyl fatty acids to 2-tetrahydrofuranyl acetic acid derivatives: Mechanism of formations and the biological activity of 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid; 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid; Bacillus lentus AB Transformation of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12-HOA) to 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid (5-HTFA) by Bacillus lentus NRRL B-14864 (B-14864) was carried out in the presence or absence of oligomycin, 2-bromooctanoic acid (2-BA), or sodium azide. In addition, several saturated and monounsaturated monohydroxyfatty acids, saturated monooxofatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acid were used as substrates for transformation reactions by B-14864 or corynebacterium FUI-2. Methyl esters of the transformation products were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Various gamma-lactones and tetrahydrofuran fatty acid derivatives were conversion products when saturated monohydroxyfatty acids were used as substrates; the production of 5-HTFA from 12-HOA by B-14864 cells was completely inhibited in the presence of high concentration of oligomycin, 2-BA, or sodium azide; and fatty acid P-oxidation metabolic intermediates, 6-hydroxydodecanoic, 4-oxododecanoic, and 4-oxodecanoic acids were products when 12-HOA, 10-ore-, and 12-oxooctadecanoic acids were used as substrates. Our results suggest that the production of 5-HTFA from 12-HOA by B-14864 was through the fatty acid P-oxidation pathway. Three-day-old driedfruit beetle pupae were topically treated with 5-HTFA to test for juvenile hormone activity, and 5-HTFA was found to possess juvenile hormone-like activity in pure form but not when it was diluted to 10%. C1 USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MACOMB,IL 61455. WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT SCI BIOL,MACOMB,IL 61455. USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,DEPT MYCOTOXIN RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. USDA,ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,DEPT OIL CHEM RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1465 EP 1469 DI 10.1007/BF02523511 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200017 ER PT J AU Haas, MJ Scott, KM AF Haas, MJ Scott, KM TI Diesel fuel as a solvent for the lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis of triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; diesel fuel; fatty acid ester; lipase; organic solvent; phosphatidylcholine; triglyceride ID ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; WATER ACTIVITY; AQUEOUS-MEDIUM; HYDROLYSIS; ESTERS; TRANSESTERIFICATION; OPTIMIZATION; LANGERON; SYSTEMS; OIL AB The abilities of three commercially available lipases-lipozyme IM 20, Amano PS-30, and Amano CE-to synthesize fatty acid ethyl esters via the alcoholysis of soy triglycerides (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in grade No. 2 diesel fuel were investigated. All three enzyme preparations were active in water-saturated diesel fuel, synthesizing fatty acid esters from both TC and PC. Response surface methodology, based on a Modified Central Composite design, was employed to examine the coordinate effects of lipid, water, and ethanol concentrations on enzyme activities and to identify conditions yielding maximum alcoholysis. For all three enzymes, optimal activities toward TG occurred al added water concentrations of less than 0.3 M. With PC as substrate, optimal enzyme activities occurred at added water concentrations as much as tenfold greater than this, and the amount of water required for maximum activity was proportional to the substrate concentration. For both substrates the enzyme activities were generally reduced as ethanol concentrations rose. The exceptions to this were the Lipozyme-TG combination, where activity increased with increasing ethanol concentrations, and the PS-30-PC combination, where activity was roughly constant across the range of water and ethanol concentrations examined. Hydrolytic activities of the enzymes in aqueous reactions were poor predictors of transesterification activity in organic solvent: the aqueous hydrolytic activities of CE and PS-30 toward TG were roughly comparable, and 25 to 50 times greater than that of IM 20. However, in the alcoholysis of TG in diesel fuel the order of activities was PS-30 > IM 20 > CE. The activities of Lipozyme and CE toward PC were similar to one another, and PS-30 was considerably less active on this substrate. CE lipase was more active toward PC than toward TG. Lipozyme displayed comparable activity toward the two substrates. PS-30 was considerably more active on TG than on PC: Degrees of conversion were consistent with the transesterification of only one fatty acid of TG, and slightly greater than one fatty acid for PC. Preliminary studies indicated that for CE and PS-30, but not for Lipozyme IM 20, the degree of conversion of TC, but not PC, could be significantly increased by the further provision of ethanol. Expansion of this work could lead to a method for the production of simple fatty acid esters, which are suitable as diesel fuels, from multicomponent agricultural materials containing TC and PC. RP Haas, MJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 73 IS 11 BP 1497 EP 1504 DI 10.1007/BF02523516 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VU832 UT WOS:A1996VU83200022 ER PT J AU Lamboy, WF Yu, J Forsline, PL Weeden, NF AF Lamboy, WF Yu, J Forsline, PL Weeden, NF TI Partitioning of allozyme diversity in wild populations of Malus sieversii L and implications for germplasm collection SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE apple; isozymes; Nei's genetic identity; analysis of molecular variance; cluster analysis ID SAMPLE-SIZE; APPLE; IDENTIFICATION; CULTIVARS; ISOZYMES; PLANT AB One of the primary progenitors of the cultivated apple is Malus sieversii L., a species native to the forested regions of central Asia. Despite the horticultural importance of M. sieversii, little is known about genetic variation in this species. In this study, allozyme diversity at 18 loci was determined for 259 seedlings belonging to 31 sib families, each consisting of the set of offspring from a different open-pollinated maternal (seed) parent. Maternal parents belonged to 14 populations from four geographic regions. Genetic diversity statistics were computed from the resulting allele and phenotype frequencies. Cluster analysis of sib families showed that there was some grouping based on geographic region, but 16 of the sib families were most closely related to sib families from other regions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 85% of the enzyme variability was due to differences among sib families within populations and 15% was due to differences among regions. No variability could be assigned to differences among populations within regions. In addition, no alleles were found that were fixed in a region and unique to that region. These results suggest that plants belonging to M. sieversii effectively form a panmictic population. Consequently, a thorough sampling of a few large populations will efficiently capture most of the genetic diversity present in wild M. sieversii. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT HORT SCI,GENEVA,NY 14456. RP Lamboy, WF (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT,GENEVA,NY 14456, USA. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 121 IS 6 BP 982 EP 987 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ502 UT WOS:A1996VQ50200001 ER PT J AU Fery, RL Dukes, PD AF Fery, RL Dukes, PD TI The inheritance of resistance to the southern root-knot nematode in 'Carolina hot' cayenne pepper SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annuum; Meloidogyne incognita; nematode resistance; vegetable breeding ID MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA AB Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the inheritance of the high level of southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] resistance exhibited by 'Carolina Hot' cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and to compare the genetic nature of this resistance to that exhibited by 'Mississippi Nemaheart.' Evaluation of parental, F-1, F-2, and backcross generations of the cross 'Mississippi Nemaheart' x 'California Wonder' confirmed an earlier published report that the 'Mississippi Nemaheart' resistance is conditioned by a single dominant gene, Evaluation of parental, F-1, F-2, and backcross generations of a cross between highly resistant and highly susceptible lines selected from a heterogeneous 'Carolina Hot' population indicated that the resistance exhibited by 'Carolina Hot' is conditioned by two genes, one dominant and one recessive, Evaluation of the parental and F,populations of a cross between 'Mississippi Nemaheart' and the highly resistant 'Carolina Hot' line indicated that the dominant resistance gene in 'Mississippi Nemaheart' is allelic to the dominant resistance gene in 'Carolina Hot,' Comparison of the data that mere collected on the parental lines ill the latter cross demonstrated the superior nature of the resistance exhibited by 'Carolina Hot.' The presence of the second resistance gene in 'Carolina Hot' probably accounted for the higher level of resistance, The ease and reliability of evaluating plants for resistance to root-knot nematodes and the availability of a simply inherited source of resistance makes breeding for southern real-knot nematode resistance a viable objective in pepper breeding programs, This objective should be readily obtainable by the application of conventional plant breeding methodologies. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 121 IS 6 BP 1024 EP 1027 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ502 UT WOS:A1996VQ50200008 ER PT J AU Urrea, CA Miklas, PN Beaver, JS Riley, RH AF Urrea, CA Miklas, PN Beaver, JS Riley, RH TI A codominant randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker useful for indirect selection of bean golden mosaic virus resistance in common bean SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bean golden mosaic virus; DNA markers; dry bean; Phaseolus vulgaris; snap bean ID RUST RESISTANCE; IDENTIFICATION AB Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) is a devastating disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in tropical America. The disease is effectively controlled by combinations of genetic resistances, The most widely deployed source of resistance to BGMV is a recessive gene (bgm-1) derived from the dry bean landrace cultivar Garrapato (Mexico) that conditions a nonmosaic partial resistance response to the pathogen, To expedite introgression of partial resistance into snap bean for southern Florida and other susceptible dry bean market classes for the Caribbean and Central American regions, a RAPD marker tightly linked to bgm-1 has been identified, Two contrasting DNA bulks, one consisting of five BGMV-resistant and the other five susceptible F-6 recombinant inbred lines, were used to screen for polymorphic fragments amplified by 300 decamer primers in the polymerase chain reaction, RAPDs generated between the bulks were analyzed across F-2 populations segregating for the marker and the gene, One codominant RAPD marker (R2(570/530)) tightly linked to the recessive resistance gene bgm-1 was found, The 530-base pair (bp) fragment was linked in repulsion with bgm-1 and the other 570-bp fragment was linked in coupling, No recombinants between R2(570/530) and bgm-1 were observed among 91 F-2 progeny from one dry bean population, and there were two recombinants (4.2 cM) observed among 48 F-2 progeny combined across four snap bean populations, Assays of R2(570/530) across susceptible germplasm and lines likely to have the 'Garrapato'-derived partial resistance to BGMV have revealed that the codominant marker is gene-pool nonspecific and maintains its original linkage orientation with the recessive bgm-1 gene through numerous meioses, The codominant marker is useful for rapidly introgressing partial resistance to BGMV into susceptible germplasm. C1 USDA ARS,TROP AGR RES STN,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT AGRON & SOIL SCI,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. ROGER SEED CO,RES CTR,NAMPA,ID 83867. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 121 IS 6 BP 1035 EP 1039 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ502 UT WOS:A1996VQ50200011 ER PT J AU Prakash, CS He, GH Jarret, RL AF Prakash, CS He, GH Jarret, RL TI DNA marker-based study of genetic relatedness in United States sweetpotato cultivars SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprinting; DNA markers; germplasm; genetic diversity; genetic resource; Ipomoea batatas; RAPD markers ID SWEET-POTATO GERMPLASM; DIVERSITY; GENEBANK AB The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) approach was used to investigate genetic relationships among 30 U.S. sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.) genotypes including heirloom cultivars and recent releases, Phenogram, pairwise similarity matrix, and principal coordinate plots were developed based on Jaccard's coefficients using band-sharing data generated by seven octamer primers, All cultivars showed unique fingerprint patterns indicating the utility of DAF in cultivar identification, Many heirloom cultivars such as 'Creole' and 'Porto Rico' were readily differentiated from recently developed cultivars, Modern cultivars such as 'Jewel', 'Carver', 'Nugget), and 'Scarlet' exhibited a high degree of similarity reflecting ancestral relatedness, 'Regal' and 'Excel', recently developed using a population-based breeding approach, showed greater divergence from all other cultivars, Those cultivars, developed as a result of somatic mutations, exhibited high levels of genetic similarity to their normal-type parents and Set had distinct fingerprint profiles, With few exceptions, genetic relationships derived from DAF data appear to be consistent with available pedigree information. C1 USDA ARS,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. RP Prakash, CS (reprint author), TUSKEGEE UNIV,SCH AGR & HOME ECON,CTR PLANT BIOTECHNOL RES,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088, USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 121 IS 6 BP 1059 EP 1062 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ502 UT WOS:A1996VQ50200016 ER PT J AU Hampson, CR Azarenko, AN Potter, JR AF Hampson, CR Azarenko, AN Potter, JR TI Photosynthetic rate, flowering, and yield component alteration in hazelnut in response to different light environments SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Corylus avellana; fruit set; nut quality; canopy management; gas exchange ID GAS-EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS; CO2 ASSIMILATION CHARACTERISTICS; CORYLUS-AVELLANA L; STOMATAL RESPONSE; BIRCH BETULA; LEAF WEIGHT; SHADE; PEACH; LEAVES; WALNUT AB In hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), vigorous vegetative growth and traditional orchard practices that include little or no pruning combine to produce a dense, shady canopy, A study designed to quantify the effect of shade on reproduction and photosynthetic rate in this shade-tolerant species was undertaken to assess whether some degree of pruning might improve productivity, Shade cloth was used to exclude 30%, 47%, 63%, 73%, or 92% of ambient sunlight from whole 'Ennis' and 'Barcelona' trees from mid-May until harvest, Photosynthetic light response curves were obtained for leaves that had developed in full sunlight, deep inside the canopy of unshaded trees, or in 92% shade, Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were 12.0, 6.1, and 9.3 mu mol . m(-2). s(-1) of CO2 and dark respiration rates were 2.0, 1.1, and 0.7 mu mol . m(-2). s(-1) of CO2, respectively, for the three light regimes, Light-saturated photosynthetic rates of leaves from 30% or 63% shade differed little from the control (0% shade), Area per leaf increased by 49% and chlorophyll concentration (dry weight basis) by 157% as shading increased from 0% to 92%,Shading to 92% reduced specific leaf weight (68%), stomatal density (30%), light compensation point (69%), and dark respiration rate (63%) compared to controls, Female inflorescence density declined by about one-third and male inflorescence density by 64% to 74% in the most heavily shaded trees of both cultivars compared to controls, Shade was more detrimental to yield than flowering: yield per tree dropped by >80%,from 2.9 to 3.4 kg in full sun to 0.6 to 0.9 kg in 92% shade. Shade reduced yield primarily by decreasing nut number and secondarily by decreasing nut size, The incidence of several kernel defects increased as shade increased, Therefore, hazelnut leaves showed considerable capacity to adapt structurally and functionally to shade, but improving light penetration into the canopy would probably increase orchard productivity. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 121 IS 6 BP 1103 EP 1111 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ502 UT WOS:A1996VQ50200023 ER PT J AU Roy, S Conway, WS Buta, JG Watada, AE Sams, CE Wergin, WP AF Roy, S Conway, WS Buta, JG Watada, AE Sams, CE Wergin, WP TI Surfactants affect calcium uptake from postharvest treatment of 'golden delicious' apples SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CaCl2; low temperature scanning electron microscopy; Malus domestica; pressure infiltration ID PLANT CUTICLES; HEAT-TREATMENT; FRUIT; PENETRATION; DECAY; INFILTRATION AB 'Golden Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh) were dipped in either distilled water, methylene chloride, or one of the following surfactants: Brij 30, Tween 20, Tween 80, Tergitol 15-S-9, and Triton X-100, The fruit then were pressure-infiltrated with a 2% solution of CaCl2. Following 4 months storage at 0 degrees C, fruit were removed and flesh Ca concentration analyzed. The fruit surface was observed using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy, and fruit were rated for surface injury, Brij 30 altered the epicuticular wax the least and resulted in the smallest increase in flesh Ca concentration and the softest fruit, Triton X-100 altered the epicuticular wax the most and resulted in the highest fruit flesh Ca concentration and firmest of the surfactant-pretreated fruit. Methylene chloride removed some of the epicuticular wax, and fruit pretreated with this solvent had the highest flesh Ca concentration and greatest firmness, However, all of the fruit treated with methylene chloride were severely injured. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RP Roy, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 121 IS 6 BP 1179 EP 1184 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ502 UT WOS:A1996VQ50200036 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ AF Sessa, DJ TI Derivation of a cocoa butter equivalent from jojoba transesterified ester via a differential scanning calorimetry index SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cocoa butter equivalent; differential scanning calorimetry; jojoba wax; native jojoba; saturated jojoba; transesterified wax ester; index of saturation; chemometric indices; melt temperature; crystallisation temperature ID INTERESTERIFICATION; FRACTION; FAT AB A series of wax ester blends was constructed by transesterifying native jojoba oil with 50-500 g kg(-1) completely hydrogenated jojoba wax esters. This series, when subjected to a standardised differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tempering method gave either 1, 2 or 3 enthalpic events which represented the diunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated species. These species were verified by measuring the melting points of a native and completely hydrogenated jojoba wax ester and also by demonstration that DSC thermograms of a synthetic monounsaturated wax ester possessed an endotherm with a melt between the diunsaturated and completely saturated species. The heats of fusion and heats of crystallisation enthalpies of all three enthalpic events exhibited excellent correlation with the level of saturation. Chemometric indices were devised from heats of fusion and crystallisation enthalpies to estimate the level of saturation in these blends. From these indices and also from regression analyses of each species' individual events we could optimise the level of saturation needed to best mimic the melt and crystallisation properties of cocoa butter. The wax ester blend with 400 g kg(-1) saturation most closely resembled the thermal properties of cocoa butter where the monounsaturated species of the jojoba blend gave identical thermograms to tempered cocoa butter. RP Sessa, DJ (reprint author), ARS,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 72 IS 3 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VT258 UT WOS:A1996VT25800004 ER PT J AU Jang, HK Ono, M Kim, TJ Cai, JS Tsushima, Y Niikura, M Mikami, T AF Jang, HK Ono, M Kim, TJ Cai, JS Tsushima, Y Niikura, M Mikami, T TI Marek's disease virus serotype 2 glycoprotein I gene: Nucleotide sequence and expression by a recombinant baculovirus SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cross-reactive epitope; glycoprotein I; Marek's disease virus serotype 2; recombinant baculovirus ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS; SHORT UNIQUE REGION; RESTRICTION ENZYME MAP; COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; MDV SEROTYPE-2; COLLINEAR RELATIONSHIP; 3 SEROTYPES; TYPE-1 AB In the Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 2 (MDV2) genome, a gene equivalent to the glycoprotein I (gI) of other alphaherpesviruses was identified and sequenced. The primary translation product comprises 355 amino acids with a M(r) of 38.4 kDa. The predicted amino acid sequence possesses several characteristics typical of membrane glycoproteins, including a N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, C-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and extra-cellular region containing three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Compared to other MDV serotypes, MDV2 gI showed 49% identity with MDV I gI, and 36% identity with HVT gI at the amino acid level. In transcriptional analyses, a 3.5 kb mRNA which starts between 56 and 147 bps upstream of the potential translational initiation codon of gI was identified as the gI-specific transcript. By a recombinant baculovirus, this potential gI encoding region was expressed as two specific products 45 and 43 kDa. Both products were susceptible to tunicamycin treatment, indicating that they were glycoprotein. Further, the expressed gI reacted with all chicken-antisera raised to each of the three serotypes of MDV (strains GA, SE-1, and FC126), suggesting that gI is expressed by all three serotypes of MDV in infected cells and conserves common antigenic epitope(s) beyond serotypes. C1 UNIV TOKYO, FAC AGR, DEPT VET MICROBIOL, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN. KONKUK UNIV, FAC ANIM HUSB, DEPT VET MICROBIOL, KWANGJIN GU, SEOUL 143701, SOUTH KOREA. USDA ARS, AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC VET SCI PI TOKYO PA UNIV TOKYO, 1-1-1 YAYOI, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 103, JAPAN SN 0916-7250 J9 J VET MED SCI JI J. Vet. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 58 IS 11 BP 1057 EP 1066 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VX466 UT WOS:A1996VX46600002 PM 8959652 ER PT J AU Banks, MA Berlin, E Johnson, WA Peters, RC AF Banks, MA Berlin, E Johnson, WA Peters, RC TI Vitamin E levels and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation increase with aging in heart plasma membrane from miniature swine SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; SUPEROXIDE RADICAL FORMATION; DELTA-6 DESATURASE ACTIVITY; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; FOOD RESTRICTION; FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; INSULIN BINDING; FLUIDITY; LIVER AB Age-related changes in heart plasma membrane fatty acid composition, vitamin E content, membrane fluidify, susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, and the subcellular distribution of vitamin E: were observed in merle and female Hormel-Hanford miniswine over a wide range of ages: prepubertal, <0.5 years; young, 0.5-2.5 years; middle-aged, 5.9-10 years; and old, 11.5-13.9 years. Pigs were continuously fed the same low-fat, cholesterol-free, vitamin E-adequate stock diet at restricted maintenance levels. Membrane lipid peroxidation tended to increase in middle-aged and elderly pigs, but not significantly, perhaps being somewhat ameliorated by the significantly increased membrane vitamin E in middle-aged and old pigs. Mid-bilayer membrane fluidity was significantly increased in old pigs, but fluidity of the polar headgroup domains decreased with age. Thus, lipid peroxidation tended to increase over the long life span of miniswine even when they are food restricted. C1 USDA ARS,MNIL,BHNRC,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,LAUREL,MD. NR 52 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 51 IS 6 BP B409 EP B416 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA WD352 UT WOS:A1996WD35200005 PM 8914490 ER PT J AU Loomis, J Brown, T Lucero, B Peterson, G AF Loomis, J Brown, T Lucero, B Peterson, G TI Improving validity experiments of contingent valuation methods: Results of efforts to reduce the disparity of hypothetical and actual willingness to pay SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID VALUES AB Independent samples and paired responses of adults were used to test differences between hypothetical and actual willingness to pay (WTP) for an art print elicited using an open-ended WTP question. We attempted to overcome hypothesized reasons for divergences between cash and hypothetical WTP by asking respondents not report what they thought the market place was for the good and to act as if this was a real market. The results reject equality of hypothetical and actual WTP, but the differences are smaller than in other experiments, with hypothetical WTP being two times larger than actual WTP. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. RP Loomis, J (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 17 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 8 U2 15 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 72 IS 4 BP 450 EP 461 DI 10.2307/3146908 PG 12 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VU839 UT WOS:A1996VU83900003 ER PT J AU Saari, JT AF Saari, JT TI Time-dependent alteration of relaxation of aortas from marginally copper-deficient rats SO MEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; vasodilation; acetylcholine; endothelium; aorta ID DIETARY COPPER; HYPERTENSION; RESPONSES AB Endothelium-dependent dilation was examined in aortas of rats experiencing marginal copper deficiency. Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets that were copper-adequate (5 mu g Cu/g diet) or marginally copper-deficient (1 mu g Cu/g diet) for periods ranging from 1 to 5 months. At 1-month intervals, rings of thoracic aorta were isolated from six rats from each dietary group. Aortic rings were contracted with phenylephrine (3x10(-7) M) and the degree of force reduction measured after successively increasing doses of acetylcholine (10(-9)-10(-6) M), an endothelium-dependent vasodilator. Marginal copper deficiency increased the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine at months 1 and 2 and decreased the response at months 3-5. This phasic response reveals an early, previously unobserved defect in copper-deficient blood vessels and indicates that marginal copper deficiency, given time, produces the same result as a severe deficiency. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), ARS,USDA,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0269-8951 J9 MED SCI RES JI Med. Sci. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 24 IS 11 BP 727 EP 729 PG 3 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA WA450 UT WOS:A1996WA45000003 ER PT J AU Rall, LC Roubenoff, R Cannon, JG Abad, LW Dinarello, CA Meydani, SN AF Rall, LC Roubenoff, R Cannon, JG Abad, LW Dinarello, CA Meydani, SN TI Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE inflammation; exercise; lymphocytes; cytokines ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; DISEASE-ACTIVITY; VITAMIN-E; EXERCISE; INVITRO; INFECTION AB The effects of 12 wk of progressive resistance strength training on in vivo and in vitro immune parameters were evaluated in a controlled study of eight subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), eight healthy young (22-30 yr), and eight healthy elderly (65-80 yr) individuals. Six healthy elderly (65-80 yr) nontraining control subjects were also evaluated to account for seasonal and psychosocial effects. Training subjects exercised at 80% of their one-repetition maximum and performed eight repetitions per set, three sets per session on a twice weekly basis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subpopulations, cytokine and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) production, proliferative response, and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin response were measured before and after 12 wk of training. Training did not induce changes in PBMC subsets, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), IL-6, IL-2, or PGE(2) production, lymphocyte proliferation, or DTH response in any of the training groups compared with control subjects. These data suggest that 12 wk of high-intensity progressive resistance training does not affect immune function in young or elderly individuals or subjects with RA. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH HUMAN DEV & NUTR SCI,STEVENS POINT,WI 54481. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,TUPPER RES INST,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. PENN STATE UNIV,NOLL LAB,STATE COLL,PA 16802. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK02120] NR 46 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1356 EP 1365 DI 10.1097/00005768-199611000-00003 PG 10 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA VT799 UT WOS:A1996VT79900003 PM 8933485 ER PT J AU Lee, JM Hartman, GL Domier, LL Bent, AF AF Lee, JM Hartman, GL Domier, LL Bent, AF TI Identification and map location of TTR1, a single locus in Arabidopsis thaliana that confers tolerance to tobacco ringspot nepovirus SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC-VIRUS; CAMPESTRIS PV CAMPESTRIS; PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; TURNIP CRINKLE VIRUS; GENES; RESPONSES; INFECTION; MUTANTS; PROTEIN; RNA AB The interaction between Arabidopsis and the nepovirus tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) was characterized. Of 97 Arabidopsis lines tested, all were susceptible when inoculated with TRSV grape strain. Even though there was systemic spread of the virus, there was a large degree of variation in symptoms as the most sensitive lines died 10 days after inoculation, while the most tolerant lines either were symptomless or developed only mild symptoms. Four lines were selected for further study based on their differential reactions to TRSV. Infected plants of line Col-0 and Col-0 gl1 flowered and produced seeds like noninfected plants, while those of lines Estland and 1155 died before producing seeds, Symptoms appeared on sensitive plants approximately 5 to 6 days after inoculation. Serological studies indicated that in mechanically inoculated seedlings, the virus, as measured by coat protein accumulation, developed at essentially the same rates and to the same levels in each of the four lines, demonstrating that differences in symptom development were not due to a suppression of virus accumulation, Two additional TRSV strains gave similar results when inoculated on the four lines. Genetic studies with these four Arabidopsis lines revealed segregation of a single incompletely dominant locus controlling tolerance to TRSV grape strain, We have designated this locus TTR1. By using SSLP and CAPS markers, TTR1 was mapped to chromosome V near the nga129 marker, Seed transmission frequency of TRSV for Col-0 and Col-0 gl1 was over 95% and their progeny from crosses all had seed transmission frequencies of over 83%, which made it possible to evaluate the segregation of TTRI in F-2 progeny from infected F-1 plants without inoculating F-2 plants, Seed transmission of TRSV will be further exploited to streamline selection of individuals for fine mapping the TTRI gene. The identification of tolerant and sensitive interactions between TRSV and A. thaliana lines provides a model system for genetic and molecular analysis of plant tolerance to virus infection. C1 USDA ARS,CROP PROTECT RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,PHYSIOL & MOL PLANT BIOL PROGRAM,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RI Bent, Andrew/E-5391-2016 OI Bent, Andrew/0000-0001-6610-9525 NR 43 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 8 BP 729 EP 735 DI 10.1094/MPMI-9-0729 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA VL892 UT WOS:A1996VL89200008 PM 8870272 ER PT J AU Hendriksen, PJM Welch, GR Grootegoed, JA VanderLende, T Johnson, LA AF Hendriksen, PJM Welch, GR Grootegoed, JA VanderLende, T Johnson, LA TI Comparison of detergent-solubilized membrane and soluble proteins from flow cytometrically sorted X- and Y-chromosome bearing porcine spermatozoa by high resolution 2-D electrophoresis SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE spermatozoa; flow cytometry; X chromosome; Y chromosome; membrane proteins ID MURINE RB(6.16) TRANSLOCATION; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; SEX PRESELECTION; BOVINE SPERM; SEPARATION; MOUSE; GENE; FERTILIZATION; ALBUMIN; DNA AB The only known and measurable difference between X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa is the small difference in their DNA content. The X sperm in the human carry 2.8% more DNA than the Y sperm, while in domestic livestock this difference ranges from 3.0 to 4.2%. The only successful sperm separation method, flow cytometric sorting, is based on this difference in DNA content. Using this technique, X and Y sperm populations with purities greater than 90% can be obtained. The number of spermatozoa that can be sorted in a given time period, however, is too low for application of this technique in routine artificial insemination. Therefore, the search for a marker other than DNA to differentiate between X and Y sperm remains of interest in order to develop a method for large scale X and Y sperm separation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether porcine X and Y sperm contain some difference in their plasma membrane proteins. The flow cytometric sorting of sperm enabled a direct comparison of the proteins of the X and Y sperm populations. High resolution two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis was used; however, adaptations were needed to enable its use for analysis of proteins of flow cytometrically sorted sperm, both in the sorting procedure, membrane protein solubilization, and in the 2-D electrophoresis. Up to 1000 protein spots per gel could be detected and quantified. Comparison of the 2-D protein patterns revealed differences in protein spots between sperm of two individual boars. However, no differences in protein spots between the X and Y sperm fractions were found. These results provide additional support for the view that X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa are phenotypically identical, and cast doubt on the likelihood that a surface marker can provide a base for X and Y sperm separation. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM,FAC MED & HLTH SCI,DEPT ENDOCRINOL & REPROD,NL-3000 DR ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. USDA,AGR RES SERV,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Hendriksen, PJM (reprint author), DLO,INST ANIM SCI & HLTH ID DLO,DEPT REPROD,POB 65,NL-8200 AB LELYSTAD,NETHERLANDS. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 342 EP 350 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA VQ877 UT WOS:A1996VQ87700011 PM 8916045 ER PT J AU Spaine, PC Kaneko, S AF Spaine, PC Kaneko, S TI Nuclear behavior during basidiospore germination in Cronartium quercuum f sp fusiforme SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE direct germination; indirect germination; nuclear degeneration; Pinus taeda; Quercus rubra; rust fungus ID GYMNOSPORANGIUM-JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE; ULTRASTRUCTURE AB Nuclear behavior during basidiospore germination in Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme was examined on glass slides and host seedlings using 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Mononucleate basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme normally were produced following meiosis in the teliospore. However, a subsequent mitotic division often occurred within each basidiospore resulting in a short-lived binucleate condition. Within 1 h after spores were released from the basidium, one of the two nuclei in most basidiospores began to degenerate. Ninety-five percent of basidiospores directly cast from telia onto seedlings of Pinus taeda germinated directly forming thin germ tubes. More than 93% of germ tubes were mononucleate. On glass slides, however, 79% of basidiospores germinated indirectly, forming a secondary basidiospore. During indirect germination, degeneration of the second nucleus occurred quickly without exception. No differences in nuclear behavior were found between direct and indirect germination on host plants or on glass slides. However, nuclear movement from basidiospores into germ tubes was faster on the pine seedlings than on glass slides. C1 FORESTRY & FOREST PROD RES INST,LAB FOREST PATHOL,KUKIZAKI,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. RP Spaine, PC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,USDA,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 892 EP 896 DI 10.2307/3761051 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA WF411 UT WOS:A1996WF41100002 ER PT J AU Sorensen, FC AF Sorensen, FC TI Effects of length of seed chilling period and sowing date on family performance and genetic variances of Douglas-fir seedlings in the nursery SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE time of emergence; date of bud set; date of bud burst; growing season length; seedling height; nursery testing; genetic testing; Pseudotsuga menziesii ID EMERGENCE TIME; GERMINATION; WEIGHT; SIZE; TRAITS; SPRUCE; PINE AB Seeds of four full-sibling Douglas-fir families (F) were moist chilled (C) for 14, 33, and 77 days and sown (S) March 29, April 26, and May 24 at two densities (D = 111 and 200 seeds/m(2)), grown for 2 years in nursery beds and phenology and size traits recorded. The study was analyzed in two parts: part I evaluated seed treatment effects and their interactions with families; and part II investigated the effect of treatments on genetic variances, particularly among-family (sigma(F)(2)) and within-plot (sigma(w)(2)) components and the intraclass correlation for families (t(f)). In part I there were large and highly significant differences associated with C and S and among F for all traits. Early S combined with long C resulted in early emergence and gave large seedlings with little loss and damage. Many interactions between C and F, and S and F, were significant. Interactions involved rank changes for size but not for phenology traits, and were larger for C x F than for S x F. Seedling density affected seedling size but not phenology, did not interact with seed treatments, and interacted significantly but weakly with families. In part II, C and S, but not D, had significant effects on sigma(F)(2), sigma(w)(2), and t(f), but not in a predictable manner. Because of significant interactions, it is recommended that standardized seed treatments be used in family nursery tests. This should aid in keeping the results from these tests as repeatable as possible. Long chilling and sowing as early as practicable are recommended to minimize disease losses and winter damages and to provide good nursery stock. RP Sorensen, FC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 187 EP 202 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VZ240 UT WOS:A1996VZ24000001 ER PT J AU Lewis, JC Zielinski, WJ AF Lewis, JC Zielinski, WJ TI Historical harvest and incidental capture of fishers in California SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Recent petitions to list the fisher (Martes pennanti) under the Endangered Species Act have brought attention to fisher conservation. Although commercial trapping of fishers in California ended in 1946, summarizing the commercial harvest data can provide a historical perspective to fisher conservation and may indicate the prevalence of incidental fisher captures in traps set fur other species. We investigated the relationships between historical fisher harvests and the price paid for fisher pelts, number of trapping licenses sold, cost of a trapping license, total number of 5 sympatric species harvested, and their pelt prices in California. The frequency of incidental captures was also assessed by interviewing trappers, biologists, and wardens in California. Between 1919-1946, relatively few fishers were legally trapped in California (n = 462, (x) over bar = 18.5 annually), and their harvest declined steadily. Fisher harvests were positively related to fisher pelt price but were more strongly related to the number of trapping licenses sold, indicating that fishers were vulnerable to trappers in general as opposed to only those trappers specifically targeting them. We estimated an incidental capture rate of 1 per 407 set-nights and a mortality-injury rate of 24% from data obtained from 5 trappers in California. Trappers are an important source of information on the distribution of fishers and their cooperation is necessary to determine the effects of incidental capture on fisher populations. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ARCATA,CA 95521. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 70 IS 4 BP 291 EP 297 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WB997 UT WOS:A1996WB99700001 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Ritchie, MW Abbott, CS AF McDonald, PM Ritchie, MW Abbott, CS TI Ten-year diameter and basal area growth of trees surrounding small group selection openings SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The effects of small openings in forest stands has interested silviculturists and ecologists for years. Interest generally has centered on the vegetation in the openings, not on that immediately outside of them. Quantitative information on the growth of trees adjacent to group-selection openings, although often mentioned in forestry textbooks as contributing to cost effectiveness, is scant. Five conifer and three hardwood species bordering 9-, 18-, and 27-m diameter openings in the northern Sierra Nevada of California were examined for diameter growth 10 years before and 10 years after an initial group selection cutting. Ten-year diameter growth at breast height of various combinations of species and diameter classes did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among opening sizes 10 years after cutting. But mean basal area growth of pines (ponderosa and sugar) 10 years after cutting was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that before cutting in 18- and 27-m openings. This difference also was found for shade-tolerant conifers (Douglas-fir, incense-cedar, and California white iir) bordering all opening sizes. Mean basal area growth of hardwoods (California black oak, tanoak, Pacific madrone) did not differ before and after cutting for any opening size. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,REDDING,CA 96001, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 70 IS 4 BP 341 EP 347 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WB997 UT WOS:A1996WB99700006 ER PT J AU Lawrence, RL Means, JE Ripple, WJ AF Lawrence, RL Means, JE Ripple, WJ TI An automated method for digitizing color thematic maps SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB There is an increasing need for methods of rapidly entering analog data into geographic information systems. Traditional methods of hand digitizing or hand tracing followed by scanning are costly and time consuming. We have developed a rapid, easy to use method for digitizing color thematic maps that makes use of standard image processing techniques. The method uses a digital camera followed by supervised spectral classification and post-classification smoothing. Although overall accuracy for an extremely challenging test map was 93 percent, our results indicate that for most applications expected accuracy is very high. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Lawrence, RL (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,APPLICAT REMOTE SENSING LAB,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1245 EP 1248 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VP795 UT WOS:A1996VP79500003 ER PT J AU Robinson, JM Rowland, RA AF Robinson, JM Rowland, RA TI Carbohydrate and carbon metabolite accumulation responses in leaves of ozone tolerant and ozone susceptible spinach plants after acute ozone exposure SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE glucose; hexose phosphates; ozone; photosynthesis; respiratory substrates; starch; sucrose ID MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CHLOROPLASTS; PHOSPHATE; INHIBITION; GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE; INACTIVATION; ACTIVATION AB The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure of plants to ozone (O-3) increased the foliar levels of glucose, glucose sources, e.g., sucrose and starch, and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), because in leaf cells, glucose is the precursor of the antioxidant, L-ascorbate, and glucose-6-phosphate is a source of NADPH needed to support antioxidant capacity. A further objective was to establish whether the response of increased levels of glucose, sucrose, starch and G6P in leaves could be correlated with a greater degree of plant tolerance to O-3. Four commercially available Spinacia oleracea varieties were screened for tolerance or susceptibility to detrimental effects of O-3 employing one 6.5 hour acute exposure to 25O nL O-3 L(-1) air during the light. One day after the termination of ozonation (29 d post emergence), leaves of the plants were monitored both for damage and for gas exchange characteristics. Cultivar Winter Bloomsdale (cv Winter) leaves were least damaged on a quantitative grading scale. The leaves of cv Nordic, the most susceptible, were approximately 2.5 times more damaged. Photosynthesis (Pn) rates in the ozonated mature leaves of cv Winter were 48.9% less, and in cv Nordic, 66.2% less than in comparable leaves of their non-ozonated controls. Stomatal conductance of leaves of ozonated plants was found not to be a factor in the lower Pn rates in the ozonated plants. At some time points in the Light, leaves of ozonated cv Winter plants had significantly higher levels of glucose, sucrose, starch, G6P, G1P, pyruvate and malate than did leaves of ozonated cv Nordic plants. It was concluded that leaves of cv Winter displayed a higher tolerance to ozone mediated stress than those of cv Nordic, in part because they had higher levels of glucose and G6P that could be mobilized during diminished photosynthesis to generate antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate) and reductants (e.g., NADPH). Elevated levels of both pyruvate and malate in the leaves of ozonated cv Winter suggested an increased availability of respiratory substrates to support higher respiratory capacity needed for repair, growth, and maintenance. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,NAT RESOURCES INST,BLDG 046A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 50 IS 2 BP 103 EP 115 DI 10.1007/BF00014882 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WN477 UT WOS:A1996WN47700002 PM 24271929 ER PT J AU Robinson, JM AF Robinson, JM TI Leaflet photosynthesis rate and carbon metabolite accumulation patterns in nitrogen-limited, vegetative soybean plants SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE anaplerotic carbon metabolites; dark respiration; hexose phosphates; nitrogen-limitation; orthophosphate; photosynthesis; starch; sucrose ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; LIGHT-DARK REGULATION; INORGANIC-PHOSPHATE; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; STARCH METABOLISM; ISOLATED-CHLOROPLASTS; SPINACH LEAVES; GLYCINE-MAX; C-3 PLANTS; CO2 AB Prolonged inorganic nitrogen (NO3- + NH4+) limitation of non-N-2-fixing soybean plants affected leaflet photosynthesis rates, photosynthate accumulation rates and levels, and anaplerotic carbon metabolite levels. Leaflets of nitrogen-limited (N-Lim), 27-31-day-old plants displayed approximate to 15 to 23% lower photosynthesis rates than leaflets of nitrogen-sufficient (N-Suff) plants. In contrast, N-Lim plant leaflets displayed higher sucrose and starch levels and rates of accumulation, as well as higher levels of carbon metabolites associated with sucrose and starch synthesis, e.g., glycerate-3-phosphate and glucose phosphates, than N-Suff plant leaflets. Concurrently, levels of soluble protein, chlorophyll, and anaplerotic metabolites, e.g., malate and phosphoenolpyruvate, were lower in leaflets of N-Lim plants than N-Suff plants, suggesting that the enzymes of the anaplerotic carbon metabolite pathway were lower in activity in N-Lim plant leaflets. Malate net accumulation rates in the earliest part of the illumination period were lower in N-Lim than in N-Suff plant leaflets; however, by the midday period, malate accumulation rate in N-Lim plant leaflets exceeded that in leaflets of N-Suff plants. Further, soluble protein accumulation rates in leaflets of N-Suff and N-Lim plants were similar, and the rate of dark respiration, measured in the early part of the dark period, was higher in N-Lim plant leaflets than in N-Suff plant leaflets. It was concluded that during prolonged N-limitation, foliar metabolite conditions favored the channelling of a large proportion of the carbon assimilate into sucrose and starch, while assimilate flow through the anaplerotic pathway was diminished. However, in some daytime periods, there was a normal level of carbon assimilate channelled through the anaplerotic pathway for ultimate use in amino acid and protein synthesis. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,NAT RESOURCES INST,BLDG 046A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 50 IS 2 BP 133 EP 148 DI 10.1007/BF00014884 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WN477 UT WOS:A1996WN47700004 PM 24271931 ER PT J AU Burkey, KO Wells, R AF Burkey, KO Wells, R TI Effects of natural shade on soybean thylakoid membrane composition SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll-protein complexes; coupling factor; light environment; light-harvesting; photosystem plastocyanin ID CHLOROPHYLL-PROTEIN COMPLEXES; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; LIGHT-INTENSITY; SPINACH-CHLOROPLASTS; GROWTH IRRADIANCE; PHOTOSYSTEM-I; ACCLIMATION; BARLEY; PLASTOCYANIN; COMPONENTS AB The effect of natural shade on chloroplast thylakoid membrane activity and composition was examined for soybean (Glycine Max. cv. Young) grown under field conditions. Plots with high (10 plants m(-1) row) or low (1 plant m(-1) row) plant density were established. Expanding leaves were tagged at 50, 58 and 65 days after planting (DAP). At 92 DAP, tagged leaves were used as reference points to characterize canopy light environments and isolate thylakoid membranes. Light environments ranged from a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 87% of full sun to a PPFD of 10% of full sun. The decline in PPFD was accompanied by an increase in the far-red/red (735 mm/645 nm) ratio from 0.9 to approximately six. The major effects of shade on chloroplast thylakoid membranes were a reduction in chloroplast coupling factor and a shift in light-harvesting capacity from Photosystem I to Photosystem II. Photosynthetic electron transport capacity was not affected by differences in PPFD, but was 20 to 30% higher in the 1 plant m(-1) row treatment. The plant density effect on electron transport was associated with differences in plastocyanin concentration, suggesting that plastocyanin is a limiting factor in soybean. Shade did not have a significant effect on the concentration of Photosystem II, Cyt b(6)f, or Photosystem I complexes. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Burkey, KO (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,BOX 7631,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 50 IS 2 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1007/BF00014885 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WN477 UT WOS:A1996WN47700005 PM 24271932 ER PT J AU Weinan, C Fryrear, DW AF Weinan, C Fryrear, DW TI Grain-size distributions of wind-eroded material above a flat bare soil SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE eroded soil material; aeolian transport; grain-size distribution; sedimentology ID AIR-QUALITY; EROSION; FIELD; PARTICLES; TRANSPORT; ABRASION; SAMPLER; SAND AB Grain-size distributions and fluxes of each size fraction of aeolian materials in the surface layer are basic to understanding and predicting soil loss, air quality, and visibility, both in time and in space. Vertical distributions of eroded soil materials in a 612-cm-deep flow layer above an amarillo fine sandy loam soil in Big Spring, Texas were measured during sand-dust storms in the 1995 wind-erosion season. All 942 samples in 33 groups of measurements show that the airborne particles in the flow layer below 40 cm are bimodal in distribution,which is similar to the size distribution of the original soil. In the flow layer above 80 cm, the airborne material is distributed unimodally and consists of silt and very fine sand. The distribution of the mean diameter is a discontinuous function of height. Mean diameters vary by an asymmetric double sigmoid function of height. Size distribution of airbome particles in the 0- to 35-cm flow layer is controlled by saltation mechanisms, becoming larger with an increase in height, and moderately sorted, positively skewed, and platykurtic. In the 35- to 50-cm flow layer, particle size decreases very rapidly with increased height, becoming poorly sorted, symmetrical, or platykurtic, and thus uniformly distributed. This represents a transition zone from saltation to suspension. Grain-size parameters in the flow layer above 50 to 80 cm demonstrate a wavelike pattern with a moderately well to well-sorted, negatively skewed, and leptokurtic distribution. The weight percent of the silt content and phi(95) diameter increase by a natural logarithmic polynomial function of height. Inclusive standard deviations vary with height by an asymmetric logistic function. Total distributions of the skewness and kurtosis are wavelike. The fluctuation of grain-size parameters of eroded soil materials in the surface layer is related to saltation mechanisms and the turbulence of air flow. C1 CHINESE ACAD SCI,DESERT RES INST,LANZHOU 730000,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Weinan, C (reprint author), USDA ARS,WIND EROS MANAGEMENT UNIT,POB 909,BIG SPRING,TX 79721, USA. NR 58 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 17 IS 6 BP 554 EP 584 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XH395 UT WOS:A1996XH39500004 ER PT J AU Bacanamwo, M Harper, JE AF Bacanamwo, M Harper, JE TI Regulation of nitrogenase activity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum/soybean symbiosis by plant N status as determined by shoot C:N ratio SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE Bradyrhizobium japonicum; carbohydrates; dinitrogen fixation; feedback; Glycine max; nitrate; nitrogen; nitrogenase; regulation; soybean; symbiosis ID N-2 FIXATION; ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; WHITE CLOVER; SHORT-TERM; GRAFTING EXPERIMENTS; NITRATE INHIBITION; SOYBEAN NODULES; AMINO-ACID; CV FJORD; CARBOHYDRATE AB Regulation of nitrogenase is not sufficiently understood to engineer symbioses that achieve a high N-2 fixation rate under high levels of soil N. In the present hydroponic growth chamber study we evaluated the hypothesis that nitrogenase activity and the extent of its inhibition by NO3- may be related to both N and carbohydrate levels-in plant tissues. A wide range of C:N ratios in various plant tissues (8.5 to 41.0, 1.9 to 3.7, and 0.8 to 1.8, respectively, in shoots, roots, and nodules) was generated through a combination of light and CO2 levels, using two soybean genotypes differing in C and N acquisition rates. For both genotypes, N concentration in shoots was negatively correlated to nitrogenase activity and positively correlated to the extent of nitrogenase inhibition by NO3-. Furthermore, nitrogenase activity was positively correlated to total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and C:N ratio in shoot and nodules for both genotypes. Nitrogenase inhibition by NO3- was negatively correlated to TNC and C:N ratio in shoots, but not in nodules for both genotypes. At the onset of nitrogenase inhibition by NO3-, C:N ratio declined in shoots but not in nodules. These results indicate that both C and N levels in plant tissues are involved in regulation of nitrogenase activity. We suggest that the level of nitrogenase activity may be determined by (1) N needs (as determined by shoot C:N) and (2) availability of carbohydrates in nodules. Modulation of the nitrogenase activity may occur through sensing changes in plant N, i.e. change's in shoot C:N ratio, possibly through some phloem translocatable compound(s). C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,EDWARD R MADIGAN LAB 331,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,EDWARD R MADIGAN LAB 331,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 529 EP 538 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VU295 UT WOS:A1996VU29500013 ER PT J AU Waldron, KW Parr, AJ Ng, A Ralph, J AF Waldron, KW Parr, AJ Ng, A Ralph, J TI Cell wall esterified phenolic dimers: Identification and quantification by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection SO PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE high performance liquid chromatography; diode array detection; cell walls; phenolics; dehydrodimers; ferulic acid ID SUGAR-BEET PULP; FERULOYLATED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; DIFERULIC ACID; GROWTH; COLEOPTILES; INVOLVEMENT; LIGHT AB An optimized high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the analysis and quantification of all of the known ferulic acid dehydrodimers, and the principle phenolic aldehydes and acids, found in the cell walls of higher plants. The HPLC system uses an ODS2 reverse phase column (5 mu m particle size) eluted with a methanol, acetonitrile and water gradient with detection at 280 nm. In addition to providing baseline resolution of most components, the method employs a spectrometric detector which enables the precise identification of eluted components through the analysis of their spectral properties, Analysis of the cell wall phenolics of wheat straw stem (Triticum vulgare) was carried out using this method which is highly versatile and, for certain components, more sensitive than the current gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology. C1 USDA ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RP INST FOOD RES, DEPT FOOD BIOPHYS, NORWICH RES PK, COLNEY LANE, NORWICH NR4 7UA, NORFOLK, ENGLAND. RI Waldron, Keith/C-7894-2009 NR 24 TC 205 Z9 207 U1 4 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0958-0344 EI 1099-1565 J9 PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS JI Phytochem. Anal. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 7 IS 6 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199611)7:6<305::AID-PCA320>3.0.CO;2-A PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA VU429 UT WOS:A1996VU42900006 ER PT J AU Yao, CL Conway, WS Sams, CE AF Yao, CL Conway, WS Sams, CE TI Purification and characterization of a polygalacturonase produced by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pectic enzyme; postharvest decay ID POLYSACCHARIDE-DEGRADING ENZYMES; F SP LYCOPERSICI; CELL-WALL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; PROTEINS; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; NITROCELLULOSE; ISOZYMES; CALCIUM AB A polygalacturonase (PG) was purified from rotted cortical tissue of cv. Golden Delicious apple fruit inoculated with Penicillium expansum. The purified protein had a pi of 8.10 and a molecular mass of 34 kDa. The PG was heat labile and most active at pH 5.5. There were no detectable O- or N-linked glycans associated with the PG polypeptide. The purified enzyme macerated apple tissue in situ and in vitro. PG activity was not affected by purified apple polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein. Based on the amino acid sequences determined, three degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized and used as primers to amplify the flanking regions on the fungal genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amino acid sequences predicted from the cloned PCR products matched perfectly with the determined amino acid sequences, indicating the fungal origin of the purified PG. When a cloned 212-bp PCR product was used as a probe, it hybridized with 1.5-kb RNA molecules extracted from P. expansum in rotted apple tissue. However, no hybridized signals were readily detected for RNA isolated either from nonrotted apple tissue or fungal mycelia grown in cultures with apple pectin as the sore carbon source. This demonstrated that the fungal PG was mainly, if not specifically, expressed in the invasion and colonization of fruit. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901 USA. RP USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, HORT CROPS QUAL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X EI 1943-7684 J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1160 EP 1166 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1160 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VR141 UT WOS:A1996VR14100003 ER PT J AU Tian, T Klaassen, VA Soong, J Wisler, G Duffus, JE Falk, BW AF Tian, T Klaassen, VA Soong, J Wisler, G Duffus, JE Falk, BW TI Generation of cDNAs specific to lettuce infectious yellows closterovirus and other whitefly-transmitted viruses by RT-PCR and degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the closterovirus gene encoding the heat shock protein 70 homolog SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MAIZE STRIPE VIRUS; PLANT-VIRUSES; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; RNAS; PURIFICATION; GENOME AB Oligonucleotide primers were designed based on nucleotide sequences corresponding to the conserved phosphate 1 and 2 motifs contained within the closterovirus-encoded heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) homolog. These primers were used with RNAs extracted from virus-infected plants and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to generate specific cDNAs for lettuce infectious yellows closterovirus (LIYV) and for four additional whitefly-transmitted viruses for which corresponding nucleotide sequence data were unavailable: tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), beet pseudo-yellows virus (BPYV), and lettuce chlorosis virus. The resulting cDNAs of approximately 600 bp, corresponding to LIYV, TICV, CYSDV, and BPYV, were cloned, and the nucleotide sequences were determined. Computer-assisted analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that all exhibited significant similarity to the HSP70 proteins in general and to the HSP70 homologs encoded by closteroviruses in particular. Comparative alignments showed the amino acid sequences for LIYV, TICV, BPYV, and CYSDV were more similar to each other than to the corresponding regions for the HSP70 homologs of three aphid-transmitted closteroviruses. Digoxigenin-11-UTP-labeled transcripts were generated from each cloned cDNA and used in RNA and dot blot hybridization analyses. Probes for LIYV, TICV, BPYV, and CYSDV hybridized only with double-stranded RNAs or extracts of plants infected with the corresponding virus. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. USDA ARS,SALINAS,CA 93915. NR 33 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1167 EP 1173 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1167 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VR141 UT WOS:A1996VR14100004 ER PT J AU Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A Maiss, E Cambra, M Candresse, T Damsteegt, V AF Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A Maiss, E Cambra, M Candresse, T Damsteegt, V TI Sour cherry strain of plum pox potyvirus (PPV): Molecular and serological evidence for a new subgroup of PPV strains SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detection; differentiation; insect transmission; nucleotide sequence of coat protein; phylogeny ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COAT PROTEINS; VIRUS-RNA; REGION; TAXONOMY AB Properties of the unusual sour cherry strain of plum pox potyvirus (PPV-SoC) were investigated by sequencing its 3'-terminal 1,360 nt and examining its serological reactivity with several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PPV. A significantly low degree of identity of the sequenced region has been found between PPV-SoC and other isolates of PPV. This is due to the high nucleotide divergence between the 5'-terminal region of the coat protein (CP) coding region of PPV-SoC and that of other isolates. Most nucleotide substitutions in the sequenced region are not silent and result in amino acid changes, especially near the N terminus of the CP. The unique 5' terminus of the PPV-SoC CP coding sequence has been utilized to develop a cRNA probe that hybridizes to PPV-SoC but not to other isolates/members of the D or M subgroups of PPV. The N-terminal region of the PPV-SoC CP contains the recognizable DAG motif that determines aphid transmissibility of potyviruses. Aphid transmission of PPV-SoC to herbaceous and woody hosts has been confirmed experimentally. Serological reactivity of PPV-SoC with 10 MAbs of PPV suggest that PPV-SoC represents a new serotype of PPV that does not fall into the conventional D or M serotypes/subgroups. We propose that PPV-SoC represents a new subgroup of PPV strains, termed PPV-cherry (PPV-C), and that PPV-SoC is its prototype member. C1 USDA ARS,NATL GERMPLASM RESOURCES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV HANNOVER,INST PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN & PFLANZENSCHUTZ,D-30419 HANNOVER,GERMANY. INST VALENCIANO INVEST AGR,DEPT PROTECC VEGETAL & BIOTECNOL,MONCADA 46113,VALENCIA,SPAIN. INRA,CTR RECH BORDEAUX,PATHOL VEGETALE STN,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FREDERICK,MD 21702. RI Maiss, Edgar/M-7660-2014; Cambra Alvarez, Mariano/O-6367-2014 OI Cambra Alvarez, Mariano/0000-0003-2170-9521 NR 36 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1215 EP 1221 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1215 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VR141 UT WOS:A1996VR14100010 ER PT J AU McNeil, JE French, R Hein, GL Baenziger, PS Eskridge, KM AF McNeil, JE French, R Hein, GL Baenziger, PS Eskridge, KM TI Characterization of genetic variability among natural populations of wheat streak mosaic virus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CAPSID PROTEIN; RT-PCR; POTYVIRUS; RNA; POLYMORPHISMS; SEQUENCE; IDENTIFICATION; HETEROGENEITY; VARIANTS AB A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to amplify cDNA from the coat protein coding region and 3'-noncoding region of the genome of wheat streak mosaic rymovirus (WSMV). AluI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were found among RT-PCR products of four spatially or temporally distinct WSMV isolates. RT-PCR and RFLP analyses were then applied to examine intra- and interfield genetic variation in natural WSMV populations in 1994 and 1995. A total of 32 distinct RFLP types were found in five Nebraska counties, but most isolates could be grouped into three predominant genotypes. Chi-square analysis of the degree of sequence heterogeneity of isolates within fields, among fields in each county, and among counties indicated that there was as much variation within fields as among counties. There was, however, a significant difference (P = 0.001) in the frequencies of WSMV RFLP types between 1994 and 1995. Results of this study suggest that there are three main and many minor lineages of WSMV cocirculating in the region. The WSMV population structure is consistent with a quasispecies model. Isolates with distinctive RFLP patterns should facilitate future studies of WSMV dispersal. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ENTOMOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOMETRY,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 43 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1222 EP 1227 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1222 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VR141 UT WOS:A1996VR14100011 ER PT J AU Chen, XM Jones, SS Line, RF AF Chen, XM Jones, SS Line, RF TI Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in seven wheat cultivars with resistance genes at the Yr3 and Yr4 loci SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytogenetics; gene interaction; monosomic analysis; stripe rust; Triticum aestivum ID STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE; YELLOW RUST; INHERITANCE; RACES AB Wheat cvs. Hybrid 46, Minister, Vilmorin 23, Druchamp, Stephens, Nord Desprez, and Yamhill have genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici at the Yr3 or Yr4 loci as well as at other loci. To determine the chromosomal locations of the genes, the cultivars were crossed with seedling-susceptible cv. Chinese Spring and a set of 21 Chinese Spring aneuploids. F-2 seed was obtained from self-pollinated monosomic F-1 plants. Seedlings of F-2 plants and their parents were inoculated with North American races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. The results show that Yr3a in Druchamp, Stephens, and Nord Desprez and Yr3c in Minister are located on chromosome 1B; Yr4a in Vilmorin 23 and Yamhill and Yr4b in Hybrid 46 are on chromosome 6B; YrMin in Minister and YrND in Nord Desprez are on chromosome 4A; YrDru in Druchamp is on chromosome 5B; YrSte in Stephens is on chromosome 2B; YrH46 in Hybrid 46 and a previously undescribed gene (YrDru2) in Druchamp are on chromosome 6A; a gent in Stephens previously undescribed (YrSte2) is on chromosome 3B; YrV23 in Vilmorin 23 is on chromosome 2B; Yr2 in Yamhill is on chromosome 7B; and YrYam in Yamhill is on chromosome 4B. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 29 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1996 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1228 EP 1233 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1228 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VR141 UT WOS:A1996VR14100012 ER PT J AU Smart, CJ Garvin, DF Prince, JP Lucas, WJ Kochian, LV AF Smart, CJ Garvin, DF Prince, JP Lucas, WJ Kochian, LV TI The molecular basis of potassium nutrition in plants SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Long Ashton International Symposium on Plant Roots - From Cells to System CY SEP 13-15, 1995 CL BRISTOL, ENGLAND DE high-affinity; kinetics; low-affinity; potassium; regulation; transport ID AFFINITY K+ UPTAKE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GUARD-CELLS; LINEAR COMPONENT; CHANNEL PROTEINS; XENOPUS OOCYTES; ION-TRANSPORT; BARLEY ROOTS; BETA-SUBUNIT AB Over the last five years, the cloning and characterization of K+ transport genes corresponding to K+ channels (KAT1, AKT1, KST1, AKT2), associated subunits (KAB1) and a high-affinity transporter (HKT1) has opened up important new avenues for research on plant K+ nutrition. With the abundance of molecular data now available it seems timely to link this information with the wealth of data previously accumulated on the physiology of plant K+ acquisition. The ultimate goal of all this research is to gain a better understanding of K+ transport and nutrition in the intact plant. Thus it is important to begin to integrate the molecular research with results from biochemical and physiological research conducted at the cellular, root and whole plant levels. This article will focus on describing the features of the cloned K+ transporters and their possible roles in mediating high- and low-affinity K+ uptake from the soil, as well as how K+ acquisition may be regulated. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. CALIF STATE UNIV FRESNO,DEPT BIOL,FRESNO,CA 93740. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,BIOL SECT,DAVIS,CA 95616. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 47 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 1996 VL 187 IS 1 BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.1007/BF00011659 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WH001 UT WOS:A1996WH00100008 ER PT J AU Welty, RE Metzger, RJ AF Welty, RE Metzger, RJ TI First report of scald of triticale caused by Rhynchosporium secalis in North America SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Scald, caused by Rhynchosporium secalis, was found for the first time on leaves of triticale in the Willamette Valley in Oregon in April 1995, Koch's postulates were completed and four separate inoculation studies were done with 12- to 17-day-old greenhouse-grown seedlings of triticale lines. Seedlings were examined beginning 3 days after inoculation and at 2 to 3-day intervals until a final rating was made 11 to 20 days after inoculation. Nine to 15 days after inoculation, leaves of susceptible plants of triticale lines 149 TR 3-232, 83 TP 1-121, and 191 TR 2-12 lost turgor, wilted, and collapsed, changing from green to gray to chlorotic. No leaf lesions developed in triticale lines 5735 TW 3-324 and 431 TU 1-22. Seedlings of rye, winter and spring wheat, and barley were also inoculated with conidia of R. secalis. Severe scald developed in rye cvs. Prima and Jingshou and rye semidwarf line SD-152. Some cultivars of inoculated barley developed small lesions along margins of leaves, but were considered resistant to scald. No disease symptoms developed in inoculated wheat. Symptomatic leaf sheaths and blades from triticale line 149 TR 3-232 were dried and deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis. A culture of R. secalis from triticale in Oregon was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, as ATCC 96698. RP Welty, RE (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,3450 SW CAMPUS WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1220 EP 1223 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VQ523 UT WOS:A1996VQ52300002 ER PT J AU Achenbach, LA Patrick, J Gray, L AF Achenbach, LA Patrick, J Gray, L TI Use of RAPD markers as a diagnostic tool for the identification of Fusarium solani isolates that cause soybean sudden death syndrome SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; AMPLIFICATION; SEVERITY; FIELD AB Fusarium solani is the etiological agent of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to differentiate isolates that cause SDS from those that do not. Greenhouse assays with a sand/cornmeal inoculum method were performed to assess virulence of the fungal isolates and the results were compared with the RAPD pattern analysis. The RAPD results exhibited 100% association with greenhouse virulence assay results. Amplification patterns generated by RAPD reactions were used to generate a phenogram depicting the genetically distinct nature of the cluster defined by the SDS isolates. This cluster was exclusive and distinct from F. solani f. sp. phaseoli isolates that do not cause SDS. Thus, the RAPD approach proved a sensitive and highly reliable method for quickly identifying fungal pathotypes that cause soybean SDS. C1 USDA ARS,URBANA,IL. UNIV URBINO,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Achenbach, LA (reprint author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA. NR 16 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1228 EP 1232 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VQ523 UT WOS:A1996VQ52300004 ER PT J AU Taylor, JE Maloy, OC Desy, TH Bryant, RR AF Taylor, JE Maloy, OC Desy, TH Bryant, RR TI First report of Echinodontium tinctorium sporophores on Larix occidentalis. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA,US FOREST SERV,FOREST HLTH PROTECT,MISSOULA,MT 59807. USDA,US FOREST SERV,TROY,MT 59935. USDA,US FOREST SERV,MISSOULA,MT 59801. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1301 EP 1301 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VQ523 UT WOS:A1996VQ52300021 ER PT J AU Moehs, CP Allen, PV Friedman, M Belknap, WR AF Moehs, CP Allen, PV Friedman, M Belknap, WR TI Cloning and expression of transaldolase from potato SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pentose-phosphate pathway; Solanum tuberosum; lignin; wound; gene expression ID PENTOSE-PHOSPHATE PATHWAY; SHIKIMATE PATHWAY; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; GENES; SEQUENCE; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUCOSE; PLANTS AB We have isolated a cDNA encoding transaldolase, an enzyme of the pentose-phosphate pathway, from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The 1.5 kb cDNA encodes a protein of 438 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 47.8 kDa. When the potato cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli a 45 kDa protein with transaldolase activity was produced. The first 62 amino acids of the deduced amino acid sequence represent an apparent plastid transit sequence. While the potato transaldolase has considerable similarity to the enzyme from cyanobacteria and Mycobacterium leprae, similarity to the conserved transaldolase enzymes from humans, E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more limited. Northern analysis indicated that the transaldolase mRNA accumulated in tubers in response to wounding. Probing the RNA from various potato tissues indicated that the transaldolase mRNA accumulation to higher levels in the stem of mature potato plants than in either leaves or tubers. These data are consistent with a role for this enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009; OI Moehs, Charles Paul/0000-0002-8907-4852; Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.1007/BF00019096 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VY663 UT WOS:A1996VY66300004 PM 8980493 ER PT J AU Chou, JC Kuleck, GA Cohen, JD Mulbry, WW AF Chou, JC Kuleck, GA Cohen, JD Mulbry, WW TI Partial purification and characterization of an inducible indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid hydrolase from Enterobacter agglomerans SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS-L; ADVENTITIOUS ROOT-FORMATION; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS; INDOLE-3-ACETYLASPARTIC ACID; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; INDOLEACETIC-ACID; POPULUS-TREMULA; BOUND AUXINS; IAA; IDENTIFICATION AB Indole-3-acetyl-amino acid conjugate hydrolases are believed to be important in the regulation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism in plants and therefore have potential uses for the alteration of plant IAA metabolism. To isolate bacterial strains exhibiting significant indole-3-acetyl-aspartate (IAA-Asp) hydrolase activity, a sewage sludge inoculation was cultured under conditions in which IAA-Asp served as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. One isolate, Enterobacter agglomerans, showed hydrolase activity inducible by IAA-L-Asp or N-acetyl-L-Asp but not by IAA, (NH4)(2)SO4, urea, or indoleacetamide. Among a total of 17 IAA conjugates tested as potential substrates, the enzyme had an exclusively high substrate specificity for IAA-L-Asp. Substrate concentration curves and Lineweaver-Burk plots of the kinetic data showed a Michaelis constant value for IAA-L-Asp of 13.5 mM. The optimal pH for this enzyme was between 8.0 and 8.5. In extraction buffer containing 0.8 mM Mg2+ the hydrolase activity was inhibited to 80% by 1 mM dithiothreitol and to 60% by 1 mm CuSO4; the activity was increased by 40% with 1 mM MnSO4. However, in extraction buffer with no trace elements, the hydrolase activity was inhibited to 50% by either 1 mM dithiothreitol or 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma). These results suggest that disulfide bonding might be essential for enzyme activity. Purification of the hydrolase by hydroxyapatite and TSK-phenyl (HP-Genenchem, South San Francisco, CA) preparative high-performance liquid chromatography yielded a major 45-kD polypeptide as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIV,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90045. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 112 IS 3 BP 1281 EP 1287 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VT975 UT WOS:A1996VT97500045 ER PT J AU Turano, FJ Dashner, R Upadhyaya, A Caldwell, CR AF Turano, FJ Dashner, R Upadhyaya, A Caldwell, CR TI Purification of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase from dark-grown soybean seedlings SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARROT SUSPENSION-CULTURES; ORGAN-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION; VITIS-VINIFERA L; ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NITROGEN-METABOLISM; KINETIC-PROPERTIES; ALFALFA NODULES; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; CDNA CLONE AB Proteins in extracts from cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots of 5-d-old, dark-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Williams) seedlings were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three isoforms of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were resolved and visualized in gels stained for GDH activity. Two isoforms with high electrophoretic mobility, GDH1 and GDH2, were in protein extracts from cotyledons and a third isoform with the lowest electrophoretic mobility, GDH3, was identified in protein extracts from root and hypocotyls. Subcellular fractionation of dark-grown soybean tissues demonstrated that GDH3 was associated with intact mitochondria. GDH3 was purified to homogeneity, as determined by native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The isoenzyme was composed of a single 42-kD subunit. The pH optima for the reductive amination and the oxidative deamination reactions were 8.0 and 9.3, respectively. At any given pH, GDH activity was 12- to 50-fold higher in the direction of reductive amination than in the direction of the oxidative deamination reaction. GDH3 had a cofactor preference for NAD(H) over NADP(H). The apparent Michaelis constant values for alpha-ketoglutarate, ammonium, and NADH at pH 8.0 were 3.6, 35.5, and 0.07 mM, respectively. The apparent Michaelis constant values for glutamate and NAD were 15.8 and 0.10 mM at pH 9.3, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first biochemical and physical characterization of a purified mitochondrial NAD(H)-dependent GDH isoenzyme from soybean. RP Turano, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 36 TC 68 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 112 IS 3 BP 1357 EP 1364 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VT975 UT WOS:A1996VT97500053 ER PT J AU Mayer, RT McCollam, TG Niedz, RP Hearn, CJ McDonald, RE Berdis, E Doostdar, H AF Mayer, RT McCollam, TG Niedz, RP Hearn, CJ McDonald, RE Berdis, E Doostdar, H TI Characterization of seven basic endochitinases isolated from cell cultures of Citrus sinensis (L.) SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Citrus; chitinases; chitosanase; lysozymes; pathogenesis-related proteins; plant defense ID N-ACETYLATED CHITOSANS; ANTIFUNGAL HYDROLASES; LYSOZYME CHITINASE; PEA TISSUE; PLANT; PURIFICATION; INFECTION; PROTEINS; ASSAY AB Seven endochitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) (relative molecular masses 23000-28000 and isoelectric points 10.3-10.4) were purified from nonembryogenic Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Valencia callus tissue. The basic chitinase/lysozyme from this tissue (BCLVC) exhibited lysozyme, chitinase and chitosanase activities and was determined to be a class III chitinase. While BCLVC acted as a lysozyme at pH 4.5 and low ionic strength (0.03) it acted as a chitinase/chitosanase at high ionic strengths (0.2) with a pH optimum of ca. 5. The lysozyme activity of BCLVC was inhibited by histamine, imidazole, histidine and the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oligosaccharide (GlcNAc)(3). The basic chitinase from cv. Valencia callus, BCVC-2, had an N-terminal amino acid sequence similar to tomato and tobacco AP24 proteins. The sequences of the other five chitinases were N-terminal blocked. Whereas BCLVC was capable of hydrolysing 13.8-100% acetylated chitosans and (GlcNAc)(4-6) oligosaccharides, BCVC-2 hydrolyzed only 100% acetylated chitosan, and the remaining enzymes expressed varying degrees of hydrolytic capabilities, Experiments with (GlcNAc)(2-6) suggest that BCLVC hydrolysis occurs in largely tetrasaccharide units whereas hydrolysis by the other chitinases occurs in disaccharide units. Cross-reactivities of the purified proteins with antibodies for a potato leaf chitinase (Ab(plc)), BCLVC, BCVC-3, and tomato AP24 indicate that these are separate and distinct proteins. RP Mayer, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD NOV PY 1996 VL 200 IS 3 BP 289 EP 295 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VQ299 UT WOS:A1996VQ29900001 PM 8931350 ER PT J AU CraftsBrandner, SJ Klein, RR Klein, P Holzer, R Feller, U AF CraftsBrandner, SJ Klein, RR Klein, P Holzer, R Feller, U TI Coordination of protein and mRNA abundances of stromal enzymes and mRNA abundances of the Clp protease subunits during senescence of Phaseolus vulgaris (L) leaves SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Clp (protease); gene expression; leaf senescence; Phaseolus (senescence); stromal enzymes ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE; SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE-SYNTHASE; ATP-DEPENDENT PROTEASE; LEAF SENESCENCE; RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; RICE LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Our objective was to determine the coordination of transcript and/or protein abundances of stromal enzymes during leaf senescence. First trifoliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris is L. plants were sampled beginning at the time of full leaf expansion; at this same time, half of the plants were switched to a nutrient solution lacking N. Total RNA and soluble protein abundances decreased after full leaf expansion whereas chlorophyll abundance remained constant; N stress enhanced the decline in these traits. Abundances of ribulose-1,5-bisposphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39), Rubisco activase and phosphoribulokinase (Ru5P kinase; EC 2.7.1.19) decreased after full leaf expansion in a coordinated manner for both treatments. In contrast, adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPGlc) pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) abundance was relatively constant during natural senescence but did decline similar to the other enzymes under hr stress. Northern analyses indicated that transcript abundances for all enzymes declined markedly on a fresh-weight basis just after full leaf expansion. This rapid decline was particularly strong for the Rubisco small subunit (rbcS) transcript. The decline was enhanced by N stress for rbcS and Rubisco activase (rca), but not for Ru5P kinase (prk) and ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase (agp). Transcripts of the Clp protease subunits clpC and clpP declined in abundance just after full leaf expansion, similar to the other mRNA species, When Northern blots were analysed using equal RNA loads, rbcS transcripts still declined markedly just after full leaf expansion whereas rca and clpC transcripts increased over time. The results indicated that senescence was initiated near the time of full leaf expansion, was accelerated by N stress, and was characterized by large decline in transcripts of stromal enzymes. The decreased mRNA abundances were in general associated with steadily declining stromal protein abundances, with ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase being the notable exception. Transcript analyses for the Clp subunits supported a recent report (Shanklin et al., 1995, Plant Cell 7: 1713-1722) indicating that the Clp protease subunits were constitutive throughout development and suggested that ClpC and ClpP do not function as a senescence-specific proteolytic system in Phaseolus. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. UNIV BERN,INST PLANT PHYSIOL,CH-3013 BERN,SWITZERLAND. RP CraftsBrandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. RI Feller, Urs/A-1807-2008 NR 31 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD NOV PY 1996 VL 200 IS 3 BP 312 EP 318 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VQ299 UT WOS:A1996VQ29900004 PM 8931351 ER PT J AU Watada, AE Ko, NP Minott, DA AF Watada, AE Ko, NP Minott, DA TI Factors affecting quality of fresh-cut horticultural products SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fresh-cut; minimally processed; respiration; controlled atmosphere; relative humidity; micro-organism ID LIGHTLY PROCESSED FRUITS; SHREDDED CARROTS; STORAGE; ATMOSPHERE; VEGETABLES; FILM; PERMEABILITY; TEMPERATURE; CHLOROPHYLL; DEGRADATION AB Fresh-cut products, also known as lightly or minimally processed products, are highly perishable because a large proportion of their surface area is without epidermis, the outer protective layer of tissue. Temperature, atmosphere, relative humidity and sanitation must be regulated to maintain quality of fresh-cuts. In the 0-10 degrees C range, Q(10) of respiration rates ranged from 2.0 to 8.6 among various fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Low Oz and elevated CO2 atmosphere reduced the respiration rate; however, the respiratory quotient approached 3.0 with some fresh-cuts. Film bags or coatings are necessary to maintain high relative humidity. Microorganisms were present in chlorine-washed spinach, and populations increased during storage. Stress from the physical action of processing and low O-2 atmosphere affects physiology and biochemistry of the fresh-cuts, which can affect quality and shelf-life. Research in all of these areas is needed to ensure that wholesome, high-quality fresh-cut products are marketed to consumers. C1 UNIV W INDIES,DEPT CHEM,KINGSTON 7,JAMAICA. RP Watada, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 39 TC 246 Z9 265 U1 4 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 115 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(96)00041-5 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VY119 UT WOS:A1996VY11900002 ER PT J AU Baldwin, EA Nisperos, MO Chen, X Hagenmaier, RD AF Baldwin, EA Nisperos, MO Chen, X Hagenmaier, RD TI Improving storage life of cut apple and potato with edible coating SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acidulant; antioxidant; browning; cellulose; preservative; soy protein ID PROCESSED FRUITS; PEELED CARROTS; SOY PROTEIN; FILMS; PERMEABILITY; VEGETABLES; STABILITY; SURFACES; PH AB Use of Nature Seal(TM) 1020, a cellulose-based edible coating, as carrier of antioxidants, acidulants and preservatives prolonged the storage life of cut apple and potato by about 1 week when stored in overwrapped trays at 4 degrees C. Storage of coated apple discs in vacuum-packed trays reduced weight loss and browning compared to overwrapped tray storage. Ascorbic acid delayed browning more effectively when applied in an edible coating than in an aqueous solution. Similarly, the preservatives sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were more effective in controlling certain microbial populations when applied in Nature Seal than in aqueous solutions, but less effective for others. Adjustment of coating pH to 2.5 gave optimal control of browning and microbial populations. Addition of soy protein to the original cellulose-based Nature Seal formulations reduced coating permeability to oxygen and water vapor. Cellulose formulations with protein were effective in controlling weight loss, especially when the pH of the formulation was raised above that of the isoelectric point, pi, of the protein. C1 DEPT AGR,WERRIBEE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. ECOSCI PRODUCE SYST DIV,ORLANDO,FL. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,WINTER HAVEN,FL, USA. NR 24 TC 106 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 151 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(96)00044-0 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VY119 UT WOS:A1996VY11900005 ER PT J AU Izumi, H Watada, AE Ko, NP Douglas, W AF Izumi, H Watada, AE Ko, NP Douglas, W TI Controlled atmosphere storage of carrot slices, sticks and shreds SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fresh-cut; respiration; quality; carrot; controlled-atmosphere storage ID USE GRATED CARROTS; FRESH; QUALITY; SURFACE; ROOT AB The physiology and quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.) slices, sticks, and shreds stored in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) of 0.5% O-2 and 10% CO2 at 0, 5, and 10 degrees C were monitored. The respiration of all 3 types of cut tissue was reduced when stored in CA and the reduction was greater with slices or sticks than with shreds. The RQ of sticks and shreds was higher in CA than in air at all temperatures. Ethylene production was less than 0.1 mu l kg(-1) h(-1) and off-odor was not detected with any of the samples. CA was beneficial in reducing decay, weight loss, pH of sticks and shreds, white discoloration on shreds, and microbial growth on sticks. The latter two occurred only at 0 and 5 degrees C. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(96)00045-2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VY119 UT WOS:A1996VY11900006 ER PT J AU Babic, I Watada, AE AF Babic, I Watada, AE TI Microbial populations of fresh-cut spinach leaves affected by controlled atmospheres SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE spinach; micro-organism; controlled atmosphere; low temperature storage ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERES; GROWTH; PSEUDOMONAS; FRUITS; MICROORGANISMS; VEGETABLES; OXYGEN AB The effect of controlled atmospheres (CA) containing low oxygen and high carbon dioxide at low temperatures on micro-organisms on fresh-cut spinach leaves was studied. Control samples in air were compared with those kept in 0.8% O-2-N-2 or 0.8% O-2-10% CO2-N-2 at one of two temperatures, 5 and 10 degrees C, for 9 or 7 days, respectively. The populations of various microorganisms on the leaf surfaces were assessed, but coliforms and lactic acid bacteria were not detected and yeast remained uniformly low. At 5 degrees C, CA decreased micro-organisms growth by between 10- and 100-fold, except for lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. At a temperature of 10 degrees C, populations increased regardless of the atmospheric composition to 10-100 times those at the lower temperature. Thus, low oxygen atmospheres could be used to control spoilage micro-organisms on cut spinach leaves for at least 7 days, so long as the storage does not exceed 5 degrees C. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 19 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 187 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(96)00047-6 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VY119 UT WOS:A1996VY11900008 ER PT J AU Picchioni, GA Watada, AE Whitaker, BD Reyes, A AF Picchioni, GA Watada, AE Whitaker, BD Reyes, A TI Calcium delays senescence-related membrane lipid changes and increases net synthesis of membrane lipid components in shredded carrots SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Daucus calata L; fresh-cut vegetable; lipid catabolism; membrane repair; wounding ID PROCESSED FRUITS; TISSUE-SLICES; PERMEABILITY; VEGETABLES; METABOLISM; QUALITY; STEROLS AB The influence of Ca2+ on firmness and membrane lipid structural components was evaluated during storage of shredded (wound-stressed) carrot tissues (Daucus carota L. 'Caropak'). During 10 days of storage at 10 degrees C and 95% RH, Ca2+ treatment (applied as 1% w/v CaCl2 upon shredding) provided 6-16% greater firmness retention than did a water control treatment. Calcium accentuated net increases in total phospholipid and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol concentrations after 4 and 10 days of storage, and in acylated steryl glycoside concentrations after 4 days of storage. Calcium partially counteracted a net reduction in steryl glycoside concentration which occurred following 4 days of storage, and prevented an increase in the free sterol:phospholipid ratio following 10 days of storage, Calcium preserved membrane integrity of carrot shreds not only by delaying senescence-related membrane lipid changes, but also by apparently augmenting membrane restructuring processes. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Picchioni, GA (reprint author), LOUISIANA TECH UNIV,DEPT AGR SCI SCI TECHNOL & EDUC,RUSTON,LA 71272, USA. NR 30 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 235 EP 245 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(96)00051-8 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VY119 UT WOS:A1996VY11900012 ER PT J AU Huff, WE Moore, PA Balog, JM Bayyari, GR Rath, NC AF Huff, WE Moore, PA Balog, JM Bayyari, GR Rath, NC TI Evaluation of the toxicity of alum (aluminum sulfate) in young broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alum; aluminum sulfate; toxicity; intestinal strength; broiler ID DIETARY ALUMINUM; POULTRY LITTER; PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY; MINERAL METABOLISM; LAYING HENS; CALCIUM; PERFORMANCE; QUALITY; RUNOFF; AMENDMENTS AB Two experiments were conducted to characterize the toxicity and evaluate the efficacy of alum to increase intestinal strength in young broiler chicks. Cobb x Cobb male broiler chicks were placed in an experimental design consisting of six dietary treatments of alum (control, 0.23, 0.47, 0.93, 1.9, and 3.7%) with four replicate pens of 10 broilers per pen. The chicks were housed in electrically heated batteries and provided the treatments for ad libitum consumption from 1 d to 3 wk of age. Alum significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased body weights at 1.9 and 3.7% in Experiment 1 and at 0.93, 1.9, and 3.7% in Experiment 2. Feed conversion and the relative weight of the gizzard were increased in both experiments at 3.7%. Serum phosphorus was decreased at 1.9 and 3.7% in Experiment 1 and at 3.7% in Experiment 2. Intestinal and bone strength were decreased in both experiments at 3.7%. Bone ash was reduced at 3.7% in Experiment 2, bone S levels increased at 1.9 and 3.7% in Experiment 1 and at 3.7% in Experiment 2, and bone Al levels were elevated in both experiments at 3.7%. Muscle levels of P and S decreased, and that of Ca increased at 3.7%. Aluminum levels were not elevated in muscle tissues. These data indicate that alum can be toxic to young broiler chicks, but at levels that would not be expected to be reached through litter consumption, and that alum did not increase intestinal strength. RP Huff, WE (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,POULTRY SCI CTR,POULTRY PROD & PROD SAFETY RES UNIT,USDA ARS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1359 EP 1364 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VT385 UT WOS:A1996VT38500009 PM 8933589 ER PT J AU Wells, SJ Dargatz, DA Ott, SL AF Wells, SJ Dargatz, DA Ott, SL TI Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy heifers in the United States SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE dairy heifer; mortality; risk factors ID ONTARIO HOLSTEIN HERDS; RISK-FACTORS; CALFHOOD MORBIDITY; MANAGEMENT; CATTLE; CALVES AB Results from the first national study of US dairy heifer health indicated that factors associated with mortality in the first 21 days of life included first colostrum-feeding method, timing, and volume; time of separation from dam; calving ease; and twin birth. Population attributable fraction estimates demonstrated the importance of these factors in preventing early calfhood mortality. This analysis indicated that up to 31% of dairy heifer mortality during the first 21 days of life could be prevented by changes in first colostrum feeding method, timing, and volume. Similar analyses for time of separation from dam, calving ease, and twin birth indicated that 16%, 12%, and 3%, respectively, of mortality in the first 21 days of life could be prevented. RP Wells, SJ (reprint author), USDA,CTR EPIDEMIOL & ANIM HLTH,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 20 TC 105 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01061-6 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VV763 UT WOS:A1996VV76300002 ER PT J AU Tousignant, ME McGarvey, PM Piazzolla, P Kaper, JM AF Tousignant, ME McGarvey, PM Piazzolla, P Kaper, JM TI Cucumber mosaic virus from Ixora: Infectious RNA transcripts confirm deficiency in satellite support and unusual symptomatology SO RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE CMV; RNA; transcription; Ixora strain; RT-PCR; infectious transcripts; satellite support and replication; symptomatology ID IN-VITRO; REPLICATION; POLYMERASE; COMPETITION; SEQUENCE; VARIANTS; PLANT AB A cucumber mosaic virus isolate from an Ixora plant originating in the Philippines and first described 20 years ago (CMV-Ix) by Waterworth and Povish differs from other characterized CMV strains in its anomalous satellite support and in several biological and molecular properties. We describe the preparation of infectious transcripts from cloned complementary DNA and the characterization of progeny virus. The results confirm that CMV-Ix has a more limited host range than most CMV isolates. Virions of CMV-Ix are smaller than those of the control CMV-S, independent of the type of negative stain used. Furthermore, CMV-Ix from transcripts supports the replication of the satellite T-CARNA 5 but not of D-CARNA 5. C1 THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,INST BIOTECHNOL & ADV MOL MED,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. UNIV BASILICATA,DIPARTIMENTO BIOL DIFESA & BIOTECNOL AGRO FORESTA,I-85100 POTENZA,ITALY. RP Tousignant, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,B011A,RM 252,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0923-2516 J9 RES VIROLOGY JI Res. Virol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 147 IS 6 BP 363 EP 373 DI 10.1016/S0923-2516(97)85128-X PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA VU341 UT WOS:A1996VU34100005 PM 8958589 ER PT J AU Ow, DW AF Ow, DW TI Heavy metal tolerance genes: Prospective tools for bioremediation SO RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Biotechnology on the topic of Global Environmental Biotechnology CY JUL 15-20, 1996 CL NORTHEASTERN UNIV, BOSTON, MA SP Int Soc Environm Biotechnol HO NORTHEASTERN UNIV DE cadmium; phytochelatin; vacuolar transport; sulfide; phytoremediation ID TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS; WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; BINDING PEPTIDES; CADMIUM TOLERANCE; OAT ROOTS; METALLOTHIONEIN; PHYTOCHELATINS; PROTEIN; TRANSPORT AB Unlike compounds that can be broken down, the remediation of most heavy metals and radionuclides requires removal from contaminated sources. Plants can extract inorganics, but effective phytoextraction requires plants that produce high biomass, grow rapidly and possess high capacity-uptake for the inorganic substrate. Either the existing hyperaccumulator plants must be bred for increased growth and biomass, or that hyperaccumulation traits must be engineered into fast growing, high biomass plants. The latter approach requires fundamental knowledge of the molecular mechanisms in the uptake and storage of inorganics. Much has been learned in recent years on how plants and certain fungi chelate and transport cadmium. This progress has been facilitated by the use of Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. As target genes are identified in a model organism, their sequences can be modified for expression in a heterologous host or aid in the search of homologous genes in more complex organisms. Moreover, as plant nutrient uptake is intrinsically linked to the association with rhizospheric fungi, elucidating metal sequestration in this fungus permits additional opportunities for engineering rhizospheric microbes to assist in phytoextraction. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), USDA,ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 35 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-3449 J9 RESOUR CONSERV RECY JI Resour. Conserv. Recycl. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1-4 BP 135 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0921-3449(96)01174-3 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WG383 UT WOS:A1996WG38300012 ER PT J AU Peterson, GL AF Peterson, GL TI Defining sustainable forestry - Aplet,GH, Johnson,N, Olson,JT, Sample,VA SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Book Review RP Peterson, GL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 6 BP 662 EP 664 PG 3 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA VY372 UT WOS:A1996VY37200012 ER PT J AU Powers, RF Morrison, IK AF Powers, RF Morrison, IK TI Symposium - Soil and sustainable forest productivity: A preamble SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NAT RESOURCES CANADA,CANADIAN FORESTRY SERV,SAULT ST MARIE,ON P6A 5M7,CANADA. RP Powers, RF (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,2400 WASHINGTON AVE,REDDING,CA 96001, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1613 EP 1613 PG 1 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WA786 UT WOS:A1996WA78600001 ER PT J AU Busse, MD Cochran, PH Barren, JW AF Busse, MD Cochran, PH Barren, JW TI Changes in ponderosa pine site productivity following removal of understory vegetation SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Soil and Sustained Forest Productivity, at the Annual Meeting of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA CY NOV 15, 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; FOREST FLOOR; SOIL; NITROGEN; BIOMASS; GROWTH; COMPETITION; CEANOTHUS; HORIZONS AB Competition from understory vegetation for water and nutrients can limit productivity of young forest stands. Less is known of the effect of understory vegetation on long-term stand growth or soil organic properties. The effect of understory vegetation on periodic annual increments (PAIs) of basal area, height, and volume for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) in central Oregon at 4- or 5-yr intervals was examined for a 35-yr period. Soil C, N, and microbial biomass C (MBC) were also quantified after 32 and 35 yr with and without understory vegetation on a sandy loam pumice soil (Xeric Vitricryand). Five tree spacings, ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 m (154-2469 trees ha(-1)), in combination with two understory treatments (understory vegetation present or continuously absent) were installed in 1959. Total understory vegetation cover averaged 35% between 1959 and 1994 for treatments with understory vegetation present, and was dominated by three shrub species: antelope bitterbrush [Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.], greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula Green), and snow brush (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.). Covariance analyses of PAIs for each successive interval were performed using appropriate stand parameters at the start of each interval as covariates. Tree growth was reduced by competing understory vegetation during the first 12 to 20 yr only; understory vegetation did not reduce the adjusted PAIs during the last 15 yr. Soil C and N were measured incrementally to a depth of 24 cm. Presence of understory vegetation resulted in greater C and N in the O horizon and upper 4 to 12 cm of mineral soil. Seasonal MBC, measured at 14-d intervals from May to November, was greater when understory vegetation was present. The results suggest that understory, vegetation plays an important role in maintaining soil quality. RP Busse, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, SILVICULTURE LAB, 2400 WASHINGTON AVE, REDDING, CA 96001 USA. NR 52 TC 72 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1614 EP 1621 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WA786 UT WOS:A1996WA78600002 ER PT J AU Trettin, CC Davidian, M Jurgensen, MF Lea, R AF Trettin, CC Davidian, M Jurgensen, MF Lea, R TI Organic matter decomposition following harvesting and site preparation of a forested wetland SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CELLULOSE DECOMPOSITION; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; BOG; DEGRADATION; PEATLANDS; FIELD; RATES AB Organic matter accumulation is an important process that affects ecosystem function in many northern wetlands. The cotton strip assay (CSA) was used to measure the effect of harvesting and two different site preparation treatments, bedding and trenching, on organic matter decomposition in a forested wetland. A Latin square experimental design was used to determine the effect of harvesting, site preparation, and relative position within the wetland on organic matter decomposition at soil depths of 5, 10, and 20 cm. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for treatment effects on organic matter decomposition, soil temperature, and soil oxidation depth. Cellulose decomposition increased at each soil depth as site disturbance increased, with bedding > trenching > whole-tree harvest > reference. The cellulose decomposition response was correlated with changes in soil temperature; the temperature coefficient Q(10) equaled 6.0, which is greater than previously reported values. Position within the wetland relative to an adjoining river affected the decomposition and soil oxidation depth. Because the rate of decomposition is strongly controlled by temperature, higher rates of organic matter decay are expected to continue on harvested and regenerated sites until canopy closure reduces soil temperature. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Trettin, CC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,CTR FORESTED WETLANDS RES,USDA,2730 SAVANNAH HWY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1994 EP 2003 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WA786 UT WOS:A1996WA78600053 ER PT J AU Fonseca, RW MillerIhli, NJ AF Fonseca, RW MillerIhli, NJ TI Influence of sample matrix components on the selection of calibration strategies in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyte transport; direct solids analysis; ultrasonic slurry sampling; oxygen ashing ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICAL MODIFIERS; ICP-MS; ANALYTE TRANSPORT; INTERFERENCES; ELEMENTS; SOLIDS AB Quantification of both digested and slurry samples were studied using ultrasonic slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (USS-ETV-ICP-MS). The results of external calibration using aqueous standards, method of additions, and In as an internal standard were compared. The elements studied include: Mn, Ni and Cu and the materials analyzed include: MST SRM 1548 total diet and SRM 1549 milk powder. Palladium was used as a physical carrier and oxygen ashing was used to remove the organic part of the slurry matrix. Different degrees of matrix suppression effects were observed when different skimmer cones were employed. Aging of the skimmer cone and consequent loss of its original circular symmetry and decrease in orifice size resulted in differences in sampling of the ion beam and changes in the degree of matrix effects were observed as the skimmer cone was rotated. The presence of matrix suppression effects is evidenced by strong suppressions in the Ar-2, C and analyte signals. When matrix suppression effects were present, the method of external calibration provided low recoveries (average accuracy 73 +/- 12%), therefore it was necessary to use the method of additions to compensate for these problems, providing an average accuracy of 108 +/- 13%. When matrix effects were absent, the external calibration method resulted in an average accuracy of 101 +/- 16%. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 51 IS 13 BP 1591 EP 1599 DI 10.1016/S0584-8547(96)01572-8 PG 9 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA VZ567 UT WOS:A1996VZ56700005 ER PT J AU Cardamone, JM Marmer, WN Blanchard, EJ Lambert, AH BulanBrady, J AF Cardamone, JM Marmer, WN Blanchard, EJ Lambert, AH BulanBrady, J TI Pretreatment of wool/cotton for union dyeing .1. Resins plus choline chloride SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE choline Chloride; cotton; DMDHEU; union dyeing; wool ID COTTON AB Wool/cotton-blended fabrics were treated with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) resins and choline chloride (CC) by pad-dry-cure for subsequent dyeing to union shades. The resin/CC pretreatments were DMDHEU/CC, DMDHEU-G/CC (glycolated for low formaldehyde release), and dihydroxydimethylimidazolidone (DHDMI)/CC (methylated for no formaldehyde release). Overall results indicate that such pretreatments can be used to achieve union shades, provided wool/cotton textiles are affixed with the proper care labels recommending drycleaning to circumvent washfastness staining. C1 USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. PHILADELPHIA COLL TEXT & SCI,PHILADELPHIA,PA. RP Cardamone, JM (reprint author), EASTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,600 E MERMAID LN,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 11 BP 19 EP 23 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VT984 UT WOS:A1996VT98400019 ER PT J AU Morris, NM TraskMorrell, BJ Andrews, BAK AF Morris, NM TraskMorrell, BJ Andrews, BAK TI Thermoanalytical and FT-IR characteristics of fabrics finished with BTCA/chloroacetates .2. FT-IR identification of volatile decomposition products SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; COTTON; FORMALDEHYDE; CATALYST AB Cotton fabrics esterified with polycarboxylic acids possess excellent smooth drying properties and have good strength retention. The best results have been obtained with catalysts of inorganic phosphorus acids, especially sodium hypophosphite monohydrate (SHP). However, because SHP is fairly expensive and there is some concern that phosphorus from finishing plants would contribute to the pollution of rivers and streams, other catalyst systems are under investigation as substitutes. This paper reports on the characterization of sodium salts of chloroacetic acids as catalysts for esterification crosslink finishing of cotton with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). In this part of the study, we report on FT-IR identification of the volatile products formed on thermal decomposition of fabrics treated with BTCA and chloroacetate catalysts. HCl does not appear to be released at any temperature, and chloroform, which is a decomposition product when trichloroacetate is used as the catalyst, is formed only above curing temperatures. RP Morris, NM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 66 IS 11 BP 690 EP 694 DI 10.1177/004051759606601104 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VQ122 UT WOS:A1996VQ12200005 ER PT J AU Rousselle, MA Price, JB Thomasson, JA Chun, DTW AF Rousselle, MA Price, JB Thomasson, JA Chun, DTW TI Heat treatment of cotton: Effect on endotoxin content, fiber and yarn properties, and processability SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; DUST; REDUCTION AB A specially designed device is used to heat several hundred pounds of cotton at temperatures previously shown to reduce endotoxin content during small-scale treatment of cotton lint. Dust from heated and unheated (control) cotton is captured during processing in a pilot plant textile mill. The endotoxin content of fibers, bulk dust, and fine dust is reduced by the heating, compared to the unheated bale. The effect of heat treatment on fiber physical properties and processability is monitored to provide an assessment of the effect of heating on the market value of the cotton. Results from dust from heated fibers distributed to other researchers for in vivo and in vitro evaluation of physiological activity are discussed. C1 USDA ARS,US COTTON GINNING RES LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. USDA ARS,COTTON QUAL RES STN,CLEMSON,SC. RP Rousselle, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 66 IS 11 BP 727 EP 738 DI 10.1177/004051759606601109 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VQ122 UT WOS:A1996VQ12200010 ER PT J AU Mian, MAR Bailey, MA Tamulonis, JP Shipe, ER Carter, TE Parrott, WA Ashley, DA Hussey, RS Boerma, HR AF Mian, MAR Bailey, MA Tamulonis, JP Shipe, ER Carter, TE Parrott, WA Ashley, DA Hussey, RS Boerma, HR TI Molecular markers associated with seed weight in two soybean populations SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE soybean; glycine max; seed weight; RFLP; QTL; markers ID UNDERLYING QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; LINKAGE MAPS; PERFORMANCE; SIZE; LOCI AB Seed weight (SW) is a component of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., seed yield, as well as an important trait for food-type soybeans. Two soybean populations, 120 F-4-derived lines of 'Young' x PI416937 (Pop1) and 111 F-2-derived lines of PI97100 x 'Coker237' (Pop2), were mapped with RFLP makers to identify quantitative traitloci (QTLs) conditioning SW across environments and populations. The genetic map of Pop 1 consisted of 155 loci covering 973 cM, whereas Pop2 involved 153 loci and covered 1600 cM of map distance. For Pop1, the phenotypic data were collected from Plains, GA., Windblow, N.C., and Plymouth, N.C., in 1994. For Pop2, data were collected from Athens, GA., in 1994 and 1995, and Blackville, S.C., in 1995. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), seven and nine independent loci were associated with SW in Pop1 and Pop2, respectively. Together the loci explained 73% of the variability in SW in Pop1 and 74% in Pop2. Transgressive segregation occurred among the progeny in both populations. The marker loci associated with SW were highly consistent across environments and years. Two QTLs on linkage group (LG)F and K were located at similar genomic regions in both populations. The high consistency of QTLs across environments indicates that effective marker-assisted selection is feasible for soybean SW. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT AGRON, CLEMSON, SC 29634 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT COMP SCI, USDA ARS, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 26 TC 54 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 93 IS 7 BP 1011 EP 1016 DI 10.1007/BF00230118 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VX002 UT WOS:A1996VX00200001 PM 24162474 ER PT J AU Zhang, XY Koul, A Petroski, R Ouellet, T Fedak, G Dong, YS Wang, RRC AF Zhang, XY Koul, A Petroski, R Ouellet, T Fedak, G Dong, YS Wang, RRC TI Molecular verification and characterization of BYDV-resistant germ plasms derived from hybrids of wheat with Thinopyrum ponticum and Th-intermedium SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Thinopyrum ponticum; Th-intermedium; Th-junceum; wheat; BYDV; genome ID BARLEY YELLOW DWARF; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; VIRUS-RESISTANCE; GENOME RELATIONSHIPS; AGROPYRON-ELONGATUM; LOPHOPYRUM-PONTICUM; ADDITION LINES AB Twenty-five partial amphiploids (2n=8x=56), which were derived from hybrids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with either Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpera) Liu & Wang, Th. intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D. Dewey, or Th. junceum (L.) A. Love, were assayed for resistance to BYDV serotype PAV by slot-blot hybridization with viral cDNA of a partial coat protein gene. Three immune lines were found among seven partial amphiploids involving Th. ponticum. Seven highly resistant lines were found in ten partial amphiploids involving Th. intermedium. None of eight partial amphiploids or 13 addition lines of Chinese Spring - Th. junceum were resistant to BYDV. Ge nomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that all of the resistant partial amphiploids, except TAF46, carried an alien genome most closely related to St, whether it was derived from Th. ponticum or Th. intermedium. The two partial amphiploids carrying an intact E genome of Th. ponticum are very susceptible to BYDV-PAV. In TAF46, which contains three pairs of St- and four pairs of E-genome chromosomes, the gene for BYDV resistance has been located to a modified 7St chromosome in the addition line L1. This indicates that BYDV resistance in perennial polyploid parents, i.e., Th. ponticum and Th. intermedium, of these partial amphiploids is probably controlled by a gene(s) located on the St-genome chromosome(s). C1 CHINESE ACAD AGR SCI,INST CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES,BEIJING 100081,PEOPLES R CHINA. AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. RP Zhang, XY (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 93 IS 7 BP 1033 EP 1039 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VX002 UT WOS:A1996VX00200004 PM 24162477 ER PT J AU Williams, CE Wang, B Holsten, TE Scambray, J daSilva, FDG Ronald, PC AF Williams, CE Wang, B Holsten, TE Scambray, J daSilva, FDG Ronald, PC TI Markers for selection of the rice Xa21 disease resistance gene SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE rice; Xa21; disease resistance; linkage map; physical map ID IDENTIFICATION; GENOME; LOCUS AB Six molecular markers were mapped to a 7.4-cM region of rice chromosome 11 containing the Xa21 gene, which confers resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Three markers, RG103, 248 and 818, co-segregated with Xa21 in a population of 1141 plants. Multiple copies of all marker loci were present within the region that was introgressed from Oryza longistaminata into O. sativa. The marker loci were cloned and primers were designed that defined sequence-tagged sites. Physical mapping of the three tightly linked central markers revealed that RG103, the marker that hybridizes to the Xa21 gene, resides on a separate DNA fragment from the other two markers. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Williams, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP PROD & PEST CONTROL RES UNIT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 93 IS 7 BP 1119 EP 1122 DI 10.1007/BF00230134 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VX002 UT WOS:A1996VX00200017 PM 24162490 ER PT J AU Chenoweth, PJ Chase, CC Thatcher, MJD Wilcox, CJ Larsen, RE AF Chenoweth, PJ Chase, CC Thatcher, MJD Wilcox, CJ Larsen, RE TI Breed and other effects on reproductive traits and breeding soundness categorization in young beef bulls in Florida SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bull; breeding soundness evaluation; Bos indicus; Senepol; Romosinuano ID SCROTAL CIRCUMFERENCE; SEMEN TRAITS; TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT; GROWTH TRAITS; BRAHMAN; QUALITY; HORMONE; PUBERTY; SEASON AB Yearling, grass-fed, beef bulls at the USDA Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida, were assessed for physical and semen traits in January, April, July and October of 1991 (Trial 1) and 1992 (Trial 2). Bulls were given a breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) using revised semen and scrotal circumference (SC) criteria. In Trial 1, the bulls consisted of Angus (n=15), Brahman (n=14), Hereford (n=15) and Senepol (n=14). In Trial 2, the breeds were Angus (n=15), Brahman (n=16), Romosinuano (n=13) and Nellore x Brahman (n=9). Trial bulls generally showed delayed growth compared with grain-fed bulls in temperate environments. Breed influenced semen traits (percentage sperm motility, normal spermatozoa and those with primary abnormalities) in both trials. Temperate Bos taurus breeds (Angus, Hereford) were generally superior to Bos indicus breeds (Brahman, Nellore x Brahman). Tropically-adapted Bos taurus breeds (Senepol, Romosinuano) were intermediate for those traits tested. In general, tropically-adapted Bos taurus breeds were more similar in reproductive development to temperate Bos taurus than to Bos indicus breeds. Breed by test period interactions occurred and were mainly influenced by delayed sexual maturity of Bos indicus bulls. Qualitative semen traits increased with bull age, particularly from 12 to 18 mo. Scrotal circumference development was slower in the Bos indicus breeds. Bulls of satisfactory BSE status at 18.1 to 22 mo of age were 73.9% in Trial 1 and 58.5% in Trial 2. Brahman bulls had the least satisfactory BSE scores in both years(Trial 1, 44.4%; Trial 2, 22.2%). Most bulls failed to achieve satisfactory BSE status due to a small SC relative to age (Trial 1, 66%; Trial 2, 72%). The most efficacious use of the BSE was greater than or equal to 15 mo in Bos taurus bulls and >18 mo for Bos indicus bulls. Although the BSE has proven to be useful for the assessment of young, pasture-raised bulls in semi-tropical environments, use of SC thresholds linked more with growth traits than with calendar age would improve comparisons of relative reproductive development in such bulls, particularly those of Bos indicus derivation. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT DAIRY & POULTRY SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. ARS,USDA,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601. RP Chenoweth, PJ (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT LARGE ANIM CLIN SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610, USA. NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7 BP 1159 EP 1170 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(96)00287-7 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA VM351 UT WOS:A1996VM35100006 PM 16727979 ER PT J AU Coudron, TA Brandt, SL AF Coudron, TA Brandt, SL TI Characteristics of a developmental arrestant in the venom of the ectoparasitoid wasp Euplectrus comstockii SO TOXICON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the Fifth Pan American Symposium on Animal Plant and Microbial Toxins CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 1995 CL FREDERICK, MD ID TRICHOPLUSIA-NI LEPIDOPTERA; PLATHYPENAE HYMENOPTERA; INSECT CNS; EULOPHIDAE; NOCTUIDAE; LARVAE; POLYPEPTIDES; TRANSMISSION; HEMOLYMPH; PROTEINS AB Parasitic Hymenoptera regulate their hosts in order to provide a suitable source of nutrition and dwelling for their offspring. Few regulatory factors known to cause a specific effect on the host have been structurally characterized. The larval ectoparasitoid Euplectrus comstockii Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) arrests larval-larval ecdysis in its lepidopteran hosts. Prior to oviposition, the female wasp injects a venom into the hemocoel of the host and that venom alone is effective in causing the arrestment. A venom gland-reservoir structure connected to the lower reproductive tract of the wasp contains a complex mixture of proteins. There are no obvious similarities among the electrophoretic banding pattern (native or denatured) for venom proteins of E. comstockii and several other parasitic hymenopteran species. Venomous protein, separated by electrophoretic techniques, with a native mel. wt of c. 66,000, was capable of arresting larval-larval ecdysis in 4th instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Nanogram quantities of the protein were sufficient to cause arrestment. The activity of the protein was sensitive to temperature, pH,organic solvent, and protease. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd RP Coudron, TA (reprint author), USDA,ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,1503 S PROVIDENCE RD,RES PK,COLUMBIA,MO 65203, USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 11-12 BP 1431 EP 1441 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(96)00090-6 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WE725 UT WOS:A1996WE72500024 PM 9028000 ER PT J AU Franz, E Bouse, LF Brusse, JC AF Franz, E Bouse, LF Brusse, JC TI System for in-flight airflow measurements of an agricultural aircraft SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE agricultural aircraft; airflow; measurement; aerial sprating; airflow patterns; airspeed ID SPRAY DROPLET SIZE; SPEED AB Airspeed and the orientation of spray nozzles relative to air direction significantly affect spray droplet size. A measurement system based on pressure probe techniques was developed to measure and record airspeed and airflow direction at spray boom and nozzle locations near the trailing edge of the wings and under the fuselage of a fixed-wing agricultural aircraft. The main feature of the system is an airflow measuring ''rake'' comprised of eight total pressure five-tube probes and two stream pressure probes. The probes are encased in an airfoil. A multiport rotary pneumatic valve is used to rapidly sample the differential (velocity) pressure between the total pressures and stream pressure. The system was calibrated in a wind tunnel for pitch and yaw angles up to +/-25 degrees. Software was developed to control the rotary valve and data acquisition. The system was mounted on a Cessna AgHusky agricultural aircraft for flight testing and wake survey studies. A pitch, yaw, and Pitot tube boom extended forward from the leading edge of the aircraft wingtip provides aircraft attitude and airspeed reference for the rake measurement system. Data collected with this system will provide a basis for adjusting application hardware to obtain improved control of spray droplet size for various aircraft speeds and loadings. C1 USDA ARS,AERIAL APPLICAT RES UNIT,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. TEXAS ENGN EXPT STN,COLLEGE STN,TX. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1961 EP 1969 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000001 ER PT J AU Bouse, LF Franz, E Brusse, JC AF Bouse, LF Franz, E Brusse, JC TI In-flight airflow measurements of a Cessna AgHusky agricultural aircraft SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE aerial application; agricultural aircraft; aviation; airflow patterns; measurement ID SPRAY DROPLET SIZE; SPEED AB A measurement system based on pressure probe; techniques was developed and used to survey airflow speed and direction near the trailing edge of the wings and under the fuselage of a Cessna AgHusky agricultural aircraft. The main feature of the system was an airflow measuring ''rake'' comprised of eight, 5-tube probes designed to measure total pressure and airflow direction and two stream pressure probes to measure static pressure. The probes were encased in a 0.74-m long airfoil that was positioned vertically at numerous lateral positions 0.23 m behind the trailing edge of the aircraft wing and horizontally at several locations beneath the aircraft fuselage. The test flight protocol included three aircraft loadings (0-, 227-, and 454-kg hopper loads) and two airspeeds (145 and 185 km/h) at an aircraft wheel height of 1.5 m. The measurements indicated that air velocity, airflow yaw angle, and airflow pitch angle were all significantly affected by variations in aircraft loading, aircraft speed, and measurement locations. The air velocity ranged up to 195 and 235 km/h in the propeller slipstream at indicated airspeeds of 145 and 185 km/h, respectively. Velocities of 64 to 97 km/h were recorded near the underside of the fuselage where the airflow was blocked by spray system hardware. Outboard from the propeller slipstream, the air velocities were lowest in the area directly behind the trailing edge of the wings and highest either 0.203 m above or 0.305 to 0.475 m below the trailing edges of the wings. Airflow yaw and pitch angles were largest for the 145 km/h indicated airspeed with the 454-kg load and in the area below the fuselage and aft of the spray system hardware. Outboard of the propeller slipstream, the yaw angles did not exceed 64 The airflow pitch angles ranged up to 7 degrees at the wing measurement locations with the largest downward angles occurring 0.102 to 0.203 m above the wings and the largest upward angles occurring directly behind the trailing edges of the wings. These results provide a basis for selecting and locating spray delivery equipment on agricultural aircraft in order to minimize the effects of airflow on the production of small droplets that are most subject to spray drift. C1 TEXAS ENGN EXPT STN,COLLEGE STN,TX. RP Bouse, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F&B RD,BLDG 2,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1971 EP 1976 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000002 ER PT J AU Reichard, DL Zhu, H Downer, RA Fox, RD Brazee, RD Ozkan, HE Hall, FR AF Reichard, DL Zhu, H Downer, RA Fox, RD Brazee, RD Ozkan, HE Hall, FR TI A system to evaluate shear effects on spray drift retardant performance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE drift retardant; spray; shear; pesticide ID SIMULATION; SIZE AB A laboratory system was developed to simulate shear on mixtures of water and drift retardants due to their recirculation in sprayer tanks. Three significantly different drift retardants () DR-2000, Nalco-Trol and Nalco-Trol II) were evaluated in both a Myers A36 orchard airblast sprayer and the laboratory system. Droplet size distributions of sprayed samples from the sprayer and the laboratory system were measured with an Aerometric Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer Droplet size distributions of sprayed samples with drift retardants sheared with the laboratory system had similar trends to those of samples sheared with the airblast sprayer as the number of recirculations increased. When the number of recirculations through the system increased from 0 to 11.4, D-V0.5 of sprayed samples of the 0.1% DR-2000 mixture did not change significantly from the initial value of 587 mu m, but D-V0.5 of Sprayed samples with 0.0547% Nalco-Trol and the 0.0547% Nalco-Trol II mixtures decreased from 592 to 422 mu m and from 505 to 366 mu m, respectively. Also, the percent spray volume <200 mu m for mixtures with DR-2000 and Nalco-Trol taken after 11.4 recirculations was 72.8 and 34.1% less than that of a water spray. A possible test system for an ASAE standard is presented. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,FOOD AGR & BIOL ENGN DEPT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,LAB PEST CONTROL APPLICAT TECHNOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1993 EP 1999 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000005 ER PT J AU Farahani, HJ Ahuja, LR AF Farahani, HJ Ahuja, LR TI Evapotranspiration modeling of partial canopy/residue-covered fields SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE evaporation; transpiration; energy balance; diffusive resistance; mulch ID CHOPPED CORN RESIDUE; SOIL-WATER EVAPORATION; BARE-SOIL; CROP RESIDUE; SPARSE CROPS; TEMPERATURE; HEAT; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; TILLAGE AB Knowledge of soil evaporation (E) and crop transpiration (T), collectively referred to as evapotranspiration (ET) is central to water budget analysis and modeling of agricultural cropping systems. The double layer Shuttleworth-Wallace (S-W) model provides the potential of modeling ET for the entire range of canopy cover This model is extended herein to include the effects of surface crop residues on soil evaporation by explicitly specifying a partially covered soil area and partitioning evaporation between the bare and residue-covered areas. Although the extended S-W model is physically based, simplifying assumptions are made for the sake of functionality. Model derivation and potential uses are discussed The main drawback to the model's field application is parameter estimation. In this article, the concepts of soil and residue evaporative resistances are explored leading to proposed methods for estimating these difficult-to-determine parameters. An immediate use of the model is in predicting daily E and T rates in system-wide agricultural simulation models. RP Farahani, HJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,301 S HOWES ST,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 66 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2051 EP 2064 PG 14 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000012 ER PT J AU Pietersma, D Stetler, LD Saxton, KE AF Pietersma, D Stetler, LD Saxton, KE TI Design and aerodynamics of a portable wind tunnel for soil erosion and fugitive dust research SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wind erosion; portable wind tunnel; boundary layer; Turbulence; Froude number; particulate emissions ID PARTICLES; RIPPLES AB A portable wind tunnel was designed and built to research wind erosion of soil and simultaneous emissions of fine dust from agricultural fields. This approach allowed for time efficient in situ measurements of erosion processes under controlled wind conditions. The tunnel had an overall length of 13 m with a working section 7.3 m long, 1.0 m wide, and 1.2 m high. Power was supplied using a 33-kW gasoline engine driving a 1.4-m industrial fan. Tunnel aerodynamic design provided for development of a velocity profile comparable to that in an atmospheric boundary layer to a height of 1.0 m over a clean-tilled field. :This was accomplished using (1) extensive flow conditioning (perforated plates, honeycomb and screen) to eliminate flow instability, and (2) a non-uniform shear-grid positioned at the upstream edge of the working section. Experimental results indicate that the flow conditioning produced the desired velocity and turbulence profiles which were both maintained beyond a downstream distance of three times the tunnel height, 3H. In addition, the grid established lateral uniformity in both velocity and turbulence as a function of height. A tunnel Froude number of 12.3 indicated that the flow was free of constraint and shear velocity was relatively unchanged after a distance of less than 3H. These aerodynamic characteristics provided a measuring window in the working section that was 80 cm widex1.0 m high, a flow area of 0.8 m(2). C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SYST ENGN, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. MCGILL UNIV, DEPT AGR ENGN, ST ANNE DE BELLEVUE, PQ, CANADA. NR 46 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2075 EP 2083 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000014 ER PT J AU Schmidt, GM Smajstrla, AG Zazueta, FS AF Schmidt, GM Smajstrla, AG Zazueta, FS TI Parametric uncertainty in stochastic precipitation models: Wet day amounts SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE weather generator; parameter estimation; precipitation; model evaluation; risk analysis; parametric uncertainty AB A methodology was developed to quantify the uncertainty associated with maximum likelihood parameter estimates used in the wet day amount component of stochastic rainfall models. Traditional point parameter estimates were combined with interval estimates to construct a probabilistic region of parametric uncertainty. Regions of model uncertainty were then constructed from the region of parametric uncertainty. The wet day amount model was implemented by repeatedly selecting parameters from a bivariate normal distribution. The results of this test suggested that the amount model was sensitive to small changes in parameters. The model was least sensitive to parametric uncertainty for small wet day amounts and increased in sensitivity toward large amounts. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,GAINESVILLE,FL. RP Schmidt, GM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC W,HYDROL LAB,BLDG 007,RM 104,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2093 EP 2103 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000016 ER PT J AU Hill, DT Rogers, JW Payne, VWE Kown, SR AF Hill, DT Rogers, JW Payne, VWE Kown, SR TI Evaluation of free-water-surface constructed wetlands for the treatment of poultry lagoon effluent SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wastewater treatment; constructed wetlands; wastewater; wetlands; poultry wastewater AB A free-water-surface constructed wetlands system was installed at the Auburn University poultry unit in Auburn, Alabama. The wetlands system, consisting of three series of dual cell wetlands, was installed for the purpose of treating effluent from an anaerobic poultry waste lagoon. The first series (two cells) contained Sagittaria lancifolia which occupied approximately 10% of the water column. The second series contained Phragmites australis and Scirpus spp. which occupied approximately 5% of the water column. The third series was not vegetated in order to provide a research control. Samples were collected from the influent and effluent of the system during the period from August 1993 until March 1994 in order to evaluate the ability of constructed wetlands to treat poultry lagoon wastewater and the effects cold winter months have on the treatment process. To investigate and monitor groundwater impact, two lysimeters were installed in each cell of each series at depths of 0.6 m and 1.3 m. Monitored variables included GOD, BOD, TKN, NH4, PO4 and K in the influent and effluent. The lysimeter samples were analyzed for the same parameters with the exception 4 of not analyzing COD and BOD and analyzing NO3. C1 ALABAMA AGR EXPT STN,DEPT AGR ENGN,AUBURN,AL. PAYNE ENGN,AUBURN,AL. NRCS,USDA,ALABAMA STATE OFF,AUBURN,AL. RP Hill, DT (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2113 EP 2117 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000018 ER PT J AU King, KW Richardson, CW Williams, JR AF King, KW Richardson, CW Williams, JR TI Simulation of sediment and nitrate loss on a vertisol with conservation tillage practices SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE modeling; vertisols; nitrate; simulation ID NUTRIENT LOSSES; SOIL; RUNOFF; EROSION; CORN AB Shrinking and swelling clay soils are dominant in the Blackland Prairie of Central Texas and comprise a vast majority of agricultural production land in the area. An agricultural field scale simulation model (EPIC) was applied on six small watersheds located in Riesel, Texas. A non-calibrated model performance evaluation of the runoff sediment yield, nutrient transport, and crop growth components was completed. Management practices included no-till and conventional till systems. Annual and monthly predicted parameter values were compared with measured data for a 5-year period. Annual comparisons indicate close agreement between means and standard deviations for runoff erosion, and nitrate-nitrogen. Significant correlation existed between monthly measured and simulated runoff and erosion. Significant correlation for nitrate-nitrogen was present in a majority of the cases studied. Prediction efficiency was significant for all elements except nitrate-nitrogen on two watersheds. The results of this study indicate EPIC's ability to simulate natural processes without calibration on shrinking and swelling clay soils with varying management practices. RP King, KW (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2139 EP 2145 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000021 ER PT J AU Bjorneberg, DL Kanwar, RS Melvin, SW AF Bjorneberg, DL Kanwar, RS Melvin, SW TI Tillage and crop rotation effects on subsurface drainage response to rainfall SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE preferential flow; hydrograph separation ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SOIL; MACROPORES; INFILTRATION; CHANNELS; WATER AB A field study was conducted to determine if tillage and crop rotation affected subsurface drainage response to rainfall. An instrumentation system collected subsurface drain flow data from thirty-six, 0.4 ha plots during the 1993, 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. Response time, time-to-peak drainflow rate, drainage volume, peak drainflow rate and percent preferential flow were compared between two tillage systems (no-till and chisel plow) and two crop rotations (continuous corn and com-soybean)for 23 drainage events over the three-year study. The influence of preferential flow was estimated for each drainage event using a hydrograph separation procedure based on subsurface drainflow rate changes. Drainage event parameters. were not consistently different between crop and tillage systems during this study. Drainage parameter data were highly variable and little correlation was observed between parameters. Percent preferential flow wasfound to be greater than 10% of the total subsurface drainflow only four times for the 23 drainage events. The highest average percent preferential flows for an event did not correlate with the highest rainfall intensity and varied among crop and tillage systems. Annual averages of drainage parameter data indicated that drainage volume and peak drainage rate may have been influenced more by the experimental plot than by the crop. Overall results indicated that changes occurring in the soil flow system during the growing season may have more influence on preferential flow and subsurface drainflow compared to tillage and crop rotations for these loam soils. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,KIMBERLY,ID. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2147 EP 2154 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000022 ER PT J AU Zayas, IY Martin, CR Steele, JL Katsevich, A AF Zayas, IY Martin, CR Steele, JL Katsevich, A TI Wheat classification using image analysis and crush-force parameters SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wheat; digital imaging; machine vision; pattern recognition; multivariate analysis; hardness ID DISCRIMINATION; KERNELS AB A study was conducted to develop methodology for wheat classes and variety identification by combination of image analysis techniques with wheat hardness physical measurements. Wheat kernel morphometrical parameters were extracted from digitized images and hardness parameters were obtained from force-deformation curves from a single kernel wheat characterization system which also provided a kernel weight. Pattern recognition methods were applied to the data base of combined parameters for wheat kernels of six classes and seventeen varieties of soft and hard wheat. Recognition rates for parameter combinations of shape, size, and hardness scores were higher than hardness or imaging alone or when combined with weight. Hard and soft recognition rates of 94% was achieved with shape and hardness of the wheat kernels A PC version of the developed algorithm was written and tested with the same data set. Satisfactory performance in the PC version confirmed the practicality of the method developed. C1 UNIV CENT FLORIDA,DEPT MATH,ORLANDO,FL 32816. RP Zayas, IY (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAIN MKT RES & PROD CTR,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 14 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2199 EP 2204 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000029 ER PT J AU Martin, CR Steele, JL AF Martin, CR Steele, JL TI Evaluation of rotor-crescent design for sensing wheat kernels hardness SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hardness; classification sensing AB Alternative designs of an experiential hardness tester were studied to evaluate its ability to classify single wheat kernels as hard or soft. Test variables included the effect of adding guide channels to control kernel orientation, five rotor speeds and five rotor tooth designs. In the first study, the addition of guide channels to the crescent had the greatest benefit, increasing the Classing Index (CI) from 1.2 to 1.6. The second study showed that the system was not sensitive to rotor speeds in the range between 15 and 480 rpm with the CI remaining about 1.6 for all but the highest speed. A sawtooth and shallow tooth pattern had similar CI close to 1.6. The sawtooth pattern was selected for two reasons; first, the hardness sensitivity was more uniform; second, the sawtooth pattern was the least complicated machining operation. RP Martin, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2223 EP 2227 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000033 ER PT J AU Srivastava, P Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Moore, PA Costello, TA AF Srivastava, P Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Moore, PA Costello, TA TI Performance of vegetative filter strips with varying pollutant source and filter strip lengths SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE non-point source pollution; vegetative filter strips; poultry litter ID RAINFALL RUNOFF; SWINE MANURE; FEEDLOT; SOIL AB Vegetative filter strips (VFS) can reduce runoff losses of pollutants such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from land areas treated with fertilizers. While VFS effectiveness is considered to depend on lengths of pollutant source and VFS areas, there is little experimental evidence of this dependence, particularly when the pollutant source is manure-treated pasture. This study assessed the effects of pollutant source area (fescue pasture treated with poultry litter) length and VFS (fescue pasture) length on VFS removal of nitrate N (NOS-N), ammonia N (NH3-N), total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ortho-P (PO4-P), total P (TP) total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliform (FC) from incoming runoff. This research examined poultry litter-treated lengths of 6.1, 12.2, and 18.3 m, with corresponding VFS lengths of up to 18.3 m, 12.2 m, and 6.1 m, respectively. Runoff was produced from simulated rainfall applied to bath the litter-treated and VFS areas at 50 mm/h for 1 h of runoff Pollutant concentrations in runoff were unaffected by litter-treated length but demonstrated a first-order exponential decline with increasing VFS length except for TSS and FC. Runoff mass transport of NH3-N,TKN, PO4-P, TP and TOC increased with increasing litter-treated length (due to increased runoff) and decreased (approximately first-order exponential decline) with increasing VFS length when affected by VFS length. Effectiveness of the VFS in terms of NH3-N, TKN, PO4-P: TP and TOC removal from runoff ranged from 12-75, 22-67, 22-82, 21-66, and 8-30% respectively. The data from this study can help in developing and testing models that simulate VFS performance and thus aid in the design of VFS installed downslope of pasture areas treated with animal manure. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. USDA ARS,PPPSU,FAYETTEVILLE,AR. RI Srivastava, Puneet/F-8390-2014 NR 29 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2231 EP 2239 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA WA430 UT WOS:A1996WA43000034 ER PT J AU Sword, MA Gravatt, DA Faulkner, PL Chambers, JL AF Sword, MA Gravatt, DA Faulkner, PL Chambers, JL TI Seasonal branch and fine root growth of juvenile loblolly pine five growing seasons after fertilization SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY OCT 08-11, 1995 CL ITHACA, NY SP Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, USEPA Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis DE branch phenology; rhizotrons; source-sink relations; water deficit ID CLIMATE; WATER AB In 1989, we established two replications of two fertilization treatments in a 10-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Between March and September 1993, branch internode and needle fascicle expansion in the upper and lower third of crowns were measured weekly on three south-facing branches of each of four trees, and new root initiation and elongation were measured at 10-day intervals in three vertical rhizotrons per plot. In one replication, soil water content was measured daily. Fertilization significantly increased the expansion of first flush internodes in the upper crown and first flush needle fascicles in the upper and lower crown. New root growth was stimulated by fertilization in the second half of the growing season. The timing of root growth responses to fertilization corresponded to branch phenologies in the upper and lower crown that were conducive to increased basipetal transport of photosynthate. We conclude, therefore, that new root growth was linked to source-sink activities in the crown. Root initiation was greater in the upper than in the lower part of the soil profile; however, as the growing season progressed and water deficit increased, this relationship was reversed. The effect of soil depth on seasonal root growth was closely associated with water availability, suggesting that root initiation deep in the soil profile is critical for the continued production of new roots in environments subjected to short-term, but relatively severe, water deficits. C1 USA,ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT STN,VICKSBURG,MS 39180. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,WETLAND BIOGEOCHEM INST,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Sword, MA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360, USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 899 EP 904 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VX155 UT WOS:A1996VX15500005 ER PT J AU Ludovici, KH Morris, LA AF Ludovici, KH Morris, LA TI Responses of loblolly pine, sweetgum and crab grass roots to localized increases in nitrogen in two watering regimes SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY OCT 08-11, 1995 CL ITHACA, NY SP Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, USEPA Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis DE Digitaria spp; Liquidambar styraciflua; nitrogen availability; Pinus taeda; roots; water availability ID TREE ROOTS; RADIATA; SPRUCE; STAND AB Root responses to differences in availability of nitrogen and soil water were studied in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings grown in monoculture and in competition with sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) or crab grass (Digitaria spp.). Rhizotron cells were maintained at high soil water availability (approximately -0.1 MPa) or subjected to three dry-down cycles to low soil water availability (approximately -1.0 MPa), over two growing seasons. Localized increases in nitrogen availability were created by adding nitrogen in solution to root ingress cores placed in each rhizotron cell. Presence of competitors reduced loblolly pine root growth regardless of the nitrogen or soil water treatment. On average, both total root length density and root surface area were reduced 60% when loblolly pine seedlings were grown with crab grass and 31% when grown with sweetgum. Low water availability reduced loblolly pine root length density and root surface area by 25 and 28%, respectively, compared with well-watered seedlings. Sweetgum root surface area was reduced 18% by the low water availability treatment, whereas crab grass root surface area was unaffected by this treatment. At all soil depths, loblolly pine root surface area and root length density were increased in localized areas of increased nitrogen availability. Sweetgum and crab grass root surface areas were also greater in areas of increased nitrogen availability. In the high soil water availability treatment, loblolly pine root surface area increased 128% in localized areas of increased nitrogen in all competition treatments. In the low soil water availability treatment, loblolly pine roots responded to increased nitrogen only in the absence of competitors. In general, loblolly pine and sweetgum roots responded to increases in resource availability similarly, whereas crab grass roots were relatively less affected. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DANIEL B WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Ludovici, KH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,3041 CORNWALLIS RD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 3 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 933 EP 939 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VX155 UT WOS:A1996VX15500009 ER PT J AU Davies, FT Svenson, SE Cole, JC Phavaphutanon, L Duray, SA OlaldePortugal, V Meier, CE Bo, SH AF Davies, FT Svenson, SE Cole, JC Phavaphutanon, L Duray, SA OlaldePortugal, V Meier, CE Bo, SH TI Non-nutritional stress acclimation of mycorrhizal woody plants exposed to drought SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY OCT 08-11, 1995 CL ITHACA, NY SP Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, USEPA Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis DE extraradical hyphae; gas exchange; Pinus taeda; phosphorus nutrition; Rosa hybrida ID WATER RELATIONS; VA-MYCORRHIZAL; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; EXTRARADICAL HYPHAE; PINE SEEDLINGS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; GAS-EXCHANGE; FUNGI; GROWTH; SOIL AB Mycorrhizal enhancement of drought resistance of two woody plant species, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Ferdy), occurred independently of phosphorus nutrition. Mycorrhizae tended to alter root morphology and carbon allocation patterns of shoots and roots. Increased drought resistance of mycorrhizal plants was in part attributed to drought-induced colonization by mycorrhizae and the ability of the mycorrhizal plants to maintain high transpiration rates as a result of greater lateral root formation and lower shoot mass (in ectomycorrhizal loblolly pine), and a higher root/shoot ratio and leaf abscission (in endomycorrhizal roses). Neither the endo- nor ectomycorrhizal symbionts affected osmotic adjustment of droughted plants. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,N WILLAMETTE RES & EXTENS CTR,AURORA,OR 97002. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. CINVESTAV IPN,INST PLANT BIOL,IRAPUATO,GUANAJUATO,MEXICO. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. MYANMAR AGR SERV,RANGOON,MYANMAR. RP Davies, FT (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT HORT SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 39 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 11 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 985 EP 993 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VX155 UT WOS:A1996VX15500015 ER PT J AU Sung, SJS Kormanik, PP Black, CC AF Sung, SJS Kormanik, PP Black, CC TI Temporal and spatial aspects of root and stem sucrose metabolism in loblolly pine trees SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY OCT 08-11, 1995 CL ITHACA, NY SP Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, USEPA Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis DE first-order lateral root; glycolysis; phosphofructokinase; Pinus taeda; sucrolysis; sucrose synthase; taproot; vascular cambium enzymes ID TAEDA L; SEASONAL PATTERNS; WATER-UPTAKE; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; SYNTHASE; PHOTOSYNTHATE; ALLOCATION; EXPRESSION; INVERTASE AB We studied root and stem sucrose metabolism in trees excavated from a 9-year-old artificially regenerated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Sucrose synthase (SS) activities in stem and taproot vascular cambial tissues followed similar seasonal patterns until they peaked during September. After September, stem SS activity disappeared quickly, whereas taproots exhibited SS activity even in January. Pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) activity tracked SS activity. The activities of ATP-dependent PFK and several other glycolytic enzymes (e.g., phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase) remained relatively constant in cambial tissues of stem, taproot, and all first-order lateral roots (FOLRs) throughout the year. However, during the growing season, individual FOLRs exhibited variable sucrose metabolic activities that were independent of root diameter or position on the taproot. The FOLRs with low or no SS activity also had low PPI-PFK activity. We propose that when intense competition for sucrose occurs among different organs of a tree, the variable activities of the sucrose metabolic enzymes in FOLRs ensure that enough sucrose is allocated to the stem and taproot for growth. For a tree's long-term survival and growth, second or higher-order roots can be sacrificed, whereas FOLRs, stem and taproot are essential. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Sung, SJS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,INST TREE ROOT BIOL,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 1003 EP 1008 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VX155 UT WOS:A1996VX15500017 ER PT J AU Otrosina, WJ Sung, SJ White, LM AF Otrosina, WJ Sung, SJ White, LM TI Effects of subsoiling on lateral roots, sucrose metabolizing enzymes, and soil ergosterol in two Jeffrey pine stands SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY OCT 08-11, 1995 CL ITHACA, NY SP Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, USEPA Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis DE ergosterol; phosphofructokinase; Pinus jeffreyi; root dieback; sucrose synthase ID TAEDA L; GROWTH; COMPACTION; SEEDLINGS AB We determined the effects of subsoiling on woody lateral roots and enzyme activities involved in stem carbon metabolism of 90- to 100-year-old Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.) growing on the eastern side of the California Sierra Nevada Range. Twelve 1.0-ha plots were established on each of two sites. Four site treatments-thinning and subsoiling entire plots, thinning and no subsoiling, thinning and subsoiling skid trails only, and no thinning or subsoiling (undisturbed control)-were replicated three times on each site. Root excavations and assays of stem cambium sucrose metabolizing enzymes were carried out during the summer and fall of 1994 and 1995. Subsoiled plots had more roots < 1 cm in diameter exhibiting dieback than undisturbed plots. No relationship was found for stem cambial sucrose synthase (SS) activity among treatments or sites; however, a strong seasonal pattern was observed. Activity of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPI-PFK) was seasonal, whereas ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (ATP-PFK) activity was constant throughout the seasons. Neither of the PFK activities responded to treatment or site. Among plots, ergosterol, a surrogate for estimating live fungal biomass, was present in highest concentrations in soil and rhizosphere samples from subsoiled plots. RP Otrosina, WJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INST TREE ROOT BIOL,SO RES STN,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 1009 EP 1013 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VX155 UT WOS:A1996VX15500018 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Schreuder, HT Reich, RM AF Williams, MS Schreuder, HT Reich, RM TI The extent of bias caused by substituting points in forest survey: A simulation study SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article AB The bias and efficiency of Forest Inventory and Analysis five-point cluster designs where plots are substituted was compared to five-point cluster designs where plots are not substituted. A simulation study was used to perform the comparison. For populations where trees along the boundary were similar to interior trees, the substituted design gave less biased estimates of basal area than the nonsubstituted designs. Populations with boundary trees that were smaller or larger than interior trees showed a linear increase in bias as the difference between boundary and interior trees increased. For an artificial 67 ha population, biases ranged from -6.2 to +5.1 percent for estimating basal area. In all cases studied, the nonsubstituted design was more efficient than the substituted design. On average, the simulation standard deviation for the nonsubstituted design was about 5 to 6 percent less than for the substituted design. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROCKY MT FOREST RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION PI FT COLLINS PA 3825 EAST MULBERRY ST, FT COLLINS, CO 80524-8597 SN 0502-5001 J9 USDA FOR SERV RM RES JI USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp Stn. Res. Pap. PD NOV PY 1996 IS RM-327 BP 1 EP & PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WK881 UT WOS:A1996WK88100001 ER PT J AU Shewen, PE Lunney, JK Gershwin, LJ AF Shewen, PE Lunney, JK Gershwin, LJ TI Proceedings of the Fourth International Veterinary Immunology Symposium - Davis, California, July 1995 - Introduction SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT VET PATHOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Shewen, PE (reprint author), UNIV GUELPH,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05639-5 PG 1 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA WA137 UT WOS:A1996WA13700001 ER PT J AU Saalmuller, A Denham, S Haverson, K Davis, B Dominguez, J Pescovitz, MD Stokes, CC Zuckermann, F Lunney, JK AF Saalmuller, A Denham, S Haverson, K Davis, B Dominguez, J Pescovitz, MD Stokes, CC Zuckermann, F Lunney, JK TI The Second International Swine CD Workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ANTIGENS C1 AFRC,INST ANIM HLTH,PIRBRIGHT LAB,WOKING GU24 0NF,SURREY,ENGLAND. UNIV BRISTOL,SCH MED,DEPT VET MED,BRISTOL BS18 7DV,AVON,ENGLAND. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. INIA,CISA,VALDEOLMOS 28130,MADRID,SPAIN. INDIANA UNIV HOSP,DEPT SURG,TRANSPLANTAT SECT,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. INDIANA UNIV HOSP,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Saalmuller, A (reprint author), FED RES CTR VIRUS DIS ANIM,POB 1149,D-72001 TUBINGEN,GERMANY. RI Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015 NR 2 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 155 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05675-9 PG 4 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA WA137 UT WOS:A1996WA13700018 PM 8988859 ER PT J AU Urban, JF Fayer, R Sullivan, C Goldhill, J SheaDonohue, T Madden, K Morris, SC Katona, I Gause, W Ruff, M Mansfield, LS Finkelman, FD AF Urban, JF Fayer, R Sullivan, C Goldhill, J SheaDonohue, T Madden, K Morris, SC Katona, I Gause, W Ruff, M Mansfield, LS Finkelman, FD TI Local TH1 and TH2 responses to parasitic infection in the intestine: Regulation by IFN-gamma and IL-4 SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium CY JUL, 1995 CL DAVIS, CA ID PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; NEMATODE PARASITES; MICE; INTERLEUKIN-12; CELLS AB Control of parasitic infections is dependent on the production of cytokines that activate mechanisms which limit invasion, reproduction or survival of the parasite, In contrast, conditions that induce inappropriate cytokine responses facilitate the spread of infection and ultimately exacerbate the level of disease, Measurement of local cytokine responses to different gastrointestinal parasites, such as the intracellular protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum, and luminal dwelling nematodes like Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus, reveal stereotype response patterns. In general, intracellular parasites stimulate type I responses where IFN-gamma is the predominant immune activator, while extracellular parasites stimulate type 2 responses where IL-4 plays a prominent role in elevating humoral immune mechanisms, Cytokines alter cellular function and the milieu of the intestinal lumen to affect the outcome of an infection, The importance of a particular response during the course of an infection can be studied by selective enhancement with an excess of exogenous recombinant cytokine or cytokine antagonists, For example, exogenous IL-12 enhances resistance to C. parvum, but suppresses the normally rapid cure of an infection with N. brasiliensis. Both mechanisms are dependent on expression of IFN-gamma. At the molecular level, exogenous IL-12 stimulates IFN-gamma production which elevates a protective type 1 response to C. parvum but converts the normally anti-worm type 2 response to a type 1 response that inappropriately regulates the infection. Alternatively, excess IL-4 plays a prominent role in modulating effector elements that change intestinal physiology to create a hostile environment for worm parasites. Exogenous IL-4 can cure chronic worm infection, while IL-4 antagonists interfere with protective responses to infection. These observations provide a paradigm for analysis of stereotype responses to different gastrointestinal parasites, and demonstrate how cytokine-induced immune system-dependent and independent effector mechanisms can limit parasitic infection, while inappropriate cytokine responses can exacerbate the state of disease. C1 UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT MED,BETHESDA,MD 20815. UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT PEDIAT,BETHESDA,MD 20815. UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL,BETHESDA,MD 20815. USDA,BELTSVILLE AREA OFF,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,E LANSING,MI 48824. UNIV CINCINNATI,COLL MED,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Urban, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Mansfield, Linda S./0000-0002-7523-7577; Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 337 EP 344 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05708-X PG 8 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA WA137 UT WOS:A1996WA13700038 PM 8988879 ER PT J AU Goff, W AF Goff, W TI Parasite immunity: Workshop summary SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Goff, W (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 351 EP 353 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05673-5 PG 3 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA WA137 UT WOS:A1996WA13700039 ER PT J AU Ackermann, MR Kehrli, ME Brogden, KA AF Ackermann, MR Kehrli, ME Brogden, KA TI Passage of CD18(-) and CD18(+) bovine neutrophils into pulmonary alveoli during acute Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inflammation; leukocyte adhesion deficiency; respiratory tract ID LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INDUCED LUNG INJURY; GRANULOCYTOPATHY SYNDROME; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; CD18-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; GUINEA-PIG; CALVES; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AB CD18 is a subunit for three beta(2) integrin molecules (Mac-1, p150, 95, LFA-1), which are expressed on the plasma membrane of neutrophils. These molecules mediate passage of neutrophils into sites of infection. In children and animals that lack CD18 expression, neutrophil infiltration is impaired in most tissues. However, in lung, CD18(-) neutrophils have been identified in the airway spaces during spontaneous episodes of pneumonia. To determine whether CD18 is vital for passage through the pulmonary alveolar wall, lung lobes of cattle with neutrophils that were deficient in CD18 expression (CD18(-)) and cattle with normal CD18 expression (CD18(+)) were inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica by fiberoptic bronchoscopy; control lobes were inoculated with pyrogen-free saline (PFS). Neutrophil passage into alveolar lumina at 4 and 6 hours postinoculation was measured by computerized image analysis. Blood levels of neutrophils for CD18(-) cattle ranged from 12- to 26-fold higher than for CD18(+) cattle prior to inoculation, and counts in both groups rose slightly postinoculation. In P. haemolytica-inoculated lobes, total numbers of neutrophils in alveolar lumina of the two groups were similar. An increase in the number of neutrophils in the alveolar wall was fourfold greater in CD18(-) cattle than in CD18(+) cattle. In PFS-inoculated lobes, the number of neutrophils in the alveolar wall was sixfold higher in CD18 cattle than in CD18(+) cattle. This work shows that by 4 and 6 hours, CD18(-) neutrophils enter the alveolar lumen at a rate similar to that in CD18(+) cattle. Higher numbers of CD18(-) neutrophils are present in the alveolar wall of control (PFS) and bacteria-inoculated lobes. Thus, the CD18(-) cells are increased in the walls of alveoli and numbers of neutrophils that enter the alveolar lumen are similar in CD18(+) and CD18(-) cattle. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,SWINE RESP DIS PROJECT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,IMMUNOL RUMINANT PERINATAL DIS PROJECT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,RESP BACTERIAL DIS RUMINANTS PROJECT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 47 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 639 EP 646 PG 8 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA VX282 UT WOS:A1996VX28200002 PM 8952022 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Cheville, NF Jensen, AE AF Palmer, MV Cheville, NF Jensen, AE TI Experimental infection of pregnant cattle with the vaccine candidate Brucella abortus strain RB51: Pathologic, bacteriologic, and serologic findings SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abortion; bovine; Brucella abortus; placenta; pregnancy ID DELTA T-CELLS; MUTANT STRAINS; RESPONSES; ROUGH; SURVIVAL; TISSUES; MICE AB To determine the placental tropism and abortigenicity of the vaccine candidate Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51), a rough mutant of the virulent strain 2308, ten Polled Hereford heifers were inoculated intravenously in the 6th month of gestation. Heifers were euthanatized and examined at postinoculation week (PIW) 8 (n = 5) or at full term (n = 5). Four of five infected heifers sampled at PIW 8 and three of four infected heifers at term had placentitis, whereas reproductive tissues of three normal cows used for comparison had no placentitis. Numerous macrophages, immunoreactive for SRB51 antigen, as well as neutrophils, fibrin, and cell debris filled the arcade zone between chorion and maternal septae. Trophoblastic epithelium of the placentomal arcade zone had intracellular bacteria that were immunoreactive for SRB51 antigen. The tips of maternal septa had a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with small multifocal erosions and ulcerations of maternal epithelium. SRB51 was cultured from all tissues in which lesions were seen. Placentae of one cow from each group had no placentitis and contained no SRB51. In mammae, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and suppurative infiltrates within alveoli and intralobular ductules were seen in two of five heifers at PIW 8. SRB51 was cultured from liver, spleen, lung, and bronchial lymph nodes in four of five calves at PIW 8 and three of four full;term calves, but no lesions were seen. One near-term heifer had disseminated infection, placentitis, and lymphoplasmacytic endometritis, and delivered a premature weak calf. These results establish that SRB51 is less abortifacient than previously published reports with strain 19, in that only one of four heifers delivered prematurely following intravenous inoculation with SRB51, whereas intravenous inoculation with strain 19 leads to 100% abortion. However, it also shows that SRB51 can infect the bovine placenta, mammary gland, and fetus, can induce placentitis, and, in some cases, can lead to preterm expulsion of the fetus. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 46 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 682 EP 691 PG 10 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA VX282 UT WOS:A1996VX28200007 PM 8952027 ER PT J AU Wang, XM Riedl, B Geimer, RL Christiansen, AW AF Wang, XM Riedl, B Geimer, RL Christiansen, AW TI Phenol-formaldehyde resin curing and bonding under dynamic conditions SO WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLAKEBOARD MANUFACTURE; WOOD; FUNDAMENTALS; TEMPERATURE; ADHESIVES; CURE AB To better understand the curing and bonding behavior ai phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin under dynamic conditions, flakeboards were manufactured either by conventional pressing at 7% or 12% mat moisture content or by steam injection pressing with 10 or 20 seconds steaming duration. Resin-impregnated glass-cloth samples and lap-shear tension specimens were embedded in the core of each flakeboard. After the flakeboards were pressed for various periods of times, the samples and specimens were quickly retrieved. The degree of resin cure was determined on the resin-impregnated glass-cloth samples by dynamic mechanical analysis. The bond strengths were measured from the lap-shear tension specimens on a mechanical testing machine. The results of resin curing and bonding were then correlated to the performance of the resin-bonded boards, which were evaluated by internal bond, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and thickness swelling. Resin curing and lap-shear bonding did not proceed simultaneously. In conventional pressing, the mat moisture content (MC) at 12% favored resin curing, but slightly retarded lap-shear bonding, as compared to 7%MC. In steam injection pressing, the rates of resin curing and lap-shear bond strength development were much faster for 20 seconds than for 10 seconds of steaming duration. Longer press times were needed to obtain boards with maximum strength in the 12%MC conventional pressing and the 20-s steam duration steam injection pressing than in those conditions where moisture content was lower or steam time was less. The need for longer press times must be attributed to higher internal vapor pressures and/or lower wood and resin component strengths, rather than to incomplete cure or bonding. C1 UNIV LAVAL,FAC FORESTERIE & GEOMAT,DEPT SCI BOIS & FORET,CTR RECH SCI & INGN MACROMOL,QUEBEC CITY,PQ G1K 7P4,CANADA. NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0043-7719 J9 WOOD SCI TECHNOL JI Wood Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 423 EP 442 PG 20 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA WE185 UT WOS:A1996WE18500005 ER PT J AU Tirumalai, VC Agarwal, UP Obst, JR AF Tirumalai, VC Agarwal, UP Obst, JR TI Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamellae - Response SO WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Tirumalai, VC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0043-7719 J9 WOOD SCI TECHNOL JI Wood Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 505 EP 506 PG 2 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA WE185 UT WOS:A1996WE18500011 ER PT J AU Gustafson, EJ AF Gustafson, EJ TI Expanding the scale of forest management: Allocating timber harvests in time and space SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest management planning; fragmentation; disturbance; forest interior; forest edge; multiple use; temporal scale; clustering timber harvests; simulation modeling ID ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS; ECOLOGY; BIRDS; FRAGMENTATION; BIODIVERSITY; DISTURBANCE; EQUILIBRIUM; DIVERSITY; SUCCESS AB This study examined the effect of clustering timber harvest zones and of changing the land use categories of zones (dynamic zoning) over varying temporal and spatial scales. Focusing on the Hoosier National Forest (HNF) in Indiana, USA as a study area, I used a timber harvest allocation model to simulate four management alternatives. In the static zoning alternative, harvests were dispersed throughout the timber harvest land base (65% of HNF) for 15 decades. The three dynamic zoning alternatives varied in the degree to which harvests were clustered in time and space. Two levels of harvest intensity were simulated, and at each level of harvest intensity, the area harvested was held constant among all four zoning alternatives. The dynamic zoning strategies resulted in substantial increases in the amount of forest interior and reductions in the amount of forest edge across the landscape, as well as an increase in the average age of stands when harvested. The greatest reduction in fragmentation was produced by the alternative that most tightly clustered harvests in time and space (i.e. intensive harvesting of small blocks in a relatively short time). When harvest intensity was high, this alternative produced amounts of forest interior and edge comparable to those of the dispersed alternative with half the rate of harvest. The results suggest that the injection of dynamics in specifying disturbance regimes, and the clustering of disturbance in time and space, can be used to sustain larger blocks of mature forest than can static zoning. Dynamic zoning encourages explicit specification of the disturbance regimes that will be imposed across the land base over long periods of time. RP Gustafson, EJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,5985 HIGHWAY K,RHINELANDER,WI 54501, USA. NR 35 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 31 PY 1996 VL 87 IS 1-3 BP 27 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03838-8 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WA379 UT WOS:A1996WA37900003 ER PT J AU Dintzis, FR Fanta, GF AF Dintzis, FR Fanta, GF TI Effects of jet-cooking conditions upon intrinsic viscosity and flow properties of starches SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EXTRUSION AB This work examined the sensitivity of intrinsic viscosity values of jet-cooked waxy maize starch to initial pH conditions and the effects of jet-cooker steam pressure parameters upon the intrinsic viscosity and flow viscosity values of four jet-cooked starches. Flow viscosities of the 10 wt % cooked starches and intrinsic viscosities in 90% DMSO-H2O were the lowest when mixing and turbulence during steam jet-cooking was increased (i.e., by adjusting steam line pressure vs. pressure within the cooking chamber to allow greater amounts of steam to flow through the apparatus). The percent decreases of the intrinsic viscosity caused by the most severe cooking conditions compared to gentle cooking conditions were 52, 45, 32, and 12, respectively, for waxy maize, waxy rice, normal maize, and 70% high amylose maize starches. Initial pH values, from 3 to 10.5, of waxy maize starch had minor effects upon the intrinsic viscosity of the jet-cooked material. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.dagger C1 ARS,PLANT POLYMER RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,MWA,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Dintzis, FR (reprint author), ARS,BIOMAT PROC RES UNIT,USDA,MWA,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD OCT 31 PY 1996 VL 62 IS 5 BP 749 EP 753 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961031)62:5<749::AID-APP5>3.3.CO;2-2 PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA VL346 UT WOS:A1996VL34600005 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL Wood, JD AF Suarez, DL Wood, JD TI Short- and long-term weathering rates of a feldspar fraction isolated from an arid zone soil SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLUTION RATES; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; KINETICS; PRESSURE; ALBITE AB Numerous studies have established that laboratory determined weathering rates are several orders of magnitude greater than rates derived from field studies at the catchment or basin scale. The laboratory rates have been determined on specimen minerals or rock isolates which were subsequently crushed. Some samples were pretreated to remove organic coatings and possible carbonate contamination. Using magnetic, density, and size separation, we isolated a plagioclase (An(20))-K-feldspar fraction from an arid zone soil (classified as Pachappa, Mollic Haploxeralf). Silica release rates decreased with time and after up to 3.7 years were in the range 0.02 x 10(-12) mol m(-2) s(-1), when surface area is expressed with BET surface area or 0.6 x 10(-12) mol m(-2) s(-1), when expressed with geometric surface area. These Si rates are in good agreement with published field rates, as are the individual mineral dissolution rates calculated from mineral abundance and cation release. These data are in contrast to faster laboratory determined rates based on crushed or ground samples, or shorter reaction times. Based on laboratory studies with and without various pretreatments, we conclude that organic and Fe oxide surface coatings due to natural weathering are not the explanation for our low reaction rates. Apparently even mild treatment such as sonification and sieving results in enhanced weathering which persists for more than 100 days. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 132 IS 1-4 BP 143 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00049-6 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA VR951 UT WOS:A1996VR95100016 ER PT J AU Shea, RW Shea, BW Kauffman, JB Ward, DE Haskins, CI Scholes, MC AF Shea, RW Shea, BW Kauffman, JB Ward, DE Haskins, CI Scholes, MC TI Fuel biomass and combustion factors associated with fires in savanna ecosystems of South Africa and Zambia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PRESSURE AB Fires are dominant factors in shaping the structure and composition of vegetation in African savanna ecosystems. Emissions such as CO2, NOx, CH4, and other compounds originating from these fires are suspected to contribute substantially to changes in global biogeochemical processes. Limited quantitative data exist detailing characteristics of biomass, burning conditions, and the postfire environment in African savannas. Fourteen test sites, differentiated by distinct burn frequency histories and land- use patterns, were established and burned during August and September 1992 in savanna parklands of South Africa and savanna woodlands of Zambia. Vegetation physiognomy, available fuel loads, the levels of biomass consumed by fire, environmental conditions, and fire behavior are described. In the South African sites, total aboveground fuel loads ranged from 2218 to 5492 kg ha(-1) where fire return intervals were 1-4 years and exceeded 7000 kg ha(-1) at a site subjected to 38 years of fire exclusion. However, fireline intensity was only 1419 kW m(-1) at the fire exclusion site, while ranging from 480 to 6130 kW m(-1) among the frequent fire sites. In Zambia, total aboveground fuel loads ranged from 3164 kg ha(-1) in a hydromorphic grassland to 7343 kg ha(-1) in a fallow shifting cultivation site. Dormant grass and litter constituted 70-98% of the total fuel load among all sites. Although downed woody debris was a relatively minor fuel component at most sites, it constituted 43-57% of the total fuel load in the fire exclusion and shifting cultivation sites. Fire line intensity ranged between 1734 and 4061 kW m(-1) among all Zambian sites. Mean grass consumption generally exceeded 95%, while downed woody debris consumption ranged from 3 to 73% at all sites. In tropical savannas and savanna woodlands of southern Africa, differences in environmental conditions, land- use patterns, and fire regimes influence vegetation characteristics and thus influence fire behavior and biomass consumption. C1 UNIV WITWATERSRAND, DEPT BOT, JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, INTERMT RES STN, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 41 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23551 EP 23568 DI 10.1029/95JD02047 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300005 ER PT J AU Ward, DE Hao, WM Susott, RA Babbitt, RE Shea, RW Kauffman, JB Justice, CO AF Ward, DE Hao, WM Susott, RA Babbitt, RE Shea, RW Kauffman, JB Justice, CO TI Effect of fuel composition on combustion efficiency and emission factors for African savanna ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS; BRAZIL; SMOKE; FIRE AB Savanna burning in Africa occurs over a wide range of environmental, vegetation, and land use conditions. The emission factors for trace emissions from these fires can vary by a factor of 6 to 8, depending on whether the fires burn in miombo woodlands or in ecosystems where grass vegetation dominates. Ground-based measurements of smoke emissions and aboveground biomass were made for fires in grassland and woodland savanna ecosystems in South Africa and Zambia. A high combustion efficiency (<(eta)over cap>) was measured for the pure grassland; i.e., a high proportion of carbon was released as CO2. The <(eta)over cap> was lower for woodland savanna ecosystems with variable amounts of grass and with a more compact layer of leaf material and litter lying near the ground. The <(eta)over cap> was found to be dependent on the ratio of grass to the sum of grass and litter. Models developed for estimating emissions were integrated in a nomogram for estimating total emissions of CO2, CO, CH4, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and particles of less than 2.5 mu m diameter per unit area. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT GEOG, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Ward, DE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, INTERMT RES STN, POB 8098, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. NR 15 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23569 EP 23576 DI 10.1029/95JD02595 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300006 ER PT J AU Hao, WM Ward, DE Olbu, G Baker, SP AF Hao, WM Ward, DE Olbu, G Baker, SP TI Emissions of CO2, CO, and hydrocarbons from fires in diverse African savanna ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-HYDROCARBONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; BIOMASS; ATLANTIC; METHANE; BRAZIL AB Emissions of CO2, CO, and hydrocarbons from 13 savanna fires (similar to 7 ha) were investigated in Zambia and South Africa in August and September 1992. The experiments were conducted at two moist woodland savanna sites, a moist grassland savanna site, and a semiarid woodland savanna site in Zambia, and nine semiarid woodland savanna sites in South Africa. The hydrocarbons measured were CH4, C-2-C-6 alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and aromatic compounds. The linear relationship between the emission factor of CH4 and the combustion efficiency is similar regardless of the phase of combustion (flaming or smoldering), the climatic zone, the herbaceous species, or the amount of aboveground biomass. Concentrations of emitted nonmethane hydrocarbons are linearly correlated with those of CH4. The emission ratio of a trace gas to CH4 is constant for either phase of combustion in these ecosystems. Biomass burning in African savannas is a significant source of CO, ethyne, propene, and benzene in the atmosphere. The amount of CO, ethene, ethane, ethyne, propene, propane, and benzene emitted per year from these fires is about 20-95% of the amount released from global industrial activities. RP Hao, WM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, INTERMT RES STN, INTERMT FIRE SCI LAB, POB 8089, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. NR 26 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23577 EP 23584 DI 10.1029/95JD02198 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300007 ER PT J AU Scholes, RJ Ward, DE Justice, CO AF Scholes, RJ Ward, DE Justice, CO TI Emissions of trace gases and aerosol particles due to vegetation burning in southern hemisphere Africa SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; TROPICS; BRAZIL AB The emissions of trace gases and particles resulting from extensive vegetation fires in southern and central Africa are estimated from the amount of fuel consumed and emission factors determined during the Southern Africa Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI-92) field campaign. The fuel consumption estimates are from the modeling approach of Scholes et al. [this issue]. The emission factors are a function of the ''combustion efficiency,'' a measure of the oxygenation state of the fire. Combustion efficiency is in turn related to the types of fuel consumed. Most of the burning in southern Africa takes place in savannas during the dry season. The main fuel is dry grass, which burns with high efficiency and produces relatively low emissions of methane, carbon monoxide, and aerosols per unit mass of fuel consumed. The combination of the reduced estimates of amount of biomass burned and the low emission factors results in subcontinental emission estimates for CH4, CO, NOx, and aerosols which are substantially lower than previous estimates. The estimates for the nominal year 1989 are 14.9 Tg CO, 0.500 Tg CH4, 1.06 Tg NOx, and 1.08 Tg particles (<2.5 mu m). Approximately 324 Tg CO2 is released by vegetation fires and, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, is assumed to be reabsorbed by subsequent regrowth. The pyrogenic emissions are concentrated in the area between 5 degrees and 20 degrees S and in the months between June and October, with a peak in August. C1 USDA, INTERMT RES STN, US FOREST SERV, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT GEOG, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. RP Scholes, RJ (reprint author), CSIR, DIV FOREST SCI & TECHNOL, POB 395, ZA-0001 PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA. OI Scholes, Robert/0000-0001-5537-6935 NR 23 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23677 EP 23682 DI 10.1029/95JD02049 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300015 ER PT J AU Abernathy, RL Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Nachman, RJ AF Abernathy, RL Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Nachman, RJ TI Induction of pheromone production in a moth by topical application of a pseudopeptide mimic of a pheromonotropic neuropeptide SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Heliothis virescens; pheromone biosynthesis; Locusta myotropin II ID BIOSYNTHESIS-ACTIVATING NEUROPEPTIDE; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; INSECT NEUROPEPTIDES; NEURAL REGULATION; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; HELIOTHIS MOTHS; BOMBYX-MORI; PBAN; ANALOGS; IDENTIFICATION AB An amphiphilic analog of Locusta myotropin II (Lom-MT-II), Glu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Thr-Pro-Arg-Leu-amide, was synthesized by addition of 6-phenylhexanoic acid (6-Pha) linked through alanine to the amino terminus, This pseudopeptide, [6-Pha-Ala(0)]Lom-MT-II, was found to have pheromonotropic activity equivalent to pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide when injected into females of Heliothis vivescens, Topical application of [6-Pha-Ala(0)] Lom-MT-II or Helicoverpa tea-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, to the descaled abdomen of females induced production of pheromone, although more Hez-PBAN than [6-Pha-Ala(0)]Lom-MT-II was required to obtain significant production of pheromone, Application of [6-Pha-Ala(0)]Lom-MT-II, dissolved in water, to the abdomen induced production of pheromone, but neither Hez-PBAN nor Lom-MT-II dissolved in water stimulated production of significant amounts of pheromone. Dose- and time-response studies indicated that application of the amphiphilic mimetic in water induced pheromone production in as little as 15 min after application and that the effects were maintained for prolonged periods, These findings show that amphiphilic pseudopeptide mimics of insect neuropeptides will penetrate the insect cuticle when applied topically in water and induce an endogenous response. C1 USDA, CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32601 USA. USDA ARS, FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB, COLLEGE STN, TX 77845 USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 29 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 22 BP 12621 EP 12625 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12621 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VP937 UT WOS:A1996VP93700103 PM 8901632 ER PT J AU Baker, B AF Baker, B TI Hot papers - Plant biology - The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene n: Similarity to toll and the interleukin-1 receptor by S. Whitham, S.P. Dinesh-Kumar, D. Choi, R. Hehl, C. Corr, B. Baker - Comments SO SCIENTIST LA English DT Editorial Material ID THALIANA; RPS2 AB Plant biologist Barbara Baker discusses the isolation of a microbial disease-resistance gene from the tobacco plant. C1 USDA,ARS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Baker, B (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. RI Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016 OI Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 MARKET ST SUITE 450, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD OCT 28 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 21 BP 14 EP 14 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VN841 UT WOS:A1996VN84100013 ER PT J AU Petri, M Roubenoff, R Dallal, GE Nadeau, MR Selhub, J Rosenberg, IR AF Petri, M Roubenoff, R Dallal, GE Nadeau, MR Selhub, J Rosenberg, IR TI Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for atherothrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; HOMOCYST(E)INE; POPULATION; GROWTH; STROKE; ASSAY AB Background The aim of this study was to asses whether plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for stroke and other thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-a condition known to be associated with premature atherothrombotic complications. Methods in this prospective study, we investigated the association between homocysteine and risk of stroke and thrombotic events in 337 SLE patients in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort Study, with follow-up of 1619 person-years (mean 4 . 8 [SD 1 . 7] years), Each patient had four follow-up assessments per year to obtain information about established risk factors for thrombosis and coronary artery disease. The prospectively defined endpoints were occurrence of stroke and arterial or venous thrombotic events between 1987 and 1995. Blood samples were taken at study entry from fasting patients. Plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations were measured. Raised homocysteine concentrations were defined as more than 14 . 1 mu mol/L. Findings 93% of the study population were women, 54% African American, and 45% white. The mean age of participants was 34 . 9 (SD 11 . 7) years. During follow-up there were 29 cases of stroke and 31 arterial thrombotic events. Raised homocysteine concentrations were found in 51 (15%) SLE patients. The log-transformed total homocysteine concentrations correlated with serum folate (r=0 . 31, p=0 . 0001). In univariate analyses, raised homocysteine concentrations were significantly associated with stroke (odds ratio 2 . 24 [95% CI 1 . 22-4 . 13], p=0 . 01) and arterial thrombotic events (3 . 74 [1 . 96-7 . 13], p=0 . 0001). After adjustment for established risk factors, total plasma homocysteine concentrations remained an independent risk factor for stroke (2 . 44 [1 . 04-5 . 75], p=0 . 04) and arterial thromboses (3 . 49 [0 . 97-12 . 54], p=0 . 05). Interpretation Homocysteine is a potentially modifiable, independent risk factor for stroke and thrombotic events in patients with SLE. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST,DEPT MED,DIV MOL & CLIN RHEUMATOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT MED,TUPPER RES INST,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00722]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 47080]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 02120] NR 28 TC 315 Z9 323 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD OCT 26 PY 1996 VL 348 IS 9035 BP 1120 EP 1124 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03032-2 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VP106 UT WOS:A1996VP10600008 PM 8888164 ER PT J AU Wang, XD Russell, RM Liu, C Stickel, F Smith, DE Krinsky, NI AF Wang, XD Russell, RM Liu, C Stickel, F Smith, DE Krinsky, NI TI beta-oxidation in rabbit liver in vitro and in the perfused ferret liver contributes to retinoic acid biosynthesis from beta-apacarotenoic acids SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID 3-MERCAPTOPROPIONIC ACID; ENZYMATIC CONVERSION; 9-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; INTESTINAL-MUCOSA; VITAMIN-A; RAT-LIVER; CAROTENE; METABOLISM; ABSORPTION; 9-CIS-BETA-CAROTENE AB The biosynthesis of retinoic acid from beta-apocarotenoic acids was examined for a beta-oxidation-like process using both rabbit liver mitochondrial fractions with various beta-apocarotenoic acids (beta-apo-14'-, beta-apo-12'-, and beta-apo-8'-carotenoic acid) and perfusion in ferret liver through the portal vein with beta-apo-8'-carotenoic acid. The in vitro incubation of beta-apo-8', beta-apo-12'-, and beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acids gave rise Co shorter chain beta-apocarotenoic acids as well as retinoic acid, The rate of retinoic acid synthesis from 10 mu M beta-apo-8', beta-apo-12'-, and beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acids was 11 +/- 2, IS +/- 3, and 30 +/- 7 pmol/h/mg of protein, respectively, The stepwise oxidation of beta-apocarotenoic acid in mitochondria was dose-related to both protein concentration and substrate concentration beta-Apocarotenoic acid oxidation was inhibited in a dose dependent manlier when it was co-incubated with oleoyl CoA. The in vivo perfusion of ferret liver with beta-apo-8'-carotenoic acid resulted in a linear increase in the retinoic acid concentration of bile, which was completely abolished by co-perfusion of 3-mercaptopropionic acid, an inhibitor of long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and partially inhibited by 2-tetradecylglycidic acid, an inhibitor of carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase I. However, the formation of retinoic acid from the beta-apocarotenoic acids was not inhibited, either in vitro or in vivo, by citral, an inhibitor of retinal oxidase. Thus, the formation of retinoic acid was not occurring by the central cleavage pathway. These data suggest that the oxidation of intermediate compounds between beta-carotene and retinoic acid may undergo a type of beta-oxidative process to form retinoic acid, which is reminiscent of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. This pathway may play an important role in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid from beta-carotene. C1 TUFTS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. RP TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, GASTROINTESTINAL NUTR LAB, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195-04A1] NR 38 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 EI 1083-351X J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 43 BP 26490 EP 26498 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VP233 UT WOS:A1996VP23300011 PM 8900117 ER PT J AU Snyder, JM King, JW Jackson, MA AF Snyder, JM King, JW Jackson, MA TI Fat content for nutritional labeling by supercritical fluid extraction and an on-line lipase catalyzed reaction SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hyphenated Techniques in Chromatography and Hyphenated Chromatographic Analyzers (HTC-4) CY FEB 07-09, 1996 CL BRUGGE, BELGIUM SP Royal Flemish Chem Soc, Working Party Chromatog, Natl Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Brussels DE food analysis; sample preparation; derivatization, GC; fats; lipids; fatty acid methyl esters ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; METHYLATION METHOD; MEAT-PRODUCTS; ACIDS; TRIGLYCERIDES AB A method using sequential supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzymatic transesterification has been developed for the rapid determination of total nutritional fat content in meat samples. SFE conditions of 12.16 MPa and 50 degrees C were utilized to extract lipid species from the sample matrix. The enzymatic transesterification of the lipids by methanol was catalyzed by an immobilized lipase isolated from Candida antarctica. Conversion of the triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters was monitored by supercritical fluid chromatography, while the fatty acid content of the extract was determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Total fat, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat contents were calculated from the GC data and compared to values from traditional extraction and lipid determination methods. Both off-line SFE and automated SFE followed by on-line GC analysis using two different instruments were utilized in this study, The enzymatic-based SFE method gave comparable results to the organic solvent extraction-based method followed by conventional BF3-catalyzed esterification. RP Snyder, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 23 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 750 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00354-8 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VR918 UT WOS:A1996VR91800024 PM 8938387 ER PT J AU Mura, CV Gong, X Taylor, A VillalobosMolina, R Scrofano, MM AF Mura, CV Gong, X Taylor, A VillalobosMolina, R Scrofano, MM TI Effects of calorie restriction and aging on the expression of antioxidant enzymes and ubiquitin in the liver of Emory mice SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE aging; caloric restriction; catalase; glutathione peroxidase; mice; superoxide dismutase; ubiquitin ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DIETARY RESTRICTION; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; CATARACT FORMATION; FOOD RESTRICTION; DELAYS CATARACT; FREE-RADICALS; LIFE-SPAN; RAT-LIVER AB We studied the effect of age and calorie restriction on the expression of genes involved in antioxidant defenses in livers of young (4.5-6 months) and old (22 months) Emory mice fed a control (C) or restricted (R) diet. Specifically examined were catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), Cu/Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD). As an indicator of oxidative damage to the tissues we measured lipid peroxidation. As indicators of oxidative stress we determined ubiquitin mRNA levels and endogenous high molecular weight (HMW) ubiquitin conjugates. Lower mRNA levels of ubiquitin (P < 0.05), CAT (P < 0.01) and Gpx (P < 0.01) were observed in tissues from young R versus C animals. The old C group had a lower CAT mRNA level (P < 0.0001) compared with young C. In the R group, age did not affect the CAT mRNA levels or Gpx mRNA levels; however, ubiquitin mRNA levels were higher (P < 0.05). No significant changes in Cu/Zn or MnSOD mRNA were observed with age or diet. Cu/ZnSOD protein levels were lower in the young R at 4.5 months (P < 0.05) than young C, and higher in the old R group versus old C (P < 0.05). CAT protein levels were higher in the old C versus old R (P < 0.05). Changes of HMW ubiquitin conjugates with age or diet were not significant. Of the four groups, the old R group showed the highest levels of lipid peroxidation. C1 CINVESTAV IPN,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,MEXICO CITY 14000,DF,MEXICO. RP Mura, CV (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LAB NUTR & VIS RES,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 52 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 91 IS 2 BP 115 EP 129 DI 10.1016/0047-6374(96)01780-0 PG 15 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA VM783 UT WOS:A1996VM78300003 PM 8905609 ER PT J AU Hill, DE Zarlenga, DS AF Hill, DE Zarlenga, DS TI Immunological responses in the mouse host to a cloned antigen of Taenia crassiceps SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Taenia crassiceps; cestode; metacestode; mouse host; antibody isotype; immunity; fusion protein ID BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS; SAGINATA; FLUID AB Adult female Swiss-Webster mice were immunized either intraperitoneally (IF) or subcutaneously (SQ) with cyst fluid or a genetically engineered fusion protein, Taenia crassiceps antigen 2-maltose binding protein (TCA2-MBP) from Taenia crassiceps metacestodes, or with live, non-budding cysts SQ, and then challenged TP with T. crassiceps metacestodes and necropsied 9 weeks later. Numbers of peripheral blood eosinophils were increased after IP immunization, but were not increased after SQ immunization or with SQ cysts given before the challenge infection. Eosinophil numbers gradually decreased over the course of the experiment, and were not found in increased numbers in the brood or peritoneal cavity at necropsy. Antigen-specific antibody responses were seen at day 14 or 28 in TP and SQ immunized groups; IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes continued to increase over the course of the experiment. A significant protective response was induced by immunization with the cyst fluid (15 +/- 4, X +/- SE recovered larvae) or the TCA2-MBP (22 +/- 12) given TP, but not SQ (122 +/- 36; 207 +/- 53, respectively) as measured by the numbers of larvae recovered at necropsy. Live cysts given SQ resulted in reduced numbers of cysts in the peritoneal cavity (188 +/- 66), but was not as effective as cyst fluid or TCA2-MBP given IF. Locally (IF) induced immune responses may be involved in the development of the protective response to a challenge infection with T. crassiceps metacestodes. RP Hill, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BIOSYST PARASITOL LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20720, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 65 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(96)00953-3 PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA VX858 UT WOS:A1996VX85800007 PM 8983150 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH AF Fetterer, RH TI Growth and cuticular synthesis in Ascaris suum larvae during development from third to fourth stage in vitro SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nematode; cuticle; roundworm; ecdysis; parasite; molt ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS; PARASITIC NEMATODES; CUTICLE; PROTEIN AB Growth, molting and cuticular protein synthesis were determined during the development of Ascaris suum grown in vitro from the third (L(3)) to the fourth (L(4)) larval stage. The larvae remained highly viable (90%) and 70% reached the L(4) by 7 days in culture (DIG). Analysis of growth and development indicated that ecdysis was asynchronous. The synthesis of noncuticular and cuticular proteins was monitored using S-35-methionine as a metabolic label. Synthesis of noncuticular, cuticular and collagenous cuticular proteins increased in a constant manner, reaching maximal values at about 6 DIC. Synthesis of noncollagenous cuticular proteins (cuticlin) remained relatively constant during most of the culture period, but increased from 6 to 7 DIG. The increase in cuticlin synthesis and the corresponding decrease in cuticular collagen synthesis noted at 7 DIC might represent the synthesis of the outer portions of the adult cuticle in preparation for the fourth molt. The results of this study suggest that this in vitro development system for A. suum, while not suitable to study events regulating the precise timing of molting and cuticular synthesis, might be useful for the analysis of potential growth regulators. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), USDA,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20740, USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 25 PY 1996 VL 65 IS 3-4 BP 275 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(96)00956-9 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA VX858 UT WOS:A1996VX85800010 PM 8983153 ER PT J AU Nakamuta, M Chang, BHJ Zsigmond, E Kobayashi, K Lei, H Ishida, BY Oka, K Li, E Chan, L AF Nakamuta, M Chang, BHJ Zsigmond, E Kobayashi, K Lei, H Ishida, BY Oka, K Li, E Chan, L TI Complete phenotypic characterization of apobec-1 knockout mice with a wild-type genetic background and a human apolipoprotein B transgenic: Background, and restoration of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing by somatic gene transfer of apobec-1 SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; HUMAN ADENOVIRUS TYPE-5; MESSENGER-RNA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; MOUSE; B-48; REGION; B-100 AB We have produced gene knockout mice by targeted disruption of the apobec-1 gene. As recently reported by Hirano et al. (Hirano, K.-I., Young, S. G., Farese, R. V., Jr., Ng, J., Sande, E., Warburton, C., Powell-Braxton, L. M., and Davidson, N. O. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9887-9890), these animals do not edit apolipoprotein (ape) B mRNA or produce apoB-48. In this study we have performed a detailed analysis of the lipoprotein phenotypic effects of apobec-1 gene disruption that were not examined in the previous study. We first analyzed the plasma lipoproteins in knockout animals with a wild-type genetic background. Although there was no difference in plasma cholesterol between apobec-1(-/-), (+/-) (+/+) mice, there Or was a marked (176%) increase in plasma apoB-100, from 1.8 +/- 1.2 mg/dl in apobec-1(+/+) mice to 2.7 +/- 0.6 mg/dl in apobec-1(+/-) and 5.0 +/- 1.4 mg/dl in apobec-1(-/-) mice. Plasma apoE was similar in these animals. By fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) analysis, there was a significant decrease in plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in apobec-1(-/-) mice. We further fractionated the plasma lipoproteins into d < 1.006, 1.006-1.02, 1.02-1.05, 1.05-1.08, 1.08-1.10, and 1.10-1.21 g/ml classes, and found a marked (30-40%) reduction in the cholesterol and protein content in the (d 1.08-1.10 and 1.10-1.21) HDL fractions, corroborating the FPLC data. SDS-gel analysis revealed an absence of apoB-48, an increase in apoB-100 in the very low density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions, and a small decrease in apoA-I in the HDL fractions in the apobec-1(-/-) samples. We next raised the basal plasma apoB levels in the apobec-1(-/-) animals by crossbreeding them with human apoB transgenic (TgB) mice. The plasma apoB-100 was 3-fold higher in apobec-1(-/-)/TgB(+/-) mice (26.6 +/- 18.3 mg/dl) than in apobec-1(+/+)/TgB(+/-) mice (9.8 +/- 3.9 mg/dl, p < 0.05). The apobec-1(-/-)/TgB(+/-) mice had a plasma cholesterol levels of 170 +/- 28 mg/dl and triglyceride levels of 106 +/- 31 mg/dl, which are 80% and 58% higher, respectively, than the corresponding values of 94 +/- 21 mg/dl and 67 +/- 11 mg/dl in apobec(+/+)/TgB(+/-) mice. By FPLC, the apobec-1(-/-)/TgB(+/-) animals developed markedly elevated plasma LDL cholesterol (518.5 +/- 329.5 mu g/ml) that is 373% that of apobec-1(+/+)/TgB(+/-) mice (139.0 +/- 87.0 mu g/ml) (p < 0.05). The elevated plasma triglyceride was accounted for mainly by a 97% increase in VLDL triglyceride in the apobec-1(-/-)/TgB(+/-) mice. We conclude that apobec-1(-/-) animals have a distinctive lipoprotein phenotype characterized by significant hyperapoB-100 and HDL deficiency in mice with a wild-type genetic background. Furthermore, the abolition of apoB mRNA editing elevates plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in apobec-1(-/-) animals with a TgB background. Finally, to exclude the possibility that absence of apoB mRNA editing was a secondary effect of chronic Apobec-1 deficiency, we treated apobec-1(-/-) mice with a replication-defective mouse Apobec-1 adenoviral vector and found that we could acutely restore apoB mRNA editing in the Liver. These experiments indicate that Apobec-1 is an essential component of the apoB mRNA editing machinery and absence of editing in the knockout animals is a direct consequence of the absence of functional Apobec-1. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,HOUSTON,TX 77030. MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,CARDIOVASC RES CTR,CHARLESTOWN,MA 02129. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. RP Nakamuta, M (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL16512, HL56668, HL51586] NR 34 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 18 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 42 BP 25981 EP 25988 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VN180 UT WOS:A1996VN18000041 PM 8824235 ER PT J AU An, ZQ Farman, ML Budde, A Taura, S Leong, SA AF An, ZQ Farman, ML Budde, A Taura, S Leong, SA TI New cosmid vectors for library construction, chromosome walking and restriction mapping in filamentous fungi SO GENE LA English DT Article DE ascomycetes; basidiomycetes; transformant; promoter ID ENZYME-MEDIATED INTEGRATION; HYGROMYCIN-B RESISTANCE; USTILAGO-MAYDIS; PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; SELECTABLE MARKERS; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; GENE-TRANSFER; PLASMID DNA; TRANSFORMATION; CLONING AB New cosmid vectors were constructed for the ascomycete fungus, Magnaporthe grisea and the basidiomycete fungus, Ustilago maydis. These vectors are capable of transforming M. grisea at frequencies of up to 5 transformants/mu g linear DNA and U. maydis at up to 25 transformants/mu g circular DNA for integrative transformation. In addition, 2800 transformants/mu g DNA are possible when using an autonomously replicating vector. Since the promoters used in these vectors function in other ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi, we anticipate that these vectors will be widely applicable. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,PLANT DIS RESISTANCE RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM33716] NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD OCT 17 PY 1996 VL 176 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 96 DI 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00225-9 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VR399 UT WOS:A1996VR39900016 PM 8918238 ER PT J AU Wang, YX Simonsen, J Neto, CP Rocha, J Rials, TG Hart, E AF Wang, YX Simonsen, J Neto, CP Rocha, J Rials, TG Hart, E TI The reaction of boric acid with wood in a polystyrene matrix SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The reaction of boric acid with wood fibers in a polymer melt was examined using C-13-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), B-11-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and component extraction and by the determination of material properties. Samples were blended at 350 and 380 degrees F in a roll mill. The use of a plasticizer in the melt to facilitate the reaction of the acid with the wood fiber was studied. NMR data showed that no significant reaction occurred between the boric acid and the polystyrene. Experimental evidence supports the reaction of boric acid with wood components. The ultimate strength of the composites was either reduced or not significantly altered by the reaction, depending upon conditions. However, the stiffness increased significantly with boric acid additions for the 350 degrees F reactions, but behaved differently for the same additions at 380 degrees F. The glass transition temperature of the polystyrene was lowered by the addition of plasticizer, as expected, while boric acid addition had little effect. Extracted samples showed that some boric acid remained with the wood fraction. These preliminary data suggest that boric acid does react with wood fiber under the conditions of this study. These investigations illustrate the feasibility of performing chemical reactions on the wood phase of wood/polymer composites during the extrusion process. Further research is recommended. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV AVEIRO,P-3800 AVEIRO,PORTUGAL. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,PINEVILLE,LA. ASA INC,WOODBURN,KY. RI NETO, CARLOS/C-8625-2011; Rocha, Joao/A-2486-2010 OI NETO, CARLOS/0000-0002-8562-9275; Rocha, Joao/0000-0002-0417-9402 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD OCT 17 PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 501 EP 508 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961017)62:3<501::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-U PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA VG904 UT WOS:A1996VG90400008 ER PT J AU Sowunmi, S Ebewele, RO Conner, AH River, BH AF Sowunmi, S Ebewele, RO Conner, AH River, BH TI Fortified mangrove tannin-based plywood adhesive SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY; WOOD AB Mangrove bark tannin adhesives are based on a renewable resource. They are potential substitutes or supplements for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) wood-bonding adhesives which are derived from petroleum, a finite natural resource. However, mangrove tannin adhesives exhibit poor adhesive properties including poor wet strength, brittleness, and poor wood penetration. These problems were addressed by treating tannin extract with acetic anhydride and then sodium hydroxide followed by modification with 20% resole-type PF resin. Significant structural changes occurred after the chemical treatment. Heat of reaction of tannin with formaldehyde was increased while the activation energy was drastically reduced. Premature cure was also reduced. The fortified formulations had good plywood adhesive properties. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 AHMADU BELLO UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,ZARIA,NIGERIA. USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD OCT 17 PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 577 EP 584 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA VG904 UT WOS:A1996VG90400015 ER PT J AU Hawkes, WC Kutnink, MA AF Hawkes, WC Kutnink, MA TI High-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence determination of traces of selenium in biological materials SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB An improved method for the determination of selenium in biological materials has been developed. This work both extends and validates the procedure of Vezina and Bleau (J. Chromatog. 426, 385-391, 1988) which is based on high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the fluorophore formed by reaction of Se(IV) with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. The mass detection limit is 48 pg selenium (3 sigma) and the concentration detection limits are 48 parts per trillion in biological fluids and 120 to 480 parts per trillion in dried biological materials. The linear dynamic range of the method has been extended up to approximately 800 ng. Relative standard deviations of 9.4 to 2.7% were observed in repeated analyses of standards in the range of 0.5 to 500 ng. The proposed method was validated with respect to 23 biological reference materials spanning an 1800-fold range of selenium concentrations and was found to be free of significant constant or proportional biases despite greatly different matrix compositions. This method offers an unsurpassed combination of sensitivity, accuracy, linear dynamic range, and freedom from matrix interferences and may be considered a reference method for the reliable determination of selenium in biological materials. RP Hawkes, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 12 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 241 IS 2 BP 206 EP 211 DI 10.1006/abio.1996.0401 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VV144 UT WOS:A1996VV14400011 PM 8921189 ER PT J AU Lynch, SM Morrow, JD Klevay, LM Frei, B Vita, JA Keaney, JF AF Lynch, SM Morrow, JD Klevay, LM Frei, B Vita, JA Keaney, JF TI Vascular superoxide dismutase deficiency impairs endothelial vasodilator function by two distinct mechanisms SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37212. USDA,GRAND FORKS,ND. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 252 EP 252 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900251 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM deYela, AL Lahoz, C DeLuca, C Osgood, D McNamara, JR Silberman, S Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ AF Ordovas, JM deYela, AL Lahoz, C DeLuca, C Osgood, D McNamara, JR Silberman, S Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ TI Distribution of apoE in plasma lipoproteins is a major determinant of triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL particle size in the Framingham Offspring Study. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. PERIMMUNE INC,ROCKVILLE,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 533 EP 533 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900532 ER PT J AU Cendoroglo, M Lahoz, C McNamara, JR Levy, D Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Cendoroglo, M Lahoz, C McNamara, JR Levy, D Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI The apoA-IV (360:Gln:His) mutation is a genetic determinant of LDL particle size in the Framingham offspring study: Interaction with smoking and alcohol consumption. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. RI Cendoroglo, Maysa /A-7993-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 535 EP 535 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900534 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Shah, PK Nelson, SM Nakajima, K Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ AF McNamara, JR Shah, PK Nelson, SM Nakajima, K Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ TI Lipoprotein remnant cholesterol and triglyceride values in coronary cases and Framingham controls SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. OTSUKA AMER PHARMACEUT INC,POCKVILLE,MD. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 539 EP 539 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900538 ER PT J AU Meydani, SN Leka, LS Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH AF Meydani, SN Leka, LS Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH TI Immunological effects of low-fat diets with and without weight loss. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 551 EP 551 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900550 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH Welty, FK Barrett, H LamonFava, S McNamara, JR Ordovas, JM AF Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH Welty, FK Barrett, H LamonFava, S McNamara, JR Ordovas, JM TI Metabolic basis of variability in low density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering in response to diet SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE,WA 98195. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 554 EP 554 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900553 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ TI Trans and saturated fatty acid content of dietary fat effects plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentratins. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 559 EP 559 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900558 ER PT J AU Recinos, A Ordovas, JM Dreon, DM Miller, BD Logan, SL Krauss, RM AF Recinos, A Ordovas, JM Dreon, DM Miller, BD Logan, SL Krauss, RM TI Association of the apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV codon 360 mutation with plasma lipoprotein subclass levels on high and low fat diets in healthy men. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LBNL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 604 EP 604 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11900603 ER PT J AU Ostos, MA Ordovas, JM LopezMiranda, J Marin, C Castro, P Jansen, S Salas, J JimenezPereperez, J Blanco, AB Cruz, G PerezJimenez, F AF Ostos, MA Ordovas, JM LopezMiranda, J Marin, C Castro, P Jansen, S Salas, J JimenezPereperez, J Blanco, AB Cruz, G PerezJimenez, F TI Effect of the apolipoprotein 360(Gln/His) polymorphism on plasma lipid response to dietary fat SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CORDOBA,HOSP REINA SOFIA,CORDOBA,SPAIN. TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JM USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 1556 EP 1556 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11901552 ER PT J AU LopezMiranda, J Ordovas, JM Jansen, S Marin, C Salas, J LopezSegura, F Ostos, MA JimenezPereperez, J Blanco, A Martin, M PerezJimenez, F AF LopezMiranda, J Ordovas, JM Jansen, S Marin, C Salas, J LopezSegura, F Ostos, MA JimenezPereperez, J Blanco, A Martin, M PerezJimenez, F TI Dietary fat clearance in normal subjects is regulated by genetic variation ath the apolipoprotein A-IV gene locus SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JM USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV CORDOBA,HOSP REINA SOFIA,CORDOBA,SPAIN. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 1557 EP 1557 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11901553 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM Dobiasova, M Cendoroglo, M Lahoz, C Wilson, PWF Frohlich, JJ AF Ordovas, JM Dobiasova, M Cendoroglo, M Lahoz, C Wilson, PWF Frohlich, JJ TI Cholesterol ester transfer protein and cholesterol esterification rate are modulated by the 360:glutamine/histidine polymorphism in the apolipoprotein A-IV gene locus SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,VANCOUVER,BC V5Z 1M9,CANADA. ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBL,PRAGUE,CZECH REPUBLIC. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. RI Cendoroglo, Maysa /A-7993-2010; Dobiasova, Milada/C-3923-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 1599 EP 1599 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11901595 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Shemin, D Verhoef, P Nadeau, M Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Shemin, D Verhoef, P Nadeau, M Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH TI Total plasma homocysteine levels and overall and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality in maintenance dialysis patients SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. HARVARD UNIV,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 2671 EP 2671 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11902663 ER PT J AU Lynch, SM Morrow, JD Klevay, LM Frei, B AF Lynch, SM Morrow, JD Klevay, LM Frei, B TI Increased plasma isoprostanes in rats fed a copper-deficient diet SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. VANDERBILT UNIV,NASHVILLE,TN. USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 SU S BP 4133 EP 4133 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VN119 UT WOS:A1996VN11904124 ER PT J AU Schmidt, TL Spencer, JS Hansen, MH AF Schmidt, TL Spencer, JS Hansen, MH TI Old and potential old forest in the Lake States, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE area; ownership; impact of roads; disturbance; change over time AB Data from the last two inventories of timberland in the Lake States, USA were used to determine the area, ownership, distance from roads, and changes in average stand age of existing and potential old forests in the region. Inventory dates, by state, were 1980 and 1993 for Michigan, 1977 and 1990 for Minnesota, and 1968 and 1983 for Wisconsin. In this paper, timberland is considered forest land that is capable of growing at least 1.4 cu m per ha per year of wood under natural conditions and that is not reserved from harvesting. (Old forests are more than 120 years old, and potential old forests are between 80 and 120 years old.) During the most recent inventory, 2% of the total area of timberland was old forest and 14% was potential old forest. The maple-beech-yellow birch (Acer-Fagus-Betula alleghaniensis) forest type accounted for about 40% of both old forest and potential old forest. Private landowners owned more than 70% of all old forest timberland in the previous inventory and 64% in the most recent inventory. On average, old forests and potential old forests were found significantly farther from maintained roads than other timberland. As a result of increased stand age, more than 200 thousand ha of potential old forest in the previous inventory were reclassified as old forest in the most recent inventory. Natural disturbances resulted in a decrease of almost 14 thousand ha of old forest between inventory periods. Human-induced disturbances accounted for most of the area of old forest lost between inventories. Plant succession, natural stand aging, improved stocking levels, or reclassification to timberland resulted in more than 1.2 million ha being reclassified as potential old forest. RP Schmidt, TL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1-3 BP 81 EP 96 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03779-6 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WB422 UT WOS:A1996WB42200008 ER PT J AU VanderHaegen, WM DeGraaf, RM AF VanderHaegen, WM DeGraaf, RM TI Predation rates on artificial nests in an industrial forest landscape SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE birds; edge effects; fragmentation; nest success; plantations ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; DEPREDATION; SUCCESS; EDGE; BIRD AB We examined patterns of predation among ground and shrub nests in extensive forests, forest fragments, regenerating clearcuts, and young plantations in a landscape dominated by industrial forest management in north-central Maine, USA. The predation rate in extensive forests (65%) was greater (P = 0.0001) than that in forest fragments (47%). This result contrasts with previous studies from agricultural and developed landscapes and may be due to surrounding land use types and their associated predator communities. In forest fragments, shrub nests within 75 m of the edge were more likely to be depredated than those farther than 75 m (P = 0.043). Predation in clearcuts (23%) was less than that in forest fragments (P = 0.0001) or plantations (41%) (P = 0.0015) and decreased with increasing distance from the edge (P = 0.001) and increasing Vegetation cover at the nest site (P = 0.006). In contrast, predation rates in plantations increased with increasing vegetation density (P = 0.0174) and distance to edge (P = 0.0235). Results from our study suggest that findings documented in other, more developed, landscapes cannot readily be applied to extensive managed forests, and that conversion of naturally regenerating stands to plantations may lower the nesting success of birds that breed in early successional forests. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,NE FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,FOREST SERV,AMHERST,MA 01003. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1-3 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03776-0 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WB422 UT WOS:A1996WB42200017 ER PT J AU McNulty, SG Vose, JM Swank, WT AF McNulty, SG Vose, JM Swank, WT TI Loblolly pine hydrology and productivity across the southern United States SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE PnET-IIS; Pinus taeda; model; hydrology; net primary productivity; NPP ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION AB Concern over future changes in water yield and timber production in southern pine forests has increased the need for a well tested and validated forest ecosystem model which can be used to predict potential climate change effects on forest processes. However, before a model is used to project potential climate change impacts on forests, it should first be validated across a wide range of climates and site conditions. We used PnET-IIS, a physiologically-based, monthly time-step model that uses soil, vegetation, and climate parameter inputs to predict evapotranspiration, drainage, soil water stress and net primary productivity for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands across the southern United States. Sensitivity analyses and model validation of predicted net primary productivity (NPP) were conducted. Predicted hydrology and productivity were most sensitive to temperature driven parameters (e.g, optimal temperature for photosynthesis, and changes in air temperature). Values of PnET-IIS predicted NPP were compared with measured annual site basal area growth from 12 stands located from eastern Texas to eastern Virginia, from the year of site canopy closure to 1990, Annual basal area growth ranged from 4.2 to 26.8 cm(2) per tree year(-1). Annual basal area growth was significantly correlated with predicted NPP (r(2) = 0.30, P < 0.005, n = 164), and the correlation improved when annual basal area growth was averaged by site (r(2) = 0.66, P < 0.005, n = 12). Total annual precipitation was the single climate variable which best correlated with annual basal area growth (r(2) = 0.14, P < 0.005, n = 164). These result indicate that PnET-IIS could be useful in predicting the effect of changing patterns of precipitation and air temperature on southern pine hydrology and productivity. C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,OTTO,NC 28763. RP McNulty, SG (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,ENVIRONM IMPACTS PROGRAM,1509 VARS DR,RALEIGH,NC 27705, USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1-3 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03744-9 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WB422 UT WOS:A1996WB42200023 ER PT J AU Patino, R Davis, KB Schoore, JE Uguz, C Strussmann, CA Parker, NC Simco, BA Goudie, CA AF Patino, R Davis, KB Schoore, JE Uguz, C Strussmann, CA Parker, NC Simco, BA Goudie, CA TI Sex differentiation of channel catfish gonads: Normal development and effects of temperature SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AROMATASE INHIBITOR; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; TURTLE; ESTRADIOL; FISH; TESTOSTERONE; MANIPULATION; SENSITIVITY; CROCODILE; REPTILES AB Channel catfish have an XX female-XY male sex determination system. Although genetic males of this species are readily feminized with exogenous steroid, the pattern of gonadal sex differentiation and the effect of temperature on genetic sex determination are unknown. To document the pattern of gonadal sex differentiation, catfish from a mixed-sex progeny (XX female-XY male cross), known XY males (XX female-YY male cross), and steroid sex-reversed (XY) females were reared at 28 degrees C and collected for histological analysis from Day 7 to Day 90 postfertilization. No signs of gonadal sex differentiation were detected from Day 7 to Day 16. On Day 19, about half the fish from the mixed-sex population as well as the sex-reversed females had gonads with proximal and distal tissue outgrowths. These outgrowths eventually fused to form an ovarian cavity. Germ cell meiosis in these gonads was first detected on Day 22 and growing ovarian follicles were seen at later stages. Thus, ovarian differentiation began about Day 19. Although presumptive testes lose their sensitivity to feminizing steroids about Day 19, the gonads of known males and of putative males from the mixed-sex population showed no clear signs of sex differentiation up to Day 90. Thus, the prolonged temporal dissociation between testicular commitment and differentiation indicates that these two events may be mediated by separate stimuli. To determine the effects of temperature on sex determination, fish of a mixed-sex population were reared at 27 degrees C until Day 10; at 20 degrees, 27 degrees, or 34 degrees C from Day 10 to Day 24; and then at 27 degrees C until Day 102 when sex ratios and gonadal histology were determined. The sex ratio was significantly skewed toward females in fish treated at 34 degrees C (1 male:1.68 female; P < 0.01) but no effects were seen at 20 degrees or 27 degrees C. This observation suggests that genetic and temperature-dependent mechanisms of sex determination are both functional in channel catfish and that this phenomenon is more widespread in fishes than previously believed. The testes of the Day 102 males examined had developed positive histological signs of sex differentiation, suggesting that testicular formation in channel catfish normally starts between Day 90 and 102. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,NATL BIOL SERV,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. UNIV MEMPHIS,DIV ECOL & ORGANISMAL BIOL,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. TOKYO UNIV FISHERIES,DEPT AQUAT BIOSCI,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN. USDA ARS,CATFISH GENET RES UNIT,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP Patino, R (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,TEXAS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LUBBOCK,TX 79409, USA. RI Strussmann, Carlos/O-1932-2014 NR 39 TC 77 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 3 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961015)276:3<209::AID-JEZ5>3.0.CO;2-R PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VR079 UT WOS:A1996VR07900005 ER PT J AU Davis, NT Homberg, U Teal, PEA Altstein, M Agricola, HJ Hildebrand, JG AF Davis, NT Homberg, U Teal, PEA Altstein, M Agricola, HJ Hildebrand, JG TI Neuroanatomy and immunocytochemistry of the median neuroendocrine cells of the subesophageal ganglion of the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta: Immunoreactivities to PBAN and other neuropeptides SO MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE LA English DT Article DE insects; neurosecretory cells; axonal backfills; sex pheromone; proctolin; SCPB; FMRFamide ID BIOSYNTHESIS-ACTIVATING NEUROPEPTIDE; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; FMRFAMIDE-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; PHEROMONE-BIOSYNTHESIS; BOMBYX-MORI; ECLOSION HORMONE; DIAPAUSE HORMONE; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA AB The median neuroendocrine cells of the subesophageal ganglion, important components of the neuroendocrine system of the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, have not been well investigated. Therefore, we studied the anatomy of these cells by axonal backfills and characterized their peptide immunoreactivities. Both larvae and adults were examined, and developmental changes in these neuroendocrine cells were followed. Processes of the median neuroendocrine cells project to terminations in the corpora cardiaca via the third and the ventral nerves of this neurohemal organ, but the ventral nerve of the corpus cardiacum is the principal neurohemal surface for this system. Cobalt backfills of the third cardiacal nerves revealed lateral cells in the maxillary neuromere and a ventro-median pair in the labial neuromere. Backfills of the ventral cardiacal nerves revealed two ventro-median pairs of cells in the mandibular neuromere and two ventromedian triplets in the maxillary neuromere. The efferent projections of these cells are contralateral. The anatomy of the system is basically the same in larvae and adults. The three sets of median neuroendocrine cells are PBAN- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive, but only the mandibular and maxillary cells are proctolin-immunoreactive. During metamorphosis, the mandibular and maxillary cells also acquire CCK-like immunoreactivity and the labial cells become SCP- and sulfakinin-immunoreactive. Characteristics of FMRFamide-like immunostaining suggest that the median neuroendocrine cells may contain one or more of the FLRFamides that have been identified in M. sexta. The mandibular and maxillary neuroendocrine cells appear to produce the same set of hormones, and a somewhat different set of hormones is produced by the labial neuroendocrine cells. Two pairs of interneurons immunologically related to the neurosecretory cells are associated with the median maxillary neuroendocrine cells. These cells are PBAN-, FMRFamide-, SCP-, and sulfakinin-immunoreactive and project to arborizations in the brain and all ventral ganglia. These interneurons appear to have extensive modulatory functions in the CNS. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,CTR INSECT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV REGENSBURG,INST ZOOL,D-93040 REGENSBURG,GERMANY. UNIV JENA,INST GEN ZOOL & ANIM PHYSIOL,D-6900 JENA,GERMANY. USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,INST PLANT PROTECT,DEPT ENTOMOL,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. RP Davis, NT (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,ARIZONA RES LABS,DIV NEUROBIOL,POB 210077,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-23253] NR 92 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1059-910X J9 MICROSC RES TECHNIQ JI Microsc. Res. Tech. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 35 IS 3 BP 201 EP 229 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19961015)35:3<201::AID-JEMT3>3.3.CO;2-Q PG 29 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Biology; Microscopy SC Anatomy & Morphology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Microscopy GA VV916 UT WOS:A1996VV91600003 PM 8956271 ER PT J AU Kanazin, V Marek, LF Shoemaker, RC AF Kanazin, V Marek, LF Shoemaker, RC TI Resistance gene analogs are conserved and clustered in soybean SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE disease; mapping; multi-gene families; evolution ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; MOSAIC-VIRUS RESISTANCE; LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT; CONFERRING RESISTANCE; RUST RESISTANCE; POWDERY MILDEW; DOWNY MILDEW; PROTEIN; BARLEY; LOCUS AB Sequences of cloned resistance genes from a wide range of plant taxa reveal significant similarities in sequence homology and structural motifs. This is observed among genes conferring resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. In this study, oligonucleotide primers designed for conserved sequences from coding regions of disease resistance genes N (tobacco), RPS2 (Arabidopsis) and L6 (flax) were used to amplify related sequences from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Sequencing of amplification products indicated that at least nine classes of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were detected. Genetic mapping of members of these classes located them to eight different linkage groups. Several RGA loci mapped near known resistance genes. A bacterial artificial chromosome library of soybean DNA was screened using primers and probes specific for eight RGA classes and clones were identified containing sequences unique to seven classes. Individual bacterial artificial chromosomes contained 2-10 members of single RGA classes. Clustering and sequence similarity of members of RGA classes suggests a common process in their evolution. Our data indicate that it may be possible to use sequence homologies from conserved motifs of cloned resistance genes to identify candidate resistance loci from widely diverse plant taxa. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA,AGR RES SERV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA,AGR RES SERV,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. NR 41 TC 416 Z9 487 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 21 BP 11746 EP 11750 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11746 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VM681 UT WOS:A1996VM68100082 PM 8876208 ER PT J AU Mason, P Berinstein, A Baxt, B Parsells, R Kang, A Rieder, E AF Mason, P Berinstein, A Baxt, B Parsells, R Kang, A Rieder, E TI Cloning and expression of a single-chain antibody fragment specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HUMAN RHINOVIRUS; PHAGE SURFACES; FC RECEPTOR; NEUTRALIZATION; CELLS; RECOGNITION; INFECTION; SITE; REPLICATION AB The gene for a single-chain antibody (VHK) to a conformational epitope on the type A(12) fool-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particle was assembled and expressed in Escherichia coli. The VHK, purified from periplasmic extracts immunoprecipitated virus as efficiently as its parental monoclonal antibody (MAb) and exhibited the same binding specificity when tested against a panel of natural and genetically engineered virus particles. The VHK neutralized type A(12) virus in the presence of goat anti-mouse IgG; however, in the absence of the second antibody, only weak neutralizing activity was detected, Preliminary analysis of the mechanism oi viral neutralization indicated that both the MAb and the VHK neutralize by the same mechanism. Small amounts of the VHK allowed infection of cells via Fe receptor-mediated adsorption in the presence of the second antibody. These data represent the first report of a single-chain neutralizing antibody for a picornavirus and provide insights into the mechanisms of viral neutralization and virus uptake. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR, GREENPORT, NY 11944 USA. Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 224 IS 2 BP 548 EP 554 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0562 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA VV009 UT WOS:A1996VV00900020 PM 8874516 ER PT J AU Cheney, IW Yamakawa, M Roy, P Mecham, JO Wilson, WC AF Cheney, IW Yamakawa, M Roy, P Mecham, JO Wilson, WC TI Molecular characterization of the segment 2 gene of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2: Gene sequence and genetic diversity SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLUETONGUE VIRUS; GENOME; EVOLUTION; RNA; HETEROGENEITY; SUBSTITUTIONS; ALIGNMENTS; POPULATION; PROTEINS; ACID AB The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the major outer capsid protein VP2 from the Alberta isolate of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (EHDV-2) was determined. Complementary DNA (cDNA) corresponding to segment 2 was 3002 nucleotides in length with a single open reading frame that encoded a VP2 of 982 amino acids. Although the VP2 from EHDV-2 was only 34% homologous to the cognate protein from EHDV-1, their predicted hydropathic profiles were similar, suggesting that conservation of structure is important biologically to these capsid proteins. Sequence analysis of six North American EHDV-2 field isolates showed a high degree of comparative genetic identity (>97%), Phylogenetic profiles constructed suggest that regionalization of the viruses within the North American continent has contributed to the genetic diversity. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT MOL BIOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071. UNIV ALABAMA,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 224 IS 2 BP 555 EP 560 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0563 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA VV009 UT WOS:A1996VV00900021 PM 8874517 ER EF